Seashells of the World - Golden Guide 1985.pdf

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Complete your collection of Golden Guides and Golden Field Guides! GOLDEN GUIDES BIRDS

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS

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DINOSAURS FOSSILS INSECT PESTS POND LIFE

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FISHES

FISHING

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GEOLOGY

INSECTS

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FLOWERS

INDIAN ARTS

MAMMALS

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PLANETS

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

ROCKS AND MINERALS SEASHELLS OF THE WORLD SEASHORES

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SKY OBSERVER'S GUIDE

SPIDERS AND THEIR KIN TROPICAL FISH

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STARS

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TREES

VENOMOUS ANIMALS

WEATHER

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WEEDS

WHALES AND OTHER MARINE MAMMALS

GOLDEN FIELD GUIDES BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA REPTILES OF NORTH AMERICA ROCKS AND MINERALS SEASHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA SKYGUIDE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA WILDFLOWERS OF NORTH AMERICA FAMILIES OF BIRDS

Golden"', A Golden Guide"', and Golden Press"' are trademarks of Western Publishing Company, Inc.

SEASHELLS OF THE WORL · D A GUIDE TO THE BETTER-KNOWN SPECIES by

R. TUCKER ABBOTT, Ph.D. Under the editorship of HERBERT S. ZIM, Ph.D., Sc.D.

Illustrated by GEORGE AND MARITA SANDSTROM

Imperial Harp 3" Indian Ocean Harpa costata L.

� GOLDEN PRESS

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NEW YORK

'Western Publishing Company, Inc. Racine, Wisconsin

FOREWORD Shells occupy a unique place in the natural world. No other animals are as widely collected, traded, or bought and sold because of the i r beauty, attractiveness and rar­ ity. Each year an increasing number of people want to identify, classify and understand the beautiful shells they see or collect. This guide is necessarily a brief sampling of the many thousands of marine shells. Because it is a guide for collecting we have emphasized attractive and better­ known spec ies, occasionally slighting some common spe­ c ies and familiar genera. We hope that the pastime of shell collecting will lead to increasing interest in the fascinating animals which make the shells. The author, editor and art i sts wish to express thei r appreciation to the Academy of Natural Sciences of P h i l­ adelphia for the use of its extensive research collections in the preparation of this book. We also owe a debt to the artists, George and Morita Sandstrom, for their excellent work on the illustrations. R. T.A. H.S.Z.

Carrier Shell ( Xenophora) is the original shell collec­ tor. It gathers small empty shells and attaches them to itself. This is the common Japa nese Carrier S h e l l .

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© Copyright 1985. 1962 b y Western Publishing Company. Inc. All rights reserved. including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means. including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device. printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright pro rietor. Produced in the U.S.A. by Western Publishing Company, Inc . ew York, N. Y Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: N -

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THE CLAS S E S OF MOL LUSKS All seashells have soft bodies. The th in, fleshy mantle usually secretes a limy shell, either as a single cone or a pai r of valves, or rarely in 8 par t s . About half the mollusks are marine; the others land or fresh-water.

Marine

Fresh-water

Land

SNAILS, ar gastropods, have a single shell, usually coiled. They have a distinct head with tentacles and a rasping tongue (the radula). Most of the 40,000 species have shells. (pp . 22-128) B IVA LV E S , or pelecypods, are mollusks with two valves joined by a hinge, a horny ligament, and one or two muscles. Most of the 10,000 species ore marine; others are fresh-water. pp. 129-155

C E P H A LO P O D S include squid, octopus and the Nautilus. Very ac­ tive animals with large eyes, pow­ erful jaws and with 8-90 tentacles . � About 600 species. T U S K S H E LLS (about 300 marine species) live in curved, toothlike shells open at both ends. C H ITO N S are primitive, marine mollusks with 8-plated shells imbedded in tough tissue. There are about 600 shallow-water species. MONOPLAC O P H O RA, until re­ cently known only from fossils. A � rare deep-sea, primitive group. The soft parts are segmented. 1"

pp . 156-157

Order TECTIBRAN

Tritons page 68

True Conchs page 42

Abalones page 24

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G U I D E TO U N I VALV ES

Vases page90

MAJ OR GROUPS OF MARINE SNAILS

From the primitive slit shells and the i r limpet allies to the highly evolved bubble shells and cones, the marine snails show great diversity in shape and sculpture. Of the thou­ sand or more families of gastropods, 34 are pictured in this family key (with page numbers). They include the vast majority of the better-known sea snails t hat are apt to be found in amateur collections. G U I D E TO U N I VA LV E S

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Piddocks (not in text}

Bittersweets (not in text}

MAJOR GROUPS 0 MARINE BIVALVES

are less numerous than marine gastropods but are of greater economic value . Clams, oysters, mussels and scallops are eaten . One group produces nearly all natural and cultured pearls . The families shown on the tree are most commonly seen in collections . B I VA LV E S

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G U I D E TO B I VALV E S

OTHER GROUPS OF S EASHELLS C E P H A L O P O D S inc lude the oc­ topus, which has no shel l, and the squids, with a thin internal shell . The Nauti lus of the Indo- Pacific has a smooth, chambered shel l . The Argonaut's paper-thin she l l is an eggcase . Pages 156-157.

C h a m bered N a u t i l u s 6" Nautilus pampilius Linne Southwest Pacific

are a group of flattened mollusks, some worm ­ like, most covered w i t h eight shingle-li ke, overlapping plates held in place by a muscular ring cal led the girdle. They live on rocks near shore and feed on algae . C H I TO N S

West In d i a n Ch iton 2-3" ._.___ Chiton tuberculata Linne West Indies H a i ry Mopa l i a

2"

Mopalia cilia to Sowerby

Alaska to California

or scaphopods, are tooth-shaped shel l s found i n shallow and deep water. These odd mol lusks are without gills (the mantle assumes th i s function), head, eyes or true tentac les . Some spec ies were once h ighly valued by American Indians. T U S K S H E L LS,

El ephant's Tus k

Dentalium elephantinum Linne

3"

Philippines

OT H E R C L AS S E S

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YOUR S H E L L COL L E CTION A well-arranged , orderly col lection of she lls has many surpr i s i ng rewa rds: a sense of scientific acco m p l i shment, pride i n b u i l d i ng a n educational and bea utiful assortment, a sti m u l u s to i nvestigate a n intrigu i ng group of a n i m a l s . Record loca l i t y data a n d best possible identification; fol­ l ow a natura l biologica l sequence, and your co llection will serve as a useful guide and a constant source of sati sfac­ tion . Beg i n ea rly to use a simple cabinet, m u l t i ple-si zed paper trays, plastic boxes or match boxes , good labels, and a cata log with num bers correspond i ng to those written i n India i nk on the labe l s and specimens. Sma ll she l l s , with numbered s l i ps, may be put into glass vials, and the vials plugged with cotto n . A wooden cabinet (4 ft. high, 3 ft. deep and 2'12 ft. wide) with wooden drawers on simple runners protects your shells from dust and careless hands.

