Sedimentary Basins of India

SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA, CATEGORIZATION AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL BY

N.S.RANA CG, KDMIPE, ONGC DEHRADUN

--/--/2013

The Indian scenario of Sedimentary Basins 



India is having vast Onland and Offshore area covered with sedimentary rocks. (Total: 3.14 million Sq Km, Sq  Km, ie ie.. 4.07% of the world’s total sedimentary area)

WHAT IS SEDIMENTARY BASIN ? Sedimentary basins are Geosynclines, creating accommodation space for infilling the sediments. Sedimentary basins occur in diverse geological settings usually associated with plate tectonic activity.

TILL

1960, THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS WORLD WIDE - EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF GEOSYNCLINAL THEORY. WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLATE TECTONICS, UNDERSTANDING ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE BASINS, THEIR STRUCTURAL STYLES AND ASSOCIATED LITHOFACIES HAVE BECOME MUCH CLEARER. 

Sedimentation pattern in half graben set up

Sedimentary Depositional Environments (Clastics) 

The figure shows schematic representation of sedimentary environments which can be grouped as:   

Continental Transitional Marine

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7

Sedimentary Depositional System in Offshore

Indian Sedimentary Basins Explored / Unexplored Basin Area Exploration Initiated 26% Poorly explored 17%

Unexplored Including Deep Waters. 41% Moderate to Well Explored .498 16%

Unexplored Including Deep Waters. Moderate to Well Explored .498 Poorly explored Exploration Initiated

EVOLUTION OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN FOUR INDEPENDENT FACTS (DICKINSON, 1976)  GEOMETRIC SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE BASIN 

NATURE OF THE SEDIMENTARY FILL



THE STRUCTURAL STYLES

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AND THE THERMAL HISTORY

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF HYPOTHETICAL SEDIMENTARY BASIN

A number of basins formed in extensional settings can undergo inversion, which has accounted for a number of the economically viable oil & Gas reserves on earth.

Sedimentary Basins Of India Total 26 sedimentary basins have been recognized and they are divided into four categories based on their degree of hydrocarbon prospectivity. The sedimentary basins of India, onland and shallow offshore, up to the 200m isobath, area is about 1.79 million sq. km. In the deep water offshore beyond the 200m isobath, the sedimentary area has been estimated about 1.35 million sq. km. The total area of sedimentary basins in Indian scenario works out to 3.14 million sq. km.

CATEGORIZATION OF INDIAN SEDIMENTARY BASINS Category- I Basin is the petroliferous basins with proved hydrocarbon

reserves and where commercial production has already started. These basins are: Assam shelf, Tripura, Bombay offshore, Cambay, Cauvery and Krishna-Godavari Basins. Category II basin comprises with occurrence of hydrocarbons but from which no commercial production has been obtained yet. These basins are: Kutch-Sourashtra & MBA( Mahanadi, Bangal & Andaman) Basins.  –

Category III basin comprises with no significant oil & gas shows but which are considered to be prospective on G&G analysis. These are mainly todays Frontier basins : Himalayan foreland, Ganga Basin, Vyndhyan basin etc.  –

Category IV basin comprises uncertain prospects. It includes the basins which bear an analogy with hydrocarbon producing basins in the world. Ie. Deccan Plateau, Cuddapah & Chattisgarh Syncline etc.  –

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CATEGORY- I

2 6

1

BASINS WITH COMMERCIAL HYDROCARBONS PRODUCTION .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

CAMBAY ASSAM SHELF BOMBAY OFFSHORE KRISHNA-GODAVARI CAUVERY ASSAM-ARAKAN FOLD BELT RAJASTHAN

3 4 5

Category-I (Proven Commercial Productivity) Basin Name Assam-Arakan

Onland Area

Offshore Area

Total

1,16,000

-

1,16,000

Cambay

51,000

2,500

53,500

Cauvery

25,000

30,000

55,000

Krishna Godavari

28,000

24,000

52,000

Mumbai Offshore

-

1,16,000

1,16,000

1,26,000

-

1,26,000

Rajasthan

CATEGORY- II BASINS WITH KNOWN  ACCUMULATION OF  HYDROCARBON BUT FROM WHICH NO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION.

