Seawater desalination

Kl Aucxujcy ae Wckyk}cx Jl}kfc Ekgjdj}jcw eax Wckyk}cx Mcwkdjlk}jal ]ao ^klfxk}p

;

Khw}xkg} Wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}jcw xc{sjxc kl jl}kfc wzw}co gk~khdc ae ~xaujmjli k xcdjkhdc {skl}j}z ae gdckl wckyk}cx yj}b k ojljoso cgadaijgkd jo~kg}, ]a occ} }bcwc ah`cg}jucw$ j} jw cwwcl}jkd }bk} k }baxasib kwwcwwocl} ae wj}c galmj}jalw hc galmsg}cm, ^bzwjgkd gbkxkg}cxjw}jgw$ oc}caxadaijgkd klm agcklaixk~bjg mk}k$ okxjlc hjadaiz$ klm }bc ~a}cl}jkd ceecg}w ae easdjli$ ~adds}jal$ klm lkujik}jal osw} hc cukdsk}cm$ klm kl k~~xa~xjk}c jl}kfc mcwjil co~dazcm, Kw }bc ejxw} w}c~ jl }bc ~xc}xck}ocl} ~xagcww$ }bc jl}kfc yjdd keecg} k xklic ae eccmyk}cx {skdj}z ~kxkoc}cxw klm mc}cxojlc }bc ~cxeaxoklgc ae maylw}xcko ~xagcww wzw}cow, Jl}kfc mcwjilw kxc bjibdz wj}c w~cgjejg$ ~awwjhdz oaxc wa }bcl klz a}bcx kw~cg} ae }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z, ]bc mcwjil$ oamcdjli$ oalj}axjli$ klm ~cxoj}}jli kg}juj}jcw }bk} wsxxaslm }bco$ okz xc~xcwcl} kw osgb kw 8># ae }bc gk~j}kd gaw} ae }bc cl}jxc ekgjdj}z$ klm j} jw ~awwjhdc }bk} jl}kfc/ xcdk}cm jwwscw okz sd}jok}cdz mc}cxojlc }bc eckwjhjdj}z klm ~cxeaxoklgc ae }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl} j}wcde, Clujxalocl}kd jo~kg}w kwwagjk}cm yj}b galgcl}xk}c mjwgbkxic bkuc bjw}axjgkddz hccl galwjmcxcm }bc ixck}cw} wjlidc cgadaijgkd jo~cmjocl} ybcl wj}jli k wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z, Baycucx$ xcgcl} klkdzwcw bkuc la}cm }bk} okxjlc djec jo~jlicocl} klm cl}xkjlocl} kwwagjk}cm yj}b jl}kfc mcwjilw ycxc ixck}cx$ bkxmcx/}a/{skl}jez galgcxlw klm okz xc~xcwcl} }bc oaw} wjiljejgkl} mjxcg} kmucxwc clujxalocl}kd jo~kg} ae wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal, ]bjw ~k~cx yjdd galwjmcx }bc wckyk}cx jl}kfc }cgbladaiz a~}jalw kukjdkhdc eax mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl}w$ jlgdsmjli jl}kfcw wbkxcm yj}b cdcg}xjg ~aycx ~dkl}w$ klm yjdd xcujcy }bc }cgbladaijcw co~dazcm }a ojljojpc jo~jlicocl} klm cl}xkjlocl} ae okxjlc djec ybjdc occ}jli }bc jl}kfc‚w ah`cg}juc ae  ~xaujmjli k xcdjkhdc {skl}j}z ae wckyk}cx k} }bc hcw} {skdj}z kukjdkhdc,

Jl}xamsg}jal Kggcww }a k xcdjkhdc ws~~dz ae galwjw}cl}/{skdj}z wckyk}cx jw alc ae }bc oaw} eslmkocl}kd jwwscw }a hc kmmxcwwcm ybcl cukdsk}jli ~a}cl}jkd mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl} wj}cw6 baycucx$ }bc ws~~dz ae  wckyk}cx }a k gakw}kd mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl} ae}cl wccow }a hc xcdk}jucdz w}xkjib}eaxykxm galwjmcxk}jal, Hcgkswc ae }bc k~~kxcl} wjo~djgj}z$ kl jl}kfc‚w jo~ax}klgc al }bc dagk}jal$ mcwjil$ klm ~cxeaxoklgc ae k mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl} jw ae}cl slmcxcw}jok}cm,

;

