Seabee Combat Warfare Specialist Trainee Guide

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Commander, Naval Surface Reserve Force New Orleans, LA 70146-5100 STS 43535 (103, 104, 105, and 107) (TG) February 1994

QUALIFICATION STUDY PACKAGE FOR NAVEDTRA 43535

SEABEE COMBAT WARFARE SPECIALIST (SCW) TRAINEE GUIDE UNITS 103, 104, 105, and 107 (Weapons, Military, Communications, and Embarkation)

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C. Distribution authorized to U. S. Government agencies and their contractors to protect technical or operational data or information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means on November 1993. Other requests for this document should be referred to COMNAVSURFRESFOR, New Orleans, LA 70146-5100. DESTRUCTION NOTICE. Destroy by any method which will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

TRAINEE GUIDE UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

TRAINEE NAME

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v

HOW TO USE THIS TRAINEE GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

UNIT

TOPIC

103

WEAPONS FUNDAMENTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103-1

104

GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS FUNDAMENTALS . . . . . . . . 104-1

105

COMMUNICATIONS/COMMUNICATION SECURITY MATERIAL SYSTEM (CMS) FUNDAMENTALS . . . . . . . . . . . 105-1

107

EMBARKATION FUNDAMENTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107-1

NOTICE TO TRAINEE: All references to Commander, Construction Brigade Atlantic (COMCBLANT) and Commander, Construction Brigade Pacific (COMCBPAC) are synonymous with Commander, Second Naval Construction Brigade (COM2NDNCB) and Commander, Third Naval Construction Brigade (COM3RDNCB).

iii

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDICES APPENDIX A - LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A-1

APPENDIX B - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B-1

APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C-1

APPENDIX D - TRAINEE GUIDE ANSWER SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . .

D-1

APPENDIX E - LIST OF FOLDOUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E-1

iv

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

PREFACE This Trainee Guide is part of an overall Qualification Study Package (QSP). A QSP contains technical and practical information and is used by Naval Construction Force (NCF) Reserve Units to train personnel in the theory, operation, and field application of homeported and deployed units. In addition to the Trainee Guide, a QSP will contain a Lesson Plan and may include 35mm slides, transparencies, videotapes, interactive videodiscs, and slide/tapes. The information contained in each QSP is required for final Personnel Qualification Standard (PQS) sign-off. The final PQS sign-off is the responsibility of the mobilization site Commanding Officer and the Commanding Officer of one's ultimate duty station. As a learning aid, this Trainee Guide can be used in an instructor-led classroom environment, as an instructor-managed self-study, or for independent study and/or review. This Trainee Guide directly parallels the Personnel Qualification Standard, NAVEDTRA 43535, Seabee Combat Warfare Specialist (SCW), dated March 1993.

SAFETY Some Trainee Guides contain notations within the text which require special attention from trainees and/or instructors. These notations will be one of three types: warning, caution, or note. Warning and caution notations are used to emphasize safety hazards and what action must be taken. Notes are used to emphasize essential information that may or may not be safety related. The following are examples of notations used in the text.

v

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

WARNING AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION THAT MAY RESULT IN INJURY OR DEATH IF NOT CAREFULLY OBSERVED OR FOLLOWED.

CAUTION AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION THAT MAY RESULT IN DAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT IF NOT CAREFULLY OBSERVED OR FOLLOWED.

NOTE An operating procedure, practice, or condition that is essential to emphasize. A note may also assist in a special situation and may not necessarily be safety related.

SECURITY This Trainee Guide is UNCLASSIFIED.

vi

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

HOW TO USE THIS TRAINEE GUIDE This Trainee Guide is yours to keep. You are encouraged to take notes in it, underline key words or phrases, highlight illustrations, or use it in any way that enhances your learning. The material in this Trainee Guide has been designed to prepare you for "hands-on" training when you report to your Naval Construction Force (NCF) Unit; it corresponds to the Personnel Qualification Standard (PQS) requirements. A Trainee Guide may contain one or more units. This Trainee Guide contains four units. Each unit contains one or more lessons. The table of contents indicates the number of lessons in each unit. Each lesson is based on one or more PQS line items. Each unit begins with an introduction followed by all of the lessons in that unit. Each lesson contains a list of the PQS line items being covered, an introduction, and information you need for PQS qualification. Headings for PQS line items (major headings) can be identified by the use of all capital letters in boldface type. They will be preceded by a letter of the alphabet and followed by the PQS line item number in parentheses. Headings for PQS subline items will be underlined and each major word will be capitalized. References used to develop the material are identified after each major information section (PQS line item). These references can be used as additional sources of information on the topic. After studying the lesson material, use the practice exercise following each lesson to test yourself on the essential information as it relates to the PQS. Answers to each practice exercise are contained in appendix D. This Trainee Guide does not contain everything you will need to know to serve effectively in every NCF unit. Although every effort has been made to be accurate, unit-specific information always takes precedence.

vii (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 WEAPONS FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT 103 WEAPONS FUNDAMENTALS

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE UNIT INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LESSON 1

2

3

4

5

103-3

TOPIC GENERAL ORDNANCE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (103.1 THROUGH 103.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-5

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-11

WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION (103.6 THROUGH 103.12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-15

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-31

7.62-MM M60 MACHINE GUN (103.13 THROUGH 103.18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-39

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-51

40-MM MACHINE GUN MK 19 (103.19 THROUGH 103.21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-55

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-65

.50-CALIBER M2 HB MACHINE GUN (103.22 THROUGH 103.25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-67

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-79

103-1

UNIT 103 LESSON 1 6

7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

60-MM MORTAR M224 (103.26 THROUGH 103.29)

. .

103-83

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-93

40-MM M203 GRENADE LAUNCHER (103.30 THROUGH 103.33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-97

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-105

12-GAUGE SHOTGUN (103.34 THROUGH 103.36) . . .

103-107

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-113

.45-CALIBER PISTOL (103.37 THROUGH 103.39) . . . .

103-115

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-121

5.56-MM M16A1 RIFLE (103.40 THROUGH 103.43) . . .

103-125

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-139

GRENADES (103.44 THROUGH 103.47) . . . . . . . . . .

103-143

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-153

M18A1 CLAYMORE MINE (103.48 THROUGH 103.50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-157

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-163

UNIT SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103-167

8

9

10

11

12

103-2

UNIT 103 WEAPONS FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT INTRODUCTION The primary job of the Seabees is to build. However, building can sometimes be difficult unless the job site is secure. In many instances the job site may be in a forward or unfriendly area, and the need for being able to secure the area and conduct a proper defense becomes obvious. These requirements dictate a different kind of fighting than for most other sailors. Seabees may be assigned to a rifle squad, a machine gun squad, an anti-tank squad, a mortar gun section and/or many other duties where the knowledge of a wide variety of weapons including sidearms, shotguns, and grenade launchers will be of vital importance. Each of these weapons has specific operating and safety features that must be learned for personal safety as well as the safety of others. This unit consists of 12 lessons covering general safety precautions and weapon/ammunition fundamentals followed by a description of specific weapons and the procedures to follow when using these weapons. This unit also covers the types, uses, and safety requirements of hand grenades and land mines. The weapon capabilities/characteristics data will be presented in English units followed by the metric equivalent in parentheses.

103-3 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 1 GENERAL ORDNANCE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.1 HOW DO YOU UNLOAD A PISTOL/MAGAZINE-FED WEAPON?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.2 WHEN IS THE SAFETY MOVED TO THE OFF OR FIRE POSITION?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.3 IN WHAT CONDITION SHOULD A WEAPON BE WHEN FIRST ACQUIRED?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.4 DISCUSS THE SAFETY CHECKS REQUIRED OF A WEAPON PRIOR TO FIRING.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.5 WHAT PROCEDURES MUST BE FOLLOWED PRIOR TO OPENING THE BOLT WHEN A WEAPON MISFIRES OR HANGFIRES?

103-5

UNIT 103 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

INTRODUCTION This lesson points out the need for establishing and strictly observing safety precautions when performing operations involving arms, ammunition, and explosives. Ordnance safety is everyone's responsibility. The need for strict observance of all safety precautions is mandatory. In the early days of the use of explosives, experience cost a great price, not only in dollars, but also in human lives. When handling weapons or explosives in any form, personnel must remember that they are deadly. They are designed to kill and/or destroy.

INFORMATION A. UNLOADING WEAPONS (103.1) Magazine-fed weapons, especially semiautomatic pistols, in the hands of inexperienced or careless persons are largely responsible for the saying, "It's always the unloaded gun that kills." It is a fact that many accidental deaths and injuries are due to the mistaken belief that removing the magazine of the pistol (or other magazine-fed weapon) is all that is necessary to unload the weapon. Nothing could be further from the truth. To unload a magazine-fed weapon, and make it safe to handle, hold the pistol at the raised pistol position, or place the rifle butt against the thigh. Then, remove the magazine by pressing the magazine catch or release button. To make absolutely certain the chamber is empty, pull back the slide or bolt and inspect the chamber and receiver visually. If it is dark, feel to check. Opening the slide or bolt will eject any round that may have been in the chamber. Again, this should be done only after the magazine is removed and the muzzle is pointing upward. "I didn't know the gun was loaded" is never an excuse for the accidental discharge of a weapon. At all times the weapon must be considered loaded when the slide/bolt is forward and/or the magazine is in the weapon. The weapon (rifle/pistol) is only safe when the slide or bolt is locked in the open position, the magazine is out of the weapon, and the chamber is empty.

103-6

UNIT 103 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

The slide or bolt is locked open by engaging the slide stop or bolt catch. If custody of the weapon is to change, both parties must ensure the weapon is safe. After ensuring the weapon is not loaded (safe) the slide stop or bolt catch should be pressed to allow the slide or bolt to go forward (close). The pistol should be kept at the raised pistol position, the trigger squeezed and the pistol holstered. References NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4. B. WEAPON SAFETIES (103.2) The safety of every small arms weapon must always be in the safe position unless it is about to be fired. Always keep the finger away from the trigger when the safety is being moved from the on (safe) position to the off (fire) position. Many small arms will fire if the trigger is pressed as the safety is released. Never point a weapon at anyone unless the intent is to kill. Unless the weapon is to be used immediately, never carry it with a round in the chamber. When the weapon is cocked, keep the safety lock in the on (safe) position until ready to fire; then move the safety to the off (fire) position. Reference NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. C. RECEIVING A WEAPON (103.3) Firearms are dangerous; their purpose is to kill or to cause injury. Before learning to use any firearm, one must learn to handle it safely. Treat every weapon with respect; consider it loaded until proven otherwise. The only safe way to receive/acquire custody of a weapon is with the slide/bolt locked in the open position, the magazine out of the weapon, and the chamber empty. In this condition the weapon is safe. All small arms are considered equipage, and a signature of subcustody is required upon receipt. 103-7

UNIT 103 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. D. PRE-FIRING SAFETY CHECKS (103.4) Probably the best pre-firing safety check is proper daily preventive maintenance which includes cleaning and lubricating to ensure proper operation. Before firing any weapon, first make sure there are no obstructions in the bore. Be sure the ammunition to be used is the proper ammunition. The M14 rifle ammunition (7.62-millimeter (mm)) cannot be used with the M16 (5.56-mm) or vice versa. Be sure there is no grease or oil on the ammunition or in the weapon bore or chamber. Although lead bullets may be lightly waxed or greased, there must never be any lubricant on the cartridge case. Lubricant on the cartridge case or chamber is particularly bad because, upon firing, the case can slip backward causing a dangerously heavy thrust against the bolt. Ensure all safeties are working by performing an operational check on each safety device. Before testing the safeties ensure the weapon is unloaded. References NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4. E. MISFIRES OR HANGFIRES (103.5) Misfires and hangfires can occur with small arms ammunition as well as with other types. Misfire is the complete failure of a round to fire. Hangfire is a delay in the functioning of a fired round. These malfunctions rarely happen when only authorized and properly maintained ammunition is fired in properly maintained and operated weapons. In weapons like the automatic pistol, if a misfire occurs, recock and make one additional attempt to fire without opening the breech. If this proves unsuccessful, wait at least 10 seconds to ensure it is not a hangfire. Then at the raised pistol 103-8

UNIT 103 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

position, rapidly open the slide to its full extent and eject the defective round. Repeat attempts to fire the weapon. If it still does not fire, check to see if the slide is fully forward; if not, attempt to push it fully forward by hand. If the slide will not go forward, clear the weapon and perform maintenance. In a very hot weapon when a misfire occurs, there is a possibility of the round firing (cooking off) from the heat build-up in the barrel and chamber. If this happens, attempt to remove the cartridge within 10 seconds. If the cartridge cannot be removed, keep the weapon trained in a safe direction and allow a minimum of 15 minutes to pass before taking further corrective action. References NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4.

SUMMARY To properly unload a magazine-fed weapon, the magazine must first be removed, the slide opened, and the chamber inspected. The safety is moved to the off position only when the weapon is ready to be fired. A weapon is only safe for issue when the magazine is removed, the slide or bolt is open, and the chamber is empty. Pre-firing safety checks include conducting a bore clear check, ensuring all safeties are operational, and having the proper ammunition. For weapons that can be recocked without opening the breech, make one additional attempt to fire if a weapon misfires or hangfires. If unsuccessful, wait at least 10 seconds before opening the breech. When a misfire occurs with a hot gun, there is the possibility of ammunition cooking off.

103-9 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 1 GENERAL ORDNANCE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.1 through 103.5 For items 1 through 6, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

What is the first step in unloading a pistol or magazine-fed weapon? a. b. c. d.

2.

What inspection is required to ensure a weapon is safe? a. b. c. d.

3.