8. KUTCH 9. MAHANADI 10. ANDAMAN-NICOBAR 

Category-II ( Identified Prospectivity ) Basin Name

Onland Area

Offshore Area

Total

Kutch

35,000

13,000

48,000

Mahanadi

55,000

14,000

69,000

Andaman Nicobar

6,000

41,000

47,000

11

CATEGORY-III

14

BASINS GEOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED PROSPECTIVE WITH HYDROCARBONS .

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

15

HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS GANGA BASIN VINDHYAN KUTCH-SAURASHTRA KERALA-KONKAN-LAKSHWADEEP BENGAL

Today’s frontiers may tomorrows cat. I……..

13

12 16

Category-III ( Potentially Prospective Basins ) Basin Name Bengal Ganga Valley Himalayan Foreland Kerala-Konkan Lakshdweep Saurashtra

Vindhyan

Onland Area

Offshore Area

Total

57,000

32,000

89,000

1,86,000

-

1,86,000

30,000

-

30,000

-

94,000

94,000

52,000

28,000

80,000

1,62,000

-

1,62,000

CATEGORY- IV BASINS WITH UNCERTAIN PROSPECTS WHICH MAY  BE PROSPECTIVE ON ANALOGY WITH SIMILAR BASIN  IN THE WORLD.

17. KAREWA 18. SPITI- ZANSKAR 19. SATPURA- SOUTH REWA- DAMODAR  20. NARMADA 21. DECCAN SYNECLISE 22. BHIMA- KALADGI 23. CUDDAPAH 24. PRANHITA- GODAVARI 25. BASTAR  26. CHATTISGARH

Category-IV ( Potentially Prospective ) Basin Name Bastar

Onland Offshore Area Area 5,000 -

Total 5,000

8,500

-

8,500

32,000 39,000

-

32,000 39,000

2,73,000

-

2,73,000

Karewa Narmada

3,700 17,000

-

3,700 17,000

PranhitaGodavari

15,000

-

15,000

Satpura-South Rewa-Damodar

46,000

-

46,000

Spiti-Zanskar

22,000

-

22,000

Bhima-Kaladgi Chattisgarh Cuddapah Deccan Syncline

DEEP WATER BASINS WESTERN OFFSHORE BASIN 

Mumbai Offshore and Kerala Kankan Offshore  In Western offshore basin the reservoirs are mainly carbonates and maximum production of oil is from this basin.

DEEP WATER BASINS EAST COAST OFFSHORE BASINS 

Cauvery Offshore KG Offshore and MBA Offshore  In East cost offshore the reservoirs are mainly Clastics and & rich in gaseous hydrocarbon.

Indian Sedimentary Basins Deepwater 43% Category-1 17%

Category-2 5% Category-4 15%

Category-3 20%

Deepwater: 1,350,000 Sq.Km

ASSAM AND ASSAM-ARAKAN BASIN * ASSAM SHELF * ARAKAN FOLD BELT

WESTERN ONLAND BASIN Rajsthan Basin Cambay Basin Kutch Basin Saurastra Basin

Rajasthan Basin( Jaisalmer, Bikaner-Nagour and Barmer Basins)

THE RAJASTHAN SHELF IS CARVED OUT INTO A NUMBER OF BASINS •

JAISALMER BASIN

•

BIKANER-NAGAR BASIN

•

BARMER BASIN

MAJOR OIL AND GAS FIELDS GHOTARU, KHARTAR, BANIKA, BAKHRI TIBBA, SADEWALA TIBBA, CHINNEWALA TIBBA, MIAJALAR.

THE CAMBAY BASIN : The Cambay Basin occupies an area of approximately 54,000 sq.km. The Cambay Shale is the main source rock in this basin.