GB8O Bjdd$ Jlg,

]bc agckl jw k mzlkojg cl}j}z yj}b k galw}kl}dz gbklijli wbaxcdjlc klm ha}}ao ~xaejdc, ^aycxesd ykucw klm gbklijli gsxxcl}w gkl mkokic w}xsg}sxcw$ keecg} yk}cx mc~}bw$ klm mxkok}jgkddz kd}cx yk}cx {skdj}z, A~cxk}jalkd ~xahdcow kxc gao~aslmcm hz wckyk}cx‚w gaxxawjuclcww klm }bc okxjlc axikljwow }bk} gkl k}}kgf klm easd c{sj~ocl} klm wzw}cow, ]bc mjw}klgc ae }bc jl}kfc }a }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl} wj}c keecg}w ~dkl} cgalaojgw$ klm }bc kukjdkhdc eccmyk}cx {skdj}z klm {skl}j}z yjdd mjxcg}dz keecg} ~xc}xck}ocl} ~xagcww mcgjwjalw, Kw }bc ejxw} w}c~ jl }bc ~xc}xck}ocl} ~xagcww$ kl jl}kfc‚w a~cxk}jal gkl bkuc ekx/xckgbjli ceecg}w al }bc aucxkdd ~dkl} a~cxk}jal klm j}w jo~kg} al }bc okxjlc clujxalocl}, Jl ekg}$ }bc khjdj}z }a ~cxoj} k lcy mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z okz bjlic al }bc oc}bamw swcm }a oj}jik}c clujxalocl}kd galgcxlw kwwagjk}cm yj}b }bc wckyk}cx jl}kfc, Galwjmcxk}jal osw} kdwa hc ijucl }a ~a}cl}jkd daww ae  xcgxck}jalkd swcw jl }bc jl}kfc kxck klm }bc ujwskd jo~kg} }bk} okz xcwsd} exao gcx}kjl jl}kfc kxxklicocl}w, Oaw} ae }bc yaxdm‚w cr~cxjclgc yj}b wckyk}cx jl}kfcw jw k xcwsd} ae }bcjx swc jl }bc cdcg}xjg ~aycx iclcxk}jal jlmsw}xz ybcxc wckyk}cx jw gaooaldz swcm eax gaadjli ~sx~awcw jl dkxic wsxekgc galmclwcxw, "Ejisxc ;* Kd}basib }bcxokd mcwkdjlk}jal ~xagcwwcw ~xagcwwcw wsgb kw osd}jw}kic edkwb cuk~axk}jal "OWE* klm osd}j~dc ceecg} mjw}jddk}jal "OCM* bkuc jl}kfc yk}cx {skdj}z xc{sjxcocl}w ujx}skddz jmcl}jgkd }a ~aycx ~dkl} galmclwcxw$ wckyk}cx xcucxwc awoawjw "WYXA* wzw}cow gkl hclcej} ixck}dz exao k ejlcx dcucd ae wgxccljli, Wjlgc WYXA jw cr~cg}cm }a hc }bc ~xcmaojlk}c mcwkdjlk}jal }cgbladaiz co~dazcm jl ]crkw$ }bjw xcujcy yjdd eagsw al j}w xc{sjxcocl}w, Wckyk}cx jl}kfcw gkl hc hxakmdz gk}ciaxjpcm kw wsxekgc jl}kfcw ybcxc yk}cx jw gaddcg}cm khauc }bc wckhcm$ klm wshwsxekgc jl}kfcw ybcxc yk}cx jw gaddcg}cm ujk hckgb ycddw$ jlejd}xk}jal ikddcxjcw$ ax a}bcx dagk}jalw hclck}b }bc wckhcm, ]bc oaw} k~~xa~xjk}c dagk}jal klm }z~c ae }bc jl}kfc gkl aldz hc mc}cxojlcm ke}cx k }baxasib wj}c kwwcwwocl} klm gkxcesd clujxalocl}kd cukdsk}jal, K iaam jl}kfc mcwjil yjdd la} aldz ~xa}cg} maylw}xcko c{sj~ocl} klm xcmsgc clujxalocl}kd jo~kg} al okxjlc djec$ j} yjdd jo~xauc }bc ~cxeaxoklgc klm xcmsgc }bc a~cxk}jli gaw} ae }bc ~xc}xck}ocl} c{sj~ocl},

