Seguridad Industrial

 

XGNYHZVNBMB \HBZC BH YMABNYNM YMABNYNM • NGKHGNHZNM FNYNA NGBXVRZNMA • Vhkurnbmb Ngbustrnma • BZ. NGK. DCZKH EHBNGM VMGBCYMA

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Br. Dcrkh Ehbngm Vmgbcvma Ngkhgnhrc Fnvna Ngbustrnma Ngkhgnhrc Fnvna hg \ZA y E.M. Ngkhgnhrc Fnvna bh Engms. Hxphrtc \rcihsncgma hg \rhvhgfnög Znhskcs bha Engnsthrnc bh Vmaub.

• Hxphrtc \rcihsncgma hg Vhkurnbmb Enghrm• Vhrgmkhceng. • Enhejrc bh am Vcfnhbmb Mehrnfmgm bh Ngkhgnhrcs bh

Vhkurnbmb. XVM. :

 

Yhrbmbhrc Ngkhgnhrc •  Gc jmstm `mjhr hstubnmbc ngkhgnhråm pmrm shr

ug vhrbmbhrc ngkhgnhrc, `my quh phgsmr y mftumr fcec ngkhgnhrc, sng cavnbmr ha msphftc `uemgc bh ams crkmgnzmfncghs.

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Gcejrh bh Ngkhgnhrc • Gc sh smjh fcg hxmftub qunîg frhö ha gcejrh bh ngkhgnhrc pmrm

mpanfmrac m am prcihsnög bh ugm phrscgm. Ac quh så sh smjh hs quh am prnehrm hsfuham bh ngkhgnhråm iuh iugbmbm hg Irmgfnm, hg =;>8, burmgth ha emgbmtc bh Gmpcahög. • Ams kuhrrms hg ams quh pmrfnpmrcg acs hdîrfntcs bh hsth hephrmbcr bnhrcg aukmr m eôapahs ghfhsnbmbhs. Rma vhz am eís fcgcfnbm bh îstms iuh am bh fcgshrvmr acs manehgtcs hg juhg hstmbc pmrm ams trcpms, ym quh ugc bh acs krmgbhs • • • •

prcjahems bh am kuhrrm hg mquhaacs hepcs hrm mjmsthfhr bh fcenbm m acs hdîrfntcs quh phremghfåmg burmgth ehshs trmgsntmgbc pcr fmepcs bhsnhrtcs y, euf`ms vhfhs, hg ug fanem `csa. 2

 

Hsfuham bh Ngkhgnhråm • Hs euy prcjmjah quh acs rhquhrnenhgtcs y acs  prcjahems pamgthmbcs pcr pc r ams kuhrrms gmpcahögnfms iuhrm ac quh cjankc ma hephrmbcr m iugbmr am Îfcah \caythf`gnquh hg \mrns fcgcfnbm `nstörnfmehgth fcec am prnehrm hsfuham

• bh ngkhgnhråm hg ha eugbc. 8

 

Vu ngkhgnc • Vng hejmrkc, `my quh bhstmfmr quh bhsbh quh ha `cejrh sh fcgsnbhrm fcec tma, su ngkhgnc hs ac quh ah `m  phrentnbc, prnehrc, scjrhvnvnr scjrhvnvnr, y auhkc bcengmr euf`åsnems mftnvnbmbhs. Bh `hf`c, fumgbc ha `cejrh mprhgbnö m fcgtrcamr ha iuhkc, prhfnsmehgth krmfnms m su ngkhgnc, ackrö frhmr ugm thfgcackåm prnentnvm pmrm khghrmrac. Fumgbc pmsö bh göembm m shbhgtmrnc y mprhgbnö m fuatnvmr acs fmepcs, gmfnö ha prnehr ngkhgnhrc mkrögcec y fumgbc mprhgbnö m iugbnr ehtmahs gmfnö ha prnehr ngkhgnhrc ehtmaôrknfc, htfîthrm. 9

 

• Ha `cejrh mprhgbnö m shr ngkhgnhrc bhsbh `mfh enahs bh mýcs. Jmstm fcgthepamr ams pnríenbhs bh Hknptc c ams bh Eîxnfc, ams fcacsmahs fcgstruffncghs bh am Zcem mgtnkum c acs thepacs f`ngcs quh bmtmg bh `mfh enahs bh mýcs. • Ha `cejrh snheprh `m snbc ngkhgncsc pmrm rhscavhr prcjahems? hs bhfnr bhfnr,, snheprh `m snbc ngkhgnhrc, mug sng smjhrac.

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• Hg =>=;, hg Hstmbcs Xgnbcs bh Meîrnfm, sh icreö am  prnehrm Vcfnhbmb bh Ngkhgnhrcs Ngbustrnmahs, bhbnfmbm hxfausnvmehgth trmtmracsthems bhquh mbengnstrmfnög am  prcbuffnög, quhmhrmg thems ngthrhsmjmg bh m acs ngkhgnhrcs ngbustrnmahs hg am príftnfm. Vng hejmrkc, iuh `mstm =>20 quh sh iugbö ha Ngstntutc Gcrthmehrnfmgc bh Ngkhgnhrcs Ngbustrnmahs quh rhprhshgtmjm acs ngthrhshs bh acs prcihsncgmahs hg hstm rmem bh hstubnc. Iuh tmgtm am bniusnög y ha prhstnknc bh hstm scfnhbmb, quh sh ybniugbnö m eís bhpmrm ;<  pmåshs, hg =>0= ngthrgmfncgmaehgth pmsö bh shr ug ngstntutc acfma Hstmbcs Xgnbcs bh Meîrnfm, m shr snepahehgth ha Ngstntutc bh Ngkhgnhrcs Ngbustrnmahs (NNH), bhbnfmbm m rhprhshgtmr acs ngthrhshs bh tcbcs acs ngkhgnhrcs 0 ngbustrnmahs hg ha eugbc.

 

• Am ngkhgnhråm ngbustrnma mpanfmbm hg ha snkac xxn ym fcgthepam föec acs ngvhgtmrncs sh fcgtrcahg scacs. Jmstm fcghftmr acs snsthems bh ngicremfnög bh bcs heprhsms, prcvhhbcrm y fceprmbcrm, pmrm quh fumgbc acs ngvhgtmrncs bh emthrnm prnem bh am heprhsm fceprmbcrm bnsenguymg `mstm su pugtc bh rhcrbhgh, am fceputmbcrm bh hstm heprhsm ah fceugnquh mutceítnfmehgth ma snsthem bh  prcbuffnög

• bh am heprhsm vhgbhbcrm quh bhjh hephzmr m hamjcrmr fnhrtm fmgtnbmb bh prcbuftc.

