SED 17 Extradosed Bridges

 

HIJVN Jukknthos Vtrufturik Nodhonnrhod Lgfubnots

94 Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns Bhmn Vf`kihf` (Nlhtgr) Iolrnis Iphtz \`hnrry Lufkgs Imhg Misudi Egsè Zgbg Birtâo Vnrdn Bgotnos F`ht`ibjirib Viomirikhodib Euio Vgjrhog

Hotnroithgoik Issgfhithgo agr Jrhldn iol Vtrufturik Nodhonnrhod (HIJVN)

 

Vtrufturik Nodhonnrhod Lgfubnots Gjenfthvn5 \g prgvhln ho-lnpt` hoagrbithgo tg prifthfhod strufturik nodhonnrs, ho rnpgrts ga `hd` sfhnoth﬉f iol  tnf`ohfik stiolirls go i whln riodn ga strufturik nodhonnrhod tgphfs.

\gphfs5 Vtrufturik ioikyshs iol lnshdo, lyoibhf ioikyshs, fgostrufthgo bitnrhiks iol bnt`gls, prgenft bioidnbnot, strufturik bgohtgrhod, sianty issnssbnot, bihotnoiofn iol rnpihr, iol fgbputnr ippkhfithgos.

HIJVN Jukkntho Jgirl5 @.Vujjirig, (F`ihr), L. Kinanr, (Qhfn F`ihr), B. Jim`gub, F. Jgj, B.T. Jrinstrup, O.S. @gne, @.@. Vohelnr, Z. Bgr, B.D. Jrusf`h, V. Mhtn, A. Oikgo, D. Shrf`nr, B. Mogjkgf`, I. Vf`ubif`nr, G. Kirssgo Hviogv, A. Oikgo, X. Ga﬉r, V. Lio, X. Phi.

Sujkhs`nr5 \`n Hotnroithgoik Issgfhithgo agr Jrhldn iol Vtrufturik Nodhonnrhod (HIJVN) hs i sfhnoth﬉f / tnf`ohfik Issgfhithgo fgbprhshod bnbjnrs ho 83 fguotrhns iol fguothod >< Oithgoik Drgups wgrklwhln. Aguolnl ho 98:8 ht `is hts snit ho Uurhf`, Vwhtznrkiol. HIJVN‘s bhsshgo hs tg prgbgtn t`n nxf`iodn ga mogwknldn iol tg ilviofn t`n prifthfn ga strufturik nodhonnrhod wgrklwhln. HIJVN grdiohzns fgoanrnofns iol pujkhs`ns t`n quirtnrky eguroik Vtrufturik Nodhonnrhod Hotnroithgoik, Hotnroithgoik, is wnkk is fgoanrnofn rnpgrts iol gt`nr bgogdrip`s, hofkulhod t`n VNL snrhns. HIJVN iksg prnsnots ioouik iwirls agr if`hnvnbnots ho strufturik nodhonnrhod.

Agr aurt`nr Hoagrbithgo5 HIJVN Euod`gkzstrissn Euod`gkzstr issn :0 03>3 Uurhf` Vwhtznrkiol S`gon5 +.1.: Vtnnk \noshgo Nknbnots (\ypn F) >.1.6 Villkn is Iof`gridn ho Sykgo (\ypn L) >.1.< Io Iktnroitn Kiygut Jntwnno F & L >.1.> F`ghfn ga i Villkn >.1.1 Arhfthgo >.1.4 Villkn Aithdun >.1.0 Furrnot Lnvnkgpbnots >.4 Fgofkushgo 1   Fgostrufthgo Hssuns 1.9 Hotrglufthgo

 

 

 

1 >1 >1 >4 >4 >0 >8 16 16 1< 1> 11 11 14 14

1.: Sykgo 1.:.9 Hotrglufthgo 1.:.: Fgofrntn Sykgo 1.:.6 Vtnnk Sykgo 1.6 Lnfm Dhrlnr 1.6.9 Lnfm Dhrlnr Nrnfthgo 1.6.: Fijkn Vtiy Vystnb 1.6.6 Fibjnr Fgotrgk 1.< Fisn Vtulhns

10 10 10 43 49 49 09 0< 01

1. 84 84 80 80 80 933 93: 936 93> 931 931 934 9:4

       

96> 961 964 9, Vtgfm`gkb :391 iol Qiofguvnr :394. Nxtrilgsnl jrhldns wht` t`nhr s`ikkgw stiy fijkns iol sthaa lnfms fio jn io nfgogbhf iol ittrifthvn iktnroithvn tg dhrlnr iol fijkn-stiynl jrhldns agr spios jntwnno 933 iol :>3 b. \`n strufturik systnb ga t`n nxtrilgsnl jrhldns fio jn lnsfrhjnl is ho-jntwnno   gr  `yjrhl jntwnno jikiofnl-fiothknvnr-typn dhrlnr iol fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. \`nrnagrn, t`nrn hs ogt  gon oirrgw oir rgwky ky ln󿬉on onl l nx nxtr tril ilgsn gsnl l jr jrhl hldn dn.. Zit Zit`n `nr, r, t` t`nr nrnn hs i sb sbgg ggt` t` tr trios iosht hthg hgo o ar argb gb dh dhrl rlnr nr tg nx nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl tg fijkn-stiynl jrhldn iol t`hs hs rn 󿬊nftnl ho t`hs rnpgrt.   ‐

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\`hs stitn-ga-t`n-irt rnpgrt hs t`n fgkknfthvn nxpnrhnofn ga t`n drgup. Ikk ispnfts t`it spnfh󿬉fikky rnanr tg prnsnotnl. nxtrilgsnl \`n jrhldns irn whkk fgvnrnl `nrn. \yphfik vikuns iol, wht` nquik wnhd`t, nxfnpthgos whkk jn rnilnr   󿬉ol `nkpauk hoagrbithgo ijgut ikk ispnfts t`it irn rnknviot  agr lnshdohod iol fgostrufthod suf` jrhldns. Ogt ikk t`n nxpnrts s`irnl t`n sibn gphohgos. Vgbn ga t`n fgotrgvnrshik hssuns whkk jn `hd`khd`tnl, ho grlnr tg hlnothay  󿬉 nkls agr aurt`nr rnsnirf`. \`n rnilnr whkk iksg   󿬉ol, t`it ho t`n tnxt fnrtiho sujenfts irn lnsfrhjnl ho lhaanrnot wiys. Iksg t`hs rn󿬊nfts t`n aift t`it snvnrik iut`grs wnrn hovgkvnl ho t`n prnpirithgo ga t`hs rnpgrt. \`n rnpgrt hs ihbnl it ogt eust prifthfhod jrhldn nodhonnrs jut iksg tnif`nrs iol rnsnirf`nrs ho t`n 󿬉nkl ga nxtrilgsnl jrhldns. Ahrst t`n dnonrik ispnfts iol t`n `hstgry ga t`hs jrhldn typn irn prnsnotnl. Fgofnptuik iol Vtrufturik Lnshdo, Ioikyshs, Fijkn \nf`ogkgdy, Fgostrufthgo hssuns iol Fgst Fgoshlnrithgos irn prnsnotnl ho snpiritn f`iptnrs.

 

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HO\ZGL^F\HGO 

Oubnrgus lgfubnots go spnfh 󿬉f sujenfts w`hf` rnkitn tg nxtrilgsnl jrhldns `ivn jnno pujkhs`nl s`n l wgrklwgrkl-whl whln. n. It t`n t`n nol ga ga t`h t`hss lgfubno lgfubnot, t, ikk t`n kht khtnri nriturn turn mog mogwo wo tg t`n drg drgup up go ikk sujen sujenfts fts t`it rnkitn tg nxtrilgsnl jrhldns irn subbirhznl. Ht hs i fgkknfthgo ga fglns, rndukithgos, jggms, lhssnrtithgos iol tnf`ohfik pipnrs pujkhs`nl it HIJVN,   󿬉j is wnkk is gt`nr hosthtuthgos iol  eguroiks. \`n rnanrnofn oubjnrs ho t`hs tnxt rnanr tg t`hs khst. Go jn`ika ga t`n Iut`grs, H wgukl khmn tg t`iom t`n Nxtnroik Znvhnwnrs w`g, ikgod wht` t`n Jukkntho Nlhtgrhik Jgirl, spnot vikuijkn thbn ho rnvhnwhod t`hs lgfubnot5 Oinnb @ussiho, Birfgs Viof`nz, Zgbio Dnhnr iol Ehrh Vtrismy= iol dunst rnvhnwnrs Iolrnis Iphtz, Mgonru J`ivioh, Tnronr Jriol, Irijy Nk-V` Nk-V`noiwy, noiwy, Mrhs Bnrbhdis iol @nrbioo Tnh`nr.

Vpnfhik t`ioms tg fgotrhjutgrs iol iut`grs Ikgm ga f`iptnrs (bnbjnrs ga Tgrmhod 6)5 Ohrbikyi Jiolygpil`yiy, Lgo Jnrdbio, J`gwbhfm, Pu Lgod, \`hnrryFgbbhsshgo Lufkgs *, Imhg Misudi *, U`i `ig g Kh Khu, u, Vn Vnrd rdnn Bg Bgot otno noss*, Du Duhl hlg g Bg Bgrrdn dnot ot`i `ik, k, Eg Egsè sè Zg Zgbg bg*, F`h F`ht`i t`ijir jirib  ib  Viomirikhodib *, Zgjho V`ib, Euio Vgjrhog*, Egsè \urbg iol Nlg Qgom. *F`iptnr Iut`grs  Bhmn Vf`kihf`, F`ihrbio TF6, HIJVN 

 

6 F`iptnr

9 Dnonrik Bhmn Vf`kihf`, Dnrbioy

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9.9 9. 9 Ln󿬉ohthgo ga  Nxtrilgsnl,  Sgtnothik, Ilviotidns Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn i onw jrhldn agrb t`it gaanr i fgbpnththvn iktnroithvn tg bgrn trilhthgoik agrbs agr bs suf suf` ` is dhr dhrlnr lnrs, s, irf` irf`ns, ns, iol fij fijknkn-sti stiynl ynl sys systnb tnbss usnl usnl ho spi spios os rio riodho dhod d arg argb b 933 933 tg :>3 b. Vhofn hts grhdho ho t`n 9803s, bgrn t`io twg `uolrnl suf` jrhldns `ivn jnno juhkt ikk gvnr t`n wgrkl.9 Agr spios up tg 933 b, fgofrntn gr fgbpgshtn dhrlnrs jrhldns irn t`n bgst fgbbgo f`ghfn,:,6 jut agr spios kgodnr t`io 933 b, t`n lnpt` ga t`n jgxns ijgvn t`n phnrs hs jnfgbhod hofrnishodky uoiffnptijkn agr inst`nthf fgostruftijhkhty iol fgst rnisgos. Agr spios kgodnr t`io :>3 b, fijkn-stiynl jrhldns irn usuikky t`n bgst nfgogbhfik sgkuthgo. Fgofnptuik iol strufturik lnshdos ga t`hs jrhldn typn wht` jrhldn lnfms biln ga stnnk, fgofrntn, gr i fgbjhoithgo ga t`n twg bitnrhiks `ivn jnno whlnky pujkhs`nl. Agr spios s`grtnr t`io :>3 b, fijkn-stiynl jrhldns gatno fioogt aukky nxpkght t`nhr strnodt` iol kgsn t`nhr nfgogbhf ilviotidn. \`nrn irn agur suddnstnl ln󿬉ohthgos ga t`n Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn5 •

  Io Nx Nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl Jr Jrhl hldn dn fio jn fg fgos oshl hlnrn nrnl l is i `y `yjr jrhl hl fg fgof ofnp nptt ho t` t`nn rn rndh dhgo go ga tr trio iosht shthg hgo o jn jntw twnno nno dhrlnrr jrhld dhrln jrhldns ns iol fijkn-stiynl fijkn-stiynl jrhl jrhldns. dns. I kirdn oubjnr ga gpthg gpthgos os irn ivihkijkn tg lnshd lnshdonrs onrs agr fgo󿬉durhod suf` i jrhldn typn tg suht spnfh󿬉f fgostrihots agr i pirthfukir prgenft. \`n kirdn oubjnr ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns juhkt gvnr t`n kist twg lnfilns hs tnstibnot tg t`it.

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  Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn fgoshlnrnl is ‛ ho-jntwnno‒ dhrlnr jrhldns iol fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. Ho i fijkn-stiynl jrhldn, t`n kgils (pnrbionot is wnkk is khvn kgils) irn dkgjikky firrhnl prnlgbhoiotky jy t`n stiy fijkns. Ho i dhrlnr jrhldn, kgils irn firrhnl jy s`nir iol 󿬊nxurn ga t`n dhrlnr  iol hotnroik prn-strnssnl gr pgst-tnoshgonl fijkns, w`hf` prglufns pnrbionot strnssns t`it ift  gppgshtn tg t`gsn prglufnl jy snka-wnhd`t iol bgvhod kgils.

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  Tht` i sthaa lnfm iol s`ikkgw iodknl iodknl fijkns, io nxtri nxtrilgsnl lgsnl dhrlnr jn`ivns jn`ivns khmn i prn-st prn-strnssnl rnssnl fgofrntn dhrlnr ikt`gud` ht `is shbhkirhty ho kggms wht` fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. \`n s`ikkgw iodkn ga t`n fijkns nosurns t`it t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns lhrnftky firry goky i sbikk pgrthgo ga t`n khvn kgil. \`hs hs t`n jishf jn`ivhgur ga io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn. @gwnvnr, t`n iftuik fgo 󿬉durithgo ga t`n dhrlnr iol fijkns lnfhlns `gw fkgsn hts jn`ivhgur hs tg i prnstrnssnl dhrlnr jrhldn.

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  Io Nxtrilgsnl Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn `is hts lnfm pirthikky suppgrtnl suppgrtnl jy i systnb ga fijkns, w`hf` irn fgoonftnl tg i pykgo ga sbikk `nhd`t (pykgos `ivn twg knds, iol bists goky gon. Agr shbpkhfhty

 

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F@IS\NZ 9. DNONZIK 

ho t`hs lgfubnot, goky t`n wgrl pykgo whkk jn usnl). \`n pykgo ‘s `nhd`t bnisurnl ijgvn t`n jrhldn lnfm knvnk hs jntwnno 3.34 iol 3.96 K, K jnhod t`n biho spio (uokhmn t`n fkisshf fijkn-stiynl jrhldn, w`nrn t`n pykgo `is i `nhd`t jntwnno 3.: iol 3.:> K), t`us bimhod ht nisy tg juhkl. @ivhod t`hs dngbntrhfik irriodnbnot, Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn stiys `ivn i sbikk hofkhoithgo wht` rnspnft tg t`n rgilwiy iol, t`nrnagrn, prgvhln knss vnrthfik sthaaonss tg t`n lnfm fgbpirnl wht` i fijkn-stiynl jrhldn. Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn suhtijkn agr spios jntwnno 933 iol :>3 :> 3 b, ln lnpn pnol olho hod d go spn spnfh fh󿬉f sh shtn tn fg fgos ostr trih ihos os.. Ag Agrr bnl bnlhu hub b sp spio ios, s, t` t`ny ny fg fgbp bpnt ntnn wh wht` t` fg fgot otho houg ugus us prn-strnssnl fgofrntn gr stnnk (fkgsnl gr truss) dhrlnrs iol wht` irf`ns. Agr kirdnr spios (kgodnr  t`io :>3 b), fijkn-stiynl strufturns irn khmnky bgrn nfgogbhfik t`io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns lnpnolhod go shtn fgolhthgos. Ho Ahd. 9.9, t` t`nn t` t`rn rnnn jr jrhl hldn dn ty typn pnss bno bnoth thgo gonl nl ij ijgv gvnn io iol l t` t`nh nhrr ty typh phfi fikk lh lhbno bnosh shgo goss irn s` s`gw gwo. o. T` T`no no fgbpirhod t`nb, t`n f`iriftnrhsthfs ga i typhfik Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn jnfgbn ippirnot5

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  V`ikk V`ikkgw gw fijkns5 \`ny irn gatno iof`grnl fkgsnky fkgsnky spifnl ho drgu drgups, ps, w`hf` sujlhvhln sujlhvhln t`n biho spio sp io kn knod odt` t` K ho hotg tg pg pgrt rthg hgos os ga 3. 3.: : K. Fi Firr rryh yhod od t` t`nn pn pnrb rbio iono nott kg kgil ilss ga t` t`nn jr jrhl hldn dn wh wht` t` su suf` f` s` s`ik ik-kgw hofkhonl fijkns knils tg `hd` fijkn agrfns iol `hd` fgbprnsshgo ho t`n dhrlnr. It t`n iof` io f`gr grid idns ns,, t` t`nn `g `grh rhzg zgot otik ik fg fgbp bpgo gono nots ts ga t` t`ns nsnn fij fijkn kn ag agrf rfns ns ir irnn ho hotr trgl gluf ufnl nl ho hotg tg t` t`nn dh dhrl rlnr nr,, t` t`us us fgotrhjuthod tg t`n pgst-tnoshgohod ga t`n dhrlnr. Agr kirdnr spios t`n agrfns hofrnisn iol pgsn t`nn rh t` rhsm sm ga gv gvnr nrkg kgil ilho hod d t` t`nn dh dhrrln lnrr. T` T`hhkn t` t`nn fi fij jkn knss fi fio o jn tn tno osh shgo gonl nl sg t` t`it it t` t`ny ny fi firr rry y pi pirt rt ga t` t`nn pnrb pn rbio iono nott kg kgil ilss (t (t`n `n rn rnst st hs fi firr rrhn hnl l tg t` t`nn su supp ppgr grts ts jy t` t`nn dh dhrl rlnr nr ht htsn snka), ka), lu lunn tg t` t`nh nhrr s` s`ik ikkg kgw w ho hofk fkhhoithgo, t`nhr sthaaonss hs sbikk. \`nrnagrn, t`n fijkns irn `irlky ifthvitnl jy khvn kgils. I lnfm  dhrlnr ga sua 󿬉fhnot sthaaonss hs, t`nrnagrn, i onfnssiry fgbpgonot ga io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn.

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  Lnfm dhrlnr sthaaonss5 Bgst Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns juhkt sg air `ivn `ivn vnry jnolhod-sthaa iol strgod dhrlnr dhr lnrss fgb fgbpir pirnl nl wht wht` ` fij fijknkn-sti stiynl ynl jrh jrhldn ldns. s. \`ny dno dnonrik nrikky ky firr firry y khv khvnn kgi kgils ls prh prhbir birhky hky ho

K / :3 tg K / 91

K / >3 tg K / 63

≀ 3.0 K

≀ 3.0 K

K

   3    9    /     K   ≀

K ; 933 b

≀ K / >>

≀ K / 6> ≀ 3.: 3.: K ≀ 3.: 3.: K ≀ 3.: 3.: K ≀ 3.: 3.: K ≀ 3.: 3.: K ≀ 3.: 3.: K ≀ 3. 3.: K ≀ 3. 3.: K ≀ 3. 3.: K 3.> ‖ 3.4 K    >    /     K   ≀

K

3.> ‖ 3.4 K

K 2 933‖:33 b

≀ K / :>3

3.6 ‖ 3.> K

3.6 ‖ 3.> K

K K ? :33 b

Ahdurn 9.95 \yphfik lhbnoshgos ga t`n t`rnn jrhldns typns 1 

 

F@IS\NZ 9. DNONZIK 

 

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jnolhod. Agr dhrlnrs ga fgostiot lnpt`, typhfik vikuns irn K/3 tg 933 O/bb : is fgbpirnl tg up tg :33 O/bb : ho fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. ^suikky, pirikknk striols irn usnl agr Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, is t`ny fio jn iof`grnl nishky iol, lnpnolhod go t`n biouaifturnr, nvno jn rnpkifnl striol jy striol. Jnfiusn ga t`n sbikk strnss f`iodns ho t`n fijkns iol sbikk lhbnoshgos ga  pykgos, sillkn systnbs, w`hf` piss t`n fijkns t`rgud` t`n pykgo tgp, jnfgbn pgsshjkn iol lnshrijkn, nspnfhikky ha t`n pykgo hs pkifnl ho t`n bhllkn ga t`n lnfm dhrlnr iol i sbikk spifn hs ivihkijkn. Bgrn hoagrbithgo go sillkns hs dhvno ho F`iptnr >. \`n sbikk strnss f`iodns ho t`n fijkns lun tg khvn kgils rnlufn t`n rhsm ga aithdun iol, t`nrnagrn, t`n uthkhzithgo ga t`n fijkns fio jn `hd`nr t`io % ga t`n Duiriotnnl ^kthbitn \noshkn Vtrnodt` (D^\V) (D^\ V) w`h w`hf` f` hs us usui uikk kky y ip ippk pkhn hnl l ag agrr fij fijkn kn-s -sti tiyn ynl l jr jrhl hldn dns. s. \` \`hs hs rn rnpr prns nsno nots ts i jn jntt ttnr nr us usnn ga t` t`nn fi fijk jknn fipifhty ho Vnrvhfn fgbpirnl wht` fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. @gwnvnr, rit`nr t`io shbpky rihshod t`n ikkgwijkn strnss tg siy 13% ga D^\V, ht hs lnshrijkn tg prgvhln strufturik rithgoikn. \`grgud` hovnsthdithgo ga bioy nxhsthod jrhldns fgo󿬉rbs t`n aift t`it t`nrn hs og fknir jguoliry jntwnno nxtrilgsnl iol fijkn-stiynl jrhldns0,8,93 iol s`gws t`it t`n bixhbub ikkgwijkn strnssns ho snrvhfn vh fn s` s`gu gukl kl jn ji jisn snl l go t` t`nn kn knvn vnkk ga st strn rnss ss f` f`io iodn dnss lu lunn tg kh khvn vn kg kgil il.. \` \`hs hs hs hssu sunn hs ln lnik iktt wh wht` t` ho bg bgrn rn lntihk ho F`iptnrs 6 iol >. T`it ilviotidns lgns io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn `ivn fgbpirnl wht` i dhrlnr jrhldn7 Ondknfthod t`n fgsts ga t`n jrhldn pykgos, t`n fgst ga t`n lnfm dhrlnr ga io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn fio gatno jn knss

 

1

 

F@IS\NZ 9. DNONZIK 

t`io t`n fgst ga i lnfm dhrlnr ga i dhrlnr jrhldn. Vhofn fgofrntn iffguots agr i shdoh 󿬉fiot pgrthgo ga t` t`nn su supn pnrs rstr truft uftur urnn fg fgst st,, Nx Nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl Jr Jrhl hldns dns ir irnn it io il ilvi viot otid idnn is t` t`nn sp spio io ho hofr frni nisns sns.. T` T`hk hknn t` t`nn prnsnofn ga pykgos iol stiy fijkns ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns fknirky pgsns io illhthgoik fgst fgbpirnl wht` pgst-tnoshgonl fiothknvnr jrhldns, t`nhr s`grtnr `nhd`t iol ilgpthgo ga sillkns hostnil ga iof`gridns hofrnisn t`nhr nfgogb nfgogby y gvnr t`gsn usnl agr trilhthgoik trilhthgoik fijknfijkn-stiynl stiynl jrhldns. jrhldns. T`it ilviotidn lgns io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn `ivn fgbpirnl wht` i fijkn-stiynl jrhldn7 Vtirthod wht` wh t` t` t`nn bg bgrn rn gj gjvh vhgu gus, s, t` t`io ioms ms tg kg kgwn wnrr ai aith thdu dunn lu lunn tg kg kgwn wnrr st strn rnss ss ri riod odnn ho t` t`nn st stiy iy fi fijk jkns ns,, t` t`nn st stiy iy fijk fi jkns ns fi fio o jn su suje jenf nftn tnl l tg i bu buf` f` `h `hd` d`nr nr st strn rnss ss io iol l ht hs pg pgss sshj hjkn kn tg us usnn sh shbp bpkn knrr io iol l bg bgrn rn nf nfgo gogb gb-hfik iof`gridns. Agr t`n sibn rnisgo iof`gridns ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn typhfikky sujenft tg aithdun aithd un tnst rnquhrnbnots, rnquhrnbnots, w`hf` irn knss lnbiolhod t`io t`gsn agr fijkn-stiynl fijkn-stiynl jrhld jrhldns. ns. Fnrtiho jguoliry fgolhthgos biy iksg knil tg t`n Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn jnhod i prnanrrnl gpthgo w`no fgbpirnl tg t`n trilhthgoik pgst-tnoshgonl fiothknvnr gr fijkn-stiynl iktnroithvns. \`n rnlufn rnl ufnl l pyk pykgo go `nh `nhd`t d`t `is jnn jnno o suf suffns fnssau saukky kky nbp nbpkgy kgynl nl tg iffg iffgbbg bbglit litnn `nh `nhd`t d`t rns rnstrh trhfth fthgos gos (n.d. agr ivhithgo), inst`nthf gr gt`nr rnstrhfthgos hbpgsnl go t`n lnshdo. \`n rnlufnl lnfm lnpt` `is jnno suffnssaukky nxpkghtnl tg bnnt vnrthfik fkniriofn rnquhrnbnots agr witnrwiy oivhdithgo

gr agr  󿬊ygvnrs. \`nrn hs buf` arnnlgb tg viry t`n rnkithvn sthaaonss ga lnfm, fijkns, iol pykgos tg gpthbhzn t`n jn`ivhgur ga t`n jrhldn. \`hs rnsukts ho i riodn ga strufturik f`iriftnrhsthfs kyhod jntwnno io hotnroikky pgst-tnoshgonl jikiofnl fiothknvnr jrhldn iol i fijkn-stiynl jrhldn, wht` ibpkn rggb agr hoogvithgo iol rnlufhod fgst agr lhaanrnot jguoliry fgolhthgos. Is ogtnl ijgvn, uokhmn fijkn-stiynl jrhldns, Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns lg ogt rnquhrn jifm stiys tg khbht t`n `grhzgotik bgvnbnot it t`n tgp ga t`n pykgo fiusnl jy uonvno khvn kgils, w`no t`n s`grt pykgo hs bgogkht`hfikky 󿬉xn xnl l tg t` t`nn ln lnfm fm io iol l sh shof ofnn t` t`nn kh khvn vn kg kgil ilss ir irnn pr prhb hbir irhk hky y fi firr rrhn hnl l ho jn jnol olho hod d jy t` t`nn ln lnfm fm dh dhrl rlnr nr.. \`us, Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn ho`nrnotky wnkk suhtnl tg bukth-spio strufturns. \`n hs \`n hssu suns ns tguf` tguf`nl nl up upgo go ho t` t`nn tw twg g pi piri ridr drip ip`s `s ijgvn ijgvn wh whkk kk jn hk hkku kust strit ritnl nl jy ou oubn bnrg rgus us nx nxibp ibpkn knss ho F`iptnr :.

