Seal Material Selection

Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection 1

Scope: These guidelines are intended to assist engineers in the selection of seal materials. Seal material selection follows the selection of the seal type. The selection of seal type is related to the equipment application, the selection of seal material is related to the temperature and chemical environment.

2

Selection Guidelines: Selection guidelines in tabular form are presented at the end of this document and cover the selection of elastomers for long term permanent tools designed for many years of life and short term applications on service tools designed for applications no longer than 60 days. days. A separate table is attached for packer element elastomers because these are large bulky components that are affected differently. For those that prefer a question/answer checklist selection scheme is available in section 6.

3

Summary of the selection process: STEP 1: Define the service conditions

STEP 3: Temperature, chemistry & time defines material In using this approach, the compromise between mechanical properties and chemical resistance should always be remembered. Nitrile and hydrogenated nitrile compounds have better mechanical properties below 150ºC than fluoroelastomers. Improvement in chemical resistance is inevitably made at the expense of mechanical properties. Select for the mechanical application first then the chemical environment The selection process is designed to take account two major causes of elastomer seal failure chemical degradation and extrusion. 4

Definition of conditions: The conditions under which the seal will operate must be defined as accurately as possible. All eventualities and possibilities should be taken into account to ensure optimal materials selection. At the earliest opportunity, the user should try to define the following information: CONDITIONS TO DEFINE BEFORE SEAL SELECTION Temperature Normal Maximum and minimum extremes Frequency and rate of cycling Seal working pressure Normal Maximum and minimum extremes Frequency and rate of cycling Schlumberger Private Information Do not disclose, use or reproduce without written approval from Schlumberger.

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STEP 2: Application defines seal geometry

Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection Fluid environment

Seal movement movement Lifetime required

In many sealing applications, there may be a choice between elastomer, plastic and metal seal options. The basic service definition can be used to select the most appropriate seal material. 5

Selection of material family The selection of material family is based on resistance to heat and to chemical environment. In general, material family selection should be made by assessing the effects of individual environmental components on elastomers. Final selection will come down to the material with the best performance across the range of media to be encountered. The general heat and oil resistance of the more common seal materials is shown in the attached tables. This is a suitable starting point for selection of oilfield elastomers. The data for heat resistance are based on prolonged service in the absence of environmental effects. The environment, application and the seal type will affect the final rating. In oil-production applications, NBR, nitrile is the starting standard choice for sweet conditions, up to approximately 135°C (275°F). HNBR, hydrogenated nitrile increases this limit to a maximum of 165°C (330°F). NBR and HNBR are also first choice in many arctic service applications because compounds are available for low temperature service. These are the toughest elastomers available up to the temperatures shown. In sour conditions and at higher temperatures FKM (Viton/Fluorel) fluoroelastomers can be selected for long duration service if the environment does not contain other factors that preclude Viton. FEPM (Aflas) material is selected if amine corrosion inhibitors or other factors are present at elevated temperature and if the low temperature Schlumberger Private Information Do not disclose, use or reproduce without written approval from Schlumberger.

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Produced fluids – Water? Oil? Gas? H2S? CO2? Condensate Corrosion inhibitors Scale inhibitors Methanol Completion Fluids Acids Control fluids Other chemicals that the seal will be exposed to Rotational or Reciprocating, Rate, Frequency, etc For example, TCP – several weeks Workover - < 100 hours Completion seals - > 1 year

Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection requirements are not too severe. Chemraz and Kalrez FFKMs are used in hot or chemically very aggressive environments. Materials selection must take into account the requirements for low temperature sealing, and resistance to extrusion and explosive decompression. It should also be noted that seal size has an effect on the way in which a material may be used. Small cross-section seals are normally more sensitive to chemical attack and high temperatures than larger cross-section packers. GENERAL OILFIELD MATERIALS MATERIALS SELECTION Comments Select according to glass transition temperature Tg Temperature capabilities: FFKM > FEPM , FKM >HNBR> NBR Typically increase hardness with pressure Effect: EPDM > NBR >HNBR>FEPM >FKM > FFKM Effect: NBR>HNBR > FEPM > FKM > FFKM Effect: EPDM > NBR >HNBR >FKM > FEPM > FFKM No chemical effect but may cause ED problems above SSV Effect: NBR >HNBR > FKM , FEPM > FFKM Non-amine inhibitors have little effect Effect of amines: FKM >NBR >HNBR > FEPM, FFKM

