Sejarah Dan Latar Belakang Bimbingan Dan Konseling

 

VBHATAM LAE KA\AT DBKAJAEG DNODNEGAE LAE JCEVBKNEG  

Lnsusue ckbm 8 Wnela Oarna Madbamae 1176111109

PTCGTAO V\RL^ PBELNLNJAE GRTR VBJCKAM LAVAT  IAJRK\AV NKOR PBELNLNJAE RENYBTVN\AV EBGBTN OBLAE 4017

 

Jata Pbegaetar

Puhn lae syujur Puhn syujur saya saya paehatj paehatjae ae jbpala jbpala \umae ^aeg Oama Oama Bsa atas ramoat ramoat lae aeugbram-Eya yaeg obknpam sbmnegga saya lapat obeybsanjae oajakam nen guea obobeumn tugas rutne. \brnoa jasnm jbpala ndu Tcnla Vrn Oartnen Tuoapba  sbkaju lcsbe pbegaopu oata jukna juknam m am Jcesbp Jcesb Dnodneg ae lae Jcesbkneg Jcesbkne tbkam obodbrnjae obodb obegbean obegb eana ‛Vbh ‛V bhar aram lae lap e Lasar Kata Katarr Dnodnegae Dbka Dbkaja jaeg eg Dnod Dnodne nega gae e gLae Layaeg e Jces Jc esbk bkne neg‟ g‟.. \nla \nrnjae laj j tugas ku kupa pa pu puka ka saya say obegufapj obeg ufapjae ae tbrnoa jasnm jbpala jbpala tboae-tboae tboae-tboae yaeg obodaetu obodaetu lae obodbrn obodbrn oasujae oasujae lakao lak ao pbeyus pbeyusuea ueae e oajaka oajakam m nen. nen. Vbocga Vbocga oajaka oajakam m yaeg yaeg saya saya susue susue nen dbroae dbroaeiaat iaat dagn dagn  pbodafa. Vaya obeyalarn obeyalarn damwa oajakam yaeg saya susue nen oasnm haum larn jbsbopureaa jbsbopureaae. e. Ckbm jarbea ntu saya obegmarapjae jrntnjae lae sarae yaeg obodaegue uetuj jb lbpaeeya kagn. Vbocga oajakam yaeg saya duat nen dbroaeiaat dagn pbodafa sbjaknae. Ajmnr jata saya ufapjae tbrnoa jasnm.

 

Oblae, Agustus 4017

 

Wnela Oarna Madbamae

 

Laitar Nsn

Fcvbr ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .......................................................1 .................................1 Jata pbegaetar .......................................... ................................................................ ........................................................ .......................................... ........4 4 Laitar nsn ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .....................................................6 ...............................6 Onel oappneg ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ......................< ....< DAD N 8 PBELAMRJRAE PBELAMRJRAE ..................................... ........................................................... .............................................. .........................2 .2

A. D. F. L.

Katar Dbkajaeg Oasakam ......................................... ............................................................... ....................................... .................2 2 Tuousae Oasakam ........................................... ......................................................................................... ..............................................2 2 \uhuae Oajakam ............................................ .................................................................. .................................................2 ...........................2 Oaeiaat Oajakam .......................................... ................................................................ .................................................9 ...........................9

DAD NN 8 PBODAMAVAE ..................................................... ........................................................................... ..................................7 ............7 A. Vbharam lae Katar Dbkajaeg Dnodnegae Lae Jceskneg Ln luena...................7 D. Vbharam Dnodnegae Lae Jcesbkneg Ln Nelcebsna Lae Kamnreya DJ ............14 F. Katar Dbkajaeg Dnodnegae Lae Jcesbkneg ..................................................14 DAD NNN 8 PBER\RP ............................................................. ................................................................................... ..................................12 ............12

A. Jbsnopukae .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................. ................................... ............12 12 D. Varae ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .............................................19 .......................19 Laitar Pustaja ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ......................19 ....19

 

ONEL OAPPNEG

 

DAD N PBELAMRKRAE A. Katar Katar Dbkaj Dbkajaeg aeg Oasak Oasakam am D. Tuou Tuousa sae e Oas Oasak akam am Retuj kbdnm snstboatns, oaja saya obeyusue ruousae oasakam-o oasakam-oasakam asakam pcjcj yaeg ajae ln damas lakao oajakam nen, lnaetaraeya alakam 8 Apa ntu pbegbrtnae larn dnodnegae dnodnegae lae jceskneg jceskneg 17 + 3  Apa pbegbrtnae larn DJ Jcopmbrbesni 3 

F. \uhu \uhuae ae Oaja Oajaka kam m Dbrlasarjae ruousae oasakam yaeg saya susue, oaja tuhuae larn pbeuknsae oajakam nen alakam sbdagan dbrnjut 8 Obodbrnjae pbegbrtnae larn dnodnegae lae jceskneg 17 +  Obodbrnjae pbegbrtnae larn dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg jcopmbrbesni  

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L. Oaei Oaeiaa aatt Oaja Oajaka kam m Oaeiaat larn pbeuknsae oajakam nen alakam : Retuj obodbrnjae jboulamae jboulamae Lae neicroasn jbpala jbpala pbodafa agar kbdnm oboulamjae lakao obelapatjae lae oboamao tbetaeg daganoaea sbharam lae katar  dbkajaeg larn dnodnegae lae jceskneg. jceskneg. Obeaodam wawasae pbodafa lae pbeukns tbetaeg sbharam lae katar dbkajaeg  dnodnegae jceskneg ln sbjcka.

 

DAD NN PBOADAMVAE A. Dnodne Dnodnegae gae lae lae Jces Jcesbkn bkneg eg 17+

VBHATAM LAE KA\AT DBKAJAEG DNODNEGAE LAE JCEVBKNEG  

Lnsusue ckbm 8 Wnela Oarna Madbamae 1176111109

PTCGTAO V\RL^ PBELNLNJAE GRTR VBJCKAM LAVAT  IAJRK\AV NKOR PBELNLNJAE RENYBTVN\AV EBGBTN OBLAE

 

4017 Jata Pbegaetar

Puhn lae syujur Puhn syujur saya saya paehatj paehatjae ae jbpala jbpala \umae ^aeg Oama Oama Bsa atas ramoat ramoat lae aeugbram-Eya yaeg obknpam sbmnegga saya lapat obeybsanjae oajakam nen guea obobeumn tugas rutne. \brnoa jasnm jbpala ndu Tcnla Vrn Oartnen Tuoapba  sbkaju lcsbe pbegaopu oata juknam jukna m Jcesbp Jcesbp Lasar Dnodnegae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg Jcesbkneg yaeg tbkam obodbrnjae obodbrnjae tugas obegbean obegbean ‛Vbh ‛V bhar aram am lae lae Kata Katarr Dbka Dbkaja jaeg eg Dnod Dnodne nega gae e Lae Lae Jces Jcesbk bkne neg‟ g‟.. \nla \nlaj j ku kupa pa pu puka ka saya saya obegufapj obeg ufapjae ae tbrnoa jasnm jbpala jbpala tboae-tboae tboae-tboae yaeg obodaetu obodaetu lae obodbrn obodbrn oasujae oasujae lakao lak ao pbeyus pbeyusuea ueae e oajaka oajakam m nen. nen. Vbocga Vbocga oajaka oajakam m yaeg yaeg saya saya susue susue nen dbroae dbroaeiaat iaat dagn dagn  pbodafa. Vaya obeyalarn obeyalarn damwa oajakam yaeg saya susue nen oasnm haum larn jbsbopureaa jbsbopureaae. e. Ckbm jarbea ntu saya obegmarapjae jrntnjae lae sarae yaeg obodaegue uetuj jb lbpaeeya kagn. Vbocga oajakam yaeg saya duat nen dbroaeiaat dagn pbodafa sbjaknae. Ajmnr jata saya ufapjae tbrnoa jasnm.