9.: @hstg @hstgry, ry, Jhjkhgdri Jhjkhgdrip`hf p`hf Znpgrt  Znpgrt  \`n wgrlhod   ‛nxtrilgs prnstrnssnl fijkns‒  󿬉 rst ippnirnl ho t`n pipnr jy Eifquns Bit`hvit   ‛\`n rnfnot nvgkuthgo ga prnstrnssnl fgofrntn jrhldns‒  pujkhs`nl ho i jggmknt fikknl   ‛Vybpgshub  Sirhs-Qnrsihkkns   ‖  Vnptnbjnr :‖). @gwnvnr, t`n kiygut fio jn isybbntrhfik, fgothougus wht` iogt`nr spio go gon shln goky, agr spnfhik tgpgdrip`hfik shtuithgos (Xubnmimn Jrhldn ho Eipio, 91 Ahd.   :.9). \`n lnshdo ga io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn wht` goky gon pykgo fio jn i vikhl sgkuthgo agr io isybbntrhfik tgpgdrip`hfik kiygut, gr ha ht hs hbpgsshjkn tg pkifn io hotnrbnlhitn phnr ho twg ileifnot kgod spios. Ht fgukl iksg jn i dggl sgkuthgo, agr nxibpkn, ho fisn ga io hskiol ho t`n bhllkn ga i rhvnr. Jrhldns wht` pykgos kgfitnl go twg phnrs irn t`n bgst arnqunot typn. Dnonrikky, t`ny `ivn t`rnn spios. Vhln spios irn t`no ipprgxhbitnky ipprgxhbitnky >3‖43% t`n knodt` ga t`n biho spio. Ha t`n shln spios irn kgodnr, t`n jnolhod bgbnots whkk jn nxfnsshvn. Ha t`ny irn s`grtnr, t`nrn fgukl jn sgbn upkhat  rnift rn ifthg hgo o it t` t`nn no nol l su supp ppgr grt. t. Ha t` t`nn jr jrhl hldn dn hs kg kgod odnr nr,, ht hs ik iksg sg pg pgss sshj hjkn kn tg frn frnit itnn i fg fgot otho houh uhty ty jn jntw twnn nno o

 

93

Ahdurn :.95 Xubnmimn Jrhldn91 

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

Ahdurn :.:5 Ogrt` Irb Qiofguvnr Jrhldn94 

i t`rnnt`rnn-spio spio Nxtrilgsn Nxtrilgsnl l Jrhldn iol t`n ileifno ileifnott spios (Ogrt` (Ogrt` Irb Qiofguvnr Qiofguvnr Jrhldn, Jrhldn,94 Fioili, Ahd.  :.: ). Kgodnr Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns biy `ivn pykgos kgfitnl go bgrn t`io twg phnrs. Vuf` bukth-spio Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns lg ogt `ivn t`n sibn lnshdo prgjknbs is bukth-spio fijkn-stiynl jrhldns, fgoshsthod fgosh sthod ga `hd` lnfm jnol jnolhod hod bgbnot w`no goky gon kgod spio hs kgilnl, kgilnl, jnfius jnfiusnn t`n jnolh jnolhod od sthaaonss ga io Nxtrilgsnl lnfm hs `hd`nr t`io t`it ga i fijkn-stiynl lnfm. Vgbn Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns `ivn pykgos kgfitnl go bioy phnrs (Vnfgol Qhvnmioioli Jrhldn 90 ho Mgkmit Mgk mitii wht wht` ` 0 phn phnrs, rs, t`n t`h t`hrl rl Oir Oirbil bilii Jrh Jrhldn ldn ho Due Dueiri iritt wht wht` ` 93 phn phnrs, rs, Irr Irri`i`-F`` F``ipr iprii Jrh Jrhldn ldn ho Jh`ir wht` 91 phnrs, ikk ga t`nb ho Holhi). Ho t`hs fisn, t`n lnfm fio jn nht`nr fgothougus ikgod t`n aukk knodt knodt`, `, ha t`hs hs ogt ogt tgg kgod kgod,, gr wht` hotnrbn hotnrbnlhitn lhitn nxpio nxpioshgo shgo egho eghots ts kgfitnl kgfitnl it it bhl-spio bhl-spio ga gon gr snv snvnrik nrik spios spios (n. (n.d. d. nvnry t`hrl t`hrl spio spio). ). \`n \`nsn sn hot hotnrbn nrbnlhi lhitn tn nxpioshg nxpioshgo o egh eghots ots rnq rnquhr uhrnn bih bihotn otnoio oiofn. fn. Ht hs onfnssi onfnssiry ry iksg iksg tg f`n f`nfm fm t`n rgt rgtith ithgo go uolnr uolnr khvn khvn kgils kgils iol kgodkgod-tnr tnrb b lnil kgils kgils it t`nsn t`nsn nxp nxpioioshgo eghots. \g prnvnot nxfnsshvn iodukir lnagrbithgo it t`n eghot, sgbnthbns sgbn stnnk jnibs irn pkifnl hoshln t`n jgx-dhrlnr lnfm go jgt` shlns ga t`n nxpioshgo eghot (wht` jnirhods jntwnno t`nsn stnnk jnibs iol t`n jgx-dhrlnr), ho grlnr tg frnitn i bgbnot-triosbhtthod fgoonfthgo jntwnno jgt` fiothknvnrs, jut t`hs rnquhrns spnfhik bihotnoiofn. Iogt`nr sgkuthgo hs tg pkifn io hotnrbnlhitn phnr it t`n nxpioshgo eghot (ho t`n fnotrn ga t`n fgrrnspgolhod spio), ha t`hs hs iffnptijkn jy gt`nr fgostrihots (n.d. fkniriofn gvnr i oivhdithgo f`ioonk).

 

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

99

:.9. :.9.6 6 \rios \riosvnrsn vnrsn Qhnw Sykgos agr Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns fio jn nht`nr   ‛kitnrik‒ gr   ‛fnotrik.‒ ‛Kitnrik‒ bnios t`it t`nrn irn twg pykgos kgfitnl go nht`nr shln ga t`n lnfm dhrlnr.  ‛ Fnotrik‒ bnios t`it t`nrn hs goky gon pykgo, kgfitnl it t`n fnotrnkhon ga t`n lnfm dhrlnr. Jgt` gpthgos `ivn ilviotidns iol lhsilviotidns (\ijkn :.9).

Kiygut

Kitnrik

Fnotrik

Ilviot Ilvi otidn idnss Lhsilv Lhs ilviot iotidn idnss

Ikkgws Ikkg ws og ogoo-tg tgrs rshg hgoik oikky ky st stha haaa ln lnfm fm Onnlss bgr Onnl bgrnn nxtr nxtrilg ilgsnl snl fij fijkns kns,, vhsuikky bgrn gjtrushvn

Jnttnr Jntt nr ip ippn pnir irio iofn fn Onnls tgrshgoikky sthaa lnfm, bgrn lha 󿬉fukt iffnss agr bihotnoiofn

\ijkn :.9 Ilvi Ilviotid otidns ns iol lhsilviotidn lhsilviotidnss ga kitnrik iol fnotrik fnotrik pgshthgo ga t`n pykgos

Tht` fnotrik pykgos, t`nrn hs goky gon fnotrik pkion agr nxtrilgsnl fijkns, sg t`n vhnw ga t`n jrhldn jrh ldn agr agr t`n usn usnrr hs knss knss gjs gjstru truftnl ftnl jy jy nxtrilg nxtrilgsnl snl fijkn fijkns. s. Fijkn Fijkn aithdu aithdunn fio iks iksg g jnf jnfgbn gbn io hssun hssun agr t`n kitnrik fisn wht` kgw tgrshgoik sthaaonss. Nvno t`gud` t`n strnss f`iodn lun tg khvn kgils ho t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns hs sbikk, t`n agkkgwhod s`gukl s`gukl jn fgoshlnrnl5 fgoshlnrnl5 •

  Ha t` t`nn su susp spnos noshg hgo o hs fno fnotr trik ik,, w` w`no no go gonn ki kion on hs kg kgil ilnl nl wh wht` t` ait aithd hdun un kg kgil ilho hod d A (d (dno nonri nrikk kky, y, iffgrlhod tg bgst lnshdo fglns, goky gon kion go t`n lnfm s`gukl jn kgilnl wht` aithdun kgil, w`it w` itnv nvnr nr t` t`nn tg tgti tikk ou oubj bjnr nr ga ki kion ons) s) io iol l t` t`nn fn fnot otri rikk fi fijk jknn ir irni ni hs I, t` t`no no t` t`nn ai aith thdu dunn st strn rnss ss hs A/ A/I. I.

•

  Ha t`n suspnoshgo suspnoshgo hs kitnrik iol ha t`n fnotrn fnotrn khon ga t`n kgilnl kion hs kgfitnl kgfitnl it siy 63 tg 43% lhst lh stio iofn fn ar argb gb t` t`nn ln lnfm fm nl nldn dns, s, t` t`nn ai aith thdu dunn kg kgil il dg dgho hod d tg t` t`nn on onir irns nstt sh shln ln,, tg t` t`nn ki kitn tnri rikk nx nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl fijkns pkion, hs 3.4 A. Is t`n fijkn irni go nif` shln hs 3.> I, t`n aithdun strnss hs t`no 3.4 A/3.> I 2 9.< A/I, w`hf` hs bgrn t`io wht` t`n fnotrik kgfithgo ga t`n fijkns.

Ho t` t`nn fi fisn sn ga ki kitn tnri rikk py pykg kgos os,, t`ny t`n y irn sgb sgbnth nthbns bns fgo fgoonf onftnl tnl tgdn tg dnt` t`nr nr jy i tr trio iosv svnr nrsn sn jn jnib  ib  kgfitnl it t`n tgp gr it io hotnrbnlhitn knvnk, w`hf` prgvhlns i  aribn ifthgo (V`ho-Miritg Jrhldn98 ho Eip ipiio (Ahd.   :.6), Bioliu Bio liunn Jrh Jrhldn ldn:3 ho S` S`hk hkhp hp-phon ph ons) s).. \` \`hs hs hs dn dnon onri rikk kky y og ogt  t  aiv aivgur nl strufturikky agr ins inst`n t`nthf thfonfnssiry rnisgos rnis gos iolgurnl hs ogt nxfnp nptt ha t`n lnfm dhrlnr hs furvnl ho pkio wht` i sb sbiikk rilhus, rilhu s, ho w`hf` fisn `hd` trios trios-vnrs vn rsnn ag agrf rfns, ns, fg fgbh bhod od ar argb gb t` t`nn nxtrilgsnl fijkns, irn hbpgsnl go t`n pykgo.

Ahdurn :.65 V`ho-Miritg Jrhldn98

 

9:

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

Agr whln lnfms suppgrthod jgt` i rihkwiy iol i `hd`wiy, ht hs pgsshjkn tg pkifn twho pykgos kitnrikky wht`ho t`n lnfm, jntwnno t`n rihkwi rihkwiy y kgfit kgfitnl nl fnotri fnotrikky kky iol t`n twg `hd` `hd`wiy wiy firrhidnwiys :9

kgfitnl gutsh kgfitnl gutshln ln (Qhlh (Qhlho-Fikia o-Fikiait it Jrhldn jntwnno Jukdirhi iol Zgbiohi, Ahd. :. ), sg ht hs kgdhfik tg `ivn i fnotrik pykgo iol twg kitnrik pykgos kgfitnl ijgvn t`n kgodhtulhoik dhrlnrs. Tn fio ogtn t`it, ho grlnr tg kgfitn t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns ho vnrthfik pkions (tg prnvnot ioy pnrbionot triosvnrsn jnolhod ga t`n pykgos), t`n kitnrik kgodhtulhoik dhrlnrs irn bgvnl skhd`tky howirls, hostnil ga jnhod ikhdonl wht` t`n kitnrik pykgos, sg t`it t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkn iof`gridns

:9.60

9.:

4.6

9.:

vit. (94.6> ‖ :6.60)

Vnfgol stidn

Ditn tg notnr phnr





60

6 9.> 9.> I 1.1 >

>

>

>

>

>

> 3.<

:.6 󰃐:

Ahdurn :.5 Tirti Zhvnr Jrhldn:6

lg ogt hotnranrn wht` t`n auofthgoik rnquhrnbnots ga t`n jrhldn iol ho suf` i wiy t`it t`n iof`gridns frnitn i aisfhi go t`n aifn ga t`n nldn dhrlnrs. Ht wgukl iksg `ivn jnno pgsshjkn tg `ivn t`n kitnrik kgodhtulhoik dhrlnrs ikhdonl wht` t`n pykgos, wht` io hofrnisnl whlt`, hofgrpgrithod t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns iof`gridns. Vhofn t`n dhrlnr lnpt` ga io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn hs ikrnily rnkithvnky lnnp, fgupknl wht` t`n fgbbgo usn ga jgx snfthgos, io ipprgprhitn frgss-snfthgo hs ikrnily ivihkijkn agr fnotrik suppgrt. Go t`n gt`nr `iol, t`n `nhd`t ga t`n pykgos hs sbikk, w`hf` bnios t`ny irn ogt is fgstky is t`n pykgos

ga i fijkn-stiynl jrhldn. \`us, t`nga lnshdonr s`gukl annk arnn tg f`ggsn t`n suppgrt pkions pk ions t`it jnst  bnnt t`n auofthgoik rnquhrnbnots t`n jrhldn. \`hs fgotrists wht` fijkn-stiynl jrhldns, w`nrn t`n lnfhshgo hs io gpthbhzithgo jntwnno t`n fgsts ga triosvnrsn jnolhod iol t`n fgst ga io illhthgoik pkion ga fijkns iol io nxtri pykgo.

:.9.< :.9 .< Ski Skio o Qhnw Qhnw Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns fio iffgbbglitn i furvnl lnfm kiygut ho pkio. Vgbn nxibpkns irn dhvno is agkkgws ( K  hs   hs t`n biho spio, iol  Z  hs t`n furviturn rilhus)5 •

  Stue kimn Jrhldn, Vkgvnohi5 K  2   2 933 b  Z  Z  2

:.9.> :.9. > Vhodk Vhodknn Lnfms gr Vnpiri Vnpiritn tn Lnfms Agr Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, t`n fgo󿬉durithgo ga t`n lnfm iol t`n pgshthgos ga t`n pykgos triosvnrsnky irn hbpgrtiot fgoshlnrithgos. Agr whln lnfms, sgbn fguotrhns (n.d. Dnrbioy) prnanr  tg juhkl bgtgrwiy jrhldns wht` twg snpiritn lnfms, ho grlnr tg jn ijkn tg rnpkifn gon bgrn nishky wht`gut fgbpkntnky hotnrrupthod hotnrrupthod t`n tria 󿬉f. Jut agr nfg nfgogb ogbhf hf rnis rnisgos gos (sb (sbikk ikknr nr hoh hohthi thikk juhk ju hklh lhod od fg fgst st), ), ht hs dn dnon onri rikk kky y pr prna nanrr nrrnl nl tg ju juhk hkl l i sh shod odkn kn wh whln ln ln lnfm fm,, wh wht` t` i fn fnot otri rikk py pykg kgo o :1 :4 (Mngod Io Jrhldn, Mgrni,   Ahd.   :.0), gr wht` kitnrik pykgos (Vt Frghx Jrhldn, ^VI), gr  wht` jgt` fnotrik iol kitnrik pykgos (Snirk @irjgur Bnbgrhik Jrhldn :0 ho ^VI, Tirti Zhvnr  Jrhldn:6 ho Sgkiol).

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

 

\`n Mngod Io Jrhldn uthkhzns i fnotrik suppgrt  (nxtrilgsnl fijkns kgfitnl it t`n fnotrn ga t`n lnfm whlt`). \`n phnr hs fgbpgsnl ga i fnotrik s`iat kgfitnl jnkgw t`n pykgo iol, jnfiusn t`n lnfm hs vnry whln, twg kitnrikky hofkhonl s`iats isshst ho firryhod t`n kgils argb t`n lnfm tg t`n aguolithgos. \`n t`rnn s`iats irn fgoonftnl tg i fg fgbb bbgo go ph phnr nr fi fip, p, w` w`hf hf` ` ji jiki kiof ofns ns t` t`nn tr trio iossvnrsn `grhzgotik fgbpgonot ga t`n kgils. Vgbnthbns twg snpiritn pirikknk Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns `ivn jnno juhkt (V`ho-Miritg98 iol \sumu`iri :8 Jrhldns, Eipio,  Ahd.  :.8 ). Ho t`hs fisn, t`n twho lnfms iffgbbglitn t`n `hd`wiy w`hf` notnrs i tuoonk wht` twg snpiritn tujns onir t`n nol ga t`n jrhldn. Ht hs iksg pgsshjkn tg suppgrt t`nsn twg lnfms wht` wht ` t`r t`rnn nn pyk pykgos gos pki pkifnl fnl trio triosvn svnrsi rsikky kky,, gon ga t`n `nb b kg kgfi fitn tnl l jn jntw twnn nno o t`n tw twg g ln lnfm fmss 9< (Bhyim (Bh yimgli glidiw diwii Jrh Jrhldn ldn ho Ei Eip pio io,,   Ahd. :.93). \`hs fgofnpt bhohbhzns t`n triosvnrsn jnolhod ga t`n lnfm.

:.9.1 :.9. 1 Zihkwi Zihkwiy y Nxtrilgsnl Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns Jrhldns Ikt`gud` bgst Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns firry rgils, t`nrn irn i anw Nxtrilgsn Nxtr ilgsnl l Jrhl Jrhldns dns w`hf w`hf` ` firry

Ahdurn :.05 Mngod Io Jrhldn:1 

9>

`nivy rihk gr fgbbutnr rihk (n.d. V`homgtgohmgumi V`homgtg ohmgumi V`homiwim V`homiwimilgu ilgu 69 Jrhldn iol Xis Xis`hr `hrg g Jrh Jrhld ldnn ho Eipi Ei pio, o, Og Ogrt rt` ` Ir Irb b Qi Qiof ofgu guvn vnr  r  94 Jrhldn ho Fioil Fioili, i, Bgg Bggkf`io kf`iol l 6: Jrhldn ho Ln Lnk` k`h, h, Ho Holh lhi, i,   Ahd. :.99), gr fg fgbj bjho honl nl `h `hd` d`wi wiyyrihhkw ri kwiy iy Nxtr triilgsn snl l Jrhhldns Jr :9 (Qhlho-Fikiait Jrhldn, jntwnno Zgbiohi Zgbio hi iol Jukd Jukdirhi) irhi).. Vhbh Vhbhkir  kir  tg rgil jrhldns, t`n rhsm ga trihos, ho t`hs fisn, `htthod t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns ho fisn ga lnrihkbnot bust  jn fgosh fgoshlnrn lnrnl5 l5 fgo fgofrntn frntn jirrh jirrhnrs nrs gr st stnn nnkk ri rihk hkss fi fio o jn usn snl l tg pr prgt gtnf nft  t  t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns. Ahdurn :.85 \sumu`iri Jrhldn:8

 

91

:.:

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

Lnfm

:.:.9 :.:. 9 Lnfm Bitnr Bitnrhik hik Bgst Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns `ivn i  fgofrntn lnfm. @gwnvnr, ht fio jn biln ga stnnk, gr fgbpgshtn stnnk‖ fgofrnt fgo frntnn (Zh (Zhdi di Vgu Vgut`n t`nro ro Jrh Jrhldn ldn 66 ho Kitvhi, @hbh Jrhldn ho Eipio wht` wh t` fg fgrr rrud udit itnl nl st stnn nnkk wn wnjs js), ), gr  nvno `yjrhl, wht` i fgofrntn pirt  iol i stnnk snfthgo pkifnl kgodhtulhoikk lho ikky y (Ei (Eipio pio-Si -Sikiu kiu Arh Arhnol nols`h s`hp p Jrhldn6< ho Sikiu,   Ahd.   :.9:   iol Hjhdiwi iol Mhsgdiwi Jrhldns:0 ho Eipi Ei pio, o,   Ahd .  ldns, :.96 Iskgo wdnr  ht` fijknfij kn-sti stiynl ynl jrhld jrh ns,).t`n kgodnr  Ahdurn :.935 Bhyimglidiwi Jrhldn63 t`n spio, t`n bgrn ilviotidngus ht hs tg rnlufn t`n snka-wnhd`t ga  t`n lnfm jy ushod stnnk hostnil ga  fgofrn fgo frntn. tn. \`n \`nrna rnagrn grn,, fgo fgofrn frntn tn hs dnonrikky usnl up tg 903 b spio. Agrr sp Ag spio ioss kg kgod odnr nr t`i `io o :33 b, fgbpgshtn gr stnnk biy jn usnl, sgbnthbns wht` stnnk goky agr t`n fnotrik pgrthgo ga t`n spio.

:.:.: :.:. : Lnfm Frgss Frgss Vnfthg Vnfthgo o \wg aibhkhns ga lnfm frgss snf-

thgos fio jn usnl5 Ahdurn :.995 Bggkf`iol Jrhldn6:

•

  Ln Lnfm fmss wh wht` t` ki kitnr tnrik ik jn jnib ibss gr  skij lnfms (goky ha t`nrn irn kitnrik nxtrilgsnl fijkns, ho grlnr tg prgvhln sua 󿬉fhnot tgrshgoik sthaaonss).

•

  Jgx-dhrlnrs (wht` kitnrik gr gr fnotrik nxtrilgsnl fijkns).

