Sectas Modernas

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

!"#$%%&''& !" #")*$# & +"%",-$#  H ih phr dmi dmshrrliil dm ih dlatrjgh tmliñkjah mstuvl mi ghaj`jmgtl dm ihs smaths l bmrmoàhs, al`l sm ihs iih`hfhg, mg ih jkimsjh arjstjhgh. @jmgtrhs qum ih jkimsjh mrh oudàh plr sus `jm`frls, y hug dmspuês h `mdjdh qum ih rmkàhg bl`frms dmi tjpl oudàl thims al`l Qhg ^mdrl y Qhg ^hfil, bhfàh slil ugh imvm tmgdmgajh bhajh mi pmgsh`jmgtl hfstrhatl y mspmauihtjvl. Gl lfsthgtm, auhgdl ih jkimsjh mstuvl al`pumsth mg su `hylràh plr krjmkls, y mg mspmajhi ils krjmkls `àstjals y tmgdmgajlsls dm Hsjh @mglr, surkjmrlg tldh aihsm dm lpjgjlgms y tmlràhs qum sm dmshrrliihrlg alg cumrzh mg ih jkimsjh. Ils arjstjhgls dm ils sjkils smkugdl y tmramrl gl slil iuabhrlg mg algtrh dm ug `ugdl phkhgl y hdvmrsl, sjgl th`fjêg mg algtrh dm bmrmoàhs y dlatrjghs alrrupths dmgtrl dm su prlpjl rmdji. Algsjdmrm`ls hblrh hikughs dm ihs smaths `ès j`plrthgtms dm msm pmràldl.

Ils kgñstjals  (dmi krjmkl, kglsjs? "shfjduràh") gl slg cèajims dm dmcjgjr plr smr thg vhrjhdls mg sus dlatrjghs mg ils djcmrmgtms pmràldls y ilahijdhdms. Qurkjmrlg mg mi Hsjh @mglr, msm clal dm jdmhs chgtèstjahs, y mrhg ug jgomrtl dmi arjstjhgjs`l slfrm mi phkhgjs`l. Armàhg qum dmi Djls suprm`l m`hghfh ug krhg gÿ`mrl dm dmjdhdms jgcmrjlrms, hikughs fmgêcjahs, ltrhs `hijkghs. ^lr `mdjl dm msths mi `ugdl sm armñ alg su `mzaih dm fjmg y `hi. Algsjdmrhfhg qum mg Arjstl, al`l ugh dm msths "m`hghajlgms", `lrñ plr ug tjm`pl ih ghturhimzh djvjgh. Th`fjêg jgtmrprmthfhg ihs Msarjturhs dm ugh `hgmrh himkñrjah, bhajmgdl qum ahdh dmaihrhajñg sjkgjcjahrh il qum phrmaàh `ès hdmauhdl hi jgtêrprmtm. Cilrmajmrlg h trhvês dm tldl mi sjkil smkugdl y dmshphrmajmrlg alg êi.

Ils Mfjlgjths  (dm ugh phihfrh bmfrmh qum sjkgjcjah "plfrm") mrhg arjstjhgls oudàls qum jgsjstàhg qum ihs imyms y alstu`frms oudhjahs dmfàhg smr lfsmrvhdhs. Vmabhzhfhg ils msarjtls dm Qhg ^hfil plrqum mstls rmalglaàhg h ils kmgtjims al`l arjstjhgls. Ils oudàls ils dmsprmajhfhg al`l hpñsthths y gl klzhfhg dm ih sj`phtàh dm ils arjstjhgls kmgtjims, qujmgms, dmspuês dm ;> d.A. algstjtuàhg `hylràh mg ih jkimsjh. Dm `hgmrh krhduhi, ils mfjlgjths al`mgzhrlg h djs`jgujr mg mi sjkil smkugdl. Ils @hgjqumls, @hgjqumls, dm lrjkmg pmrsh, sm ims iih`ñ hsà dmfjdl h su cugdhdlr, @hgà, h qujmg mi klfjmrgl pmrsh `htñ mg 6;3 d.A. Mgsmøhfhg qum mi ugjvmrsl sm al`plgm dm dls rmjgls, ugl dm iuz y ltrl dm tjgjmfihs, y qum ahdh ugl iuabh plr mi dl`jgjl mg ih ghturhimzh y mg mi bl`frm. Vmabhzhfhg h Omsÿs, pmrl armàhg mg ug "Arjstl amimstjhi". Mrhg smvmrls mg mi hsamtjs`l y rmgugajhfhg hi `htrj`lgjl. Ils pmrsjkujmrlg thgtl ils m`pmrhdlrms phkhgls,

!"#$ &

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

al`l ils arjstjhgls. Hkustàg, mi `ès krhgdm tmñilkl dm ih jkimsjh, cum `hgjquml `hgjquml hgtms  hgtms dm su algvmrsjñg. Ils @lgthgjsths, @lgthgjsths, hsà iih`hdls h ahush dm su cugdhdlr, @lgthgl, ahsj gl pumdmg aihsjcjahrsm mgtrm ihs smaths bmrmoms, hugqum ih jkimsjh algdmgñ sus mgsmøhgzhs. Mrhg purjthgls qum rmaih`hfhg vlivmr h ih smgajiimz dm ils arjstjhgls prj`jtjvls. Armàhg mg mi shamrdlajl dm tldls ils vmrdhdmrls armymgtms y gl mg ihs ñrdmgms dmi `jgjstmrjl. Lfsmrvhfhg ugh djsajpijgh mstrjath mg ih jkimsjh. Algsjdmrhfhg ils dlgms dm prlcmaàh al`l mi prjvjimkjl dm ils djsaàpuils y tmgàhg `uabls prlcmths y prlcmtjshs mgtrm sus `jm`frls. Tmrtuijhgl, Tmrtuijhgl , ugl dm ils prjgajphims mgtrm ils phdrms prj`jtjvls, hfrhzñ sus jdmhs y msarjfjñ mg dmcmgsh dm miils. Mg ils tjm`pls `ldmrgls, Ouhg [msimy hprlfñ h @lgthgl y h ih `hylràh dm sus mgsmøhgzhs. Hsj`js`l Bhrghae, ug m`jgmgtm mrudjtl `ldmrgl, th`fjêg ihs hprlfñ.

ALGDJAJÑG DM IH JKIMQJH  Hamrah dm msths smaths, y plr il kmgmrhi dmgl`jghdhs dmgl`jghdhs bmrmoàhs, ih djcjauithd dm al`prmgdmrihs surkm qum (mxamptl ils `lgthgjsths y hug mg mstm ahsl mg krhg `mdjdh) sus prlpjls msarjtls yh gl mxjstmg. ^hrh clr`hr gumstrls algamptls hamrah dm miils dmpmgdm`ls dm ils qum msarjfjmrlg mg su algtrh qum sjg dudh msthfhg prmoujajhdls. Quplgkh`ls, plr mom`pil, qum ils `mtldjsths al`l dmgl`jghajñg y alg tldh su ijtmrhturh dmohsmg dm mxjstjr y qum `ji høls dmspuês ils mstudjhgtms prlaurhsmg jgvmstjkhr sus mgsmøhgzhs dm ils ijfrls y cliimtls msarjtls mg mi sjkil djmajlabl mg algtrh dm Ouhg [msimy. H quê algaiusjlgms thg mrrñgmhs iimkhràhg y quê auhdrl thg chisl dmi `mtldjs`l sm prmsmgthràh. ^rlaurm`ls hblrh dmsaufrjr ih algdjajñg dm ih jkimsjh durhgtm ils sjkils dm pmrsmauajñg, slfrm tldl mg sus cjghims hprlxj`hdh`mgtm mg 181 d.A. ]gl dm ils mcmatls qum prlduomrlg ihs prumfhs qum phshrlg ils arjstjhgls dm msm pmràldl cum ugh jkimsjh purjcjahdh. Ihs pmrsmauajlgms `hgtmgàhg himohdls h tldls ils qum gl mrhg sjgamrls mg su prlcmsjñg. Ghdjm sm ugàh h ih jkimsjh plr khghgajh `ugdhgh gj plpuihrjdhd. Ils dêfjims y dm alrhzñg hplahdl hfhgdlghfhg ih jkimsjh. Qlil ils qum msthfhg djspumstls h smr cjmims bhsth ih `umrtm mrhg ils qum sm bhaàhg hfjmrth`mgtm smkujdlrms dm Arjstl. Ih pmrsmauajñg shaudjñ h ih jkimsjh smphrhgdl ih ajzhøh dmi trjkl. Mg smgtjdl kmgmrhi, mrh ugh jkimsjh dm mgsmøhgzh ugjcjahdh. Mrh ug aumrpl dm `uabls `jiilgms dm pmrslghs qum sm mxtmgdàh plr ug sjggÿ`mrl dm phàsms y qum jgaiuàh h `uabhs rhzhs qum bhfihfhg `uabls jdjl`hs. Qjg m`fhrkl, tmgàh ugh `js`h cm. Ihs djcmrmgtms smaths sm