Place the safety lock to safe Remove the magazine Open the slide/bolt Cock the hammer

Count the remaining ammunition in the magazine Field strip and inspect the weapon Open the slide and inspect the chamber visually or by feel Inspect the position of the safety lock

Most weapons have a safety lock to prevent firing. be moved to the OFF position? a. b. c. d.

Only when ready to fire the weapon After loading the weapon When the weapon is removed from the holster When the weapon is cocked

103-11

When should this safety

UNIT 103 LESSON 1 4.

When a weapon is received or issued, it should be safe. Which of the following procedures is NOT required to ensure a weapon is safe? a. b. c. d.

5.

The The The The

slide/bolt is locked in the open position magazine is out of the weapon cartridge case is properly lubricated weapon's chamber is empty

Which of the following checks is considered a pre-firing safety check? a. b. c. d.

6.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Loading the weapon Ensuring the bore is clear Checking the extractor Cocking the weapon

In the event that a weapon misfires and is not likely to cook-off, what is the minimum length of time to wait before opening the breech? a. b. c. d.

10 20 1 10

seconds seconds minute minutes

103-12

UNIT 103 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Complete items 7 through 10 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 7.

The weapon's safety must always be in the safe position unless it is about to be .

8.

Weapon pre-firing checks include an operational check of each .

9.

The complete failure of a round to fire is a/an .

10. A weapon should never be pointed at someone unless the intent is to .

103-13 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 2 WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.6 WHAT ARE THE EIGHT STEPS OF OPERATION IN A FIRING CYCLE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.7 EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEMIAUTOMATIC AND AUTOMATIC OPERATION.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.8 DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

TRAJECTORY BREECH BORE CHAMBER MUZZLE MUZZLE VELOCITY MAXIMUM RANGE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.9 DEFINE THE VARIOUS RATES OF FIRE.

103-15

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.10 DEFINE HOT GUN/COLD GUN PROCEDURES FOR THE FOLLOWING: A. MACHINE GUN 7.62-MM M60 B. MACHINE GUN .50-CALIBER M2 HB

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.11 DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING: A. B. C. D.

MISFIRE COOK-OFF RUNAWAY GUN HANGFIRE

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.12 IDENTIFY AMMUNITION TYPES BY USING COLOR CODES.

INTRODUCTION There are eight steps in the firing cycle of a standard weapon. These steps are defined to give you an understanding of the basic cycles of weapons operation. Weapons may also be fashioned to operate in semiautomatic or automatic modes. Some weapons have the capability to operate in either mode. The definition of terms such as trajectory, single action, double action, breech, bore, chamber, muzzle, muzzle velocity, maximum range, and maximum effective range provides an insight to the components of a weapon and its capabilities. Rates of fire for a weapon establish the operating efficiency. Hot and cold gun procedures for the 7.62-millimeter and .50-caliber M2 HB machine guns are defined. The terms misfire, cook-off, runaway gun, and hangfire are discussed. The lesson closes with a discussion of how ammunition is identified by using color codes. 103-16

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

INFORMATION A. FIRING CYCLE (103.6) Feeding - Feeding, the first of the eight steps, is the action that places a round in the receiver just to the rear of the chamber. Manually placing a round in the path of the device which will chamber the round is an example of the feeding action. In most cases, feeding of a round is accomplished by a spring-loaded follower in a magazine or clip. The follower pushes the round up in front of the bolt letting the round chamber as the bolt moves to the home or forward position. Magazines and clips have a limited capacity that cannot sustain the continuous rate of fire required by machine guns. Because of this, machine gun ammunition is belted, and the rounds are fed to the chamber by cam and lever action. Chambering - Chambering is the action that is required to ram a new round into the chamber. In military weapons, chambering takes place as the forward moving bolt strips the round from the feed mechanism and forces it into the chamber. The bolt closes on the cartridge, and the extractor snaps into the extracting groove machined around the base of the cartridge case. Locking - Locking is the action that holds the bolt in its forward position for a short period of time (after firing) to prevent the loss of gas pressure until unlocked by other forces. For low-powered weapons, sealing the breech for a short period of time is accomplished by merely increasing the weight of the bolt. The bolt will start to move when the weapon is fired. But, if the bolt is heavy enough, it will not move far enough to release the gases until the pressure has been satisfactorily reduced. Firing - Firing occurs when the weapon firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge. This ignites the propellant within the sealed cartridge case and propels the projectile. Unlocking - Unlocking is the action that occurs after the round is fired. Actions for unlocking are the reverse of locking. For most rifles, the first movement of the bolt is a rotating (camming) movement. The rotation of the bolt unlocks the bolt by disengaging the locking lugs. The bolt moves to the rear after rotating. 103-17

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

When a straight blowback bolt is used, there is no camming action. The cartridge is held in the chamber until gas pressure overcomes the inertia of the heavy bolt. The bolt is then forced to the rear. Extracting - Extracting is the process that pulls the empty cartridge case from the chamber. The extractor, normally a hooked piece of metal encased in the bolt, snaps over the rim of the cartridge case when the round is chambered. As the bolt moves to the rear after firing, the extractor hauls the cartridge case out of the chamber. Ejecting - Ejection of the cartridge case from the chamber is necessary to pull the expended cartridge from the chamber. It is also necessary to remove the spent case from the path of the bolt so that the next round to be fired can be chambered. This action is performed by a small projection on one side of the receiver. As the bolt and case move to the rear, the expended case strikes this projection and is expelled from the weapon. This method is used in the .45-caliber (cal.) pistol. Another method used to perform this function incorporates a spring-loaded ejector in the face of the bolt. In this method, used in the M16 rifle, the case is flipped from the weapon as soon as its forward end clears the chamber. Cocking - Cocking is the action of the firing mechanism, firing pin, or hammer that has been placed under spring pressure (cocked). Releasing the pressure on the firing mechanism by squeezing the trigger permits forward travel of the firing device. Squeezing the trigger trips the sear which holds the firing mechanism in the cocked position. Tripping the sear permits the firing mechanism to strike the primer of the next chambered round with sufficient force to discharge the round. References NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4. B. SEMIAUTOMATIC AND AUTOMATIC WEAPONS (103.7) A semiautomatic weapon unlocks, extracts, ejects, cocks, and reloads automatically. However, the trigger must be pulled each time to fire a round. An automatic weapon keeps firing by self-powered action as long as the trigger is depressed. 103-18

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. C. WEAPON TERMS (103.8) Trajectory - The trajectory is the path of a projectile during flight. Trajectory is almost flat at ranges of 328 yards (300 meters) or less; beyond 328 yards (300 meters) the trajectory curves. Breech - The extreme rear end of the barrel, including the chamber, is called the breech (figure 103-2-1). Bore - The hole running through the length of the barrel is called the bore. Chamber - The chamber is the enlarged portion of the bore at the rear of the breech end of the barrel which holds the loaded round before the weapon is fired. Muzzle - The muzzle is the extreme forward end, or mouth, of the barrel.

BORE

BREECH

MUZZLE CHAMBER

Figure 103-2-1. Weapon Terms

103-19

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

Muzzle Velocity - Muzzle velocity is the speed at which the bullet or projectile travels when it leaves the muzzle. Muzzle velocity is expressed in feet per second (ft/sec). Maximum Range - Maximum range is the greatest distance a weapon can fire. Maximum Effective Range - Maximum effective range is the greatest distance at which a weapon may be expected to fire accurately. References NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, appendix I. D. RATES OF FIRE (103.9) The operating efficiency of a weapon is measured by how many rounds it can fire within a given time. There are three established terms to know about a weapon's rate of fire. The term rate of fire establishes the number of rounds fired within 1 minute and is expressed as rounds per minute. The second term, sustained rate of fire is the actual rate of fire a weapon can deliver for an indefinite period without overheating. The third term, Cycle Rate of Fire (CROF), is the theoretical number of rounds a weapon can fire in 1 minute. CROF disregards the limits of overheating and magazine capacities. References NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2 , chapter 4. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4. E. HOT GUN/COLD GUN PROCEDURES (103.10) Machine Gun 7.62-millimeter (mm) M-60 - This weapon is considered a hot gun when 150 rounds are fired within a 2-minute period. Data for cold gun identification is unavailable. 103-20

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

When a misfire occurs in a 7.62-mm machine gun, you have approximately 10 seconds after loading in which to clear the round from a hot gun. If a cook-off occurs in this gun with the bolt closed, the round will fire in a normal manner. Cook-off can occur any time between 10 seconds and 5 minutes after the round is loaded. The following hot gun procedures are established for this weapon when a misfire occurs: 1.

Ensure gun is pointed in a safe line of fire.

2.

Clear all unnecessary personnel from the vicinity of the gun.

3.

If hot gun, water cool externally to ambient temperature.

If the bolt is fully open, proceed with the following steps: 1.

Move gun safety to safe.

2.

Draw charging handle to the rear and hold in the rearward position.

3.

Raise cover and remove ammunition belt.

4.

Check chamber. If round or spent case remains in chamber, remove manually to clear weapon.

If the bolt is partially open, proceed with the following steps: 1.

Move gun safety to safe.

2.

Draw charging handle to the rear until contact is made with bolt. charging handle in the rearward position.

3.

Raise cover and remove ammunition belt.

4.

Check chamber. If round or spent case remains in chamber, remove manually to clear weapon. 103-21

Hold

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

If the bolt is fully closed, proceed with the following steps: 1.

Charge the gun. a.

If round or spent case extracts and ejects, attempt to fire; (1) If gun fires, it is clear; No further steps are required. (2) If gun does not fire, wait 10 seconds before performing the next step.

b.

If round or spent case did not extract and eject, do not attempt to fire.

2.

Move gun safety to safe position.

3.

Draw charging handle to the rear and hold in the rearward position.

4.

Raise cover and remove ammunition belt.

5.

Check chamber. If round or spent case remains in chamber, remove manually to clear weapon.

Machine Gun .50-cal. M2 HB - This weapon is considered a hot gun when a burst of 250 rounds or more has been fired. This weapon is considered a cold gun when a burst of fewer than 250 rounds is fired from a barrel at ambient air temperature. When a misfire occurs in a .50-cal. machine gun, there are approximately 30 seconds after loading to clear the round from a hot gun. If a cook-off occurs in this gun with the bolt closed, the round will fire in a normal manner. Cook-off can occur any time between 30 seconds and 5 minutes after the round is loaded. The following hot gun procedures are established for this weapon: 1.

Wait 10 seconds and charge gun. If any difficulties are encountered during charging, commence external water cooling until barrel reaches ambient temperature. Follow cold gun procedures.

103-22

UNIT 103 LESSON 2 2.

INFORMATION SHEET

If weapon charges normally and a round or spent case is ejected, attempt to fire. If weapon does not fire, commence external water cooling until barrel reaches ambient air temperature. Follow cold gun procedures.

The following cold gun procedures are established for this weapon: 1. 2.

3.

Determine if bolt is partially open or closed. Use the following procedures if the gun bolt is fully closed: a.

Wait 10 seconds, then charge the gun.

b.

If a round or spent case is ejected, attempt to fire. If round fires, gun is clear. No further steps are required.

c.

If no round or spent case is ejected or the gun does not fire, wait 10 seconds, raise cover, remove ammunition belt, and draw bolt to the rear.

d.

If a round or spent case extracts, gun is clear. If no round or spent case extracts, remove manually to clear gun.

Use the following procedures if the gun bolt is partially open: a.

Wait 10 seconds. Draw charging handle rearward until partially open bolt is contacted by charger. Hold charging handle in this position.

b.

Open cover and remove ammunition belt.

c.

Draw bolt fully to the rear.

d.

If round extracts, gun is clear. manually to clear gun.

If round does not extract, remove

Reference SW300-BC-SAF-010, Safety Manual For Clearing Of Live Ammunition From Guns, chapter 2. 103-23

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

F. DISCUSSION OF TERMS (103.11) Misfire - A misfire is the complete failure of a round of ammunition to fire after initiating action is taken. This is not a delay in firing that may be caused by a faulty firing mechanism or a faulty element in the propelling charge explosive train. Cook-off - This term applies to the phenomenon that occurs when any or all of the components of a round of ammunition, chambered in a very hot weapon, function due to the heat generated by continued firing of the weapon. Runaway Gun - Runaway gun describes the uncontrolled firing that occurs when a gun continues to fire after the trigger is released. This action is usually caused by excessive wear to the sear. The wear occurs when the gunner does not pull and hold the trigger all the way to the rear. Two immediate corrective actions may be taken for a runaway gun situation. The gunner can hold the gun on target until the ammunition is spent or the assistant gunner can break the ammunition belt. When the gun ceases fire, it can be immediately checked for the cause of the malfunction. Hangfire - This term describes a delay in the functioning of a propelling charge explosive train at the time of firing. In most cases the delay, though unpredictable, ranges from a split second to several minutes. References FM 23-67, Machine Gun 7.62-mm, M60, chapter 7. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4 and Appendix I. SW300-BC-SAF-010, Safety Manual For Clearing Of Live Ammunition From Guns, chapters 1 and 5.

103-24

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

G. AMMUNITION COLOR CODES IDENTIFICATION (103.12) Small arms ammunition is used in many weapons and consists of numerous types of cartridges. These include cartridges up to .60 cal. except explosive-loaded projectiles. Figure 103-2-2 depicts the body, color band, and nose of a typical small arms round. BODY

COLOR BAND

NOSE

Figure 103-2-2. Typical Small Arms Round Table 103-2-1 lists small arms ammunition and the weapons used. AMMUNITION

WEAPON

.38-cal.

.38-cal. revolver

.45-cal.