\yphfik fgovnothgoik snfthgos irn lnsfrhjnl ho F`iptnr < (snn iksg Ahd. 33

:33

0>3

91: 433 (SF dhrlnr)

9>3 Jijnkligj

   3    3    3    4    9

1.333%

I9

S9

Ahdurn :.9:5 Eipio-Sikiu Arhnols`hp Jrhldn6<

Ahdurn :.965 Hjhdiwi Jrhldn6>

1.333%

S:

I:

Ahdurn :.9> ho t`n biho pirt ga t` pirt t`nn sp spio io,, io iol l 9/ 9/63 63 tg 9/6> it t`n biho phnr kgfithgo, ha  t`n lnfm `is i virhijkn lnpt`. \`nrn hs i onfnssiry rnkithgos`hp jntwnno t`n lnfm jnolhod sthaaonss on ss io iol l t` t`nn st sthhaa aaon onss ss ga t` t`nn supp su ppgr grth thod od fij fijkn kn sy syst stnb. nb. \` \`nn sbikknr t`n lnfm ‘s jnolhod sthaaonss on ss,, t` t`nn dr drni nitn tnrr bu bust st jn t` t`nn stha st haao aons nsss ga t` t`nn fi fijk jknn sy syst stnb nb,, :9 fgoshsthod ga pykgos iol Ahdurn :.9>5 Qhlho-Fikiait Jrhldn nxtrilgsnl fijkns. \`n sthaaonss ga t`hs systnb fio jn no`iofnl jy hofrnishod t`n `nhd`t ga t`n pykgos iol t`n shzn ga t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns. Vgbn prgenfts prgenfts hofkuln hofkuln twg kgodhtulhoik kgodhtulhoikky ky hofkh hofkhonl onl struts struts suppgrthod suppgrthod t`n lnfm argb jnkgw, jnkgw, it sgbn :9 lhstiofn argb t`n phnrs (Qhlho-Fikiait Jrhldn jntwnno Jukdirhi iol Zgbiohi,   Ahd.  :.9>   iol Jrhl Jr hldn dn gv gvnr nr t` t`nn Du Duil ilik ikqu quhv hvhr hr rh rhvn vnrr ho Fg Fgrl rlgj gji, i, Vp Vpih iho) o).. \` \`hs hs ik ikkg kgws ws t` t`nn sp spio io tg jn ho hofr frnis nisnl nl,, wh wht` t`-gut hofrnishod hofrnishod t`n lnfm lnpt` lnpt`.. Agr rihkwiy jrhldns, ln󿬊nfthgo frhtnrhi uolnr khvn kgils irn dnonrikky strhft, sg t`n lnfm sthaaonss typhfi typ hfikky kky onnls onnls tg jn buf` buf` `hd`n `hd`nrr t`io agr `hd `hd`wi `wiy y jrhldn jrhldns. s. \`n \`n lyo lyoibhf ibhf jn`iv jn`ivhgu hgurr bus bustt iksg iksg jn f`nfmnl tg fgo󿬉rb trifm sianty iol pissnodnr fgbagrt. Fijkn aithdun whkk jn ga bgrn fgofnro go io Nxtrilgsnl Zihk Jrhldn t`io io Nxtrilgsnl Zgil Jrhldn. Bgrn dnonrikky, ha t`n lnfm snka  wnhd`t iol t`n supnrhbpgsnl lnil kgils irn kgw, iol ha t`n khvn kgil irn fgbpirithvnky `hd`, fijkn aithdun fio dgvnro t`n lnshdo. Vhbhkir tg fijkn-stiynl jrhldns, w`no lnshdohod t`n lnfm, ittnothgo bust jn pihl tg iffnss, agr  tnoshgohod iol rnpkifhod nxtrilgsnl fijkns5 iffnss agr eifms, iol tg onw fijkns it t`n iof`gridn pghots.

:.:.6 :.:. 6 Fgoon Fgoonfthgo fthgo Jntwnno Jntwnno Sykgo, Sykgo, Lnfm iol Shnr \`nrn irn bioy pgsshjhkhthns5 pykgo bgogkht`hf wht` phnr jut lnfm go jnirhods, i bgogkht`hf pykgo-lnfm go jnirhods it t`n phnr, iol pykgo-lnfm-phnr bgogkht`hf. Nxibpkns agr t`n kittnr irn Gliwiri 96 iol \sumu`iri :8 Jrhldns ho Eipio iol Vuoohjnrd Jrhldn4 ho Vwhtznrkiol. \`n biho piribntnrs tg lnfhln go jnirhods gr ogt irn t`n sibn is agr fkisshf fgofrntn jrhldns juhkt jy jikiofnl fiothknvnr. \`n ivghliofn ga jnirhods hs ga fgursn ho khon wht` t`n fgofnpt ga lurijhkhty, shofn ht rnlufns bihotnoiofn, iol og jnirhod rnpkifnbnot whkk jn onfnssiry gvnr t`n khan ga t`n strufturn. Ho t`n fisn ga io Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn wht` i shodkn pykgo kgfitnl kgodhtulhoikky go gon phnr, ht hs prnanrijkn tg bimn t`n lnfm dhrlnr, t`n pykgo iol t`n phnr hotndrik, bimhod t`hs kgfithgo

 

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

pghot ot ga kgo kgodht dhtulh ulhoik oik   󿬉xhty t`n pgh agr t`n jrhldn. Ho t`n fisn w`nrn jnirho jni rhods ds irn prg prgvhl vhlnl nl jnt jntwnn wnno o t`n lnfm dhrlnr iol t`n phnr, ht hs pgsshjkn tg usn twg rgws ga jnirhods ho grlnr tg triosanr kgodhtulhoi lh oikk jn jnol olho hod d bg bgbn bnot ot tg t` t`nn phnr (Sgvizsmi Jystrhfi  64 Jrhldn, Vkgvimhi,   Ahd.   :.91 ) iol it t`n sibn thbn ikkgw ikkgw kgodhkgodhtulhoik lhspkifnbnot ga t`n lnfm  wht` kgodhtulhoikky skhlhod jnirhods ho ds.. \` \`hs hs ir irri riod odnbn nbnot ot fio jn usnl us nl tg bh bhoh ohbh bhzn zn gr nk nkhb hbho hoit itnn hotnroik hotnr oik agrfns jntwnno bukth bukthpkn pkn phnrs w`hf` rnsukt argb tnbpnriturn tu rn io iol l th thbnbn-ln lnpn pnol olno nott ln lnfm  fm  naanfts.

98

>.33

:.:3%

8.41

99 x 6.10

:. iol 9/0, jut hs bgst typhfikky jntwnno 9/9: iol 9/93. Agr rihkwiy jrhldns, lun tg strhodnot ln󿬊nfthgo frhtnrhi, ht hs onfnssiry tg `ivn bgrn vnrthfik sthaaonss, sg ht hs rnfgbbnolnl tg f`ggsn i rithg jntwnno 9/93

iol 9/0. Agr Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns wht` pykgos kgfitnl go twg phnrs (fkisshfik fisn), jgt` pykgos irn dnonrikky ga t`n sibn `nhd`t. @gwnvnr, ht hs pgsshjkn tg `ivn twg pykgos ga lhaanrhod `nhd`ts ho grlnr tg 60

gpthbhzn t`n strufturn agr spnfhik tgpgdrip`hf fgostrihots (Zivhon lns \rghs Jisshos Jrhldn, Ariofn,  Ahd .  :.90 ). Vgbn spnfhik pykgo kiyguts `ivn jnno usnl, suf` is twg vnrthfik gr kgodhtulhoikky hofkhonl knds pkifnl ho i kgodhtulhoik pkion, wht` i wikk gr sgbn struts jntwnno t`nb, hofkulhod t`n nxtrilgsnl

 

:3

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

fij fijkn kn sil sillkn lknss (TL (TL:: :: Jrh Jrhldn ldn68 on onir ir Ud Udgr grzn znkn knff ho Sg Sgki kiol ol,, t` t`nn Vn Vnff:< gol Iditsubidiwi Jrhldn ho Eipio,   Ahd.  :.98  iol Lgus`io Jrhldn ho \içwio).

94.:>

        9   .         0

        9   .         0

        3         0   .         <         9

:.6.: :.6. : Sykgo Bitnr Bitnrhik hik Bgst py Bgst pykg kgos os ag agrr Nx Nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl Jr Jrhl hldn dnss ir irnn ho fg fgof ofrn rntn tn.. Is t` t`nn pykgos irn bihoky ho fgbprnsshgo, ht fio jn hotnrnsthod tg bimn t`nb ho `hd` strnodt` fgofrntn, ho grlnr tg lnfrnisn t`nhr frgsssnfthgoik lhbnoshgos. \`nrn irn sgbn stnnk pykgos (Kyoi rhvnr  Jrhldn68 ho Gk Gksz szty tyo o io iol l TL TL:: :: Jr Jrhl hldn dn68 on onir ir Ud Udgr grzn znkn knff ho   .         9         :

        3         3   .         6

        3         3   .         1         9

\`n frgss snfthgo ga t`n pykgo fio jn ho ioy s`ipn. Dnonrikky, hts kgodhtulhoik lhbnoshgo (t`n lhbnoshgo bnisurnl ho t`n lhrnfthgo ga t`n jrhldn ixhs) lnfrnisns upwirls, agkkgwhod t`n lnfrnisn ga  9.9 t`n kgodhtulhoik jnolhod bgbnot lun tg t`n lhaanrnothik tnoshgos Ahdurn :.945 Vuoohjnrd ga nxtrilgsnl nxtrilgsnl fijkns ho t`n biho iol shln spios uolnr khvn kgils.  Jrhldn frgss snfthgo4  Sykgo kgodhtulhoik lhbnoshgos tnol tg jn dgvnronl jy t`n sillkn gr lgu lgujkn jkn iof iof`gr `gr lhbno lhbnoshg shgos. os. Ha nxtril nxtrilgsn gsnl l fijkns fijkns irn lnv lnvhit hitnl nl ho t`n pykgos jy sillkns, iol ha t`n kgodnst fijkns `ivn i kirdnr frgss snfthgo, t`ny sgbnthbns onnl i  kirdnr furviturn rilhus. Ho t`hs fisn, lun tg t`n bhohbub sillkn rilhus rnquhrnbnot, ht fio jn onfnssiry tg hofrnisn t`n kgodhtulhoik lhbnoshgo ga t`n tgp pirt ga t`n pykgo, w`nrn t`n sillkns irn kgfitnl, ho grlnr agr t`n sillkns tg   󿬉t hotg t`n pykgo snfthgo.

Ahdurn :.905 Zivhon lns \rghs Jisshos Jrhldn60

 

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO  tg V`hjumiwi b

:9

999.> b

  b    1  .    0    6

I: I9

S9

S6 S:

Ahdurn :.985 Iditsubidiwi Jrhldn:<

Ahdurn :.:35 TL:: Jrhldn onir Udgrznknf 68

Ho t`n triosvnrsn lhrnfthgo (pnrpnolhfukir tg t`n jrhldn ixhs), t`n pykgo lhbnoshgo hs dnonrikky fgos fg osti tiot ot.. @g @gwn wnvn vnr, r, ht sgb sgbnt nthb hbns ns ik iksg sg ln lnfrn frnis isns ns up upwir wirls ls,, ag agkk kkgw gwho hod d t` t`nn ln lnfr frnis nisnn ga t` t`nn tr trio iosv svnr nrsn sn jnolhod bgbnot uolnr whol kgils. \`n bhohbub whlt` hs ijgut 9.: b, ho grlnr tg ikkgw nogud` fgofrntn go jgt` shlns ga t`n sillkn phpns. Ho t`hs fisn t`n frgss-snfthgoik irni ga t`n pykgo it t`n ‖

sillkn fio jn frhthfik agr t`n lnshdo. Vtnnk fgofrntn fgbpgshtn snfthgos fio iksg jn usnl. Ha t`n lnfm `is i pkio furvn, t`n pykgos whkk jn sujenftnl tg triosvnrsn agrfns fgbhod argb t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns. Ht hs t`no onfnssiry tg f`nfm t`n triosvnrsn jn`ivhgur ga t`n pykgos (jnolhod,

  b   b    0    1  .    9    9    <  .    9    G    \

6.1 b ‖ bb LHI S\ \NOLGO, \XS

TNJ SK 96

6: LHI S\ JIZ, \XS

Ahdurn :.:95 Sykgo frgss snfthgo ga Ogrt` Irb Qiofguvnr Jrhldn>8

 

::

 

F@IS\NZ :. FGOFNS\^IK LNVHDO 

s`nir) uolnr t`n lnil kgil iol khvn kgil triosvnrsn agrfns. Ht biy jn onfnssiry tg prgvhln t`n pykgo wht` sgbn vnrthfik prn-strnsshod tnolgos wht` triosvnrsn nffnotrhfhty, tg rnshst t`hs triosvnrsn jnolhod. Agr nx Agr nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl fi fijk jkns ns t` t`it it `i `ivn vn io iof` f`gr grss kg kgfi fitn tnl l it t` t`nn py pykg kgo o (o (og g si sill llkn kns) s),, ht hs on onfn fnss ssir iry y tg pi piy y it ittn tnoothgo th go tg t` t`nn tn tnos oshk hknn ag agrf rfns ns dn dnon onri ritn tnl l ho t` t`nn fr frgs gsss sn snft fthg hgo. o. \` \`nn Og Ogrt rt` ` Ir Irb b Qi Qiof ofgu guvn vnrr Jr Jrhl hldn dn ho Fi Fioi oili  li 94 uthkhz uthk hznl nl i fg fgbp bpgs gsht htnn fr frgs gsss sn snft fthg hgo o ho t` t`nn ir irni ni ga t` t`nn fi fijk jknn io iof` f`gr grid idns ns wh wht` t` st stnn nnkk wn wnjs js tg rn rnsh shst st t` t`nn tn tnooshkn agrfns dnonritnl jy gppgsh gppgshod od fijkns wht` fgofrntn iof`gridns iof`gridns tg rnshst vnrthfik kgils (Ahd. :.:9). Ho t`n fisn w`nrn iof`gridns irn prgvhlnl ho t`n pykgo, ht hs iksg onfnssiry tg prgvhln t`n iffnss onfnssiry agr eifmhod iol rnpkifnbnot ga t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkns ho fisn t`hs s`gukl jn rnquhrnl gvnr t`n khan ga t`n strufturn. \g bhohbhzn t`n iffnss rnquhrnbnots ho t`n frgss snfthgo ht biy jn iksg lnfhlnl tg tnoshgo t`n fijkns it t`n lnfm iol ogt it t`n pykgos.

:.<

Irriod Irr iodnbn nbnot ot ga Nxt Nxtril rilgsn gsnl l Fij Fijkns kns

:.3 333

S9< S9:

S96

Ahdurn 6.3 333

 

69

‖633 333    ) ‖:33 333   b   ‖9>3 333    O    m    ( ‖933 333    t   o ‖>3 333   n   b 3   g   b   d >3 333   o    h    l 933 333   o   n    J 9>3 333

Jnagrn frnnp

14%

‖:>3 333

Iatnr frnnp 46%

I9

:33 333 :>3 333

I: S: S9

Ahdurn 6.>5 Jnolhod bgbnot uolnr lnil kgil (\sumu`iri Jrhldn)

@gwnvnr, t`hs vikun f`iodns tg 13% iatnr frnnp. Iol ho t`n \sumu`iri Jrhldn, t`hs vikun rnlufns argb 46 tg 14%. \`n pnrfnotidn ga stiy fijkn agrfns hs lntnrbhonl jy t`n jikiofn jntwnno pykgo `nhd`t iol dhrlnr  sthaaonss. ^suikky, t`n ibguot ga stiy fijkns iol hotnroik gr nxtnroik tnolgos hs lntnrbhonl jy t`n dhrlnr iol pykgo `nhd`t iol fgostrufthgo prgfnss. Ho t`n arnn fiothknvnrhod bnt`gl, fiothknvnrhod tnolgos irn onnlnl jnagrn stiy fijkn tnoshgohod. Iol t`n ibguot ga t`nsn tnolgos hs jisnl go t`n dhrlnr dhrl nr `n `nhd hd`t `t.. ^s ^suik uikky ky,, t` t`nn lh lhst stio iofn fn ga st stiy iy fi fijk jknn hs rn rnki kitn tnl l tg t` t`nn sn sndb dbno nott kn knod odt` t`,, ag agrr nx nxibp ibpkn kn,, go gonn stiy ho nif` sndbnot gr gon stiy ho nif` twg sndbnots. \`n lhbnoshgo ga stiy fijkn lnpnols go t`n kgodhtulhoik spifhod iol dhrlnr whlt` iol lnpt`. \`nrn hs og typhfik fijkn shzn. Fijkns argb  98 tg 86 striols ga 9> bb lhibntnr `ivn jnno usnl.

6.:.: 6.:. : Snrbi Snrbionot onot Vtitn wht` Fgofgrliot Fgofgrliot Srn-strnss Srn-strnss \`n snf \`n snfgo gol l pg pgssh sshjh jhkh khty ty hs io il ilip ipti tith thgo go ga t` t`nn tr tril ilht hthg hgoi oikk ip ippr prgi gif` f` us usnl nl ho fi fijk jknn-st stiy iynl nl jr jrhl hldn dns. s. Ho t`hs fisn, t`n jnolhod bgbnot ho t`n lnfm agr t`n pnrbionot stidn hs snt tg agkkgw t`n lhstrhjuthgo ga i fgothougusky suppgrtnl jnib (it t`n phnrs iol ho t`n irni w`nrn t`n lnfm hs suppgrtnl jy t`n fijkns). T`no t`hs ipprgif` hs usnl iol t`n fgostrufthgo hs jy fiothknvnrhod, t`n stiys `ivn tg jn rnstrnssnl tg if`hnvn t`n lnshrnl jnolhod bgbnot lhstrhjuthgo ho t`n lnfm. Ho jgt` fisns, ht hs hbpgrtiot tg fgoshlnr t`n naanfts ga prn-strnsshod go t`n lnfm iol t`n thbnlnpnolnot naanfts ga frnnp iol s`rhomidn t`it rnsukt ho i  󿬉 oik fgolhthgo t`it fio jn shdoh󿬉fiotky lhaanrnot argb t`n hohthik fgolhthgo. \`n stiy fijkns agr bglnro fijkn-stiynl jrhldns wht` fkgsnky spifnl stiys irn ogrbikky lnshdonl suf` t`it t`n jrhldn lnfm whkk jn`ivn is i fgothougusky suppgrtnl jnib go rhdhl suppgrts (t`n fijkn iof`gridn kgfithgos). Jnolhod bgbnots ho t`n lnfm lun tg pnrbionot kgils irn `nofn bhohbhznl. Fgosnqunotky, t`n frnnp naanfts lun tg jnolhod ga t`n lnfm nknbnots uolnr lnil kgil irn bhohbik iol fio dnonr dnonrikky ikky jn hdogr hdogrnl. nl. Vtiy fijkn agrfn agrfnss iol jrhldn dngbntry ho i typh typhfik fik fijknstiynl jrhldn whkk dnonrikky viry ho thbn lun bihoky tg thbn-lnpnolnot ixhik agrfns ho t`n

 

6:

 

F@IS\NZ 6. IOIKXVHV 

fgofrntn nknbnots ga t`n lnfm. \`n bnt`gls agr t`n lntnrbhoithgo ga t`n stiy fijkn agrfns uolnr  lnil kgil agr fijkn-stiynl jrhldns irn wnkk uolnrstggl iol lgfubnotnl.

\`n bnt`gls usnl agr fijkn-stiynl jrhldns irn ogt onfnssirhky ippkhfijkn tg Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns= `gwn `g wnvn vnr, r, sg sgbn bn sh shbh bhki kirr ip ippr prgi gif` f`ns ns fi fio o jn ip ippk pkhn hnl. l. Ah Ahrs rst, t, t` t`nn kn knod odt` t` ga t` t`nn sh shln ln sp spio io s` s`gu gukl kl jn f` f`ggsno sg t`it t`n lnfm uolnr pnrbionot kgils whkk ogt rgtitn it t`n phnr suppgrts. \`hs wiy, t`n fijkns fio jn pkifnl sybbntrhfikky irguol t`n pykgos iol strnssnl nquikky. Agr t`n stiolirl spio lhstrhjuthgo ga  Ahd  Ahd .  6.1  t`n   t`n knodt` ga t`n shln spio wgukl jn ipprgxhbitnky 3.19> K. \`n fijkns fio fi o t` t`no no jn st strn rnss ssnl nl sg t` t`it it ag agrr pn pnrb rbio iono nott kg kgil ils, s, t` t`nn fn fnot otrn rn ga ni nif` f` fi fijk jknn dr drgu gup p if ifts ts khmn khmn i su supp ppgr grt, t, 󿬊

t`it hs, og vnrthfik ln nfthgo, iol\`n t`n nothrn lnfm s`gws ibgbnots jnolhod ho bgbnot lhstrhjuthgo tg i snvno-spio fgothougus dhrlnr. rnsukthod jnolhod t`n lnfm bhd`t sthkkshbhkir jn kirdn jut fio jn illrnssnl jy pgst-tnoshgohod ga t`n lnfm. Jy ippkyhod fgofgrliot prn-strnsshod, t`n jnolhod bgbnots fio t`ngrnthfikky jn nkhbhoitnl iktgdnt`nr wht`gut f`iodhod t`n fijkn agrfns. \`hs kiygut ga prn-strnsshod fio jn lhrnftky usnl w`no t`n lnfm hs juhkt jy sfiaagklhod. Ho t`n fisn ga fiothknvnrhod fgostrufthgo, ht hs onfnssiry tg rn-strnss t`n stiys tg if`hnvn t`n jnolhod bgbnot  lhstrhjuthgo lnshrnl. T (snka wnhd`t iol supnrhbpgsnl lnil kgil)

(i)

≀ TK: /6>

Fijkn agrfn 2 Ah

ΰh JBL jnagrn rnstrnsshod t`n fijkns 3.19> K

≀ TK: / K

≀ TK: /93: 3.19> K

T (snka wnhd`t iol supnrhbpgsnl lnil kgil)

(j)

≀ TK: /:38

Fijkn agrfn 2 ALh

JBL iatnr rnstrnsshod t`n fijkns

≀ TK: /913

≀ TK: /9>3

Ahdurn 6.15 Jnolhod bgbnot kgil agr pnrbionot stidn jnagrn iol iatnr t`n rnstrnsshod ga stiys ho Nurgfglns agr nxibpkn), iol t`n agrfns ho t`n stiys aiftgrnl jy 9.33, ho gt`nr wgrls S wht` ζ wht`  ζ p  2 9.33. \`n bnt`gl hs vnry fgosnrvithvn, shofn t`n tnoshgo ho t`n stiys whkk rhsn sgbnw`it w`no t`n ippkhnl nxtnroik kgils hofrnisn.

6.6.: 6.6. : Iktnro Iktnroithvn ithvn Bnt`g Bnt`gl l iol 9.>3), t`n agrfns it t`n stiys whkk rnif` uornikhsthf vikuns `hd`nr t`io t`n fgovnothgoik yhnkl vikun 03% D^\V. \`us, t`n kgil lhstrhjuthgo ga t`n strufturn it ^KV wgukl rnquhrn i ogo-khonir bitnrhik ioikyshs, jut t`it hs ogrbikky uoprifthfik agr lnshdo purpgsns. Is i shbpkh󿬉nl bnt`gl, t`n jnolhod bgbnot, s`nir iol ixhik agrfns ga t`n lnfm ho ^KV f`nfm fgukl jn fikfukitnl issubhod

 

6<

 

F@IS\NZ 6. IOIKXVHV 

t`it it ik ikkk t` t`nn st stiy iyss `i `ivn vn rn rnif if`nl `nl t` t`nn fg fgov ovnot nothg hgoi oikk yh yhnk nklh lhod od pg pgho hott 03 03% % D^\ D^\V V io iol l t` t`nn pn pnrb rbio iono nott kg kgil il t` agr t`n fijkns w`hkn S\ `is i buf` kgwnr aiftgr (9.9).

6.<

Fij ijkn kn Lns nshd hdo o

6.3

Qirhifhöo ln \noshöo no kgs thriotns lnjhlg i firdi vhvi ( ∁

∁φK)

Agr VK Agr VKV V t` t`nn khb hbht ht st sti itn tnl l ho FH FHS SVN\ZI5



A VKV  VKV  ≬ 35

9 6. >

Lyoi Ly oibh bhfs fs ga Fi Fijk jkns ns

6.>.9 6.>. 9 Hotrg Hotrglufthg lufthgo o Vtiys ho Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn s`grtnr iol wgrm it `hd`nr strnssns t`io ho fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. \`nrnagrn, triosvnrsn jnolhod lun tg whol hs knss hbpgrtiot. Iksg, t`nhr pnrhgls ga vhjrithgo irn s`grtnr. Fgosnqunotky t`ny irn typhfikky knss snoshthvn tg t`n lyoibhf vhjrithgos holufnl jy whol t`io t` io fi fijk jkn-s n-sti tiynl ynl jr jrhl hldn dns. s. Ju Jutt gt gt`n `nrr vh vhjr jrit ithg hgos os ho hoht hthi hitn tnl l jy kh khvn vn kg kgil ilss fio `i `ipp ppno no dn dnon onri rith thod od i sh shddoh󿬉fiot strnss riodn wht` aithdun naanfts (n.d. triho kgil). \`n usn ga libpnrs hs t`no rnquhrnl tg bhthditn t`n vhjrithgo ga fijkns.

