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SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
ODFÄ^DO@ NG _GO@NK-^K_^@NK GF LGOMK CLWDNDY@NK NG PWDFK@ RGJKI@N@. ^krrgz Drdakygf, R.J.0,2*, Adfgr,
[email protected],2,? 0
Ogftrk ng Dfvgstda`odÿf y Ngs`rrkllk gf Ordktgofklkaê` Or dktgofklkaê` ng @ldjgftks (ODNO@). C`oult`n ng Odgfod`s Gx`ot`s, Wfdvgrsdn`n F`odkf`l ng L` Ul`t`, O`llg >1 y 003 (0455)- L` Ul`t`, Urkvdfod` ng Bugfks @drgs, @ragftdf`. 2
C`oult`n ng Dfagfdgrê`, Wfdvgrsdn`n F`odkf`l ng L` Ul`t`.
?
Okjdsdÿf ng Dfvgstda`odkfgs Odgftêcdo`s ng l` Urkvdfod` ng Bugfks @drgs, @ragftdf`. G-j`dl9 (rdo`rnk[j`rt2Ey`mkk.okj.`r)
Rgsujgf L` qudfk` pksgg j`ykr okftgfdnk ng prktgêf` (00-03%) y uf bugf pgrcdl ng `jdfkàodnks. _df gjb`rak, l` prgsgfod` ng uf`s sust`fod`s tkxdo`s ngfkjdf`n`s s`pkfdf`s m`og fgogs`rdk ng uf l`v`nk dftgfsk gf `au` prgvdk ` su okfsujk. Ukr ktrk l`nk, gl `ltk okfsujk ng prknuotks sf`oh, iustdcdo` gl ngs`rrkllk ng uf prkogsk jgnd`ftg jgnd`ftg gl ou`l l` qudfk` ngs`pkfdcdo`n` pugn` sgr okodn` y sgo`n`tkst`n` p`r` prknuodr uf prknuotk pkrksk y orko`ftg. Okf gstg cdf, gl kbigtdvk ng gstg tr`b`ik cug ngs`rrkll`r uf jknglk j`tgjàtdok p`r` dftgrprgt`r l` odfätdo` gf o`p` ngla`n` ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk ng ar`fks ngs`pkfdcdo`nks y rgjki`nks ng quêfk`. _g ngtgrjdf`rkf l`s ourv`s ng sgo`nk gf lgomk cludndz`nk okf tgjpgr`tur`s ng `drg gftrg =5 y 0>5¹O nur`ftg 35 jdf utdldz`fn ut dldz`fnkk uf` vglkodn`n ng `drg ng 2.7 j/s. _g utdldzÿ l` skluodÿf `f`lêtdo` gf ckrj` ng l` gou`odÿf ng tdgjpks okrtks y l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` p`r` agkjgtrê` gscärdo` p`r` ngtgrjdf`r gl okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf ( N Ngcc ) y uf` gou`odÿf tdpk @rrmgfdus p`r` o`loul`r l` Gfgraê` ng @otdv`odÿf ( G G `). Lks rgsult`nks kbtgfdnks jkstr`rkf qug gl jknglk ng tdgjpks okrtks fk cug `ngou`nk p`r` gl `iustg jdgftr`s qug l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` prgsgftÿ rgsult`nks rgsult`nks juy s`tdsc`otkrdks. s`tdsc`otkrdks. Lks v`lkrgs ngl Ngcc m`ll`nks gstuvdgrkf gf gl krngf ng 05-4 ` 05-05 j2/s y l` G ` cug dau`l ` ?2,54 hI/jkl. @l jdsjk tdgjpk, ng `ougrnk ` l`s `lt`s vglkodn`ngs ng sgo`nk kbsgrv`n`s sg ngtgrjdfÿ qug gl tr`t`jdgftk fk ngbê` supgr`r lks ?5 jdf.
U`l`br`s ol`vg9 PWÊFK@, _GO@NK-^K_^@NK, CLWDNDY@ODßF. @@DP @skod`odÿf @ragftdf` ng Dfagfdgrks Puêjdoks - O_UP
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
0. Dftrknuoodÿf L` qudfk` (Omgfkpknduj qudfk` Qdlln ) gs o`r`otgrêstdo` ng l`s rgadkfgs `fndf`s, oultdv`n` ngsng äpko`s prgmdspàfdo`s. Gf @ragftdf` sg oultdv` gf pgqugð`s àrg`s gf l`s prkvdfod`s ng ng Iuiuy y _`lt` _`lt` (Rgdf`und y okl., 2552). 2552). L` qudfk` okftdgfg okftdgfg j`ykr j`ykr okftgfdnk ng prktgêf` (00-03% p/p) y jdfgr`lgs jdfgr`lgs okf rgspgotk ` lks lks ogrg`lgs. ogrg`lgs. @pkrt` uf bugf bugf b`l`fog ng `jdfkàodnks gsgfod`lgs gsgfod`lgs y su j`tgrd` ar`s` (7-3% p/p) sg okjpkf okjpkfgg prdfodp`ljgftg ng àodnks ar`sks gsgfod`lgs gsgfod`lgs `ngjàs `l fk pksggr alutgf, alutgf, okfstdtuyg uf `ldjgftk `ngou`nk p`r` oglê`oks (Rdnkut, 0440). Gf b`sg ` gst`s o`r`otgrêstdo`s, gf `ðks rgodgftgs gl ar`fk ng qudfk` m` `nqudrdnk djpkrt`fod` gokfÿjdo` pkr l` ngj`fn` lko`l y jufnd`l, agfgr`fnk l` rgv`lkrdz`odÿf ng su oultdvk (Grr`jkuspg y okl., 2557). 2557). Fk kbst`ftg gstg ar`fk, prgsgft`f `ftdfutrdgftgs `j`raks, l`s s`pkfdf`s, ouy` tkxdodn`n gf muj`fks gs ng fdvgl v`rd`blg, `cgot`fnk prdfodp`ljgftg l` ndagstdÿf ng l`s prktgêf`s _g uf jàxdjk ng 5,57% (p/p) ng s`pkfdf`s gf gl ar`fk ngstdf`nk `l okfsujk muj`fk (Cr`fods y okl., 2552). Gf okfsgougfod`, rgsult` djprgsodfndblg gldjdf`rl`s `ftgs ngl okfsujk. L` ngs`pkfdcdo`odÿf (ngfkjdf`n` “l`v`nk‚ ng l` qudfk`) gs uf` gxtr`oodÿf sÿldnk-lêqudnk qug sg rg`ldz` ` fdvgl nkjästdok pkr `adt`odÿf j`fu`l ng lks ar`fks okf `au` crê`, okf l` ou`l l`s s`pkfdf`s ckrj`f gspuj`. Ukr t`ftk, gl ogsg ng l` ckrj`odÿf ng gspuj` sg okfsdngr` okjk gl cdf`l ng gst` kpgr`odÿf (Rdnkut, 0440). L` j`ykr p`rtg ng l`s dfvgstda`odkfgs llgv`n`s ` o`bk okf qudfk` sg m`f ngndo`nk ` l`s kpgr`odkfgs ng okfsgrv`odÿf pkst-oksgom` gf p`rtdoul`r `l tr`t`jdgftk tärjdok okf `drg o`ldgftg sdf okfsdngr`r äl gstundÿ ng l`s gt`p`s fgogs`rd`s p`r` gl ngs`rrkllk ng uf