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Ha pmpha bha Ngkhgnhrc Ngbustrnma hg am heprhsm y hg am scfnhbmb • Hs ngthrhsmgth mgmanzmr jrhvhehgth am hvcaufnög bha ngkhgnhrc ngbustrnma bhsbh `mfh pcfc eís bh ==8, acs  prcpnhtmrncs bh ams ngbustrnms sh bnhrcg fu fuhgtm hgtm bh quh hrm pcsnjah hahvmr am prcbuffnög y bnsengunr acs fcstcs sn sh fcgtrmtmjm m ug hsphfnmanzmbc hg am prcbuffnög. Amsams • ngkhgnhrc nbhms bh mbengnstrmr am prcbuffnög dugtc fcg nbhms bh Imyca bh mbengnstrmr bh emghrm fcrrhftm am heprhsm, y gcquh söacacs ha ngkhgnhrcs írhm bh  prcbuffnög, prcpnfnmrcg ngbustrnmahs quh mafmgzmrcg puhstcs bnrhftnvcs hg ams heprhsms tuvnhrmg ugm vnsnög eís mepanm bh ac quh hs ugm heprhsm y föec mbengnstrmram. ==

 

• Hg =>:;, Hatcg Emyc, vhgbhbcr tîfgnfc mustrmanmgc, pnbnö phrensc m am [hsthrg Hahftrnf Fcepmgy pmrm hstubnmr acs hihftcs bh am nauengmfnög scjrh ha rhgbnenhgtc bh acs trmjmdmbcrhs. Vu prnehr hxphrnehgtc fcgsnstnö hg muehgtmr am fmgtnbmb bh auz hg ha hspmfnc bcgbh ug krupc bh trmjmdmbcrhs mremjmg jcejnaams haîftrnfms. Ha rhsuatmbc iuh quh sh ngfrhehgtö ha rhgbnenhgtc bh acs trmjmdmbcrhs.

• Hg ug shkugbc hxphrnehgtc, bnshýö snaams y rhspmabcs eís föecbcs, m ing bh ngiauhgfnm bh hsth imftcr rhgbnenhgtc?Bhspuîs ha rhsuatmbc iuh quhcjshrvmr tmejnîg am muehgtö ha rhgbnenhgtc bh hg acshatrmjmdmbcrhs. bh `mfhr vmrnmr ctrcs imftcrhs bh ehgcr nepcrtmgfnm hg am prcbuffnög, Emyc aahkö m am fcgfausnög bh quh gc hs am vmrnmfnög bh acs imftcrhs ac quh hahvm am  prcbuftnvnbmb, sngc am mthgfnög quh am matm khrhgfnm prhstmjm m acs hxphrnehgtcs. Mså, fcgfauyö quh sn acs bnrhftnvcs trmtmjmg ehdcr m acs trmjmdmbcrhs y ahs

•  prhstmjmg eís mthgfnög hg euf`cs eu f`cs shgtnbcs, ha trmjmdmbcr  • rhspcgbhråm pcsntnvmehgth hg icrem rhfåprcfm. \cr su mpcrtmfnög, m Hatcg Emyc sh ah fcgsnbhrm ha iugbmbcr bh am • hsfuham bh rhamfncghs `uemgms .

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• Fcg hstm guhvm nbhm, acs ngkhgnhrcs ngbustrnmahs mbqunrnhrcg ha fceprcensc bh ehdcrmr gc söac acs eîtcbcs bh fcgbnfncghs trmjmdc y ha iåsnfms bnshýc hg bh quh `hrrmenhgtms, sngc tmejnîg ams sh hihftumjm ha trmjmdc. Fcg ha tnhepc, hstms nbhms bhrnvmrcg hg ha bhsmrrcaac bh am `nknhgh y shkurnbmb hg ha trmjmdc y, bhspuîs, hg am hrkcgceåm. Bhsbh `mfh makugms bîfmbms, am `nknhgh y am shkurnbmb hg ha trmjmdc hs tmg nepcrtmgth quh hxnsthg rhkamehgtcs hg príftnfmehgth tcbcs acs pmåshs quh rhkuamg am fmgtnbmb bh runbc, auz, fmacr, rmbnmfnög, ng`mamfnög bh scavhgths, htf., quh ug trmjmdmbcr hs fmpmz bh scpcrtmr pcr bhthrengmbc tnhepc, sng pcghr hg rnhskc su smaub y euf`c ehgcs =6

su vnbm.  

• Fcg myubm bh eîbnfcs y insncthrmphutms, acs ngkhgnhrcs ngbustrnmahs `mg bhthrengmbc acs aamembcs uejrmahs bh tcahrmgfnm, pmrm fmbm ugc bh acs imftcrhs iåsnfcs prhshgths hg ha trmjmdc bnmrnc bh acs cjrhrcs, fcg ha ing bh hvntmr mihftmr su smaub. • Bh `hf`c, am `nknhgh y shkurnbmb hg ha trmjmdc hs am hsphfnmanbmb bh am ngkhgnhråm ngbustrnma hgfmrkmbm bh prcthkhr am ngthkrnbmb iåsnfm bha trmjmdmbcr, ugm eís bh ams rhspcgsmjnanbmbhs bha ngkhgnhrc ngbustrnma =2

 

• \cr ctrc ambc, am hrkcgceåm  hrkcgceåm  sh hgfmrkm, fcg am fcamjcrmfnög bh am mgtrcpcehtråm, bh bnshýmr hxfhahgths hspmfncs iåsnfcs, msnhgtcs, y, scjrh tcbc, `hrrmenhgtms, pmrmrhspmabcs quh am eíqungm y ha `cejrh sh mbmpthg hg ha trmjmdc fctnbnmgc bh am ehdcr emghrm y fcg ha ehgcr hsiuhrzc pcsnjah. Acs bnshýcs hrkcgöenfcs scg ugm tmrhm eís bha ngkhgnhrc ngbustrnma, quh `mg trmspmsmbc ha íejntc ngbustrnma? hs bhfnr, ha `cejrh fuhgtm mftumaehgth fcg euf`cs bnshýcs hrkcgöenfcs gc söac hg am ngbustrnm, sngc tmejnîg hg am cinfngm y hg ha `ckmr  =8

 

• Hg am bîfmbm bh =>8

 prnems y bnghrc  

• Bhsfrnjnr ha iugfncgmenhgtc bh ugm heprhsm c ngbustrnm gc hs snepah, fcec tmepcfc ac hs bhsfrnjnr ha iugfncgmenhgtc bha fuhrpc `uemgc. Fumgbc sh rhmanzm ugm bnshffnög bha fuhrpc `uemgc söac sh euhstrm ugm  phquhým pmrth bh fcrpcrmahs,hspcr ac quh  pmrm hgthgbhr eísacssusnsthems iugfncgmenhgtc ghfhsmrnc shpmrmr fmbm snsthem, hxpanfmr su iugfncgmenhgtc bh icrem ngbhphgbnhgth y auhkc bhtmaamr föec iugfncgm fmbm snsthem hg rhamfnög fcg acs bheís. Bh `hf`c, am fnhgfnm eîbnfm mftuma gc `m hxpanfmbc pcr fcepahtc tcbms ams rhamfncghs hgtrh acs snsthems fcrpcrmahs, pcr ac quh môg hxnsthg makugms hgihrehbmbhs ngfurmjahs bh

crnkhg bhsfcgcfnbc  

Iugbmehgtcs bh Vhkurnbmb Ngbustrnma

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Ngtrcbuffnög • Ha trmjmdc hs tmg mgtnkuc fcec am `uemgnbmb. Ngnfnmaehgth sh fmrmfthrnzmjm pcr su snepanfnbmb y ams tîfgnfms mpanfmbms hrmg • shgfnaams y ams mftnvnbmbhs hrmg hshgfnmaehgth emgumahs. Vng • hejmrkc, snheprh quh sh utnanzmg tîfgnfms pmrm smtnsimfhr  • ghfhsnbmbhs sh ngfcrpcrmg rnhkcs pmrm ha `cejrh. Hstc `m • snkgninfmbc ug hsiuhrzc phremghgth hgfmengmbc m frhmr tcbm famsh bh hahehgtcs y snsthems pmrm prcthkhrsh. • • • •

Hg am mftumanbmb, îpcfm hg quh sh hepahmg guehrcsms y fcepahdms tîfgnfms, hs ghfhsmrnc quh ams heprhsms y acs trmjmdmbcrhs mftôhg phremghgthehgth pmrm prhvhgnr y prcthkhrsh bh acs rnhskcs? pmrm fcgtrcamracs y hanengmracs.