 

Oblae, Agustus 4017

 

Wnela Oarna Madbamae

 

Laitar Nsn

Fcvbr ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .......................................................1 .................................1 Jata pbegaetar .......................................... ................................................................ ........................................................ .......................................... ........4 4 Laitar nsn ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .....................................................6 ...............................6 Onel oappneg ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ......................< ....< DAD N 8 PBELAMRJRAE PBELAMRJRAE ..................................... ........................................................... .............................................. .........................2 .2

B. I. G. M.

Katar Dbkajaeg Oasakam ......................................... ............................................................... ....................................... .................2 2 Tuousae Tuousae Oasakam .......... ............... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ............... ................... ...............2 ......2 \uhuae Oajakam ............................................ .................................................................. .................................................2 ...........................2 Oaeiaat Oajakam .......................................... ................................................................ .................................................9 ...........................9

DAD NN 8 PBODAMAVAE ..................................................... ........................................................................... ..................................7 ............7 L. Vbharam lae Katar Dbkajaeg Dnodnegae Lae Jceskneg Ln luena...................7 B. Vbharam Dnodnegae Lae Jcesbkneg Ln Nelcebsna Lae Kamnreya DJ ............14 I. Katar Dbkajaeg Dnodnegae Lae Jcesbkneg ..................................................14 DAD NNN 8 PBER\RP ............................................................. ................................................................................... ..................................12 ............12

F. Jbsnopukae .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................. ................................... ............12 12 L. Varae ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .............................................19 .......................19 Laitar Pustaja ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ......................19 ....19

ONEL OAPPNEG

 

DAD N PBELAMRKRAE B. Katar Katar Dbka Dbkajae jaeg g Oasa Oasakam kam

 

Lakao obelbinensnjae nstnkam dnodnegae, para amkn dnlaeg dnodnegae jcesbkneg obodbrnjae pbegbrtnae yaeg dbrdbla-dbla. Obsjnpue lbonjnae, pbegbrtnae yaeg obrbja obr bja sahnja sahnjae e obonkn obonknjn jn satu satu jbsaoa jbsaoaae ae artn artn damwa damwa dnodne dnodnegae gae obrupa obrupajae jae suatu suatu prcsbs prcsbs  pbodbrnae daetuae.Pala uouoeya dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg sulam ala lae lnjbeak oaeusna sbhaj kaoa obkakun sbharam.Vbkanentu Dnodnegae jceskneg huga obrupajae sakam satu nkou  daru dnka ln daelnegjae lbegae lbegae nkou kaneeya. Dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg tbrlnrn atas lua jata yantu ‛dnodnegae‟ (tbrhboamae larn jata ‛ gunlaefb ‟) lae ‛jcesbkneg‟ (lnaodnk larn jata ‛fcuesbkneg  ‛ fcuesbkneg ‟). ‟). Vbharam dnodnegae ln  gunlaefb‟) Aobrnja oukan lndbrnjae ckbm Hbssb D. Lavns sbjntar tamue 1=>=-1>07. Dbknau dbjbrha sbdagan jcesbkcr sbjckam obebegam ln Lbtrcnt. Lakao wajtu sbpukum tamue, na obodaetu obegatasn oasakam-oasakam pbelnlnjae, ocrak, lae hadatae snswa. Pala tamue 1>0=, Iraej Parsces obelnrnjae Ycfatnceak Durbau uetuj obodaetu para rboaha obelapatjae pbjbrhaae yaeg fcfcj. \amue 1>10, Wnkknao Mbaky obelnrnjae Huvbenkb Psyfmcpatmnf Nestntut ln Fmnfagc. \amue \amu e 1>11, 1>11, Renvbrsntas Renvbrsntas Marvarl obodbrnjae obodbrnjae juknam dnlaeg dnlaeg dnodnegae dnodnegae hadatae lbegae lbegae lcsbeeya Obybr Dkccoinbkl. \amue 1>14, Grael Tapnls, Onfmngae obelnrnjae kbodaga  dnodnegae lakao snstbo sbjckameya. Pbrkueya Pbrku eya dnodnegae dnodnegae jcesbkneg lapat dbriuegsn dbriuegsn sbdagan sbdagan pboaetau pboaetau oasakam-oasakam oasakam-oasakam yaeg  dbrjantae tbetaeg oasakam jbkaneae tnegjam kaju lae alaptasn. Retuj kbdnm oboamaon oatbrn nen saya ajae obodamaseya lakao oajkam yaeg saya uranjae nen. I. Tuou Tuousa sae e Oasa Oasaka kam m

Retuj kbdnm snstboatns, oaja saya obeyusue ruousae oasakam-o oasakam-oasakam asakam pcjcj yaeg ajae ln damas lakao oajakam nen, lnaetaraeya alakam 8 Apa pbegbrtnae larn dnodnegae lae jceskneg 3 Daganoaea sbharam tbrkamnreya DJ ln luena lae ln Nelcebsna 3 Apa yaeg obkatardbkajaegn kamnreya DJ 3 

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G. \uhu \uhuae ae Oaj Oajak akam am Dbrlasarjae ruousae oasakam yaeg saya susue, oaja tuhuae larn pbeuknsae oajakam nen alakam sbdagan dbrnjut 8 Obodbrnjae pbegbrtnae larn dnodnegae lae jceskneg.  Obehbkasjae daganoaea sbharam tbrkamnreya dnodnegae lae jceskneg ln luena oaupue  ln Nelcebsna . Obekasjae apa saha iajtcr-iajtcr yaeg obkatardbkjaegn tbrkamnreya dnodnegae lae 

jceskneg.

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M. Oaeia Oaeiaat at Oajak Oajakam am Oaeiaat larn pbeuknsae oajakam nen alakam : Retuj obodbrnjae jboulamae jboulamae Lae neicroasn jbpala jbpala pbodafa agar kbdnm oboulamjae lakao obelapatjae lae oboamao tbetaeg daganoaea sbharam lae katar  dbkajaeg larn dnodnegae lae jceskneg. jceskneg.

 

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Obeaodam wawasae pbodafa lae pbeukns tbetaeg sbharam lae katar dbkajaeg  dnodnegae jceskneg ln sbjcka.

DAD NN PBOADAMVAE A. Vbharam Vbharam lae Katar Katar Dbkajaeg Dbkajaeg Dnodnegae Dnodnegae Lae Lae Jceskneg Jceskneg Ln luena

Obeuru Obe urutt Dnoc Dnoc Wakgnt Wakgntc(1 c(1>=> >=>814 814)) lakao lakao Aeas Aeas Vakamu Vakamulne lne damwa, damwa, dnodne dnodnegae gae lae  pbeyukumae, yaeg jboulnae saat nen kbdnm lnjbeak sbdagan dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg, obrupajae suatu nkou yaeg daru dnka lndaelnegjae lbegae nkou-nkou kane pala uouoeya.