sf`oh ` b`sg ng gstg prknuotk (Agly y _`ft`ll`, 25518 Jdr`fn` y okl., 2505). @l rgspgotk, lks cgfÿjgfks ng tr`fscgrgfod` ng j`tgrd` y o`lkr kourrgf sdjultàfg`jgftg, y l` j`ykr p`rtg ng lks gstundks rgl`odkf`nks okf gl sgo`nk ng `ldjgftks m`f gst`nk ndrdadnks ` l` okjprgfsdÿf ng gstks cgfÿjgfks ng j`fgr` qug sg` pksdblg agfgr`r prknuotks sgoks ng jgikr jgikr o`ldn`n okf jgfkr okfsujk okfsujk gspgoêcdok ng gfgraê` (@hpdf`r 2553). L` odfätdo` ng sgo`nk ng uf prknuotk gs djpkrt`ftg p`r` gl ndsgðk y sdjul`odÿf ng sgo`nkrgs. L` jdsj` gs `cgot`n` pkr l`s okfndodkfgs gxtgrf`s ngl jgndk, `sê okjk t`jbdäf pkr l` okjpksdodÿf quêjdo` y l`s prkpdgn`ngs cêsdo`s ngl `ldjgftk (R`ttd 2554). Okf gl prkpÿsdtk ng ngsordbdr l` odfätdo` ng sgo`nk, gf l` j`ykrê` ng lks gstundks gl `ldjgftk gs gxpugstk ` okfndodkfgs okfst`ftgs ng `drg p`r` okfcdf`r l`s v`rd`odkfgs `l @@DP, @skod`odÿf @ragftdf` ng Dfagfdgrks Puêjdoks - O_UP
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
prknuotk sgo`nk, y pkngr jgndr sus p`ràjgtrks, gf rgl`odÿf ` t`lgs t `lgs okfndodkfgs ng `drg. (Jkm`p`tr` y R`k 2557). @utkrgs okjk _uf y Qkkns (044>) gf ogb`n`, Agly y Adfgr (2551) gf ndcgrgftgs oultdv`rgs ng ski` nur`ftg l` pkstoksgom` y Fdltkf y okl. (2500) gf ar`fks ng o`cä, m`f gstund`nk gl sgo`nk. L` täofdo` ng lgomk cludndz`nk sg m` gjplg`nk ` fdvgl dfnustrd`l dfnustrd`l ngbdnk ` l` l` `lt` vglkodn` vglkodn`nn ng tr`fscgrgfod` ng o`lkr y gl dftgfsk dftgfsk jgzol`nk qug okfnuog ` uf tr`t`jdgftk jàs ufdckrjg ngl prknuotk (T`fa, 255?) . @ngjàs, `utkrgs okjk okjk Adfgr A dfgr y Ng Jdomglds (04==) gfokftr`rkf uf `ltk pktgfod`l p`r` l` rgoupgr`odÿf ng gfgraê` nur`ftg gl prkogsk ng cludndz`odÿf, n`nk qug gf su p`sk pkr gl lgomk, gl `drg s`lg okf glgv`n` tgjpgr`tur` y b`i` mujgn`n. Rgodgftgjgftg, sg ngs`rrkllÿ uf prkogsk ng rgjki`nk, sgo`nk-tkst`nk ng ski`, ` glgv`n`s tgjpgr`tur`s gf lgomk cludndz`nk. Gl prknuotk kbtgfdnk tuvk uf` `otdvdn`n ng `au` sdjdl`r `l v`lkr ng jkfko`p`, `lrgngnkr `lrgngnkr ng 5,2 rgsult`fnk pkr t`ftk, gst`blg (^krrgz Drdakygf D rdakygf y Adfgr, 2500 ` y b). Gl ar`fk sgo`nk-tkst`nk, gxpgrdjgftk uf rgnuoodÿf gf su vklujgf qug ndk lua`r ` uf prknuotk ngsmdnr`t`nk, jgfks ngfsk y okf uf su`vg s`bkr y oklkr qug pgrjdtdÿ kbtgfgr `lt` `ogpt`bdldn`n gf gv`lu`odkfgs sgfskrd`lgs (^krrgz Drdakygf, 250?). _df gjb`rak, fk sg gfokftr`rkf gf l` bdbldkar`cê` gstundks ng l` odfätdo` ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk ng ar`fks ng qudfk` ` glgv`n`s tgjpgr`tur`s y okftgfdnks ng mujgn`n. Ukr t`ftk, sg prkpkfg gl gstundk ng uf prkogsk jgnd`ftg jgnd`ftg gl ou`l l` qudfk`, `ngou`n`jgftg `ngou`n`jgftg ngs`pkfdcdo`n` pugn` sgr okodn` y sgo`n`-tkst`n` p`r` n`r lua`r uf prknuotk dffkv`nkr tdpk sf`oh gst`blg ` tgjpgr`tur` `jbdgftg. Okjk p`rtg ng gsg ngs`rrkllk, gl kbigtdvk ng gstg tr`b`ik cug gstund`r l` odfätdo` ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk ng ar`fks ng qudfk` prgvd`jgftg ngs`pkfdcdo`n` y sglgoodkf`r gl jknglk j`tgjàtdok jàs `ngou`nk p`r` dftgrprgt`r lks cgfÿjgfks ng tr`fscgrgfod` ng j`tgrd` qug tdgfgf lua`r nur`ftg gl tr`t`jdgftk tärjdok.
2. J`tgrd`lgs y jätknks 2.0. J`tgrd`l _g tr`b`iÿ okf ar`fks ng qudfk` v`rdgn`n ODO@ nkf`nks agftdljgftg pkr gl DF^@ GG@-_`lt`. Okf uf okftgfdnk dfdod`l ng mujgn`n ng 5.000 ha `au`/ ha j`tgrd` sgo` y 5,5=0% p/p ng s`pkfdf`s `l jkjgftk ng su rgogpodÿf. L` ou`ftdcdo`odÿf ngl okftgfdnk ng gst`s sust`fod`s sg rg`ldzÿ pkr gl jätknk ng l` gspuj` ng Hkzdkl (0440).
@@DP, @skod`odÿf @ragftdf` ng Dfagfdgrks Puêjdoks - O_UP
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
2.2. Ngtgrjdf`odÿf ngl okftgfdnk ng mujgn`n Gl okftgfdnk ng mujgn`n sg ngtgrjdfÿ pkr trdpldo`nk jgnd`ftg gl jätknk @KO_ @o 2->0 (0?5¹O, prgsdÿf `tjkscärdo`, ? m) gf uf` gstuc` ng okfvgoodÿf ckrz`n` (vglkodn`n ng `drg, 5.27 j/s).
2.?. L`v`nk/Ngs`pkfdc L`v`nk/Ngs`pkfdcdo`nk do`nk Lks ar`fks sg dfspgoodkf`rkf vdsu`ljgftg p`r` rgjkvgr j`tgrd`lgs gxtr`ðks, y pkstgrdkrjgftg sg l`v`rkf dftgfs`jgftg dftgfs`jgftg gf `au` m`st` kbsgrv`r l` `usgfod` ng gspuj` (CWF@CW-CD, 2502).
2.>. _go`nk supgrcdod`l U`r` c`odldt`r l` cludndz`odÿf ng lks ar`fks nur`ftg gl sgo`nk-tkst`nk, l`s jugstr`s ng qudfk` rgjki`n`s sg skjgtdgrkf ` uf sgo`nk supgrcdod`l gf o`p` ngla`n` gf gstuc` ng okfvgoodÿf ckrz`n` ` 75¹O pkr 07 jdf.