Scale inhibitors Brines Brines

Little effect in low concentrations unless amine containing Low density chlorides OK Zinc bromides: affect NBR and HNBR Alkaline brines: affect FKM Formate brines: affect FKM, NBR and HNBR

Acids

NBR/HNBR/FKM OK for < 72 hrs. FEPM/FFKM OK Water Glycol: No FKM. FEPM,HNBR,FFKM OK Mineral oil: FEPM, HNBR, NBR, FKM, FFKM OK Phosphate esters: Affect NBR. Fluoroelastomers OK

Hydraulic fluids

Alcohols Produced & treated water

Methanol: swells FKM if unconfined Ethanol/glycol: less aggressive FKM can hydrolyze at high temperature >150ºC Oxygen scavengers have little effect in low concentrations Schlumberger Private Information

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Low temperature High temperature Pressure Crude Aromatic solvents Natural gas Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulfide Corrosion inhibitors

Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection 6

Selection checklists As mentioned above, in oilfield applications the general materials selection process consists of considering firstly the use of NBR, and then considering HNBR hydrogenated nitrile, FKM (Viton/Fluorel), FEPM (Aflas) and FFKM as subsequent options should NBR prove unsuitable. On the following pages, there are two materials selection checklists that have been compiled as an aid to materials selection for the non-materials expert. The checklists effectively summarize the more detailed descriptions of behavior found elsewhere in this section. Each checklist consists of a series of statements for each material. These statements describe certain limitations of the materials, which disqualify it from use in a given circumstance. If any of the statements is applicable in a certain application, that material should not be used and the next upgrade needs to be considered in a similar fashion. The statements are constructed to be slightly conservative in the selections they give.

NOTE In these checklists: NBR is nitrile; HNBR is hydrogenated nitrile; FKM is Viton or Fluorel fluoroelastomers; FEPM is Aflas; and FFKM is either Chemraz or Kalrez or equivalent. CHECKLIST FOR LONGLONG -TERM, SMALL S MALL CROSS SECTION GENERAL OILFIELD MATERIAL SELECTION T > 135°C (275°F) or T < -20°C (-5°F)? H2S > 10 ppm? Amines at > 120°C (250°F)? Zinc bromide? High aromatics at > 200°F? Acids at > 275°F? Halogenated hydrocarbons? Phosphate esters? Any YES - Go on to consider next option T > 163°C (325°F) or T < 5°C (40°F)? H2S > 1000 ppm?

YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

All NO - Select NBR Nitrile YES YES

NO NO

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The general oilfield selection checklist is designed for selecting O-ring, T-seal and V-stack elastomer materials for long term downhole applications. The second checklist has been designed for the more specialized and more closely defined application of downhole packers.

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Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection Brines pH > 10.5 ? Amines at > 163°C (330°F)? Zinc bromides?

YES YES YES

Any YES - Go on to consider next option

All NO - Select HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile YES YES YES YES YES YES YES

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

All NO - Select FKM "Viton/Fluorel" fluoroelastomer

T > 450°F

YES

Any YES - Go on to consider next option T > 450°F

All NO - Select FEPM Aflas YES

Any YES

NO

NO

Select FFKM Chemraz, Chemraz, Kalrez

Any selection that is unclear indicates that it should be reviewed with materials engineering. Seal design may also affect temperature ratings. Pressure ratings will also affect temperature ratings. Remember that within any family there will be a variation in performance between grades - any one grade may not have the complete capability of the class as a whole. Further details should be sought for grade selection. CHECKLIST FOR DOWNHOLE LONG TERM TERM PACKER ELEMENT MATERIAL SELECTION T > 130°C (275°F) or T < 5°C (40°F)? H2S > 100 ppm? Brines pH > 10.5?