!"#$ '

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

imvhgthrlg, cilrmajmrlg y krhduhi`mgtm pmrmajmrlg. Ihs algtrlvmrsjhs dmsthahrlg ih vmrdhd y hug `uabhs dm ihs bmrmoàhs dmohrlg trhs sà hikughs vmrdhdms qum mgrjqumajmrlg mi dmpñsjtl dm ih jkimsjh. H pmshr dm ihs smaths y ajs`hs, mi arjstjhgjs`l dmi j`pmrjl y dm ihs tjmrrhs ajraugvmajghs mrh ugl mg su dlatrjgh, su sjstm`h y su mspàrjtu. Mrh ugh jkimsjh al`pimth`mgtm lrkhgjzhdh. Bm`ls vjstl añ`l sm dmshrrliiñ mi sjstm`h dm lrkhgjzhajñg dm ils mim`mgtls allrdjghdls mg ih êplah hplstñijah. Zh mg mi sjkil tmramrl ih jkimsjh msthfh mg tldhs phrtms djvjdjdh mg djñamsjs, alg lfjspls qum alg `hgls cjr`ms iimvhfhg ihs rjmgdhs dmi klfjmrgl. Ih jkimsjh mrh ug moêrajtl djsajpijghdl, ugjdl fhol djrmaajñg ahphz. Dmgtrl dmi J`pmrjl Vl`hgl, fjmg lrkhgjzhdl plr cumrh pmrl plr dmgtrl mg dmahdmgajh, bhfàh ltrl j`pmrjl dm hfugdhgtm vjdh y pldmr prlkrmsjvl? ih jkimsjh arjstjhgh. Mrh ugh jkimsjh armajmgtm. H pmshr dm ihs pmrsmauajlgms, thi vmz bhsth ajmrtl pugtl plr ahush dm msths, ih jkimsjh armaàh alg ugh rhpjdmz hsl`frlsh. Hi cjghi dmi pmràldl dm pmrsmauajñg ih jkimsjh mrh il fhsthgtm gu`mrlsh al`l phrh al`plgmr ih jgstjtuajñg `ès pldmrlsh dmi j`pmrjl. Kjfflg, mi bjstlrjhdlr dm mstm pmràldl, ahiauihfh qum ils arjstjhgls hi cjghi dm ihs pmrsmauajlgms clr`hfhg auhgdl `mgls ih dêaj`h phrtm dm ih plfihajñg. H phrtjr dm mgtlgams, `uabls msarjtlrms bhg hampthdl sus dmaihrhajlgms. Qjg m`fhrkl, rmajmgtm`mgtm tldl mi tm`h sm bh jgvmstjkhdl alg aujdhdl y ih algaiusjñg dm ils mrudjtls hatuhims ms qum ils `jm`frls dm ih jkimsjh y sus sj`phtjzhgtms al`plgàhg ih `jthd dm ils ajmgtl vmjgtm `jiilgms fhol mi dl`jgjl dm Vl`h. ]gh hd`jrhfim `umstrh dm mvjdmgajh sm bh mgalgtrhdl mg ihs ahthau`fhs dm Vl`h, ahgtmrhs suftmrrègmhs dm krhg mxtmgsjñg, qum durhgtm dls sjkils cumrlg ils iukhrms dm msalgdjtm, dm rmugjñg y smpuiturh dm ils arjstjhgls. ^lr ihs tu`fhs dm ils arjstjhgls, al`l dm`umstrhg ihs jgsarjpajlgms y sà`flils slfrm ihs `js`hs, hikugls ahiauihg qum hsamgdàhg h sjmtm `jiilgms y gjgkÿg mxpilrhdlr ahiauih `mgls dm dls `jiilgms. Auhtrl `jiilgms mg sjmtm kmgmrhajlgms qujzès smràh ugh fumgh algaiusjñg. Hkrêkumgsm h mstls auhtrl `jiilgms ltrls `uabls qum gl rmajfjmrlg smpuiturh mg ihs ahthau`fhs y iumkl algsjdêrmsm il krhgdm qum dmfm bhfmr sjdl mi gÿ`mrl dm arjstjhgls mg tldl mi J`pmrjl Vl`hgl.

!"#$ (

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

Bmrmoàhs y Bmrmoms ¼Xuê ms ugh bmrmoàh< ^hrh glsltrls, ils mvhgkêijals, ms tldh dlatrjgh qum mg `htmrjh dm cm sustmgth lpjgjlgms algtrhrjhs h ihs dm ih ^hihfrh dm Djls. Mg mi mstudjl dm ih bmrmsjlilkàh (trhthdl slfrm ihs bmrmoàhs) prlaurh`ls prmsmgthr ugh dmsarjpajñg sjgtêtjah dm ihs prjgajphims rmijkjlgms y smaths, dhgdl ugh glajñg kmgmrhi dm ih bjstlrjh, ijtmrhturh, dlatrjgh y ltrls alglaj`jmgtls qum ihs ahrhatmrjzhg, rmcutègdlihs alg ihs vmrdhdms jgalgtrlvmrtjfims dm ihs Qhkrhdhs Msarjturhs. @uabls armymgtms ouzkhg jggmamshrjl mi mstudjl dm msh `htmrjh. Hcjr`hg qum gl gls jgtmrmsh mstudjhr ihs bmrmoàhs, sjgl thg sñil ih ^hihfrh dm Djls. Qjg qumrmr arjtjahr h ils qum pjmgshg dm msh `hgmrh, ouzkh`ls qum ils `ltjvls sjkujmgtms - mgtrm ltrls `uabls - slg sucjajmgtms phrh iimvhrgls h mstudjhr ihs rmijkjlgms y smaths chishs. Mi mstudjl dm ihs `js`hs? 8. Gls ahphajth phrh al`fhtjrihs . Mi hpñstli ^hfil alglaàh ihs chishs dlatrjghs y iuabñ hrduh`mgtm algtrh miihs. Ms prmajsl qum alglzah`ls hi mgm`jkl alg mi qum gls vh`ls h mgcrmgthr. @jmgtrhs `ès alglzah`ls sus tèatjahs y su ghturhimzh, `ès prlfhfjijdhdms tmgdrm`ls dm vmgamril. "@ès sj hug glsltrls, l ug ègkmi dmP ajmil, ls hgugajhrm ltrl mvhgkmijl djcmrmgtm dmi qum ls bm`ls hgugajhdl, smh hghtm`h" hghtm`h" (Kèihths 8?2). 6. Gls huxjijh mg ih mvhgkmijzhajñg . Gl shfm`ls quê aihsms dm pmrslghs gls vh`ls h mgalgtrhr auhgdl prmdjah`ls mi Mvhgkmijl. Qj alglam`ls su armdl y sus dlatrjghs, gls smrè `ès cèaji bhfihr dmi h`lr dm Djls. Ms gmamshrjl qum mi arjstjhgl alglzah ih vmrdhd phrh pldmr al`fhtjr ih `mgtjrh. ^lr msl ms qum, hdm`ès dm alglamr ihs smaths chishs, mi arjstjhgl dmfm plsmmr ug fumg alglaj`jmgtl dm ih ^hihfrh dm Djls, ih Fjfijh. 1. Hu`mgth gumstrh cm . Auhgdl gls trlpmzh`ls alg ihs dlatrjghs dm ihs smaths chishs, ih `hylràh dm ihs vmams rjdàauihs y sjg cugdh`mgtl, tmgm`ls `ès smkurjdhd mg il qum bm`ls armàdl. Dm hbà qum pldm`ls dmajr al`l ^hfil? ". . ^lrqum yl sê h qujêg bm armàdl, y mstly smkurl qum ms pldmrlsl phrh kuhrdhr `j dmpñsjtl phrh hqumi dàh" dàh" (6 Tj`ltml 8?86). 4. Hu`mgth gumstrh rmsplgshfjijdhd. Mi arjstjhgl ms pmrslghi`mgtm rmsplgshfim dm fusahr mi alglaj`jmgtl dm ih vmrdhd y al`fhtjr ih `mgtjrh. Msthr algtrh mi mrrlr y ih `mgtjrh sjg vmstjr ih hr`hdurh dm ih vmrdhd, ms chith dm rmsplgshfjijdhd arjstjhgh. "Msthd, pums, cjr`ms, amøjdls vumstrls il`ls alg ih vmrdhd, y vmstjdls alg ih hr`hdurh dm ih oustjajh,... y tl`hd mi ymi`l dm ih shivhajñg, y ih msphdh dmi Mspàrjtu, qum ms ih phihfrh dm Djls" Djls" (Mcmsjls 3?84, 8;).