Boxes made of cardboard of uni­ form height and of multiple sizes permit an orderly arrangement and best use of space. labels should bear the genus and species name. Most important are the locality data and other perti­ nent information.

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COLLECT I N G

COLLECTING MARINE SHELLS B EA C H C O M B I N G

Few m o l l usks l ive o n the bea c h , but after storms fresh spec imens may be cast upon the shore . Some a ppear o n l y at certa i n seaso n s . Avoid damaged and water-worn shells . NIG H T C O L L E CT I N G

Mo l l usks avoid bright sun l ight. A t low t i d e t u r n over rocks; d ig i n sand . Shore collecting at n ight i n q u iet bays is very profitable . Two people wor k i ng together are most effective . DIVING

Goi ng down where many she l l s l ive brings r i c h rewa rds i n perfect spec imens. Watch f o r tra i l s i n t h e sand . P u t she l l s i n a fine mesh bag. Fo l l ow safety rules. DREDGING

A s i m p l e wire-mesh dredge , 24" wide, 3 6 " long a n d 8 " high, c a n b e p u l l ed b y rope at depths down t o 100 feet. Wash sand away and pick out she l l s . EXC H A N G I N G

Trade with c o l lectors i n foreign lands. Send perfect speci­ mens with loca l i t y data . Wrap secure l y. A good way to i ncrease your col lection and to make friends. Be as gener­ ous as poss i b l e . B U YI N G S H E L LS

Ma ny re l i a b l e dealers se l l spec i men shel l s . Compare prices from severa l mail l i sti ngs and then use good judgment. Insist on l oca l i t y data . Avoid acid-treated she l l s . C O LL E CT I N G

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PREPARING S HELLS F OR S TUDY

When collecting, observe the l ive a n i m a l s and note their habits . So little is known a bout many species that every accurate observation i s of va l u e . N ote color and other deta i l s , relative abunda nce , type of botto m , food , egg­ laying or mati ng habits, methods of concealment, water temperature, associated pla nts and a n i m a l s . Record your facts i n a fie l d noteboo k . When cata l oging, enter the notebook page on the collection labe l . The soft parts and she l l s of m oll usks may be permanently preserved i n 70% a l cohol . If not to be used for anatomica l study, clams a n d snails may b e boiled i n water for five m i nutes and the "meat" removed with a bent p i n or ice pick . Save the opercu l u m , or tra pdoor, to each sna i l . It is u nwise to use acid on shel l s . Clean exterior with fine wire brush or buffi ng wheel .

CONSERVATION

Be considerate of nature and other collectors when looking for l ive shell s . D i sturb the habitat as little as poss i b l e , and turn back rocks as you found them . Otherwise, the eggs, young and food of sna i l s will be k i l l ed by d irect sunl ight. Pollution and u psetting the eco logy of the ocean shores a re the ma in reasons for the reduction of l ive she l l s , but collectors can help by taking o n ly a few of each ki n d . Leave you ng or poor specimens, si nce they w i l l grow to lay more eggs and produce additional generations . In some states shel lfishery laws proh ibit the col lecting of va rious kinds at spec i a l seasons or under certa i n s i zes. F i nd out a bout the perti nent laws and regu lations i n your a rea, and follow the m . 10

ST U DY I N G

MORE INF ORMATION

Basic i nformation about malacology, or conchol ogy, the study of m o l l u sks, is found in thousands of technical a r t i ­ cles. O f greater u s e to collectors are t h e books l i sted below, some of which l i st the addresses of local she l l c l u bs and nationa l she l l orga n i zations. Visit the fa mous she l l co l l ections i n natura l h i story museums of large cities. Cu­ rators of these co l l ections can give professiona l advice . GENERAL BOOKS

Abbott, R. Tucker, KINGDOM OF THE SEASHELL. New York: Bononzo Books, 1 982 . Introduction to biology, collecting, uses, ond evolution of seashells. Johnstone, Kathleen Y. SEA TREASURE-A GUIDE TO SHELL COLLECTING. Bos­ ton: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1 956 . For beginners. Wagner, R. J. l., and R. Tucker Abbott. STANDARD CATALOG OF SHELLS. Melbourne, Flo. : American Molocologists, Inc. , 1 978 . Lists thousands of species with current values. Has blank personal catalog, world size records. For intermediate collectors. Yonge, C. M. , and T. E . Thompson. LIVING MARINE MOLLUSKS. London: William Collins Sons, 1 976. Readable biology textbook. NORTH AMERICA

Abbott, R. Tucker. AMERICAN SEASHELLS. 2nd ed. New York: Von Nostrand/ Reinhold, 1974 . Describes and illustrates 1, 500 of the 7, 500 species listed from both coasts. For advanced collectors. Abbott, R. Tucker. SEASHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA. New York: Golden Press, 1 969. A colorful guide to field identification of 900 species. Includes biology. For intermediate collectors. Abbott, R. Tucker. COLLECTIBLE SHELLS OF SOUTHEASTERN U. S. AND BAHAMAS. Melbourne, Flo. : American Molocologists, Inc. , 1984 . Waterproof, tear-resistant guide to 300 species. For beginning collectors. Keen, Myra. SEA SHELLS OF TROPICAL WEST AMERICA. 2nd ed. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford Univ. Press, 197 1 . About 3,300 species illustrated. Lorge bibliography. For advanced collectors. FOREIGN

Abbott, R. Tucker, and S. Peter Donee. COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS. New York: E . P. Dutton, 1983 . 4,200 species illustrated. For advanced collectors. Linder, Gert. FIELD GUIDE TO SEASHELLS OF THE WORLD. New York: Von Nostrand/Reinhold, 1 978. About 1, 000 species. For intermediate collectors.