Yk}cx [skdj}z klm [skl}j}z Wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal gk~kgj}jcw ukxz hkwcm al }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ~xagcww co~dazcm, Eccmyk}cx uadsoc xc{sjxcocl}w iclcxkddz xklic exao k~~xarjok}cdz }ya }jocw }bc ~dkl} ~xamsg}jal gk~kgj}z eax xcucxwc awoawjw "XA* wzw}cow }a oaxc }bkl }cl }jocw }bc mjw}jddk}c ~xamsg}jal ae  }bcxokd ~xagcwwcw }bk} swskddz bkuc ha}b ~xagcww klm gaadjli yk}cx xc{sjxcocl}w, ]bc lcgcwwkxz eccmyk}cx osw} hc kukjdkhdc ybclcucx k ~dkl} jw a~cxk}jli je j} jw }a occ} ~xamsg}juj}z iakdw, Djfc oaw} ~xagcww wzw}cow$ mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl}w a~cxk}c oaw} ceejgjcl}dz klm ~xcmjg}khdz ybcl eccmyk}cx gbkxkg}cxjw}jgw xcokjl xcdk}jucdz galw}kl} klm kxc la} wsh`cg} }a xk~jm ax mxkok}jg yk}cx {skdj}z edsg}sk}jalw, ]bcxceaxc$ }bc yk}cx {skdj}z xcujcy wbasdm galwjmcx ha}b wckwalkd klm mjsxlkd edsg}sk}jalw, ]bc kwwcwwocl} wbasdm galwjmcx kdd galw}j}scl}w }bk} okz jo~kg} ~dkl} a~cxk}jal klm ~xagcww ~cxeaxoklgc jlgdsmjli }baxasib xcujcy ae bjw}axjgkd yk}cx {skdj}z mk}k jlgdsmjli wckyk}cx }co~cxk}sxc$ }a}kd mjwwaducm wadjmw "]MW*$ }a}kd wsw~clmcm wadjmw "]WW*$ klm }a}kd axikljg gkxhal "]AG* jw gxsgjkd,

8

Ejisxc ; ]z~jgkd wsxekgc yk}cx jl}kfc

Clujxalocl}kd Galwjmcxk}jalw Clujxalocl}kd jo~kg}w kwwagjk}cm yj}b galgcl}xk}c mjwgbkxic bkuc bjw}axjgkddz hccl galwjmcxcm }bc ixck}cw} wjlidc cgadaijgkd jo~cmjocl} ybcl wj}jli k wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z, Baycucx$ kl Ag}ahcx 8>>7 w}smz hz Gkdjeaxljk‚w Mc~kx}ocl} ae Yk}cx Xcwasxgcw la}cm }bk} —yj}b ~xa~cx mcwjil klm dagk}jal ae as}ekddw$ galgcl}xk}c mjw~awkd okz la} hc k ok`ax jo~cmjocl} }a mcwkdjlk}jal‟ klm ycl} al }a wkz }bk} okxjlc djec jo~jlicocl} klm cl}xkjlocl} xcwsd}jli exao jl}kfc a~cxk}jal ykw k ixck}cx$ bkxmcx/}a/{skl}jez galgcxl,  Jo~jlicocl} aggsxw ybcl okxjlc axikljwow kxc }xk~~cm kikjlw} jl}kfc wgxcclw hz }bc ucdagj}z klm eaxgc ae yk}cx edayjli }bxasib }bco, ]bc ek}c ae jo~jlicm jo~jlicm axikljwow mjeecxw hc}yccl jl}kfc mcwjilw klm koali okxjlc djec w~cgjcw$ kic$ klm yk}cx galmj}jalw, Waoc bkxmz w~cgjcw o okz kz hc khdc }a wsxujuc jo~jlicocl} klm hc xc}sxlcm }a }bc wck$ hs} }bc 8=/basx wsxujukd xk}c ae dcww xahsw} w~cgjcw klm!ax `sucljdc ejwb okz hc dcww }bkl ;3#,

7

 Cl}xkjlocl} aggsxw ybcl wokddcx axikljwow ~kww }bxasib kl jl}kfc wgxccl klm jl}a }bc ~xagcww c{sj~ocl}, Axikljwow cl}xkjlcm jl}a ~xagcww c{sj~ocl} kxc iclcxkddz galwjmcxcm }a bkuc k oax}kdj}z xk}c ae ;>>#,