!"#$ )

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

Añ`l jdmgtjcjahr ugh bmrmoàh   Gl im ms `uy djcàaji h ug armymgtm sjgamrl jdmgtjcjahr ugh bmrmoàh. Mxjstmg hikugls hspmatls fèsjals qum lfsmrvhdls, `lstrhrèg ih mstrhtmkjh `ldmrgh dmi djhfil, qum ms ih algqujsth dm ih `mgtm. Ih fhthiih m`prmgdjdh mg mstls `l`mgtls mg tldl mi `ugdl, ms ugh fhthiih `mgthi, mg ih ih ^hihfrh auhi ihs sufmstj`hg dm chishs Djls. jdmlilkàhs, ihs chishs cjilslcàhs y ihs chishs armmgajhs 8. Dmshaumrdl alg ih Fjfijh   -- Alg rmspmatl h ihs dlatrjghs dm ih Fjfijh, pldm`ls djvjdjr ils hrku`mgtls dm ih `hgmrh sjkujmgtm? h) Hrku`mgtl fàfijal. f) Hrku`mgtl mxtrh fàfijal. a) Hrku`mgtl hgtj fàfijal.

Mi hrku`mgtl fàfijal  ms   ms mi qum sm shah dm ih Fjfijh, dègdlim ugh jgtmrprmthajñg alrrmath y iñkjah. Cum mi hrku`mgtl qum usl Omsÿs mg ih sjghklkh dm Ghzhrmt hamrah dm su `jsjñg.' Mi hrku`mgtl mxtrh fàfijal   ms mi qum gl tjmgm fhsm mg ih Fjfijh, pmrl gl ablah alg sus mgsmøhgzhs. @uabls prmdjahdlrms ushg hrku`mgtls mxtrh fàfijals hi prlgugajhr sus smr`lgms. Mstl sm bh dm bhamr alg `uabh ahutmih, y ms gmamshrjl qum tmgkh ugh ajmrth dlsjs dm smkurjdhd ih pmrslgh qum il mstè ushgdl.

Mi hrku`mgtl hgtj fàfijal   ms mi qum al`fhtm, tumram, sustrhm l hu`mgth ihs vmrdhdms mgugajhdhs mg ih ^hihfrh dm Djls, l fjmg ablah alg miihs. Hquà bhiih`ls qum ihs bmrmoàhs qum slg hgtj fàfijahs, mstèg mg dmshaumrdl alg ihs mgsmøhgzhs dmi arjstjhgjs`l. Hikughs vmams mstèg cugdh`mgthdhs mg ug vmrsàauil l mg ugh mxprmsjñg hjsihdh qum mgalgtrh`ls mg ih Fjfijh. Fhsthràh, sjg m`fhrkl, ug plal dm alglaj`jmgtl dm ils prjgajpjls huxjijhrms dm ih bmr`mgêutjah l jgtmrprmthajñg dm ihs Msarjturhs phrh rmcuthrihs. 6. ]gjihtmrhijdhd dm hprmajhajñg dlatrjghrjh   - Mg `uabls ahsls ih bmrmoàh sm ahrhatmrjzh plr mi bmabl dm "msalkmr" ugh dlatrjgh phrh dmsahrkhr mg miih tldh su htmgajñg mg dmtrj`mgtl dm ihs ltrhs dlatrjghs. Qm hcjr`h, plr mom`pil, ih djvjgjdhd dm Arjstl y sm hfhgdlgh su bu`hgjdhd, l vjam vmrsh5 sm im dh êgchsjs h ih ugjdhd dm Djls y sm lsaurmam ih dlatrjgh dm ih Trjgjdhd5 sm `umstrh prmlauphajñg plr mi aumrpl dmi bl`frm y sm livjdhg su hi`h y su mspàrjtu.

!"#$ *

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

1. Algtrhdjaajñg alg ils bmabls   - Bjstlrjhs y dlatrjghs fhshdhs mg bmabls qum mg rmhijdhd gl prlplrajlghg ugh fhsm phrh miihs5 jgarmduijdhd phrh alg mgsmøhgzhs fhshdhs mg bmabls rmhims, fàfijals l dm rhàams fàfijahs. ^lr dmskrhajh, `uabls fumgls arjstjhgls bhg sjdl mgkhøhdls plr alshs dm msth àgdlim. 4. Jgalbmrmgajh iñkjah   - Ghdh j`pjdm qum mi fumg smgtjdl y ih rhzñg smhg ushdls mg `htmrjh dm rmijkjñg. Ih `hylràh dm ihs bmrmoàhs gl rmsjstmg ugh algcrlgthajñg iñkjah alg ih bjstlrjh, ih ajmgajh, ih Fjfijh l alg ih rmijkjñg prlpjh`mgtm djabh. Ih Fjfijh prmvê mi surkj`jmgtl y ih mvliuajñg dm ihs bmrmoàhs, al`l ugh smøhi dm ils tjm`pls .4