.45-cal. pistol

9-mm

9-mm pistol

5.56-mm

M16/M16A1 rifle

7.62-mm

M14/M14A1 rifle and M60 machine gun

12-gauge

12-gauge shotgun

50-cal.

50-cal. machine gun Table 103-2-1. Ammunition and Weapon Use

103-25

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

Color coding small arms ammunition is accomplished in applicable ammunition drawings and specifications. Projectiles have colored bands (color codes) on the nose and each color designates a specific type of ammunition. This color code is used to signify a specific category of ammunition. Table 103-2-2 lists small arms ammunition colors and projectile types. COLOR

PROJECTILE TYPE

Unpainted

Ball

Aluminum

Armor piercing-incendiary

Black

Armor piercing

Blue (all shades)

Incendiary

Red

Red tracer

Orange

Orange tracer

Brown

Brown tracer

Red and blue

Incendiary w/red tracer Table 103-2-2. Small Arms Ammunition

103-26

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

Ammunition of the standard 40-mm grenade type is used by the Mk 19 machine gun and rifle grenade launchers. Saluting charges may also be manufactured in the 40-mm class. Ammunition of the 40-mm high explosive grenade class is identified by a yellow body with a gold colored ogive. Practice grenades have a light-blue body and a silver (anodized) ogive. Table 103-2-3 lists chemical 40-mm grenade colors. The body color identifies the grenade type. For white phosphorous smoke and incendiary grenades, the ogive color indicates the display color of the round. COLOR

CONTENT INTERPRETATION

Gray

Irritant, incapacitating, or toxic agent (except underwater ordnance)

Gray with a dark red band

Irritant (riot control) agent

Gray with a dark green band

Toxic agent other than binary agents

Gray with a broken dark green band

Binary nerve agent

Gray with violet band

Incapacitating agent

Light green

Screening or marking smoke

Light red

Incendiary or indicates the presence of highly flammable material for producing damage by a fire Table 103-2-3. 40-mm Chemical Grenade

103-27

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

Mortar ammunition has been adapted for a variety of uses. mortar ammunition identified by color and projectile type.

Table 103-2-4 lists

BODY COLOR

NOSE COLOR

TYPE

White

Gray

Illuminating

Bronze

Bronze

Dummy

Blue

Blue

Practice

Blue with a light green stripe

Gray

Practice with spotting charge

Olive drab with a yellow stripe

Gray

High explosive

Olive drab with a white diamond stripe

No color

Flechette

Olive drab with a yellow stripe

Gray

High explosive

Light Green

Gray

Smoke

Olive drab with a gray stripe

Gray

Chaff/leaflet

Table 103-2-4. Mortar Ammunition References NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapters 4, 5, and 6. SW010-AF-ORD-010, Identification of Ammunition, chapters 1, 2, and 10.

103-28

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

INFORMATION SHEET

SUMMARY Each weapon has a firing cycle. A firing cycle is a group of actions that occur when one round is fired. Nearly all small arms weapons operate with eight steps in the firing cycle. Feeding places a round in the receiver just to the rear of the chamber. Chambering moves a round into the chamber. Locking seals the cartridge in the chamber and blocks the breech end of the barrel to prevent the loss of gas pressure, until unlocked by other forces. Firing occurs when the firing pin of the weapon strikes the cartridge primer igniting the propellant and firing the round. Unlocking is unsealing the breech end of the barrel. This occurs after the firing of the round. Extracting removes the empty case from the chamber. Ejection removes the spent case from the weapon. Cocking returns the firing mechanism to the cocked position ready to fire another round. Understanding classifications such as semiautomatic and automatic gives insight into a weapon's basic operational capability. It is good to know, when the trigger is pulled, whether the gun will fire one round and stop or keep on firing. Knowledge of basic weapon terms such as trajectory, muzzle velocity, maximum range, and maximum effective range give the weapon user an understanding of weapon capabilities and characteristics. The primary weapon component terms breech, bore, chamber, and muzzle describe the basic components of a weapon. Weapon rates of fire provide information on the ability of a weapon to deliver a specific level of firepower. Hot and cold gun procedures were defined for the 7.62 mm and the .50-caliber M2 HB. This was followed by a discussion of the weapons terms misfire, cook-off, runaway gun, and hangfire. The conclusion of this lesson identified ammunition by color codes. Because of the many types of small arms ammunition, color coding is used to permit easy visual identification of the ammunition. Each color has a definite meaning or purpose. Projectiles with colored bands on the nose identify the design purpose and signify specific types of ammunition. Ammunition of the 40-mm group used for saluting, rifle grenades, or with the Mk 19 machine gun is assigned specific colors to designate its use. Ammunition of the high explosive grenade class is identified by a yellow body and a gold colored ogive. Practice grenades, chemical grenades, and mortar rounds are marked by body color to identify the type of ordnance. 103-29 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 2 WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.6 through 103.12 For items 1 through 5, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

From the eight steps of a firing cycle listed below, select the sequence of events that occur after a round is fired and prior to the firing of the next round. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. a. b. c. d.

2.

A, G, E, C,

Chambering Cocking Ejection Extracting Feeding Firing Locking Unlocking C, E, A, D,

E, D, G, A,

D, A, F, B,

H, C, H, H,

F, B, D, F,

G, H, C, G,

B F B E

Which of the following terms identifies the uncontrolled fire of a weapon? a. b. c. d.

Cook-off Hangfire Misfire Runaway gun

103-31

UNIT 103 LESSON 2 3.

By which of the following markings is small arms ammunition color-coded? a. b. c. d.

4.

Band around the body Band around the nose Entire base is painted Entire nose is painted

Which of the following markings correctly identify a round of small arms armor piercing ammunition? a. b. c. d.

5.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Red T on the body Red T on the nose Nose has black band Base is colored coded

Which of the following colors identify the body of a high explosive 40-mm rifle grenade? a. b. c. d.

Blue Black Yellow Light green

103-32

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 6 through 9, match the descriptions in column A with the component listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

6.

Hole running through the length of the barrel

7.

Extreme after end of the barrel, including the chamber

8.

Portion of the bore at the rear of the breech that holds the round when the weapon is loaded

9.

Extreme forward end of the barrel

103-33

a. b. c. d. e.

Breech Muzzle Bore Chamber Cylinder

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 10 through 12, match the definitions in column A with the term listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

10. Occurs when a round component reacts to barrel heat 11. A delay beyond normal ignition time for round functioning

a. b. c. d.

Hangfire Misfire Cook-off Uncontrolled fire

12. A complete failure of a round to fire For items 13 through 15, match the definitions in column A with the term listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

13. Theoretical number of rounds a weapon can fire in 1 minute 14. Establishes the number of rounds a weapon can fire in 1 minute 15. Actual rate of fire a weapon can deliver for an indefinite period

103-34

a. b. c. d.

Sustained rate of fire Rate of fire Substantial rate of fire Cycle rate of fire

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 16 through 19, match the definitions in column A with the term listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

16. Greatest distance a weapon can be expected to fire accurately 17. Greatest distance a weapon can fire 18. Speed projectile travels as it leaves the forward end of the barrel 19. Path of a bullet during flight

103-35

a. b. c. d. e.

Maximum range Maximum effective range Trajectory Extraction Muzzle velocity

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 20 through 23, match the hot gun or cold gun descriptions listed in column A with the machine gun listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

20. Cookoff can occur any time between 10 seconds and 5 minutes after the round is loaded in a hot gun. 21. Cookoff can occur any time between 30 seconds and 5 minutes after the round is loaded in a hot gun. 22. The weapon is considered a hot gun if 150 rounds are fired in a 2-minute period. 23. The weapon is considered a hot gun if a burst of 250 rounds or more is fired.

103-36

a. b. c. d. e.

7.62-mm M60 .60-cal. M50 .50-cal. M2 HB 40-mm Mk 19 7.62-mm M2 HB

UNIT 103 LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Complete items 24 through 27 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 24. A weapon that operates continually when the trigger is pulled describes a/an . 25. A weapon that unlocks, extracts, ejects, cocks, and reloads automatically each time a round is fired describes a/an . 26. The body color of a mortar round used for illumination is . 27. The body of a chemical 40-mm grenade filled with a screening or marking agent is colored .

103-37 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 3 7.62-MM M60 MACHINE GUN

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.13 DESCRIBE THE 7.62-MM M60 MACHINE GUN.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.14 DISCUSS LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.15 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I.

LENGTH WEIGHT MAXIMUM RANGE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE SAFETIES AMMUNITION TYPES RATES OF FIRE TYPES OF FIRE TYPES OF MOUNTING PODS

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.16 NAME THE THREE TYPES OF EMPLACEMENTS THAT MIGHT BE EMPLOYED IN A DEFENSIVE POSITION.

103-39

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.17 NAME THE MEMBERS OF A GUN TEAM AND WHAT THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CARRYING INTO A COMBAT SITUATION.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.18 HOW ARE TRACER ROUNDS USED?

INTRODUCTION The 7.62-millimeter M60 machine gun is one of two fully automatic weapons in the Seabee battalion. The M60 is used to support the rifle fire teams in a unit. It is capable of providing a heavy volume of controlled and accurate fire, both in offensive and defensive situations. The M60 can engage targets beyond the capability of individual weapons. It also can effectively engage predetermined targets under all conditions of visibility. Naval Construction Battalion fire plans are made around the final protective fires of the M60 machine gun. This lesson begins with a general description of the 7.62-millimeter M60 machine gun. The next section discusses the procedures for safely loading and unloading M60 ammunition. The capabilities and characteristics of the machine gun are provided followed by an identification of the types of emplacements that might be used in a defensive position. Machine gun team members and what they are responsible for carrying into combat are discussed. The lesson concludes by discussing how tracer rounds are used.

INFORMATION A. DESCRIPTION (103.13) The 7.62-millimeter (mm) M60 machine gun (figure 103-3-1) is an air-cooled, beltfed, gas-operated automatic weapon. The M122 tripod mount provides a stable and 103-40

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

durable mount for the machine gun and consists of the tripod assembly, the traversing and elevating mechanism, and the pintle and platform. Fastened to the muzzle of the M60 is a flash suppressor, which makes it harder for the enemy to locate the gun's firing position. The front fixed sight is permanently fastened to the barrel, whereas the rear sight is mounted on a spring-type dovetail base. This feature allows the rear sight to be folded forward to the horizontal position to prevent damage to the sight when the gun is moved. Range and windage adjustments can be made using the proper knobs attached to the rear sight. The bolt is manually pulled to the rear using the cocking handle, located on the right side of the gun. Whenever the bolt is pulled back, the cocking handle must be manually returned to its forward position.

REAR SIGHT FLASH SUPPRESSOR

COCKING HANDLE

FRONT SIGHT

TRIPOD

Figure 103-3-1. 7.62-mm Machine Gun

103-41

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

Firing the gun from the tripod permits a high degree of accuracy and control. Quick-release latches make installing and removing the machine gun from the mount simple. Issued with each M60 is a spare barrel and a bipod assembly. An inexperienced gun crew can change the barrel in a few seconds. The M60 is loaded and fired from the open-bolt position. The gun functions automatically as long as ammunition feeds into the gun and the trigger is held to the rear. Ammunition feeds into the gun by a metallic, split-link, disintegrating belt.

WARNING FAILURE TO MANUALLY RETURN THE COCKING HANDLE TO THE FORWARD POSITION CAN RESULT IN DAMAGE TO THE COCKING HANDLE AND INJURY TO THE GUNNER.

The safety lever located on the left side of the trigger housing has a safe position S and a fire position F. The bolt cannot be pulled to the rear or released forward when the safety is on S. References FM 23-67, Machine Gun 7.62-mm, M60, chapter 1. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5. B. LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES (103.14)

CAUTION BEFORE USING AMMUNITION, INSURE THAT IT IS PROPERLY LINKED, FREE OF DIRT AND CORROSION, AND THE DOUBLE LINK IS AT THE OPENING END OF THE AMMUNITION BELT.

103-42

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

Loading - Follow the steps outlined below for loading the machine gun: 1.

Place the safety lever to the fire position F.

2.

With your palm facing up, pull the cocking handle to the rear until the bolt locks in place (you will hear an audible click).

3.

Return the cocking handle to its forward position.

4.

Place the safety lever to the safe position S.

5.

Raise the cover and ensure that the cartridge tray, receiver, and chamber are clear as illustrated in figure 103-3-2.

COVER

CARTRIDGE TRAY GROOVE CARTRIDGE TRAY

Figure 103-3-2. Unloaded Cartridge Tray 6.

Place the first round of the belt in the cartridge tray groove.

103-43

UNIT 103 LESSON 3 7.

INFORMATION SHEET

The double link should be leading with the open side of the links down (figure 103-3-3).

DOUBLE LINK

Figure 103-3-3. Loaded Cartridge Tray 8.

Hold the belt up, approximately six rounds from the loading end, and close the cover. Ensure the round remains in the cartridge tray groove while closing the cover.

Unloading - Follow the steps outlined below for unloading the machine gun: 1.

Place the safety lever to the fire position F.

2.

Pull the cocking handle to the rear and lock the bolt in place.

3.

Place the safety lever to the safe position S.

4.

Return the cocking handle to its forward position.

5.

Raise the cover and remove any ammunition or links from the cartridge tray.

103-44

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

6.

Look in the chamber to ensure it is clear.

7.

Close the cover.

8.

Place the safety lever to the fire position F.

9.

Pull the cocking handle to the rear and pull the trigger while manually easing the bolt forward.

CAUTION THE BOLT MUST BE EASED FORWARD TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE FEED-TRAY ASSEMBLY AND OPERATING-ROD ASSEMBLY. DO NOT CLOSE THE COVER WITH THE BOLT FORWARD. TO DO SO WOULD DAMAGE PARTS OF BOTH THE COVER AND THE BOLT.