YES YES YES

NO NO NO

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T > 400°F or T < -10°C (10°F)? Amines at > 90°C (200°F)? Acids exposure > 72 hrs? Brines pH > 10? Water glycol control fluid Methanol? Steam/water at > 150°C (300°F)? Any YES - Go on to consider next option

NO NO NO

Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection Amines at > 120°C (250°F)? Zinc bromides?

YES YES

Any YES - Go on to consider next option

All NO - Select NBR Nitrile Nitrile

T > 163°C (325°F) or T < 5°C (40°F)? H2S > 1000 ppm? Brines pH > 10.5? Amines at > 163°C (325°F)? Zinc bromides? Any YES - Go on to consider next option

YES YES YES YES YES

NO NO NO NO NO

All NO - Select HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile YES

NO

Contact Materials All NO - Select FEPM Aflas

Remember that within any family there will be a variation in performance between grades - any one grade may not have the complete capability of the class as a whole. Further details should be sought for grade selection. 7

Documentation and Retention: This procedure shall be reviewed for its continuing use, five years (minimum) from the date of release.

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Required Approvals: MatEng (PDMS Project)

Author Approved by:

Revised By- Charles Edwards Des. Eng. MatEng PDMS Project (GeMS)

Enter Name: Alice Van Dyke

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T > 230°C (450°F) or T < 66°C (150°F)? Any YES - Special application. Engineering

NO NO

Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection *

Elastomer families - Qualified compounds only*

LONG-TERM APPLICATIONS ®

Neoprene® fiber reinforced

Environment:

Nitrile

HNBR

Viton®

Aflas®

Chemraz®

Kalrez®

Maximum recommended temperature

275°F

275°F

325°F

400°F

450°F

550°F

550°F

Minimum recommended temperature

75°F

minus 40°F

minus 40°F

40°F

75°F

40°F

75°F

Crude oil

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Natural gas w/ condensate

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Formation or injected water

OK

Up to 275°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 300°F

OK

OK

OK

H2S

NO

Up to 10 ppm

Up to 100 ppm

Up to 375°F

OK

OK

OK

CO2 Gas

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Up to 275°F

Up to 275°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 300°F

OK

OK

OK

Oil based mud

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Ester containing mud

NO

NO

NO

OK

OK

OK

OK

Diesel

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK OK

Water based mud

OK

OK

OK

Up to 300°F

OK

OK

NO

NO

NO

NO

OK

OK

OK

Sea water

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Calcium Bromide

OK

OK

OK

Up to 300°F

OK

OK

OK

Zinc bromide

NO

NO

NO

Up to 350°F

OK

OK

OK

Amine based inhibitors

NO

Up to 250°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 200°F

OK

OK

OK

Hydraulic oil, mineral oil

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Hydraulic oil, approved synthetic

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

Water glycol hydraulic fluid, pH 9

NO

Up to 200°F

Up to 325°F

NO

OK

OK

OK

NO

Up to 275°F

Up to 325°F

OK

OK

OK

OK

NO

Up to 250°F

Up to 325°F

OK

OK

OK

OK

Hydrocarbon solvents,aliphatic eg Hexane, Kerosene Hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic eg Xylene,Toluene Hydrocarbon solvents, cholorinated

NO

Up to 250°F

Up to 325°F

OK

OK

OK

OK

Hydrocarbon solvents, oxygenated

Up to 250°F

Up to 250°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 300°F

OK

OK

OK

Methanol, dry

Up to 250°F

Up to 250°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 300°F

OK

OK

OK

HCl acid

Up to 250°F

Up to 250°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 300°F

Up to 400°F

OK

OK

HF/HCl

NO

Up to 200°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 300°F

Up to 400°F

OK

OK

Acetic acid

NO

Up to 200°F

Up to 325°F

Up to 300°F

OK

OK

OK

Steam

NO

NO

NO

NO

OK

OK

OK

*

No one compound covers the entire temperature range shown for the family !