 

Dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg tbrlnrn atas lua jata yantu ‛dnodnegae‟ (tbrhboamae larn jata ‛ gunlaefb  gunlaefb‟) ‟) lae lae ‛jce ‛jcesb sbkn kneg eg‟‟ (l (lna naod odnk nk larn larn ja jata ta ‛fcuesbkneg ‟‟). ). Laka Lakao o pr praj ajtn tnj, j,  dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg obrupajae satu jbsatuae jbgnatae yaeg tnlaj tbrpnsamjae. Jbluaeya Jblua eya obrupajae dagnae yaeg netbgrak (\cmnrne, 40118 12).Vbfara 12).Vbfara btnockcgns btnockcgns nstnkam jcesbkneg dbrasak larn damasa katne, yantu ‛fcesnknuo‟ yaeg dbarartn ‛lbegae‟ atau ‛dbrsaoa‟ yaeg yae g lnraeg lnraegjan jan lbegae lbegae ‛obebr ‛obebrnoa noa atau atau ‛oboam ‛oboamaon‟ aon‟.. Vblaeg Vblaegjae jae lakao lakao damasa damasa AegkcAegkcVa Vaxc xce, e, nstn nstnka kam m jce jcesb sbkn kneg eg dbra dbrasa sakk larn larn ‛s ‛sbk bkka kae‟ e‟ ya yaeg eg db dbra rart rtnn ‛obe ‛obeyb ybra ramj mjae ae‟‟ at atau au ‛obeyaopanjae‟.   Dbrlasarjae pbegbrtnae jcesbkneg ln atas lapat lnpamaon damwa jcesbkneg alakam usama obodaetu jcesbkn/jknbe sbfara tatap ouja lbegae tuhuae agar jknbe lapat obegaodnk taeggueg hawad sbelnrn tbrmalap dbrdagan pbrscakae atau oasakam jmusus. Lbegae jata kane, tbratasneya tbratas neya oasakam oasakam yaeg lnmalapn lnmalapn ckbm jcesbkn/jkn jcesbkn/jknbe.Jbo be.Jboulnae ulnae lapat lnruousjae lnruousjae lbegae lbegae alakam kam prcsbs prcsbs pbodbr pbodbrnae nae daetua daetuae e yaeg yaeg lnkaju lnkajujae jae snegja sne gjatt damwa damwa Dnodnegae Dnodnegae Jcesbkneg Jcesbkneg  ala obkakun wawaefara jcesbkneg (iafb tc iafb) ckbm sbcraeg amkn (lnsbdut jcesbkcr) jbpala nelnvnlu yaeg sblaeg obegakaon sbsuatu oasakam (lnsbdut jcesbkn) yaeg dbrouara pala tbratasneya tbratas neya oasakam yaeg lnmalapn lnmalapn jcesbkn jcesbkn sbrta lapat oboaeiaatjae oboaeiaatjae dbrdagan pctbesn yaeg lnonknjn lae saraea yaeg ala, sbmnegga nelnvnlu atau jbkcopcj nelnvnlu ntu lapat oboamaon lnrn lnrney eyaa sbel sbelnr nrnn uetu uetuj j obef obefap apan an pbrj pbrjbo boda daeg egae ae ya yaeg eg cp cptn tnoa oak, k, oael oaelnr nrnn sb sbrt rtaa lapa lapatt obrbefaeajae oasa lbpae yaeg kbdnm danj uetuj obefapan jbsbhamtbraae mnlup. Vbharam dnodnegae ln Aobrnja oukan lndbrnjae ckbm Hbssb D. Lavns sbjntar tamue 1=>=-1>0 1=>= -1>07. 7. Dbknau dbjbrha sbdagan jcesbkcr sbjckam obebegam obebegam ln Lbtrcnt. Lakao wajtu sbpukum sbpuk um tamue, tamue, na obodaetu obodaetu obegatasn oasakam-oasakam oasakam-oasakam pbelnlnjae pbelnlnjae,, ocrak, ocrak, lae hadatae snswa. Pala tamue 1>0=, Iraej Parsces obelnrnjae Ycfatnceak Durbau uetuj obodaetu para rboaha obelapatjae pbjbrhaae yaeg fcfcj. \amue 1>10, Wnkknao Mbaky obelnrnjae Huvbenkb Psyfmc Psy fmcpat patmnf mnf Nestntu Nestntutt ln Fmnfag Fmnfagc. c. \amue \amue 1>11, 1>11, Renvbr Renvbrsnta sntass Marvar Marvarl l obodbr obodbrnja njae e juknam juknam  dnlaeg dnodnegae hadatae lbegae lcsbeeya Obybr Dkccoinbkl. \amue 1>14, Grael Tapnls, Onfmngae obelnrnjae kbodaga dnodnegae lakao snstbo sbjckameya. Awak adal jb-40 dbkuo ala jcesbkcr lnsbjckam, ajae tbtapn pala saat ntu pbjbrhaae pbjbrhaae jcesbkcr oasnm lntaegaen ckbm para guru. Gbrajae dnodnegae lnsbjckam oukan  dbrjbodaeg sbdagan laopaj larn rbvckusn nelustrn lae jbragaoae katar dbkajaeg para snswa yaeg oasuj jbsbjckam-sbjckam ebgbrn. \amue 1=>= Hbssb D. Lavns, sbcraeg jcesbkcr ln Lbtrcnt oukan obodbrnjae kayaeae jcesbkneg pbelnlnjae lae pbjbrhaae ln VOA. Pala tamue 1>07 lna oboasujjae prcgrao dnodnegae ln sbjckam tbrsbdut. tbrs bdut. Pala wajtu yaeg saoa para amkn yaeg huga obegbodaegjae prcgrao dnodnegae nen, lnaetaraeya sbdagan dbrnjut8 Bkn Wbapbr obegatajae obegatajae (1>09), ‛obonknm ‛ obonknm suatu jarnr ‟ lae obodbetuj jcontb guru  pbodnodneg lnsbtnap sbjckam obebegam ln Ebw ^crj. Jcontb tbrsbdut dbrgbraj uetuj  obodaetu obod aetu para pboula pboula lakao obeboujae jboaopuae-jboa jboaopuae-jboaopua opuae e lae dbkahar dbkahar tbetaeg tbetaeg  dnodnegae obeggueajae jboaopuae-jboaopuae tbrsbdut lakao raegja obehaln sbcraeg  pbjbrha yaeg prclujtni. Iraej Irae j Parsce Parsce lnjbea lnjbeakk sbdaga sbdagann ‛ Iatmbr ci \mb Gublaefb Ocvbobet ne Aobrnfae  Blufatnce‟.  Blufatnce ‟. Obelnrnjae dnrc pbjbrhaae tamue 1>0= ln Dcstce Oassafmussbts, yaeg dbrtuhuae obodaetu pboula lakao obonknm jarnr uaeg lnlasarjae atas prcsbs sbkbjsn sbfara nkonyam lae obkatnm guru uetuj obodbrnjae pbkayaeae sbdagan jcsbkcr.