10. Place the safety lever to the safe position S. References FM 23-67, Machine Gun 7.62-mm, M60, chapters 2 and 4. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5.

103-45

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

C. CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.15) Table 103-3-1 summarizes the capabilities and characteristics of the 7.62-mm M60 machine gun. FEATURE

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Length

43.5 inches (110.5 centimeters)

Weight

23.2 pounds (10.5 kilograms)

Maximum range

4,075 yards (3,725 meters)

Maximum effective range

1,200 yards (1,100 meters)

Safety

Two-position lever: safe-S, fire-F

Ammunition types

7.62-mm ball, tracer, blank, and dummy

Rates of fire: Sustained Rapid Cyclic

100 rounds per minute 200 rounds per minute 550 to 600 rounds per minute

Type of fire

Automatic

Types of mounting pods

Bipod, tripod, or fixed mount Table 103-3-1. Characteristics

Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5. D. DEFENSIVE POSITION EMPLACEMENTS (103.16) A fighting emplacement is any position occupied for the purpose of firing. It provides a good firing position with maximum cover and concealment. Three types of emplacements that might be employed in a defensive position are dug-in emplacements, prefabricated fighting hole, and fighting bunker.

103-46

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

Dug-In Emplacements - A dug-in emplacement can be accomplished with an entrenching tool or by using a bayonet or helmet or both. Since Seabees usually have access to ditch diggers and other types of construction equipment, more elaborate dug-in emplacements are possible. Some of the many kinds of dug-in emplacements are as follows: Skirmisher's trench - The simplest type of dug-in emplacement. It is a shallow pit-type emplacement providing a temporary, open, prone firing position for an individual. Camouflaged fighting hole - A more permanent type than a skirmisher's trench. It may or may not be covered. It is constructed to enable a man to fire from a standing position with most of the body protected from enemy fire. Cut-timber revetment - Another more permanent type of emplacement, it would normally be built only when a unit expects to stay in an area for some time. It would enable a person to fire from a standing position with most of the body protected from enemy fire. One- and two-man fighting holes - This type of fighting emplacement is made as small as possible to present the smallest target to the enemy. It is dug deep enough to allow the Seabee to fire while standing. It will incorporate a water sump as well as a grenade sump large enough to accept the largest known enemy grenade. Prone emplacement - This is a one-man hole dug to provide protection from small arms fire, shelling, bombing, and strafing. It is the type normally dug by and for command post personnel. Prefabricated Fighting Hole - A prefabricated fighting hole is a type of fighting emplacement unique to the Seabees. It provides for different types of construction of a defensive position. This emplacement is made from corrugated metal. It is made more permanent than some other types and may be used as a base camp or a central position. Fighting Bunker - These permanent defensive emplacements are made of block or concrete. When establishing a fighting bunker, the type of roof is an important aspect of the construction and depends on the location and the probable threat. 103-47

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

The roof can be covered with a metal plate or a light overhead cover made from timber and sand bags. Light overhead cover will protect personnel from the shrapnel of tree bursts and airburst artillery. Heavy overhead cover will provide greater protection against both penetration and detonation of artillery shells and bombs. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapters 9 and 10. E. GUN TEAM MEMBERS (103.17) The machine gun team consists of a team leader, a gunner, and two ammunition carriers. This team operates and services the machine gun. The machine gun team leader is responsible for the effective employment of the machine gun by carrying and placing the machine gun tripod for action. During combat, the team leader is armed with a service pistol and is responsible for changing the machine gun barrel. Therefore the team leader must carry a kit with a combination wrench and an extra gun barrel. The team leader also carries one bandolier of ammunition. The gunner does the actual firing of the machine gun in combat as directed by the team leader. The gunner carries the machine gun, one bandolier of ammunition, and is armed with a service pistol. Ammunition carrier number one acts as the supply person for the team and carries one 200 round box of ammunition and the spare barrel case with the traversing and elevating mechanism. Ammunition carrier number one is armed with a service rifle and, when not engaged in carrying machine gun ammunition, protects the flank of the machine gun team. Ammunition carrier number two carries two 200-round boxes of machine gun ammunition and is armed with a service rifle to provide protection for the machine gun team also. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 1. 103-48

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

INFORMATION SHEET

F. TRACER ROUNDS (103.18) Tracer cartridges are used primarily for observing fire. Both the machine gun team leader and gunner observe the strike of the bullets from the initial burst. They then can evaluate and adjust the machine gun fire if the gun is not on target. Other uses include incendiary effects, signaling, and training. At night tracer fire aids in illuminating the target area and has a demoralizing effect on the enemy. It can also be used by the team leader to designate a target or to signal the last element of a fire command to open fire. This signalling procedure minimizes the loss of surprise. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapters 3 and 5.

SUMMARY The M60 machine gun is a belt-fed, gas-operated, automatic weapon. It can be mounted on a bipod, tripod, or fixed-mount. Its features include a flash suppressor, permanent front sight, and a folding rear sight with knobs for adjusting range and windage. The procedures for loading and unloading ammunition must be followed exactly. The M60 is 43.5 inches (110.5 centimeters) long and weighs 23 pounds (10.4 kilograms). It has a maximum range of 4,075 yards (3,725 meters); however, its maximum effective range is 1,200 yards (1,100 meters). It fires 7.62-mm ball, tracer, armor-piercing, incendiary, and dummy ammunition at 100 rounds per minute sustained, 200 rounds per minute rapid, or 550 rounds per minute cyclic. The three types of defensive position emplacements that may be employed are dug-in, prefabricated fighting hole, and the fighting bunker. The machine gun team is led by a team leader who is armed with a service pistol and carries the tripod, one bandolier of ammunition, and a kit with an extra barrel and wrench. The gunner is also armed with a service pistol and carries the machine gun and one bandolier of ammunition. The two ammunition carriers are armed with service rifles and carry the remaining three boxes of ammunition. Tracer rounds have various uses but are primarily used for the observation of fire.

103-49 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 3 7.62-MM M60 MACHINE GUN

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.13 through 103.18 For items 1 through 10, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

What types of 7.62-mm ammunition does the machine gun use? A. B. C. D. a. b. c. d.

2.

A, A, B, A,

Blank Ball Dummy Tracer B, C, C, B,

and C and D and D C, and D

Steps are taken in what order, from first to last, to load ammunition into the M60 machine gun? A. B. C. D. E. F. G. a. b. c. d.

D, C, E, C,

Move cocking handle forward Place first round in tray groove Place safety lever to F Raise cover Place safety lever to S Close cover Pull cocking handle to rear E, G, G, D,

B, A, A, B,

G, E, D, F,

A, D, B, G,

F, B, F, A,

C F C E

103-51

UNIT 103 LESSON 3 3.

What is the sustained rate of fire, in rounds per minute, of the machine gun? a. b. c. d.

4.

Manual Semi-manual Automatic Semiautomatic

What is the result of placing the safety lever to the S position? a. b. c. d.

7.

Folding front sight Flash suppressor Windage adjustment knob Range adjustment knob

What mode of operation is employed when firing the machine gun? a. b. c. d.

6.

100 200 350 550

Which of the following is NOT a physical feature of the machine gun? a. b. c. d.

5.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Rear sight cannot be folded Bolt cannot be pulled back Trigger mechanism cannot be removed Pod cannot be mounted

Which type of dug-in emplacement does NOT allow the Seabee to fire from a standing position? a. b. c. d.

Skirmisher's trench Camouflaged fighting hole Cut-timber revetment One-man fighting hole

103-52

UNIT 103 LESSON 3 8.

What type of defensive emplacement is used by command post personnel? a. b. c. d.

9.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Skirmisher's trench Prone emplacement Cut-timber revetment Camouflaged fighting hole

What machine gun team member is responsible for the effective employment of the machine gun? a. b. c. d.

Gunner Team leader Ammunition carrier number one Squad leader

10. Which of the following team members is responsible for carrying the machine gun? a. b. c. d.

Gunner Team leader Ammunition carrier number one Ammunition carrier number two

103-53

UNIT 103 LESSON 3

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 11 through 14, match the M60 machine gun features in column A with the capability or characteristic listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

11. Weight

a. b. c. d. e. f.

12. Maximum range 13. Length

23.2 pounds 28.5 pounds 43.5 inches 54 inches 1,200 yards 4,075 yards

14. Maximum effective range

Complete items 15 through 17 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 15. After cocking the M60 machine gun during unloading, place the safety lever to . 16. The M60 machine gun can be mounted on a/an . 17. M60 cartridges used for observing fire are called .

103-54

UNIT 103 LESSON 4 40-MM MACHINE GUN MK 19

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.19 DESCRIBE THE 40-MM MACHINE GUN.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.20 DISCUSS LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.21 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

LENGTH WEIGHT MAXIMUM RANGE ARMING RANGE MUZZLE VELOCITY RATE OF FIRE SAFETY AMMUNITION TYPES

INTRODUCTION The 40-millimeter machine gun Mk 19 fires a 40-millimeter grenade with antipersonnel fragmentation and light anti-armor capability. This lesson describes the 40-millimeter machine gun Mk 19. Loading/unloading procedures are discussed. The capabilities and characteristics of weapon length, weight, maximum range, arming range, muzzle velocity, rate of fire, safety, and ammunition types are stated. 103-55

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

INFORMATION SHEET

INFORMATION A. DESCRIPTION (103.19) The 40-millimeter (mm) machine gun Mk 19 (figure 103-4-1) is an air-cooled, beltfed, blowback-operated, fully automatic weapon. Major components of this weapon consists of a receiver, feed slide and tray, top cover, sear, and the bolt and backplate. The 40-mm machine gun assemblies are depicted in the figure. The rear sight located on the receiver is a modified M79 sight. This weapon is unique in that it fires from the open bolt position preventing weapon cook-off. The Mk 64 machine gun mount permits weapon mounting on a tripod and a variety of shipboard and vehicle mounts.

TOP COVER

REAR SIGHT

FEED SLIDE AND TRAY

RECEIVER BOLT AND BACKPLATE

SEAR

Figure 103-4-1. Machine Gun Mk 19

103-56

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

INFORMATION SHEET

References TM 9-1010-230-10, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19 Operator's Manual, chapter 1. TM 9-1010-230-23&P, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19, chapter 1. B. LOADING AND UNLOADING PROCEDURES (103.20)

WARNING BEFORE LOADING, ENSURE GUN IS CLEAR AND SAFE. USE ONLY AUTHORIZED AMMUNITION IN WEAPON. DO NOT LET TOP COVER SLAM SHUT FROM THE OPEN POSITION. HAND INJURY OR EQUIPMENT DAMAGE MAY RESULT.

CAUTION WHILE LOADING, THE BOLT SHOULD BE FORWARD. IF NOT, TAKE WEAPON OFF "SAFE" AND EASE CHARGER HANDLES FORWARD.

NOTE Ensure feed throat is attached to feeder. The feed throat prevents linked rounds from twisting as they pass from the ammunition can into the receiver during firing.

103-57

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

INFORMATION SHEET

Loading - The first step in loading the machine gun (figure 103-4-2) is to insert a round, female link first, through the feed throat into the feeder across the first pawl. Ensure rounds are straight and firmly seated between first and second pawl. Use the following procedures to load the weapon: 1.

Move feed slide assembly to the left and close top cover.

2.

Grasp charger handles, press handle locks and rotate handles to the down position.

3.

Pull charger handles sharply to the rear. This action locks the bolt open.

4.

Push charger handles forward and rotate handles up to the lock position.

FEED THROAT

FEMALE LINK

FIRST PAWL

Figure 103-4-2. Initial Round Insertion 5.

When loading the first round, move thumb safety (figure 103-4-3) located on the rear of the receiver assembly, from the safe position S to the fire position F.

6.

Press the trigger. This will cause the bolt to spring forward. round is now loaded on the bolt face (half-loaded). 103-58

The first

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

INFORMATION SHEET

7.

Grasp charger handles. Press charger handle locks and rotate handles down. Pull chargers sharply to the rear and then push back to the forward position. This delinks the round from the belt and pulls the bolt with the loaded round into position for firing (full-load).

8.

Rotate charger handles to the up position.

THUMB SAFETY

SAFE POSITION CHARGER HANDLE

S

CHARGER HANDLE LOCK

Figure 103-4-3. Readying the Weapon 9.

Move the thumb safety to the safe position S.

10. Weapon is combat ready; for example, ammunition loaded, bolt to rear, and safety on.

103-59

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

INFORMATION SHEET

Unloading - After firing the machine gun, the following procedures must be adhered to when unloading: 1.

Remove live rounds or spent casings from the bolt by first placing thumb safety to the safe position S. Keep the weapon pointed downrange.

2.

Charge the weapon and return the charger handles to the forward position then rotate charger handles up.

WARNING DO NOT USE A BAYONET TO REMOVE AN EXPENDED CARTRIDGE CASE OR LIVE ROUND.

3.

To remove a non-linked round (figure 103-4-4), insert the tip of a cleaning rod through the receiver rail (view A), as close to the bolt face as possible. Push down on the live round or spent casing.

4.

Force round off the bolt face and out the bottom of the weapon. Catch the live round as it falls out of the weapon.

5.

To remove linked rounds from the feeder open machine gun feeder top cover.

6.

With one hand, reach beneath the feeder and press the primary and secondary positioning pawls (view B). At the same time, slide the linked rounds out of the feeder, and out of the feed throat.

103-60

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

INFORMATION SHEET

CLEANING ROD

View A

PAWLS

View B Figure 103-4-4. Removing Rounds References TM 9-1010-230-10, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19 Operator's Manual, chapter 2. TM 9-1010-230-23&P, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19, chapter 1.