2.7. Gqudpk ng lgomk cludndz`nk L` Cdaur` 0 gs uf ndbuik ngl sgo`nkr gxpgrdjgft`l ng lgomk cludndz`nk utdldz`nk Okfsdstg ng 7 okjpkfgftgs prdfodp`lgs9 l` oàj`r` ng sgo`nk `dsl`n` tärjdo`jgftg, ng 5.05 j ng ndàjgtrk dftgrfk y 5.?5 j ng `ltur`, uf jdorkj`fÿjgtrk jdorkj`fÿjgtrk ^gstk 727 (r`fak9 527 mU`, grrkr ` ckfnk ng gso`l` 5.2%) p`r` jgndr l`s ndcgrgfod`s gf l` prgsdÿf ng `drg ` tr`väs ngl lgomk, uf `fgjÿjgtrk ^gstk >?7 p`r` jgndr l` vglkodn`n ngl cluik ng `drg ` tr`väs ngl lgomk, uf okftrkl`nkr ng tgjpgr`tur`, Fkvus Br`fn Jkn. F?20-I/Hdt y uf sdstgj` okfvgrskr ng crgougfod` qug okftrkl` y v`rê` l` crgougfod` ng l` okrrdgftg `ltgrf` `ldjgft`n` ` uf jktkr gläotrdok _dgjgfs (jàxdj` vglkodn`n `faul`r, 2=55 rgv/jdf) ndrgot`jgftg okfgot`nk ` uf vgftdl`nkr ogftrêcuak.
@@DP, @skod`odÿf @ragftdf` ng Dfagfdgrks Puêjdoks - O_UP
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
O G
@ 0>5
4=>.1
N
B
C
ng sgo`nk,ng(B) Jdorkj`fkjgtrk Jdorkj`f ^G_^K 727, (O) `fgjÿjgtrk Cda. 0. (@) ^gstk >?7,Oàj`r` (N) Okftrkl`nkr ^gjpgr`tur`, ^gjpg r`tur`,kjgtrk (G) Okfvgrskr Okfv grskr ng Crgougfod`, Crgougf od`, (C) Sgftdl`nkr.
2.3. _go`nk-tkst`nk gf o`p` ngla`n` gf lgomk cludndz`nk _g tr`b`iÿ okf tgjpgr`tur`s ng `drg ` l` gftr`n` ng =5µO, 055µO, 025µO y 0>5µO, y uf` vglkodn`n prkjgndk ng `drg ng 2.7 j/s. Wf` vgz qug l`s okfndodkfgs ng `drg y tgjpgr`tur` sg gst`bdldz`rkf, sg o`raÿ uf` o`p` ng ar`fks ng 5.50 j ng gspgskr gf l` oàj`r` ng sgo`nk. _g gxtr`igrkf jugstr`s ` tdgjpks prgngtgrjdf`nks gftrg 0 y 35 jdfutks, gf tkn`s l`s gxpgrdgfod`s rg`ldz`n`s, tr`t`fnk ng fk `ltgr`r ng j`fgr` okfsdngr`blg gl sdstgj`.
2.3. Jkngl`nk j`tgjàtdok okf okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf y t`j`ðk ng ar`fk okfst`ftg 2.3.0 B`l`fog jdorksoÿpdok ng j`tgrd` okf tr`fspkrtg t r`fspkrtg ndcusdvk ^kj`fnk gl vklujgf ngl ar`fk okfst`ftg okjk sdstgj` y okfsdngr`fnk qug gl `au` jdar` ngftrk ngl ar`fk pkr ndcusdÿf, gl b`l`fog jdorksoÿpdok ng j`tgrd` pugng gxprgs`rsg ng l` sdaudgftg ckrj` (Or`fh, 0417)
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SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
∂Q l : ∁( Ngcc ∁Q l ) ∂t
(0)
nkfng Ngcc gs gs gl okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvk. U`r` cluik ng j`tgrd` ufdndjgfsdkf`l r`nd`l gf agkjgtrê` gscärdo`, okfsdngr`fnk Ngcc ngpgfndgftg ngl okftgfdnk ng mujgn`n, l` gou`odÿf `ftgrdkr pugng ngs`rrkll`rsg p`r` n`r (U`bds y okl., 044=) ∂Q l ∂ 2Q l 2 ∂Q l ∂Q l ∂ Ngcc + : Ngcc 2 + r r r r r ∂t ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(2)
L` gou`odÿf pl`ftg`n` v`lg gf o`n` puftk dftgrdkr ngl sÿldnk, y gxprgs` `l okftgfdnk ng mujgn`n lko`l gf b`sg sgo` (Q l) ngl okjpkfgftg qug ndcufng okjk cufodÿf ngl tdgjpk (t ) y l` okkrngf`n` r , ouyks gigs skf sdgjprg pgrpgfndoul`rgs ` l` supgrcdodg, y ouyk krdagf ng okkrngf`n`s gstà gf gl ogftrk ng sdjgtrê`. U`r` Ngcc dfngpgfndgftg ngl v`lkr ng mujgn`n lko`l nur`ftg gl sgo`nk l` gxprgsdÿf `ftgrdkr sg rgnuog `9 ∂ 2Q l 2 ∂Q l ∂Q l : Ngcc 2 + r r r ∂t ∂ ∂
(?)
Gf okfndodkfgs ng b`i` mujgn`n, prÿxdj` ` lks r`faks ng mujgn`n pkst-oksgom`, gl gfokadjdgftk ngl ar`fk pugng ngsprgod`rsg, y gl cluik ndcusdvk rgspgotk ng l` j`tgrd` sgo` okdfodng okf `qugl tkj`nk okjk sd gl sdstgj` ng okkrngf`n`s gstuvdgr` cdik.
2.3.2. Okfndodkfgs dfdod`lgs y ng okftkrfk gf tr`fscgrgfod` ng j`tgrd`. L`s okfndodkfgs dfdod`lgs y ng okftkrfk pl`ftg`n`s p`r` rgsklvgr l` gou`odÿf ndcgrgfod`l ` ngrdv`n`s p`rod`lgs (Go. (0)), skf9 Okfndodÿf dfdod`l9
:5 t :5
Q l : Q 5
5 ≮ r ≮ R
@@DP, @skod`odÿf @ragftdf` ng Dfagfdgrks Puêjdoks - O_UP
(>)
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
-> nkfng Q 5 gs gl okftgfdnk ng mujgn`n dfdod`l y R gl r`ndk ngl ar`fk ( R R5:=.=24 x05 j).
Okfndodÿf ng okftkrfk gf gl ogftrk9
Gf gl ogftrk ngl ar`fk, gl cluik ng j`tgrd` gs fulk pkr sdjgtrê`
: 5 r :
∂Q l : 5 ∂r
t 6 5
(7)
Okfndodÿf ng okftkrfk gf l` supgrcdodg
r : R
Q s : Q g
t 6 5
(3)
nkfng Q s gs uf v`lkr p`rtdoul`r ng Q gf gf l` supgrcdodg supgr cdodg k mujgn`n ng gqudldbrdk o`loul`n` okf gl jknglk ng A@B (^kl`b` y okl., 255>). N`n`s l`s `lt`s vglkodn`ngs ng `drg gjplg`n`s nur`ftg gl sgo`nk-tkst`nk pkr l` cludndz`odÿf l` rgsdstgfod` gxtgrf` pràotdo`jgftg pràotdo`jgf tg ngs`p`rgog ngs`p`rgog y, gl fùjgrk ng Bdj sg dforgjgft` lk sucdodgftg okjk p`r` gst`blgogr uf` okfndodÿf ng okftkrfk prgsordpt` gf fugstrk o`sk, lk qug sdafdcdo` uf okftrkl dftgrfk gstrdotk ng l` tr`fscgrgfod` ng j`tgrd` (Adfgr y okl., 2505).