]bc lsohcx ae keecg}cm axikljwow yjdd$ ae gasxwc$ ukxz galwjmcxkhdz yj}b }bc uadsoc klm ucdagj}z ae eccmyk}cx klm }bc swc ae oj}jik}jal ockwsxcw mcucda~cm }a ojljojpc }bcjx jo~kg}, Je  jl}kfc ucdagj}jcw kxc wseejgjcl}dz day$ ejwb okz hc khdc wyjo kykz }a kuajm jo~jlicocl} ax cl}xkjlocl}, ]bc wyjoojli ~cxeaxoklgc eax mjeecxcl} w~cgjcw ae ejwb gkl ~xcmjg} }bc }z~cw klm kicw oaw} usdlcxkhdc$ baycucx$ cucl dkxic ejwb kxc exc{scl}dz gksib} al jl}kfc wgxcclw$ jlmjgk}jli }bk} wyjoojli khjdj}z jw la} }bc aldz ekg}ax jl jo~jlicocl}, Gadm }co~cxk}sxcw ax wckwalkd ukxjk}jalw jl kic/wcdcg}juc ojixk}jalw ax ixay}b kxc kdwa ekg}axw, Wjlgc }bc ckxdz ;:9>w$ wckyk}cx jl}kfcw swcm eax cdcg}xjg ~aycx ~dkl} gaadjli yk}cx jl}kfcw bkuc hccl xc{sjxcm }a co~daz }bc hcw} kukjdkhdc }cgbladaiz }a ojljojpc kmucxwc clujxalocl}kd jo~kg} slmcx wcg}jal 7;5"h* ae }bc SW C^K‚w Gdckl Yk}cx Kg}, 7;5"h* xc{sjxcocl}w eax lcy wasxgcw ycxc koclmcm jl Mcgcohcx 8>>; klm lcy xsdcw eax crjw}jli ~aycx ~dkl} jl}kfcw ycxc ~xa~awcm jl Echxskxz 8>>8, Gkdjeaxljk W}k}c xcisdk}axz kiclgjcw bkuc jlmjgk}cm }bk} }bc wj}jli ae k lcy ax crjw}jli a~cl yk}cx wckyk}cx jl}kfc eax k mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z yjdd xc{sjxc k gsxxcl} kwwcwwocl} ae  jo~jlicocl} klm cl}xkjlocl} jo~kg}w kw ~kx} ae }bc clujxalocl}kd xcujcy klm ~cxoj}}jli ~xagcww,

Wsxekgc Yk}cx Jl}kfcw Dkxic wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl}w bkuc }xkmj}jalkddz co~dazcm a~cl wck$ wsxekgc yk}cx jl}kfc kxxklicocl}w, Wsgb kxxklicocl}w kxc }bc }z~c }bxasib ybjgb oaw} cdcg}xjg ~aycx iclcxk}jal ~dkl}w ah}kjl galmclwcx gaadjli yk}cx ybcxc yk}cx jw ~xc/wgxcclcm swjli }xkucdjli yk}cx wgxcclw$ ocgbkljgkddz gdcklcm hkx wgxcclw$ ax ~kwwjuc —ycdd wgxcclw,‟ Jl oklz jlw}klgcw$ }bc wgxccljli gbkohcx jw dagk}cm al ax lckx wbaxc klm }bc jl}kfc ~j~c okz cr}clm as} bslmxcmw ae oc}cxw jl}a }bc wck, Ckgb ae }bcwc kxxklicocl}w yjdd hc jlmjujmskddz galwjmcxcm, ]xkucdjli Yk}cx Wgxcclw ‗ ]xkucdjli Yk}cx Wgxcclw bkuc hccl co~dazcm al wckyk}cx jl}kfcw wjlgc }bc ;2:>‚w, ]bc wgxcclw kxc c{sj~~cm yj}b xcuadujli yjxc ocwb ~klcdw bkujli 5oo }a :,3oo a~cljliw, Kw }bc yjxc ocwb ~klcdw xcuaduc as} ae }bc eday$ k bjib/~xcwwsxc yk}cx w~xkz xcoaucw kggsosdk}cm mchxjw$ ykwbjli j} jl}a k }xasib eax esx}bcx mjw~awkd, ]bc wgxcclw gkl hc dagk}cm alwbaxc$ k} }bc clm ae k gbkllcd ax eaxchkz }bk} cr}clmw as} hczalm }bc wsxe palc$ ax k} }bc clm ae k ~j~c }bk} cr}clmw as} jl}a }bc wck$ }cxojlk}jli jl k ucx}jgkd —ucdagj}z gk~‟ jldc} "wcc eaddayjli*, "Ejisxc 8*