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• Acs rnhskcs ecbhrgcs nepanfmg am pcsnjnanbmb bh khghrmr mffnbhgths y hgihrehbmbhs, fuyms fcgshfuhgfnms puhbhg shr krmvhs tmgtc pmrm ha trmjmdmbcr (y su imenanm) fcec pmrm am heprhsm. • Hg fcgshfuhgfnm, hs ghfhsmrnc fcgcfhr y emghdmr msphftcs iugbmehgtmahs scjrh \ZHYHGFNCG BH ZNHVKCV • CFX\MFNCGMAHV, CFX\MFNCGMAHV, pmrm pcbhr trmjmdmr fcg shkurnbmb.

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Bhgnfnög bh Mffnbhgth • Hs tcbc `hf`c neprhvnstc quh ngthrrueph ug prcfhsc gcrema bh trmjmdc y quh puhbh fmusmr ahsncghs, pîrbnbm bh tnhepc y/c • bmýcs m am prcpnhbmb. • FCGVHFXHGFNMV BH ACV • MFFNBHGRHV

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• Xg mffnbhgth puhbh thghr ugm c vmrnms fcgshfuhgfnms, tmahs fcec4 • - Ahsnög • - Bmýc emthrnma (m hqunpcs, prcbuftcs, prcpnhbmb, htf.) • - \îrbnbm bh tnhepc

• Fumaqunhrm shm ha rhsuatmbc bha mffnbhgth, snheprh nepanfmrí ug fcstc.

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FCVRCV FCVRC V BH ACV ACV MFFNBHGRHV • Acs mffnbhgths crnkngmg4 • Fcstcs bnrhftcs4 Mthgfnög bnrhftcs4 Mthgfnög eîbnfm (`cspntmanzmfnög, (`cspntm anzmfnög, • ehbnfmehgtcs, trmsambcs, rh`mjnantmfnög, htf.). • Fcephgsmfnög hfcgöenfm (sujsnbncs, ngbhegnzmfnög, phgsncghs). • Fcstcs ngbnrhftcs4 Hg khghrma, acs fcstcs ngbnrhftcs suphrmg • fcg frhfhs m acs fcstcs bnrhftcs, hgtrh îstcs thghecs4 • • • •

- Bmýcs m hqunpcs, eíqungms, `hrrmenhgtms. - Ngthrrupfncghs y bhecrms hg am prcbuffnög. - Bmýcs ma hbninfnc, emthrnms prnems y prcbuftcs threngmbcs. - Ghfhsnbmb bh fcgtrmtmr y hgtrhgmr phrscgma pmrm rhhepamzmr ma trmjmdmbcr mffnbhgtmbc c hgihrec, htf.

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•  Mbheís bh bh acs fcstcs fcstcs bnrhftcs bnrhftcs h ngbnrhftcs, hxnsth ug fcstc scfnma quh mihftm ma trmjmdmbcr, su krupc imenanmr y m am scfnhbmb. • (Bcacr iåsnfc, mgkustnm, prcjahems iåsnfcs, ecrmahs y scfnmahs, htf.)

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IMFRCZHV BH ACV MFFNBHGRHV • Hg tcbc mffnbhgth bha trmjmdc pmrtnfnpmg

2 imftcrhs4

• IXHGRH • Fcrrhspcgbh m am mftnvnbmb quh bhshephým ha trmjmdmbcr ma • ecehgtc bh mffnbhgtmrsh

• MKHGRH • Hs ha hahehgtc iåsnfc bha mejnhgth bh trmjmdc quh tnhgh • pmrtnfnpmfnög bnrhftm hg am khghrmfnög bha mffnbhgth, hs ha quh • prcvcfm am ahsnög.

• RN\C • Hs am icrem hg quh sh prcbufh ha fcgtmftc hgtrh ha trmjmdmbcr y ha mkhgth. • Vh famsninfmg hg4 • - Mffnbhgths hg acs quh ha emthrnma vm `mfnm ha `cejrh. • - Mffnbhgths hg acs quh ha `cejrh vm `mfnm ha emthrnma.

• - Mffnbhgths hg quh ha ecvnenhgtc rhamtnvc hs ngbhthrengmbc.

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• FMXVMV • @my bcs krmgbhs fmusms bh mffnbhgths4 • Ha `cejrh y ha ehbnc mejnhgth. ^ sh bhgcengmg mffncghs ngshkurms y fcgbnfncghs ngshkurms. • Rcbc mffnbhgth tnhgh fmusms jnhg prhfnsms prhfnsms,, ams fumahs sh puhbhg bhthrengmr. bhthrengmr. Gc hxnsthg mffnbhgths pcr emam suhrth c pcr fmsumanbmb. Vn ackrmecs fcgtrcamr c hanengmr ams fmusms, hvntmrhecs quh cfurrmg mffnbhgths.

:>  

• \cr bhingnfnög haams scg4

• MFFNCG NGVHKXZM • Vh bhingh fcec tcbm mffnög u censnög quh khghrm ug mffnbhgth. Hdhepac4 • Zhtnrmr ams prcthffncghs bh ugm eíqungm sng dustninfmfnög c mutcrnzmfnög

6<  

Gc fuepanr fcg ams Gcrems. Gc usmr Hqunpc bh \rcthffnög \hrscgma

6=  

Vhr bhsfunbmbc. bhsfunbmbc. Gc smjhr smjhr..

6:  

• FCGBNFNCG NGVHKXZM • Vh bhingh fcec fumaqunhr fcgbnfnög bha mejnhgth quh puhbh fcgtrnjunr m ug mffnbhgth. • Hdhepacs4 \nsc rhsjmambnzc • Emams @hrrmenhgtms

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NGYHVRNKMFNCG BH ACV MFFNBHGRHV • \mrm bhthrengmr ams FMXVMV quh prcvcfmrcg ug mffnbhgth y pcbhr `mfhr ams rhfcehgbmfncghs ghfhsmrnms pmrm hvntmr su rhphtnfnög sh bhjhg ngvhstnkmr tcbcs acs mffnbhgths cfurrnbcs hg ha trmjmdc.

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CJDHRNYCV BH AM NGYHVRNKMFNCG • Ha cjdhtnvc iugbmehgtma bh hstm mftnvnbmb hs hvntmr am rhphtnfnög bh acs mffnbhgths bha trmjmdc (tnhgh fmrífthr prhvhgtnvc). Hstc sh ackrm m trmvîs bh acs snkunhgths pmscs4 • • Bhthrengmr ams fmusms4 quh puhbhg shr Mffncghs c Fcgbnfncghs Ngshkurms quh crnkngmg ha mffnbhgth. Hstms puhbhg pu hbhg shr... shr... • • \rcpcghr ehbnbms bh fcgtrca. Hs nepcrtmgth quh îstms shmg prcpuhstms fcg ug pamzc bh fuepanenhgtc, m ing bh quh sh fuepam ha cjdhtnvc bh am ngvhstnkmfnög.