103-61

UNIT 103 LESSON 4 C.

INFORMATION SHEET

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.21)

Table 103-4-1 summarizes the capabilities and characteristics of the 40-mm machine gun Mk 19. FEATURE

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Length

43.1 inches (109.5 centimeters)

Weight

75.6 pounds (34.3 kilograms)

Maximum range

2,420 yards (2,212 meters)

Arming range

20 to 40 yards (18 to 36 meters) depending on ammunition used

Muzzle velocity

790 feet per second (225 meters per second)

Rate of fire

325 to 375 rounds per minute

Safety

Thumb safety Charging handles in down position to prevent firing (also used to stop a runaway gun)

Ammunition types

High-explosive Training practice Dummy High-explosive, dual-purpose Table 103-4-1. Characteristics

References TM 9-1010-230-10, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19 Operator's Manual, chapter 2. TM 9-1010-230-23&P, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19, chapter 1.

103-62

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

INFORMATION SHEET

SUMMARY The 40-mm machine gun Mk 19 is an air-cooled, belt-fed, blowback-operated, fully automatic weapon. Loading the machine gun is accomplished using a specific series of steps. Particulars for unloading the machine gun depend on whether a round is loaded to the bolt or still linked in the feeder. Weapon length is 43.1 inches (109.5 centimeters) and the weight is 75.6 pounds (34.3 kilograms). The weapon fires from 325 to 375 rounds of 40-mm ammunition per minute. Maximum range of the weapon is 2,420 yards (2,212 meters). This is also the effective range for an area target. Arming range of the Mk 19 is 20 to 40 yards (18 to 36 meters) depending on the type of ammunition used. Muzzle velocity of the weapon is 790 feet per second (225 meters per second). The machine gun uses a thumb safety to make the weapon safe. The charging handles (down position) are used like the thumb safety and are also used to stop a runaway gun. There are four standard types of 40-mm ammunition used with the Mk 19 machine gun, varying from high-explosive to high-explosive dual-purpose.

103-63 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 4 40-MM MACHINE GUN MK 19

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.19 through 103.21 For items 1 through 3, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

Which of the following is the correct number of ammunition types available for use with the machine gun? a. b. c. d.

2.

Across which of the following pawls is a round inserted during initial loading of the machine gun? a. b. c. d.

3.

One Two Four Five

First Second Third Fourth

Besides the charging handles, which of the following safeties is available for use with the 40-mm machine gun? a. b. c. d.

Half cock notch Thumb safety Hammer block Disconnector

103-65

UNIT 103 LESSON 4

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 4 through 9, match the 40-mm machine gun Mk 19 features in column A with the capability or characteristic listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A 4.

Maximum range

5.

Length

6.

Arming range

7.

Muzzle velocity

8.

Rate of fire

9.

Weight

COLUMN B a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

75.6 pounds 67.5 pounds 43.1 inches 48.1 inches 20 to 40 yards 2,420 yards 325 to 375 rounds per minute 790 feet per second 970 feet per second 235 to 285 rounds per minute

Complete items 10 and 11 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 10. The machine gun is operated by . 11. To remove a linked round from the machine gun, reach under the feeder and press the primary and .

103-66

UNIT 103 LESSON 5 .50-CALIBER M2 HB MACHINE GUN

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.22 DESCRIBE THE OPERATION OF THE .50-CALIBER M2 HB MACHINE GUN.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.23 DISCUSS LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.24 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS OF THE .50-CALIBER M2 HB MACHINE GUN: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

LENGTH WEIGHT MAXIMUM RANGE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE MUZZLE VELOCITY DIRECTION OF FEED RATES OF FIRE TYPES OF FIRE

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.25 DISCUSS SETTING HEADSPACE AND TIMING ON THE .50-CALIBER MACHINE GUN.

103-67

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

INTRODUCTION The .50-caliber Browning machine gun issued to naval activities is designated the M2. The weapon is available with two types of barrels. An aluminum alloy "light" barrel that is used for aircraft applications, and a "Heavy Barrel" (HB) issued for ship and surface craft use. Seabee units are only issued the M2 HB version. The .50-caliber M2 HB machine gun is used to provide protection for small craft, vehicle pools, and amphibious boats; to defend against low-flying hostile aircraft; and to destroy lightly armored vehicles. This lesson presents basic information about the .50-caliber M2 HB machine gun. A brief description of the operation of this weapon is followed by a discussion on loading and unloading it. Several interesting and impressive statistics including the weight and length, muzzle velocity, maximum effective firing ranges, and rates and types of fire are presented. A somewhat more detailed discussion about setting headspace and timing on the .50-caliber machine gun concludes this lesson.

INFORMATION A. OPERATION (103.22) The .50-caliber (cal.) M2 machine gun (figure 103-5-1) is a belt-fed, recoil-operated, air-cooled, crew-served weapon. It can be set for single-shot (semiautomatic) as well as automatic firing. The Seabee's version is equipped with a Heavy Barrel (HB) to reduce overheating. This gun is capable of alternate feed, that is, ammunition can be fed from either side of the receiver into the ammunition feedway. However, under most circumstances, the gun is fed from the left side. A disintegrating metallic link belt is used to feed the rounds. In preparation for firing, the first round requires manual feeding. The force for recoil operation of the weapon is provided by expanding gases from the fired round and is controlled by various springs, cams, and levers (not shown).

103-68

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

Air cooling of the weapon is accomplished through maximum exposure of the barrel and receiver to the air. Perforations in the barrel support allow air to circulate around the breech end of the barrel to cool the parts. The figure further illustrates some of the other components of this weapon including the grip, trigger, retracting slide handle, barrel group, and tripod mount.

TRIGGER

RETRACTING SLIDE HANDLE

AMMUNITION FEEDWAY

GRIP

BARREL GROUP TRIPOD MOUNT

Figure 103-5-1. .50-Caliber Machine Gun

103-69

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

The gun has a leaf-type rear sight that is adjustable for distance and windage. The front sight is semi-fixed with a cover. The .50-cal. machine gun has no "safety." The half-load condition and the bolt latch release serve as safety features. To fire this machine gun in the single-shot mode, the bolt latch release, shown in figure 103-5-2, must be in the up position to engage the bolt and hold it to the rear after each round is fired. Automatic firing is made possible when the bolt latch release is locked down by the bolt latch release lock so that the bolt will not be engaged by the bolt latch release. The figure presents a view from the gunner's position behind the .50-cal. machine gun. Shown are the bolt latch release, bolt latch release lock, trigger, and retracting slide handle.

103-70

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

BOLT LATCH RELEASE

RETRACTING SLIDE HANDLE

TRIGGER

BOLT LATCH RELEASE LOCK

Figure 103-5-2. Machine Gun Controls References FM 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB M2, chapters 1 and 3. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5.

103-71

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

B. LOADING AND UNLOADING (103.23) Loading - Loading the .50-cal. machine gun is a two-step process. The two steps are half-loading and fully-loading. Half-loading is similar to half-cocking a pistol. That is to say, in the half-loaded/half-cocked position, the weapon will not fire. Half-Loading - To half-load the gun (figure 103-5-3), the gunner ensures that the bolt is forward and the cover is closed. The assistant gunner inserts the double-loop end of the ammunition belt in the ammunition feedway until the first round is engaged by the belt holding pawl. The gunner grabs the retracting slide with the right hand, palm up, and vigorously jerks the bolt to the rear to release the retracting slide handle. If the bolt latch release lock is engaging the bolt latch release, the bolt and retracting handle will move forward under pressure from the driving spring group, half-loading the gun. However, if the bolt latch release is up and free of the bolt latch release lock, the bolt latch will hold the bolt and retracting slide handle to the rear. The retracting slide handle must be returned to its most forward position before releasing the bolt. To complete half-loading, the bolt latch release is pressed, allowing the bolt to go forward. Full-Loading - To fully load the gun, the procedure is the same as in half-loading, except that the gunner is required to pull and release the bolt again. This procedure can be compared to chambering. The gun must be fully-loaded to fire. During a temporary cease fire (when it not necessary to unload the machine gun), the bolt is latched to the rear to prevent accidental firing. Unloading - To unload the .50-cal. machine gun, the gunner unlocks the bolt latch release and then opens the cover. The assistant gunner lifts the ammunition belt from the feedway. The gunner pulls the bolt to the rear and examines the chamber by looking and/or feeling to ensure that no rounds remain in the gun. If the weapon is clear, lower the extractor. Release the bolt and ease the retracting slide handle forward. Then lower and secure the cover group. To complete unload operations, depress the trigger to uncock the firing mechanism.

103-72

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

COVER

RETRACTING SLIDE HANDLE

Figure 103-5-3. Loading the Machine Gun References FM 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB M2, chapter 3. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5.

103-73

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

C. CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.24) Table 103-5-1 summarizes some of the capabilities and characteristics of the .50-cal. M2 HB machine gun. FEATURES

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Length

65 inches (165 centimeters) overall 45 inches (114 centimeters) barrel

Weight

128 pounds (58 kilograms), gun complete on M3 tripod mount (tripod weighs approximately 44 pounds (20 kilograms))

Maximum range

Approximately 7,440 yards (6,800 meters)

Maximum effective range

2,000 yards (1,830 meters)

Muzzle velocity

3,050 feet per second (930 meters per second) using M2 ball ammunition Table 103-5-1. Characteristics

Direction of Feed - The .50-cal. machine gun is capable of feeding ammunition from either the right or left sides, with some modification for each arrangement. In most cases ammunition is fed from the left side. Rates of Fire - This machine gun has the cyclic rate of fire of between 450 and 550 rounds per minute (rpm). Sustained and rapid rates of fire are human factors that are determined by the gun captain's orders and the gunner's ability to control the weapon. Sustained (slow) fire is defined as firing less than 40 rpm, in bursts of six to nine rounds at 10 to 15 second intervals. Rapid fire is defined as any rate of fire greater than 40 rpm, in bursts of six to nine rounds, for 5 to 10 seconds. Types of Fire - The following paragraphs describe the six types of fire in which the machine gun has been successfully employed:

103-74

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

Fixed fire is fire delivered on a point target. Little or no movement of the gun is required. After the first burst, the gunner follows any change or movement of the target without command. Traversing fire is fire distributed against a wide target. This type of fire requires successive changes in the direction the gun is pointed. While engaging a wide target requiring traversing fire, the gunner should select successive aiming points throughout the target area. These aiming points should be close enough together to ensure adequate coverage of the target, but not so close as to waste ammunition. Searching fire is fire directed against a deep target or a target that has depth. These targets require the gunner to make changes in the elevation of the gun. The amount of elevation change depends upon the range and slope of the ground. Traversing and searching fire is fire directed both in width and depth by changing the aiming point in both direction and elevation. It is used against a target whose long axis is oblique to the direction of the fire. Swinging traverse fire is fire used against targets which require major changes in direction but little or no change in elevation. Targets may be dense, of considerable width, or in relatively close formations moving slowly toward or away from the gun position. Free gun is fire directed against moving targets which must be engaged rapidly. They require rapid changes in both direction and elevation of the gun. Examples include aerial targets, vehicles, or fast small boats in relatively close formations moving rapidly toward or away from the gun position. References FM 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB M2, chapter 7. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5.

103-75

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

D. SETTING HEADSPACE AND TIMING (103.25) By now it should be clear that the Browning machine gun is a complex-working machine. The care and maintenance given this gun are critical for safe and continued operation. In addition to normal cleaning and lubrication, checking and adjusting the headspace and timing of the weapon are mandatory. Headspace - Headspace is the distance between the face of the bolt and the base of a cartridge fully seated in the chamber. Headspace is correctly set when two conditions exist. First, the recoiling groups are fully forward, and second, there is no independent rearward movement between the bolt, barrel, and barrel extension. Improper headspace setting can cause improper functioning of the gun, and frequently, damage to parts and/or injury to personnel. Headspace is checked and set using the headspace gauge (figure 103-5-4) prior to firing. The headspace is properly set when the "GO" end of the headspace gauge slides between the bolt face and the rear of the chamber of the weapon. Checking and setting/resetting of the headspace must also be accomplished when the gun is assembled, the barrel or any major group or assembly within the receiver is replaced, or there is doubt about the correctness of the headspace setting. Timing - Timing is the adjustment of the weapon that ensures that firing takes place at the proper time. Specifically, correct firing should occur when the recoiling parts are between .020 inch (.51 millimeter) and .116 inch (2.95 millimeter) out of battery (fully forward). This timing prevents contact between the front end of the barrel extension and the trunnion block. Timing is correctly set when each of the following conditions are met: The recoiling parts are locked together. Firing takes place just before the parts are in battery. The gun will fire on the FIRE gauge, and does not fire on the NO FIRE gauge.

103-76

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

NOTE The headspace and timing gauges should be kept with the machine gun at all times.

HEADSPACE GAUGE

NO GO

“GO” END

HEADSPACE GAUGEGO

TIMING GAUGES

“FIRE” GAUGE FIR .0 2 E 0

RE FI 6 O N .11

“NO FIRE” GAUGE

Figure 103-5-4. Headspace and Timing Gauges References FM 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB M2, chapter 7. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5.