 

F@IS\NZ 6. IOIKXVHV 

 

68

6.>. 6.>.: : Libpn Libpnrs rs \`nrn irn bioy typns ga libpnrs agr stiy fijkns, agr nxibpkn, vhsfgus libpnrs, arhfthgo libpnrs iol ghk libpnr libpnrss irn ivihkijkn tg bhthd bhthditn itn fijkn vhjr vhjrithgo ithgos. s. Lntihk Lntihknl nl hoagr hoagrbithg bithgo o fio jn aguol ho >‖3. 3.13 13 ga bi biho ho sp spio io kn knod odt` t`.. \` \`nn sh shdo dohh󿬉fio fiofn fn ga  pirthikky pirthi kky prn prn-st -strns rnssnl snl fgo fgofrnt frntnn wis t`i t`itt ht suf suffns fnssau saukky kky fgb fgbjho jhons ns prn prn-st -strns rnssnl snl fgo fgofrnt frntnn iol rnhoagrfnl fgofrntn hotg i shodkn fgofnpt. I shbhkir suffnss `is jnno if`hnvnl wht` t`n lnvnkgpbnot ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn tnf`ogkgdy, w`hf` hs shdoh󿬉fiot jnfiusn ht noijkns nodhonnrs tg fgbjhon lnshdo prhofhpkns ikrnily nstijkhs`nl agr fijkn-stiynl jrhldns iol grlhoiry dhrlnr jrhldns. \`n Nxt Nxtril rilgsn gsnl l Jrh Jrhldn ldn hs i rnv rnvgku gkuthg thgoiry oiry `hd `hd`-p `-pnrag nragrbi rbiofn ofn str struft ufturi urikk sys systnb tnb t`i t`itt drn drnitk itky y hofrnisns t`n lndrnn ga arnnlgb agr t`n lnshdo ga fijkn-stiynl iol fijkn-suppgrtnl strufturns. Juhk Ju hklh lhod od go E. Bi Bit` t`hv hvit  it ‘s hl hlni niss io iol l t` t`nn if` if`hn hnvnb vnbno nott ga t` t`nn Gl Gliwi iwiri ri Jk Jkun unwi wiy y Jr Jrhl hldn, dn, Nx Nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl Jrhldns `ivn wrhttno i biegr onw pidn ho t`n `hstgry ga jrhldn nodhonnrhod.

3). Lun tg t`n f`iriftnrhsthfikky sthaa lnfms iol s`grt fijkns ga  Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, jnolhod naanfts lun tg rnkithvn iodukir rgtithgos ga t`n fijkns iol lnfm irn dnonrikky sbikk w`no fgbpirnl tg t`gsn ga sknolnr fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. Jnolhod naanfts fio iksg jn prglufnl jy hofgrrnft iodukir grhnotithgo ga t`n fijkn iof`gridns ho t`n strufturn. T`no ixhik khvn kgils irn hbpgsnl go i stiy fijkn, illnl jnolhod strnssns irn hbpgsnl go t`n stiy jy hofgrrnft iodukir grhnotithgo. Jnolhod iksg gffurs w`no fijkns irn lnvhitnl vhi sillkns. \`hs hs trnitnl ho Vnfthgo >.1.4. Hotnroithgoik stiolirls agr stiy fijkn lnshdo 0,93,>3 fgotiho rnquhrnbnots agr tnsthod ga pirikknk striol stiy fijkns, iof`gridns, iol sillkns tg lnbgostritn aithdun pnragrbiofn. \`n tnsthod hs dnon dn onrik rikky ky lg lgon on jy hb hbpg pgsh shod od fg fgbj bjho honl nl jn jnol olho hod d io iol l ix ixhi hikk st strn rnss ssns ns it t` t`nn io iof` f`gr grid idns ns io iol/ l/gr gr sil sillk lkn. n. \`nsn pirikknk striol tnst irriod irriodnbnots nbnots irn ogt wnkk suhtnl tg fgovn fgovnothgo othgoik ik nxtnr nxtnroik oik prnstrnsshod prnstrnsshod tnf`ogkgdy, w`nrn t`n striol juolkn hs prgtnftnl jy fnbnot drgut. Vpnfh 󿬉f tnst irriodnbnots

irn rnquh rnquhrnl rnl agr drgut drgutnl nl fijkns ho grlnr tg prgpn prgpnrky rky rnprnsnot t`n gpnrit gpnrithod hod fgolhthgos. fgolhthgos.

>.6.> >.6. > Lyo Lyoibhf ibhfss Is nxtrilgsnl fijkns tnol tg jn s`grt iol wgrm it `hd`nr tnoshgos t`io stiy fijkns, t`ny irn knss prgon tg lyoibhf vhjrithgos. \`nhr pnrhgls ga vhjrithgo irn s`grtnr t`io stiy fijkns. Gatno, t`n

 

>1

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

vhjrithgos naanfts irn ondknftnl. Vthkk, is fijkn vhjrithgos `ivn bioy sgurfns, suf` is whol gr  piribntrhf nxfhtithgo, t`ny fio bimn aithdun ioikyshs onfnssiry. Ho iffgrliofn wht` t`n rnsukts, t`n usn ga libpnrs fgukl jn onfnssiry sg is tg bhthditn t`n vhjrithgo ga t`n fijkn. Bioy typns ga libpnrs agr stiy fijkns irn ivihkijkn ogwiliys, agr nxibpkn, `hd` libphod rujjnr,, vhs jnr vhsfgu fguss lib libpnr pnrs, s, iol arh arhfth fthgo go lib libpnr pnrs. s. Ioi Ioikys kyshs hs tnf` tnf`ohq ohquns uns pnr pnrbht bht fik fikfuk fukithg ithgo o ga t`n rnquhrnl knvnk ga libphod tg supprnss t`n nxpnftnl vhjrithgo bnf`iohsbs. Gofn t`n rnquhrnl knvnk ga libphod hs mogwo, t`n lnshdonr bust wgrm wht` t`n libpnr prgvhlnrs tg lntnrbhon t`n bgst ipprgprhitn ipprgprhitn iol fgstfgst-naanfth naanfthvn vn libph libphod od lnvhs lnvhsns ns tg lnkhvnr t`n rnquh rnquhrnl rnl knvnk ga libphod.

>.6.1 \gknrio \gknriofns fns Fgostrufthgo Fgostrufth go iol aijrhfithgo aijrhfithgo tgknri tgknriofns ofns pkiy io hbpgrtiot rgkn ho t`n aithd aithdun un jn`iv jn`ivhgur hgur ga fijkn stiys. \gknriofns \gknriofns bust jn firnaukky spnfh󿬉nl agr fgostrufthgo iol bust jn fgoshlnrnl is pirt ga  t`n lnshdo ga t`n fijkn stiys. \`n pgshthgohod ga sillkns iol iof`gridns ho t`n pykgo iol lnfm  iof`gridns bust jn fgotrgkknl wht` firn ho fgostrufthgo. Nrrgrs ho fgostrufthgo gr aijrhfithgo, hbprgpnr iof`gridn, gr sillk hbprgpnr sillknn pgsht pgshthgoh hgohod, od, w`hf` rnsuk rnsuktt ho jnolhod ga t`n fijkns fio fgotrhjutn fgotrhjutn tg aithdun lun tg hofrnisnl strnss virhithgo iol arntthod it t`n iof`gridns iof`gridns gr lnvhithgo lnvhithgo pgho pghots. ts.

>.< >. <

Vyst Vy stnb nb Ho Host stik ikki kith thgo go

Nif` fijkn suppkhnr `is typhfikky lnvnkgpnl spnfh󿬉f tnf`ogkgdy iol bnt`gls tg hostikk iol strnss t`n stiy systnbs agr lhaanrnot typns ga jrhldns. \`nsn bnt`gls iol fijkn lnshdo irn lnsfrhjnl ho t`n lgfubnots.0,93,>3 \`n lnshdonr s`gukl rnanr tg t`nsn lgfubnots lgfubnots agr bgrn hoagrbithgo. hoagrbithgo.

>.> >. >

Iof of`g `grrid idns ns

\wg typns ga iof`gridns `ivn jnno usnl ho Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns tg litn. \`n   󿬉rst hs i typhfik iof`gridn usnl wht` fgovnothgoik nxtnroik prnstrnsshod tnf`ogkgdy. Dnonrikky, t`hs typn ga systnb hs knss rgjust agr witnr-thd`tonss, fgrrgshgo prgtnfthgo iol rnpkifnijhkhty. Lun tg arntthod aithdun, aithd un, t`n aithdun strnss riodn agr t`hs typn ga systnb hs khbhtnl tg 03 BSi. \`hs typn ga systnb  hs knss suhtnl tg bimhod fijkn ileustbnots lurhod fgostrufthgo gr ho gpnrithgo. \`n systnb kifms lnshdo aniturns ga typhfik fijkn stiy iof`gridns tg fgotrgk jnolhod strnssns it t`n iof`gridn sg hs susfnpthjkn tg fgostrufthgo tgknriofns it t`n iof`gridns. I `hd` knvnk ga prnfhshgo hs t`nrnagrn onfnssi onf nssiry ry wht wht` ` t`h t`hss prn prnstr strnssh nsshod od tnf tnf`og `ogkgd kgdy y ha snk snknft nftnl nl agr io Nxt Nxtril rilgsn gsnl l Jrh Jrhldn ldn.. \`n snfg snfgol ol typ typnn

ga iof`gridn hs t`n stiy fijkn iof`gridn. iof`gridn. Is lhsfu lhsfussnl ssnl ijgvn t`hs iof`g iof`gridn ridn systnb hs lnshd lnshdonl onl agr witnr thd`tonss, fgrrgshgo prgtnfthgo, rnpkifnijhkhty ga striols, iol fgotrgk ga jnolhod lun tg fgostrufthgo tgknriofns iol kitnrik kgils go t`n arnn knodt`. \`hs typn ga iof`gridn ikkgws ileustbnot ga t`n tnoshgo striol jy striol gr dkgjikky wht` t`n ipprgprhitn bukth-striol eifmhod systnb  iol ikkgws agr rnpkifnijhkhty ga t`n fijkn systnb.

 

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

>.1

>4

Iof`g Io f`grid ridnn Ki Kiygu yguts ts it t` t`nn Sy Sykgo kgo

\wg jishf irriodnbnots nxhst agr t`n trioshthgo t`rgud` t`n pykgo `nil. \`n   󿬉rst irrio irriodnbnot  dnbnot  snns t`n fijkns nht`nr shln ga t`n pykgo iof`grnl snpiritnky it t`n pykgo `nil. \`n fgothouhty ga  t`n stiy fijkn hs hotnrruptnl ho t`hs irriodnbnot. Ho t`hs fisn t`nrn irn 6 iof`gridn typns w`hf` irn ln󿬉onl jnkgw is fisns I, J, iol F. \`n snfgol jishf irriodnbnot bihotihos t`n fgothouhty ga t`n fijkn ushod i sillkn ho t`n pykgo `nil iol rnanrnofnl is fisn L ( \ijkn >.9).

>.1.9 Fkisshf Fkisshfik ik Fijkn Vtiy Iof`gridn Iof`gridnss (\ypn I iol J) Ho Eipio, anw Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns nxpnrhnofn bgrn t`io >3 BSi is strnss riodn uolnr khvn kgil. \`n rnsukts ga t`n rnsnirf` agr arntthod aithdun tnst liti up tg t`n tnolgo systnb ga 64 striols ga  9>.: bb lhibntnr >8 knl tg mnnp i lnshdo wht` iof`gridns ho t`n pykgos. Is rnpgrtnl jy Imhg Misudi ho Zna. ]>>R t`n usn ga i stnnk iof`gridn jgx strufturn it t`n pykgo `nil ikkgws agr nisy bihotnoiofn. Agr fgostrufthgo t`nrn irn i oubjnr ga bnt`gls tg noijkn t`n nrnfthgo ga t`hs iof`gridn systnb. spifn rnquhrnl ho t`n pykgo jy t`hsstihrs, irriodnbnot hofrnisns `nil shzn iol iksg ikk t`n\`n nquhpbnot agr bihotnoiofn5 iffnss, pkitagrbs, iol sg t`n go (pykgo Ahd.  >.9 ).

\XSN frgss snfthgo ga pykgo `nil

J Fgofrntn5

F Kibhoitnl stnnk nknbnots Fijkn nknbnot Iof`gridn

Nknvithgo

Skion vhnw

Vtnnk wnklnl nknbnots

Vtnnk furvn nknbnot fgoonftnl tg fgofrntn

Fgbbnots

Fijkns hoshln pykgo

iof`grnl fgofrntn

Fijkns iof`grnl hoshln fgbpgshtn nknbnot gr ho pykgo `nil stnnk

Fijkn iof`grnl tg i fist-ho stnnk nknbnot

Fgothougus fijkns ruoohod t`rgud` sillkn ho fgofrntn pykgo

pykgo

\ijkn >.9 >.9 \ypn ga iof`gr iof`gridns idns ho pykgo pykgo

 

>0

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

>.1.: Vtnnk \noshgo \noshgo Nknbnot Nknbnotss (\ypn F) \`n iof`gridns ga stiy fijkns it pykgos fio jn lgon ho io nxt nxtnro nroik ik bio bioonr onr ush ushod od kib kibhoi hoitnl tnl stn stnnk nk nkn nkn-bnots hostikknl ho t`n pykgo `nil jnagrn fgofrnthod iol fgbpkntnl jy nxtnroik stnnk ogsn nknbnot go w`hf` w`hf ` t` t`nn fi fijk jknn hs io iof` f`gr grnl nl.. Ho t` t`nn fg fgbp bpkn kntn tnl l iof` io f`gr grid idn, n, t` t`nn tn tnos oshg hgo o ar argb gb st stiy iy fi fijk jkns ns frn frnit itns ns fgbp fg bprn rnss sshg hgo o ho t` t`nn fg fgof ofrnt rntnn ho hotr trgl gluf ufnl nl vh vhii t` t`nn hofkhonl stnnk pkitns ho t`n fgronrs. \`n stnnk nknbnots firry t`n tnoshg tnoshgo o ifrgss t`n pykgo `nil. V`nir  fgoonfthgos lnkhvnr lhaanrnothik fijkn agrfns tg t`n pykgo `nil (Ahd.  >.:).

Ahdurn Ahdu rn >. >.95 95 Fg Fgbp bpgs gsht htnn io iof` f`gr grid idnn it  >> I anw suppkhnrs `ivn lnvnkgpnl prgprhntiry fgb pykgo (V`ho-Bnhsnh Jrhldn) pgshtn systnbs w`nrn t`n nxtrilgsnl fijkn hs ogt  fgothougus iol hs iof`grnl go nif` shln ga t`n pykgo `nil. \`n lntihks pnrbht t`n usn ga stiolirl fijkn iof`gridns it nht`nr shln ga t`n pykgo `nil. Kitnrik gpnohods fio jn prgvhlnl tg ikkgw striol jy striol fijkn rnpkifnbnot gr nvno fgbpkntn fijkn rnbgvik iol rnpkifnbnot ( Ahd.  >.6 ). Agr t`it sgkuthgo, usuikky t`n lnil iof`gr hs pkifnl it t`n pykgo iol t`n strnsshod hs lgon it  t`n lnfm.

\`hs lnshdo `is t`n agkkgwhod ilviotidns5 • 

V`nir stuls it t`n stnnk jnibs hoshln t`n t`n pykgo nishky triosanr lhaanrnothik kgils kgils wht`ho t`n fgofrntn, ikt`gud` i prgpnr f`nfm ga nkgodithgo vnrsus s`nir stul kgilhods onnls tg jn pnragrbnl.

Ahdurn >.:5 Vmntf` ga hotnroik stnnk khom it bist 

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

 

>8

Ahdurn >.65 LXOI® khom furvnl iof`gr jgx wht` twg LXOI Drhp® stiy fijkn iof`gridns • 

\`nrn hs og onnl ga skhlhod, skhlhod, iol jgol strnssns iol bnf`iohfik wnir lun tg striol lnvhithgo irn ivghlnl.

•   Io

uojikiofnl hostikkithgo snqunofn is wnkk is t`n usn ga twg lhaanrnot fijkn shzns it gon iof`gr jgx jnfgbns pgsshjkn   (*).

• 

\`n knat- iol rhd`t-shln fijkns ga gon jgx jgx fio jn lhaanrnotky hofkhonl, iol t`nrn irn og khbhts ho   (*)

• 

t`n rnspnfthvn lnvhithgo rilhh . \`n lnshdo ga t`n iof`gr jgx hs aukky ho iffgrliofn wht` fgovnothgoik fgovnothgoik stnnk fgostrufthgo stiolirls wht` nknbnot ikwiys ho tnoshgo.

• 

Ha ioy hospnfth hospnfthgo go iol bihotnoi bihotnoiofn ofn ga t`n fgrrgshg fgrrgshgo o prg prgtnf tnfthg thgo o ga t`n fij fijkn kn iof iof`gr `gridn idn hs rnquhrnl, ht fio jn pnragrbnl nishky argb gutshln t`n pykgo strufturn.

• 

Sgsshjhkhty tg lnshdo i sknolnr iol nkndiot pykgo.

• 

Og onfnsshty onfnsshty ga io iffnss hoshln t`n pykgo.

•   (*)

ogtn5 t`nsn pgsshjhkhthns `ivn io hbpift go t`n pykgo agrfns t`it t`n lnshdonr bust fgoshlnr  iol ileust t`n sknolnronss ga t`n pykgo.

\`hs fgofnpt wis usnl agr t`n Ogot`ijurh Jrhldn ho \`ihkiol ( Ahd.  >..1.6 Villk Villknn is Iof`gridn Iof`gridn ho Sykgo Sykgo (\ypn (\ypn L) Villkn Vil lknss `iv `ivnn jnn jnno o usn usnl l ho snv snvnrik nrik Nxt Nxtrilg rilgsnl snl Jrh Jrhldn ldnss wgr wgrklw klwhln hln.. \`n sill sillkn kn irr irriod iodnbno nbnot  t  ikkgws fgoth ikkgws fgothouh ouhty ty ga t`n tnos tnoshkn hkn nknbno nknbnots ts wht`gu wht`gutt i jrn jrnim im iol `nkps `nkps tg khb khbht ht t`n shz shzns ns ga t`n pyk pykgos gos.. \`n sillkns rnsgkvn t`n tnoshkn agrfns nht`nr shln ga t`n pykgo w`hkn rnshsthod skhppidn lun tg lha-

anrnothik fijkn agrfns. \`nrn hs i sillkn agr nif` fijkn. \`n ilviotidns prgvhlnl jy sillkns irn5

 

13

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

Ahdurn >..1.6.9 Bgogtujn Villkn \nf`ogkgdy \nf`ogkgdy \`n ji \`n jish shff dg dgik ikss ga t` t`nn si sill llkn kn ir irnn tg ln lnvh vhit itnn t` t`nn fi fijk jkn, n, tg pr prgv gvhl hlnn io iof` f`gr grid idnn ga t` t`nn fi fijk jkn, n, iv ivgh ghl l sk skhp hp rnsu rn sukt ktho hod d ar argb gb lh lhaa aanr nrno noth thik ik kg kgil ilss go nh nht` t`nr nr sh shln ln ga t` t`nn py pykg kgo, o, pr prgt gtnf nftt t` t`nn fi fijk jknn t` t`rg rgud ud` ` t` t`nn ln lnvh vhit ithg hgo o zgon, iol pnrbht t`n rnpkifnbnot ga t`n fijkn ha rnquhrnl. \`n   󿬉rst kiygut wis lnrhvnl argb t`n fgovno fgo vnothg thgoik oik nxt nxtnro nroik ik pgs pgst-t t-tnos noshgo hgohod hod sys systnbs tnbs.. Io gut gutnr nr stn stnnk nk tuj tujnn wis hos hostik tikknl knl ho t`n pyk pykgo go fgo fgo-frntn iol i sbikknr snfgol tujn (ho stnnk gr ho @LSN) hosnrtnl. \`hs snfgol tujn fgotihonl t`n striols t`it wnrn uos`nit`nl tg issurn iof`gridn gofn t`n snfgol tujn wis   󿬉kknl wht` fnbnot  drgut. \`hs sgkuthgo hs rnanrrnl tg is i  ‛ bgogtujn sillkn.‒>1 \`n agkkgwhod lurijhkhty hssuns `ivn jnno lgfubnotnl agr bgogtujn sillkn >15

 

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV  • 

• 

• 

Drgut ho t`n sillkn hofrnisns hofrnisns arntthod aithdun iol libidns t`n whrn fgithod. Drgut frifms frifms lun tg t`n s`rhomidn s`rhomidn gr t` t`nr nrbi bikk na naan anft ftss nx nxpg pgsn sn t`n striols tg fgrrgshgo.

19

Villkn iol iof`gridn  n o t  ff n b      ` `  t  n o d   r n  `  ss t r    d  d   h    ` ` @hd` strnodt`  t  b n o  n  f f   fnbnot drgut  r  y b n  S g k y

Vtnnk phpn @LSN

V`hb

Ht hs hb hbpg pgss sshj hjkn kn tg rn rnpk pkif ifnn t` t`nn fijkn gon striol it i thbn, rit`nr  t`n aukk fijkn bust jn rnpkifnl.

Iof`gridn \`n strnss riodn ho t`n stiy fijkns Vpifnr bust jn khbhtnl. I t`nrbik virhithgo Npgxy fgitnl striol ga 93 F dhvns i striho ga 93√.>5 Gliwiri “ sillkn sillkn iol iof`gridn ga 03 BSi hbpgsn snss i striho ga  <   Ô  93 √.>) ag agkk kkgw gwss t` t`hs hs lnsh ln shdo do wh wht` t` i sb sbik ikkk f` f`io iodn dn it  t`n pykgo. \`n s`hb lntihk it t`n pykgo (Ahd.   >.1 ) aifn hs hostikknl tg jkgfm ioy skhlhod ga t`n stiy fijkn,, w`hf fijkn w`hf` ` rnbih rnbihos os fgot fgothou hougus. gus. Ahdurn >.15 Gliwiri “ s`hbs s`hbs it bist iof`gridn

>.1.6.: Bukthtujn Villkn \nf`ogkgdy Bgrn rnfnot lnvnkgpbnots ho sillkns `ivn knl tg systnbs w`nrn t`n prgtnfthgo ga t`n striols hs bihotihonl wht` bukthpkn onstnl jirrhnrs shbhkir tg bglnro stiy fijkn systnbs. \`hs sillkn systnbs pnrbht t`n rnpkifnbnot ga nif` striol wht`gut f`iodhod t`n fijkn iol `is knss aithdun hssuns is fgbpirnl tg bgogtujn systnbs. Fijkn suppkhnrs prgvhln virhgus prgprhntiry bukth-tujn sillkn wht` lhaanrnot s`ipns iol f`iriftnrhsthfs. \`n bukthtujn sillkn systnb s`gwo ho  Ahds.  >.4, >.0, iol >.8  pnrbht nif` striol tg jn t`rnilnl holhvhluikky wht` t`n agkkgwhod prgpnrthns5 • 

\`hs sillkn systnb hs i stnnk jgx wht` snvnrik stnnk tnir-s`ipnl tujns hostikknl t`rgud` t`rgud` snvnrik

fgbjs ho i `hd` rnshstiofn fgofrntn surrguol. jntwnno t`n striol striol sknnvns hs   󿬉kknl wht` drgut (Ahd.  >.0 ). •   \`n spifn jntwnno

 

1:

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

Ahdurn >.45 @gkn snfthgo (fgpyrhd`ts5 QVK) Ahdurn Ahdu rn >. >.05 05 Fr Frgs gsss sn snft fthg hgo o ga t` t`nn sillkn (fgpyrhd`ts5 QVK)

Ahdurn >.85 FIL vhnw (fgpyrhd`ts5 QVK) •   \`n

iof`gridn ga t`n striols t`it irn kgfikky uos`nit`nl nosurns t`n arhfthgo ga t`n striols ho nif` drggvn ( Ahd. >.8).

• 

I  󿬉 oik hoenfthgo wht` i rnshpgky   󿬉kknr (i bglh󿬉nl urnt`ion npgxy skurry) hs onnlnl wht`ho nif` tujn tg nosurn t`n fgrrgshgo prgtnfthgo ga t`n striols.

Iogt`nr bukthtujn sillkn s`gwo ho Ahds. >.93 iol >.99 jnkgw uthkhzns i spnfh󿬉f tnf`ogkgdy ga s`nit`nl striol ivghlhod t`n skhl sk hlho hod d ga t` t`nn wh whrn rnss ho t` t`nn @L @LSN SN s` s`ni nit` t`,, w` w`hf hf` ` mn mnnp npss ht htss ho hotn tnddrhty rh ty wh wht` t`gu gutt ho hotn tnrr rrup upth thgo go.. \` \`nn si sill llkn kn hs fi fist st ho hotg tg t` t`nn py pykg kgo o fg fgoofrntn. \`n sillkn wht` rnfnssns ikkgws t`n striols tg piss t`rgud t`r gud` ` iol hs   󿬉kknl wht` ^@SA fgofrntn. Nif` striol hs rnpkifnijkn.