B I B LIOGRAPHY

1 1

TH E WORLD OF MARINE S H E L L S Although the seas , which cover 72 percent o f the earth's surface , are interconnected , parts of the oceans are iso­ lated by land masses . Ocean currents, water temperatu res and differences in salinity also act as barriers and create smal ler sub-areas within fa unistic provinces . Present fau­ nistic boundaries were largely determined d u ring the Pli­ ocene, 10 million years ago . These are not clearly defined ; some species invade the waters of neighboring provinces . Temperature is an important iso lating factor. Within a province there may be specia l habitats suitable only to certain species-coral reefs, m uddy or sandy bottoms, mangrove swamps or rocky shores . Some groups flou rish in certain provinces, as the limpets in South Africa and the cowries in the I n d o - Pacific . Some mollusks are associated only with certain other animals, such as the wentletraps with sea anemones, and rapa snails with soft cora l s . COLD-WATE R FAU N A Few species; usually dull in color

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DISTRIBUTION

DIS TRIBUTION OF MOLLUSKS WITH DEPTH T H E PELAGIC WO RLD Adults of about 1 00 species of mollusks live near the surface of the ocean. Some float, some are attached to sargassum weed, others hover in mid-water.

T H E LITTO RAL WO RLD A million miles of the world's inter­ tidal shoreline support a rich fauna of periwinkles, limpets, burrowing clams, mussels and other species living between high- and low-tide level.

T H E S HALLOW-WAT E R WO RLD Most of the marine mollusks live on the continental shelves and in coral reefs from the low-tide line to depths of about 400 feet. The rel­ atively quiet waters and growth of algae permit a rich fauna to exist.

THE ABYSSAL WO RLD Small, mainly colorless shells live in the lightless depths of the ocean where temperatures are near freezing. Abyssal species are somewhat similar in all parts of the world. Squids have phosphores­ cent lights of blue, red and white. Deep-sea mollusks living near the equator are found in much shal­ lower waters in the polar seas where the water is cold. Some food comes from pelagic plants and an­ imals which die and sink to the bottom. Both clams and snails have been found 3 miles down.

DIST R I B U TIO N

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CALIFORNIAN PROVINCE

Stretching from Washington to parts of Ba ja Ca lifornia is a cool -water fauna of about 2, l 00 species. To the north is the cold -water Aleutian Province, some of whose species find their way as fa r south as northern Ca lifornia . In southern Ca l­ ifornia, elements of the Pana mic Prov­ ince, a much warmer a rea, begin to appear. The Ca lifornia n Province is rich in abalones, murex rock she l l s, limpets and chitons . Among some of the char­ acteristic species are the Kel p-weed Scallop and the Purple Dwarf Olive . Purple Dwarf O l ive

0/ivello biplicoto Sower by

Kel p-weed S c a l l o p

Leptopecten latiouratus

C h itons Over 50 species

Conrad

Haliotis Aba l o nes Several large species Cooper's N utmeg

Cancellaria coaperi

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CALIF ORNIAN PROVINCE

onrad

CAROLINIAN PROVINCE

From the shores of the Carolinas, to the northern half of Florida and westward into Texas, the temperate-water Caro­ l i n i an Province is c h aracteri zed by Quahog Clams (Mercenaria) and by such species as the Shark-eye Moon Snail and the Marsh Periwinkle. The southern tip of Florida belongs to the tropical Caribbean Province. To the north, from Maine to labrador, is the colder Boreal Province with a di fferent and less rich shell fauna. The New England Neptune lives to the north . Sha rk-eye Moon S n a i l Polinices duplicatus Say

Qua hog C l a m M ercenaria mercenaria l.

New E n g l a n d N e p t u n e Neptunea decemcostata S o y N e w Eng land and north Oyster D r i l l Eupleura coudoto Say

C A R O L I N I A N P R OV I N C E

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INDO-PACIF IC PROVINCE

The largest a n d richest shell region in the wor l d extends from the shores of East Africa eastward through the East I ndies to Polynesi a . Notable for its abunda nce of co lorfu l shel l s , it supports many stra nge and unique m oll usks, such as the Giant Clams (Tridacna), the Scorpion Conchs (Lam­ bis), a n d the Hea rt Cockles (Corculum) . Most of the Indo­ Pacific i s characteri zed by tropica l waters and coral reefs. The province i s further divided into more or less isolated sub- regio n s .

L i n eoted Conch Strombus fosciatus Born

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THE RED SEA i s an isolated, warm-water pocket of the Indian Ocean noted for its many peculiar subspecies and such un ique species as the lineated Conch (Strombus fasciatus Born), and Red-spotted Cowrie (Cypraea erythraeenis Sowerby) .

IN D O - PACIFIC P R OVIN C E

HAWAII

Vo lvo

...

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Tridocna ""­

o�r,

Corculum

AUSTRALIA i s, along its tropical northern half, a land of rare and colorful volutes and strange Spiny Vase Shells (Tudicula). The seas ore shallow with strong tides. The seas of southern Australia are much colder and hove many d i fferent shel ls, such as the g iant phosione l l o s . THE HAWAIIA N C HA IN of vol can ic i s­ lands in the cental Pacific locks many com­ mon Indo- Pacific species. It has same un ique cowries and cone she l l s. The Tiger Cowrie, common e lsewhere, is rare here and very Iorge. THE PHILIPPI N E S, consisting of thou­ sands of islands, are very rich in mollusks. Several u n ique k i nds ore found i n these waters, including the I m perial Volute and the Zambo Murex . Some normally uncom­ mon species are abundant on the reefs of P h i l i ppine i s lands.

Bed na il 's Vol ute Volutoconus bednalli Brazier

Tessellate Cowrie Cypraea fessellato

Swa i n son

I m perial Vol u te

Aulica imperialis

Lightfoot

I N D O - PAC I F I C P R OV I N C E

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"

PANAMIC PROVINCE

From the Gulf of Ca lifornia to northern Ecuador, the tropical Panamic P rovince supports a rich, colorful fauna of over 2, 000 marine shel ls. Connected wit h the Caribbean in former geologic times, the fauna resembles that of the West I ndies . Tid a l ranges are extreme in this a rea . The gen us Strombina and such species as the Tent Olive are native .