 

Aeln Oapnar Aeln Oapnarbb (1>=< (1>== >= ‖  1>07)  1>07) Pbrnclb nen oukan lnrnetns ckbm Gbcrgb Obrrnk, yaeg obeybknpjae  dnodnegae hadatae, pala ‛\mb ‛\mb Faknicrena Vfmcck ci Obfmaenfak Arts‟ln Arts‟ln Vae Iraesnsfc, tamue 1= 1=>2 >2.. Lnsu Lnsusu sukk ouef ouefuk ukey eyaa up upay aya-u a-upa paya ya dnod dnodne nega gae e hadat hadatae ae ck ckbm bm Hb Hbssb ssb D. Lavn Lavnss ya yaeg eg

obousatjaepbrmatnae pala pbeyukumae hadatae lae pbelnlnjae hadatae ln‒‟Fbetrak ln‒‟ Fbetrak Mngm Vfmcck ‟, ‟, Lbtrcnl, Onfmngae, pala tamue 1=>= ‖ 1>07. Pala tamue 1>07 H.D. Lavns, yaeg wajtu ntu obehadat jbpaka larn ‛Fbetrak ‛Fbetrak Mngm Vfmcck   ln Grael Tapnls, obeynsnpja obeynsnpjaednod ednodnegae negae-dnodn -dnodnegae egae hadatae hadatae jb la lakao kao oata oata pb pbkah kahar arae ae (Dam (Damas asa)N a)Neg eggr grns ns lb lbeg egae ae suat suatu u la lasar sar ya yaeg eg tb tbrat ratur ur.. \uhu \uhuae ae la larn rn  prcgraodnodnegae ntu alakam agar snswa oaopu8   (a) (a) obeg obegbo boda daeg egja jaej ejar arajt ajtbr brey eyaa ya yaeg eg da danj nj sbdag sbdagan an assbt assbt ya yaeg eg sa saeg egat at pb pbet etne neg g da dagn gn sbtnapsnswa (craeg) lakao raegja obrbefaeajae, obopbrsnapjae laeoboasujn luena jbrha (dnsens):  (d) obefbgam lnrneya larn pbrnkajudbroasakam: lae (f) obegmudu obegmuduegjae egjae oneat pbjbrhaae pbjbrhaae lbegaejurn lbegaejurnjuku jukuo o (oata pbkaharae). Hbssb D. Lavns obebrapjae pcka-pckadnodnegae hadatae (vcfatnceak  (vcfatnceak ) kbdnm tbrtata rapn lakao oatapbkaharae tbrtbetu (damasa Neggrns).   4. Pbrncl Pbrnclbb Pbr Pbrtuo tuodum dumae ae (1>0= (1>0= ‖ 1>1=) Gbrajae dnodnegae uouoeya lnjatajae oukan kamnr pala taeggak16 haeuarn 1>=0, jbtnja Iraej Parsces oukan obegbkcka DnrcPbjbrhaae (Ycfatnceak (Ycfatnceak  Durbau)) sbdagan lnrbjtur pbrtaoa pala‟Fnvnf  Durbau pala‟ Fnvnf Vbrvnfb Mcusb‟ln Mcusb‟ln Dcstce, Oassafmussbts. Parsce lnsbdut sbdagan Dapaj Dnodnegae (Iatmbr ci Gunlaefb Ocvbobet neAobrnfae Blufatnce). Vbdbkuo na obeneggak sbopat obeukns  duju ”Fmccsneg Ycfatnceak„, Ycfatnceak„, lntbrdntjae pala tamue 1>0>. Lna obefbtu obefbtusjae sjae prcsbs obonknm jarnr obkakun sbkbjsn nkonam. Obeurut Parsce ala tnga iajtcr pbetneg yaeg marus lnpbrmatnjae lakaoobonknm pbjbrhaae, yantu 



 pboamaoae yaeg hbkas tbetaeg lnrneyasbelnrn obeyaegjut dajat, oneat, jcopbtbesn, jboauae/aodnsn,  pboamaoae yaeg hbkas tbetaeg luena jbrha, obknputn pbrsyaratae,jcelnsn pbrsyaratae,jcelnsn jbrha, jcopbesasn, pbkuaeg, prcspbj jbrha, lsd, lae

trub-rbasceneg , pbeakarae yaeg dbear dbrlasarjae muduegaejarajtbrnstnj  prndaln lbegae luena jbrha yaeg lnpnknm. lnpnknm. Pbegarum Parsces aoat juat jbpala para amkn yaeg ouefukjboulnae, mak nen tbrjant jmususeya jmusu seya tbetaeg tbetaeg pbetnegey pbetnegeyaa aeaknsankona aeaknsankonam m lae obopbrmatnj obopbrmatnjae ae prndaln-prnd prndaln-prndaln aln nelnvnlu nelnvnlu lakaod lak aodnod nodneg negae ae hadata hadatae. e. B.G Wnkknao Wnkknaosce sce obegbo obegbodae daegja gjae e tbcrn tbcrn Iraej Iraej Parsce Parsce lbegae lbegae tbcrneya ‛\rant ‛\rant ael Iaftcr Iaftcr (Lnrbftnvb) (Lnrbftnvb) Gunlaefb‟ Gunlaefb‟.\bc .\bcrn rn nen dbrtuhuae dbrtuhuae uetuj obegbtamun obegbtamun jcopbtbesn lae jbamknaesnswa/oamasnswa/jknbe/jcesbkn lnkajujae tbs. Pbegarum nen oasnm hbkas tbrasa saopan sbjaraeg.Gbrajae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lnoukan larn 

 

 sbtneg  oasy oasyar araj ajat at,o ,obr brup upaj ajae ae larn larn gbra gbraja jae e prcgrbsni yae aeg g oboic boicju jusj sjae ae gb gbra raj jae  palajbsbhamtbraae lae pbrjbodaegae. Rpaya Parsce kbdnm ln aramjae pala dnodnegae jarnr/vcfatnceak  jarnr/ vcfatnceak   dagn jbdbrmasnkaesnswa/rboaha/pboula/pbouln. 6. Pbrncl Pbrnclbb Pbrgck Pbrgckaja ajae e Pbelnln Pbelnlnjae jae (1>1 (1>1= = ‖ 1>4>) Vbtbkam pbraeg usan, pbobrnetamae Iblbrak obeynapjae pusat-pusatrbmadnkntasn hadatae  dagn para vbtbrae. Gbrajae dnodnegae sbjckamtbrus obebrus lnpafu ckbm crgaensasn-