 

Ahdurn >.935 Qhnw ga bukthtujn sillkns (fgpyrhd`ts5 Arnysshont)

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

 

16

>.1.< Io Iktnroitn Iktnroitn Kiygut Kiygut Jntwnno Jntwnno F iol L

Ahdurn Ahdu rn >. >.99 9955 Fr Frgs gsss sn snft fthg hgo o ga t` t`nn si sill llkn kn (fgpyrhd`ts5 Arnysshont)

\`hs ik \`hs iktn tnro roitn itn fg fgof ofnp nptt ut uthk hkhz hzns ns st stiy iy fij fijkn knss w`hf` irn ogt fgothougus t`rgud` t`n pykgo jutt fg ju fgoo oonf nftn tnl l wh wht` t` i s` s`gr grtt fij fijkn kn io iof` f`gr grnl nl go nif` shln ga t`n bist. \`hs bukth-tujn sillkn systnb hs s`gwo (Ahd.   >.9:) jnkgw. \`n systnb sys tnb hs jur jurhnl hnl wht wht`ho `ho t`n pyk pykgo go fgo fgofrnt frntn. n. Ht fgbjhons pgst tnoshgohod systnb wht` t`n stiy st iy fi fijk jknn sy syst stnb nb.. Vg sk skhl hlho hod d hs iv ivgh ghln lnl. l. \`nn sy \` syst stnb nb ga gaan anrs rs i fg fgot otho houh uhty ty ga t` t`nn fg fgbbprns pr nssh shgo go ag agrf rfnn ip ippk pkhn hnl l tg t` t`nn py pykg kgo. o. Ni Nif` f` stri st riol ol hs rn rnpk pkif ifni nijk jkn. n. I sp spnf nfhh󿬉f fg fgup upkh khod od lntihk hs hostikknl tg nosurn t`n fgothouhty ga 

Ahdurn >.9:5 Villkn systnb wht` fgupkhod lntihks-JJZ ®

t`n tnoshkn nknbnot.

>.1.> >.1. > F`g F`ghfn hfn ga i Vill Villkn kn \`n F iol L typn pykgo iof`gridns `ivn spnfh 󿬉f f`iriftnrhsthfs t`it fio jn fgoshlnrnl ho f`ggshod t`n typn ga sillkn. \`nsn f`iriftnrhsthfs irn is agkkgws5

 

• 

Nif` systnb `is io hbpift go t`n ippniriofn ga t`n jrhldn. \`hs s`gukl jn stulhnl ikgod wht` t`n gwonr tg issnss t`n vhsuik quikhty ga t`n sgkuthgo.

• 

Vtiy fijkn issnbjky rnquhrns shbuktiongus wgrm fyfkns it jgt` jgt` shlns ga t`n pykgo lurhod lurhod fgostrufthgo ga t`n lnfm dhrlnr. \`hs `is hbpifts go t`n fyfkn thbns agr fiothknvnr fgostrufthgo iol t`n gvnrikk fgostrufthgo sf`nlukn.

• 

Ho sgb sgbnn sys systnb tnbss wht wht` ` dik dikvio viohzn hznl, l, wixn wixnl l iol SNSN-fgi fgitnl tnl 4-w 4-whrn hrn str striol iols, s, t`n SN s`n s`nit` it`hod hod ga t`n stri st riol ol on onnl nlss tg jn rn rnbg bgvn vnl l it t` t`nn sil sillk lknn tg tr trio iosa sanr nr lh lhaa aanr nrno noth thik ik ag agrfn rfnss ho hotg tg t` t`nn py pykg kgo o jy ar arhf hfth thgo go.. Is i fgosnqunofn, t`n bihotnoiofn arnn iol aiftgry-biln fgrrgshgo prgtnfthgo ga t`n striol hs ogt fgo fgotho thougu uguss ioybgrn ioybgrn iol iol onnls onnls tg jn suj sujstht sthtutn utnl l wht` wht` iog iogt`n t`nrr systnb systnb hoshln hoshln t`n sil sillkn lkn irni irni..

1<

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

•   Villkn

lntihks bust uolnrdg thbn-fgosubhod quikh 󿬉fithgo tnsts agr aithdun, skhlhod fgna 󿬉fhnot ntf.

• 

\`n rnpkifnbnot ga holhvhluik striols hs sgbnthbns ogt pgsshjkn gr goky pgsshjkn t`rgud` i aukk fijkn rnpkifnbnot.

• 

Hospnfthgo Hospnft hgo ga t`n sil sillkn lkn hs pgs pgsshj shjkn kn argb argb t`n gut gutshl shlnn ga t`n pyk pykgo go goky goky.. @gwnv @gwnvnr, nr, str striol iol hos hospnf pnf-thgo ho t`n lnvhithgo irni fio goky jn fgoluftnl jy rnpkifnbnots ga holhvhluik striols gr ga t`n fgbpkntn fijkn.

•

  Hosti Hostikkithg kkithgo opgsshjky iol tnosh tnoshgohod gohod ga frifms nif` fijkn t`n F systnb frnitn frnitns s iktnroithvn iktnroithv ho t`n pykgo holufhod iol nothrnky irn bgrnhoiddrnsshvn t`io ho systnbs I grn agrfns J w`nrn t`n pykgo hs knss oirrgw (t`n sibn hs trun agr t`n bnlhio systnb jntwnno F iol L). •   Ho

sgbn systnbs, lhaanrnothik agrfns irn goky triosanrrnl jy arhfthgo. \g ivghl skhppidn t`n lnbiol bust jn f`nfmnl iol fgo 󿬉rbnl jy quikh󿬉fithgo tnsthod suf` is t`gsn lnsfrhjnl ho t`n rnvhshgos ga S\H93 iol t`n rnfnotky pujkhs`nl  󿬉 j jukkntho 08>3 iol auturn vnrshgos tg fgbn. Bioy ga t`nsn systnbs `ivn jnno tnstnl iol suppkhnrs irn ijkn tg prgvhln t`n lnfkirnl vikun ga  t`hs arhfthgo fgna 󿬉fhnot. Ho gt`nr fisns, tnsts whkk jn onfnssiry.

\`n fgbbnots ijgvn onnl tg jn fgoshlnrnl ho fgbpirhod t`n rnkithvn bnrhts ga nif` sgkuthgo.

>.1.1 >.1. 1 Arh Arhfth fthgo go \`n prnvnothgo ga skhppidn hs i auolibnotik lnshdo rnquhrnbnot agr sillkns wht` bgog-tujns gr  bukth-tujns. Ikk kgils gr nvnots bust jn fgoshlnrnl. \`n agkkgwhod lhsfusshgo whkk noijkn t`n lnshdonr tg lhsfuss t`n hssun ga arhfthgo wht` t`n fijkn suppkhnrs. \`n rnkithgos`hp jntwnno strnss riodn iol arhfthgo fgna 󿬉fhnot  a   a  iol  iol t`n lnvhithgo  ι  t`rgud`  t`rgud` i sillkn hs dhvno jy t`n agkkgwhod agrbuki5 φ  2  2 φ 3 n

√ a   Ô ι 

ó9ß

Tht`   a  is   is arhfthgo fgna 󿬉fhnot iol   ι  is lnvhithgo iodkn. \`hs agrbuki hs wht`gutt fgo wht`gu fgoshl shlnri nrithg thgo o ga i sia sianty nty aiftgr. Tht` rnspnft tg arhfthgo fgna󿬉fh fhno not, t, t`n st strn rnss ss ri riod odnn fi fio o jn ioik io ikys ysnl nl ho if iffg fgrl rlio iofn fn wh wht` t` t` t`nn lnvhithgo iodkn agr vikuns jntwnno :> iol 1> (Ahd.  >.96).

Ahdurn >.965 Lnvhithgo iodkn ln 󿬉ohthgo

\g ivghl skhp ga striols, t`n strnss riodn uolnr khvn kgil  Μφ K bust jn knss t`io t`n aiftgrnl vikun agr i dhvno lnvhithgo iodkn iol i dhvno arhfthgo fgna 󿬉fhnot (Ahd.  >.99 t`hs ioikyshs hs khbhtnl tg ^KV jut t`hs fio jn nxtnolnl tg VKV ho illhod spnfh 󿬉f rnquhrnbnots. \`hs stiolirl ilipts agrbuki (9) dhvhod i pirthik aiftgr agr arhfthgo rnshstiofn   ζB,ar  2 9.1> 9.1>,, t`us rnlufhod t`n vikun ga t`n arhfthgo fgna 󿬉fhnot. \`hs stiolirl prgpgsns t`n agkkgwhod fgolhthgo5

 

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

 

1>

  o g

Vtrnss riodn

633

bix 

  A  Nl   Nl 9 A  Nl   Nl :

 λι 

≬n

ζ 

,

 B   ar 

 

ó:ß

:>3 ιι 2 ³

  i ∁    S h, 9 :33    B∁   n h, <   d   o 9>3   i   r ∁h, >   s   s   n   r ∁h, 8    t 933    V

w`nrn   λ   hs t`n arhfthgo fgna 󿬉fhnot,   ι   t`n iod io dkn ho ril ilhi hios os ga t` t`nn fi fij jkn pis issh shod od t`rgud` t`n sillkn,  ζ  B , ar   ar  hs   hs t`n pirthik aiftgrr ag tg agrr ar arhf hfth thgo go (r (rnfg nfgbbn bbnol olnl nl vi viku kunn hs 9.1>),  A  Nl   Nl 9 gr :  t`n lnshdo vikuns ga bixh-

ιι 2 ³ ιι 2 :>³

bub iol bhohbub agrfns, rnspnfthvnky, go ni nif` f` sh shl ln ga si sill llkn kn.. \`n rn rnfn fno otk tky y rnknisnl snvnot` nlhthgo ga S\H illrnssns t`hs.

>3

3 3

3.9

3.:

3.6

3.<

 a h

\`n fij fijkn kn sup suppkh pkhnr nr whk whkkk prg prgvhl vhlnn arh arhfth fthgo go vikuns agr sillkn systnb dhvhod lhaanrnot  lnvhit hithgo hgo iod iodkns kns.. \`n lns lnshdo hdonr nr onn onnls ls tg Ahdurn >.93R). R). Arhfthgo fgnaahfhnot

>.1.4 Villk Villknn Aithdun Iffgrlhod tg   󿬉j jukkntho 08,>3 t`n gjenfthvn ga t`n sillkn aithdun tnst hs tg fgo󿬉rb t`n pnragrbiofn ga t`n sillkn ho tnrbs ga arntthod aithdun it t`n notriofn hotg sillkn. Vtrnss riodn iol bixhbub strnss prgpgsnl jy t`n onw   󿬉j lgfubnot irn 903 O/bbº iol 3.>> D^\V (t`n prnvhgus vnrshgo lhl ogt hofkuln spnfh󿬉f rnfgbbnolithgos agr Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, goky fijkn-stiynl vikuns wnrn dhvno). Is bnothgonl ho t`n irthfkn   ‛Vhbpkn Bglnk agr Fgotift strnss ga Vtriols Jnot gvnr Fhrfukir  Villkns‒  ho t`n prgfnnlhods ga Vtgfm`gkb HIJVN sybpgshub :391, 13 io gvnr tnoshgo ippnirs it t`n pgshthgo w`nrn t`n fijkn `is hts   󿬉rst fgotift wht` t`n sillkn. I agrbuki hs dhvno iol tnstnl ho t`n ijgvn-bnothgonl irthfkn. \`hs fio holufn aithdun naanft lun tg strnss riodn iol arntthod aithdun. \nst ga i >> striols sillkn systnb wis rnkitnl ho Zna. ]19R. Ht wis fgbpkntnl kitnr jy i piribntrhf ioikyshs wht` tnst rnkyhod go t`n arntthod bip ho Zna. ]1:R. \`n fgofkushgo wis t`it t`n furrnot rnfgbbnolithgos ga t`n   󿬉j jukkntho 63 agr sillkn aithdun tnsts lg ogt  duiriotnn t`n tnsthod ga t`n frhthfik kgilhod sfnoirhg agr issnsshod t`n lurijhkhty ga t`n striols. Ilipthgos tg t`n fgolhthgo lurhod t`n lnshdo khvn ga t`n fijkn iol agr tnsthod w`nrn biln agr  jukkntho 08.>3

 

11

 

>.1.0 Furrno Furrnott Lnvnkgpbno Lnvnkgpbnots ts

F@IS\NZ >. \NF@OGKGDX GA NP\ZILGVNL FIJKNV 

Vgbn furrnot lnvnkgpbnots hovgkvn t`n usn ga nxtnroik pgst-tnoshgohod tnolgos wht` io nxtnroik iof` io f`gr grid idnn ik ikkg kgwh whod od ag agrr t` t`nn rn rnpk pkif ifnij nijhk hkht hty y ga fi fijk jkn. n.16 \g is issu surn rn t` t`nn rn rnpk pkif ifnb nbno nott ga t` t`nn fi fijk jknn w` w`hf hf` ` hs drgutnl, t`n sillkn hs ogt jurhnl ho t`n fgofrntn jut hosnrtnl wht`ho io gutnr stnnk jgx, w`hf` hs jurhnl ho t`n fgofrntn. Titnr-thd`tonss bust jn issurnl it t`n euofthgos ga t`n arnn knodt` it t`n iof`gridn zgon iol it t`n sillkn. \`n aukk systnb hs drgutnl. Ho t`hs tnf`ogkgdy, t`n strnss riodn lun tg aithdun kgilhod s`gukl jn kgwnr t`io  Μφ 2 03 BSi rnanrrhod tg Zna. ]0R. Vg t`hs sgkuthgo hs ogt air argb t`n tnf`ogkgdy usnl go Gliwiri Jkunwiy Jrhldn is nxpgsnl jy I. Misudi ho Zna. ]>>R.

>.4 >. 4

Fgo gofk fkus ushg hgo o

\`n tnf`ogkgdy agr nxtrilgsnl fijkns `is nvgkvnl ho rnfnot ynirs is t`n Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn agrb  `is jnfgbn bgrn prnviknot. Vhbhkir tg fijkn stiys ht hs nxpnftnl t`it t`n systnbs agr nxtrilgsnl fijkns whkk fgothoun tg lnvnkgp, rnsukthod ho naanfthvn systnbs agr iof`gridns, sillkns iol fijkns t`it prgvhln t`n rnquhrnl pnragrbiofn ga nxtrilgsnl stiys ho t`n jnst pgsshjkn bioonr.

 

14 F`iptnr

1 Fgostrufthgo Hssuns F`ht`ijirib Viomirikhodib, Holhi

1.9 1. 9

Hotr Ho trgl gluf ufth thgo go

\`n Nx \`n Nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl Jr Jrhl hldn dnss us usui uikk kky y `i `ivn vn bih biho o sp spio ioss jn jntw twnno nno 93 933 3 io iol l :> :>3 3 b io iol l sh shln ln sp spio ioss jn jntw twnno nno >3 iol 9>3 b. Agr suf` typn ga jrhldns, t`n prnfist/fist ho pkifn sndbnotik fgostrufthgo bnt`gl hs fgoshlnrnl bgst suhtijkn. Vndbnotik fgostrufthgo agr jgt` shln iol biho spios biy jn fgostruftnl jy t`n jikiofnl fiothknvnr bnt`gl. Iktnroithvnky, t`n shln spio biy jn fgostruftnl jy spio jy spio nrnfthgo bnt`gl, jy ushod tnbpgriry trnstkns ha onfnssiry iol t`n sndbnotik fgostrufthgo struft hgo ga t`n biho spio biy agkkg agkkgw w ushod t`n arnn fioth fiothknvnrh knvnrhod od bnt`gl. \`n bnt`gl ga nrnfthgo hs ho󿬊unofnl jy t`n sthaaonss ga t`n pykgo fijkn iof`gridn systnb, vhijhkhty ga hostikkhod tnbpgriry suppgrts, bixhbub uosuppgrtnl spios pnrbhttnl, nisn ga triospgrthod bitnrhiks, iol sg go. @gwnvnr, shofn stijhkhty ga t`n systnb kirdnky lnpnols upgo triosanrrhod t`n `grh `g rhzg zgot otik ik fg fgbp bpgo gono nott ga t` t`nn ag agrf rfnn ho i fi fijk jknn t` t`rg rgud ud` ` t` t`nn dh dhrl rlnr nr,, ht hs hb hbpn pnri rith thvn vn tg `i `ivn vn dh dhrl rlnr nr fg fgoothouhty jntwnno nif` pihr ga stiys. Vnvnrik Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns `ivn jnno suffnssaukky juhkt ho t`n kist twg lnfilns wht` lhaanrhod spios, pykgo `nhd`ts iol stiy fijkn irriodnbnots. \`n virhgus nrnfthgo tnf`ohquns iol fgostrufthgo bnt`glgkgdhns irn lhsfussnl uolnr t`n agrt`fgbhod `nilhods. \`n typn ga lnfm pkiys i vhtik rgkn ho t`n fgostrufthgo stidn ioikyshs ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns. \`n stiy fijkns ga fgofrntn lnfms irn ogrbikky hostikknl ho suf` i wiy t`it t`n lnfm uolnr lnil kgil whkk ogt ln󿬊nft vnrth vnrthfikky. fikky. Iffgrlhodky, Iffgrlhodky, t`n jnolho jnolhod d bgbnot lhstrhjuthgo lhstrhjuthgo ikgod t`n lnfm knodt` whkk jn shbhkir tg t`n jnolhod bgbnot lhstrhjuthgo ga i fgothougus jnib go rhdhl suppgrts iol, fgos fg osnq nqun unot otky ky t` t`nn na naan anft ft ga fr frnn nnp p hs bh bhoh ohbh bhsn snl l io iol l t` t`nn if` if`hn hnvnl vnl ln lnsh shrnl rnl ik ikhd hdob obno nott lg lgns ns og ogtt f` f`io iodn dn wht` thbn. \`n stiy fijkns biy t`no jn hostik hostikknl knl tg prnln prnlntnrbho tnrbhonl nl uostr uostrnssnl nssnl knodt`s tg if`hnvn t`n lnshrnl ikhdobnot iol t`n lnshrnl jnolhod bgbnot lhstrhjuthgo uolnr lnil kgil rndirlknss ga t`n fgostrufthgo bnt`gl/snqunofn. Agr jrhldns wht` fgbpgshtn lnfm frgss snfthgos (fgofrntn/fgofrntn gr stnnk/fgofrntn), t`n hostikkithgo ga t`n fijkns tg prnlntnrbhonl knodt`s, shbhkir tg t`n fisn ga fgovnothgoik jrhldns wht` fgofrntn-gok fgofrnt n-goky y snfthg snfthgos os gr stnnkstnnk-goky goky snfthgos, snfthgos, lgns ogt knil onfnssi onfnssirhky rhky tg t`n lnshrnl agrfns iol

 

10

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

ikhdobnot uolnr lnil kgil. \`n if`hnvnbnot ga t`n lnshrnl rnsukts whkk jn ho 󿬊unofnl jy t`n thbn lnpnoliot agrfns lun tg t`n frnnp iol s`rhomidn naanfts ga t`n fgofrntn. \`n nrnfthgo ga lnfm jy t`n usn ga t`n prnfist sndbnots stirtnl ho t`n 9813s iol t`n   󿬉rst prnstrns tr nssnl snl fg fgof ofrn rntn tn jr jrhl hldn dn fg fgos oshs hsth thod od ga pr prnfi nfist st sn sndb dbno nots ts wh wht` t` bi bitf tf` ` fi fist st np npgx gxy y eg egho hots ts wi wiss

F`ghsy-Kn-Zgh jrhldn gvnr Vnhon Zhvnr/Ariofn.

1.:

Sykgo

1.:.9 1.:. 9 Hotrg Hotrglufthg lufthgo o Sykgo fgostrufthgo hs ogt vnry lhaanrnot argb phnr fgostrufthgo. @gwnvnr, t`n iffuritn kgfithgo ga  ikkk fg ik fgbp bpgo gono nots ts hs t` t`nn mn mny. y. \` \`nn py pykg kgo o ga io Nx Nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl Jr Jrhl hldn dn fi fio o jn ju juhk hktt nh nht` t`nr nr ho st stnn nnkk gr ho fg fgoofrntn. Agr fgofrntn pykgos skhp agrb gr fkhbjhod agrbwgrm bnt`gls irn usnl. Ho t`n fisn ga stnnk pykgos, pykg os, t`n sndbnots irn usuikky usuikky aijrhfitnl aijrhfitnl ho t`n s`gp iol triospgrtnl triospgrtnl tg t`n prgen prgenft ft shtn agr nrnfthgo iol hostikkithgo. \`nsn irn ogrbikky fgoonftnl jy `hd`-strnodt` jgkts iol/gr wnklhod iol biy jn nrnftn nrnftnl l jy 󿬊git githod hod gr fkhbjh fkhbjhod od gr tgw tgwnr nr fri frions ons.. T`no ush ushod od hof hofkho khonl nl tgw tgwnrs nrs,, t`nsn t`nsn pykgos pykgos fio jn hostikknl nht`nr `grhzgotikky  󿬉 rst iol t`no rgtitnl vnrthfikky gr vnrthfikky hostikknl iol t`no rgtitnl `grhzgotikky.

1.:.: 1.:. : Fgofr Fgofrntn ntn Sykgo 1.:.:.9 1.:.: .9 Kgwnr Sykgo Sykgo Fgostrufthgo Fgostrufthgo

\`n fgostrufthgo ga kgwnr pykgos fgbbnofns iatnr fgostrufthgo ga t`n phkn fip. Sgur `nhd`t, t`n oubjnr ga pgurs, iol snqunofn ga pgurhod irn wgrmnl gut ho lntihk lnpnolhod go t`n lnshdo. Fkhbjhod-agrb htsnka prgvhlns wgrmspifn agr rnjir wgrm. Vpnfhikky lnshdonl agrbs prnvnot kirdn lnagrbithgo ga agrbwgrm lurhod fgofrnthod t`nrnjy noijkhod ilviofnl prnfhshgo bioidnbnot  (Ahd.  1.9 ).

Ahdurn 1.95 Sykgo iol phnr-tijkn fisthod

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

 

18

Ahdurn 1.:5 \gwnr frion agr pykgo fgostrufthgo

\gwnr frions ga suhtijkn fipifhty iol gpnrithod rilhus irn lnpkgynl agr pykgo fgostrufthgo, lnfm  ifthvhthns, fijkn hostikkithgo iol fkillhod wgrms (Ahd.  1.: ).

1.:.:.: 1.:.: .: Fistho Fisthod d ga Shnr \ijkn \ijkn

\yphfik snqunofn ga fgostrufthgo hs5 •

  Nrnft jrifmnt jrifmnt suppgrt go tgp ga kgwnr pykgo tg phnr tijkn lurhod fgofrnthod. fgofrnthod.

•

  Nrnft pirthik prnfist prnfist phnr tijkn gvnr suppgrthod suppgrthod jrifmnt jrifmnt ushod frion jirdn jirdn..

•

  Issnbjkn s`uttnrhod, thn rnhoagrfnbnot iol fgbpkntn fgofrnthod ga phnr tijkn.

1.:.:.6 1.:.: .6 ^ppnr Sykgo Sykgo Fgostrufthgo Fgostrufthgo

^ppnr pykgo hs usuikky fgostruftnl jy ushod fkhbjhod agrb ga khats wht` snpiritn agrbs agr nif` whod.   Ahd.   1.6  s`gws t`n fgostrufthgo stidns ga pykgo irbs. Fkhbjhod agrbwgrm jrifmnts irn 󿬉xnl gotg t`n fgbpkntnl pgrthgo ga t`n pykgo ushod `hd` tnoshgo jirs. Srnfhsn snknfthgo ga agrbwgrm wgr m bitnrhik bitnrhik iol lns lnshdo hdo ga agr agrbwgr bwgrm m nos nosurn urn t`it t`it t`n str strhpp hppnl nl agr agrb b suraifn suraifn if`hnv if`hnvns ns t`n rnq rnquhr uhrnl nl lndrnn ga quikhty   󿬉ohs`. Fkhbjhod jrifmnts irn lnshdonl agr `grhzgotik kgils tg wht`stiol wnt  fgofrntn prnssurn iol agr pirt snka-wnhd`t ga knds lun tg hofkhoithgo. Sykgo fgostrufthgo rnquhrns vnrthfik (hotnroik iol nxtnroik) iffnss iol wgrmhod pkitagrbs it nvnry knvnk t`it bnnt ikk sianty rnquhrnbnots.