CAMBAY BASIN DIVIDED INTO FIVE TECTONIC BLOCKS FORM NORTH TO SOUTH: 1. SANCHOR – PATAN BLOCK 2. MEHSANA – AHMEDABAD BLOCK 3. TARAPUR – CAMBAY BLOCK 4. JAMBUSAR – BROACH BLOCK 5. NARMADA – TAPTI BLOCK

CAMBAY BASIN

MAJOR OIL FIELDS OF CAMBAY BASIN MEHSANA BLOCK- N. KADI, SANTHAL, BALOL, SOBHSAN, NANDASAN, LINCH, JOTANA, BECHRAJEE, LANGHNAJ, MANSA, MEWAD etc. AHMEDABAD BLOCKKALOL,, WADU KALOL WADU-- PALI PALIYAD, YAD, NAWA NAWAGAM, GAM, NANDEJ, AHMEDABAD, WASNA, JHALORA, SANAND, LIMBODRA, GAMIJ, ASMALI etc. ANKLESHWAR BLOCKANKLESHWAR, MOTERA, SISODRA, KIM, KOSAMBA, GANDHAR, PAKHAJAN, NADA, DABKA, JAMBUSAR, PADRA, KARZAN etc.

WESTERN OFFSHORE BASIN

Mumbai Offshore Basin & Keraka-K Kera ka-Konka onkan n Offs Offshor hore e Basi Basin n

BOMBAY OFFSHORE BASIN: It lies in region of Western continental shelf of India and forms an important hydrocarbon bearing province. It is extending from Saurashtra Coast in the North to Vengurla arch near Goa in the South covering an area of about 1,20,000 sq.km. up to 200 m isobaths. Tectonically the basin can be subdivided into Surat depression, Bombay High, Ratnagiri block, Shelf margin basin and the Shelf-edge basement arc.

Bombay Offshore Basin is producing nearly 70% oil and gas of India’s total hydrocarbon production. Major reservoirs are the Carbonates.

WESTERN OFFSHORE BASIN(Mumbai Offshore)

EARLY OLIGOCENE

MID-LATE EOCENE

LATE PALEOCENE-EARLY

Prospects in Bombay Offshore Basin

Dry

Gas

Oil

EAST COAST BASINS CAUVERI Basin KG-PG Basin MBA Basin

CAUVERY BASIN The Cauvery Basin encompasses an area of 55,000 sq. km. The basin is subdivided into six sub-basin:-

1. Ariyalur Pondicherry 2. Tranquebar 3. Thannjavur 4. Nagapatinam 5. Ramnad Palk Bay

6. Mannar sub-basin.

 Ariyalur-Pondicherry sub-basin

Madanam horst  Tranquebar sub-basin

Kumbakonam horst 

Karaikal horst  Nagapattinam sub-basi 

Tanjore sub-basin

Pattukottai horst  Mandapam horst  Ramnad sub-basin

GENERALISED STRATIGRAPHY OF CAUVERY BASIN

Kumbakonam

ridge

Tranquebar sub-basin

Karaikal ridge

Nagapattinam Sub-basin Vedaranyam ridge Pattukottai

ridge

3D view at Basement level showing various structural elements 15-08-2018

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MAJOR OIL AND GAS FIELDS OF CAUVERI BASIN NARIMANAM, ADIYAKKAMANGALAM, NANNILAM, MATTUR, KAMLAPURAM, KUTHANALUR, TIRVARUR, KOVILKALAPPAM, BHUVNAGIRI, VIJAYAPURAM, PUNDI, KUTHALAM, RAMNAD etc.

KG-PG Basin

KRISHNA GODAVARI BASIN The Krishna Godavari Basin is a proven petroliferous basin of continental margin located on the east coast of India. Its onland part covers an area of 28,000 sq. km and the offshore part covers an area of 25,000 sq. km up to 1000 m isobath. The basin contains about 7km thick sediments with several cycles of deposition and H/C occurrences ranging from PermoTriassic(Gondwana) to Plio-Pleistocene age .

Geological map: KG-PG Basin 0 

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RAJAHMUNDRY

MIOC ENETO PLIOCENE

TRAPWITH INTERTRAPPEANS/ INFRA TRAPPEANS

LOWEREOC ENETO PALAEOCENE

TIRUPATHI - PAVALUR RAGHAVAPURAM - VEMAVARAM

LOWERC RETACEOUS UPPERG ONDWANA

GO LLAPALLI - BUDAVADA

UPPERJURASSIC

CHINTALAPUDI

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TALCHIR / BARAKAR

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DRAWING SECTION E & D, EBG SR B C CHENNAI

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Geological/ Geophysical Surveys: ONGC has carried out detailed geological mapping in the area covering 4220 sq. km since 1959.