crgaensasn lae yayasae-yayasae, aetara kane ckbm Fcoocewbaktm Iuel.‟AobrnfaePsyfmckcgnfak Asscfnatnce‟ (APA), yaeg lnlnrnjae tamue 1=>4, laesbfara rbsonn dbrdbe rbso dbrdbetuj tuj dalae dalae mu mujuo juo tamue tamue 1>42, 1>42, dbrpbe dbrpbegar garum um sbfara sbfara tnlaj tnlaj kaegsu kaegsueg eg lakao lakao  pbegbodaegae danj tbrmalap jauo jbpbelnlnjae oaupue para pbtugas dnodnegae lakao obopbrlakao jbsalarae tbetaeg pbetnegeya lasar-lasar psnjckcgnspala sbtnap tamap prcgrao sbjckam.  pala pbrnclb nen sulam oukan lntbjaejae pbrmatnae pala dnodnegaene lnvnluak. Dbgntu puka lb lbeg egae ae pb pbel elbj bjat atae ae st stul ulnn ja jasu suss ouka oukann lnpb lnpbrj rjbe beak akja jae. e. Drbw Drbwbr br (1 (1>4 >49) 9) cr crae aeg g pb pbrta rtaoa oa ya yaeg egob obop opbr brjb jbea eakj kjae ae pr prcs csbs bs stuln stuln ja jasu suss ne nenn jb la laka kao o hu huru rusa saee-hu huru rusae sae dn dnod odne nega gae e ln Renvbrsntas Marvarl. Pala tamue 1>1> sbdaeyaj 9 ‛Lbae ci Obe‟ larn dbrdagan  pbrguruae tneggn obegalajae pbrtbouae obodnfarajae oasakam-oasakam uouo, lae tamue  dbrnjuteya obrbja sbfara rbsonobelnrnjae crgaensasn ‛ Eatnceak Asscfnatnce ci Lbaes ael Alvnsbrci Obe‟ Obe‟ atau EALAO. \amue 1>4< lnlnrnjae  puka ‛  AobrnfaeFckkbgb Pbrsceebk Asscfnatnce ‛(AFPA) uetuj   obegjccrlnealn pbebopatae . \amue 1>4> dbrudam eaoa ‛ Eatnceak ‛  Eatnceak Asscfnatnce ciPkafbob et ael Pbrsceebk Ciinfbrs‟. Ciinfbrs‟. Palaa tamue Pal tamue 1>41 1>41 EYGAob EYGAobebr ebrdnt dntjae jae oahaka oahakam m tbrdaru tbrdarueya eya yaeg yaeg lndbrn lndbrn eaoa‟ eaoa‟\mb \mb eatnceakY eatnc eakYcfatnc cfatnceak eak Gunlaefb Gunlaefb Asscfnatnce Asscfnatnce Dukkbtne Dukkbtne‟. ‟. Lua Lua tamue tamue jb jbou ouln lnae ae pb pbeg egaw awasa asae e  pbebrdntae lnaknmjae pala Dnrc Dnodnegae Hadatae larn‒Graluatb larn‒Graluatb Vfmcck ci Blufatnce’, Blufatnce’, Renv Re nvbrs brsnt ntas as Mar Mar va varl rl.. Pbru Pbruda dama maet etbr brsbd sbdut ut obeg obegud udam am pu puka ka ea eaoa oa hu hure reak akey eyaa obeh obehal alnn ‛\mbYcfatnceakGunl \mbYcfatnceakGunlaefb aefb Oagazneb‟ Oagazneb‟ Pbrncl Pbrnclbb Jbtajt Jbtajtbet betuae uae Bjce Bjcecon con (1>4 (1>4> > ‖ 1>4> obeybdadjae pbodnayaae sbjckamobegakaon jbouelurae sbfara lrastns. Vbkaoa marn-marn surao, gbrajae dnodnegae obelapat daetuae larn ”Farebgnb FcrpcratncE‟, yaeg lakao 1>66 obodnayan ‛EatnceakCffupatnceak Fceibrbef‟ (ECF (E CF). ). Daet Daetua uae e jb jblu luaa db dbrsu rsuod odbr br la larn rnPb Pbob obrn rnet etam am Ib Iblb lbra rak, k, ya yaeg eg la laka kao o ta tamu mue e 1> 1>6= 6= obel ob elnrn nrnja jae e ‛Cffu ‛Cffupa patn tnce ceak ak Ne Neic icro roat atnc nce e ae ael l Gunl Gunlae aefb fb Vb Vbrv rvnfb nfb‟‟ la laka kao o ‛Ycf ‛Ycfat atnc ncea eakk Blufatnceak Lbvnsnce‟ larn Jaetcr PbelnlnjaeAobrnja Vbrnjat, yaeg wajtu ntu obegaegjat (1>90. Mak nen obrupa obrupajae jae sakam sakam satu masnk jceibr jceibrbesn besn Iajuktas Iaju ktas Jbguruae Jbguruae lae Nkou Pbelnlnjae Pbelnlnjae (lnsnegjat (lnsnegjat IJNP, yaeg jboul jboulnae nae obehaln NJNP) ln Oakaeg taeggak 40-4< Agustus 1>90. Pbrjbodaegae dbrnjuteya tamue 1>9< NJNP Daelueg lae NJNP Oakaeg obelnrnjae hurusae Dnodnegae lae Pbeyukumae. \amue 1>71 dbrlnrn Prcybj  Pbrnetns Vbjckam Pbodaegueae (PPVP) pala lbkapae NJNP yantu NJNP Palaeg, NJNP Hajarta, NJNP Daelueg, NJNP ^cgyajarta, NJNP Vboaraeg, NJNP Vuradaya, NJNP Oakaeg, lae NJNP Obealc. Obkakun prcybj nen dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lnjbodaegjae, huga dbrmasnk lnsusue ‛Pcka Lasar Tbefaea lae Pbegbodaegae dnodnegae lae pbeyukumae‟ pala PPVP. Kamnreya Jurnjukuo 1>72 uetuj Vbjckam Obebegam Atas ln lakaoeya obouat pblcoae dnodnegae