Añ`l jdmgtjcjahr ugh smath chish  Qmràh supmrciul dmajr qum, phrh jdmgtjcjahr ugh smath chish, fhsth alg vmrjcjahr sj mstè cugdh`mgthdh mg bmrmoàhs. Mxjstmg hikugls hspmatls qum slg `uy al`ugms mg ihs smaths chishs. Dm mgtrm miils, dmsthah`ls ils sjkujmgtms? 8. Omsÿs gl ms mi amgtrl dm htmgajñg - Ihs smaths chishs, mg kmgmrhi, sufmstj`hg mi vhilr dm Omsÿs. Ihs lrjmgthims tjmgmg Qus djlsms l sus prlcmths qum alilahg plr mgaj`h dm tldl5 y ihs laajdmgthims, l sustjtuymg h Omsÿs plr ltrl "Arjstl" l alilahg hi Bjol dm Djls mg ugh plsjajñg smaugdhrjh, qujtègdlim su djvjgjdhd y, mg algsmaumgajh, sus htrjfutls djvjgls. 6. Tjmgmg ltrhs cumgtms dlatrjghrjhs hdm`ès dm ih Fjfijh - Armmg thg sñil mg hikughs phrtms dm ih Fjfijh. Hd`jtmg y hampthg al`l "jgspjrhdls" dmtmr`jghdls msarjtls dm sus cugdhdlrms l dm ihs pmrslghs qum al`phrtmg alg miils ugh fumgh dlsjs dm hqumiil mg qum armmg. Hikughs iimkhg h dmsharmdjthr ih Fjfijh, h ih auhi im bhamg `uabhs rmstrjaajlgms. 1. Hcjr`hg smr ihs ÿgjahs qum mstèg mg il ajmrtl - ]gh dm ihs prjgajphims ahrhatmràstjahs dm ugh smath chish ms prmajsh`mgtm êsth. ^umdm qum bhyh sjdl cugdhdh bham =, 8>, 6> 3 8>> høls5 gl j`plrth? ms ih ÿgjah vmrdhdmrh, y ¡hy dm ils qum gl immg h trhvês dm su ahrtjiih! Msths pmrslghs dmfmràhg tmgmr, hi `mgls, mi aujdhdl dm gl smr thg prmsugtulshs. 4. Bhamg usl dm chishs jgtmrprmthajlgms - Ihs jgtmrprmthajlgms dmi tmxtl fàfijal bmabhs sjg tmgmr mg aumgth ils prjgajpjls huxjijhrms dm ih bmr`mgêutjah, bhg iimvhdl h jgalgthfims pmrslghs, h vmams fjmg jgtmgajlghdhs, h cugdhr ugh smath chish. Msl halgtmam kmgmrhi`mgtm plr ih tlthi jkglrhgajh dm ihs rmkihs dm jgtmrprmthajñg dm gumstrl prlpjl jdjl`h, qum slg mgsmøhdhs mg gumstrhs msaumihs. =. Mgsmøhg hi bl`frm h algsmkujr su prlpjh shivhajñg - Gl sñil mgsmøhg hi bl`frm h shivhrsm h sà `js`l, sjgl qum prl`mtmg ugh shivhajñg mgtmrh`mgtm ghturhijsth mg su algamptl. Algsjstm mg ih rmpmtjajñg dm ih vjdh dm mstm `ugdl, qujtègdlim sus tmgsjlgms dmshkrhdhfims. Ils hgtjkuls mkjpajls mgsmøhfhg? "^rmphrhls phrh ils oujajls dm Lsjrjs, lfsmrvhgdl ihs rmkihs dm fumgh algduath." Algcuajl dhfh mstm prmamptl? "Hgdhd mg ihs vmrmdhs trjiihdhs5 ajudhdhgls Mg ih Jgdjh, Fudh halgsmohfh? "Hgdhdsmd mg mifumgls glfim ah`jgl dm ils dmi lablj`pmrjl phsls."amimstm." Mi `hbl`mtjs`l rmal`jmgdh?

!"#$ +

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

"^mr`hgmamd cjr`ms ougtl h ils ajgal pjihrms dm ih algduath." Mg kmgmrhi, ihs rmijkjlgms y ihs smaths chishs mgsmøhg h ils bl`frms h shivhrsm h sà `js`ls5 h dmshrrliihr su prlpjh shivhajñg. 3. Qlg prlsmijtjsths - ]gh dm ihs hatjvjdhdms prlsmijtjsths prjgajphims dm ihs chishs smaths ms---pmsahrmg ihs pmamrhs dm ils dm`ès". Gl ahpthg h sus gmñcjtls mgtrm ils mgcmr`ls, ils hcijkjdls, ils dmsmspmrhdls, l ils gmamsjthdls, sjgl qum hprlvmabhg ih cm qum yh plsmmg ihs pmrslghs h qujmgms trhthg dm algqujsthr y, alg ug plal dm sutjimzh, algsjkumg dmsmgah`jghr bhajh su krupl bhsth h `uabls fumgls arjstjhgls. ¡Dmfm`ls tmgmr ils lols `uy hfjmrtls rmspmatl h miils! "^mrl mi Mspàrjtu djam aihrh`mgtm qum mg ils plstrmrls tjm`pls hikugls hplsththrèg dm ih cm, msauabhgdl h mspàrjtus mgkhøhdlrms y h dlatrjghs dm dm`lgjls" dm`lgjls " (8 Tj`ltml 4?8).

Ils "js`ls" dmi pmgsh`jmgtl bu`hgl  Ih fÿsqumdh dmi shfmr dm phrtm dmi bl`frm ms alglajdh tmñrjah`mgtm al`l cjilslcàh (dm cjils, h`jkl dm, h`hgtm dm, y dm slcjh, alglaj`jmgtl, shfmr), phihfrh dmrjvhdh dmi hdomtjvl y susthgtjvl krjmkl cjiñslcls, "qum h`h mi shfmr", "qum ms h`jkl dmi alglaj`jmgtl". Ih cjilslcàh, smkÿg ih trhdjajñg qum sm rm`lgth bhsth Hrjstñtmims, al`jmgzh bjstñrjah`mgtm mg mi sjkil SJ h.A., mg ihs ajudhdms krjmkhs dmi Hsjh @mglr. Qjg m`fhrkl, shfm`ls qum mi smr bu`hgl al`mgzñ h cjilslchr dmsdm qum jgtmgtñ mg su alrhzñg hphrthrsm dm Djls.' ^lr dmskrhajh, mi pmgsh`jmgtl bu`hgl, mg su jgtmgtl plr dmsaufrjr l rmdmsaufrjr su ghturhimzh, lrjkmg y rhzñg dm smr, bh armhdl ils "js`ls" qum, mg rmhijdhd, himohg ahdh vmz `ès h ih arjhturh dm su Armhdlr. Ih prmdjahajñg hplstñijah al`fhtm j`pihahfim`mgtm ih cjilslcàh' l shfjduràh dm ils krjmkls, y mgsmøh qum ih vmrdhdmrh shfjduràh vjmgm dm il hitl, dm Djls, y gugah dm ils mscumrzls bu`hgls.

"Z sj hikugl dm vlsltrls tjmgm chith dm shfjduràh, pàdhih h Djls, mi auhi dh h tldls hfugdhgtm`mgtm y sjg rmprlabm, y im smrè dhdh" dhdh" (Qhgtjhkl 8?=) Vmugj`ls hquà ihs msaumihs dm pmgsh`jmgtl cjilsñcjal `ès alglajdhs y sus chishs cjilslcàhs, alg mi prlpñsjtl dm dhrim hi imatlr ugh sàgtmsjs dmi jgÿtji mscumrzl rmhijzhdl plr mi bl`frm h trhvês dm ils sjkils alg mi jgtmgtl dm ilkrhr su prlpjh shivhajñg l rmdmgajñg. Il `ès j`plrthgtm ms qum mshs msaumihs dm pmgsh`jmgtl ims prlplrajlghg h ihs chishs rmijkjlgms y smaths mi `htmrjhi gmamshrjl phrh su prmdjahajñg. Bhy vmstjkjls dm ugh l dm `ès cjilslcàhs smauihrms mg mi algtmxtl dlatrjghrjl dm ahdh rmijkjñg l smath chish, mg dmtrj`mgtl dm ihs vmrdhdms djvjghs msarjths mg ih ^hihfrh dm Djls. Alg ug mxh`mg aujdhdlsl y sjgamrl qum bhkh`ls, pldrm`ls vmr mstl.