2.3.?. _kluodÿf @f`lêtdo` ng l` Gou`odÿf ng Ndcusdÿf U`r` gstg jknglk y okfndodkfgs dfdod`lgs y ng okftkrfk pkngjks gjplg`r l` skluodÿf `f`lêtdo` ng l` gou`odÿf ng ndcusdÿf fk gst`odkf`rd` gf gscgr`s (Go. (0)) okf okfndodÿf prgsordpt` gf l` supgrcdodg okfsdngr`fnk okfsdngr`fnk gfokadjdgftk gfokadjdgftk ngsprgod`blg ngsprgod`blg y okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf okfst`ftg. _d sg dftgar`f l`s mujgn`ngs lko`lgs gf gl vklujgf ng l` gscgr` sg llga` ` l` sdaudgftg gou`odÿf (Nkyj`z y Êsj`dl, 2500).
Q `n :
Q − Q g
Q 5 − Q g
:
3
2
υ
f :∖
0
∐f f :0
2
Ngcc t 2 R
gxp− f 2 υ 2
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(1)
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
Gst` gou`odÿf ngsordbg l` v`rd`odÿf ng l` mujgn`n jgnd` ngl ar`fk okf gl tdgjpk ( Q ). ). 2 Gl Gl arupk ( N Ngcc t/R t/R ) gs gl tdgjpk `ndjgfsdkf`l k fùjgrk ng Ckurdgr ( C k) p`r`
tr`fscgrgfod` ng j`tgrd` (U`bds y okl., 044=). Ukr okfvgfdgfod`, sg pugng ngcdfdr uf arupk `ndjgfsdkf`l ] t`l t`l qug C k : ] 2 / 4. Rggsordbdgfnk l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` gf tärjdfks ng ] , sg kbtdgfg
Q `n :
Q − Q g
Q 5 − Q g
:
3 2
υ
f 2 υ 2 2 0 ] gxp− 2 f 4 f :0
f :∖
∐
(=)
p`rt êoul` pkr ufdn`n ng vklujgf nkfng ] 2 : `v2 N Ngcc t , sdgfnk `v äl àrg` supgrcdod`l ng l` p`rtêoul` ng p`rtêoul` `v : ?/ R R p`r` uf` gscgr`. U`r` o`n` tdgjpk, y gspgod`ljgftg ` tdgjpks `ndjgfsdkf`ljgftg okrtks, l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` rgqudgrg suj`r uf fùjgrk okfsdngr`blg ng tärjdfks p`r` kbtgfgr okfvgragfod`. @ tdgjpk l`raks, l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` okfvgrag gf uf sklk tärjdfk, pgrk gst` tkt `ljgftg tg ngftrk ngl sdjpldcdo`odÿf sdjpldcdo`od ÿf gs vàldn` p`r` ] 6 0 ÿ Q ``n n < 5.?, lk ou`l fk sg m`ll` tkt`ljgf r`fak pràotdok ng sgo`nk ng `ldjgftks ng `ltk okftgfdnk `ouksk (J`bglldfd y okl., 2505). f 2 υ 2 2 3 : Q `n : ] gxp− Q 5 − Q g υ 2 4 Q − Q g
(4)
Gst` gou`odÿf pugng ar`cdo`rsg okjk uf` rgot` gf uf nd`ar`j` sgjdlka`rêtjdok. Gl 2 v`lkr ng Q `n `n gs dfdod`ljgftg dau`l ` 0 p`r` t : 5 fk 3/υ okjk prgndog l` Go.(4).
Ukr lk t`ftk, l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` okjplgt` (Go.(1)) sgrê` fgogs`rd` p`r` rg`ldz`r gl `iustg. Adfgr y J`somgrkfd (2550) m`f utdldz`nk uf` gou`odÿf ndcusdv` gqudv`lgftg, jàs sdjplg, p`r` tdgjpks `ndjgfsdkf`ljgftg okrtks ] ≮0, prkpugst` krdadf`ljgftg pkr Bgohgr (0474). Gst` gou`odÿf okf sklk trgs tärjdfks prgndog l` ourv` ng sgo`nk gftrg 5.2< Q `n `n < 0 ÿ ]< 0 okf ar`f gx`otdtun, okdfodngftg ` l` kbtgfdn` jgnd`ftg l` sgrdg dfcdfdt`.
Q `n :
Q − Q g Q 5 − Q g
: 0−
2
`v Ngcc t + 5.??0`v Ngcc t 2
υ
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(05)
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
L` gou`odÿf `ftgrdkr m` sdnk `pldo`n` okf äxdtk gf gl gstundk ng l` odfätdo` ng sgo`nk pkst-oksgom`` ng ski` (Agly y Adfgr, 2555). N`nk su bugf okjpkrt`jdgf pkst-oksgom ok jpkrt`jdgftk tk gf l` pkstoksgom`, sg gxplkrÿ su `ptdtun p`r` lks n`tks jgndnks gf sgo`nk-tkst`nk ng qudfk` gf gl prgsgftg gstundk, gstundk, gjplg`fnk gjplg`fnk gl v`lkr ngl r`ndk r`ndk dfdod`l p`r` llgv`r `ngl`ftg `ngl`ftg lks oàloulks.
2.1. @fàldsds gst`nêstdok Gl `iustg ng l` skluodÿf `f`lêtdo` ` lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs, sg gv`luÿ jgnd`ftg gl o`loulÿ ngl ngsvdÿ têpdok ng l` gstdj`, ng l` sdaudgftg j`fgr`.
s y :
f
∐
( y
− y prg(d) ) F − 0
d :0
2
gxp(d)
(00)
nkfng ygxp(d) rgprgsgft`f lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs, jdgftr`s qug y prgn(d) lks v`lkrgs 2
prgndomks. Gl gou`odÿf
r ,
k okgcdodgftg ng ngtgrjdf`odÿf sg o`loulÿ ` tr`väs ng l` sdaudgftg
f
∐ ( y r 2 : 0 −
− ygxp(d) )
2
prgn(d)
d :0 f
∐ ( y d :0
(02)
− yj )
2
gxp (d )
nkfng yd skf lks v`lkrgs prgndomks y yj(d) gl v`lkr jgndk ng lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs.
?. Rgsult`nk y ndsousdÿf ?.0. Ourv`s ng sgo`nk gxpgrdjgft`l @ okftdfu`odÿf sg prgsgft`f l`s ourv`s ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk jgndn`s gf lks ar`fks ng qudfk` ngs`pkfdcdo`nks (okftgfdnk cdf`l ng s`pkfdf`s
5,57% p/p). Gf l`s jdsj`s sg
≮
rgprgsgft` gl okftgfdnk ng mujgn`n `ndjgfsdkf`ldz`n` Q `n `n vs gl tdgjpk ng sgo`nk
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SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U 0.25 =5¹O
055¹O
025¹ O
0>5¹O
0.55 5.=5
n ` Q5.35 5.>5 5.25 5.55 5
05
25
?5 >5 ^dgjpk, jdf
75
35
Cda. 2. Ourv`s ng sgo`nk gxpgrdjgft`l ng ar`fk ng qudfk` rgprgsgft`n`s okjk okftgfdnk ng mujgn`n `ndjgfsdkf`l gf cufodÿf ngl tdgjpk, p`r` o`n` tgjpgr`tur` `f`ldz`n`. Ng `ougrnk ` l` Cda.2, l`s ourv`s ng sgo`nk jugstr`f uf ngorgodjdgftk `bruptk ng l` mujgn`n okf gl tdgjpk, lk qug suadgrg uf cugrtg okftrkl dftgrfk. Okjk pugng kbsgrv`rsg l` rgnuoodÿf ng l` mujgn`n gs juomk jàs ràpdn` ` j`ykrgs tgjpgr`tur`s. kbsgrv`rsg Agly y _`ft`ll` (2551) dfckrj`rkf rgsult`nks sdjdl`rgs tr`b`i`fnk gf uf r`fak ng tgjpgr`tur`s ng ?5 ` 45¹O 45¹O gf ar`fks ng qudfk`, qudfk`, jdgftr`s qug Ugrg` Ugrg` Clkrgs y okl. (2502) m`ll`rkf uf okjpkrt`jdgftk p`rgodnk `l gstund`r gl sgo`nk ng sgjdll`s ng rdodfk gftrg =5 ` 005¹O.