103-77

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

INFORMATION SHEET

SUMMARY The .50-cal. machine gun is a belt-fed, recoil-operated, air-cooled, crew-served machine gun. It can be fired in automatic or single-shot modes. Loading this weapon is a two-step process: half-loading and fully-loading. The .50-cal. machine gun will fire only when fully-loaded. Unloading this weapon simply requires unlocking the bolt latch release and removing the ammunition from the feedway. The bore is then checked to ensure it is clear. The .50-cal. machine gun with tripod mount included weighs 128 pounds (58 kilograms), has a muzzle velocity of 3,050 feet per second (930 meters per second), and a maximum range of approximately 7,440 yards (6,800 meters). In the automatic mode, this weapon can fire from less that 40 rounds per minute to as many as 550 rounds per minute. It is employed in six different types of fire, all of which are dependent on the size, shape, range, and movement of the target. In order for the .50-cal. machine gun to fire properly, the headspace and gun timing must be set and correctly adjusted. Headspace is the distance between the face of the bolt and the base of the cartridge. Timing is the adjustment of the gun to fire at the proper time. A combination headspace and timing gauge is provided for each weapon so that the crew can readjust the weapon whenever necessary.

103-78

UNIT 103 LESSON 5 .50-CALIBER M2 HB MACHINE GUN

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.22 through 103.25 For items 1 through 4, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

The force of recoil for the machine gun is provided by a. b. c. d.

2.

You are preparing to load the machine gun. For the gun to fire, it must be a. b. c. d.

3.

set in the automatic mode. fully-loaded. half-loaded. set in the retract position.

Headspace is the distance between the face of the bolt and the a. b. c. d.

4.

the receiver group. various springs, cam, and levers. expanding gases. high pressure air.

head. recoiling group. base of the cartridge. rear of the chamber.

Timing of the machine gun is set correctly when each of the following conditions are met EXCEPT when a. b. c. d.

the gun fires on the FIRE gauge. the recoiling parts are locked together. the gun does not fire on the NO FIRE gauge. there is contact between the barrel extension and the trunnion block.

103-79

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 5 through 8, match the machine gun features in column A with the capability or characteristic listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

5.

Length of barrel

6.

Muzzle velocity

7.

Length (overall)

8.

Weight (complete on mount)

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

65 inches 168 pounds 3,205 feet per second 45 inches 128 pounds 3,050 feet per second 55 inches

For items 9 through 13, match the capabilities or characteristics of the HB machine gun in column A with the value listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A 9.

COLUMN B

Maximum effective range

10. Cyclic rate of fire

a. b. c.

11. Rapid rate of fire

d.

12. Sustained rate of fire

e.

13. Maximum range

f. g. h.

103-80

7,440 yards 3,000 yards 40 or less rounds per minute 400 to 500 rounds per minute 40 or more rounds per minute 8,530 yards 450 to 550 rounds per minute 2,000 yards

UNIT 103 LESSON 5

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Complete items 14 and 15 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 14. List three types of fire that are used by gunners with the machine gun.

15. The machine gun is normally fed from the .

103-81 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 6 60-MM MORTAR M224

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.26 WHAT ARE THE TACTICAL PURPOSES OF THIS WEAPON?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.27 DESCRIBE THE TWO METHODS OF FIRING.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.28 DESCRIBE LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.29 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS: A. B. C. D. E. F.

LENGTH WEIGHT AMMUNITION TYPES MAXIMUM/MINIMUM ELEVATION PROPELLANT INCREMENT CHARGES SAFETY

103-83

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

INTRODUCTION The mortar is perhaps the oldest type of firearm known to mankind. Its existence dates back as early as the fourteenth century. At that time, it was nothing more than a shallow steel pot filled with gunpowder and rocks. The modern mortar has been developed into an extremely accurate and effective weapon. A Seabee mortar squad member must have an understanding of the tactical purposes of the weapon, its capabilities, and its characteristics. Equally important is a knowledge of firing, loading, and unloading procedures. PQS sub-line item 103.29c was rearranged in this lesson. This was done to improve informational flow of the affected items and to aid student learning. It does not in any way affect PQS requirements.

INFORMATION A. TACTICAL PURPOSES (103.26) The 60-millimeter (mm) mortar M224 can use a variety of shells and fuzes making it a very versatile weapon. It can be used as either an offensive or a defensive weapon capable of delivering fire up to approximately 3,800 yards (3,490 meters). An important characteristic of this weapon is its high angle of fire. This allows it to be fired over obstacles such as hills, forests, walls, or other defenses. When a combat mission is defensive in nature, mortars are set up within the perimeter of the camp or company. These improved permanent positions are determined by the unit's Commanding Officer. The ammunition and equipment are kept nearby. The unit Commanding Officer also has the authority to deploy these weapons in offensive missions. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 6.

103-84

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

B. METHODS OF FIRING (103.27) There are two methods of firing the M224 mortar (figure 103-6-1): conventional mode and hand-held mode. Each method requires different equipment and procedures, however the M225 cannon assembly is common to both. Conventional - In the conventional mode (view A), the M7 baseplate assembly, the M64/M64A1 sight unit, the M170 bipod assembly that consists of elevating and traversing mechanisms, and the leg assembly are used. Hand-Held - In the hand-held mode (view B), the M225 cannon is used with the M8 baseplate alone. It is a highly mobile, lightweight weapon that can be used on patrols with minimum deployment.

CANNON

SIGHT UNIT

CANNON

BASEPLATE

BASEPLATE

BIPOD ASSEMBLY

View A

View B

Figure 103-6-1. Firing Methods The M225 cannon assembly is equipped with a firing selector (not shown) that may be positioned to the drop position D, the trigger position T, or the safe position S. In the conventional mode, both the drop-fire and the trigger-fire methods are used. In the hand-held mode, only the trigger-fire method is used.

103-85

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 6. C. LOADING/UNLOADING (103.28) Loading - Each mortar team has three members; the team leader is the gunner. The team leader fires the mortar and is responsible for all equipment issued to the team. The assistant gunner loads the mortar, and the ammunition bearer carries the ammunition. In the drop-fire method, conventional mode (figure 103-6-2), the gunner ensures the mortar is positioned (laid) correctly, removes the sight unit, and sets the firing selector to the drop position D. The sight is removed for the first three rounds or until the baseplate is settled. At that time the sight may stay on the mortar while firing.

Figure 103-6-2. Conventional Loading

103-86

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

The gunner kneels on the left side of the cannon and looks into the sight unit. The assistant gunner kneels on the right side in front of the traversing mechanism and faces rearward. The ammunition bearer kneels beside the assistant gunner, slightly to the rear. The ammunition bearer adjusts the propellant charge for the desired range, sets the fuse for the desired burst effect, removes the safety wire/pin, and hands the round to the assistant gunner. When the mortar is ready to fire, the gunner notifies the fire direction center or squad leader and waits for the next command. The next command the gunner receives is "half load." As the gunner repeats the command, the assistant gunner holds the body of the round with two hands near the center of the round and inserts it, fuse end up, into the muzzle beyond the narrow part of the body.

WARNING IF A CREW MEMBER IS WITHIN ONE METER OF THE MUZZLE DURING FIRING, HEARING PROTECTION MUST BE USED.

At the command "fire," the assistant gunner releases the round, passes both hands partly down the outside surface of the barrel while pivoting to the left and bending toward the ammunition bearer. In the drop-fire method, when the mortar round hits the bottom of the barrel, it will contact the firing pin and the round fires. If the firing selector is set to the trigger position T, the firing pin is retracted. On the command to "fire," the gunner squeezes the trigger after the round hits bottom.

103-87

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

In the hand-held mode (figure 103-6-3), only the trigger-fire method is used. The M64/M64A1 sight unit is not required. A range indicator is used to estimate target distance. The gunner kneels directly behind the barrel and supports the barrel with a gloved left hand. With the right hand on the trigger/handle, the gunner points the mortar toward the target while reading the range indicator. The ammunition bearer prepares the cartridge while the gunner sets the firing selector in the trigger position T. The assistant gunner inserts the round into the muzzle, releases the round, and assumes a safe position. When the mortar is lined up on the target, the gunner squeezes the trigger to fire.

Figure 103-6-3. Hand-Held Loading Unloading - Unloading a mortar is required only under unusual circumstances, such as a round failing to fire. This failure may be caused by a faulty firing mechanism or a faulty element in the mortar round. A misfire is the complete failure of a round to fire. A hangfire takes place when a round gets lodged in the barrel and does not make contact with the firing pin. Any round that fails to fire should be treated as a misfire and appropriate procedures performed. To remove a round (figure 103-6-4) from the mortar, the gunner lifts the base cap end of the cannon. The assistant gunner then places both hands around the outer edge of the muzzle. 103-88

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

As the base cap is lifted, the round should slide out. The assistant gunner stops it with both thumbs, then removes the round from the bore and places it in a designated area.

Figure 103-6-4. Removing a Round Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 6.

103-89

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

D. CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.29) Table 103-6-1 summarizes some of the capabilities and characteristics of the mortar M224. FEATURE

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Length

40 inches (101.6 centimeters)

Weight (conventional mode) (hand-held mode)

46.5 pounds (21.1 kilograms) 18 pounds (8.2 kilograms)

Maximum/minimum elevation

1,600 mils (92º) to 700 mils (40º)

Table 103-6-1. Characteristics Ammunition Types - The ammunition types used with the 60-mm mortar are shown in figure 103-6-5.

M888 M720

M302A1 M49A4

Training Device 60-MM

M50A3 M83

M69

Figure 103-6-5. Mortar Ammunition

103-90

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

High-Explosive (HE) ammunition is used to destroy or cause casualties to enemy personnel, emplacements, and vehicles. HE ammunition causes damage by blast, fire, and fragmentation of the metal body. HE rounds depicted in figure 103-6-5 are identified as M720, M888, and M49A4. All contain a large bursting charge of explosive. White Phosphorous (WP) ammunition, identified as M302A1, is used for smoke screening, casualty-producing, incendiary action, and signaling. The WP round contains a burster assembly which ruptures the projectile and aids in dispersal of the WP. The rounds cause combustible material to burn when the white phosphorous contacts the air and ignites. Illuminating ammunition, designated M83, contains a flare attached to a parachute. It is used for battlefield illumination and signaling. Training Practice (TP) ammunition, designated M50A3, is used for target practice firing. This round is similar to the HE round but it does not have a high explosive filler in the body. It has only a small spotting charge to mark the spot where the round hits the ground. Training rounds, M69 and the 60-mm training device, are used to provide training for mortar crews in loading and firing. The rounds are completely inert and have no fuse. Propellant Increment Charges - These charges are used to adjust for range by removing one or more of the propellant increments. The ammunition is in the form of "semifixed" complete rounds. The propellant is divided into equal parts and packaged in plastic bags. The bags are attached to the mortar round fins. The round is loaded into the weapon as a unit. Safety - The safety locks the trigger in the trigger fire mode only. identified by the letter S on the firing selector. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 6.

103-91

It is

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

INFORMATION SHEET

SUMMARY The 60-mm mortar M224 is a versatile weapon that can be used in either offensive or defensive situations. The mortar has two firing methods: conventional and handheld. Each firing method requires different equipment and procedures. The mortar is aimed and fired by the mortar team gunner, the assistant gunner loads the mortar, and the ammunition bearer carries the ammunition. The mortar can be fired with the trigger or by dropping the round into the barrel. Having to unload a round is usually due to a malfunction of either the mortar or the ammunition. All situations should be treated as misfires. The mortar is 40 inches (101.6 centimeters) long and weighs 46.5 pounds (21.1 kilograms) in the conventional mode, and 18 pounds (8.2 kilograms) in the hand-held mode. Various types of ammunition may be used in the mortar depending on the purpose and/or target. Elevation is determined by the sight unit when installed on the mortar. It is indicated from a maximum of 1,600 mils or 92º to a minimum elevation of 700 mils or 40º. Propellant increment charges are used to adjust for range. The mortar has a safety position on the firing selector which locks the trigger and prevent firing when using the trigger to fire.

103-92

UNIT 103 LESSON 6 60-MM MORTAR M224

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.26 through 103.29 For items 1 through 8, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

What mortar assembly is common to both methods of firing the mortar? a. b. c. d.

2.

If the mortar is to be fired using the hand-held method, what mode of firing must be used? a. b. c. d.

3.

Drop-fire only Trigger-fire only Either trigger- or drop-fire Conventional-fire

When firing the mortar using the conventional method, at least how many rounds must be fired before the sight unit may be left on the mortar? a. b. c. d.

4.

Cannon assembly Sight unit Bipod assembly Boresight

Two Three Four Five

How many members make up a mortar team? a. b. c. d.

One Two Three Four 103-93

UNIT 103 LESSON 6 5.

What is the command that tells the assistant gunner to insert the round into the muzzle and hold it there? a. b. c. d.

6.

2,400 3,000 3,600 3,800

What type of mortar ammunition is used to destroy enemy vehicles? a. b. c. d.

8.

Load Half-load Fire Arm

What is the approximate range, in yards, of the mortar? a. b. c. d.

7.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

High explosive White phosphorous Illuminating Training practice

What type of mortar ammunition can be used for signaling? a. b. c. d.

High explosive Illuminating Incendiary Training practice

103-94

UNIT 103 LESSON 6

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 9 through 13, match the features of the 60-mm mortar in column A with the value listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A 9.

COLUMN B

Weight (conventional mode)

10. Weight (hand-held mode) 11. Length 12. Maximum elevation

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

30 inches 40 inches 18 pounds 46.5 pounds 500 mils (29º) 700 mils (40º) 1,500 mils (86º) 1,600 mils (92º)

13. Minimum elevation Complete items 14 through 17 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 14.

The safety on the 60-mm mortar is only functional in the .

15.

An important characteristic of the mortar that enables it to fire over hills and trees is its .

16.

The complete failure of a round to fire is known as a/an .

17.

Propellant increment charges are used to adjust the .