SOUTH AMERICA

Gri n n ln t Tu n .Malea ringer;� Swainiolt

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PA N AMIC P R OVI N C E

CARIBBEAN PROVINCE

Centered in the West Indies, this tropical province extends north to southern Florida and Bermuda. Many Caribbean elements spread out to the south as far as Brazil. Among the characteristic species are the Pink Conch, the Wide­ mouthed Purpura and the Sunrise Tellin. The fauna is rich in Cassis, Murex and Te/lina. The larger West Indian islands have over 1,200 species of shelled marine mollusks. Iso­ lated coral islands, poor in food, have only about 350 kinds of mollusks.

C A RI B B E A N P R OVI N C E

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MEDITERRANEAN PROVINCE

The most isolated of the world's major sea s , the Mediter­ ranean is relatively shallow and less dense than the Atlan ­ tic . Its fauna o f 1, 400 species o f mollusks spreads a round Portugal to southern France and along the northwest coast of Africa . Also known as the Lusitania n Province, it con­ tains such unique shells as the Pelican's Foot, Jacob's Scal­ lop, and the Murex Dye S � ells .

NORTH AFRICA

A

Lurid Cowrie

Cypraea lurida

Linne

Spiny He l met

Go/eodeo echinophora

Purple Dye Murex

Murex brandaris

Linne

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l.

Jacob's Scallop

Pecten jacobaeus

Linne

JAPANESE PROVINCE

Lyi ng between the cold­ water A l euti a n Provi nce and the tropica l I ndo­ Pacific, the centra l is­ lands of J a pa n conta i n a rich a n d d i stinct temper­ ate marine faun a .

SOUTH AF RICAN PROVINCE

Cool, rough seas pound the rocky shore l i n e of South Af­ rica . Its isol ated fauna of a bout 900 species is rich i n giant lim pets, turbans and Thais rocky she l l s , p l u s stra nge, coo l ­ water cowries and cone she l l s . Patella L i m pets 21 species Rosy Cone

Conus tinionus Hwoss

Cape Cowrie

Cypraeo copensis Gray

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GASTROPODS hea r t

tentacle

probosci s foot cross section of probosc i s rodulor ri bbon egg capsule

mouth eggs

rodu l o r teeth

free-sw i m m i ng veliger

GAS T R O P O D S, or un iva lves , s i ngle-she l l ed mollusks, in­ clude sna i l s , conchs , periwinkles and whelks . About ha lf of the 40, 000 species are marine; the remai nder are terres­ tria l and fresh-water. The fleshy, cape-l ike mantle pro­ d uces a hard shell , while the foot may produce a horny opercu l u m . Feed i ng i s a ided by a special set of teeth known as the radu l a . The sexes are separate i n many marine species . Eggs a re la id i nto the water or i n capsu l e s . A free­ swi m m i ng larva , or "vel iger, " emerges wh ich grows into a she l l ed a d u l t . Most gastropods l ive 5 to 6 yea rs; some may survive 20 or 30. U n ivalves may be ca rn ivorous, herbivo­ rous or even parasitic. 22

U N I VA LV E S

S L I T S H E LLS (Pieurotoma r i idae) a re pri mit ive sna i l s char­ acteri zed by two gill plumes. The slit i n the she l l i s a natura l ope n i ng for the passage of water and waste mater i a l s . The fa m i l y, fou n d i n very early fossil deposits, was once consid­ ered to be exti nct. Today 18 living deep-water species a re know n . The operc u l u m o f the slit shells i s t h i n , corneo u s , a n d brown a n d h a s many who r l s .

This relatively small operculum i s attached to the foot .

Emperor's S l i t S h e l l

3-S"

Pleurotomaria hirasei P i l sbry

Honshu I s . , J apan This i s the commonest slit shel l known . It l ives at a depth of 300 feet.

Ada n son's S l i t S h e l l S-6" P. adansonianus C rosse & Fi scher W. Indies; deep water; rare

Beyrich's S l i t S h e l l 4" P. beyrichi H i lgendorf! E . Asia; deep water; rare

SLIT S H E LLS

23

she l l s (Ha l i otidae) resem ble a va lve of a l a rge clam , except for the spiral whorl . The ani m a l has a l a rge, flat and muscu lar foot by which it holds fast to rocks . Sea water is d rawn in under the edges of the she l l ; it passes ' over the g i l l s , and leaves through the natural holes. The foot is ed i b l e and h ighly esteemed . The i ridescent she l l is used in costume jewe l ry. Over a hundred species are known . They are vegetarians .

ABALO N E

Red Aba lone 1 0- 1 2" Haliotis rufescens Swa i nson

C a l ifor n i a ; a n racks below l aw tide ""''ICN"'>F�!J-"':·'1'. Cammon

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ABALO N E S

P i n k Aba lone

5-7"

Haliotis corrugate G r a y

5" Haliotis cracherodi leach C a l iforn i a to Mex ico Abundant B l a c k Abalone

Cal iforn ia; common

Beaut i ful Aba l o n e 1 - 1 '/2' H. pulcherrima Gmelin Central Pacific; uncommon

Mi d a s Aba l o n e

Don key's E a r Aba l o n e Haliotis asinina Linne S . W. Pacific; abundant

3 -4"

4"

Haliotis midae Linne

South Africa; uncommon ..

A B A LO N E S

25

(Fi ssure l l idae) are na med for a s m a l l hole at the top of the cap-sha ped shell, which serves for excretion . Severa l hundred species are a l l vegetarians living i n sha l l ow, warm water. The s i ngle eggs are coated with a gelatinous sheath . The largest comes from California .

K E Y H O LE L I M P E T S

Ma x i m u m Keyhole L i m pet Fissurella maxima Sowerby Chile ( i ntertidal); common

G i a n t Keyhole Li mpet

4-5"

Megathura crenulata Sowerby

Cal ifornia ( i ntertidal); common

Ba rbados Keyhole Lim pet

Fissurella barbadensis Gmelin

Florida and W. Ind ies Abundant on shore rocks

Roman S h i e l d L i m pet (Scutus) from Austra lia has no hole but i s related to the keyhole l i m pets. The shell i s 2 inches long. Common on intertidal rocks.