?.2.7. @iustg ng l` skluodÿf `f`lêtdo` ndcusdv` `prkxdj`n`. Gou`odÿf ng Bgohgr Ng gst` j`fgr` sg sglgoodkfÿ l` Go.(05) p`r` `iust`r lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs y ngtgrjdf`r lks okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf ngl `au` gf gl ar`fk, ` o`n` tgjpgr`tur`. Lks rgsult`nks ngl `iustg kbtgfdnk jgnd`ftg gl skctw`rg gst`nêstdok (_yst`t, 0445) sg jugstr`f gf l` ^`bl` 0
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^`bl` 0. Okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvks kbtgfdnks ` p`rtdr ngl `iustg ng l` skluodÿf p`r` tdgjpks okrtks okrtks (Go. (05)) ` lks lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs. gxpgrdjgft`lgs. _g prgsgft`f prgsgft`f iuftk okf gl okgcdodgftg ng okrrgl`odÿf y gl ngsvêk têpdok ng l` gstdj` ^ ¹O
=5 055 025 0>5
_ (( N Ngcc )
Ngcc x 05
05
2
j /s
0.04? 0.>73 0.>=3 0.7=>
x 05
2
r
s y
5.4=2 5.=?> 5.1== 5.>71
5.0722 5.>225 5.>1>4 5.3>??
22
7.203 0.??7 0.>?2 2.521
L` Cda. ? jugstr`s lks rgsult`nks gxpgrdjgft`lgs vs lks prgndomks okf gstg jknglk.
(`)
(b)
(o)
(n)
Cda. ?. Ourv`s ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk gf o`p` ngla`n` ng ar`fks ng qudfk` rgjki`n`. N`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs (○), v`lkrgs prgndomks (┅) jgnd`ftg gl jknglk ng Bgohgr p`r` tdgjpks okrtks, p`r` o`n` tgjpgr`tur`9 (`) =5¹O, (b) 055, (o) 025¹O y (n) 0>5¹O. @@DP, @skod`odÿf @ragftdf` ng Dfagfdgrks Puêjdoks - O_UP
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
L` Cdaur` ?, jugstr` okjk gr` ng gspgr`rsg qug l` gou`odÿf ng Bgohgr prgsgft` uf` prgndoodÿf `ngou`n` `ngou`n` ngftrk ng su r`fak ng v`ldngz (5.2 < Q `n `n < 0), cugr` ngl jdsjk lks v`lkrgs prgndomks okjdgfz`f ` `ujgft`r, ngbdnk ` l` dfclugfod` ngl tärjdfk pksdt pksdtdvk dvk gf l` Go.(05) okjprkb`fnk qug l` Gou`odÿf ng Bgohgr fk rgsult` `ngou`n` gf uf r`fak ng glgv`n`s tgjpgr`tur`s y `ltks okftgfdnks ng mujgn`n.
?.2.3. @iustg jgnd`ftg l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` @ okftdfu`odÿf, l` Gou`odÿf (1) sg `iustÿ ` lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs. L` ^`bl` 2 prgsgft` lks rgsult`nks rgsult`nks kbtgfdnks kbtgfdnks iuftk okf lks okrrgspkfndgf okrrgspkfndgftgs tgs p`ràjgtrks gst`nêstdoks. gst`nêstdoks.
^`bl` 2. Okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvks kbtgfdnks ` p`rtdr ngl `iustg ng l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` (Go. (1)) ( 1)) ` lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs. gxpgrdjgft`lgs. _g prgsgft`f iuftk okf gl okgcdodgftg ng okrrgl`odÿf y gl ngsvêk têpdok ng l` gstdj` ` 35 jdfutks 2
^ ¹O =5 055 025 0>5
Ngcc 05 2
x 05
j /s
4.=47 2.702 2.3>5 7.75?
_ N Ngcc 22
r
s y
2.200 ?.43? 2.304 2.121
5.441 5.4=7 5.44? 5.445
5.5>44 5.5443 5.5=07 5.5=70
(
x 05
)
Lks v`lkrgs ng lks okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf prgsgft`nks sg gfougftr`f ngftrk ngl r`fak, ng 05-4 ` 05-00 j2/s qug sg suglg gfokftr`r publdo`nk p`r` ndvgrsks j`tgrd`lgs bdklÿadoks (Ugrg`-Clkrgs y okl., 2502). _df gjb`rak, g jb`rak, fk sg gfokftrÿ gf l` bdbld bdbldkar`cê` kar`cê` v`lkrgs ng Ngcc ngtgrjdf`nks gf okfndodkfgs sdjdl`rgs ` l`s ng gstg tr`b`ik. L` j`ykrê` ng lks `utkrgs tr`b`i`rkf gf uf r`fak ng tgjpgr`tur`s ng 27 ` 005¹O, y okftgfdnks ng mujgn`n dfcgrdkrgs. Lks v`lkrgs dfckrj`nks ngl r 2 y gl s y, okfcdrj`f qug gl `iustg ngl jknglk cug `lt`jgftg s`tdsc`otkrdk. Lks okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf skf `prkxdj`n`jgftg nks ÿrngfgs ng j`afdtun jàs `ltks qug lks ng sgo`nk ng ar`fks pkst-oksgom`, ngbdnk ` l` okjbdf`odÿf ng j`ykr tgjpgr`tur` ng `drg y j`ykr okftgfdnk ng `au` nur`ftg gl tr`t`jdgftk. @ okftdfu`odÿf sg prgsgft`f l`s ourv`s ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk gxpgrdjgft`lgs y prgndom`s jgnd`ftg l` skluodÿf `f`lêtdo`.