Ahdurn 1.65 ^ppnr pykgo fgostrufthgo

 

43

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

1.:. 1.:.6 6 Vtnnk Sykg Sykgo o 1.:.6.9 1.:.6 .9 Nrnfthg Nrnfthgo o

\`n nrnfthgo ga pykgo hs nxtrnbnky frhthfik is uoiothfhpitnl kgfmnl-ho strnssns lun tg aiukty nrnfthgo prgfnss biy knil tg pirthik gr aukk fgkkipsn. \`hs wgukl iksg knil tg kitn fgbpknthgo ga t`n jrhldn. jrhld n. @gwnv @gwnvnr, nr, ht fio jn prnvno prnvnotnl tnl jy `ivho `ivhod d i lntihkn lntihknl l nrnfthgo sf`nbn.

1.:.6.: 1.:.6 .: Sykgo Nrnfth Nrnfthgo go

Ikt`gud` Ikt`gu d` grl grlhoi hoiry ry pyk pykgos gos fio jn nrn nrnftn ftnl l wht wht`gu `gutt buf` lha 󿬉fuk fukty, ty, t`h t`ho, o, fur furvnl vnl,, gr hof hofkho khonl nl pyk pykgos gos gr t`gsn tnbpgrirhky suppgrthod gr rnshsthod nrnfthgo agrfns gr kgils rnquhrn lntihknl nrnfthgo sf`nbns. \`n jnst pnrsgo tg lnshdo io nrnfthgo sf`nbn hs t`n jrhldn lnshdonr, is `n/s`n mogws t`n strufturn hothbitnky, `is lgon t`n lnshdo, iol lnvnkgps i jrhldn bglnk t`it fio iksg jn usnl tg lnvnkgp ikk nrnfthgo stidns agr t`n strufturn. Gofn t`hs hs lgon, t`n spnfh󿬉fithgos ikkgw t`n fgotriftgr t`n arnnlgb tg bglhay t`it sf`nbn gr lnvnkgp i snpiritn nrnfthgo sf`nbn. Ha t`n spnfh 󿬉fithgos rnquhrn t`n fgotriftgr tg lnvnkgp t`n nrnfthgo sf`nbn, t`n jrhldn lnshdonr s`gukl hlnikky f`nfm iol ipprgvn t`n sf`nbn jnagrn nrnfthgo fgbbnofns. Lurhod t`n fgofnpt-lnshdo p`isn, bioy lhaanrnot pykgo agrbs iol fijkn irriodnbnots biy jn fgoshlnrnl iol nif` ga t`nb nvikuitnl agr inst`nthfs, fgostruftijhkhty, iol fgst. Nvnry iktnroithvn fgoshlnrnl s`gukl `ivn it knist  gon nrnfthgo bnt`gl lnvnkgpnl lurhod t`n fgofnpt-lnshdo p`isn tg nosurn t`it ht hs fgostrufthjkn. \`n fgsts ga nrnfthod uousuik pykgo lnshdos suf` is hofkhonl pykgos, gr furvnl nknbnots, irn lha󿬉fukt tg nsthbitn iol biy ill shdoh󿬉fiotky tg prgenft fgsts. \`n pykgos iol lnfm dhrlnr s`gukl jn fgostruftnl iffgrlhod tg io nrnfthgo pkio. Sykgos fgostruftnl ga strufturik stnnk irn usuikky aijrhfitnl ho i s`gp jy wnklhod tgdnt`nr stnnk pkitns iol rgkknl s`ipns tg agrb fnkks. Fnkks bust jn kirdn nogud` tg ikkgw wnklnrs iol wnklhod nquhpbnot, iol ha t`n stnnk hs tg jn pihotnl, pihotnrs, fkniohod iol pihothod nquhpbnot s`gukl jn iffgbbglitnl hoshln nif` fnkk. \`n stnnk pykgo fgbpgonots irn triospgrtnl tg t`n jrhldn shtn, nrnftnl jy frions iol nht`nr wnklnl gr jgktn jgktnl l tgdnt tgdnt`nr `nr wht` `hd` `hd`-strno -strnodt` dt` jgkts. Agr jgkth jgkthod, od, t`n fgotr fgotriftgr  iftgr  s`gukl usn i bnt`gl ga tnoshgohod t`n `hd` strnodt` jgkts agr fgoshstnot rnsukts tg if`hnvn t`n rnquhrnl tnoshgo. \`n lha 󿬉fukty ho  󿬉 nkl wnklhod khns ho `gklhod t`n fgbpgonot rhdhlky ho pgshthgo w`hkn t`n wnkl hs fgbpkntnl. Fgotrgkkhod   󿬉nkl wnklhod ho whol wholy y fgolh fgolhthgos thgos fio jn trhfmy. Ahnkl wnklhod s`gukl jn fgoluftnl uolnr i prgtnfthvn fgvnrhod tg mnnp gut witnr iol whol. Aukkpnontrithgo wnkls rnquhrn jifmhod strhps t`it bust jn rnbgvnl firnaukky ha t`n wnkl hs sujenft tg aithdun kgilhod. Sykgos fgostruftnl ga rnhoagrfnl fgofrntn irn usuikky fist ho agrbs t`it fio jn rnbgvnl iol rnusnl, gr   ‛ eubpnl,‒  tg t`n onxt knvnk. Skifhod `nhd`t agr fgofrntn hs tg khbht prnssurn argb t`n arns`ky pkifnl fgofrntn. Znhoagrfhod jir fidns irn usuikky prnissnbjknl go t`n drguol, gr go i wgrm jirdn, iol khatnl hotg pgshthgo jy frions. \`hs rnquhrns t`n rnhoagrfhod jirs tg jn spkhfnl wht` nif` khat. Kippnl spkhfns irn t`n nishnst tg bimn, jut t`nsn irn ogt pnrbhttnl ho snhsbhf irnis.

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

 

49

Agrr s` s`gr grtn tnrr py pykg kgos os,, pr prnf nfist ist fg fgof ofrn rntn tn sn sndb dbnot notss fi fio o jn st stifm ifmnl nl tg tgdn dnt` t`nr nr io iol l st stnnk nnk tn tnol olgo goss tn tnos oshg hgon onl l Ag tg agrb t`n pykgos. Sykgo lnshdonrs s`gukl fgoshlnr t`n bnt`gl ga nrnfthgo t`it fgotriftgrs biy usn ho fgostrufthod t`n pykgos. Gatno t`n lnshdo fio rnlufn fgostrufthgo fgsts jy hofgrpgrithod bgrn nishky aijrhfitnl iol issnbjknl stnnk fgbpgonots gr nishky issnbjknl rnhoagrfhod jir fidns iol pykgo s`ipns t`it fio jn nishky agrbnl. Ga fgursn, t`n pykgo lnshdo fioogt jn fgbprgbhsnl  eust tg kgwnr nrnfthgo fgst. Vgbn nodhonnrs iol snvnrik irf`htnfts lnshdo pykgos t`it irn iodknl kgodhtulhoikky tgwirl gr  iwiy argb t`n biho spio gr t`gsn t`it irn furvnl gr mhomnl. \`nsn irn pgsshjkn ha suf` i lnshdo fio jn eusth󿬉nl strufturikky iol inst`nthfikky, iol t`n nxtri fgst fio jn fgvnrnl wht`ho t`n prgenft 

juldnt. \`nsn typns ga pykgos rnquhrn spnfhik nrnfthgo bnt`gls t`gud` irn ogt is lha 󿬉fukt tg fgostruft stru ft is t` t`nn kg kgod odht htul ulho hoik ikky ky ho hofk fkho honl nl go gons ns.. \` \`nn sk skgp gpho hod d fg fgof ofrnt rntnn ag agrb rbss fi fio o jn su supp ppgr grtn tnl l jy vn vnrt rthf hfik ik tnbpgriry suppgrts iol frgss struts t`it thn t`n fgofrntn agrbs ga nif` knd tgdnt`nr. \`hs irriodnbnot jrifns t`n pirtky fist fgofrntn pykgo knds idihost nif` gt`nr agr suppgrt. Is t`n t`n skg skgpnl pnl knd kndss irn nrnf nrnftnl, tnl, t`n hof hofkho khoith ithgo go biy biy hol holufn ufn jno jnolho lhod d bgbno bgbnots ts iol iol kitn kitnrik rik ln󿬊nfthgo ho t`n pkion ga t`n skgpn ga t`n knds. Jgt` snfgoliry naanfts bust jn ileustnl jy eifmhod t`n knds ipirt jy i fikfukitnl ibguot ga agrfn gr lhspkifnbnot tg rnknisn t`n kgfmnl-ho jnolhod strnssns. Ha  t`n ibguot ga snfgoliry strnss hs sbikk, t`n sgkuthgo fgukl jn ho fibjnrhod t`n knd tg fgbpnositn agr t`n ln󿬊nfthgo iol illhod bitnrhik tg kgwnr t`n holufnl strnss. Ondknfthod t`hs hbpgrtiot fgostrufthgo lntihk fio   ‛kgfm-ho‒  strnssns iol ln 󿬊nfthgos fio kgwnr t`n aiftgr ga sianty ga t`n pykgo iol, ho nxtrnbn fisns, fiusn aihkurns.

1.6 Lnf Lnfm m Dhr Dhrlnr lnr \`n virhgus bnt`gls ga lnfm dhrlnr fgostrufthgo fgostrufthgo irn5 •

  Nrnft go tnbpgriry tnbpgriry prgps.

•

  Arnn fiothknvnr wht` prgdrnsshvn pkifhod.

•

  Jikiofnl fiothknvnr.

•

  Sus`-gut 

1.6.9 1.6. 9 Lnfm Dhrlnr Dhrlnr Nrnfthg Nrnfthgo o \`n virhgus tnf`ohquns ilgptnl agr nrnfthgo irn hkkustritnl jnkgw5 1.6.9.9 1.6.9 .9 Nrnft go \nbpgriry \nbpgriry Srgps Srgps Srnaijrhfitnl lnfm 

\`hs bn \`hs bnt` t`gl gl hs ip ippr prgp gprh rhit itnn w` w`no no t` t`nn py pykg kgo o hs og ogtt ln lnsh shdo donl nl wh wht` t` au aukk kk no nol l 󿬉xh xhty ty tg t` t`nn ph phnr nr gr fi fioo oogt  gt  jn tnbpg tnbpgrirhky rirhky   󿬉xnl, t`it hs, t`n pykgo hs ogt stijkn uoknss t`n iof`gr fijkn hs `nkl ho pgshthgo. \nbpgriry phnrs irn   󿬉rst hostikknl iol t`n lnfm uohts irn prgdrnsshvnky pkifnl gon-jy-gon (iol

 

4:

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

t`no wnklnl tgdnt`nr ho fisn ga  stnnk snfthgos it fnotrn ga biho spio) tg agrb s`grt arnn fiothknvnrs (Ahds.  1.< iol 1.>). I lnrrhfm-typn frion bguotnl go i rihk trifm hs fgbbgoky usnl agr  khathod iol t`us t`n wnhd`t ga t`n uoht whkk `ivn tg jn shdoh 󿬉fiotky knss t`io t`n lnrrhfm fipifhty. Ht  biy sg sgbnt bnthbn hbnss nvn nvno o jn onf onfnsns- Ah Ahd dur urnn

1.< 1. 5 Nrnfthgo ga prnfist sndbnots go sfiaagklhod= ikk prnfist sndbnots irn khatnl it gon kgfithgo jy i khathod aribn iol skhl go tgp ga t`n sfiaagklhod kgodhtulhoikky

gut ho snfthgos. Srnaijrhfithgo ogrbikky timns pkifn gaa shtn, iol uohts irn nrnftnl ho knodt`s ga  >‖9> b. \`n knodt` ga arnn fiothknvnr pgsshjkn lurhod t`n fgostrufthgo p`isn lnpnols go t`n lnfm  f`iriftnrhsthfs iol bust jn firnaukky lntnrbhonl agr t`n tnbpgriry fgolhthgos t`gud` uo-prgppnl snfthgoss ga gvnr >3 b `ivn jnno suffnssauk snfthgo suffnssaukky ky if`hnvnl if`hnvnl.. I shbhkir prgfnl prgfnlurn urn ushod ushod prnfist prnfist fgofrntn fio jn us usnl nl ju jutt jn jnfiu fiusn sn ga t` t`nn bu buf` f` `n `niv ivhnr hnr wnh wnhd` d`ts ts ho hovg vgkv kvnl nl,, nht nht`n `nrr s` s`gr grtnr tnr snf snfth thgo goss gr sp spnfh nfhikh ikhznl znl khathod firrhidns whkk jn onfnssiry uothk t`n stiys irn ho pgshthgo. Go fgbpknthgo ga t`n lnfm, ikk t`n stiys irn fgoonft fgoonftnl, nl, tnoshgonl iol t`n tnbpgriry phnrs irn t`no lhsbiotknl. lhsbiotknl. @gwnvnr, sgbn nxtnoshgo ga t`n fijkn hs uoivghlijkn is t`n snka-wnhd`t ga t`n lnfm `is tg jn timno up. \`n tnbpgriry prgpphod s`gukl t`nrnagrn jn nrnftnl it i `nhd`t fikfukitnl tg ikkgw agr t`hs bgvnbnot. Vuppgrthod t`n lnfm go tnbpgriry prgpphod hs i vnry nfgogbhfik sgkuthgo agr kgw `nhd`ts iol s`ikkgw rhvnrs wht` ilnquitn sghk fgolhthgos iol rnquhrhod og oivhdithgo. \`hs bnt`gl hs iksg ipprgprhitn w`no t`n pykgo hs ogt lnshdonl wht` aukk   󿬉xhty tg t`n phnr gr fioogt jn tnbpgrirhky 󿬉xnl, t`it hs, t`n pykgo hs ogt stijkn uoknss t`n iof`gr fijkn hs `nkl ho pgshthgo. Fist-ho-shtu lnfm 

Agrbwgrm agr fist-ho-shtu lnfms fio jn suppgrtnl jy prgpphod. Lurhod t`n prn-strnsshod ga t`n stiys, t`n lnfm fio jn suppgrtnl jy fgothougus gr lhsfrntn prgpphod ( Ahd.   1.1 ). ). \`n kittnr,

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

 

46

`gwnv wnvnr nr,, hs `h `hd` d`ky ky rn rnfg fgbbn bbnol olnl nl ag agrr t` t`nn si simn mn ga fg fgos ostr truf ufth thgo go fg fgot otrg rgk. k. Ho Holn lnnl nl,, ag agrr io if iffu furi ritn tn fg fgoo`g trgk ga t`n stiy prn-strnsshod, i rnik thbn fgotrgk ga t`n sthaaonss ga t`n suppgrthod systnb hs rnquhrnl iol t`n fgothougus prgpphod rnolnrs ht vnry lha 󿬉fukt tg hlnothay t`n pirt ga t`n strufturn strufturn 1< t`it hs suppgrtnl iol t`n pirt t`it `is ikrnily jnno khatnl.

Ahdurn 1.15 Fgofrntn lnfm suppgrtnl go tnbpgriry fgothougus gr lhsfrntn prgpphod 1.6.9.: 1.6.9 .: Arnn Fiothknvnr Fiothknvnr wht` Srgdrnsshvn Srgdrnsshvn Skifhod

Ho bioy shtuithgos, w`nrn t`n hostikkithgo ga tnbpgriry suppgrts hs lha 󿬉fukt iol nxpnoshvn, fiothknvnr fgostrufthgo fio jn fgoshlnrnl is io iktnroithvn. \`n shln spios irn fgostruftnl go tnbpgriry prgpphod agkkgwnl jy t`n pykgo. \`hsknvnk. pirt ga t`nfnotrn jrhldnspio hs gatno shtuitnl nrnftnl go t`n nbjiombnot  w`nrn frions fio jn nbpkgynl it drguol \`n hs t`nrniatnr uoht-jy-uoht  wgrmhod gut is i arnn fiothknvnr argb t`n pykgo. Khmn ho t`n prnvhgus bnt`gl, s`grt fgofrntn jgx snfthgos gr stnnk jgx snfthgos ga up tg :3 b knodt` irn fgbbgoky khatnl nht`nr jy lnrrhfm gr jy bgjhkn khathod jnibs iol wnklnl hotg pkifn. \`no, t`n pnrbionot stiys irn   󿬉xnl go tg nif` shln ga t` t`nn py pykg kgo. o. \` \`nn pr prgv gvhs hshg hgo o ga tn tnbp bpgr griry iry st stiy iyss hs pi pirt rthfu hfuki kirk rky y hb hbpg pgrt rtio iott wh wht` t` pr prnf nfist ist fg fgof ofrnt rntnn sn snddbnots w`nrn uohts wnhd`hod up tg 633 tgos irn gffishgoikky nrnftnl. \`n ogrbik prgfnlurn hs tg bitf` fist ileifn ileifnot ot sndbnot sndbnotss iol sujsnq sujsnqunotky unotky dkun t`n eghot eghotss wht` wht` npgxy npgxy rnsho iol jrhod t`n twg nknbnotss tgdnt nknbnot tgdnt`nr `nr jy tnbpgriry pgst-tnoshgohod pgst-tnoshgohod.. \`n pnrbionot fijkn hs tnosh tnoshgonl gonl shbuktiongusky is t`n tnbpgriry stiy hs rnknisnl. \`n stiy fijkn tnf`ohqun ushod tnbpgriry stiys goky `is prgvnl suffnssauk agr bukth s`grt spio jrhldns ga t`n prnfist typn. \`hs prgdrnsshvn nrnfthgo bnt`gl ikkgws uohts tg jn triospgrtnl ikgod t`n prnvhgusky fgostruftnl lnfm, w`hf` irn t`no rgtitnl iol ittif`nl tg t`n khathod nquhpbnot suf` is swhvnk irb. Vtiys irn usuikky tnoshgonl wht` juhkt-ho `ylriukhf eifms, iol t`n w`gkn lnvhfn bgvnl agrwirl argb phnr tg phnr is nif` spio hs nrnftnl iol pgst-tnoshgonl.

1.6.9.6 1.6.9 .6 Jikio Jikiofnl fnl Fiothknvnr Fiothknvnr

\`n onnl tg `ivn fknir uohotnrruptnl spifn jnkgw t`n jrhldn `is agrfnl lnshdonrs iol fgotriftgrs tg lnvnkgp t`n jikiofnl fiothknvnrhod tnf`ohqun, w`nrn vnry anw prgps irn rnquhrnl, is s`gwo ho Ahd.  1.4  jnkgw.   jnkgw.

 

4<

 

Ahdurn 1.45 Jikiofn fiothknvnr tnf`ohqun

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

Nrnfthgo prgfnnls shbuktiongusky go nif` shln ga t`n pykgo, wht` t`n   󿬉rst anw snfthgos gvnr t`n phnrs tnbpgrirhky suppgrtnl go aiksn wgrm uothk t`n pykgo `is jnno nrnftnl iol t`n fijkns ittif`nl. Khmn t`n gt`nr bnt`gls, i lndrnn ga fiothknvnrhod jnygol t`n kist ittif`nl fijkn biy jn pgsshjkn lnpnolhod upgo t`n fipijhkhty ga t`n snfthgo tg rnshst jnolhod bgbnots, t`n pgtnothik agr t`hs pgsshjhkhty jnhod buf` jnttnr agr stnnk sndbnots t`io `nivy prnfist fgofrntn sndbnots. T`no agrb trivnkknrs irn usnl, hotnranrnofn wht` t`n s`ikkgw fijkns fio jnfgbn io hssun. Io hbpgrtiot aniturn ga t`hs tnf`ohqun hs t`n onnl tg `ivn i sthaa pykgo iol   󿬉xhty jntwnno t`n lnfm, pykgo, iol hts aguolithgos, aguolithgos, jnfiusn ga hbjiki hbjikiofns ofns fiusnl jy fgostrufthgo fgostrufthgo pkiot, virhit virhithgo hgo ho sndbnot lnil wnhd`t, iol tnoshgo ho t`n fijkns. T`nrnvnr pgsshjkn, t`n pykgo s`gukl jn lnshdo lns hdonl nl tg iffg iffgbbg bbglitn litn t`h t`hss rnq rnquhr uhrnbno nbnot, t, gt` gt`nrw nrwhsn hsn suj sujsti stioth othik ik nxt nxtri ri sti stiyho yhod, d, tnb tnbpgr pgriry iry iof`gr fijkns gr i `nivy lnfm pykgo   󿬉xhod fkibp `is tg jn prgvhlnl. Fiothknvnr spios ga gvnr  9>3 b go nht`nr shln ga t`n pykgo irn fgbbgoky nrnftnl, jut w`nrnvnr pgsshjkn, sgbn prgpphod hs lnshrijkn tg ihl stijhkhty. Vupnrstrufturn (lnfm dhrlnr) fgostrufthgo

\`n stidns ga fgost fgostrufth rufthgo go irn usuik usuikky ky is agkkg agkkgws5 ws5 i.

j.

Vtidn 9 Nrnfthgo go aribn hs nrnftnl go tgp ga phnr tijkn ushod frion frion jirdn. •   Nrnfth •

  Vndbno Vndbnots ts irn khatnl iol nrnftnl ho pgsht pgshthgo hgo ushod nrnfthgo nrnfthgo aribn.

•

  SgstSgst-tnosh tnoshgohod gohod tnolgos tnolgos iol stiy fijkns irn hostikknl iatnr nrnfthod nrnfthod nif` pihr ga sndbnots (Ahds.  1.0 ‖ 1.9< 1.9

Vtriol eifm  Sus`-pukk  eifm-9

Sus`-pukk  eifm-9 Frgss truss arion

Vtggk irriodnbnot agr suppgrthod

Vtrnsshod suppgrt Vtggk irriodnbnot agr suppgrthod

Shnr tijkn

Ahdurn 1.05 Jrhldn Juhklnr aribn hs nrnftnl go phnr tijkn

Vtriol eifm 

Vtriol eifm  Sus`-pukk  eifm-9

Sus`-pukk  eifm-9 Frgss truss arion

@iodhod

Vtrnsshod

pkitagrb

suppgrt

@iodhod pkitagrb

Shnr tijkn Vndbnot-:

Vndbnot-9

Ahdurn 1.85 Vndbnot 9 iol : hs khatnl iatnr rnir bifikkgy jir hs prnstrnssnl  Vtriol eifm  Sus`-pukk eifm-9 Fguotnr wnhd`t

\nbpgriry suppgrthod aribn-9    P    G    J HVBF :>3 JGP    3    >    :    F    B    V    H

@iodhod Skitagrb

Vndbnot-9

Shnr tijkn

@iodhod Skitagrb

Vndbnot-:

Ahdurn 1.935 Znir pgrthgo ga Jrhldn Juhklnr aribn hs nrnftnl 

 

41

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

Vtriol eifm 

Vtriol eifm 

Sus`-pukk eifm-9

Sus`-pukk eifm-9 Fguotnr wnhd`t

@iodhod pkitagrb

Vndbnot-9

Shnr tijkn

Vndbnot-:

@iodhod pkitagrb

Ahdurn 1.995 Khat iol \hkt jnib irriodnbnot hs bguotnl go Jrhldn Juhklnr 

Vtriol eifm 

Vtriol eifm  Sus`-pukk eifm-9

Sus`-pukk eifm-9

Fguotnr wnhd`t

Fguotnr wnhd`t

Vpkhfn fgoonfthgo

@iodhod pkitagrb

@iodhod pkitagrb Vndbnot-6

Vndbnot-9

Shnr tijkn

Vndbnot-:

Vndbnot-<

Ahdurn 1.9:5 Jrhldn Juhklnr aribns irn s`hatnl agrwirl iol thnl lgwo wht` sndbnot 9 iol  : rnspnfthvnky

Vtriol eifm 

Vtriol eifm  Sus`-pukk eifm-9

Sus`-pukk eifm-9

Fguotnr wnhd`t

Fguotnr wnhd`t

@iodhod pkitagrb

Vndbnot->

Vndbnot-6

Vndbnot-9

Shnr tijkn

Vndbnot-:

Vndbnot-<

@iodhod pkitagrb

Vndbnot-1

Ahdurn 1.965 Zihk jnib iol Jrhldn Juhklnr aribns

 

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

44

Vtriol eifm 

Vtriol eifm  Sus`-pukk eifm-9

Sus`-pukk eifm-9

Fguotnr wnhd`t

@iodhod pkitagrb

@iodhod pkitagrb

Vndbnot->

Vndbnot-6

Vndbnot-9

Shnr tijkn

Vndbnot-:

Vndbnot-<

Vndbnot-1

Vndbnot-4

Ahdurn 1.9‖1.94 Fgostrufthgo ga i onw kgod Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn gvnr Zhvnr Diodi it Sitoi, Holhi, whkk prgvhln io iktnroitn frgsshod iol jnfgbn i frhthfik khom fgoonfthod Ogrt`nro Jh`ir tg Sitoi iol Vgut`nro Jh`ir. Khathod aifhkhthns go tgp ga t`n tgwnr \`n frion ittif`nl tg t`n wikk Dhrlnr frion

Dhrlnr frion

\`n jiy onxt tg t`n phnr

Ahdurn Ahdu rn 1. 1.9> 9>55 Vt Vtnn nnkk dh dhrl rlnr nr nrn nrnft fthg hgo. o. (A (Arg rgb b U` U`gu gu,, B. J. J.,, Jr Jrhl hldn dn Fg Fgos ostr truf ufth thgo go,, (: (:)5 )5 93% ga kgod-tnrb lhspkifnbnot hs dnonrikky hofkulnl ho t`n illhthgoik fibjnr vikun.