Gravity-Magnetic surveys, in onland part have been carried out by ONGC over an area of 19,200 sq. km. In offshore area, M/s. Prakla Seismos and GSI acquired the gravitymagnetic data for ONGC. Composite Bouguer gravity & composite magnetic anomaly map

KRISHNA GODAVARI BASIN : This basin is divided into six sub-basins: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Mandapeta Sub-basin, West Godavari sub-basin, East Godavari sub-basin, Krishna sub-basin, Nizamapatnam sub-basin &  6. K.G. Offshore sub-basin: -shallow offshore, -deep offshore and -ultra-deep offshore.

 G                    O                   D                    A                    V                    A                    R                    I                   

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GS-23-4 RAVVA GS-23

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GODAVARI CLAY (PLIOC ENE) PLAY RAVVA PLAY MATSYAPURI / VADAPARU PLAY

FIELD NAMES:

 AC

 ACHANTA

KV

KESAVADASUPALEM

MM

MUMMIDIVARAM

 AP

 ADIVIPALEM

KW

KESANAPALLI-WEST

MW

MANDAPETA-WEST

PASARALAPUDI/ PALAKOLLU PLAY

BN

BANDAMURULANKA-NORTH

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LANKAPALEM

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TIRUPATHI PLAY

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ENUGUPALLI

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LINGALA

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PASARLAPUDI

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ENDAMURU

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MEDAPADU

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PONNAMANADA

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GO KARNAPURAM

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MANDAPET A

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RANGAPURAM

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GO PAVARAM

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MAGATAPALLI

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RAZOLE

KK

KAIKALUR

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MAHADEVAPATNAM

SI

SIRIGATT APALLE

KZ

KAZA

MR

MORI

SU

SURYARAOPETA

KP

KESANAPALLI

ML

MULIKIPALLI

TP

TAT IPAKA

VA

VADALI

RAGHAVAPURAM  PLAY KANUKOLLUPLAY NANDIGAMA PLAY GOLLAPALLI PLAY MANDAPETA PLAY

PEL-PLAY-KG1-A-MAR’03

E&D, DRAWING SECT ION., SRBC., CHENNAI.

Envisaged Depositional Model

Fan Delta

Alluvial Fan

The environment of deposition has been envisaged to be fluvial to transitional during the earlier period of graben formation and transitional to marginal marine during the later stages. Sands within the syn rift are derived from the rift shoulders, deposited as basin fan floor complexes, slope fan complexes. Deposited as alluvial fans/ braided fluvial fans, prograding as lobes with intervening lacustrine facies. Also, deltaic fan 58 de inal ri vir

More than 225 prospects have been probed by drilling of more than 557 exploratory wells. Hydrocarbon accumulations have been proven in 75 of these prospects (22 oil & 53 gas). Notable oil discoveries are Kaikalur, Vadali, Mori, Bantumilli, Lingala, Suryaraopeta, Gopavaram, Kesanapalli, and Kesanapalli West. The gas discoveries are Adavipalem, Elamanchili, Enugupalli, Narsapur, Razole, Tatipaka-Kadali, Pasarlapudi, Mandapeta, Chintalapalli. Nandigama, Endamuru, Penumadam, Ponnamanda, Achanta, Mullikipalle, Magatapalli, Gokarnapuram, Kesavadasapalem, Lakshamaneshwaram, Rangapuram and Sirikattapalli. In onshore, so far 141 prospects have been probed by 375 exploratory wells by ONGC, out of which 11 oil & gas pools and 31 gas pools have been discovered and most of them are on production. In offshore, so far more than 84 prospects have been probed by 182 exploratory wells . Hydrocarbon accumulations have been proved in 33 of these prospects (11 oil & gas and 22 gas prospects).