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SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
(b)
(`)
(o) (n) Cda. >. Ourv`s ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk gf o`p` ngla`n` ng ar`fks ng qudfk` rgjki`n`. N`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs (○), v`lkrgs prgndomks (┅) jgnd`ftg l` rgskluodÿf ng l` sgrdg dfcdfdt`, p`r` o`n` tgjpgr`tur`9 (`) =5¹O, (b) 055, (o) 025¹O y (n) 0>5¹O. Gst`s ourv`s jugstr`f uf` gstrgom` okfokrn`fod` gftrg lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs y lks prgndomks ` pgs`r ng l`s supksdodkfgs supksdodkfgs ng vklujgf y okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf okfst`ftgs gf o`n` o`n` tgjpgr`tur` ng sgo`nk. sgo`nk. Ndvgrsks Ndvgrsks `utkrgs okdfodngf okdfodngf gf qug gl jgo`fdsjk jgo`fdsjk ndcusdvk ng tr`fspkrtg ng `au` gs o`r`otgrêstdok ng prknuotks t`lgs okjk sgjdll`s, ar`fks y vgagt`lgs (Sga`-A`lväz y okl., 2505) `ufqug ndomk okjpkrt`jdgftk fk gst`b` vgrdcdo`nk ` okftgfdnks ng mujgn`n dfdod`lgs glgv`nks y tgjpgr`tur`s supgrdkrgs ` lks 055¹O. Okjk pugng pugng kbsgrv`rsg gf l`s Cda.(>) gl okftgfdnk okftgfdnk ng mmujgn`n ujgn`n ndsjdfuyg ràpdn`jgftg `lo`fz`fnk v`lkrgs juy b`iks ng `lrgngnkr ngl 7% ng mujgn`n gf b`sg
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mùjgn`. Gstk ndk lua`r ` uf fugvk `iustg ng lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs okfsdngr`fnk uf tdgjpk ng ?5 jdf. Lks rgsult`nks kbtgfdnks sg prgsgft`f ` okftdfu`odÿf gf l` ^`bl` ?.
^`bl` ?. Okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvks kbtgfdnks ` p`rtdr ngl `iustg ng l` sgrdg dfcdfdt` (Go. (1)) ` lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs ` ?5 jdfutks. _g prgsgft`f iuftk okf gl okgcdodgftg ng okrrgl`odÿf okrrgl`odÿf y gl ngsvêk ttêpdok êpdok ng l` gstdj`. 2 ^ r s y Ngcc _ (( N Ngcc ) 05 2 22 ¹O x 05 j /s x 05 =5 4.457 2.7?1 5.443 5.5>44 055 2.24? >.710 5.4=7 5.541> 025 2.3>5 ?.525 5.44? 5.5=2= 0>5 7.75? ?.0>1 5.445 5.5=70 lks rgsult`nks prgsgft`nks gf l` ^`bl` ?, cugrkf b`st`ftg s`tdsc`otkrdks t`l okjk lks v`lkrgs prgsgft`nks gf l` ^`bl` 2. L` Cdaur` 7 jugstr`s l`s ourv`s ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk gxpgrdjgft`lgs y prgndom`s jgnd`ftg l` skluodÿf `f`lêtdo` p`r` tkn`s l`s tgjpgr`tur`s okfsdngr`fnkk uf tdgjpk okfsdngr`fn t dgjpk ng ?5 jdf
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(`)
(b)
(n) (o) Cda. 7. Ourv`s ng sgo`nk gf o`p` ngla`n` ng ar`fk ng qudfk` ngs`pkfdcdo`n`. N`tks gxpgrdjg ft`lgs (○), v`lkrgs prgndomks (┅) jgnd`ftg l` rgskluodÿf ng l` sgrdg dfcdfdt`, p`r` o`n` tgjpgr`tur`9 (`) =5¹O, (b) 055, (o) 025¹O y (n) 0>5¹O. @l dau`l qug lks rgsult`nks prgvdks, gst`s ourv`s prgsgft`f uf` okfokrn`fod` s`tdsc`otkrd` gftrg lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs y lks prgndomks. pr gndomks. Ukr t`ftk, rg`ldz`r gl prkogsk prk ogsk ` tdgjpks supgrdkrgs ` lks ng ?5 jdfutks rgprgsgft`rê` uf a`stk dffgogs`rdk ng gfgraê`.
?.?. Okrrgl`odÿf ng lks okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvks okf l` tgjpgr`tur` Ng `ougrnk ` ndvgrsks gstundks rg`ldz`nks gf gl sgo`nk ng `ldjgftks sg kbsgrvÿ qug gxdstg uf gcgotk ng l` tgjpgr`tur` gf gl okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvk (J`bglldfd y okl. 255=, Ugrg`-Clkrgs yokl., 2502). Gst` ngpgfngfod` sg ngsordbg pkr lk agfgr`l gjplg`fnk @@DP, @skod`odÿf @ragftdf` ng Dfagfdgrks Puêjdoks - O_UP
SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
uf` gou`odÿf tdpk @rrmgfdus okf gl prkpÿsdtk ng kbtgfgr l` gfgraê` ng `otdv`odÿf ( G `). Gstg v`lkr ng G ` pugng pugng okfsdngr`rsg okfsdngr`rsg okjk uf` b`rrgr` ng gfgraê` qug ngbg sgr supgr`n` p`r` n`r okjdgfzk `l jkvdjdgftk ndcusdvk ndcusdvk ng `au` y rgprgsgft` uf` jgndn` ngl gcgotk ng l` tgjpgr`tur` gf gl okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvk. L` gou`odÿf gjplg`n` gf gstg tr`b`ik cug l` sdaudgftg9
lf N gcc
: lf N ∖ −
G` R ^`bs
(0?)
nkfng ^ `bs `bs gs l` tgjpgr`tur` `bsklut` ngl `drg gf H 8 N gs gl c`otkr prg-gxpkfgfod`l gf ∖
j2/s8 G ` l` gfgraê` ng `otdv`odÿf, hI/jkl8 y R l` okfst`ftg ufdvgrs`l ng lks a`sgs =,?0> hI/ jkl H. Gf l` Cda. (3) sg prgsgft` gl lf Ngcc vs 0 / ^ `bs `bs, okf lks v`lkrgs kbtgfdnks
Cda. 3. Okrrgl`odÿf tdpk @rrmgfdus p`r` l` cufodkf`ldn`n ngl okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvk ng `au` gf lks ar`fks ng qudfk` okf l` tgjpgr`tur`. Gf l` Cdaur` 7 pkngjks `prgod`r qug l` rgl`odÿf tdpk @rrmgfdus prgndog gf ckrj` `ngou`n`` l` ngpgfngfod` ng lks okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf okf l` tg `ngou`n tgjpg jpgr`tur`, r`tur`, lk ou`l gstà gf okfokrn`fod` okf lk dfckrj`nk pkr ktrks `utkrgs qug gfokftr`rkf uf` bugf` okrrgl`odÿf gftrg lks okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf gcgotdvks y l` tgjpgr`tur` gjplg`fnk t`jbdäf uf` gou`odÿf gou`odÿf tdpk t dpk @rrmgfdus (Nkyj`z y Êsj`dl 2500, Nd _o`l` y Or`pdstg 255=, Agly y Adfgr 2551, Jkm`p`tr` y R`k 2557). @ p`rtdr ng l` Go. (0?), sg kbtuvk gl v`lkr
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ng l` G ` : ?2,0 hI/jkl y uf c`otkr prg-gxpkfgfod`l Ngcc : : 7,=15 x 05 -7 j2/s, sdgfnk gl v`lkr ng okgcdodgftg ng okrrgl`odÿf, r 2 ng 5,4>>. _klk ` cdfgs okjp`r`tdvks, sg o`loulÿ ng j`fgr` sdjdl`r l` gfgraê` ng `otdv`odÿf okfsdngr`fnk lks v`lkrgs ngl Ngcc ` 35 jdf ng prkogsk kbtgfdäfnksg kbtgfdäfnksg G ` : ?2,2 hI/jkl, uf v`lkr sdjdl`r `l o`loul`nk prgvd`jgftg. Gl v`lkr ng l` G ` gfokftr`nk sg m`ll` ngftrk ngl r`fak dfckrj`nk pkr ndvgrsks `utkrgs9 Agly y _`ft`ll` (2551) gf sgjdll`s ng qudfk`, G ` : ?2->5 hI/jkl8 Agly y Adfgr (2551) gf ar`fks ng ski`, G ` : 21,? ‟ 23,1 HI/jkl8 Nd _o`l` y Or`pdstg (255=), gf pdjdgft` G ` : ??,= hI/jkl8 Nkyj`z (2557) gf pkrktks G ` :?7,> hI/jkl. L` j`ykrê` ng gstks `utkrgs llgv`rkf ` o`bk sus gxpgrdgfod`s gf okfndodkfgs ng mujgn`ngs b`i`s y r`faks ng tgjpgr`tur` ng gftrg 27 y 45¹O.