103-95 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 7 40-MM M203 GRENADE LAUNCHER

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.30 DESCRIBE THE 40-MM M203 GRENADE LAUNCHER.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.31 DESCRIBE HOW THE WEAPON IS HELD WHEN FIRED.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.32 DISCUSS LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.33 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS: A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

WEIGHT AMMUNITION TYPE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE (AREA TARGET) MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE (POINT TARGET) MINIMUM RANGE (COMBAT) MINIMUM RANGE (TRAINING) MAXIMUM RANGE

103-97

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

INFORMATION SHEET

INTRODUCTION This lesson describes the 40-millimeter M203 grenade launcher. Information on holding the weapon and ammunition loading and unloading procedures are also discussed. The capabilities and/or characteristics of weapon weight, ammunition types, maximum effective ranges (area and point target), minimum ranges (combat and training), and maximum range are stated for the M203 grenade launcher. The M203 grenade launcher is one of the Seabees organic support weapons. Members of a weapons platoon have the responsibility for the care and cleaning, employment, and method of firing the M203 grenade launcher.

INFORMATION A. DESCRIPTION (103.30) The 40-millimeter (mm) M203 grenade launcher (figure 103-7-1) is a light-weight, compact, single-shot, breech-loading, pump-action (sliding-barrel), manually operated weapon attached to the M16A1 rifle.

SIGHT

HANDGUARD

RIFLE

RECEIVER BARREL

Figure 103-7-1. M203 40-mm Grenade Launcher 103-98

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

INFORMATION SHEET

It consists of three assemblies: the handguard and sight, the receiver, and the barrel. The grenade launcher M203 is designed to be used with the M16A1 rifle. When equipped with the grenade launcher, the rifle loses its identity as the M16A1 and becomes the M203. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5. B. HOLDING THE WEAPON (103.31) The most commonly used firing positions are prone, kneeling, fighting hole, and standing. Supported positions add stability to the weapon and should be used when possible. However, the grenadier must ensure that no part of the launcher touches the support. The grenadier takes the various firing positions with the M203 in the same way as with the M16A1 rifle. There are two methods for holding the weapon: left and right hand firing. Using the left hand method (figure 103-7-2), the grenadier's left hand grips the magazine of the M16A1 rifle with the left index finger positioned in the trigger guard of the M203. The right hand grips the pistol grip of the M16A1.

Figure 103-7-2. Left Hand Fire

103-99

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

INFORMATION SHEET

Using the right hand method (figure 103-7-3), the grenadier's right hand grips the magazine of the M16A1 rifle with the right index finger positioned in the trigger guard of the M203. The left hand grasps the hand grip of the barrel assembly. At ranges of up to 165 yards (150 meters), the grenadier can fire from the shoulder in the normal manner from all positions using the leaf or quadrant sight. However, in order to maintain sight alignment at ranges greater than 165 yards (150 meters) the grenadier must make the following adjustments: Use the quadrant sight for ranges in excess of 275 yards (250 meters). In the prone position, the position of the butt of the rifle stock depends on the configuration of the grenadier's body, the position of the grenadier's hands on the weapon, and the range to the target. In other firing positions, lower the stock to an underarm position in order to maintain sight alignment.

Figure 103-7-3. Right Hand Fire

103-100

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

INFORMATION SHEET

References FMFM 1-3A, Field Firing Techniques, chapter 6. TM 9-1010-221-10, 40-mm Grenade Launcher M203, chapter 2. C. LOADING AND UNLOADING PROCEDURES (103.32) Loading - Use the following procedures to load the M203 launcher:

WARNING KEEP MUZZLE DOWN RANGE AND CLEAR OF ALL TROOPS.

1.

Keep safety in "SAFE" position until ready to fire.

CAUTION BEFORE LOADING, MAKE SURE BORE AND CHAMBER ARE CLEAN AND DRY.

2.

Press latch and slide barrel forward. opens.

The grenade launcher cocks as it

3.

Insert ammunition into the chamber. Chambering of the round takes place as the barrel closes.

4.

Slide barrel closed until it engages the barrel latch and locks. The launcher is now ready to fire.

Hangfire - Operation under unusual conditions may include a hangfire or a misfire. If a hangfire occurs observe the following procedures: 103-101

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

INFORMATION SHEET

WARNING KEEP MUZZLE ON TARGET AND CLEAR ALL PERSONNEL FROM THE AREA (AT LEAST 88 YARDS OR 80 METERS). WAIT 30 SECONDS BEFORE REMOVING ROUND.

1.

Unload the round and catch it, or unload close to the ground for a short fall.

2.

Store the round at a safe distance away from serviceable ammunition until it is determined whether or not the round or weapon is defective.

3.

A dented primer indicates a hangfire. Handle round accordingly.

Misfire - If a misfire occurs observe the following procedures:

WARNING KEEP MUZZLE ON TARGET AND CLEAR ALL PERSONNEL FROM THE AREA (AT LEAST 88 YARDS OR 80 METERS). WAIT 30 SECONDS BEFORE REMOVING ROUND.

1.

If the primer is not dented, the firing mechanism is faulty. primer is a hangfire. Handle round accordingly.

A dented

2.

If the mechanism is repaired, the round may be reloaded and fired.

Unloading - To unload, press the latch and move barrel forward. Extracting or unloading the launcher is accomplished as the barrel assembly is opened. On opening, a spring-loaded extractor keeps the spent cartridge seated against the receiver until the barrel is clear of the cartridge case.

103-102

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

INFORMATION SHEET

References FM 23-31, 40-mm Grenade Launchers M203 and M79, chapter 3. TM 9-1010-221-10, 40-mm Grenade Launcher M203, chapter 2. D.

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.33)

Table 103-7-1 summarizes the capabilities and characteristics of the M203 grenade launcher. FEATURES

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Weight

Approximately 9.5 pounds (4.28 kilograms) rifle and launcher combined

Ammunition type

High explosive High explosive airburst High explosive smokeless and flashless High explosive dual purpose Training practice

Maximum effective range (area target)

385 yards (350 meters)

Maximum effective range (point target)

165 yards (150 meters)

Minimum range (combat)

34 yards (31 meters)

Minimum range (training)

180 yards (165 meters)

Maximum range

440 yards (400 meters) Table 103-7-1. Characteristics

103-103

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

INFORMATION SHEET

References FM 23-31, 40-mm Grenade Launchers M203 and M79, chapter 2. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 5. TM 9-1010-221-10, 40-mm Grenade Launcher M203, chapters 1 and 4.

SUMMARY The 40-mm M203 grenade launcher is a light-weight, single-shot, breech-loading, sliding-barrel, manually operated weapon. The weapon can be fired from multiple positions. As the range to the target increases, the position of the weapon butt is lowered to between the waist and armpit. Loading the M203 is like loading a breech-loading shotgun. The cartridge is inserted after the breech is opened. Unloading the weapon is accomplished by the extractor. The maximum range of the M203 is 440 yards (400 meters). There are five standard types of ammunition used with the weapon. The ammunition types range from high-explosive to training practice rounds.

103-104

UNIT 103 LESSON 7 40-MM M203 GRENADE LAUNCHER

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.30 through 103.33 For items 1 through 3, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

How many standard types of ammunition are available for use with the grenade launcher? a. b. c. d.

2.

In which of the following directions should you move the barrel assembly when unlocking the launcher for loading purposes? a. b. c. d.

3.

One Two Three Five

Up Aft Down Forward

Locking for firing of the launcher is accomplished during which of the following barrel actions? a. b. c. d.

Opening Closing Extracting Chambering

103-105

UNIT 103 LESSON 7

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 4 through 9, match the features of the M203 grenade launcher in column A with the capability or characteristic listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

4.

Maximum effective range (area target)

5.

Maximum effective range (point target)

6.

Maximum range

7.

Minimum range (combat)

8.

Minimum range (training)

9.

Weight

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

9.5 pounds 12.5 pounds 34 yards 165 yards 180 yards 385 yards 440 yards

Complete items 10 and 11 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 10. The manually operated M203 grenade launcher is attached to the . 11. Firing the launcher from the shoulder at ranges of less than 165 yards can be accomplished by the grenadier from all .

103-106

UNIT 103 LESSON 8 12-GAUGE SHOTGUN

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.34 DESCRIBE THE OPERATION OF THE 12-GAUGE SHOTGUN.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.35 DISCUSS LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES, BOTH FROM MAGAZINE AND BARREL.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.36 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 12-GAUGE SHOTGUN: A. B. C. D.

LENGTH MAGAZINE CAPACITY SAFETIES AMMUNITION TYPE

INTRODUCTION The Remington Model 870 (M870) 12-gauge shotgun is used mainly for guard details, shipboard and shore-based security forces, and riot control. Only the Remington Model 870 (M870) will be discussed in this lesson. Navy personnel are periodically assigned duties that require them to be armed with a shotgun. This lesson describes the operation of the shotgun and includes the proper procedures for loading and unloading. 103-107

UNIT 103 LESSON 8

INFORMATION SHEET

Proper safety precautions for firing, loading, and unloading the shotgun are presented. The capabilities and characteristics of the shotgun are covered in the final teaching point. PQS sub-line item 103.36d was rearranged in this lesson. This was done to improve the informational flow of the affected items and to aid student learning. It does not in any way affect PQS requirements.

INFORMATION A. OPERATION (103.34) The M870 12-gauge shotgun (figure 103-8-1) is a manually operated, magazine-fed (tubular), pump-action shoulder weapon. The procedures for operating the M870 shotgun, assuming the magazine is loaded and one shell is in the chamber, are described below. EJECTION PORT AND BREECH BOLT

CROSS BOLT SAFETY

FORE-END CARRIER

ACTION TRIGGER BAR LOCK

Figure 103-8-1. 12-Gauge Shotgun Grasp the shotgun firmly and bring it to the shoulder. Push the cross bolt safety from right to left, to the fire position (red band showing). Pull the trigger to fire the weapon. After firing, pull the fore-end rearward. This action causes the spent shell to be ejected through the ejection port. After the spent shell has been ejected, a shell is forced from the magazine onto the carrier. 103-108

UNIT 103 LESSON 8

INFORMATION SHEET

By pushing the fore-end fully forward, the shell is chambered, the breech bolt is closed against the shell base, and the shotgun is ready to fire. Reference NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. B. LOADING AND UNLOADING PROCEDURES (103.35) Loading - Before loading the shotgun (figure 103-8-1), push the cross bolt safety from left to right to the safe position (red band will not show). To load a single shell, press in the action bar lock if the action is cocked, and pull the fore-end fully to the rear. Place the shell into the open ejection port upon the downthrust carrier. Slide the fore-end fully forward to load the shell into the barrel chamber and lock the action closed. This action includes the slide, breech bolt, and the breech locking block. To load the magazine, slide the fore-end completely forward to close the action. Turn the shotgun bottom upward and press the shell against the carrier, then forward fully into the magazine. Make sure that the rim of the shell snaps past the shell latch (not shown) to prevent the shell from sliding back over the carrier. Should this occur, open the action. However, if the gun is cocked, remove the trigger plate assembly to remove the shell. Shells can be fed from the loaded magazine to the barrel chamber by simply pumping the fore-end fully rearward and then pushing it fully forward. Unloading - When unloading the shotgun, the safety should be in the safe position. Press in the action bar lock, and pull the fore-end slowly rearward until the front end of the shell is even with the ejection port in the receiver. Lift the front of the shell outward and remove it from the ejection port. Continue pulling the fore-end back fully until the next shell releases from the magazine. Roll the weapon sideways to allow the released shell to drop from the ejection port. Close the action by pushing forward on the fore-end. Continue these same actions until the magazine and shotgun are empty.

103-109

UNIT 103 LESSON 8

INFORMATION SHEET

CAUTION OPEN THE ACTION AND CHECK THE SHELL CHAMBER IN THE BREECH AND THE MAGAZINE TO MAKE SURE NO ROUNDS REMAIN IN THE GUN. When unloading the barrel only, press the action bar lock in and pull the fore-end rearward until the front end of the shell is even with the front end of the ejection port. Lift the end of the shell from the receiver. Reference NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. C. CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.36) Table 103-8-1 summarizes some of the capabilities and characteristics of the M870 12-gauge shotgun. FEATURES

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Length

39 inches (99 centimeters)

Magazine capacity

4 rounds

Ammunition type

12-gauge, 2 3/4 inches (70 mm) double-ought (00) buckshot, military round Table 103-8-1. Characteristics

Safeties - The safety for the M870 is a cross bolt type located at the rear of the trigger guard. To release the safety, push the bolt bar right to left (the red band will appear). To place the safety on, push the bolt bar left to right. The action bar lock also serves as a safety. It disconnects the trigger assembly and sear until the breech mechanism is closed and the shell is fully seated in the chamber.

103-110

UNIT 103 LESSON 8

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4.

SUMMARY The M870 12-gauge shotgun is a manually operated, magazine fed, pump-action shoulder weapon. Correctly operating and firing the weapon requires it to be brought to the shoulder, the safety disengaged, and the trigger pulled. After firing, the fore-end is pulled rearward to eject the spent shell and then forward to chamber another shell. The safety must be engaged before loading. To load a single shell, the fore-end is pulled fully rearward and a shell is placed into the open ejection port. The fore-end is then pushed fully forward. Loading the magazine requires that the fore-end be pushed fully forward while the shotgun is turned bottom up. The shell is pressed against the carrier then forward into the magazine. The safety must be engaged before unloading. Next the fore-end is pulled slowly rearward. When the shell is even with the ejection port, it is lifted out. The foreend is then pulled fully rearward. A shell is released from the magazine into the ejection port. At this point the shotgun is rolled side-ways until the shell drops out. These actions are repeated until all of the remaining shells are unloaded. The 12-gauge shotgun is approximately 39 inches (990 millimeters) in length and has a magazine capacity of four rounds. It has a cross bolt type safety. The ammunition used is a 2 3/4 inches (70 millimeters) long, double-ought (00), buck shot round.