lae jcesbkneg. \amue 1>7= lnsbkbeggarajae prcgrao PGVKP lae PGVKA dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg ln NJNP (sbtnegjat L4 atau L6) uetuj obegnsn hadatae Guru dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg ln sbjckam yaeg saopan saat ntu dbkuo ala hatam pbegaegjatae guru DP larn taoatae V1 Hurusae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg. Pbegaegjatae Guru Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg ln sbjckam oukan lnal lnalaj ajae ae sbhaj sbhaj al alae aeya ya PGVK PGVKP P la lae e PGVK PGVKA A Dnod Dnodne nega gae e la lae e Jces Jcesbk bkne neg. g. Jbdb Jbdbra rala laae ae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg sbfara kbgak icroak lnajun pala tamue 1>=> lbegae kamnreya VJ  Obepae Ec 049/Obepae/1>=> tbetaeg Aegja Jrblnt dagn Hadatae Guru lakao knegjuegae Lbpartbobe Pbelnlnjae lae Jbdulayaae. Vbharam Pbrjbodaegae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg ln Nelcebsna kbdnm daeyaj lnkajujae lakao jbgnatae icroak ln sbjckam. Pala awak tamue 1>90 ln dbdbrapa sbjckam lnkajujae  prcgrao dnodnegae ajalbons lae jcesbkneg yaeg tbrdatas. Pala tamue 1>996) oboduja  hurusae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg yaeg sbjaraeg lnjbeak lbegae Renvbrsntas Pbelnlnjae Nelcebsna (RPN) lbegae eaoa Hurusae Psnjckcgn Ps njckcgn Pbelnlnjae lae Dnodnegae (PPD). Vbfa Vbfara ra icro icroak ak dno dnodne dnegae gae lae lae jc jces esbk bkne neg g ln lnp prc rcg gra rao oja jae e ln sb sbj jck ckam am sb sbha haj  j  lndbrk lnd brkaju ajujae jaeeya eya jurnju jurnjukuo kuo 1>72 1>72 yaeg yaeg obeyat obeyataja ajae e damwa damwa dnodne dnodnegae gae lae jcesbk jcesbkneg neg obrupajae dagnae netbgrak pbelnlnjae ln sbjckam. Pala tamue 1>72 dbrlnrn Njatae Pbtugas Dnodnegae Dnod negae Nelcesbna Nelcesbna (NPDN), lbegae obodbrnjae obodbrnjae pbegarum pbegarum tbrmalap tbrmalap pbrkuasae pbrkuasae prcgrao prcgrao  dnodnegae ln sbjckam yaeg lnkajsaejae ln Oakaeg. Dbdbrapa upaya lakao pbelnlnjae yaeg lnkaju lnk ajujae jae uetuj uetuj obeybo obeybopur pureaj eajae ae jurnju jurnjukuo kuo larn larn jurnju jurnjukuo kuo 1> 1>72 72 jb jurnju jurnjukuo kuo 1>===< 1>=< tbk tbkam am lnoasu lnoasujae jae dnodne dnodnegae gae jarnbr jarnbr ln lakaoe lakaoeya. ya. Rsama Rsama uetuj  uetuj  oboaetapjae dnodnegae tbrus lnkajujae lbegae lndbrkajujaeeya RR Ec.4/1>=> tbetaeg Vnstbo Pbelnlnjae Easnceak. Lakao La kao Pasak Pasak 1 Ayat Ayat 1 lnsbd lnsbdut utja jae e da damw mwaa pb pbel elnl nlnj njae ae al alaka akam m us usam amaa salar salar ue uetu tuj  j  obeynapjae pbsbrta lnlnj obkakun jbgnatae dnodnegae, pbegaharae, katnmae dagn pbraeaeeya  pala oasa yaeg ajae lataeg. Pboaetapae dnodnegae tbrus lnkaehutjae lbegae lnjbku lnj bkuarj arjaee aeeya ya VJ Obepae Obepae Ec. Ec. =0/1>> =0/1>>6 6 tbetae tbetaeg g hadata hadatae e Iuegsn Iuegsncea ceakk Guru Guru lae Aegja Aegja Jrbl Jr blnt ntey eya. a. Laka Lakao o Pasak Pasak 6 lnsb lnsbdu dutj tjae ae tu tuga gass pc pcjc jcj j gu guru ru al alak akam am obey obeyus usue ue pr prcg cgra rao o  dnodnegae, obkajsaeajae prcgrao dnodnegae, bvakuasn pbkajsaeaae dnodnegae, aeaknsns masnk pbkajsaeaae dnodnegae, lae tnelaj kaehut lakao prcgrao dnodnegae. Pala tamue 4001 tbrhaln pbrudamae crgaensasn Njatae Pbtugas Dnodnegae Nelcesbna (NPDN) obehaln obeha ln Ascsnasn Ascsnasn Dnodnegae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg Jcesbkneg Nelcebsna (ADJNE). Lbegae iuegsn damawa damawa  dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg jcesbkneg marus taopnk sbdagan prcibsn yaeg obelapat pbegajuae. F. Katar Katar Dbkajae Dbkajaeg g Dnodnega Dnodnegae e Lae Jceskneg Jceskneg A. Katar Katar Dbkaja Dbkajaeg eg Psnjck Psnjckcgn cgnss   Pbrkueya DJ dbrlasarjae aspbj psnjckcgns dnodnegae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg saegat saegat pbrku sbjakn jarbea pala lasareya lapat obodbrnjae pbehbkasae damwa nelnvnlu obrupajae prndaln yaeg uenj sbpbrtn obeyaegju obeyaegjutt aspbj jbfbrlasae, jbfbrlasae, bocsnceak, bocsnceak, scsnadnkntas, scsnadnkntas, snjap, jbdnasaae, jbdnasaae, lae

jboaopuae jboaop uae pbeybs pbeybsuan uanae ae lnrn, lnrn, nelnvn nelnvnlu lu tnlaj tnlaj saoa lae pastn pastn obonkn obonknjn jn pbrdbl pbrdblaae aae,, lapat lapat obodbrnjae pboamaoae tbetaeg tnegjam kaju nelnvnlu sbnrneg pbrjbodaegaeeya yaeg sbkaku  dbrudam sbsuan lbegae tugas pbrjbodaegaeeya jbaram jboataegae, tnegjam kaju yaeg pbrku lnudam atau lnjbodaegjae uetuj obegatasn oasakam yaeg lnmalapn, sbrta lapat obodbrnjae  pboamaoae tbetaeg oasakam-oasakam psnjckcgns.   Katar dbkajaeg dbkajaeg psnjckcgns psnjckcgns lakao lakao DJ obodbrnjae obodbrnjae pboamaoae pboamaoae tbetaeg tnegjam tnegjam kaju nelnvn nel nvnlu lu yaeg yaeg obehal obehalnn sasarae sasarae (jknbe (jknbe). ). Mak nen saegat saegat pbetne pbetneg g jarbea jarbea dnlaeg dnlaeg garapa garapae e  dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg alakam tnegjam tnegjam kaju jknbe, yantu tnegjam kaju yaeg pbrku lnud lnudam am atau lnjbodaegjae uetuj obegatasn oasakam yaeg lnmalapn. Katar Kat ar dbkaja dbkajaeg eg larn larn sbgn sbgn psnjck psnjckcgn cgnss obeyae obeyaegju gjutt oasakam oasakam pbrjbo pbrjbodae daegae gae nelnvn nelnvnlu, lu,  pbrdblaae nelnvnlu, jbdutumae jbdutumae nelnvnlu pbeybsuanae lnrn lae oasakam dbkahar. D. Katar Katar Dbkaj Dbkajaeg aeg Vcsn Vcsnak ak Dulaya Dulaya

 

  Nelnvnlu Nelnvnlu obrupaj obrupajae ae dncpsnjc dncpsnjcscsncsp scsncspnrntua nrntuak, k, yaeg yaeg artneya artneya damwa damwa nelnvnl nelnvnlu u oajmkuj  oajmkuj   dnckcgns, psnjckcgns, scsnak lae spnrntuak. Vbtnap aeaj sbhaj kamnr tnlaj maeya oaopu obobeumn tuetutae dnckcgnseya, tbpapn huga tuetutae dulaya ln oaea nelnvnlu ntu tneggak, tuetutae dulaya ntu lnkajujae agar sbgaka laopaj oclrbensasn lapat ln inktbr ckbm nelnvnlu tbrsbdut tbrsbd ut sbfara ctcoatns, sbrta nelnvnlu nelnvnlu lnmarapjae lnmarapjae lapat obeybsuanja obeybsuanjae e tnegjam tnegjam kajueya kajueya sbsuan lbegae dulaya yaeg sulam ala, agar lapat ln tbrnoa lbegae danj ckbm knegjuegae tbrsbdut. Retuj obegbodaegjae sboua jboaopuae pbeybsuanae tbrsbdut, saegat lnpbrkujae sbduam dnodnegae.   \brjant \brjant lbegae kayaeae kayaeae dnodnegae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg jcesbkneg ln Nelcebs Nelcebsna, na, trbe dnodnegae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg ouktnjukturak, damwa dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lbegae pbelbjatae ouktnjukturak saegat tbpat uetuj knegjuegae dbrdulaya pkurak sbpbrtn Nelcebsna. Dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lnkajsaeajae lbegae katar dbkajaeg dbrkaelasjae sboaegat Dmneebja \ueggak Nja, yantu jbsaoaae ln atas jbragaoae. Kayaeae dnodnegae jcesbkneg mbelajeya kbdnm dbrpaegjak  pala enkan-enkan dulaya daegsa yaeg sbfara eyata oaopu obwuhuljae jbmnlupae yaeg marocen lakao jcelnsn pkuraknstnj. F. Katar Katar Dbkaja Dbkajaeg eg Pbelnl Pbelnlnja njae e Dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lnpbrkujae uetuj obegbodaegjae pbelnlnjae yaeg dbrsniat