=

Ejisxc 8 ]xkucdjli yk}cx wgxccl

Ucdagj}z Gk~ ‗ ]bc gaucx ~dkgcm aucx }bc ucx}jgkd }cxojlkd ae kl aeewbaxc jl}kfc ~j~c jw gkddcm k —ucdagj}z gk~‟, ]bc gaucx galucx}w ucx}jgkd eday jl}a baxjpal}kd eday k} }bc jl}kfc cl}xklgc }a xcmsgc ejwb cl}xkjlocl}, J} bkw hccl la}cm }bk} ejwb yjdd kuajm xk~jm gbklicw jl baxjpal}kd eday klm ucdagj}z gk~ jl}kfcw bkuc hccl wbayl }a ~xaujmc 2>/:># xcmsg}jal jl ejwb jo~jlicocl} k} }ya Gkdjeaxljk ~aycx w}k}jalw$ klm k 3>/58# jo~jlicocl} xcmsg}jal ucxwsw k galucl}jalkd jl}kfc k} }ya Lcy Clidklm ~aycx w}k}jalw "C^K Ceejgkgz ae Gaadjli Yk}cx Jl}kfc W}xsg}sxcw*, "Ejisxc 7*

3

Ejisxc 7 Ucdagj}z gk~ jl}kfc }cxojlkd

J} bkw hccl wbayl }bk} }bc xcdk}jalwbj~ ae }bc ucx}jgkd a~cljli "r* }a }bc dcli}b ae baxjpal}kd cl}xklgc ";,3r* gkl hc a~}jojpcm }a gxck}c k sljeaxo eday klm jo~xauc k ejwb‚w khjdj}z }a xckg}, Kw yj}b kdd jl}kfc galejisxk}jalw$ }bcxc kxc oklz mcwjil jwwscw }bk} osw} hc galwjmcxcm$ klm }bc ~cxeaxoklgc ae k ucdagj}z gk~ okz ukxz jl w}jdd yk}cx ucxwsw kxckw wsh`cg} }a }jmkd gxaww/edayw,  ^kwwjuc Wgxcclw ‗ Kla}bcx jl}kfc kxxklicocl} s}jdjpcw wda}}cm wgxcclw galw}xsg}cm ae }xk~cpajmkd/ wbk~cm —ycmicyjxc‟, ]bc gzdjlmxjgkd wgxcclw bkuc a~cljliw xklijli exao >,3 ojddjoc}cxw "oo* }a ;> oo kxc swskddz axjcl}cm al k baxjpal}kd krjw yj}b wgxcclw wjpcm }a okjl}kjl k ucdagj}z ae  dcww }bkl ;3 gcl}joc}cx ~cx wcgalm "go!w* ">,3 ecc} ~cx wcgalm$ e~w* }a ojljojpc mchxjw klm okxjlc djec jo~jlicocl}, ^kwwjuc wgxcclw kxc hcw}/wsj}cm eax kxckw ybcxc kl kohjcl} gxaww/eday gsxxcl} jw ~xcwcl}$ klm kjx hkgfykwb wzw}co jw swskddz xcgaooclmcm }a gdckx wgxcclw je mchxjw kggsosdk}jalw ma aggsx, Kw yj}b kdd wshocxicm c{sj~ocl}$ ok}cxjkd wcdcg}jalw wbasdm xcedcg} }bc gaxxawjal klm hjaeasdjli ~a}cl}jkd ae wckyk}cx,

5

^kwwjuc wgxcclw bkuc k ~xaucl khjdj}z }a xcmsgc jo~jlicocl} klm cl}xkjlocl}, ]bcjx ceecg}juclcww jw xcdk}cm }a }bcjx wda} yjm}b$ klm day }bxasib/eday ucdagj}z, J} bkw hccl mcoalw}xk}cm }bk} ; oo a~cljliw kxc bjibdz ceecg}juc eax dkxukd crgdswjal klm xcmsgc cl}xkjlocl} hz 2># ax oaxc, "Ejisxc =*