26

K E Y H O L E L I M P ETS

3"

1"

(Acmaeidae) live on the rocky shores of all temperate seas . They have a remarkably strong foot . A few species attach to seaweeds . All 400 species are vegetarian . T R U E LIMPETS

Sweet L i m pet 1 " A. saccharine L i nne Indo-Pacific; common

U nsta ble l i m pet

A. instabilis Gould

1"

Cal ifornia; on seaweed

At l a n t i c Plate l i m pet 1 " Acmaea testudinalis Muller New E ngland rocks; common

S p i ked l i m pet

3"

Patella longicosta lamarck

South Africa

T R U E L I M P E TS

27

1

(Trochidae) are coni cal. They have a pe' arly i nteri or and a thin , horny operculum with many whorls . Over a thousand species are found mai nly in temperate and tropical waters. Largest and most useful is the Com­ merical Trochus, from which shirt buttons are made. Some larger spec ies are eaten. A Trochus takes six years to reach adult si ze-5 inches. Most top shells are vegetarians.

TO P S H E LLS

Knobbed Top 4" Trochus dentotus Forskal East Africa; common

G i a n t Button Top

1" Umbonium gigonteum Lesson

Japan; muddy boys; a bundant

lined Top

2"

Trochus lineatus Lamarck

Australia; common in shallow water

28

TO P S H E L LS

Strawberry Top 1 " C/oncu/us puniceus P hilippi I ndian Ocean; common

I N DO-PAC I F I C TO P S H E LLS vary greatly in form and color. The button tops (Umbonium) , mud-dwellers from Japan and Southeast Asia, are unusually flattened . young

Pyra m i d Top

5"

Tectus pyramis Born

Macu l a ted Top 2" Troc hus maculatus Linne A very com mon spec ies found under rocks near shore .

Born's Ora n g e Top %" Chlorostoma parado•um Born

Commerc i a l Trochus Troc h u s niloticus Linne

5"

operc u l u m

TO P S H E L LS

29

total several dozen species , rarest bei ng the iridescent Gaza. The West Indian Top is used in c howder. Queen Tegula is a collector's item i n California. N orris' Top Shell is relatively common i n shal ­ l ow water. Its opercu l um bears tiny bristles .

AME R I C A N TO P S H E LLS

S u perb Gaza

2"

Gaza superba D o l l

G u l f of Mexico; deep water

Norris' Top Shell

2"

Norrisia norrisi Sowerby

California; near shore

West I n d i a n Top 3" Cittarium pica Linne W. Indies; seashore

30

TO P S H E LLS

CALL I O S TOMA TO P S H E LLS are the q ueens of the fam ily. All are lightweight shells with deli cate beading and bright colors. Most are cold-water inhabitants found among deep­ water beds of algae. Many are considered collector's items. Eggs are i n gelatinous ribbons. C u n n i ng h a m's Top . This i s one of a dozen large, stunning species found i n New Zealand. Maurea cunninghami G. and P. , 3"

Mon i l e Top

1" Calliasfama manile Reeve

N . W. Australia; common near shore on sponge

H a l i a rchus Top

2"

Ca//iasfama h aliarchus Melv i l l

J apan ; d e e p water

Chocolate-Lined Top

1" Calliasfoma javanicum lamarck

S . Fla. and Caribbean

CALLI O STOMAS

31

(Turb i n idae) , about 500 spec ies, pos­ sess a hard, limy operculum . The largest member of the family is the Green Turban . Its white operculum may weigh up to one pou nd . Buttons are made from the shel l s .

T U R BA N S H E L LS

Green Tu rban 8 " Turb o marmorotus L. E. Indies-Australia

Ches t n u t Tu rba n 1 11.'' Turb o castanea Gmelin Florido-W. Indies

outer side

Ta pestry Turban is a herbivorous spec ies of South Pacific coral reefs. The shell has a vari­ able and colorful pattern . Its operculum i s the famous blue-green "cot's eye . " Turbo petho­ lotus Linne, 3"

32

T U R BA N S H E L LS

P H EASANT AND STA R S H E LLS are turbans. There are about 40 species. The Pheasant Shells have several "foot feelers." Below is the largest, the Pheasant Shell, Phasi­ anella australis Gmelin (3 in.) ftom southern Australia. P heasant Shell foot filaments

operculum of Pheasant Shell i s white and shelly

Long-spined Star 2" Astraea phoebia Reding F l orida-Cari bbean ...

Rotary Star

2"

Astraea rotularia

lamarck Austral i a

Tri u m p h a n t Star

3-4"

Guildfordia triumphans P h i l .

East Asia; especi a l l y common i n Japan i n deep water

PH EASANT A N D

STA R S H E LLS

33

COMMON INDO-PACIFIC TURBANS Of the several dozen turbans from the tropical Western Pacific, these are the commonest . N ote the characteristic shape of the o perc u l um in each species .

outer side operculum

i nner side Ho rned Tu rban 3 " Turbo cornutus Lig htfoot Southern Japan; common near shore

Go l d - mouthed Tu rba n Turbo chrysostomus L i n n e C o m m o n on coral reefs

Dwarf Tu rba n 1 1/2' Silver-mouthed Tu rban T. bruneus Red ing Turbo argyrostomus L i nne

34

TU RBANS

3"

3"

Setose Tu rba n 3" T. setosus Gme l i n

Syd ney Tu rban 3'12" Turbo tor­ South Austra l i a ; c o m m o n i n s h a l l o w water; note the pecu l iar, white operc u l u m . quatus Gmel i n .

South Afri can Tu rban 3" Turbo sarmaticus Linne. South Africa . This shell i s pearly white and red when polished.

Two forms of the Delph i n u l a Sna i l

Channel led Tu rban from the West Indies is rarest in the Americas. Turbo canaliculatus Herm . , 3"

Delph i n u l a S n q i l from the I ndo­ Pacific reefs is very variable and has a brown , horny operc u l u m . Angaria delphinus L i n n e , 2"

....

T U R BA N S A N D D E LP H I N U LAS

35

N E R ITE S N A I LS (Neritidae) are of a family with varied habitats: shallow water, rocky shores, springs, rivers, swamps and even in trees. The Emerald Nerite lives on eelgrass near coral reefs. The shelly operculum bears a small projecting arm for muscular attachment. Nerites are vegetarians living in large colonies. Several hundred spe­ cies are known.

Pol ita N e rite 1 " Nerita polita Linne

inner side

outer side

Indo-Pacific; common

living Nerite

B l eed i n g Tooth

Nerita peloronta l .

egg capsules on rocks

2"

S . Florida-Caribbean

36

NERITES

Ornate Nerite 2" Nerita ornata Sby. Panama ( Pacific)

Emerald Nerite

Smaragdia viridis

l.