Hkglstjajs`l  Mi vlahfil mg 823: plrèkglstls, Tbl`hs B. BuxJmy, ahiahdl, plr   -lplsjajñg hi hkglstjajs`l kglstjajs`l, cum mg clrohdl mi hdomtjvl krjmkl (jkglrhgtm,

!"#$ ,

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

jgalkglsajfim). Ms ugh cjilslcàh ghturhijsth y dhdh h ihs alshs y ihs rmihajlgms dm ih ajmgajh mxpmrj`mgthi. Ms ug sjstm`h qum mgsmøh qum gl shfm`ls, gj pldm`ls shfmr sj Djls mxjstm l gl. Djamg? ih `mgtm cjgjth gl pumdm hiahgzhr il jgcjgjtl. Hblrh fjmg? gl pldm`ls hfhrahr ih tjmrrh, ¡pmrl pldm`ls tlahrih! (8 Ouhg 8?8). Ih crhsm prmdjimath dmi hkglstjajs`l ms? "Gl pldm`ls armmr." Mi rmsu`mg dm msth mgsmøhgzh ms il sjkujmgtm? Mi htmàs`l ms hfsurdl, plrqum ghdjm pumdm prlfhr qum Djls gl mxjstm. Mi tmàs`l gl ms `mgls hfsurdl, plrqum ghdjm pumdm prlfhr qum Djls mxjstm. Gl pldm`ls armmr sjg prumfhs mvjdmgtms. Ils `mgtlrms dmi hkglstjajs`l slg? BuxJmy, Qpmgamr y ltrls. Mstèg tldls sj`pim`mgtm mgkhøhdls, plrqum Djls ms cèaji`mgtm al`prmgsjfim plr mi hi`h smdjmgth, blgmsth y algsthgtm. Smr Vl`hgls 8?6>.

Hgj`js`l   - ]gh dm ihs ahrhatmràstjahs dmi pmgsh`jmgtl prj`jtjvl, qum algsjstm mg htrjfujr h tldls ils smrms dm ih ghturhimzh ugh l vhrjhs hi`hs. Qmkÿg Mdwhrd Furgmtt Ty8lr (82168:8;) ms th`fjêg tldh ih dlatrjgh dm àgdlim mspjrjtuhijsth, plr lplsjajñg hi `htmrjhijs`l. Msth tmlràh algsjdmrh qum mi hi`h ms ih ahush prj`hrjh dm tldls ils hatls. Hsamtjs`l   - Ms ih tmlràh y ih prèatjah dm ih hfstjgmgajh y `lrtjcjahajñg dm ils smgtjdls. Tjmgm al`l lfomtjvl hsmkurhr ih pmrcmaajñg mspjrjtuhi, sl`mtjmgdl mi aumrpl hi hi`h. Bhy hdm`ès mi hsamtjs`l ghturhi (ih fÿsqumdh dm ih pmrcmaajñg plr `ltjvls jgdmpmgdjmgtms dm ihs rmihajlgms dmi bl`frm alg Djls), qum cum prhatjahdl plr ih msaumih pjthkñrjah. Ms `uy prhatjahdl plr ihs rmijkjlgms y smaths lrjmgthims.

Htmàs`l   - Ms ih tmlràh qum gjmkh ih mxjstmgajh dm ug Djls pmrslghi. H phrtjr dmi Vmghaj`jmgtl, mi têr`jgl phsñ h jgdjahr ih hatjtud dm qujmg gl hd`jtm ih mxjstmgajh dm ugh djvjgjdhd. Qm iih`hg htmls ils qum gl hd`jtmg ih mxjstmgajh dm ug Qmr Hfsliutl, ijfrm m jgtmijkmgtm, dlthdl dm jgdjvjduhijdhd y dm pmrslghijdhd rmhims. Dmàs`l   -- Mi dmàs`l sm djstjgkum rhdjahi`mgtm dmi tmàs`l. ^hrh mi tmàs`l, Djls ms mi hutlr dmi `ugdl5 ms ugh mgtjdhd pmrslghi rmvmihdh h ils bl`frms plr su hatuhajñg mg ih bjstlrjh. ^hrh mi dmàs`l, Djlsdmi ms ugjvmrsl. mi prjgajpjl l ahush dmi `ugdl, jgcusl l djcusl mg ih ghturhimzh, al`l mi hrqujtmatl Mihflrhdl dmgtrl dmi algtmxtl dm ih iih`hdh rmijkjñg ghturhi, auyls dlk`hs slg dm`lstrhdls plr ih rhzñg, mi algamptl dmàsth dm Djls pumdm algcugdjrsm alg mi algamptl dm ugh imy, mg mi smgtjdl rhajlghi-ghturhi dmi têr`jgl. Qm trhth dmi Djls dm tldhs ihs rmijkjlgms, y su algamptl gl sm bhiih hslajhdl h ihs jdmhs dm pmahdl y dm rmdmgajñg, dm prlvjdmgajh, dm pmrdñg y dm krhajh, algsjdmrhdhs tldhs miihs al`l "jrrhajlghims". Ms `ès fjmg ug Djls dm ih ghturhimzh y gl ug Djls dm ih bu`hgjdhd. Al`l ug mtmrgl kmñ`mtrh, `hgtjmgm mi ugjvmrsl mg cugajlgh`jmgtl, al`l sj cumsm ug rmilo dm prmajsjñg. Mi dmàs`l surkjñ dmgtrl dmi algtmxtl dm ils al`jmgzls dmi ghajlghijs`l, fhol ih jgciumgajh dm Ilaem y dm Gmwtlg. Slithjrm, ugl dm ils `ès krhgdms j`pukghdlrms dm ih Fjfijh mg ils ÿitj`ls tjm`pls, mrh dmàsth.

!"#$ -

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

Duhijs`l - Mg smgtjdl têagjal rjkurlsl, mi duhijs`l smràh ih dlatrjgh l mi sjstm`h cjilsñcjal qum hd`jtm ih mxjstmgajh dm dls sufsthgajhs, dm dls prjgajpjls l dm dls rmhijdhdms al`l mxpijahajñg plsjfim dmi `ugdl y dm ih vjdh. Mstls smràhg jrrmduatjfims mgtrm sà, jgalgajijhfims, jgahphams dm sàgtmsjs cjghi l dm suflrdjghajñg dmi ugl hi ltrl. Mg mi smgtjdl rmijkjlsl slg th`fjêg duhijsths ihs rmijkjlgms l dlatrjghs qum hd`jtmg dls djvjgjdhdms? ugh plsjtjvh, prjgajpjl dmi fjmg5 y ltrh, su lpumstl, dmstruatlrh, gmkhtjvh, prjgajpjl dmi `hi qum lpmrh mg ih ghturhimzh y mg mi bl`frm. Dmsahrtms (8=:3-83=>) ms qujmg msthfimam msth dlatrjgh mg mi ah`pl dm ih cjilslcàh `ldmrgh.

Maimatjajs`l   - Qjstm`h cjilsñcjal qum trhth dm algajijhr ihs tmsjs dm djvmrsls sjstm`hs algclr`m h dmtmr`jghdls arjtmrjls dm vmrdhd. ^rlaurh hprlvmabhr il qum bhy dm `molr mg tldls ils sjstm`hs. Mg mi sjkil RJR mi maimatjajs`l mspjrjtuhijsth, qum algamgtrhfh su htmgajñg mg mi usl dmi `êtldl jgtrlspmatjvl, djl lrjkmg hi hsà iih`hdl mspjrjtjs`l algtm`plrègml. M`pjrjs`l   - Ms ih plsjajñg cjilsñcjah smkÿg ih auhi tldl mi alglaj`jmgtl bu`hgl ms rmsuithdl dm ih mxpmrjmgajh (smgshajlgms mxtmrjlrms l jgtmrjlrms), y gl dm ih rhzñg gj dmi jgtmimatl. Hcjr`h qum mi ÿgjal arjtmrjl dm vmrdhd mstè mg ih mxpmrjmgajh. Ms ih tmlràh dmi "vmr phrh armmr".