Recommended temperatures under the BEST conditions based on in-house tests and qualified compounds . There are case by case exceptions because of mixed environments and because of time of exposure. Environments vary and chemicals or fluids such as inhibitors vary. There are exceptions to most categories. Consult materials engineering for clarification. Use this table for seals with smaller cross sections including packing in stacks intended for long term service in completion equipment. Yellow shading indicates caution that may be due to a temperature limitation or perhaps a mechanical limit, for example due to resistance to decompression damage. Schlumberger Private Information Do not disclose, use or reproduce without written approval from Schlumberger. Warning: This controlled source document is stored within the Product Data Management (PDM) System. Any paper version of this Document is uncontrolled and should be compared with the source document at time of use to ensure it is up-to-date.

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Brine completion fluid, pH 10.5

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Elastomer Material Instruction-Procedure

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Title: Seal Material Selection

S H O R T -T E R M A P P LIC A T IO N S E n v iro n m e n t:

E la s to m e r fa m ilie s - Q u a lifie d c o m p o u n d s o n ly * N i t ri le

H NB R

V ito n ®

A fla s®

C h e m ra z ® K a l re z ®

M a x im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e *

3 0 0 °F

350°F

4 5 0 °F

4 5 0 °F

5 5 0 °F

M in im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e *

m in u s 4 0 °F

m in u s 4 0 ° F

40°F

7 5 °F

4 0 °F

C ru d e o il

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

N a tu ra l g a s w / c o n d e n s a te

OK

OK

OK

OK

F o rm a tio n o r in je c te d w a te r

U p t o 3 0 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

U p to 100 p pm OK

U p to 1000 p pm OK

OK OK

OK OK

U p t o 3 0 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

E s te r c o n ta in in g m u d

NO

NO

OK

OK

OK

D ie s e l

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

B rin e c o m p le tio n flu id , p H < 1 0

OK

OK

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

B rin e c o m p le tio n flu id , p H > 1 0

NO

NO

NO

OK

OK

H 2S CO2 Ga s W a te r b a s e d m u d

S e a w a te r

OK

OK

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

C a lc iu m B ro m id e Z in c b ro m id e A m in e b a s e d in h ib ito rs

OK NO U p t o 2 5 0 °F

OK NO U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F U p t o 3 5 0 °F U p t o 2 0 0 °F

OK OK OK

OK OK OK

H y d ra u lic o il, m in e ra l o il

OK

OK

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

H y d ra u lic o il, a p p ro v e d s y n th e tic

OK

OK

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

U p t o 2 0 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

NO

OK

OK

W a te r g ly c o l h y d ra u lic flu id , p H < 9 W a te r g ly c o l h y d ra u lic flu id , p H > 9 H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts ,a lip h a tic e g H e x a n e , K e ro s e n e H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts , a ro m a tic e g X y le n e ,T o lu e n e H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts , c h o lo rin a te d H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts , o x y g e n a te d

NO

NO

NO

OK

OK

U p t o 2 7 5 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

OK

U p t o 2 5 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

U p t o 2 7 5 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

M e th a n o l, d ry

U p t o 2 7 5 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

H C l a c id

U p t o 2 7 5 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p to 400°F

OK

H F /H C l

U p t o 2 7 5 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p to 400°F

OK

A c e tic a c id

U p t o 2 7 5 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

U p t o 3 5 0 °F

OK

OK

NO

NO

NO

OK

OK

S te a m *

N o o n e c o m p o u n d c o v e r s th e e n tir e te m p e r a tu r e r a n g e s h o w n fo r th e fa m ily !

R e c o m m e n d e d te m p e ra tu re s u n d e r th e B E S T c o n d itio n s b a s e d o n te ste d a n d q u a lifie d c o m p o u n d s o n ly T h e re a re c a s e b y c a se e x c e p tio n s b e c a u s e o f m ix e d e n viro n m e n ts a n d b e c a u s e o f tim e o f e x p o s u re . T h is ta b le is fo r s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e .

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O il b a s e d m u d

OK 3 7 5 °F M a x . pH