F lorida-Caribbean

1/3'

P E R I W I N K L E S (Littori n idae) are found on rocky shores of most parts of the world. Their small s i ze and drab colors protect them from predators. The microscopic eggs laid i n the water resemble min iature "flying saucers." Eggs of some species hatch i n side oviduct. side view of a n i m a l

Common E u ropea n Periwi n k l e . Once l i m i ted to E urope a n d Con­ ado, this rock-dwe l l er has spread south to Delaware i n the last 200 years. Shell s hove been found i n pre h i storic I n d i a n sites. Littorina /ittoreo Linne, 1 "

Pagoda Peri w i n k l e 2" Tectorius pogodus Linne I ndo-Pacific; common on rocks wel l a bove h i g h-tide l i ne

A u g e r Tu rrite l l o 4" Turrite//o terebra L i n ne I ndo-Pacific; common

(Turr i tell idae) , about 50 spec ies, a re tropical relatives of the periwinkles . The shel l s , found i n shallow, muddy bottoms , are l o n g and pointed. T h e cor­ neous opercu l um has few whorls.

T U R R I T E L L A S N A I LS

PERIWIN KLES

37

(Architecton i cidae) resemble a wi nding stair­ case. All 40 species are tropical. A few deep-sea species are collector's items. Operculum like horny p i ll. S U N D I ALS

Common Atla n t i c S u n d i a l

Architectonica nobilis Reding

2"

Caro l i nas to West Indies; common i n sand

Va riegated S u n d i a l %" Heliacus variegatus Gmelin I ndo- Pacific Florida Wo rm Shell

4"

Vermiculoria knorri Deshoyes

Caroli nas to Mexico

WO RMS H E LLS (Turritel lidae) resemble marine worms, but are true snails. The early whorls resemble turritella shells , but later ones detach and grow haphazardly. 38

S U N D I A LS A N D WO RM S H E L LS

CE RITHS

Sowe rby's Cerith

4"

Pseudovertagus phylarchus l reda l e

P h i l i ppines; uncommon

S u l cate Cerith

2"

Terebra/ia sulcata Born

Indo-Pacific; swamps

R a d u l a Cerith

2"

Tympanotonus radula

W. African swamps

;

l. "'-

(Cerith i idae) , about 300 species, are abundant i n the i n tertidal zone of tropic shores . Some live i n man­ grove swamps , others at sea . The eggs are i n jelly masses. CERITHS

CERITHS

39

{ E pitoni idae) , a curious family mai nly al­ abaster-white, are capable of excreting a purple dye. Most are found with sea anemones and Fungia corals . Rice-paste counterfeits of the Precious Wentletrap were once sold. About 200 known species, some rare.

W E N T L E T RAPS

Common We ntletrop � Epitonium clothrus Linne E u rope; common

Noble We nt letrop

Sthenorytis pemobilis

2"

F i scher & Bernardi Florida-Cari bbean; rare

Prec i o u s We ntl etrop

Epitonium seafare Linne

Eastern Asia; uncommon

40

W E N TLETRAPS

2"

Mag n ificent We ntl etrop Amaea magnifica Sowerby Japan; rare

4"

(Crepidulid ae) possess a pe­ culiar plate located inside the mai n shell . These limpetli ke snails live in shallow water. The males are much smaller, but may change their sex and grow to a larger si ze. The slipper shells may grow on top of each other or on rock s . C U P A N D S L I P P E R S H E LLS

Com m o n A t l a n t i c S l i pper She l l

Crepidula fornicofo Linne

2"

Canada to Texas; E u rope; very common This, l i ke ather s l i pper shells, has no opercu l u m .

Imbri cate C u p-and-Sa ucer

Crucibulum scutellatum Woad

West Mexico

2"

Rayed Peru v i a n Hat 2" Trochita trochiformis Born Peru and C h i l e

THE TRUE CONCHS

Eighty world species of Strombidae live i n warm waters. Note the "notch" on the l ower outer l i p . The foot is narrow and muscular with a sharp, sickle-shaped opercu l um .

• Colorful eyes on spec i a l sta lks ore c h a r a c t e r i s t i c for each spec i e s . Above ore four examples.

�

Pink Conch 8 - 1 2" Strombus gigas Linne. Southern Florida-West Indies. This Iorge C a r i bbean conch shell has long been a favorite or­ nament. Conch chowder a nd steak come from this species, and its shell i s used as a trumpet. The young "rollers" do not hove the fla r i n g , thick l i p o f the 12- i n . adul t s . Sem i ­ prec ious p i n k pear l s hove been found i n side the she l l s . The animal feeds on delicate algae. Also called the Queen Conch.

Florida F i g h t i n g Conch

Strombus alotus G m e l i n

2-3"

F lorida; c o m m o n n e a r shore

42

CONCHS

West In d i a n F i g h t i n g Conch 2-3" Strombus pugilis L i n ne Caribbean ; common near shore

Goliath Conch

15" Strombus goliath Schroter

Bra z i l ; ra re

Rooster Conch

Strombus gallus

5"

Linne Caribbean

I

I

/ Milk Conch

4-7"

S. costatus Gmelin

Cari bbean

Two of these Atlantic conchs are collector's items. Rarest i s the Goliath Conch from B ra z i l , largest Strom bus in the world. The Rooster Conch of the C a r i bbean reg ion is fa i r l y rare. Adu lts vary i n size; the male i s smaller. I n the Milk Conch, the s i ze and number of knobs is variable, and some shells may be orange, yel l ow, or whitish . 1 V2' dwarfs of the Hawk-Wing occur i n Lake Wor t h , F l orida .

Hawk-Wi n g Conch 2-4" S . roninus Gmelin Cari bbean

43

COMMON INDO-PACIF IC CONCHS (1-3")

B u b b l e Conch

Stromb u s bullo Reding

Hu mped Conch l.

S. gibberulus

D i a n a Conch

S. aurisdianae

Dog Conch

l.

S . conarium

Mutable Conch S. mutabilis Swa i nson

l.

Li t t l e Bea r Conch l.

Strombus urceus

white mouth

S i l ver Conch

S. lentiginosus Linne

B l ood-Mouth Conch

S. luhuanus Linne

44

CONCHS

UNUSUAL CONCHS B u l l Conch is a rare spec ies from the coral reefs in the Centra l Pa­ cific. Shell heavy with twa un ique spines o n outer lip. 4". Strambus taurus Reeve . Found at depths af 20 Ia 50 feel .