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³]XNHG NGYHVRNKM3 • Acs mffnbhgths bhjhg shr ngvhstnkmbcs pcr4 • • Ha suphrncr ngehbnmtc. • • Ha Bhpmrtmehgtc bh \rhvhgfnög bh Znhskcs. • • Ha Fcentî \mrntmrnc bh @nknhgh y Vhkurnbmb Ngbustrnma.

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FMZMFRHZNVRNFMV BH AM NGYHVRNKMFNCG • Gc jusfmr fuapmjahs. • • Bhjh shr ac eís ngehbnmtm pcsnjah, pmrm ackrmr ugm fcgicremfnög ems cjdhtnvm y aahkmr ma sntnc bh cfurrhgfnm mgths bh quh sh prcbuzfmg fmejncs. • • Acs ngvhstnkmbcrhs bhjhg fcgcfhr ha prcfhsc, cphrmfncghs, hqunpcs h ngstmamfncghs.

6;  

HDHE\AC BH AM NGYHVRNKMFNCG BH XG MFFNBHGRH • ZHAMRC4

• "Enhgtrms hsehrnamjm ugm pnhzm ehtíanfm, • sh prcyhftö ugm pmrtåfuam quh ah nepmftö hg ha cdc, ahsncgígbcac".

60  

• IXHGRH4 •  Mffnög bh hsehrnamr 

• MKHGRH4 • \mrtåfuam ehtíanfm

• RN\C4 • Kcaphmbc pcr... • (Hg hstms fnrfugstmgfnms, am fmrmfthråstnfm prngfnpma fcgsnsth hg quh • ams pmrtåfuams sh mprcxnemg m am phrscgm.)

• FMXVMV4 • Gc `mjhr `hf`c usc bh prcthffnög imfnma, haam `mjråm nephbnbc • quh am pmrtåfuam prcyhftmbm kcaphmrm ma trmjmdmbcr. trmjmdmbcr.

• EHBNBMV \ZHYHGRNYMV4

• - Ngstrunr scjrh ha cjdhtnvc quh fuepah ha hqunpc bh prcthffnög • phrscgma y hg am ghfhsnbmb y cjankmtcrnhbmb bh su usc. • - Vuphrvnsnög hstrnftm hg ha usc bh acs hqunpcs bh prcthffnög • phrscgma, tmgtc pcr pmrth bh am heprhsm, fcec bha Fcentî • \mrntmrnc c Bhpmrtmehgtc bh \rhvhgfnög bh Znhskcs (sn hxnsthg,

• bh mfuhrbc m am ahy).  

HE\ZHVM + RZMJMDMBCZ 5 VHKXZNBMB • \mrm hvntmr acs mffnbhgths, sh ghfhsntm bh ugm amjcr hg fcgdugtc hgtrh heprhsm y acs trmjmdmbcrhs. Am pmrtnfnpmfnög mftnvm bh hstcs ôatnecs hs iugbmehgtma hg ha fcgtrca bh acs mffnbhgths y hgihrehbmbhs prcihsncgmahs, `mfnhgbc ghfhsmrnc mpcymr y hdhfutmr hg icrem phremghgth tcbms ams gcrems bh shkurnbmb • quh sh nepamgthg hg am heprhsm. • Bh ac mgthrncr sh bhsprhgbh am nepcrtmgfnm ne pcrtmgfnm bh am hxnsthgfnm y juhg iugfncgmenhgtc bha Fcentî \mrntmrnc bh @nknhgh y Vhkurnbmb y bha Bhpmrtmehgtc bh \rhvhgfnög bh Znhskcs.

6>

2<  

HA RZMJMDC ^ AM VMAXB AMJCZMA • Ha fcgfhptc bh ‑Am Vhkurnbmb y Vmaub Amjcrma―

y bh sus hsphfnmanbmbhs4 Am Vhkurnbmb hg ha Rrmjmdc, am @nknhgh Ngbustrnma, am Hrkcgceåm y \snfcscfncackåm mpanfmbm y am Ehbnfngm bha Rrmjmdc. • Ha fmepc bh mftumfnög bh hstms hsphfnmanbmbhs

vm m hstmr fhgtrmbc hg ams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc bh ams phrscgms, pmrm prhshrvmr am

shkurnbmb y am smaub amjcrma bh ams ensems.

2=  

Rcbcs hghg bhrhf`c m am vnbm y m am ngthkrnbmb snfm y ecrma Ha trmjmdc sh puhbh bhgnr fcec ‑tcbm ‑tcbm mfvnbmb scfnma crkmgnzmbm quh, m trmvîs bh am fcejngmfnög bh rhfurscs bh gmturmahzm bnvhrsm (ehbncs `uemgcs, emthrnmahs, hghrkåm, thfgcackåm, crkmgnzmfnög), phrenth mafmgzmr ugcs cjdhvcs y smsimfhr smsi mfhr ugms ghfhsnbmbhs―   M ac amrkc bh am @nstcrnm, ha trmjmdc bh ams phrscgms `m nbc fmejnmgbc. mepanm hg htmpm crkmgnzmfnög bha trmjmdcBurmgth hstuvcugm jmsmbm ha `nstörnfm, snsthem am bh krhencs, prngfnpmaehgth mrthsmgmahs, mkrupmbcs pcr cfncs. Ha tmaahr, rhknbc pcr ug emhstrc-mrthsmgc, fcg sus cfnmahs y mprhgbnfhs, vm m shr ha pnfc fhgtrc bh trmjmdc bh hstm îpcfm.

2:  

• M pmrr bha snkac PYNN, fcg am aahkmbm bh am Zhvcaufnög

Ngbustrnma, sh rceph ha snsthem bh trmjmdc krhenma, hxthgbnhgbc bh trmjmdmbcrhs Am ngfcrpcrmfnögha gôehrc bh guhvms thfgcackåmsmsmamrnmbcs. ma snsthem prcbufvc cjankmjm m ug fmejnc fcgstmgth hg ams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc. Am eíqungm pmsö m hihftumr ug krmg gôehrc bh amjcrhs quh trmbnfncgmaehgth rhmanzmjmg acs mrthsmgcs. Mså, ha trmjmdmbcr tuvc quh mbmptmrsh m am eíqungm, hg mrms bh am prcbufvnbmb. • Ha prckrhsc thfgcaöknfc, ugnbc ma ecvnenhgtc cjrhrc, `m

pcsnjnantmbc ha prckrhsc scfnma, ehdcrmgbc am fmanbmb bh vnbm y ams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc, hanengmgbc rnhskcs, phrc tmejnîg bmgbc aukmr m am mpmrnfnög bh ctrcs guhvcs.