Mpjaurmjs`l   - Gl`frm qum rmajfm ih msaumih cjilsñcjah krjmkh cugdhdh plr Mpjaurl (1486;> h.A.). Qlstjmgm mi prjgajpjl dmi pihamr al`l vhilr suprm`l y cjghijdhd dmi bl`frm, y prmsarjfm? 8) hampthr tldl pihamr qum gl prlduzah dlilr5 6) mvjthr tldl dlilr qum gl prlduzah pihamr5 1) mvjthr mi pihamr qum j`pjdh ug pihamr hÿg `hylr, l qum prlduzah ug dlilr `hylr qum mstm pihamr5 4) slplrthr mi dlilr qum himom ug dlilr `hylr tldhvàh, l qum hsmkurm ug pihamr `hylr tldhvàh. ^lr pihamr sm mgtjmgdm ih shtjschaajñg dmi mspàrjtu prlvmgjmgtm dm ug aumrpl y dm ug hi`h shgls, y gugah dm Djls. Fusahr pihamr y shtjschaajñg ÿgjah`mgtm mg ih shiud l mg mi jgtmimatl, ms gl tmgmr dmsml dm mgalgtrhr ih vmrdhdmrh cumgtm dm ih cmijajdhd. Msamptjajs`l   - Qm ahrhatmrjzh plr ugh hatjtud hgtjdlk`ètjah dm jgdhkhajñg, qum trhth dm bhamr mvjdmgtm ih ahrmgajh dm slijdmz dm auhiqujmr plsjajñg, dmcjgjmgdl al`l ÿgjah plsjajñg ousth mi hfstmgmrsm dm hampthrihs. Cum cugdhdh plr ^jrrl, cjiñslcl krjmkl, mg mi høl 13> h.A. Mgsmøh qum, mg vjsth dm qum sñil ihs smgshajlgms, jgmsthfims l jiuslrjhs, pumdmg smr ih fhsm dm gumstrls oujajls slfrm ih rmhijdhd, sm dmfm prhatjahr mi rmplsl `mgthi, mg mi qum bhy jgsmgsjfjijdhd, y mg mi qum ghdh 8 sm hcjr`h gj sm gjmkh, phrh pldmr hiahgzhr ih cmijajdhd plr mi mqujijfrjl y ih trhgqujijdhd. Thims pmrslghs gl vjvmg5 vmkmthg... Msltmrjs`l   - Ms ug sjstm`h cjilsñcjal rmijkjlsl lauitl. Ms ugh dlatrjgh smarmth, sñil al`ugjahdh h ils jgjajhdls. Mi msltmrjs`l ms lauitjsth y sm ahrhatmrjzh plr mi mstudjl sjstm`ètjal dm ils sà`flils. Bhy sà`flils mg tldl il qum mxjstm, y mg mi mstudjl dm msh sj`flilkàh mi bl`frm pldrè al`prmgdmr ihs rhzlgms cugdh`mgthims dm su mxjstmgajh. Sjmgm h smr ugh rh`jcjahajñg dmi mspjrjtjs`l.

!"#$ .

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

Mspjrjtuhijs`l   - Ms mi gl`frm kmgmrhi qum rmajfmg ihs dlatrjghs cjilsñcjahs smkÿg ihs auhims mi mspàrjtu ms mi amgtrl dm tldhs ihs hatjvjdhdms bu`hghs, yh sm mgtjmgdh plr "mspàrjtu" ih sufsthgajh psàqujah, mi pmgsh`jmgtl purl, ih algajmgajh ugjvmrshi l ih vliugthd hfsliuth. Mi mspàrjtu ms ih rmhijdhd prj`lrdjhi, mi fjmg suprm`l. Mi mspjrjtuhijs`l ms duhijsth, piurhijsth, tmàsth, phgtmàsth y hkgñstjal. Ms mi mspjrjtjs`l alg ug gl`frm `ès rmfusahdl. Ms dlatrjgh dm dm`lgjls. Hampth ih rmmgahrghajñg y ih mvliuajñg dmi mspàrjtu.

Mstljajs`l   - Ms ih msaumih cjilsñcjah krjmkh cugdhdh plr _mgèg dm Ajtjl (114-636 h.A.). Al`prmgdm su dlatrjgh y ih dm sus smkujdlrms. Mi gl`frm sm dmrjvh dmi krjmkl stlh (pñrtjal), plrqum _mgèg mgsmøhfh mg mi pñrtjal iih`hdl "^ljejiê (pjgthdl) dm Htmghs. Mi mstljajs`l hcjr`h qum ih shfjduràh y ih cmijajdhd sm dmrjvhg dm ih vjrtud. Msth algsjstm mg vjvjr algclr`m h ih rhzñg, sl`mtjêgdlsm h ihs imyms dmi ugjvmrsl, h cjg dm ilkrhr ih j`pmrturfhfjijdhd dmi mspàrjtu (hthrhxjh). Ms ugh clr`h dm phgtmàs`l m`pjrjsth qum prmtmgdm vlivmr hi bl`frm jgsmgsjfim h ils `hims càsjals `mdjhgtm ih lfmdjmgajh jrrmstrjath h ihs imyms dmi ugjvmrsl. Mvliuajlgjs`l    - Mi mvliuajlgjs`l ms ugh cjilslcàh ajmgtàcjah qum mgsmøh qum mi als`ls sm dmshrrliiñ plr sà `js`l, Z th`fjêg, qum mi bl`frm y ils hgj`hims bhg iimkhdl h mxjstjr plr dmshrrliil h phrtjr dm il j`pmrcmatl bhsth iimkhr h su prmsmgtm msthdl hvhgzhdl. Z tldl mstl plr `mdjl dm sus prlpjhs cumrzhs. Bham chith `ès cm phrh armmr mg ihs bjpñtmsjs dm ih mvliuajñg qum phrh armmr mg ihs mgsmøhgzhs dm ih Fjfijh5 ms dmajr, mg qum cum Djls mi qum armñ tldhs ihs alshs. (Kêgmsjs 8?8: 68, 64,6=.)

Kglstjajs`l   - Sjmgm dm ih phihfrh krjmkh kglstje3s (ahphz dm alglamr, alglamdlr). Qjkgjcjah, mg tmlràh, mi alglaj`jmgtl `àstjal dm ils smarmtls djvjgls plr vàh dm ugh rmvmihajñg. Msm alglaj`jmgtl al`prmgdm ugh shfjduràh slfrmghturhi, ahphz dm iimvhr h ils jgdjvjduls h ug mgtmgdj`jmgtl al`pimtl y vmrdhdmrl dmi ugjvmrsl y, dm msh clr`h, h shivhrsm dmi `ugdl `hil dm ih `htmrjh. Qm lplgm rhdjahi`mgtm hi `ugdl y mgsmøh ih `lrtjcjahajñg dmi aumrpl y mi rmabhzl dm tldl pihamr càsjal. Ms phgtmàsth y, smkÿg hikughs trhdjajlgms gl algcjr`hdhs, il auitjvhfh Qj`ñg @hkl, hi auhi mi hpñstli ^mdrl rmprmgdjñ mg Qh`hrjh.'

Bu`hgjs`l   - Ms ih cjilslcàh qum fusah smphrhr dm ih jdmh dm Djls hi bl`frm y h tldl hqumiil alg il qum êi sm rmihajlgh. Mi bl`frm, phrh msth cjilslcàh, ms mi amgtrl dm tldhs ihs alshs, mi amgtrl dmi ugjvmrsl y dm ih prmlauphajñg cjilsñcjah. Qurkjñ h cjgms dmi sjkil RJS. @hrx ms mi cugdhdlr dmi bu`hgjs`l al`ugjsth. Ijfmrhijs`l    - Ms ih ijfmrthd `mgthi sjg rmsmrvhs. Ms ug sjstm`h qum hcjr`h qum mi bl`frm mg sà `js`l ms fumgl, purl y oustl. Gl mxjstm mi jgcjmrgl rmhi. Gumstrl cuturl ms jgajmrtl, ih Fjfijh ms chijfim y Djls ms mi ^hdrm ugjvmrshi dm tldls. Iumkl, plr armhajñg, tldls sl`ls bjols suyls y tmgm`ls hsà gumstrh cmijajdhd khrhgtjzhdh.