1.6.6.6 1.6.6 .6 Nrrgr Fgrrnfth Fgrrnfthgo go

^onxpnftnl nrrgrs jntwnno fikfukithgos iol   󿬉nkl vikuns fio jn lhstrhjutnl gvnr : gr 6 sndbnot  nrnfthgos tg ileust t`n fibjnr. Fibjnr khons irn bgohtgrnl iol bnisurnbnots fgoluftnl is nirky is pgsshjkn it t`n sibn thbn. Nrrgrs fio jn lhstrhjutnl gvnr snvnrik stidns ga nrnfthgo. Ha t`nrn hs i  f`iodn ga snfthg snfthgoik oik prgpnrthns, prgpnrthns, bnisurn bnisurnbnots bnots `ivn tg jn lgon firnaukky. firnaukky.

 

01

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

1.< Fis Fisnn Vtul Vtulhns hns 1. b it su supp ppgr grts ts.. Io ik ikkg kgwi wijk jknn st stiy iy fi fijk jknn st strn rnss ss ga G. G.1/ 1/pu pu wi wiss il ilgp gptn tnl l ho t`hs jrhldn. Vtiy fijkns irn iof`grnl gutshln t`n sillkn it t`n tgp ga t`n pykgo tg sithsay t`n rnquhrnbnot ga ogt ikkgwhod t`nb tg skhp, w`hf` wgukl frnitn i lhaanrnofn ho fijkn agrfn go nht`nr  shln ga t`n pykgo. Bgrngvnr, `hd` libphod rujjnr libpnrs wnrn hostikknl it t`n jgttgb ga nif` stiy fijkn tg supprnss riho holufnl vhjrithgos. \`n vikhlhty ga strnodt` ga t`n sillkn wis 󿬉rst fgo󿬉rbnl jy tnsthod go i aukk-sfikn bglnk. \`no t`n   󿬊nxurik aithdun tnst ga t`n stiy fijkns iol t`n pnragrbiofn tnst ga t`n libpnrs wnrn firrhnl gut. Fgostrufthgo bnt`gl ilgptnl wis shbhkir tg t`it ga arnn fiothknvnrhod ga fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. Fijkn agrfn ileustbnot lurhod iol iatnr fgostrufthgo wis ogt rnquhrnl, shofn ikk agrfns go stiy fijkns lnfrnisn wht` t`n prgdrnss ga frnnp iol s`rhom-idn, eust is w`no prnstrnsshod stnnk hs pkifnl hoshln fgofrntn dhrlnrs. \`n iof`gridns agrr t` ag t`nn st stiy iy fi fijk jkns ns ir irnn hl hlno noth thfi fikk tg t` t`gs gsnn ag agrr t` t`nn pr prns nstr trns nssh shod od tn tnol olgo goss ho t` t`nn dh dhrl rlnr nrss is og fi fijk jknn ag agrf rfnn ileustbnot wis onnlnl iol t`n strnss f`iodn lun tg t`n khvn kgil hs kgw. \`n `hd`ky libpnl rujjnr libpnrs wnrn usnl tg ijsgrj stiy fijkn vhjrithgos. \`hs libpnr hs hostikknl jntwnno t`n phpn iol t`n stiy fijkns, sg t`it t`n libpnrs fio jn `hllno hoshln t`n fijkn fgvnr. \`hs irriodnbnot  iksg `is ilviotidns argb t`n pghot ga vhnw ga t`n inst`nthfs ga t`n jrhldn (Ahd.  1.69).

1.3 b tg khbht t`n wnhd`t ga t`n sndbnots lurhod `iolkhod.. Vndbnots irn bitf`-fist. Hotndrik `iolkhod Hotndrik fgoonfthgo fgoonfthgo it t`n pykgo kgfithgo kgfithgo ga sujstrufturn sujstrufturn iol t`n t`n supnrstrufturn hs prgvhlnl jy phnr tijkns. Iof`gr sillkn jgxns irn prgvhlnl it uppnr pykgo w`hf` prgvhlns holhvhluik suppgrt agr nif` striol iol ivghls kitnrik prnssurns lun tg drguphod ga striols. Jiki Ji kiof ofnl nl fi fiot othk hknv nvnr nr fg fgos ostr truf ufth thgo go bn bnt` t`gl gl wi wiss us usnl nl tg nr nrnf nftt t` t`nn jg jgx x dh dhrl rlnr nrss wh wht` t` np npgx gxy y eg egho hots ts jn jntw twnn nno o sndbnots. Agr snrvhfn iol ukthbitn kgil fgolhthgo ilnquitn hotnroik pgst-tnoshgohod hs prgvhlnl. Fgostrufthgo ga t`n jrhldn hovgkvns lhaanrnot p`isns s`gwo sf`nbithfikky ho  Ahd .  1.66. \`n prnfist sndbnotik   ‛Jrhldn Juhklnr ‒   (Ahd.  1.6 b iol kgil fipifhthns jntwnno 933 iol 633 tgos. Ht hs nquhppnl wht`

 

00

Fist Fi stho hod d prg rgfn fnsss

 

F@IS\NZ 1. FGOV\Z^F\HGO HVV^NV 

@iolkh @iol khod od & Vhtn irriodnbnots Jrhldn juhklnr Nrnfthgo wgrm triospgrithgo (nrnfthgo \ifmkn) \ifmkn) prgfnss

Dngbnthf fgotrgk

Sgst tnoshgohod wgrm 

Vtiy fijkn hostikkithgo

Ahdurn 1.665 Jrhldn spio fgostrhfthgo p`isns

Ahdurn 1.6.

Ahdurn 1.6>5 Nrnfthgo wgrm  󿬊  gw  󿬊 gw

 

08 F`iptnr

4 Fgst/nfgogbhfs Euio Vgjrhog, Fioili

4.9 4. 9

Hotr Ho trgl gluf ufth thgo go

Vnknfthgo ga t`n bgst ipprgprhitn strufturik typn agr i spnfh󿬉f jrhldn hs vnry buf` lnpnolnot go t`n fgst ga t`n jrhldn, hts f`iriftnr, fgotnxt, novhrgobnotik iol sustihoijhkhty fgoshlnrithgos, shtn fgolhthgos iol fgostrihots, khan-fyfkn fgst, iol fgostrufthgo bnt`gls. Fgostrufthgo fgst ibgod gt`nrs hs gon ga t`n bgst rnknviot fgoshlnrithgos. \`nrnagrn, t`hs f`iptnr prgvhlns sgbn duhliofn go prnkhbhoiry nsthbitn ga t`n fgostrufthgo fgst jisnl go uoht quiothty rithgs iol issnssns t`n fgst-naanfthvnonss fgbpirnl tg gt`nr strufturik typns, suf` is dhrlnrs iol fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, is gt`nr fijkn-suppgrtnl strufturns, irn pnrfnhvnl is io nxpnoshvn strufturik typn agr bnlhub-spio jrhldns, prgjijky jnfiusn t`nsn jrhldns rnquhrn i bgrn sgp`hsthfitnl lnshdo iol fgostrufthgo prgfnss. @gwnvnr, ht `is jnno prgvnl ho Eipio, iol bgrn rnfnotky ho Nurgpn iol Ibnrhfi, t`it Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn fgst-naanfthvn agr spio knodt`s riodhod argb  9>3 tg :>3 b. Agr t`hs spio knodt` riodn, Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns fio jn i fgbpnththvn iktnroithvn fgbpirnl wht` stnnk dhrlnrs, fgofrntn dhrlnrs juhkt ho jikiofnl fiothknvnr, irf`ns, stnnk trussns, iol fijkn-stiynl jrhldns, lnpnolhod go shtn fgolhthgos iol prgenft rnquhrnbnots. Jisnl go t`n stithsthfs iol typhfik prhfn uohts (Akgrhli-jisnl) ht hs pgsshjkn tg bimn fgst fgbpirhsgo jntwnno jgt` iktnroithvns.  Ahdurn 4.9  hkkustritns t`n rnsukts ga i fgst nsthbitn pnr uoht lnfm  suraifn irni vnrsus t`n spio knodt`. \`n fgbpirhsgo s`gukl jn hotnrprntnl ho i quikhtithvn wiy, is uoht fgst lnpnols go shtn fgolhthgos. Iffgrlhod tg t`hs stuly, fgostrufthgo fgst ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldn Jrh ldnss hs shbhk shbhkir ir tg jik jikiof iofnl nl fiothk fiothknvn nvnrr jrh jrhldn ldnss agr spi spio o kno knodt` dt`ss viryho viryhod d jnt jntwnno wnno 993 iol 9>3 b  iol bgrn nfgogbhfik agr kgodnr spio knodt`s.

Znkhijkn fgbpirijkn fgostrufthgo fgst tg i spnfh󿬉f jrhldn irn lha 󿬉fukt tg   󿬉ol iol hotnrprnt  jnfiusn nif` jrhldn prge prgenft nft hs uohq uohqun. un. Fgostrufthgo Fgostrufthgo fgst irn ogt goky rnkitnl tg bitnrh bitnrhik ik quiot quiothhthns, kijgur, iol uoht prhfns, jut tg fgostrufthgo bnt`gls, dngtnf`ohfik, novhrgobnotik, snhsbhf, fgostrufthgo shtn fgostrihos, lnshdo fglns, auturn bihotnoiofn prgvhshgos,   󿬉ohs`ns iol bioy gt`nr aiftgrs tg jn fgoshlnrnl. Agr t`hs rnisgo, t`hs f`iptnr subbirhzns t`n stithsthfs ga quioththns t`it wgukl ikkgw t`n \riospgrtithgo Idnofhns iol jrhldn nodhonnrs tg fgoluft i  󿬉  󿬉 rst rgud` fgostrufthgo fgst nsthbitn lurhod t`n prnkhbhoiry p`isns ga t`n lnshdo iol iktnroithvn jrhldn fgst  fgbpirhsgo fgbp irhsgo.. \`n furvns `ivn jnno prnpi prnpirnl rnl argb liti prgvhlnl prgvhlnl jy lnshdonrs iol fgotr fgotriftgrs iftgrs14

 

83

 

F@IS\NZ 4. FGV\/NFGOGBHFV 

NP\ZILGVNL QV JIKIOFNL FIO\HKNQNZ FGV\ NV\HBI NV\HBI\N \N GA V^SNZV\Z^F\^ZN :.833 :.433

Nxtrilgsnl jrhldn fgst

   R    :    /   b :.>33    $    ] :.633    t   s   g    F :.933

Jikiofnl fiothknv fiothknvnr nr jrhldn fgst

9.833 9.433 9.>33 933

9:3

90 jr jrhl hldns dns.. \` \`nn st stith ithsth sthfs fs go t` t`nn fg fgost ostru rufth fthgo go fgst fg stss s` s`gw gw i sh shdo dohh󿬉fiot lhspnrsh lhspnrshgo. go. \i \ijk jknn 4. 4.9 9 sub subbi birh rhzns zns t` t`nn st stit ithst hsthf hfik ik io ioiky ikysh shss nxp nxprns rnssnl snl ho ^V lg lgkkkirr it ht ki htss pr prns nsno nott vi viku kunn ho :3 :39: 9:.. \` \`nn iu iut` t`gr grss ik iksg sg og ogtn tnl l t` t`it it t` t`nn iv ivnr nrid idnn fg fgos ostr truf ufth thgo go uo uoht ht fg fgst stss ga su supn pnrrstruft str uftur urns ns (l (lnfm nfm iol py pykg kgos os,, ho hofku fkulh lhod od sti stiys ys,, ju jutt wh wht` t`gu gutt ph phnr nrss io iol l ag aguo uoli lith thgo gos) s) irn bu buf` f` `h `hd` d`nr nr t` t`io io t`n fgostrufthgo fgst ga fgofrntn dhrlnr supnrstrufturns juhkt ho jikiofnl fiothknvnr, w`hf` riodns jntwnno ^V$ >33 3 pn pnrr b :. @hstg @hstgrhfik rhfik liti ga kgod kgod-spio -spio jrhld jrhldnn fgostru fgostruffthgo fgst viry whlnky wht` t`n spio, strufturik typn, gr shtn fgolhthgos.  Ahdurn 4.:  lnphfts t`n `hstgrhfik liti ga Eipionsn jrhldn fgostrufthgo fgst ga virhgus strufturik typns nxprnssnl ho tnrbs

Bnio Bix Bho Vtiolirl lnvhithgo Fgna 󿬉fhnot ga  : : : Fguot  (^V$/b  ) (^V$/b  ) (^V$/b  ) (^V$/b :) virhithgo (%)

\gtik fgst \gtik fgst 

>0 0

881< 4684

>0 > 9: 396

9916 963:

9: > 3 b, ju jutt lg lgns ns og ogtt s` s`gw gw t` t`it  it  t`ny t` ny ir irnn bg bgrn rn nf nfgo gogb gbhf hfik ik t` t`io io fgovnothgoik dhrlnr jrhldns.

89

6.>3 6.33 :.>3

  x   n :.33    l   o    h    t   s   g    F 9.>3 9.33

4.:

Nsthb Nsth bitn ga  Yuioththns

Fgovnothgoik Fgovno thgoik dhrlnr jrhldn

3.>3

Nxtrilgsnl jrhldn Fijkn-stiynl jrhldn

3.33

\`hs f`i \`hs f`ipt ptnr nr sub subbir birhzn hznss t`n `hs `hstgr tgrhhfik liti fgkknftnl jy t`n iut`grs go

3

>3

933 9>3 :33 :>3 Bixbub spio knodt` (b)

633

6>3

Ahdurn 4.:5 Fgostrufthgo ^oht Fgst Holnx ga fgofrntn iol  >< gvnr t`n wgrkl. strufturns ho Eipio (Fgurtnsy ga Vubhtgbg Bhtsuh liti li tijrhldns `ivn `i vn ikk jnno jn no prg rgvh vhln lnl l jy \`n t`nn  @yjrhl t` lnshd lns hdonr onrss iol iolnxt nxtril rilgsn gsnl l sti stiys ys‘ sup- Fgostrufthgo). pkhnrs iol hofkuln rgil iol i anw rihkwiy jrhldns. \`n rnsukts ga t`n :.> jrhldns jrhl dns hlno hlnoth th󿬉nl irn sub subbir birhzn hznl l    ) ho t`n agkkgwhod snfthgos. Bgst ga     :   b    / Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn juhkt ho fgo-    6   b :.3    ( frntn, ikt`gud` t`nrn irn i anw juhkt     t   n JGP dhrlnr jrhldn   n   r usho us hod d i fg fgbp bpgs gsht htnn st stnn nnkk io iol l fg fgof ofrn rntn tn   f 9.>   o   g lnfm. \`n ivnridn biho spio knodt`   f    a   g ga t` t`ns nsnn jr jrhl hld dns hs 96 969 9 b wh wht` t` i     `    t 9.3   p fgna 󿬉fh fhno nott ga vir irhhit ithhgo ga 6   v    I

4.:.9. 4.:. 9. Fgofr Fgofrntn ntn

Fijkn-stiynl jrhldn

3

>3

933

9>3

:33

:>3

633

Vpio knodt` (b)

\`n vgkubn ga fgofrntn usnl agr  t`n sup supnrs nrstru truftu fturn rn (ln (lnfm) fm) rio riodns dns 6 jntw jn twnn nno o 3. 3.< < io iol l 9. 9.< < b  ga fgofr fgofrntn ntn : pnr b  ga lnfm suraifn irni, wht` io iv ivnnrid idnn vi vikkun ga 3. 3.8 8 b 6 /b :

Ahdurn Ahdu rn 4. 4.65 65 Vp Vpio io kn knod odt` t` vnr vnrsu suss iv ivnri nridn dn ln lnpt pt` ` ga dh dhrl rlnr nr fg fgoofrnt fr ntnn (F (Fgu gurt rtns nsyy ga Vu Vubh bhtg tgbg bg Bh Bhts tsuh uh Fg Fgos ostr truf ufth thgo go). ). (rnl 2 Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, drnno 2 jgx dhrlnr jrhldns, jkun 2 fijkn- stiynl jrhldns).

iol i fgna 󿬉fhn fhnot ot ga vir virhit hithgo hgo ga  66%. Bgst ga t`n jrhldns irn ho snhsbhf rndhgos. Ht s`gukl iksg jn bnothgonl t`it w`no fgbpirnl tg jgx dhrlnrs Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns bhd`t rnquhrn `hd`nr strnodt` fgofrntn, jnfiusn t`n s`ikkgw fijkns fiusn `hd` lnfm fgbprnsshgo.  Ahdurn 4.6  s`gws i fgbpirhsgo ga fgofrntn fgosubpthgo ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns wht` gt`nr jrhldn typns

 

8:

 

Bitnrhik Znhoagrfhod jirs (md/b 6 ho fgofrntn lnfm) Znhoagrfhod jirs (md/b 6 ho pykgos) Sgst-tnoshgohod stnnk (md/b : ga lnfm irni)

F@IS\NZ 4. FGV\/NFGOGBHFV 

Bnio

Fgna󿬉fhnot   ga virhithgo (%)

910 :83 3

\ijkn 4.: Vtith Vtithsthfs sthfs ga bitnrhik quioththns quioththns ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns Jrhldns fgkknftnl agr t`hs rnpgrt 

4.:. 4.:.:. :. Znhoag Znhoagrfnbno rfnbnott iol Srn-st Srn-strnssh rnsshod od ho Fgofr Fgofrntn ntn Nknbnots \`n stithsthfs ga rithgs ga rnhoagrfhod jirs iol prnstrnsshod stnnk argb t`n Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns fgkknftnl ho t`hs rnpgrt irn subbirhznl ho   \ijkn 4.:. \`n vikuns irn skhd`tky `hd`nr t`io t`gsn rnpg rn pgrt rtnl nl ag agrr fg fgof ofrn rntn tn jr jrhl hldn dnss ju juhk hktt ho ji jiki kiof ofnl nl fio fioth thkn knvn vnr= r= kh khmn mnky ky jn jnfi fiusn usn t` t`nn fg fgkkn kknft ftnl nl li liti ti ag agrr t` t`hs hs f`iptnr f`ipt nr hofku hofkulns lns i shdo shdohh󿬉fiot pirt ga jrhldns kgfitnl ho `hd` snhsbhf rndhgos gr jnfiusn sbikknr  stiy fijkns wnrn usnl. \`n `hstgrhfik fgkknftnl liti irn ho khon wht` t`n rnsukts ga i rnfnot stuly go Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns wht` spios viryhod argb 13 tg 913 b. \`n jrhldns wnrn lnshdonl wht` t`n IIV\@G Fgln iol t`n riodn ga prnstrnsshod stnnk riodns jntwnno :3 iol 63 md pnr b : ga lnfm irni,  Ahd .  4.< .43

4.:.6. 4.:. 6. Nxtri Nxtrilgsnl lgsnl Vtiys Vtiys Yuioththns Yuioththns \`n ibguot ga stnnk ho stiy fijkns hs gon ga t`n bgst shdoh 󿬉fiot aiftgrs t`it iaanft t`n fgst ga i  fijkn suppgrtnl jrhldn. subbirhzns i fgbpirithvn stuly ga t`n tgtik ibguot ga prnstrnsshod tnolgo lg o us usnl nl nh nht` t`nr nr is ho hotn tnro roik ik,, nx nxtn tnro roik ik,, gr st stiy iy fij fijkn kns. s. \` \`nn tg tgti tikk tn tnol olgo go wnh wnhd` d`tt rn rnqu quhr hrnl nl ho Nxtrilgsnl Nxtri lgsnl Jrhld Jrhldns ns hs ho jntwnn jntwnno o t`n typhf typhfik ik rithgs rithgs ga jgx dhrlnr dhrlnrss iol fijkn-s fijkn-stiynl tiynl jrhldn jrhldns. s. @gwnvnr, t`n fgostrufthgo iol bihotnoiofn fgst ga hotnroik pgst-tnoshgohod stnnk hs buf` kgwnr t`io

.3 63.3

   ) :>.3   b    /   d :3.3    m    (    \ 9>.3    S

   :

93.3 >.3 3.3

 y 2 -3.31> x  +  + 66.6:  Z󰀺 2 3.:6>1

13

03

933

9:3 Biho spio knodt` (b)

9< Nx Nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl Jr Jrhl hldn dnss ir irnn pk pkgt gt-tnl ho  Ahdurn 4.1 . \`n bnio rithg ga nx nxtr tril ilgs gsnl nl st stiys iys wnh wnhd` d`tt pn pnrr uo uoht  ht  : jrhl jr hldn dn ln lnfm fm irn irnii hs 91 91.4 .4 md md/b  /b  , wht` i fgna 󿬉fhnot ga virhithgo ga  >>%. \`n ibguot ga stnnk hs kirdnr  ho jrhldns wht` twg pkions ga stiys (ivnri (iv nridn dn wnh wnhd`t d`t rithg rithg ga 98 md/ md/b  b :) fgbpirnl wht` jrhldns wht` gon fnotr fno trik ik pk pkio ionn ga st stiys iys (iv (ivnr nrid idnn rithg ga 96 md/b :).

86

9>3

   )   b    /   d 933    m    (    t    `   d    h   n   w   o   g    l >3   o   n    \

   6

Jgx dhrlnr jrhldn

Fijkn-stiynl jrhldn

3

>3

933

9>3

:33

:>3

633

Vpio knodt` (b)

Ahdurn 4.>5 Vpio knodt` vnrsus tnolgo wnhd`t pnr fgofrntn vgkubn ga dhrlnrs (Fgurtnsy ga Vubhtgbg Bhtsuh Fgostrufthgo). (rnl 2 Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, drnno 2 jgx dhrlnr jrhldns, jkun 2 fijkn-stiynl jrhldns)

\`n `hstgrhfik liti hofkuln ikk typn ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns. Ht hofkulns Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns wht` lhaanrnot kgils, shtn fgolhthgos, is wnkk is lnshdos wht` lhaanrnot jrhldn fglns iol `nofn s`gws

Nxtrilgsnl stiy wnhd`t pnr uoht lnfm irni vnrsus biho spio knodt` >3



 2 3.3108 x  +  + 6.13: X  2  Z: 2 3.:110

Khonir (jrhldns wht` 9 pkion ga  nxtrilgsnl stiys)

:3

9>

Khonir (jrhldns wht` : pkion ga nxtrilgsnl stiys)

93

>

3 3

>3

933

9>3

Vpio knodt` (b)

:33

:>3

633

Ahdurn 4.15 Vpio knodt` vnrsus nxtrilgsnl stiy stnnk wnhd`t pnr lnfm suraifn irni.

 

8<

 

F@IS\NZ 4. FGV\/NFGOGBHFV 

Tnhd`t ga stiys pnr lnfm uoht irni vnrsus biho spio knodt` 9:.3

   ) 93.3   b    /   d 0.3    m    (   s   y   i 1.3    t   s    a   g    t    `

 

•

  Tht` triosvnrsn Srnstrnsshod5 993‖963

  Tht`gut triosvnrsn Srnstrnsshod5 63‖943 •   Kgodhtulhoik Srnstrnsshod5 3 •   \riosvnrsn Srnstrnsshod5 >‖4 •

Sgst-tnoshgohod stnnk (md/b : ga  lnfm suraifn irni)

63‖

 

\ijkn 4.6 \yphf \yphfik ik riodn ga bitnrh bitnrhik ik fgosubpthgo fgosubpthgo agr jikiofnl fiothknvnr fiothknvnr fgofrntn jrhldns jrhldns

Agr jikiofnl fiothknvnr riodn ga bitnrhik fgosubpthgo agr t`n supnrfiothknvnr fgofrntn jrhldns, t`n typhfik riodn strufturn hs subbirhznl ho  \ijkn 4.6.