26  

Am Vmaub •Am Crkmgnzmfnög Crkmgnzmfnög Eugbnma bh am Vmaub (CEV) bhgnö hg =>29 am

smaub fcec ‑ha hstmbc bh jnhghstmr snfc, ehgtma y scfnma fcepahtc y gc ehrmehgth am mushgfnm bh hgihrehbmb c bcahgfnm―. •Hstm fcgfhpfnög, fcg hsth trnpah hqunanjrnc sceífc-psåqunfc-

scfnma, hs ug tmgtc nbhmanstm, utöpnfm y, pcr tmgtc, bnfna bh mafmgzmr. •Bhsbh ha pugtc bh vnstm bh am Ehbnfngm, am smaub sh bnvnbh hg4 •Mushgfnm bh hgihrehbmb. Jnhghstmr bha fuhrpc y bha crkmgnsec. Ngthrrhamfnög hgtrh ha fuhrpc y ha hspårntu. Ngthrrhamfnög •AM NGFCZ\CZMFNÖG BH GXHYMV RHFGCACKÅMV MA VNVRHEM \ZCBXFRNYC CJANKMJM M XG FMEJNC FCGVRMGRH HG AMV FCGBNFNCGHV BH RZMJMDC VCEÍRNFC-INVNCAÖKNFM \VÅ]XNFM VMGNRMZNM

•\rhshrvmr \rhshrvmr,, emgthghr c rhfuphrmr am smaub fcahfvm.

22

 

• ACV ZNHVKCV \ZCIHVNCGMAHV ^ VX

\ZHYHGFNÖG. • \ZNGFN\NCV BH AM MFFNÖG \ZHYHGRNYM • \cbhecs bhgnr fcec ‑rnhskcs prcihsncgmahs―

mquhaams sntumfncghs bhrnvmbms bha trmjmdc quh puhbhg rcephr ha hqunanjrnc snfc, ehgtma y scfnma bh am phrscgm. phrscgm.

28  

• Ha tîrengc ‑rnhskc ‑rnhskc amjcrma―, bhgnîgbcac fcec ‑am pcsnjnanbmb

bh quh ug trmjmdmbcr suirm ug bhthrengmbc bmýc bhrnvmbc bha trmjmdc― pmrm,ham pugtc fcggumfnög, ‑pmrm sh fmanfmr ug rnhskc bhsbh bh vnstmngbnfmr bh su quh krmvhbmb, vmacrmrí fcgdugtmehgth am prcjmjnanbmb bh quh sh prcbuzfm ha bmýc y am shvhrnbmb bha ensec―, hg rhihrhgfnm m hscs bcs imftcrhs, am prcjmjnanbmb am hvmaumfnög shvhrnbmb, bh m rnhskcs. thghr hgAm fuhgtm hg bh ha prcfhbnenhgtcy bh bhgnfnög ‑rnhskc amjcrma― am fcepahtm am Ahy fcg am bh ‑bmýcs bhrnvmbcs bha trmjmdc―,  trmjmdc―,  hgthgbnhgbc quh scg ‑ams hgihrehbmbhs, pmtcackåms c ahsncghs suirnbms fcg ecvc u cfmsnög bha trmjmdc―. Hstms bhgnfncghs hs ghfhsmrnc fcepahehgtmrams fcg ac quh hs am iuhgth bha pcsnjah ‑bmýc― c ahsnög pmrm am smaub, c shm, ha ‑phankrc―. M hstcs hihftcs, ha ‑phankrc― sh puhbh bhgnr fcec ‑ugm iuhgth c sntumfnög fcg fmpmfnbmb bh bmýc hg tîrengcs bh ahsncghs, bmýcs m am prcpnhbmb, bmýcs ma ehbnc

mejnhgth c m ugm fcejngmfnög bh mejcs―  

IMFRCZHV BH ZNHVKC AMJCZMA ^ VX \ZHYHGFNÖG • Acs imftcrhs bh rnhskc amjcrma vmg m shr mquhaacs

hahehgtcs c fcgbnfncgmgths quh puhbhg prcvcfmr ug rnhskc amjcrma. • Acs prngfnpmahs imftcrhs bh rnhskc amjcrma scg acs snkunhgths4 • • Imftcrhs c fcgbnfncghs bh shkurnbmb. • • Imftcrhs bh crnkhg snfc, quåenfc c jncaöknfc, c

fcgbnfncghs ehbnc-mejnhgtmahs. • • Imftcrhs bhrnvmbcs bh ams fmrmfthråsfms bha trmjmdc. • • Imftcrhs bhrnvmbcs bh am cphrmfnög bh trmjmdc.

29

2;  

Am \rhvhgfnög • Am \ZHYHGFNÖG, hgthgbnbm fcec ‑ha fcgdugtc bh

mfvnbmbhs c ehbnbms mbcptmbms c prhvnstms hg tcbms ams imshs bh mfvnbmb bh am heprhsm, fcg ha g bh hvntmr c bnsengunr acs rnhskcs bhrnvmbcs bha trmjmdc― trmjmdc― sh  sh vm m aahvmr m fmjc m trmvîs bh ams rhihrnbms Rîfgnfms c Hsphfnmanbmbhs prhvhgvms4 am Vhkurnbmb hg ha Rrmjmdc, am @nknhgh Ngbustrnma, am Hrkcgceåm y \snfcscfncackåm mpanfmbm dugtc fcg am Ehbnfngm bha Rrmjmdc. • Am ghfhsnbmb bh mbcptmr ehbnbms prhvhgvms y, hg su • fmsc, ha pc bh ams ensems, vhgbríg bmbms pcr am hvmaumfnög bh acs rnhskcs amjcrmahs.

20  

\ZNGFN\NCV BH AM MFFNÖG \ZHYHGRNYM • Am prhvhgfnög bh rnhskcs amjcrmahs hs ug bhjhr khghrma bha •

•

• •

heprhsmrnc AM \ZHYHGFNÖG BH ZNHVKCV AMJCZMAHV \ZHRHGBH HYNRMZ HYNRMZ C BNVENGXNZ ACV ZNHVKCV \MZM AM VMAXB BH ACV RZMJMDMBCZHV,, BHZNY RZMJMDMBCZHV BHZNYMBCV MBCV BHA RZMJMDC. Hstmjahfh fuíahs scg acs prngfnpncs prngfnpnc s bh am mffnög prhvhgvm prhvhgvm quh bhjh mpanfmr pmrm prcthkhr ha bhrhf`c bh acs trmjmdmbcrhs irhgth m acs rnhskcs amjcrmahs. =. Hvntmr acs rnhskcs. :. Hvmaumr acs rnhskcs quh gc sh puhbmg hvntmr.

• 6. Fcejmr acs rnhskcs hg su crnkhg.

2>  

• . • 2. Mbmptmr ha trmjmdc m am phrscgm, hg pmrfuamr hg ac quh

• • •

• •

rhsphftm m am fcgfhpfnög bh acs puhstcs bh trmjmdc, mså fcec m am hahffnög bh acs hqunpcs y acs eîtcbcs bh trmjmdc y bh prcbuffnög, fcg enrms, hg pmrfuamr, m mthgumr ha trmjmdc ecgötcgc y rhphvc y m rhbufnr acs hihftcs bha ensec hg am smaub. 8. Rhghr hg fuhgtm am hvcaufnög bh am tîfgnfm. 9. Vustunr ac phankrcsc pcr ac quh hgtrmýh pcfc c gngkôg phankrc. ;. \amgnfmr am prhvhgfnög, jusfmgbc ug fcgdugtc fc`hrhgth quh ngthkrh hg haam am tîfgnfm, am crkmgnzmfnög bha trmjmdc, ams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc, ams rhamfncghs scfnmahs y am nguhgfnm bh acs imftcrhs mejnhgtmahs hg ha trmjmdc. 0. Mbcptmr ams ehbnbms quh mgthpcgkmg am prcthffnög fcahfvm m am ngbnvnbuma. >. Bmr ams bhjnbms ngstruffncghs m acs trmjmdmbcrhs.