!"#$ &/

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

@htmrjhijs`l    - Hcjr`h qum ih cjilslcàh dmfm mxpijahr ils cmgñ`mgls gl plr `mdjl dm `jtls rmijkjlsls, sjgl plr ih lfsmrvhajñg dm ih rmhijdhd `js`h. Mgsmøh qum ih `htmrjh - jgarmhdh m jgdmstruatjfim - ms ih susthgajh dm ih auhi sm al`plgmg tldhs ihs alshs, y h ih auhi tldhs miihs sm rmduamg. Ih kmgmrhajñg y ih alrrupajñg dm ihs alshs lfmdmamg h ugh gmamsjdhd gl slfrmghturhi, sjgl ghturhi5 gl hi "dmstjgl", sjgl h ihs imyms càsjahs. Qmkÿg msth cjilslcàh, mi hi`h clr`h phrtm dm ih ghturhimzh y lfmdmam h ihs `js`hs imyms qum rjkmg su `lvj`jmgtl. Mi bl`frm smràh th`fjêg `htmrjh, al`l tldhs ihs dm`ès alshs. @lgjs`l   - Ils sjstm`hs `lgjsths slg vhrjhdls y algtrhdjatlrjls, pmrl tjmgmg ugh glth al`ÿg? ms ih rmduaajñg dm tldhs ihs alshs y dm tldls ils prjgajpjls h ih ugjdhd. Ih sufsthgajh, ihs imyms iñkjahs l càsjahs y ihs fhsms dmi al`plrth`jmgtl, sm rmduamg h ug prjgajpjl cugdh`mgthi, ÿgjal y ugjthrjl, qum tldl il mxpijah y tldl il algtjmgm. Msm prjgajpjl pumdm smr iih`hdl---djls","ghturhimzh", "als`ls", "êtmr" l auhiqujmr ltrh alsh.

^hgtmàs`l   - Ih phihfrh vjmgm dmi krjmkl phs, phg (tldl, tldhs ihs alshs) y tbmñs (djls). Al`l su `js`l gl`frm il sukjmrm, ms ih dlatrjgh smkÿg ih auhi Djls y mi `ugdl clr`hg ugh ugjdhd. Qlg ih `js`h alsh y algstjtuymg ug tldl jgdjvjsjfim. Djls gl ms trhsamgdmgtm hi `ugdl? gl sm djstjgkum gj sm smphrh dm êi. Hi algtrhrjl, ms jg`hgmgtm h êi y sm algcugdm alg êi, sm djsumivm mg êi, sm `hgjcjmsth mg êi, y mg êi sm rmhijzh al`l ugh slih rmhijdhd tlthi y sufsthgajhi.

^jmtjs`l    - Tuvl su jgjajl mg mi sjkil RSJJJ h trhvês dm ih lfrh dm ^bjijpp Qpmgmr y Hukust Crhgaem. Ms ugh tmlràh dmi prltmsthgtjs`l ijfmrhi qum im dh êgchsjs h ih alrrmaajñg dlatrjghrjh, sjg dmohr iukhr phrh ih mxpmrjmgajh dm ih cm. Jgtmrprmth ihs dlatrjghs dmi arjstjhgjs`l thg sñil h ih iuz dm ih mxpmrjmgajh smgtj`mgthi dm ahdh jgdjvjdul. ^iurhijs`l   -- Gl ms mg rmhijdhd ugh msaumih dm pmgsh`jmgtl, sjgl ugh dlatrjgh qum hampth ih mxjstmgajh dm vhrjls `ugdls l pihgls bhfjthdls, qum lcrmamràhg ug è`fjtl ugjvmrshi phrh ih mvliuajñg dmi mspàrjtu. Ghturhi`mgtm, phrh ahdh -`ugdl" bhy ug tjpl djstjgtl dm "djls". Ms ih dlatrjgh qum hfrhzhg ihs cjilslcàhs mspjrjtjsths y mspjrjtuhijsths.

^lijtmàs`l   - Ms ih armmgajh mg `ès dm ug djls. Ihs cumrzhs y ils mim`mgtls dm ih ghturhimzh slg djlsms. Bhy djlsms phrh ils smgtj`jmgtls, phrh ihs hatjvjdhdms bu`hghs, y bhsth djlsms dl`êstjals. Ils bjgdÿms tjmgm `jiilgms dm djlsms qum hslajhg h sus djvmrshs rmijkjlgms. ^lsjtjvjs`l   - Ms ih dlatrjgh cjilsñcjah prmdjahdh plr Hukustl Al`tm. (8;:2-82=;), qujmg sm sjgtjñ jgspjrhdl h armhr ugh "rmijkjñg dm ih bu`hgjdhd". Mg 8242 cugdñ ih Qlajmdhd ^lsjtjvjsth, dm ih auhi sm lrjkjgñ ih Jkimsjh ^lsjtjvjsth. Mi plsjtjvjs`l rmijkjlsl mgsmøh qum ghdh ms slfrmghturhi gj trhsamgdmgtm. Tldhs sus armmgajhs mstèg fhshdhs mg ih ajmgajh, y tjmgm auitls, tm`pils y prèatjahs ijtÿrkjahs. Ms mi auitl qum sm ims rjgdm h ihs alshs armhdhs mg vmz dm smrim rmgdjdl hi Armhdlr."

!"#$ &&

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

Vhajlghijs`l   - Ih mxprmsjñg rhajlghijs`l sm dmrjvh dmi susthgtjvl rhzñg y, al`l mi `js`l têr`jgl il jgdjah, ms 8 cjilslcàh qum sustmgth ih prj`haàh dm ih rhzñg, dm ih ahphajdhd dm pmgshr. Algsjdmrh h ih rhzñg al`l ih msmgajh dm il rmhi thgtl mg il ghturhi al`l mg il bjstñrjal. Mgsmøh qum gl sm pumdm armmr mg il qum ih rhzñg dmsalglam l gl pumdm msaudrjøhr. ]gjthrjs`l   - Cum cugdhdl mg Jthijh plr Imijl y Chustl Qlajgl. Qjkum ih iàgmh rhajlghijsth dm Mrhs`l dm Vlttmrdh`. Ms ugh cjilslcàh rmijkjlsh qum gjmkh ih djvjgjdhd dm Omsuarjstl, hugqum il vmgmrh. Cum armhdh dmgtrl dmi prltmsthgtjs`l, y hcjr`h, mgtrm ltrhs alshs, ih shivhajñg dm tldls. Gl armm mg tldh ih Fjfijh, mg mi pmahdl gj mg ih Trjgjdhd. Qm hsm`moh hi ugjvmrshijs ugjvmrshijs`l. `l.

]gjvmrshijs`l   - Ms ug pmgsh`jmgtl rmijkjlsl dm ih Mdhd @mdjh, qum im algamdàh ih shivhajñg l rmdmgajñg h tldl mi kêgmrl bu`hgl. Ms, thi vmz, mi prmaurslr dmi `lvj`jmgtl mau`êgjal `ldmrgl. Mi amgtrl dm ih bjstlrjh ms mi pumfil oudàl, plr su hijhgzh alg Djls, y dmspuês, ih Jkimsjh arjstjhgh. Hcjr`h qum ih rmdmgajñg cum ugjvmrshi`mgtm j`pumsth h tldhs ihs arjhturhs... QMATHQ Ihs smaths gl slg ghdh gumvl. Qj imm`ls ih Fjfijh y ijfrls dm bjstlrjh gls dhrm`ls aumgth qum mxjstmg dmsdm bham `uabàsj`l tjm`pl. @uabhs smaths dm bly slg slil ugh rmphrhajñg dm armmgajhs y bmrmoàhs hgtjkuhs. ^hrh mi arjstjhgl ms `uy j`plrthgtm hprmgdmr quê qujmrm dmajr ih phihfrh ’smath‐, quê tjpls dm smaths bhy mg gumstrls phàsms y añ`l dmfm mgcrmgthrsm h miihs.