>. Okfolusdÿf Gl gstundk ng l` odfätdo` ng sgo`nk-tkst`nk ng ar`fks ng qudfk` rgvglÿ qug gl cgfÿjgfk sg llgv` `ngl`ftg gf gl pgrdknk ng vglkodn`n ngorgodgftg, jgnd`ftg tr`fspkrtg ndcusdvk okf okftrkl dftgrfk. Okfsdngr`fnk t`j`ðk y okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf okfst`ftg, sg `pldo`rkf nks jknglks p`r` ngsordbdr gl prkogsk. Gl jknglk ng Bgohgr, gou`odÿf p`r` tdgjpks `ndjgfsdkf`ljgftg okrtks rgsultÿ df`ngou`nk p`r` gl `iustg ng lks n`tks gxpgrdjgft`lgs ngbdnk ` l`s `lt`s tgjpgr`tur`s gjplg`n`s. L` sgrdg dfcdfdt`, prgsgftÿ rgsult`nks prgodsks gf gl `iustg. Lks v`lkrgs ngl Ngcc
kbtgfdnks sg m`ll`f ngftrk ng lks v`lkrgs rgpkrt`nks gf l` bdbldkar`cê` p`r`
prknuotks ng o`r`otgrêstdo`s o`r`otgrêstdo`s sdjdl`rgs. _djultàfg`jgftg, _djultàfg`jgftg, lks b`iks okftgfdnks ng mujgn`nn kbsgrv`nks ` tdgjpks jgfkrgs ` 35 jdf llgv`rkf mujgn` l lgv`rkf ` prkpkfgr uf fugvk `iustg ` okfsdngr`fnk ?5 jdf ng prkogsk, j`ftgfdäfnksg l` o`ldn`n prgndotdv` ngl jknglk df`ltgr`n`. Ukr t`ftk, sg okfsdngr` qug llgv`r `ngl`ftg gl prkogsk pkr tdgjpks supgrdkrgs ` ?5 jdf rgsult`rê` dffgogs`rdk ngsng gl puftk ng vdst` ngl okfsujk gfgraätdok. L` cufodkf`ldn`n ng lks okgcdodgftgs ng ndcusdÿf kbtgfdnks okf l` tgjpgr`tur` sg gv`luÿ jgnd`ftg uf` gou`odÿf ngl tdpk @rrmgfdus, lks `iustgs rg`ldz`nks jugstr`f uf` bugf` okrrgl`odÿf. okrrgl`odÿf. Gl v`lkr ngl gfgraê` ng `otdv`odÿf ngtgrjdf`nk ( G G `:?2,0 hI/jkl) gstà ngftrk ngl r`fak rgpkrt`nk pkr ktrks `utkrgs p`r` ndvgrs`s sgjdll`s y ar`fks. U`r` rg`ldz`r uf` ngsordpodÿf jàs rg`ldst` ngl prkogsk sg gxplkr`r`, gf cuturks tr`b`iks, l`
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SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U
pksdbdldn`n ng ngs`rrkll`r uf jknglk j`tgjàtdok okfsdngr`fnk okftr`ood okftr`oodÿf ÿf vklujätrdo` y v`rd`odÿf ngl okgcdodgftg ng ndcusdÿf ndcusdÿf gcgotdvk okf l` mujgn`n.
Rgokfkodjdgftks Lks `utkrgs ngsg`f gxprgs`r su ar`tdtun `l Okfsgik F`odkf`l ng Dfvgstda`odkfgs Odgftêcdo`s y ^äofdo`s (OKFDOG^), ` l` Okjdsdÿf ng Dfvgstda`odkfgs Odgftêcdo`s ng l` Urkvdfod` ng Bugfks @drgs (ODO) y l` Wfdvgrsdn`n F`odkf`l ng L` Ul`t`, @ragftdf`, pkr prkvggr gl skpkrtg skpkrtg cdf`fodgrk.
Rgcgrgfod`s @hpdf`r, G.H. (2553). Ngtgrjdf`tdkf kc sudt`blg tmdf l`ygr nrydfa ourvg jkngl ckr skjg vgagt`blgs `fn crudts. Ikurf`l kc Ckkn Ckkn Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdfa, 1?, 17-=>.
@K@O (044=) Kccdod`l Jgtmkns kc @f`lysds. @sskod`tdkf kc Kccdod`l @f`lytdo`l Omgjdsts. Ngtgrjdf`tdkf kc jkdsturg okftgft jgtmkn 4=>.27. Bgohgr, M.@. (0474). @ stuny kc ndccusdkf df skldns kc `rbdtr`ry sm`pg wdtm `ppldo`tdkf tk tmg nrydfa kc tmg wmg`t kc @ppldgn Uklyjgr Uklyjgr _odgfog _odgfog, 0(2), 202-223. hgrfgl. Ikurf`l kc Or`fh, I. (0417). J`tmgj`tdos kc ndccusdkf, Kxckrn Wfdvgrsdty Urgss, Kxckrn Lgbgfsjdttgl sjdttgl Nd _o`l`, H., Or`pdstg, A. (255=). Nrydfa hdfgtdos `fn qu`ldty om`fags nurdfa nrydfa kc rgn pgppgr. Lgbgf Qdssgfsom`ct ufn ^gomfklkadg, >0, 1=4-147.
Nkyj`z, D., Êsj`dl, K. (2500). Nrydfa om`r`otgrdstdos kc swggt omgrry. Ckkn `fn Bdkprknuots Urkogssdfa, =4, ?0-?=. Grr`jkuspg, I.U.L., Rkj`fk, J.@., Jkldf`, _.G.A. (2557). O`r`otgrdz`odÿf quêjdo` y gstruotur`l ng sgjdll`s ng qudfu` v`rdgn`n ODO@. Cr`fods, A., Hgrgj, Y., J`hh`r, M.U._., Bgohgr, H. (2552). ^mg bdklkado`l `otdkf kc s`pkfdfs df `fdj`l systgjs9 ` rgvdgw. Brdtdsm Ikurf`l Ikurf`l kc Futrdtdkf Futrdtdkf ==, 7=1-357. CWF@CW-CD. Gstundk ngl prkogs`jdgftk ng qudfk` p`r` pgqugð`s ufdn`ngs prknuotdv`s ngl fkrtg `ragftdfk. Okfvgfdk C`oult`n ng Dfagfdgrê`-Cufn`odÿf F`tur`lgz` p`r` gl Cuturk (KFA). J`rzk ng 2502, Cufn`odÿf C`oult`n ng Dfagfdgrê`, WFLU. Adfgr _.@., Ng Jdomglds @. (04==). Gv`lu`tdkf kc tmg tmgrj`l gccdodgfoy kc wmg`t nrydfa df cludndzgn bgns9 dfclugfog kc `dr tgjpgr`turg `fn mg`t rgokvgry. Ikurf`l @ardoulturg @ardoulturg Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdfa Rgsg`rom Rgsg`rom, >0, 00-2?. Adfgr _.@., J`somgrkfd R.M. (2550). Ndccusdvg nrydfa hdfgtdos df wmg`t, p`rt 09 pktgftd`l ckr ` sdjpldcdgn `f`lytdo`l @ardoulturg Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdfa Rgsg`rom Rgsg`rom, =5(>), ?70-?3>. sklutdkf. Ikurf`l @ardoulturg
Adfgr, _.@., ^krrgz Drdakygf, R.J., Odouttêf, _., Cdkrgftdfd, O. (2505). ^mg v`rd`blg f`turg kc bdkt fujbgrs df ckkn nrydfa. Ikurf` Ikurf`ll kc Ckkn Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdfa, 050, 20>-222. Agly, J.O., Adfgr, _.@. (2555). Ndccusdkf okgccdodgft rgl`tdkfsmdps nurdfa nrydfa kc sky` bg`f oultdv`rs. Bdksystgjs Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdf a, 43(2), 20?-222.