8<  

HYNRMZ HYNR MZ ACV ZN ZNHVKCV HVKCV • Hg ha trmjmdc, mgth fumaqunhr phankrc pmrm am smaub, ac

prnehrc quh `my quh ngthgtmr hs HYNR HYNRMZ MZ ACV ZNHVKCV Z NHVKCV,, hs bhfnr, hanengmracs y, sn gc sh puhbh `mfhr tctmaehgth, • HYMAXMZ ACV ]XH GC VH @M^MG \CBNBC HYNRMZ. M fcggumfnög `my quh FCEJMRNZ ACV ZNHVKCV HG VX CZNKHG y, y, mså, nr mpanfmgbc acs prngfnpncs khghrmahs bh am mffnög prhvhgvm prhvhgvm ngbnfmbcs hg ha mrfuac =8 bh am Ahy bh \rhvhgfnög bh Znhskcs Amjcrmahs. • Guhstrm amjcr hs fcamjcrmr fcg am nepamgtmfnög bh snsthems bh trmjmdc shkurcs, smgcs y hfmfhs.

8=  

Acs mffnbhgths bha trmjmdc trmjmdc y hgihrehbmbhs hgihrehbmbhs prcihsncgmahs • ACV MFFNBHGRHV BH RZMJMDC • Ha mffnbhgth suhah shr ha ôaec hsamjög bh ugm fmbhgm bh mgcemaåms

bha prcfhsc prcbufvc m ams quh euf`ms vhfhs scamehgth sh prhstm am mthgfnög ghfhsmrnm fumgbc ha mffnbhgth mf fnbhgth ym sh `m prcbufnbc. Hgtrh hstms mgcemaåms pcbhecs hgfcgtr hgfcgtrmr mr acs hrrcrhs hrrcrhs,, m vhfhs crkmgnzmv crkmgnzmvcs, cs, acs ngfnbhgths, ams mvhråms, acs bhihftcs bh fmanbmb, htf. • \mrm ngfcrpcrmr hstms fcgsnbhrmfncghs m am mfvnbmb prhvhgvm, puhbh shr ôa fcgsnbhrmr hstm ctrm bhgnfnög bha mffnbhgth, quh pcbhecs bhgcengmr ‑tîfgnfc-prhvhgv ‑tîfgnfc-prhvhgvm―4 m―4 • ‑Mffnbhgth bh trmjmdc hs tcbc sufhsc mgcrema, gc quhrnbc gn bhshmbc, quh sh prcbufh bh icrem jrusfm h nghsphrmbm, mugquh gcremaehgth hs hvntmjah, quh rceph am gcrema fcggunbmb bha trmjmdc y puhbh fmusmr ahsncghs m ams phrscgms―

8:  

Ams Hgihrehbmbhs \rcihsncgmahs Am smaub bh acs trmjmdmbcrhs puhbh mathrmrsh gc söac fcec fcgshfuhgfnm bh ug mffnbhgth bh trmjmdc, sngc tmejnîg bhjnbc m am mpmrnfnög bh hgihrehbmbhs quh, ma surknr hg ha eugbc bha trmjmdc, hghg am bhgcengmfnög bh ‑hgihrehbmbhs prcihsncgmahs prcihsncgmahs―(HH\\). ―(HH\\). • Am Crkmgnzmfnög Eugbnma bh am Vmaub (CEV) hepahm ha tîrengc ‑hgihrehbmbhs rhamfncgmbms fcg ha trmjmdc― pmrm rhihrnrsh gc söac m ams hgihrehbmbhs prcihsncgmahs, sngc tmejnîg m mquhaams hg ams quh ams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc puhbhg fcgtrnjunr fcec ugc eís bh acs imftcrhs fmusmahs. • Mså fcec hg ha fmsc bh acs mffnbhgths bh trmjmdc sus fcgshfuhgfnms fmsn snheprh pcghg bh emgnhstc quh îstcs sh `mg prcbufnbc fcec fcgshfuhgfnm bha bhshephýc bh ug trmjmdc, gc hs iífna hg cfmsncghs prcjmr ha crnkhg amjcrma bh ams hgihrehbmbhs prcihsncgmahs, hstîg c gc

•

fmanfmbms ahkmaehgth fcec tmahs.

86  

• M am suem bh hstcs bcs fcgfhptcs, mffnbhgths bh trmjmdc y hgihrehbmbhs prcihsncgmahs, prcihsncgma hs, sh ah aamem sngnhstrmanbmb amjcrma.

82  

Ctrms pmtcackåms bhrnvmbms bha trmjmdc • @hecs bh fcepahtmr ha íejntc í ejntc bh ams hgihr hgihrehbmbhs ehbmbhs prcihsncg prcihsncgmahs, mahs,

fcgsnbhrmgbc tmejnîg ams snkunhgths4 • • ‑Hgihrehbmbhs rhamfncgmbms fcg ha trmjmdc―, quh scg mquhaams rhamfncgmbms hpnbhencaöknfmehgth fcg îa, phrc quh gc hghg fcgsnbhrmfnög ahkma bh hgihrehbmbhs hgihrehbmbhs • prcihsncgmahs. • • ‑Hgihrehbmbhs bha trmjmdc―, trmjmdc―, quh scg mquhaams pmtcackåms ngunbms

pcr ha trmjmdc, phrc gc bhthrengmbms pcr îa. Mquå sh hgfcgtrmråmg hsphfnmaehgth acs trmstcrgcs psnfcscfnmahs bcgbh, dugtc m ams am s fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc, nguyhg vmrnmjahs

• phrscgmahs y fcgbnfncghs bh vnbm hxthrgms ma trmjmdc.

88  

Hsm mepanmfnög bh guhstrc fmepc bh mftumfnög prhvhgvm gcs phrenth hgirhgtmrgcs m ctrcs bmýcs fmbm vhz eís prhshgths hg ha eugbc bha trmjmdc, fcec am ‑imkm ehgtma―, fuyc muehgtc vm ugnbc ma bhsfhgsc bh am imkm snfm, y quh pcbhecs bhgnr fcec ‑am fcgshfuhgfnm bh ug hxfhsnvc krmbc bh emgthgnenhgtc bh am mthgfnög―. • Hg hsm ensem aåghm hgfcgtrmecs ha hstrîs amjcrma, quh puhbh hgthgbhrsh fcec ug bhshqunanjrnc nepcrtmgth hgtrh am bhemgbm y am fmpmfnbmb bh

•

rhspuhstm bha ngbnvnbuc jmdc fcgshfuhgfnms. fcgbnfncghs hgVh amsprcbufh quh ha hstrîs irmfmscfumgbc mgth hsm bhemgbm pcshh nepcrtmgths sh phrfnjh quh ams bhemgbms bha hgtcrgc suphrmg ams fmpmfnbmbhs pmrm mircgtmrams y, mbheís, sh vmacrm hstm sntumfnög fcec mehgmzm pmrm su hstmjnanbmb. •

Dugtc m acs mgthrncrhs, `hecs bh prhstmr mthgfnög m ctrms fcgshfuhgfnms ghkmvms pmrm am smaub bha trmjmdmbcr, fcec ha mnsamenhgtc y am imatm bh fceugnfmfnög, ha bhsngthrîs, am ecgctcgåm, acs trmstcrgcs ankmbcs m acs `crmrncs bh trmjmdc, ams rhamfncghs fcgnfvms, am nepcsnjnanbmb bh tcemr • bhfnsncghs hg am rhmanzmfnög bh su trmjmdc c bh fcgtrcamr ha rntec bh trmjmdc, am ngsmsimffnög ngsmsimffnög pcr ha ngmbhfumbc usc bh mptubhs, htf.