IH ^HIHFVH ’QMATH‐  Ihs pmrslghs ushg ih phihfrh ’smath‐ dm djcmrmgtms `hgmrhs. ^hrh ils ahtñijals plr mom`pil, ihs dmgl`jghajlgms mvhgkêijahs slg ’smaths‐. ^mrl phrh ils mvhgkêijals, ils ahtñijals slg ugh ’smath‐. ¼Auèi ms mi usl alrrmatl dm msth phihfrh< Mstudjê`lsil Ms tudjê`lsil h algtjguhajñg.  H. ]sl dm ih ih phihfrh ’smath‐ mg mi mi Gumvl Tmsth`mgtl. Tmsth`mgtl. Mg mi ijfrl dm Bmabls Bmabls sm ush `uabl `uabl ih phihfrh ’smath‐. Mg mstm ijfrl sm im iih`h hsà h ils djstjgtls krupls mg qum sm djvjdàh ih rmijkjñg oudàh. (Bmabls =?8;). Mg Bmabls 64?= sm vm qum h ils arjstjhgls sm ims iih`hfh th`fjêg ’smath‐ plrqum ih kmgtm armàh qum mrhg ug krupl mgtrm ih rmijkjñg oudàh. Mg ihs ahrths dmi Gumvl Tmsth`mgtl sm ims iih`h ’smaths‐ h ils prlfim`hs y mrrlrms qum sm dhfhg dmgtrl dm ih jkimsjh (8 Alrjgtjls 88?8: 88?8: ’djsmgsjlgms‐, Kèihths =?6> ’bmrmoàhs y djsmgsjlgms‐5 6 ^mdrl 6?8 ’bmrmoàhs‐).  ’bmrmoàhs‐).  F. ]sl dm ih phihfrh ’smath‐ bly. Mi djaajlghrjl djam qum ugh ’smath‐ ms? ’mi algougtl dm  dm   armymgtms dm ugh dlatrjgh phrtjauihr l cjmims h ugh rmijkjñg qum sm algsjdmrh chis h‐. Mi prlfim`h dm mgtmgdmr ’smath dm mstm `ldl ms qum il qum ugh pmrslgh algsjdmrh chisl, ltrh il algsjdmrh vmrdhdmrl. ¼Xuê ms mgtlgams, ugh ’smath‐< ^hrh ils mvhgkêijals ugh smath ms? ’tldh dlatrjgh l krupl dm pmrslghs qum sm hphrthg dm ihs vmrdhdms fèsj ahs dmi arjstjhgjs`l‐.   arjstjhgjs`l‐.

!"#$ &'

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

TJ^LQ DM QMATHQ Gl tldhs ihs smaths slg jkuhims. ^hrh mstudjhrihs ms gmamshrjl alglamr ihs djcmrmgajhs qum tjmgmg mgtrm sj. Alglamr msths djcmrmgajhs gls hyudhrè h mgcrmgthrihs mg ugh `hgmrh `molr.  H. Krupl 8? Ihs smaths qum djamg qum mi Arjstjhgjs`l gl ms mi ÿgjal ah`jgl phrh hamrahrsm h Djls, sjgl qum bhy `uabls ltrls. Ahsj tldhs ihs smaths dm mstm krupl vjmgmg dm rmijkjlgms lrjmgthims. Djamg qum Arjstl cum ug krhg `hmstrl jkuhi qum Fudh, @hbl`h, @ljsês y ltrls. ^hrh miils mi arjstjhgjs`l gl tjmgm ghdh dm mspmajhi, ms jkuhi qum tldhs ihs rmijkjlgms. Ihs smaths `ès j`plrthgtms dm mstm krupl slg? mi mspjrjtjs`l, ih tmlslcàh, mi rlsharuajs`l, mi kglstjajs`l, Bhrm Ersgh y Cm Fhbhj. F. Krupl 6? Ihs smaths qum armmg qum mi arjstjhgjs`l ms mi ah`jgl phrh hamrahrsm h Djls, pmrl høhdmg hi mvhgkmijl sus prlpjhs armmgajhs y ijfrls. Mstm krupl dm smaths hampthg ih Fjfijh al`l hutlrjdhd pmrl im hkrmkhg ltrls ijfrls y armmgajhs. ^hrh hikugls dm miils mi `mgshom dm Djls phrh mi bl`frm dm bly ms djstjgtl hi qum sm vm mg ihs Msarjturhs. Omsuarjstl ms ug krhg prlcmth pmrl gl ms mi Bjol dm Djls. H mstm krupl dm smaths pmrtmgmamg? ils `lr`lgms y ils smkujdlrms dm ih Ajmgajh Arjstjhgh. Ils ahtñijals rl`hgls sà armmg qum Omsÿs ms Djls, pmrl phrh miils ih Msarjturh gl ms ih hutlrjdhd `èxj`h, sjgl qum mi phph y sus armmgajhs hgtjkuhs. A. Krupl 1? Ihs smaths qum armmg qum mi arjstjhgjs`l ms mi ÿgjal ah`jgl phrh hamrahrsm h Djls pmrl tumramg ihs msarjturhs. Mstm krupl dm smaths djam qum ih Fjfijh ms ih hutlrjdhd `èxj`h pmrl ushg vmrsàauils sumitls phrh al`prlfhr ihs chishs mgsmøhgzhs jgvmgthdhs plr miils. Ihs dlatrjghs fàfijahs prjgajphims (thims al`l? Ih trjgjdhd, ih shivhajñg plr cm, ih dmjdhd dm Arjstl, mta.) slg gmkhdhs y alshs smaugdhrjhs rmajfmg `uabh j`plrthgajh (mi jgcjmrgl, mi al`mr shgkrm, mi sèfhdl, mta.). Ihs smaths `ès j`plrthgtms dm mstm krupl slg? Ils Tmstjkls dm Omblvè, ils Hdvmgtjsths dmi Qêptj`l dàh, mi Jsrhmi dm Djls, Ih ^urh Smrdhd y ih Slz dm ih ^jmdrh Hgkuihr. Qm pumdm dmajr qum msths slg ihs smaths `ès pmijkrlshs plrqum hphrmgthg msthr amgtrhdhs mg ih Fjfijh.

AL@L MGCVMGTHVQM H IHQ QMATHQ  H. Msthr fjmg prmphrhdl ms il `ès j`plrthgtm. Qñil ug arjstjhgl qum mstê mg algsthgtm lrhajñg y mstudjl dm ihs Msarjturhs pldrè algvmgamr h ug smathrjl dm su mrrlr. F. Trhth dm jdmgtjcjahr h quê krupl dm smaths (mstudjhdls hrrjfh) pmrtmgmam mi smathrjl alg mi qum mstès bhfihgdl. Mstl tm hyudhrè h tlahr sus mrrlrms prjgajphims. A. Tl`h mg aumgth qum ih pmrslgh y ih dlatrjgh qum mgsmøh slg dls alshs djstjgths. Gl hthqums h ih pmrslgh, miih th`fjêg ms h`hdh plr Djls y gmamsjth shivhajñg. Hthah ils mrrlrms dm ih dlatrjgh qum msth pmrslgh armm. D. Trhth dm dhrtm aumgth bhsth dñgdm mstè `mtjdh ih pmrslgh mg mi mrrlr. Oudhs 66 y 61 gls hgj`h h bhamr djcmrmgajhs mg mi trhtl.

M. Mscuêrzhtm plr gl livjdhr qum il `ès j`plrthgtm gl ms khghr ih djsausjñg sjgl iimvhr h msth pmrslgh bhajh Arjstl. Oudhs? 66-61  !"#$ &(

 

!"#$%& ()*"+,%&

>8614> =3;82:4> 4 ?5 ?90 7< ?5 NHFAH5

D:;M68

MCKBJ79OOjñg MCKBJ79OO jñg …………………………………………………..……….  …………………………………………………..……….  &* MEIJBK5COH5 dmi Mstudjl ………………………..…………..  ………………………..………….. 

&,

@