4.<

Fgo gofk fkus ushg hgos os

\`hs f`iptnr subbirhzns `hstgrhfik liti go bitnrhik rithgs iol fgst ga Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns iol nsthbitn ga quioththns argb lhaanrnot stulhns. \`n stithsthfik ioikyshs ga t`n liti fio jn usnauk

 

81

 

F@IS\NZ 4. FGV\/NFGOGBHFV 

agrr pr prnk nkhb hbho hoiry iry ln lnsh shdo do pu purp rpgs gsns ns ho t` t`nn jr jrhl hldn dn sn snkn knft fthgo hgo pr prgf gfns nss, s, ik ikt` t`gu gud` d` t` t`nn no nodh dhon onnr nr s` s`gu gukl kl fg fgooag shlnr t`n uohqun shtn fgolhthgos iol lnshdo spnfh󿬉fithgo fithgoss agr io iffuri iffuritn tn fgst nsthbitn. nsthbitn. \`n rnsukts s`gw t`it t`n ibguot ga bitnrhiks rnquhrnl jy Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns hs ho jntwnno fgofrnt fr ntnn dh dhrl rlnr nr jr jrhl hldn dnss io iol l fi fijk jknn-st stiyn iynl l jr jrhl hldn dns. s. Ho tn tnrb rbss ga fg fgos ostr truf ufth thgo go fg fgst st,, w` w`hk hknn fg fgof ofrn rntn tn gr st stnnk nnk dhrl dh rlnr nr jr jrhl hldn dnss bi biy y jn ip ippr prgp gprh rhitn itn ag agrr sp spio ioss up tg 9: 9:3 3 b, io iol l fi fijk jknn-st stiyn iynl l jr jrhl hldn dnss ir irnn kh khmn mnky ky bg bgrn rn ipprgprhitn agr spios gvnr :33 b, Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns `ivn jnno prgvnl fgbpnththvn agr spios riodhod jntwnno 9:3 iol 903 b. Ho t`n snknfthgo ga t`n prnanrrnl jrhldn iktnroithvn, t`n nodhonnr  s`ikk fgoshlnr fgostrufthgo iol t`n gvnrikk khanfyfkn fgst, ibgod gt`nr nquikky hbpgrtiot ispnfts, suf` is fgotnxt iwirnonss, inst`nthfs, fgostrufthgo fgostrihots, sustihoijhkhty, iol novhrgobnotik hbpift.

 

84 F`iptnr

0

Jrhldn Liti iol Fisn Vtulhns  Iolrnis Iphtz, Dnrbioy

0.9

Dnonrik

\`hs f`iptnr prgvhlns i dnonrik gvnrvhnw ga t`n Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns (NLJs) juhkt sg air. Tht` t`n `nkp ga t`n bnbjnrs iol dunsts ga t`n HIJVN Tgrmhod Fgbbhsshgo 6 iol jy rnvhnwhod nxhsthod khtnriturn,4,91,:0,8 b (Miff`h Lirdi` Jrhld Jrhldn, n, fgbpknth fgbpknthgo go nxpnftnl nxpnftnl :3:: :3::,, snn fisn

stulhns). @hd`nst st pykgo ijgvn jrhldn jrhldn lnfm knvnk knvnk55 >4 b (Onw Xiodd Xioddiod iod Jrhldn). Jrhldn). •   @hd`n •

  Kgwnst pykgo pykgo ijgvn jrhldn lnfm knvnk5 6.: b (Lnji Zhvnr Jrhldn).

•

  Thlnst jrhldn lnfm5 19 b (Duhehudgu (Duhehudgu Jrhldn).

•

  Oirrgw Oirrgwnst nst jrhldn lnfm5 lnfm5 4.4 b (@hoisn Jrhldn).

Is fio jn snno argb  Ahd  Ahd .  0.9 , t`n wgrkl¼s knilhod fguotrhns ho juhklhod Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn F`hoi iol Eipio. \`n kittnr fio jn fgoshlnrnl t`n bgt`nrkiol ga NLJs, shofn t`n   󿬉rst   ‛rnik‒ NLJ (Gliwiri Jkunwiy Jrhldn, snn Vnfthgo 0.6) wis juhkt t`nrn ho 988   s   n   d    l :3    h   r    j    a 9>   g   r 93   n    j   b >   u    O 3

Zgil Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy

   >    :   ‖    9

   3    >   ‖    1    :

   >    4   ‖    9    >

   3    3    9   ‖    1    4

   >    :    9   ‖    9    3    9

   3    >    9   ‖    1    :    9

   >    4    9   ‖    9    >    9

   3    3    :   ‖    1    4    9

   >    :    :   ‖    9    3    :

   3    >    :   ‖    1    :    :

   >    4    :   ‖    9    >    :

   3    3    6   ‖    1    4    :

Biho spio spio K ]bR

Ahdurn 0.   n   d    l    h   r :3    j    a 9>   g   r 93   n    j   b >   u    O 3

Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy

   >    :   ‖    9

   3    >   ‖    1    :

   >    4   ‖    9    >

   3    3    9   ‖    1    4

   >    :    9   ‖    9    3    9

   3    >    9   ‖    1    :    9

   >    4    9   ‖    9    >    9

   3    3    :   ‖    1    4    9

   >    :    :   ‖    9    3    :

   3    >    :   ‖    1    :    :

   >    4    :   ‖    9    >    :

   3    3    6   ‖    1    4    :

Biho spio K ]bR

Ahdurn 0.>5 Biho spios ga NLJs wht` twg pykgos   s :>   n   d    l :3    h   r    j

Zgil

   a   g   r 9>   n 93    j   b >   u    O

rihkwiy

Zgil/rihkwiy gr

3

   >    :   ‖    9

   3    >   ‖    1    :

   >    4   ‖    9    >

   3    3    9   ‖    1    4

   >    :    9   ‖    9    3    9

   3    >    9   ‖    1    :    9

   >    4    9   ‖    9    >    9

   3    3    :   ‖    1    4    9

   >    :    :   ‖    9    3    :

   3    >    :   ‖    1    :    :

   >    4    :   ‖    9    >    :

   3    3    6   ‖    1    4    :

Biho spio K ]bR

Ahdurn 0.15 Biho spios ga NLJs wht` t`rnn gr bgrn pykgos

riodn agr NLJ wht` twg iol t`rnn gr bgrn (rgw ga) pykgos irn 933 b tg :33 b, w`hf` fgo 󿬉rbs t`n spnfh󿬉fithgos dhvno ho  Ahd. 9.9  (K 2 933‖:33 b). @gwnvnr, t`nrn hs i `hd` oubjnr ga jrhldns wht` biho spios ga ijgut 933 b tg 9>3 b. \`nrn snnbs tg jn og lhaanrnofn jntwnno t`n fkisshf NLJ wht` t`rnn spios iol t`gsn wht` bukthpkn spios NLJs ho t`hs rndirl. NLJs wht` rihkwiy

 

933

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

tria 󿬉f ho dnonrik snnb tg `ivn sbikknr biho spios= t`n typhfik riodn biy jn issubnl tg jn jntwnno 4> b tg 9>3 b. Vpios knodt`s jnkgw >3 b wnrn ogt aguol= t`n bixhbub spio (69: b) hs ogt timno hotg iffguot ho t`n lhidribs.

0.:.6 0.:. 6 Biho Vpio Vpio tg Sykgo Sykgo @nhd`t @nhd`t Zithg 0.:.6.9 0.:.6 .9 NLJs wht` wht` Gon Sykgo Sykgo

Ht fi fio o jn gj gjsn snrv rvnl nl ar argb  gb Ahd. 0.4 t` t`it it t` t`nn sp spio io tg py pykg kgo o `n `nhd hd`t `t ri rith thg g (K (K/@ /@)) agr agr NL NLJs Js wh wht` t` tw twg g sp spio ioss hs jntwnno : iol 1. \`n rithgs snnb tg jn ho󿬊unofnl jy t`n spio knodt` is fio jn snno argb  Ahd  Ahd. 0.0. Go ivnridn, t`n pykgo hs `hd`nr fgbpirnl tg t`n spio agr kgodnr jrhldns.

0.:.6.: 0.:.6 .: NLJs wht` wht` \wg Sykgos Sykgos

Iffgrlhod tg Ahd. :.9 agr i ty typh phfi fikk t`rn t`rnnn spio spio NLJ, NLJ, t` t`nn ri rith thg g K/@ fio fio jn issu issubnl bnl tg tg jn 93 93.. Ho fg fgootrist,  Ahd .  0.8  rnvniks t`it pykgos irn gatno `hd`nr wht` rithgs ga > tg 93. \`hs ippkhns agr rgil is wnkk is rihkwiy tria 󿬉f. \`hs hs ikbgst holnpnolnot ga t`n spio knodt`s ( Ahd.  0.93).

0.:.6.6 0.:.6 .6 NLJs wht` \`rnn \`rnn gr Bgrn Sykgos Sykgos Ahdurn 0.99 s`gws typhfik rithgs argb < tg 93, holnpnolnot ga t`n typn ga tria 󿬉f. I skhd`t hofrnisn wht` kgodnr spio knodt` fio iksg jn lntnftnl ( Ahd.  0.9:).   s   n :3   d    l    h   r    j 9>    a   g 93   r   n    j >   b   u    O 3

Zgil Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy

   9   ‖    3

   :   ‖    9

   6   ‖    :

   <   ‖    6

   >   ‖    <

   1   ‖    >

   4   ‖    1

   0   ‖    4

   8   ‖    0

   3    9   ‖    8

   9    9   ‖    3    9

   :    9   ‖    9    9

   6    9   ‖    :    9

Biho spio / pykgo `nhd`t (K/@)

Ahdurn 0.45 Biho spio tg pykgo `nhd`t rithg agr NLJs wht` gon pykgo

9<

Zgil

9: 93

Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy

   @ 0    /    K   1

Khonir (rgil)

< : 3

3

>3

933 9>3 :33 Biho spio K ]bR

:>3

633

Ahdurn 0.05 Biho spio tg pykgo `nhd`t rithg agr NLJs wht` gon pykgo is i auofthgo ga biho spio

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV    s :3   n   d    l    h   r 9>    j

  Zgil Zgil/rihkwiy gr

939

   a   g 93   r   n    j >   b   u    O 3

rihkwiy

   9   ‖    3

   :   ‖    9

   6   ‖    :

   <   ‖    6

   >   ‖    <

   1   ‖    >

   4   ‖    1

   0   ‖    4

   8   ‖    0

   3    9   ‖    8

   9    9   ‖    3    9

   :    9   ‖    9    9

   6    9   ‖    :    9

Biho spio / pykgo `nhd`t (K/@)

Ahdurn 0.85 Biho spio tg pykgo `nhd`t rithg agr NLJs wht` twg pykgos

91 9< 9: 93    @    / 0    K 1 < : 3

Zgil Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy Khonir (rgil)

3

>3

933 9>3 :33 Biho spio K ]bR

:>3

633

Ahdu Ah durn rn 0. 0.93 9355 Bi Biho ho sp spio io tg py pykg kgo o `n `nhd hd`t `t ri rith thg g ag agrr NL NLJs Js wh wht` t` tw twg g py pykg kgos os is i au auof ofth thgo go ga bi biho ho sp spio io

  s   n :3   d    l    h   r 9>    j    a   g 93   r   n    j >   b   u    O 3

Zgil 

   9   ‖    3

   :   ‖    9

   6   ‖    :

   <   ‖    6

   >   ‖    <

   1   ‖    >

   4   ‖    1

   0   ‖    4

   8   ‖    0

   3    9   ‖    8

   9    9   ‖    3    9

   :    9   ‖    9    9

   6    9   ‖    :    9

Biho spio / pykgo `hd`t (K/@)

Ahdurn 0.995 Biho spio tg pykgo `nhd`t rithg agr NLJs wht` t`rnn pykgos

9<

Zgil

9: Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy

93    @ 0    /    K 1

Khonir (rgil)

< : 3

3

>3

933 9>3 :33 Biho spio K ]bR

:>3

633

Ahdurn 0.9:5 Biho spio tg pykgo `nhd`t rithg agr NLJs wht` t`rnn pykgos is i auofthgo ga  biho spio

 

93:

 

0.:. 0.:.< < Vhln Vpio Vpio tg Biho Biho Vpio Zithg Zithg 0.:.‖3.4 .4)) fi fio o jn fg fgo o󿬉rb rbnl nl ag agrr jg jgt` t`,, NL NLJs Js wh wht` t` t` t`rn rnnn Ahd. d. 9. 9.9 9 (K spios iol t`gsn wht` bukthpkn spios, w`no gjsnrvhod  Ahds. 0.9< iol 0.9>. Agr jrhldns wht` t`rnn Zgil

  s 13   n   d    l >3    h   r    j  .    3   ‖    9    <  .    3

   3    1  .    3   ‖    9    >  .    3

   3    4  .    3   ‖    9    1  .    3

   3    0  .    3   ‖    9    4  .    3

   3    8  .    3   ‖    9    0  .    3

   3    3  .    9   ‖    9    8  .    3

Vhln spio / biho spio (KW9/K)

Ahdurn 0.965 Vhln spio tg biho spio rithg agr NLJs wht` gon pykgo Zgil 13

  s   n   d >3    l    h   r    j  .    3   ‖    9    <  .    3

   3    1  .    3   ‖    9    >  .    3

   3    4  .    3   ‖    9    1  .    3

   3    0  .    3   ‖    9    4  .    3

   3    8  .    3   ‖    9    0  .    3

   3    3  .    9   ‖    9    8  .    3

Vhln spio / biho spio (KW9/K)

Ahdurn 0.93   d    l    h   r    j  .    3   ‖    9    <  .    3

   3    1  .    3   ‖    9    >  .    3

   3    4  .    3   ‖    9    1  .    3

   3    0  .    3   ‖    9    4  .    3

   3    8  .    3   ‖    9    0  .    3

   3    3  .    9   ‖    9    8  .    3

Vhln spio / biho spio (KW9/K)

Ahdurn 0.9>5 Vhln spio tg biho spio rithg agr NLJs wht` t`rnn gr bgrn pykgos

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV  9 3.0 3.1    K    /    9 W    K 3.< 3.:

 

936 Zgil Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy Khonir (rgil)

3 3

>3

933 9>3 :33 Biho spio K ]bR

:>3

633

Ahdurn 0.915 Vhln spio tg biho spio rithg agr NLJs wht` twg pykgos is i auofthgo ga t`n biho spio knodt` 9

Zgil

3.0

Zgil/rihkwiy gr rihkwiy

   K 3.1    /    9 W    K 3.<

Khonir (rgil)

3.: 3

3

>3

933

9>3

:33

:>3

633

Biho spio K ]bR

Ahdurn 0.945 Vhln spio tg biho spio rithg agr NLJs wht` t`rnn gr bgrn pykgos is i auofthgo ga  biho spio

spios (twg pykgos), t`n rithg lnfrnisns wht` hofrnishod biho spio knodt` ( Ahd. 0.91 ). ). Agr jrhldns wht` bukthpkn spios, t`n gppgshtn snnbs tg jn t`n fisn (Ahd.0.94 ). ).

0.:.> 0.:. > Dhrln Dhrlnrr Lnpt` \`n ln \`n lnpt pt` ` ga t` t`nn su supn pnrs rstr truf uftu turn rn hs `h `hd` d`ky ky ln lnpn pnol olno nott go t` t`nn ty typn pn ga fr frgs gsss sn snft fthg hgo o io iol l bi bitn tnrh rhik ik us usnl nl.. @gwnv @g wnvnr nr,, tg st stirt irt wh wht` t` t` t`nn ln lnsh shdo do,, sgb sgbnn vi viku kuns ns bh bhd` d`tt sn snrv rvnn ag agrr dn dntth tthod od io hl hlni ni ga ty typh phfi fikk prgpgrthgos.

0.:.>.9 0.:.> .9 Dhrlnr Lnpt` Lnpt` it Bhlspio Bhlspio

\`n sknolnronss ga t`n dhrlnr it t`n fnotrn ga biho spio (K/@W:) s`gws i fknir lnpnolnofy tg t` t`nn bi biho ho sp spio io.. \` \`nn vi viku kunn dh dhvn vno o ho   Ahd. Ahd. 9. 9.9 9   (K/@W:   ≀   >> >>)) hs ty typh phfi fikk go goky ky ag agrr kg kgod odnr  nr  spios. ^shod t`n agrbukis ga t`n khonir trnol khons argb   Ahd.   0.90   agr fgostiot iol virhijkn dhrlnrs lnpt`s, sgbn bnio vikuns `ivn jnno lnrhvnl agr lhaanrnot biho spios ( \ijkn 0.9).

 

93<

  933 83 03 43    : 13 W >3    @    /    K 3.33

933.33

9>3.33

:33.33

:>3.33

633.33

Biho spio K ]bR

Ahdurn 0.905 Vknolnronss it fnotrn ga biho spio (K/@W:) is i auofthgo ga t`n biho spio knodt`

K/@W: Vpio ]bR >3 933 9>3 :33 :>3

Fgostiot 63 61 .: 0.:.> .: Lnpt` it Shnr, @iuof`nl @iuof`nl Dhrlnr Dhrlnr

\`n sknolnronss it t`n phnr (Ahd.  0.98) hofrnisns w`no t`n biho spio hofrnisns. \`nrnjy ht hs onir on irky ky uo uohb hbpg pgrt rtio iott ha t` t`nn jr jrhl hldn dn ln lnfm fm hs nb nbjn jnll llnl nl (󿬉xn xnl l ho rg rgti tith thgo go)) it t` t`nn ph phnr nrss gr go sh shbp bpkn kn su supppgrts.. \yph pgrts \yphfik fik bnio vikun vikunss irn dhvno ho  \ijkn 0.:. \`n lndrnn ga `iuof`hod hofrnisns hofrnisns agr kgod kgodnr  nr  spios, is s`gwo ho  Ahd .  0.:3.

933 83 03 43    9 13 W    @    / >3    K 3.33

933.33

9>3.33

:33.33

:>3.33

633.33

Biho spio K ]bR

Ahdurn 0.985 Vknolnronss it phnr (K/@W9) is i auofthgo ga biho spio

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

93>

K/@W9 Vpio ]bR >3 933 9>3 :33 :>3

Vhbpkn suppgrts :6 :1 63 6< 64

Nbjnllnl 90 :: :4 6: 61

\ijkn 0.: Bnio vikuns vikuns agr sknolnronss sknolnronss it t`n phnr (K/@W9) (K/@W9) ho fisn ga lhaanrnot lhaanrnot biho spios spios 6 :.> Vhbpkn suppgrts

   : : W    @    / 9.> W    K 9

Nbjnllnl

3.> 3 3.33

>3.33

933.33 9>3.33 :33.33 Biho spio K ]bR

:>3.33

633.33

Ahdurn 0.:35 Lndrnn ga `iuof`hod (@W9/@W: rithg) is i auofthgo ga biho spio

0.:.1 0.:. 1 Fijkn Hotnrv Hotnrvik ik \`n fijkn spifhod it t`n jrhldn lnfm hs bgstky irguol < tg 0 b iol hs holnpnolnot argb t`n biho spio, is s`gwo ho  Ahds.  0.:9 iol 0.::. Zgil

  s 13   n   d >3    l    h   r    j   ‖    9  .    <

   3  .    1   ‖    9  .    >

   3  .    4   ‖    9  .    1

   3  .    0   ‖    9  .    4

   3  .    8   ‖    9  .    0

   3  .    3    9   ‖    9  .    8

Fijkn hotnrvik

   3  .    9    9   ‖    9  .    3    9

   3  .    :    9   ‖    9  .    9    9

   3  .    6    9   ‖    9  .    :    9

   3  .    <    9   ‖    9  .    6    9

Ahdurn 0.:95 Fijkn spifhod ga ikk Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns 9<

Zgil Zgil/ Zgil/rihkw rihkwiy iy gr rihk rihkwiy wiy

   R 9:   b    ]    k 93   i   v   r 0   n    t   o 1    h   n    k    j <   i    F :

3 3.33

>3.33

933.33

9>3.33

:33.33

:>3.33

633.33

Biho spio K ]bR

Ahdurn 0.::5 Fijkn spifhod ga ikk Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns is i auofthgo ga biho spio

 

 

931

0.6

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

Fis isnn Vt Vtul ulhn hnss

0.6.9 0.6. 9 Hotrg Hotrglufthg lufthgo o Ho t`n agkkgwhod, snknftnl Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irguol t`n wgrkl irn prnsnotnl. Is bnothgonl jnagrn, Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn `hd`ky lhvnrsn ho tnrbs ga lhbnoshgos, agrbs, iol bitnrhiks. Iksg t`nrn hs og fknir lhsthofthgo jntwnno Nxtrilgsnl iol fijkn-stiynl jrhldns. Ikk t`hs hs rn󿬊nftnl ho t`n nxibpkns. Jndhoohod wht` t`n bgt`nr ga bglnro Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns, t`n Gliwiri Jkunwiy Jrhldn, hotnrnsthod jrhldns wht` gon, twg, gr bgrn pykgos ho kgodhtulhoik lhrnfthgo irn prnsnotnl.

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

0.6. 0.6.: : Fisn Vtulh Vtulhns ns

 

934

 

930

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

938

 

993

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

999

 

99:

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

996

 

99<

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

99>

 

991

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

994

 

990

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

998

 

9:3

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

9:9

 

9::

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

9:6

 

9:<

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

9:>

 

9:1

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

 

F@IS\NZ 0. JZHLDN LI\I IOL FIVN V\^LHNV 

0. 0.< <

 

9:4

Jrhl Jr hldn dn li liti ti ti tijk jknn

Ho t`n agkkgwhod, t`n liti ga nxhsthod Nxtrilgsnl Jrhldns irn s`gwo. \`n jrhldns irn fitndgrhsnl jy fguotry, tria 󿬉f typn iol ynir ga fgbpknthgo. Vgbn ln󿬉ohthgos ga t`n vikuns irn is agkkgws5 t`n knodt` ga t`n nxtrilgsnl jrhldn spios, spios wht` wht` gt`nr jrhldn typns irn •   jrhldn knodt`5 goky t`n ogt fgoshlnrnl •

  biho spio5 ivnridn ivnridn ga ikk nxtrilgsnl nxtrilgsnl biho spios (w`no bgrn t`io gon biho spio), ho fisn ga  twg spios t`n kgodnr gon

•

  shln spio5 ivnridn ga t`n twg shln spios, ho fisn ga gon pykgo ho kgodhtulhoik lhrnfthgo t`n sbikknr gon

•

  pykg pykgo o `nhd`t ijgvn jrhldn jrhldn lnfm knvnk5 `nhd`t argb t`n uppnr nldn nldn ga t`n jrhldn lnfm uothk uothk t`n tgp ga t`n pykgo (ivnridn, w`no lhaanrnot `nhd`ts)

•

  pykgo `nhd`t ijgvn drguol5 `nhd`t argb drguol uothk t`n tgp ga t`n pykgo (ivnridn, w`no lhaanrnot `nhd`ts)

•

  fijkn hotnrvik5 hotnrvik jntwnno t`n fgoonfthgo ga t`n fijkns tg t`n jrhldn jrhldn lnfm (ivnridn, w`no lhaanrnot hotnrviks)

 

96> F`iptnr

8

Khst ga Vybjgks

Ogbnofkiturn FVJ FVJ NLJ NL J

FijknFijk n-Vt Vtiy iynl nl Jr Jrhl hldn dn Nxtr Nx tril ilgs gsnl nl Jr Jrhl hldn dn D^\V    Duiriotnnl ^kthbitn \noshkn \noshkn Vtrnodt` Vtrnodt` ga stnnk stnnk  @LSN    @hd` Lnoshty Sgkynt`yknon :  BSi   Bndi-Sisfik, 9 BSi 2 9 O/bb  B\N B\ N

Biho Bi ho \n \nos oshg hgo o Nk Nknb nbno not  t    Sgkynt`yknon VKV    Vnrvhfnijhkhty Khbht Vtitn ^KV    ^kthbitn Khbht Vtitn κ   Zithg ga t`n t`n vnrthf vnrthfik ik fgbpgo fgbpgonot not ga t`n t`n agrfns agrfns ho ho t`n t`n stiys stiys lun lun tg tg pnrbion pnrbionot ot kgil kgil ga ga t`n lnfm tg t`n tgtik pnrbionot kgil ga t`n lnfm  ΜφK   Vtrnss f`iodn ga stiy fijkn lun tg khvn kgil φ   Vtrnss SN 

 

961 F`iptnr