Ejisxc = ^kwwjuc wgxccl wckyk}cx jl}kfc

 Jo~jlicocl} % Cl}xkjlocl} Oj}jik}jal Ockwsxcw ‗ K Xjw}xa~b Wgxccl jw k oamjejgk}jal ae k galucl}jalkd }xkucdjli yk}cx wgxccl jl ybjgb wgxccl ~klcdw kxc ej}}cm yj}b ejwb hsgfc}w }bk} gaddcg} ejwb klm dje} }bco as} ae }bc yk}cx ybcxc }bcz kxc icl}dz wdsjgcm kykz ~xjax }a mchxjw xcoaukd yj}b k bjib ~xcwwsxc w~xkz, K} alc Lcy Zaxf wckyk}cx jl}kfc$ }bc 8=/basx wsxujukd ae  galucl}jalkd wgxcclw kucxkicm ;3# gao~kxcm yj}b 9:/:8# wsxujukd xk}cw eax Xjw}xa~b Wgxcclw, K xcujcy ae ;> wjojdkx wj}cw xc~ax}cm }bk} Xjw}xa~b oamjejgk}jalw jo~xaucm jo~jlicocl} wsxujukd 9>/2># koali ukxjasw w~cgjcw, Xjw}xa~b Wgxcclw okz hc ceecg}juc eax jo~xaujli }bc wsxujukd ae  jo~jlicm okxjlc djec$ hs} }bcz ma la} keecg} cl}xkjlcm axikljwow, "Ejisxc 3*

9

Ejisxc 3 Xjw}xa~b wgxccl ~klcd oamjejgk}jalw

Ejlc Ocwb Wgxcclw bkuc wsggcwwesddz xcmsgcm cl}xkjlocl} ae ciiw$ dkxukc$ klm `sucljdc ejwb k} waoc jl}kfc dagk}jalw ybcxc }xkucdjli yk}cx wgxcclw bkuc hccl as}ej}}cm yj}b ocwb bkujli a~cljliw xklijli exao >,3 oo }a 3 oo$ xcmsgjli cl}xkjlocl} hz s~ }a 2>#, Ejlc ocwb wgxcclw okz xcwsd} jl a~cxk}jalkd ~xahdcow msc }a }bc jlgxckwcm koasl} ae mchxjw xcoaucm kdali yj}b }bc okxjlc djec$ klm jl waoc dagk}jalw$ }bc ejlc ocwb jw aldz s}jdjpcm wckwalkddz$ msxjli ~cxjamw ae  cii klm dkxukd khslmklgc, Ejd}cx Lc} Hkxxjcxw kxc k xcdk}jucdz lcy oc}bam ae xcmsgjli jl}kfc jo~jlicocl} klm cl}xkjlocl}, K esdd/mc~}b$ ~axasw ejd}cx ekhxjg yj}b a~cljliw xklijli exao >,=oo }a 3oo jw ~dkgcm k} }bc cl}xklgc }a kl jl}kfc w}xsg}sxc klm wsw~clmcm hz k edak}jli haao klm klgbaxcm }a }bc wckhcm, ]bc wzw}co jw wjpcm }a ~xaujmc clasib wsxekgc kxck }a bkuc k }bxasib/eday ucdagj}z day clasib }a kuajm jo~jlicocl} ae okxjlc djec ax mchxjw,

2

 Hcbkujaxkd wzw}cow swjli djib}w$ hshhdcw$ ax waslm }a clbklgc ejwb kuajmklgc ax k}}xkg} }bco }a k ejwb mjucxwjal wzw}co bkuc iclcxkddz hccl jlceecg}juc klm kxc swcm jlexc{scl}dz,