89  

• VH @MFH GHFHVMZNC MGMANTMZ HA RZMJMDC

\MZM BHRHFRMZ RCBC AC ]XH \XHBM KHGHZMZ M AM VMAXB, RZMRMGBC BH HVRXBNMZ BMÝCV ^ ECBNINFMZ AMV FCGBNFNCGHV BH RZMJMDC, GC VÖAC \MZ M HYNRMZ ACV HIHFRCV GHKM GHKMRNYCV, RNYCV, VNG VNGC C RMEJN RMEJNÎG ÎG \MZM • \CRHGFNMZ ACV HIHFRCV \CVNRNYCV

8;  

\ZHYHGFNÖG-\ZCRHFFNÖG. \ZHYHGFNÖG-\ZC RHFFNÖG. HA FCVR FCVRC C BH ACV MFFNBHGRHV

• Am gcremvm bh \rhvhgfnög bh Znhskcs Amjcrmahs hstmjahfh ug guhvc ecbhac jmsmbc prngfnpmaehgth hg bcs pnamrhs iugbmehgtmahs4

am khsög y am icremfnög. • \cr ug ambc, am khsög bh am prhvhgfnög, fcec ngstruehgtc bh bhsmrrcaac ams tmrhmspamgnfmfnög prhvhgvms yquh bhjhg aahvmrsh m fmjc ehbnmgth ambhcpcrtugm crkmgnzmfnög. crkmgnzmfn ög. \cr ctrc, am icremfnög, quh `m bh fcgstunr ugc bh acs cjdhvcs jísnfcs y bh hihftcs hihft cs qunzís eís trmgsfhgbhgths pmrm ug iuturc, fcg ha prcpösntc icehgtmr ugmAM mutîgfm fuaturm • bh M hstcs hihftcs, \ZHYHGFNÖG vmprhvhgvm. m shr ha fcgdugtc bh mfvnbmbhs c ehbnbms mbcptmbms c prhvnstms hg tcbms ams imshs bh mfvnbmb bh am crkmgnzmfnög, crkmgnzmfnög, fcg ha g bh hvntmr c bnsengunr acs rnhskcs bhrnvmbcs bha trmjmdc? y AM \ZCRHFFNÖG, \ZCRHFFNÖG, fumaqunhr hqunpc, fcepahehgtc c

mffhscrnc bhsgmbc m prcthkhr bh acs rnhskcs quh puhbmg mehgmzmr 80 am shkurnbmb c am smaub bh acs trmjmdmbcrhs.  

• Ngbhphgbnhgthehgth bha pc bh mffnbhgth quh suirm ha

trmjmdmbcr (ahvh, krmvh, euy krmvh c ecrtma), m îsth ah supcgh ug fcsth `uemgc y hfcgöenfc bhfcec bnfnahgfumgfmfnög, rhphrfuth tmgtc hg am prcpnm imenanm am heprhsm. quh • \hrc tmejnîg `my ug fcsth scfnma (msnsthgfnm smgntmrnm, pmkc bh phgsncghs, ngfmpmfnbmbhs, pîrbnbm bh rhfurscs hfcgöenfcs, htf.), quh scpcrtm ha Hstmbc. • ‑Acs pcbhrhs pôjanfcs vhamríg pcr am shkurnbmb h `nknhgh hg ha trmjmdc―. • Bh m`å quh am shkurnbmb, hg ug prngfnpnc, mrrmgquh fcec ugm ghfhsnbmb scfnma bh rhpmrmr bmýcs phrscgmahs c ahsncghs fmusmbms pcr ams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc y, hg ugm shkugbm imsh, am prhvhgfnög bh rnhskcs amjcrmahs, fcec ha fcgdugtc bh mfvnbmbhs c ehbnbms, fcg ha g bh hvntmracs c bnsengunracs. Vh mftôm mgths bh quh sh prcbuzf prcbuzfmm ha bmýc.

8>  

• ³M ]XÎ VH BHJH HVRH \ZCJAHEM3 • \rngfnpmaehgt \rngfnpmaehgth, h, am hahvmbm sngnhstrm sngnhstrmanbmb anbmb amjcrma sh bhjh ma fcgthxtc fcgthxtc

scfnma hg ha quh sh bhshgvuhav bhshgvuhavhg hg ha trmjmdmbcr y ha heprhsmrnc. Ha rnhskc hs makc quh sh hghgbh fcec fcgsustmgfnma m am mfvnbmb h, ngfausc, quh ‑icrtmahfh― ma ngbnvnbuc irhgth i rhgth m thrfhrcs. Ynvnecs hg ugm scfnhbmb quh imv imvcrhfh crhfh hsms mftubhs. Mså, thghecs prckrmems thahvnsnvcs thahvnsnv cs quh fcgtrnjuyhg m hstm fuaturm bha rnhskc y mfvnbmbhs ‑bhpcrvms― quh bhsmmg ha phankrc c quh ngvntmg m îa. • Ams scaufncghs pmsmg pcr khghrmr `íjntcs bh fcgbuftm shkurcs quh `mkmg eís rhspcgsmjahs m ams phrscgms. • \cr haac `my quh ngfnbnr scjrh tcbc hg am hbufmfnög bh acs ehgcrhs4 am hsfuham, mpmrth bha `ckmr imenanmr, imenanmr, bhjh shrvnr bh emrfc nböghc pmrm am khsög bh am prhvhgfnög, m am quh fcgtrnjuyh, mbheís bh am Ahy bh \rhvhgfnög bh Znhskcs Amjcrmahs, am prcpnm gcremvm hbufmvm. • Acs mffnbhgths bh trmjmdc scg ugc bh acs ngbnfmbcrhs eís ngehbnmtcs y aamemvcs bh ugms emams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc yy,, pcr

hgbh, bh pmåshs pcfc bhsmrrcaambcs, mbheís bh khghrmr ug prcjahem scfnma euy nepcrtmgth.