AREATYPERESERVES-

52, 000 Sq.Km (ONLAND- 28,000 & OFFSHOE24,000) COMPOSITE BASIN 46.22 (O+OEG)

RESOURCES- 1130 MMt EXPLORATION OBJECTIVES MESOZOIC STRUCTURAL PROSPECTS ASSOCIATED WITH RIDGES (ONSHORE).  PALEOCENE/ EOCENE CARBONATE BUILD- UP (OFFSHORE).  ROLLOVER ANTICLINES (OFFSHORE).  EOCENE DELTAIC SEQUENCE ON SHALLOWER SHELF (OFFSHORE).  MIOCENE DELTAIC SANDS (OFFSHORE).  PLIOCENE PINCHOUTS. 

IG

IB

DWN-U-1

Oil

Gas

KG LOCATION MAP WITH DEEP WATER NELP BLOCKS

MEGA TECTONIC MAP OF KG-PG BASIN 81° 00' 

80° 00' 

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SRIKAKULAM 

VIJAYANAGARAM 

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Samarlakota

   H    G    H   I

 H    N  H   W  H I G    I  A P I    H I G  L O  A M A    D T   H      E  R  A   A P    T   H A U      M R   K U  P E  A M     W   K S C R   N U  D A  A   L  O O   T A  A N S S    D  R  M T   R E       H N     D A    H   U D   A   R Y        G    G     W   V  A      I   U   I     I   D    H    O N     D  A  M    O   U     L     H   G    R     I   L  I P C  R       L   M  I  L    L   U     L O  S      A     I S      K     M   T  U    I T    R  E      A   N     U     A    K     T   B  A N   7

1

17° 00' 

9 15

  G  H   H  I

 W  L O

KB-4-1B

 A  A D  K I N  K A

11

10

12

14

13

9

Kovvur 

RAJAHMUNDRY 

14

10

K BS.1.1A

KAKINADA

9

13

G      A     U      T       A     M      I      G     . R    

NDV.1

MDV.1

9

7

EM.9

PA.1

DS.1

15

VM.1

VLP.1

GR.1

2  V      A     S     I     S     KT-3 T     H      A    

MA.3

 AK.1

SV.1

  I  N   R  G  A   M

  S  I  N     W     L   B A     L   O      T     A     N   A     P     H     A     I   S     B     K    R Tenali 

9

9

SRP.1

PR.1A

VNK.1

CPK.1

2  BT.1

BT.5 

BT.3

LK.1

NMK.2 

NG.1

MK.1 KZ.3

    N    A    A    Z     B

PLK.1 MPD.1

EL.1 RZ.6 

EL.6  2 

NS.5 

CP.8 

MODI.1 WM.2  KV.1 VMD.1 WM.1 KV-7 

GS.22.1

GS.10.1

NG-6 

20 

GS.49.1

MR.1

50.1

5 

Yanam

GS.17.1

PV.1

MM.1

PKR.1

KZ.1

MG.1 PO.1

SM.1

14

GS.29.2  G.4.4

GS.29.1

GS.20.1

2  6 

3

G.4.3

G.4.2 

DWN-D-1

GS.29.5 

8 

G.1.2 

DWN-M-1 G.3.1

G.2.1 DWN-P-1

DWN-A-1

G.1.3

G.1.1 G.1.9

22B.1

DWN-Q-1

DWN-R-1  Annapurna-2 

G.1.11

VA-1A

VA-3 DWN-U-1 G.5.1

GS.25.1

GD-2-1 GD.1.1 GD-5-1

MPL.1

GD-6-1

DWN-W-1

BDP.1

BBK.1

Nizampatnam

GD-3-1

PDP.1

GS.3.2  GS.3.1 GS.14.1

KD-1-3 KD.1.1 KD.2.1

KD.4.1

C     H      I      N      T       A     L      A     P     U      D     I     

C   R   O   S  S   T    R  E    N    D  

KD-3-1A

98/2-UD-1

KS-4-1

 A   R   T   N   I

  L  A   N   I   S  A   B

  P   E   D  E

  R   E   T  A   W

16° 00' 

OUTCROP LEGEND FORMATION

81° 00' 

12 INFRATRAPPEAN 11 TIRUPATHISANDSTONE 10 RAGHAVAPURAMSHALE

 

PLEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE MIOCENE TO PLIOCENE PALEOCENE TO EARLY EOCENE EARLY PALEOCENE UPPERCRETACEOUS LOWERCRETACEOUS

 9 GOLLAPALLI SANDSTONE  8 MALERI

LATE JURASSIC TO EARLY CRETACEOUS MIDDLE TO UPPER TRIASSIC

 7 UPPER KAMTHI/CHINTALAPUDI

LOWERTRIASSIC TO UPPERPERMIAN

 6 MIDDLE KAMTHI  5 LOWER KAMTHI  4 BARAKAR

 

-do-

 

-do-

PERMIAN UPPER CARBONIFEROUS TO LOWERPERMIAN

 3 TALCHIR  2 PAKHAL  1  ARCHAEAN

LOWER PROTEROZOIC EARLY PRECAMBRIAN

LEGEND 5

OUT CROPS

MEGA TECTONIC ELEMENTS KG - PG BASIN

CROSS TREND MAJOR FAULT AT BASEMENT LEVEL

82° 00'

Fig - 2.3

AGE

15  ALLUVIUM 14 RAJAHMUNDRY SANDSTONE 13 TRAPWITHINTER TRAPPEANS

PROJECT : PS CUBE,April2007

DRY  OIL GAS 80°  00' 

17° 00' 

D   ?  (   Y    C  T     )  

VA-2 

GS.11.1 GS.12.1 MB.1.2  MB.1.1 G.13.1

   A    K

G.4.1

R.25  R.24

12 

KP.1 27   AP.1 31 15.8  4 KW.1 15.10  43.1 23.1 GS.1.1 GSKW.1 46.1 23.2  GS.15.1 GS.21.1 15.6  GS.2.1A 15-9 15.2  G.2.4

KRI-1-1

00' 

KA.1

9

 AKP.1 BML.1 GS.15.E.1

GS.5.1

MACHILIPATNAM 

YS.4.1 YS.1.1

KM.1

KC.1

GS.19.1

KS-3-1

15°

PAL.1

KTL.1

IP.1

JNL.1

23.3

KG.DWN.98/4-K-1

NM.1

DKR-1

KZ.2 

GS.41.1

14

SLP-1

MW-9

GS.49-2 

GS.37.1

GS.8.1 22A.1

BV-1

PNL-1

15  MD-4

MW.8 

SI.1

CP.1

SKP.1

PRP.1

PT.1

21 19

BMP.1 NU.1 PS.14  AB.1 VDP.1 RA.1A SR-4 EP.1A RA.2   AD.1 29 SR.1 MN.1 VNT.1 5   AMP.1 PS.1 24 SR-2  GM.1 GM.5  DG.1 SSY.1 TP.1 BN.1

.  R                

LP.1

MY.1

TU-1 MAI.1

MP.1

GS.38.1 GS.39.1

ONGOLE 

PKP.1

SN.1

PR-2 

 AC.1G                

PM.1 PM.2 

VV-2  VV-1

NG.5 

         )           T     C         (A             D          N          E          R          T     S     S   H     O   G  I          R   H     C   N A         A   H  I S          D   K  R          D     A              IG          N     A          V     A Bapatla

9

KT.1

MA.1 MA.2 

SU.1 3 GN.1

NG.2 

14

16° 00' 

SU.2 

KK.12 

11

KK.5  DP.1 LG.11 LG.1 LLP.1 KK.16  KNK.1 KK.4 VD.1 KK.3 VND.1 GRZ.1  AGL.1

4

15  14

KK.19

GJP.1

VIJAYAWADA

GUNTUR 

LM.1

KI.1

EM.1

RP.1

9

11

MW.4 6  MW.1A

TNK.1

NI.1

ELURU 

17 

13

MD.1

MD.10 

9

KMP.1 KKD.1

MVD-1

15

GPM.1

1

KG-DWN-98/4-A1

KMG.1

7

  E   G   D   I   R

83° 00' 

84° 00' 

85° 00' 

SCALE : 5 

0 

10 

20 Km.

By : RJ Michael, Asst.Dwg.Office r 

15° 00' 

MBA Basins The Mahanadi Basin is located on the eastern sea board of India and covers the coastal districts of Orissa State and adjoining offshore areas in Bay of Bengal. In the land part, it covers an area of about 55,000 Sq.Km. Its boundaries in the north, west, and south are marked by outcrops of Precambrian rocks and in the east the basin extends into Bay of Bengal, having an area of about 14000 Sq.Km.