obeneggn, obkuas lae obelakao. Ala tnga mak pcjcj yaeg obehaln katar dbkajaeg pbrkueya dnodnegae lnknmat larn sbgn  pbelnlnjae 8 1) Pbrta Pbrtaoa oa al alak akam am lnkn lnknma matt la larn rn ma majn jnja jatt pb pbel elnl nlnj njae ae sbdag sbdagan an suat suatu u us usam amaa salar salar la laka kao o obeg ob egbo boda daeg egja jae e jb jbpr prnd ndal alna nae. e. Mak Mak ne nenn obeg obegae aelu lueg eg nopk nopknj njasn asn da damw mwaa pr prcs csbs bs  pbelnlnjae obeuetut alaeya pbelbjatae yaeg kbdnm kuas larn pala sbjblar   pbegaharae. Pbelbjatae yaeg lnoajsul alakam pbelbjatae prndaln obkakun kayaeae  dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg. 4) Jblu Jblua, a, pb pbel elnl nlnj njae ae sbeae sbeaetn tnasa asa db dbrj rjbo boda daeg eg sb sbfar faraa ln lnea eaon onss la lae e ja jarb rbea eaey eyaa sb sbka kaku ku tbrhaln tbrh aln pbruda pbrudamae mae pbrud pbrudama amae e lae pbeybs pbeybsuan uanae ae lakao lakao jc jcopc opcebe ebe-jc -jcopc opcebe ebeey eya. a. Obegmalapn pbrjbodaegae nen para snswa sbdagan sudhbj lnlnj obobrkujae daetuae lakao pbeybsuanae lnrn obkakun kayaeae dnodnegae. 6) Jbtn Jbtnga ga pala pala majn majnja jate teya ya guru guru obop obopue ueya yann pb pbra raea eae e ya yaeg eg tnla tnlaj j ma maey eyaa sb sbda daga gann  pbegahar,tbtapn kbdnm kuas larn ntu, yantu sbdagan pbelnlnj. Vbdagan pbelnlnj, oaja guru marus lapat obeggueajae pbelbjatae prndaln lakao obelnlnj para snswaeya. Pbelbjatae prndaln nen lnwuhuljae obkakun kayaeae dnodnegae. L. Katar Katar Dbkajaeg Dbkajaeg NP\BJ NP\BJ lae Gkcda Gkcdaknsas knsasnn Ln bra nen nkou pbegbtamuae, neicroasn lae tbjeckcgn dbrjbodaeg saegat pbsat, ckbm jarbea ntu lnpbrkujaeeya Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg, agar nelnvnlu lapat obegbtamun laopaj   pcsntni lae ebgatnieya larn pbrjbodaegae tbrsbdut. Kbwat dnodnegae lae cesbkneg, nelnvnlu lnaramjae jbpala laopaj pcsntni larn NP\BJ NP\BJ yaeg kbdnm lntuhujae pala pala pbebrapae tbjeckcgn yaeg yae g marus marus lnonkkn lnonkknjn jn lae lnjuas lnjuasan an jarbea jarbea sboajn sboajne e jcopkb jcopkbjse jseya ya hbens-h hbens-hben benss lae syarat syarat  pbjbrhaae sbrta pbrsanegae aetar nelnvnlu.

 

Pbrjbodae Pbrjbo daegae gae zaoae zaoae (gkcda (gkcdaknsa knsasn) sn) obenod obenodukj ukjae ae pbruda pbrudamae mae lae jboahu jboahuae ae lakao lakao oasyarajat. oasyar ajat. Aspbj pbrudamae pbrudamae obknputn8 scsnak, pckntnj, bjcecon, nelustrn, neicroasn lsd. Dbrdagan pbroasakamae yaeg lnmalapn ckbm nelnvnlu lnaetaraeya8 1) 4) 6) =-1>07. Dbknau dbjbrha sbdagan jcesbkcr sbjckam obebegam ln Lbtrcnt. Lakao wajtu sbpukum tamue, na obodaetu obegatasn oasakam-oasakam pbelnlnjae, ocrak, lae hadatae snswa. Pala tamue 1>0=, Iraej Parsces obelnrnjae Ycfatnceak Durbau uetuj  obodaetu para rboaha obelapatjae pbjbrhaae yaeg fcfcj. \amue 1>10, Wnkknao Mbaky obelnrnjae obel nrnjae Huvbenkb Psyfm Psyfmcpatm cpatmnf nf Nestntut Nestntut ln Fmnfagc. Fmnfagc. \amue \amue 1>11, 1>11, Renvbrsntas Renvbrsntas Marvarl Marvarl obodbrnjae juknam dnlaeg dnodnegae hadatae lbegae lcsbeeya Obybr Dkccoinbkl. \amue 1>14, Grael Tapnls, Onfmngae obelnrnjae kbodaga dnodnegae lakao snstbo sbjckameya. Pbegarum Parsces aoat juat jbpala para amkn, mak nen tbrjant jmususeya tbetaeg pbetnegeya aeakns aea knsaa nkonam nkonam lae obopbr obopbrmatn matnjae jae prndal prndaln-p n-prnd rndaln aln nelnvn nelnvnlu lu lakao lakao dnodne dnodnegae gae hadata hadatae. e. Pbegarum nen oasnm hbkas tbrasa saopan sbjaraeg sbmnegga dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lnoukan lnjbeak luena. Vbharam kamnreya dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg ln Nelcebsna lnawakn sbhaj oasujjaeeya  dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg (lukueya dnodnegae lae pbeyukumae) pala sbttnegsbjckam. Pbonjnrae nen lnawakn sbhaj tamue 1>90. Mnegga pala tamue 4001 tbrhaln pbrudamae crgaensasn Njatae Pbtugas Dnodnegae Nelcesbna Nelcesbna (NPDN) obehaln Ascsnasn Ascsnasn Dnodnegae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg Jcesbkneg Nelcebsna Nelc ebsna (ADJNE). Lbegae iuegsn iuegsn damawa damawa dnodnegae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg jcesbkneg marus taopnk taopnk sbdagan sbdagan  prcibsn yaeg obelapat pbegajuae. Alaa db Al dbdb dbra rapa pa kata katarr db dbka kaja jaeg eg dnod dnodne nega gae e la lae e jc jces esbkn bkneg eg ya yant ntu u 8 ka katar tar db dbka kaja jaeg eg  psnjckcgn, katar dbkajaeg scsnak-dulaya, katar dbkajaeg pbelnlnjae, lae katar dbkajaeg NP\BJ  lae gkcdak gkcdaknsas nsasn. n. Katar Katar dbkaja dbkajaeg eg nenkam nenkam yaeg yaeg huga huga obehal obehalnja njae e dnodne dnodnegae gae lae jcesbk jcesbkneg neg sboajne obraodat kuas lae oasuj jb lakao sbjckam-sbjckam. D. Varae Retuj obeaodam neicroasn kbdnm lakao kagn, pbodafa lnmarap obefarn suodbr yaeg  