Agly, J.O., _`ft`ll`, G.J. (2551). Jkdsturg ndccusdvdty df qudfk` (Omgfkpknduj qudfk` wdlln.) sggns9 Gccgot kc `dr tgjpgr`turg `fn dfdtd`l jkdsturg okftgft kc sggns. Ikurf`l kc Ckkn Ckkn Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdfa, 1=, 0524-05??. Hkzdkl, J.I. (0440). @crksdjgtrdo gstdj`tdkf kc tmrgsmkln s`pkfdf okfogftr`tdkf ckr bdttgrfgss df qudfk` kc tmg _odgfog kc kc Ckkn `fn @ardoulturg @ardoulturg, 7>(2), 200-204. (Omgfkpknduj qudfk` Qdlln )).. Ikurf`l kc
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SDD O@DP 250? y ?n`s I@_U J`bglldfd, @., Sulldkun, J.B., J`rqugz, O.@., Ng Jdomglds, @. (2505). Hdfgtdo nrydfa gxpgrdjgft`l n`t` `fn j`tmgj`tdo`l jkngl ckr swggt omgrrdgs (Urkfus `vduj). Ikurf` Ikurf`ll kc Ckkn Urkogss Urkogss Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdfa, ?? (3), 0007-002=. Jdr`fn`, J., Sga`-A`lvgz, Sga`-A`lvgz, @., Lÿpgz, I., U`r`n`, U`r`n`, A., _`fngrs, _`fngrs, J., @r`fn`, J., Wrdbg, G., Nd _o`l` _o`l`,, H.(2505). Djp`ot kc `dr-nrydfa tgjpgr`tur` kf futrdtdkf`l prkpgrtdgs, tkt`l pmgfkldo okftgft `fn `ftdkxdn`ft o`p`odty kc qudf` sgngs (Omgfkpknduj qudfk` Qdlln.). Dfnustrd`l Orkps Orkps `fn Urknuots Urknuots ?2, 27=-23?. Jkm`p`tr`, N., R`k, U._. (2557). @ tmdf l`ygr nrydfa jkngl kc p`rbkdlgn wmg`t. Ikurf`l kc Ckkn Gfadfggrdfa, 33, 70?-70=. Fdltkf, Q., ^mgp`, _., I`fi`d, _., H`s`y`p`f`fn, H`s`y`p`f`fn, F., ^m`jrkfaj`s, ^m`jrkfaj`s, O., B`l`, B.H. (2500). Cdfdtg glgjgft sdjul`tdkf ckr okccgg (Okccg` @r`bdo`) nrydfa. (2502). Ckkn `fn Bdkprknuots Urkogssdfa, 45, ?>0-?75. U`bds, _., I`y`s, N._., Ogfhkwshd, _. (044=). Ar`df Nrydfa. ^mgkry `fn Ur`otdog. Ikmf Qdlgy & _kfs, Dfo., Fgw Tkrh, W_@. Ugrg`-Clkrgs, J.I., A`rdb`y-Clgbgs, S., Om`fkf`-Uärgz, I.I., O`lngrÿf-Nkjêfaugz, A., Jäfngz-Jäfngz, I.S., U`l`odks-Akfzàlgz, G., Autdärrgz-Lÿpgz, A.C. (2502). J`tmgj`tdo`l jknglldfa kc o`stkr kdl sgngs (Rdodfus okjjufds) nrydfa hdfgtdos df cludndzgn bgn `t mdam tgjpgr`turgs. Dfnustrd`l Orkps Orkps `fn Urknuots Urknuots, ?=, 3>-10. R`ttd, O. (2554). @nv`fogs df ckkn ngmynr`tdkf. ORO Urgss, ^`ylkr `fn Cr`fods Arkup, Bko` R`tÿf, W_@. Rdnkut, O.L., Urdog, H.R., NuUkft, J._., U`rhgr, J.L., Cgfwdoh, A.R. (0440). Pudfk` s`pkfdfs- @f`lysds `fn Ikurf`ll kc tmg _odgfog kc Ckkn `fn prgldjdf`ry dfvgstda`tdkfs dftk tmg gccgots kc rgnuotdkf by prkogssdfa. Ikurf` @ardoulturg, 7>, 037-013.
Rgdf`und, F.B., Aräakdrg, M.O., _zlàpglds, _.G. (2552). Oultdvk ng l` qudfu` Omgfkpknduj qudfk` Qdlln, v`rdgn`n Bl`fo` ng Iufêf gf l` rgadÿf p`jpg`f`. Gfougftrk Brkj`tklÿadok L`tdfk`jgrdo`fk. Wfdvgrsdn`n O`tÿldo` @ragftdf`. Oÿrnkb`, @ragftdf`, 23 y 21 ng _gptdgjbrg. _uf, N.Q., Qkkns, I.L. (044>). Lkw tgjpgr`turgs jkdsturg tr`fscgr om`r`otgrdstdos kc wmg`t df tmdf l`ygrs. ^r`fs`otdkfs kc tmg @_@G , 74, 21?-2=?.
^kl`b`, J.U., Ugltzgr, J, Gfrdqugz, F., Uklldk, J.L. (255>). Ar`df skrptdkf gqudldbrd` kc qudfk` ar`dfs. Ikurf`l kc Ckkn Gfadfggrdfa, 30, ?37-?10.
^krrgz Drdakygf, R.J., Adfgr, _.@. (2500). Sklujg `fn ngfsdty kc wmklg skybg`f prknuots nurdfa mkt-`dr tmgrj`l trg`tjgft df cludndsgn bgn. Ikurf`l kc kc Ckkn Gfadfggrdfa Gfadfggrdfa, 052, 22>-2?2. ^krrgz Drdakygf, R.J., Adfgr, _.@. (2500). Cludnds`tdkf vglkodtdgs nurdfa prkogssdfa kc wmklg skybg`f sf`oh. Ikurf` Ikurf`ll kc Ckkn Gfadfggrdfa, 051, 45-4=.
^krrgz Drdakygf, R.J. (250?). Ndsgðk ng uf prkogsk tärjdok ng cludndz`odÿf p`r` l` prknuoodÿf ng ski` orko`ftg. ^gsds Nkotkr`l, Wfdvgrsdn`n F`odkf`l ng L` Ul`t`, @ragftdf`. T`fa, Q.O. (255?). M`fnbkkh kc cludndz`tdkf `fn cludn-p`rtdolg systgjs (Omgjdo`l Dfnustrdgs). _gokfn gndtdkf, OR_ Urgss, ^`ylkr `fn Cr`fods Arkup, Bko` R`tkf, W_@.
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