Lac i n iated Conch is an uncom­ mon and attractive W. Pacific shell noted for the beautiful purple in­ terior of its mouth. 4". Strombus sinuatus L ightfoot

L i t t l e Frog Conch

4"

Strombus latus G m e l i n

West African and C a p e Verde I s .

Peru via n C o n c h

Strombus peruvianus Swa i n son

Pacific side of Central America

CONCHS

45

S P I D E R C O N C H S (Strombidae) are closely related to the true conchs. The ten known species of spider conchs are l imited to the tropical waters of the I ndo-Pacific region. A fossi l species is found in Hawaii. A l l are vegetarians and lay spaghetti -li ke egg masses.

6"

C h i ragra S p i d e r .... Conch 7" Lambis chiragra L . S . W . Pacific; common

..

Violet Spider Conch L. vialacea Swa i nsan Mauritius; rare

46

SPIDER CONCHS

3-4"

Scorp ion Co nch L . scorpius Linne Uncommon

"' Ark She l l s , 1 30 < ..., w Asoph i s , 1 53 � Astroea , 33 Atr i n o , 1 30 Auger She l l s , 1 20- 1 25 A u l i c o , 98 Anodo n t i a ,

2 1 , 83 She l l s , 1 02

B a by l o n i a , Baler

Barnacle Rock She l l ,

78

67 1 29- 1 55 B l ee d i n g Too t h , 36 Bonnets, 64-65 Books on shells, 1 1 Biplex,

Bivalves,

1 58

IN DEX

14

1 48 31 C a n ce l l a r i a , 1 4 , 1 06 C o p She l l s , 4 1 Corditas, 1 4 1 C a r d i u m costa t u m , 1 44 Collonoitis,

C o l l i osto m o ,

C a r i bbean Prov i n c e ,

19

2, 48

Carrier She l l s , Cosmorio, Cassis,

63

65

Cot's eye , 32 Cera stod e r m o , Ceriths, Choma,

1 44 39 1 2, 1 4 1

C h a m bered N a u t i l u s ,

1 57

C h o n k She l l s ,

68 1 47 C h i tons, 3, 7 C h l a mys, 1 35 Charon i o ,

91

C h i one,

C h l orosto m a ,

29

C h rysanthem u m s ,

1 3 8- 1 39

30 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 40, 1 46- 1 48 , 1 5 1 , 1 52 , 1 53 , 1 54 Clanculus, 28 Citto r i u m ,

Clams,

Classes of m o l l u s k s , C l ovagel l idae,

1 55

3

1 26 1 44- 1 45 Cada k i a , 1 43 Col lecting she l l s , 9 Colubrorio, 83 Conchalepos, 78 Conchs, 1 6, 1 9, 42-45, 46-47, 84, 85 Cone Shells, 2 1 , 1 08- 1 9 Coqu i n a , 1 53 Coral Sna i l s , 80 Coro l l i o p h i l o , 80 Corcu l u m , 1 45 Cowrie-helmet, 65 Cowries, 1 2 , 1 7, 20, 2 1 , 5 1 -62 Crossispiro, 1 26 Crepidulo, 4 1 Crown Conch, 84 Cruc i b u l u m , 4 1 C l avus,

Cockles,

Cup-and-Sa ucer

41 69 Cym b i u m , 1 02- 1 03 Cyproeo, 5 1 -62 Cyproecossis, 65 She l l s ,

Cymot i u m ,

Decatopecten ,

1 37 35

De l p h i n u l a S na i l , D i sc o r s ,

1 45

D i stribution of s he l l s

1 4- 2 1

geogra p h i ca l , with depth,

13

12

w i t h temperature, Dogwi n k l e ,

79

Drupa,

1 4 , 79

Dye Murex,

79 151

H e l met She l l s ,

65, 66

Ensis,

1 54

1 03

96

I m pe r i a l Harp,

40 Ericusa, 1 0 1 Eupleura, 1 5

E p i t on i u m ,

16

Fam i l ies of bivalves,

4-5 Fasc i o l a r i a , 85 Ficus, 70 Fig She l l s , 70 F i l e C l a m , 1 33 F i m b r i a , 1 43 F r o g She l l s , 67 of sna i l s ,

6

Japalion,

99

Junonia,

Keyhole l i mpets,

87 1 00

Fulgoraria,

lambis,

Gal eodea ,

22

Goza,

30

1 53

1 33 Giant C l a m s , 1 40 Giant S q u i d , 1 40 G l o r i pa l l i u m , 1 3 7 Golden Cowrie, 62 G u i lford i a , 33 Gyrineum, 67 H a i r y Tr i t o n s , Haliotis,

Hammer Oyster,

latiaxis,

46-47 77

1 45

87 1 33 2 1 , 26-27 l i on's Paw, 1 36 l i t toral m o l l u s k s , 1 3 l i t tori n a , 1 5 , 37 livo n i a , 1 02 l u c i n e s , 1 42- 1 43 l u n a t i c , 49 lutra r i a , 1 5 1 lyr i c , 1 05 lyropecten , 1 36 l i m pets,

Macoma ,

1 50

Macroco l l i sto,

1 32

21

27

lima,

Geuken s i a ,

69 24-25

1 54

l i g h t n i n g Whe l k ,

66

Gastropod a natomy, Gaudy Asa p h i s ,

2 1 ' 1 27

141

laevicard i u m ,

86

Me l o n g e n a ,

M i r a c u l o u s Thatche r i a ,

Mactra, Mog i l u s ,

151 80

92-96 92-96 Monoplacophora, 3 Moon S n a i l s , 1 5 , 49-50 Maru m , 66 Murex S he l l s , 1 8 , 20, 7 1 -76 M u s i c Vo l u t e , 97 Musse l s , 1 33 Myt i l u s , 1 33 Miter She l l s ,

J a panese P r o v i n c e , J ewel Boxes,

20 1 02 84

Province, Melon She l l s ,

1

82

Marg i n e l l a ,

Med i terranean

1 32

Fulgar Whe l k s ,

Fusinus,

20, 63,

J a c k k n ife C l a m s ,

1 07 1 07 M a r l i n s p i k e , 1 20 Maurea, 3 1 Marg i n S he l l s ,

Indo-Pacific Province, lsognomon,

1 8 , 70 1 32

Malleus,

1 40

1 45

1 45 1 46 H o r s e C o n c h , 85 H yd a t i n a , 1 28 l m br i c o r i a ,

Ma l e c ,

"Man-eat i n g " C l a m ,

H e m i c a rd i u m ,

73

1 54

1 46

H i nge of c l a m ,

E l ephant's S n o u t , Ensiculus,

38

Heliacus,

Dwa rf O l ive, P u r p l e ,

14

1, 1 2 H a r pu l i n a , 1 0 1 Hat She l l s , 4 1

Harpa,

Heart C o c k l e ,

Drupe Sna i l s , Duck C l a m ,

Hard Shell Clam,

1 47

Mitridae,

79 50 N a u t i l u s , 1 57 N e p t u n e , 1 5, 8 1 Neptunea, 1 5 , 8 1 N e r i t e s , 36 N ucel l a , 79 N utmegs, 1 4 , 1 06 Nasso,