kane agar neicroasn yaeg lnpbrckbm kbdnm daeyaj lae kbegjap kagn. Pbodafa lae pbeukns lnmarapjae lapat obegbrtn lae oboamaon sbfara obelakaoapa saha kayaeae dj lae daganoaea tuhuae lae iuegsn dnodnegae jceskneg. Laitar Pustaja

Aeceno.400>.Kaelasae Dnodnegae Lae Jcesbkneg. Lnajsbs pala taeggak 49 Agustus 4017 Aeceno.400>.Kaelasae (Cekneb) mttp8//staiiebw.uey.af.nl/upkcal/1646197. Lasar-lasar Dnodnegae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg. Jcesbkneg. Lbplnjeas8 Lbplnjeas8 Tnebja Fnpta Gysdbrs, E.F. & Mbelbrsce, P. (4009). Lbvbkcpneg ael Oaeagneg ^cur Vfmcck Gunlaefb ael FcuesbknegPrcgrao. Akbxaelrna8 Aobrnfae Fcuesbkkneg Asscfnatnce.

 

DAD NNN PBER\RP F. Jbsn Jbsnop opuk ukae ae Lakao obelbinensnjae nstnkam dnodnegae, para amkn dnlaeg dnodnegae jcesbkneg obodbrnjae pbegbrtnae yaeg dbrdbla-dbla. Obsjnpue lbonjnae, pbegbrtnae yaeg obrbja obr bja sahnja sahnjae e obonkn obonknjn jn satu satu jbsaoa jbsaoaae ae artn artn damwa damwa dnodne dnodnegae gae obrupa obrupajae jae suatu suatu prcsbs prcsbs  pbodbrnae daetuae.Pala uouoeya dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg sulam ala lae lnjbeak oaeusna sbhaj kaoa obkakun sbharam.Vbkanentu Dnodnegae jceskneg huga obrupajae sakam satu nkou  daru dnka ln daelnegjae lbegae lbegae nkou kaneeya. Vbharam dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lnoukan larn Aobrnja yaeg lndbrnjae ckbm Hbssb D.

Lavns sbjntar tamue 1=>=-1>07. Dbknau dbjbrha sbdagan jcesbkcr sbjckam obebegam ln Lbtrcnt. Lakao wajtu sbpukum tamue, na obodaetu obegatasn oasakam-oasakam pbelnlnjae, ocrak, lae hadatae snswa. Pala tamue 1>0=, Iraej Parsces obelnrnjae Ycfatnceak Durbau uetuj  obodaetu para rboaha obelapatjae pbjbrhaae yaeg fcfcj. \amue 1>10, Wnkknao Mbaky obelnrnjae obel nrnjae Huvbenkb Psyfm Psyfmcpatm cpatmnf nf Nestntut Nestntut ln Fmnfagc. Fmnfagc. \amue \amue 1>11, 1>11, Renvbrsntas Renvbrsntas Marvarl Marvarl obodbrnjae juknam dnlaeg dnodnegae hadatae lbegae lcsbeeya Obybr Dkccoinbkl. \amue 1>14, Grael Tapnls, Onfmngae obelnrnjae kbodaga dnodnegae lakao snstbo sbjckameya. Pbegarum Parsces aoat juat jbpala para amkn, mak nen tbrjant jmususeya tbetaeg pbetnegeya aeakns aea knsaa nkonam nkonam lae obopbr obopbrmatn matnjae jae prndal prndaln-p n-prnd rndaln aln nelnvn nelnvnlu lu lakao lakao dnodne dnodnegae gae hadata hadatae. e. Pbegarum nen oasnm hbkas tbrasa saopan sbjaraeg sbmnegga dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg lnoukan lnjbeak luena. Vbharam kamnreya dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg ln Nelcebsna lnawakn sbhaj oasujjaeeya  dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg (lukueya dnodnegae lae pbeyukumae) pala sbttnegsbjckam. Pbonjnrae nen lnawakn sbhaj tamue 1>90. Mnegga pala tamue 4001 tbrhaln pbrudamae crgaensasn Njatae Pbtugas Dnodnegae Nelcesbna Nelcesbna (NPDN) obehaln Ascsnasn Ascsnasn Dnodnegae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg Jcesbkneg Nelcebsna Nelc ebsna (ADJNE). Lbegae iuegsn iuegsn damawa damawa dnodnegae dnodnegae lae jcesbkneg jcesbkneg marus taopnk taopnk sbdagan sbdagan  prcibsn yaeg obelapat pbegajuae. Alaa db Al dbdb dbra rapa pa kata katarr db dbka kaja jaeg eg dnod dnodne nega gae e la lae e jc jces esbkn bkneg eg ya yant ntu u 8 ka katar tar db dbka kaja jaeg eg  psnjckcgn, katar dbkajaeg scsnak-dulaya, katar dbkajaeg pbelnlnjae, lae katar dbkajaeg NP\BJ  lae gkcdak gkcdaknsas nsasn. n. Katar Katar dbkaja dbkajaeg eg nenkam nenkam yaeg yaeg huga huga obehal obehalnja njae e dnodne dnodnegae gae lae jcesbk jcesbkneg neg sboajne obraodat kuas lae oasuj jb lakao sbjckam-sbjckam. L. Varae Retuj obeaodam neicroasn kbdnm lakao kagn, pbodafa lnmarap obefarn suodbr yaeg  kane agar neicroasn yaeg lnpbrckbm kbdnm daeyaj lae kbegjap kagn.

 

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Pbodafa lae pbeukns lnmarapjae lapat obegbrtn lae oboamaon sbfara obelakaoapa saha kayaeae dj lae daganoaea tuhuae lae iuegsn dnodnegae jceskneg. Laitar Pustaja

Aeceno.400>.Kaelasae Dnodnegae Lae Jcesbkneg. Lnajsbs pala taeggak 49 Agustus 4017 Aeceno.400>.Kaelasae (Cekneb) mttp8//staiiebw.uey.af.nl/upkcal/1646197. Lasar-lasar Dnodnegae Dnodnegae lae Jcesbkneg. Jcesbkneg. Lbplnjeas8 Lbplnjeas8 Tnebja Fnpta Gysdbrs, E.F. & Mbelbrsce, P. (4009). Lbvbkcpneg ael Oaeagneg ^cur Vfmcck Gunlaefb ael FcuesbknegPrcgrao. Akbxaelrna8 Aobrnfae Fcuesbkkneg Asscfnatnce.