Wshwsxekgc Jl}kfcw Wshwsxekgc jl}kfcw okz galwjw} ae baxjpal}kd ax ucx}jgkd hckgb ycddw$ jlejd}xk}jal ikddcxjcw$ ax wckhcm ejd}xk}jal wzw}cow, Jl ckgb ae }bcwc mcwjilw$ }bc a~cl wckyk}cx jw wc~kxk}cm exao }bc ~ajl} ae jl}kfc hz k icadaijg slj}, K wshwsxekgc jl}kfc gkl hc swcm ybcxc icadaijg galmj}jalw hclck}b k wsxekgc yk}cx kxc xcdk}jucdz jo~cxockhdc ax ae wseejgjcl} }bjgflcww klm mc~}b }a ws~~ax} yk}cx cr}xkg}jal, Jl kmmj}jal }a ~xaujmjli waoc lk}sxkd ejd}xk}jal$ ejd}xk}jal $ }bjw kxxklicocl} bkw }bc kmukl}kic ae wc~kxk}jli oaw} ae }bc okxjlc axikljwow exao }bc yk}cx jl}kfc, Jl waoc gkwcw$ wshwsxekgc jl}kfcw okz hc cukdsk}cm klm xcisdk}cm kw ixaslmyk}cx wasxgcw, ]bc swc ae wshwsxekgc jl}kfcw aeecxw k mjw}jlg} clujxalocl}kd kmukl}kic hcgkswc }bc cgadaijgkd jo~kg} kwwagjk}cm yj}b jo~jlicocl} klm cl}xkjlocl} ae okxjlc djec jw ujx}skddz cdjojlk}cm, Baycucx$ wshwsxekgc mcwjilw wbasdm galwjmcx }bcjx ~a}cl}jkd lcik}juc jo~kg} al lckxhz excwb ixaslmyk}cx k{sjecxw, Ucx}jgkd Hckgb Ycddw ‗ Ucx}jgkd hckgb ycddw kxc wbkdday jl}kfc ycddw }bk} okfc swc ae hckgb wklm ax a}bcx icadaijg w}xsg}sxc kw k ejd}cx ocmjso, Hckgb ycddw gkl hc kl cgalaojgkd kd}cxlk}juc }a a~cl wck jl}kfcw eax mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl}w yj}b gk~kgj}jcw dcww }bkl 8>$>>> gshjg 7 oc}cxw ~cx mkz "o  !m* "3 ojddjal ikddalw ~cx mkz$ oim*, ]bcz bkuc }bc kmukl}kic ae mcdjucxjli —~xc/ejd}cxcm‟ yk}cx }bk} okz ixck}dz xcmsgc kmmj}jalkd ~xc}xck}ocl} xc{sjxcocl}w,

K ucx}jgkd hckgb ycdd galwjw}w k lal/oc}kddjg gkwjli$ ycdd wgxccl$ klm ucx}jgkd }sxhjlc ~so~, Wj}c wsj}khjdj}z jw mc}cxojlcm hz mxjddjli }cw} ycddw klm galmsg}jli k mc}kjdcm bzmxaicadaijg jlucw}jik}jal jlucw}jik}j al }a mc}cxojlc }bc eaxok}jal }xklwojwwjuj}z klm wshw}xk}c gbkxkg}cxjw}jgw, J} jw ~xcecxxcm }a dagk}c hckgb ycddw kw gdawc }a }bc gakw}djlc kw ~awwjhdc$ klm }bc okrjoso zjcdm exao 7 jlmjujmskd ycddw xklic exao >,; }a =>>> o  !m ">,; }a ;,> oim*, "Ejisxc 5*

:

Ejisxc 5 Hckgb ycdd jl}kfc

 Xkmjkd Ycdd  ‗ Xkmjkd gaddcg}ax ycddw kxc k ukxjk}jal ae }bc hckgb ycdd ybcxc osd}j~dc baxjpal}kd gaddcg}ax ycddw kxc gallcg}cm }a k gcl}xkd gkjwwal ybjgb kg}w k yc} ycdd ax ~so~jli w}k}jal exao ybjgb yk}cx jw ~so~cm }a }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl}, ]bc swc ae osd}j~dc baxjpal}kd ycddw ocklw }bk} }bc ~xamsg}jal ae ckgb xkmjkd ycdd gkl hc wjiljejgkl}dz ixck}cx }bkl k wjlidc ucx}jgkd ycdd,

Jlmjujmskd baxjpal}kd ycddw gkl hc mxjddcm ax ycdd wgxcclw gkl hc bzmxksdjgkddz `kgfcm as} exao }bc ha}}ao ae }bc gkjwwal swjli k mjxcg}/`kgf ax ~sdd/hkgf ~xagcww, Gkjwwalw okz hc 8,93 oc}cxw "o* }a 5 o ":/8> ecc}$ e}* jl mjkoc}cx klm : o }a =3 o "7>/;3> e}* mcc~$ klm xkmjkd kxow kxc swskddz 8>> oo }a 7>> oo "2/;8 jlgbcw* jl mjkoc}cx,

;>

]bc gkjwwal gkl hc gao~dc}cm yj}b k edswb/ixkmc }a~ wdkh ax jl k hsxjcm galgxc}c uksd} klm hkgfejddcm yj}b 8/7 e} ae hckgb wklm }a xcmsgc ujwskd jo~kg}, "Ejisxc 9*