MAHANADI MAP WITH NELP BLOCKS

Bangal Onland Basin

Bangal Offshore Basin

Andaman Offshore Basin

Hydrocarbon Potential & Prospectivity of sedimentary Basins

What is a Prospect ? 





Independent accumulation of oil, gas, oil & gas pools in a sedimentary basin There could be several prospects in sedimentary basin Size of prospect very from few sq km to thousands of sq km.

Prospects Identification 

To identify the possible hydrocarbon locales/area through Integrated Interpretation of multi-disciplinary data (Geological and Geophysical data)

Types of Prospects: •

Oil prospect

•

Gas prospect

•

Oil & Gas prospect

Geological Aspects: Prospect Analysis Source

Rock Evaluation

Presence

of Reservoir Rocks

Presence

of Cap rock or Seals

Traps H/C

( Structural / Stratigraphic)

charges and Timing

REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION •

•

•

•

In a basin there must be adequate thickness of sediments. There must be adequate organic material trapped in those sediments. There should be conditions of burial and favourable temperature long enough for generation of oil. Once oil is generated it migrates out of the source rocks. There should be adequate reservoir rocks for holding this oil. There should be adequate sealing above reservoir rocks to form traps.

Source Rock  •

•

Rocks that contain sufficient amount of Kerogen are called Source Rock When a source rock starts generating oil and gas then it is said to be mature.

•

When the Kerogen is further heated with time, the chains of HC break away from the Kerogen and form waxy and viscous crude oil.

Source Rock Evaluation 

Total quantity of organic matter



Type of organic matter 



Maturity of organic matter 



Generative capacity of the basin

Reservoir Rocks: The essential element of petroleum accumulation is Reservoir and essential features of a reservoir rock is Porosity i.e its ability to store fluid. Sandstones: 59% Carbonates: 40% &  Other fractured rocks: 1%

RESERVOIR ROCKS A rock with enough porosity to be capable of storing economic quantities of petroleum, and enough permeability to transmit flow of hydrocarbons.

POROSITY : The total sum of opening or voids that occur within a rock. Usually expressed as a decimal percent. Porosity is denoted by phi (ф) and is given by the equation ф = Bulk Volume – G rain Volume x 100 B ulk Volume

EFFECTIVE POROSITY : Porosity that is available for storage of fluids.

What is good porosity? 0-5% - Negligible 5-10% - Poor 10-15% - Fair 15-20% - Good >20% - Very good

Practical cut off for oil Sandstone ~8% Limestone ~5% For gas the cut off is lower 

Cap Rocks The cap/seal rocks have pore throats too small and poorly connected to allow the passage of hydrocarbons. The geographical extent of seal rocks defines the effective limits of the Petroleum system.

Traps 



Traps are the geometric arrangement in which petroleum accumulation takes place. Petroleum expelled from an active source rock (Primary migration) migrate along a fault plane or a permeable carrier bed (secondary migration to a porous reservoir rock) capped or surrounded by a comparatively impervious seal that together form a trap.

Prospect types: 

Structural prospect

(Structural

Entrapment ) 

Stratigraphic Prospect

(Entrapment

is stratigraphic) 

Stati-structural prospect (Entrapment combination of structural & stratigraphic)

ANTICLINAL TRAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF OIL, GAS AND WATER

Structural Prospect: Fault Trap

Structural Prospect: Salt Dome

Stratigraphic Prospect:

Stratigraphic Prospect:

Stratigraphic Prospect: Diagenetic traps: This area more common in carbonate reservoirs which are more easily affected by cementation, dissolution and dolomitization. These post-depositional processes lead to a lateral change in reservoir quality to acts as the trapping mechanism

Structural Prospect: Fold Trap