9<

 

NBHGRNINFMFNÖG BH ACV IMFRCZHV BH ZNHVKC BH AMV FCGBNFNCGHV BH RZMJMDC • Xgm vhz quh smjhecs bnsgkunr hgtrh phankrc y rnhskc, mgmanzmrhecs

ams fcgbnfncghs bh trmjmdc quh khghrmg sntumfncghs quh puhbhg fmusmr pcsnjahs mkrhsncghs m am shkurnbmb y am smaub. •

Hg ugm prnehrm pcbhecs bhfnr quh hstcs rnhskcs gcs acs hgfcgtrmecs hgbnvnsnög bcs krupcs4 acs prcvcfmbcs pcr IMFRCZHV RÎFGNFCV,, quh scg cjdhvcs? y acs quh hghg fcec iuhgth RÎFGNFCV IMFRCZHV @XEMGCV, hg hsth fmsc, sujdhvcs. •

Acs rnhskcs ecvmbcs pcr imftcrhs imftcrbh hsahknsamfnög―, tîfgnfcs scgym acsquh quhshpcbhecs bhgnr fcec ‑ngfuepanenhgtcs rhhrhg ma ema hstmbc bh ams ngstmamfncghs y hqunpcs, fcec fcgshfuhgfnm bh gc ngfcrpcrmr bhsbh ha ngnfnc bha prcyhftc bha fhgtrc bh trmjmdc m ug hsphfnmanstm hg prhvhgfnög, ac quh bm aukmr m prcjahems tmgtc bh Vhkurnbmb…….

9=  

• ……(mffnbhgths

pcr puhstcs ema bnshýmbcs, hspmfncs ngsufnhgths, nauengmfnög bhfnhgth, crkmgnzmfnög bhfnhgth, htf.), @nknhgh y pîrbnbms bh smaub fcec ma gcbhthghr hgNgbustrnma fuhgtm (hgihrehbmbhs am prhshgfnm bh sustmgfnms phrdubnfnmahs pmrm acs trmjmdmbcrhs, gn ams ehbnbms bh pc fcahfvc quh sh bhjhg mbcptmr hg tcbm famsh bh trmjmdcs quh nepanquhg am fmacr prhshgfnm vmpcrhs, vnjrmfncghs, y iråcbh hgrunbcs, gnvhahskmshs, ahsnvcs pmrm amsrmbnmfncghs, phrscgms), bh Hrkcgceåm (puhstcs bh trmjmdc gc mbmptmbcs m ams phrscgms, eîtcbcs y rntecs bh trmjmdc gc hstubnmbcs, bnspcsnfnög ngfcrrhftm bh emthrnmahs, `hrrmenhgtms y puhstcs bh trmjmdc, htf.) y bh \snfcscfncackåm (cavnbc bh ngthgtmr `mfhr mkrmbmjah ha fhgtrc bh trmjmdc, gc fcgtmr fcg am cpngnög bh acs trmjmdmbcrhs hg rhamfnög fcg acs `crmrncs, bhsfmgscs, turgcs, htf.).

9:  

• • • • •

ZNHVKCV \ZCYCFMBCV \CZ MKHGRHV EHFÍGNFCV

Crnkhg4 mejnhgth ehfígnfc bh trmjmdc. • Hspmfncs bh trmjmdc. • Eíqungms. • @hrrmenhgtms.

• • Fmrrhaams. • • \VÅ]XNFC • • VCFNMA • • Bheís cjdhtcs prhshgths. • Hihftcs quh prcvcfmg4 fmåbms, kcaphs, mtrmpmenhgtcs,

fcrths, mpamstmenhgtcs, irnffncghs c mjrmsncghs, prcyhffnög bh pmrfuams, htf. •

Ahsncghs pnfms4 fcgtusncghs, trmuemsecs, `hrnbms ngfnsc-fcgtusms, ngfnsc-fcgtusm s, htf.

96

 

• ZNHVKCV \ZCYCFMBCV \CZ MKHGRHV IÅVNFCV • • • • • • • • •

Crnkhg4 mejnhgth snfc bh trmjmdc. • Zunbc. • Ynjrmfncghs. • Zmbnmfncghs. • Nauengmfnög. • Yhacfnbmb bha mnrh. • \rhsncghs. • Rhephrmturm. • @uehbmb.

• Ahsncghs quh prcvcfmg4 prcvcfmg4 • Ha runbc4 runbc4 ahsncghs sncaöknfms y psnfcaöknfms? ams vnjrmfncghs4 trmstcrgcs bha

mpmrmtc fnrfuamtcrnc, emgcs jamgfms, ihgöehgc bha bhbc euhrtc, auejmaknms, mathrmfncghs bha mpmrmtc bnkhsvc, ôafhrms? ams rmbnmfncghs4 rmbnmfncghs4 mathrmfncghs frcecsöenfms, fmtmrmtms? am nauengmfnög4 pîrbnbm bh mkubhzm vnsuma, htf.

92  

• ZNHVKCV \ZCYCFMBCV \CZ MKHGRHV

]XÅENFCV • • • • •

Crnkhg4 sustmgfnms y prcbuftcs. • Vöanbcs4 pcavcs / `uecs. • Aåqunbcs4 gnhjams / mhrcscahs. • Kmshcscs4 kmshs / vmpcrhs. Ahsncghs quh prcvcfmg4 prcvcfmg4 hgihrehbmbhs bha

mpmrmtc rhspnrmtcrnc, bhremtcsns, htf. 98  

• • • • • •

ZNHVKCV \ZCYCFMBCV \CZ MKHGRHV JNCAÖKNFCV Crnkhg4 fcgtmftc fcg mgnemahs y shrhs ngihftmbcs c pcrtmbcrhs. • Ynrus. • Jmfthrnms. • \rctczccs. • @cgkcs.

• • @haengtcs. • • Mrtröpcbcs. • Ahsncghs quh prcvcfmg4 prcvcfmg 4 `nbrcicjnm, fmrjugfc, `hpms,

ahptcspnrcsns, mehjnmsns, `nstcpamsecsns, bhremtctcsns, mahrknms rhspnrmtcrnms, htf.

99  

• • • • • •

ZNHVKCV \ZCYCFMBCV \ZCYCFMBCV \CZ AM FMZKM BH RZMJMDC Crnkhg4 rntecs bh trmjmdc y crkmgnzmfnög/emgbc ngmbhfumbcs. • Rrmjmdcs hg fmbhgm. • Mthgfnög ma pôjanfc. • Zhphvnbmb. • Hsiuhrzc snfc.

• • Rnpc bh ecvnenhgtc. • • \csturms bh trmjmdc. • Ahsncghs quh prcvcfmg4 prcvcfmg4 ngsmsimffnög, sågbrceh bha

‑quhembc―, imkm, enfrctrmuemsecs, auejmaknms, ht

9;  

• ZNHVKCV CFMVNCGMBCV \CZ IMFRCZHV \VNFCVCFNMAHV • Crnkhg4 fmanbmb bh rhamfncghs `uemgms, bnvnsnög y crkmgnz crkmgnzmfnög mfnög bha trmjmdc. • • Rrmjmdc hg hqunpc. • • • •

• Ngicremfnög scjrh cjdhvcs. • \mrfnpmfnög. • \musms, bhsfmgscs y turgcs. • Hgtcrgc amjcrma.

• • • • •

• Fcgbnfncghs bh b h crkmgnz crkmgnzmfnög. mfnög. • Fmpmfnbmbhs, ghfhsnbmbhs y fuaturm bh am phrscgm. • Fcgsnbhrmfncghs phrscgmahs iuhrm bha trmjmdc. Ahsncghs quh prcvcfmg4 ngsmsi ngsmsimffnög, mffnög, bhprhsncghs, hstrîs, htf.