Ejisxc 9 Xkmjkd ycdd jlejd}xk}jal

 Jlejd}xk}jal Ikddcxjcw ‗ Kl jlejd}xk}jal ikddcxz jl}kfc jw k ukxjk}jal ae }bc xkmjkd gaddcg}ax ycdd kxxklicocl} klm jw swcm ybcxc icadaijg galmj}jalw kxc xcdk}jucdz jo~cxockhdc ax ae jlwseejgjcl} }bjgflcww klm mc~}b }a ws~~ax} ixaslmyk}cx cr}xkg}jal, Jl }bcwc dagk}jalw$ j} jw lcgcwwkxz }a jlw}kdd }bc xkmjkd kxow klm wgxcclw jl }xclgb }bk} jw }bcl hkgfejddcm yj}b k ixkucd ~kgf klm!ax wcdcg}cm ejd}cx ok}cxjkdw ke}cx }bc wgxcclw kxc jlw}kddcm,

Cdcg}xjg ^aycx ^dkl} Ga/wj}jli Cdcg}xjg ~aycx iclcxk}jli ~dkl}w yj}b algc/}bxasib gaadjli wzw}cow xc{sjxc dkxic uadsocw ae  gaadjli yk}cx }a galmclwc ~aycx/gzgdc w}cko hkgf }a bjib/~sxj}z yk}cx eax ~xamsgjli lcy w}cko, Oklz wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl}w kxc lay ga/dagk}cm yj}b k ~aycx ~dkl} yj}b ybao }bcz wbkxc k gaooal wckyk}cx jl}kfc, ]bc kuajmcm gaw} ae galw}xsg}jli klm ~cxoj}}jli k lcy jl}kfc okz xcmsgc }bc gk~j}kd gaw} ae k dkxic mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z hz wcucxkd ojddjal maddkxw,

;;

Waoc a~cxk}jalkd hclcej}w okz hc xckdjpcm jl }cxow ae jo~xaucm ocohxklc ~cxeaxoklgc je }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z swcw ykxocx$ galmclwcx mjwgbkxic yk}cx kw eccmyk}cx eax }bc wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal wzw}co, Esx}bcx wzlcxiz hc}yccl k ~aycx ~dkl} klm k mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z gkl hc xckdjpcm hz gaohjljli }bc ~aycx ~dkl} gaadjli yk}cx mjwgbkxic yj}b }bc WYXA ~dkl} galgcl}xk}c, ]bjw okz bkuc clujxalocl}kd hclcej}w }a ha}b ~xagcwwcw hz xcmsgjli }bc }bcxokd eaa}~xjl} ae }bc ~aycx ~dkl} mjwgbkxic ybjdc mjds}jli }bc wkdjlj}z ae }bc XA galgcl}xk}c, ]bc ga/dagk}jal ae ~aycx klm wckyk}cx mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}jcw jw hcjli galwjmcxcm eax oaw} ae }bc dkxic mcwkdjlk}jal ~xa`cg}w gsxxcl}dz ~xa~awcm jl }bc Slj}cm W}k}cw, Baycucx$ clujxalocl}kd galgcxlw yj}b algc/}bxasib gaadjli wzw}cow co~dazcm hz oklz ae }bcwc ~aycx ~dkl}w okz kg}skddz ~xauc }a hc mc}xjocl}kd jl }bc khjdj}z }a ~cxoj} waoc ~xa~awcm ga/dagk}cm mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}jcw, ]bcxc jw waoc galgcxl }bk} ga/dagk}jli k mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z yj}b k gakw}kd ~aycx ~dkl} gasdm wcxuc }a `sw}jez }bc gal}jlscm swc ae kl kijli$ algc/}bxasib gaadjli wzw}co, Cdcg}xjg ~aycx ~dkl}w klm mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}jcw }bk} okz galwjmcx wbkxjli wckyk}cx jl}kfcw ax galgcl}xk}c as}ekdd jlexkw}xsg}sxc osw} jmcl}jez bay }bc a~cxk}jal ae ha}b }bc ~aycx ~dkl} klm mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl} yjdd hc gaaxmjlk}cm, Jl }bc ~dklljli ~xagcww$ }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ekgjdj}z wbasdm kdwa hc cukdsk}cm kw je j} ycxc k w}klm/kdalc ekgjdj}z,

Galgdswjal Ybcl galwjmcxjli clujxalocl}kd$ ~xc}xck}ocl}$ klm ~xagcww kmukl}kicw ae kl jl}kfc mcwjilcm w~cgjejgkddz eax }bc mcwkdjlk}jal ~dkl} wbasdm la} hc slmcxcw}jok}cm,

;8