Natica,

88 1 4, 1 8 ,

O l ivonc i l l a r i a , O l ive S he l l s ,

88-89 14

O l i ve l l a ,

15 1 3 1 , 1 32, 1 38 - 1 39

Oyster D r i l l , Oysters,

18 1 56

P a n a m i c Prov i n c e , Paper N a u t i l u s , Paphia,

1 48

P a r t r idge Tun ,

IN DEX

70

1 59

21 1 3 1 , 1 40 Pecten, 20 Pectinidae, 1 34- 1 37 Pelagic mollusks, 1 3 Pelican's Foot, 20 Pen Shells, 1 30 Pen i c i l l us, 1 55 Pen i o n , 82 ,. Periwinkles, 1 5 , 37 Phacoides, 1 42 Pha l i u m , 64 Phasiane l l a , 33 Pheasant She l l , 33 P h o s , 83 Pi nctada, 1 3 1 Pinna, 1 30 � Pismo C l a m , 1 47 M :::l Pilar, 1 46 0 P lacopecten, 1 36 :f Pleuroploca, 85 � Pieurotomaria, 23 � Polir.ices, 49

�

Sconsi a ,

Pea r l s ,

Scorpion Conch, Scotch Bonnet, Scutus,

26

Shark Eye,

47 64

49

26 1 55 Si phon a l i a , 83 Sl i pper She l l s , 4 1 Slit Shells, 2 I , 2 3 Smaragd ia, 3 6 Solecurtus, 1 52 Solen, 1 54 Solete l l i n a , 1 52 Shield limpet, Shipworms,

South African

Province, Spergo,

1 26

21

Purpura,

1 9, 78

46-47 86 Spondylus, 1 38- 1 39 Star She l l s , 33 Stellaria, 48 Strig i l l a , 1 50 Strombina, 1 8 Strombus, 42-45 Sund i a l s , 38 Sunrise. Tel l i n , 1 49 Surf Clams, 1 5 1 Swa insonia, 96 Syrinx, 84

Quahog ,

1 46

Tapes,

Precious Wentletrap,

40

c:>

z Prunum,

....

66

Pate l l a ,

1 07

� Psammotreta , � Pter i a , 1 3 1 � Pteryg ia, 96

Queen Teg u l a , Raeta ,

1 50

30

Tectus,

1 54 39

Rock She l l s (Thais), Royal Comb Venus,

78

1 46

1 52 1 52 Sca l lops, 1 4, 20, 1 34- 1 38 Scaphe l l a , 99 Sang u i n C lams,

Sanguinolaria,

1 60

1 28 29 Teg u l a , 30 Tel l idora, 1 50 Tel l i n s , 1 9, 1 49- 1 50 Teramachia, 1 00 Terebra, 1 20- 1 25 Terebralia, 39 Tered o , 1 55 Thais, 78-79 Thatcheria, 2 1 , 1 27 Thorny Oysters, 1 38 Tibia, 48 Tivela, 1 47 Tectibranch i a ,

Razor Clams, Rhi noclavi s,

Spindle She l l s ,

1 48 Tectarius, 37

151

Rapa , BO

Spider Conchs,

I N DEX

lonna,

70

28-3 1 1 45 Tree Oyster, 1 32 Tridacna, 1 40 Tritons, 68, 69 False, 83 Trochita, 4 1 Trochus, 28-29 Tu l i p She l l s , 85 Tun She l l s , 1 8, 70 Turbans, 32, 34-35 Turbinel l a , 91 Turbo, 32, 34-35 Turkey Wing, 1 30 Turrid Shells, 1 26- 1 27 Turris, 1 26 Turrite l l a , 37 Tusk She l l s , 3, 7 Tympanotomus, 39 Tyrian Purple Dye, 73 Top She l l s ,

Trachycard i u m ,

Umbon i u m ,

28

Varicospira,

48 90

Vase She l l s ,

90

Vasidae,

Venomous Cones,

1 08

Venus Comb Murex,

71

38 94 Vol utes, 1 7, 97- 1 05 Vol utoconus, 1 04 Vol utocorbis, 1 05 Verm icularia, Vexi l l u m ,

1 55 1 53 Wentletraps, 40 Whelks, 1 2 , 1 8 , 8 1 -83, 87 Wing Oysters, 1 3 1 Wood Borers, 1 55 Wood louse Morum, 66 Wormshells, 38 Watering Pot,

Wedge C l a m s ,

Xenophora, Zidona,

2 , 48

1 05 0 P Q R

\!) \

�EASHELLS OF THE WORLD

/

A GOLDEN GUIDE®

, R. TUCKER ABBOTT, Ph . D. , author of several ou tstand­

\ing books on shells, has been on the staff of the Smithson�

n Institution and other museums specializing in mol­ lusks . He taught malacology at the University of Delaware, and is now president of American Ma lacologists, Inc . , a p ublishing a nd consulting firm . He has produced guides to shellfish and medically important mollusks for the United Nations a nd Harvard University, respectively.

HERBERT S. ZIM, Ph . D. , Sc. D. , an originator a nd former editor of the Golden Guides Series, was also a n author for many years . Author of some ninety books a nd editor of about as many, he is now Adjunct Professor a t the Uni­ versity of Miami and Educational Consultan t to the Amer· ican Friends Service Committee and other organizations . He works on educational, population and environmental problem s . GEORGE F . SANDSTROM, a well-known artist in the field of natural history, has contributed to many encyclo­ pedias, educational books, and magazines, and has illus­ trated a number of popular Golden Books . MARITA SANDSTROM has won top awards for scien­ tific illustratio n . She has an active interest in science a nd technology, and has illustrated in the field of clinica l pho­ tomicrography of the cornea . GOLDEN PRESS • NEW YORK