103-111 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 8 12-GAUGE SHOTGUN

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.34 through 103.36 For items 1 through 5, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

The action of pulling the fore-end rearward causes the shell to be ejected through the a. b. c. d.

2.

What is the first step in unloading the shotgun? a. b. c. d.

3.

Press the action bar Push safety to safe position Roll the shotgun side ways Pull the fore-end rearward

What is the approximate length, in inches, of the shotgun? a. b. c. d.

4.

breech bolt. magazine chamber. ejection port. barrel chamber.

20 29 30 39

What is the maximum number of rounds the magazine will hold? a. b. c. d.

Two Three Four Five

103-113

UNIT 103 LESSON 8 5.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

What is the length, in inches, of the ammunition used by the shotgun? a. b c. d.

2 2 3 3

1/4 3/4 1/4 3/4

Complete items 6 and 7 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 6.

By simply pumping the fore-end, shells can be loaded from the magazine to the .

7.

The cross bolt safety is located at the rear of the .

103-114

UNIT 103 LESSON 9 .45-CALIBER PISTOL

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.37 DESCRIBE THE .45-CALIBER PISTOL.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.38 DISCUSS LOADING/UNLOADING, SAFETY AND CLEARING OF WEAPON PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.39 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS: A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

LENGTH WEIGHT MAXIMUM RANGE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE MUZZLE VELOCITY SAFETIES MAGAZINE CAPACITY

103-115

UNIT 103 LESSON 9

INFORMATION SHEET

INTRODUCTION The .45-caliber semiautomatic pistol was designed and patented by John M. Browning, who was probably the world's greatest inventor of automatic weapons. It was also known as the Colt, because of the manufacturer. This pistol has been the official sidearm of U.S. military forces since 1911. It was adopted to give users a weapon with greater stopping power than the .38-caliber handgun then in use. As a Seabee, knowledge of the .45-caliber pistol is important. Knowing how to safely load and unload the weapon as well as its capabilities will ensure its proper use. PQS sub-item 103.39f was rearranged in this lesson. This was done to improve the informational flow of the affected items and to aid student learning. It does not in any way affect PQS requirements.

INFORMATION A. DESCRIPTION (103.37) The .45-caliber (cal.) M1911A1 pistol (figure 103-9-1) is a magazine-fed self-loading handgun that is operated by the recoil of the fired round. Since the trigger must be pulled for each shot, it is semiautomatic. The rifling in the barrel is machined for a left-hand twist. It is the only Navy weapon with left-hand rifling. The rate of fire is limited only by the user's ability to change the magazines, rapidly aim, and fire. There are three main component groups: the slide, the receiver, and the magazine. Fixed front and rear sights are mounted on the slide. The receiver contains most of the working parts of the pistol, including the slide stop, safety lock, grip safety, and hammer. The magazine is inserted into the grip and is released by depressing the magazine catch. In the near future, the Navy is planning to begin replacing the current standard issue handgun with a 9-millimeter pistol.

103-116

UNIT 103 LESSON 9

INFORMATION SHEET

SLIDE FRONT SIGHT

REAR SIGHT HAMMER SAFETY LOCK GRIP SAFETY

SLIDE STOP RECEIVER TRIGGER MAGAZINE CATCH GRIP MAGAZINE

Figure 103-9-1. .45-Caliber Pistol Reference NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. B. LOADING/UNLOADING, SAFETY AND CLEARING (103.38) Loading - Loading the .45-cal. pistol and making it ready to fire requires the three following steps: 1.

Insert the loaded magazine into the grip until it snaps into position.

103-117

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INFORMATION SHEET

2.

Pull the slide to the rear and release to strip the first round from the magazine and chamber it.

3.

Push the safety lock to the safe position.

Unloading - Unloading involves removing the magazine and any round in the chamber and then uncocking the hammer. To unload the weapon complete the following steps: 1.

Push the magazine catch to release and remove the magazine.

2.

Pull the slide to the rear to clear the weapon. Inspect the chamber visually, or by feel if it is dark, to be sure it is cleared. If the weapon is being acquired, it must be verified safe. It is only considered safe when the slide is locked in the open position, the magazine is removed, and the chamber is empty.

3.

Depress the slide stop to allow the slide to go forward. Then pull the trigger to allow the hammer to fall while the weapon is at the raised pistol position and pointed in a safe direction. This step also applies when the weapon is being returned to storage or being holstered after being unloaded.

Safety - Safety must be observed at all times when using any weapon. The .45-cal. pistol must be handled carefully and never pointed at anyone except the enemy in an actual combat situation. An operational check of all three positive safeties should be made before loading the weapon. Clearing - Clearing this weapon must be performed before a change in custody and always before daily preventive maintenance is performed. It must always be assumed that the weapon is loaded until it has been thoroughly examined and found to contain no ammunition. References FM 23-35, Combat Training with Pistols and Revolvers, chapter 2. NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4. 103-118

UNIT 103 LESSON 9 C.

INFORMATION SHEET

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.39)

Table 103-9-1 summarizes some of the capabilities and characteristics of the .45-caliber pistol. FEATURES

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Length

8 5/8 inches (219 millimeters)

Weight - with empty magazine - with full magazine

2.4 pounds (1.09 kilograms) 3 pounds (1.36 kilograms)

Maximum range

1,640 yards (1,500 meters)

Maximum effective range

55 yards (50 meters)

Muzzle velocity

830 feet per second (253 meters per second)

Magazine capacity

7 rounds Table 103-9-1. Characteristics

Safeties -There are three positive safeties on the .45-cal. pistol. The two manual safeties are the safety lock (sometimes called the thumb safe) and the half-cock notch on the hammer. The automatic safety is the grip safety. A fourth safety device is the disconnector, which forms a linkage between the trigger and the sear. It prevents firing if the slide is not fully forward. However, the disconnector is not considered a positive safety since its actual purpose is to enable the pistol to fire semiautomatically and cannot be controlled by the person firing. References FM 23-35, Combat Training with Pistols and Revolvers, chapters 1 and 2. NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4.

103-119

UNIT 103 LESSON 9

INFORMATION SHEET

SUMMARY The .45-caliber pistol is a semiautomatic, recoil-operated, magazine-fed, hand weapon that fires one round each time the trigger is pulled. It is loaded by inserting a filled magazine, pulling back and releasing the slide, and placing the safety lock on. It is unloaded by removing the magazine, pulling back the slide and checking the chamber, and then releasing the slide and pulling the trigger to let the hammer fall. Ensure the pistol is cleared and operational safety checks are performed before loading the weapon. The overall length of the pistol is 8 5/8 inches (219 millimeters) and its empty weight is 2.4 pounds (1.1 kilograms). With a muzzle velocity of 830 feet per second (253 meters per second), it has a maximum range of 1,640 yards (1,500 meters) and an effective range of 55 yards (50 meters). The weapon has three positive safeties and a magazine capacity of seven rounds.

103-120

UNIT 103 LESSON 9 .45-CALIBER PISTOL

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.37 through 103.39 For items 1 through 8, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

What major component group of the pistol contains most of its working parts? a. b. c. d.

2.

Slide Receiver Grip Magazine

In which order, from first to last, is the pistol loaded and then unloaded? A. B. C. D. E. F. a. b. c. d.

3.

B, C, E, A,

Insert magazine Push safety lock to safe position Clear the weapon and inspect the chamber Allow slide to go forward and pull the trigger Remove magazine Pull slide to the rear and release to chamber round A, A, D, F,

C, B, A, B,

E, E, C, E,

D, F, B, C,

F D F D

What is the length, in inches, of the pistol? a. b. c. d.

6 7 8 9

3/8 5/8 5/8 3/8

103-121

UNIT 103 LESSON 9 4.

What is the weight, in pounds, of the pistol with the magazine empty? a. b. c. d.

5.

30 55 75 90

What is the muzzle velocity, in feet per second, of the pistol? a. b. c. d.

8.

1,000 1,250 1,640 1,750

What is the maximum effective range, in yards, of the pistol? a. b. c. d.

7.

2.4 2.9 3.0 3.5

What is the maximum range, in yards, of the pistol? a. b. c. d.

6.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

640 780 830 920

How many cartridges can the magazine of the pistol hold? a. b. c. d.

Five Seven Eight Nine

103-122

UNIT 103 LESSON 9

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Complete item 9 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 9.

List the three positive safeties on the pistol.

103-123 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 10 5.56-MM M16A1 RIFLE

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.40 DESCRIBE THE 5.56-MM M16A1 RIFLE.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.41 DESCRIBE HOW THE WEAPON IS HELD WHEN FIRED.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.42 DISCUSS LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.43 STATE THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5.56-MM M16A1 RIFLE: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

LENGTH WEIGHT MAXIMUM RANGE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE MUZZLE VELOCITY SAFETIES MAGAZINE CAPACITY TYPES OF AMMUNITION RATES OF FIRE MODES OF FIRE

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UNIT 103 LESSON 10

INFORMATION SHEET

INTRODUCTION A large part of the Seabee's occupation is the defense of their construction projects. Most of the time, this defense will be as a member of a unit or as a team leader. However, having to fight alone is always a possibility. Acquiring the knowledge and skill to safely handle the 5.56-mm M161A rifle is vital to one's own safety as well as the safety of others. Every firearm in use by the Navy has some built-in safety device. Some have more than one. This lesson provides a general description of the 5.56-mm M16A1 rifle, how the rifle is held when fired, and the loading/unloading procedures. Also provided are the capabilities and characteristics of this weapon. PQS sub-item 103.43f was rearranged in this lesson. This was done to improve the informational flow of the affected items and to aid student learning. It does not in any way affect PQS requirements.

INFORMATION A. DESCRIPTION (103.40) The 5.56-millimeter (mm) M16A1 rifle (figure 103-10-1) is a lightweight, gasoperated, magazine-fed, air-cooled, shoulder fired weapon. Figure 103-10-1 depicts left and right side views showing the components of the M16A1 rifle. In the left side view, these components include: flash suppressor, handguard, slip-ring, carrying handle, charging handle, selector lever, bolt catch, and the magazine. In the right side view, the components include: stock, rubber recoil pad, forward assist assembly, rear sight drum, ejection port (dust cover), front sight assembly, bayonet stud, upper sling swivel, sling, magazine release button, trigger, trigger guard, pistol grip, and the rear sling swivel. The M16A1 is designed for either semiautomatic or fully automatic fire using a selector lever. When the selector lever is pointed forward, the weapon is on the safe setting and considered safe. However, if the hammer is not cocked, the selector cannot be pointed toward safe. Rotating the selector straight up selects semiautomatic fire. In this mode, one round is fired with each trigger pull.

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INFORMATION SHEET

Rotating the selector to point to the rear selects automatic fire. In this mode, the weapon will continue to fire as long as the trigger is held or until the magazine is emptied.

SLIP-RING CARRYING CHARGING HANDLE HANDLE HANDGUARD

FLASH SUPPRESSOR

SELECTOR LEVER

MAGAZINE

RUBBER FORWARD REAR SIGHT DRUM RECOIL ASSIST PAD ASSEMBLY

BOLT CATCH EJECTION PORT (DUST COVER)

FRONT SIGHT ASSEMBLY

BAYONET STUD

STOCK REAR SLING SWIVEL

UPPER SLING SLING MAGAZINE TRIGGER SWIVEL RELEASE PISTOL TRIGGER BUTTON GRIP GUARD

Figure 103-10-1. M16A1 Rifle The rifle barrel is covered by two aluminum-lined fiberglass hand guards. These hand guards have notches to permit air to circulate around the barrel and to protect the gas tube. The 5.56-mm M16A1 cartridge compares in diameter to a .22-caliber cartridge. The rifle is designed to accommodate the M203 40-mm grenade launcher and M7 bayonet knife.

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INFORMATION SHEET

A unique feature of this rifle is that both sights are adjustable. The front sight is adjusted for elevation (range); the rear sight is adjusted for deflection (windage). One click on either sight represents a change in the bullet impact point of approximately 1.1 inches (2.8 centimeters) per 110 yards (100 meters) of range. The M16A2 has recently been introduced to the fleet with several product improvements over the M16A1. The M16A2 has a maximum effective range of 880 yards (800 meters) compared to 505 yards (460 meters) for the M16A1. The front sight post is now square instead of round, making it easier to see. The M16A2 will no longer fire fully automatic. It will only fire three rounds per burst in the burst mode. Left-handed shooters have some protection from injury with a built-in brass deflector located at the rear of the ejection port. The stock of the M16A2 is 5/8 inch (16 millimeters) longer than the M16A1, making it more comfortable and easier to handle. References FM 23-9, M16A1 and M16A2 Rifle Marksmanship, chapter 2. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4. B. HOLDING THE WEAPON (103.41)

The rifle may be fired from either the right shoulder or left shoulder and from any of the four standard positions. These positions are prone, sitting, kneeling, or standing. If the weapon is fired from the left shoulder, there is the possibility of being injured by the hot cartridges being ejected from the right side of the weapon. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the following discussion on how the M16A1 is held and fired will be for the right-handed Seabee. A left-handed individual can reverse hand directions for these procedures. A correct shooting position is essential to obtaining the best results. There may be some initial difficulty or discomfort in assuming a correct position. Once the muscles are limbered up, the positions will feel both comfortable and steady. The four standard positions have been selected as the result of experience. Excellent results have been produced by Seabees of all physical types. 103-128

UNIT 103 LESSON 10

INFORMATION SHEET

Prone - This position (figure 103-10-2), is a steady position that is easy to assume and excellent for initial training. In the field, this position presents a low silhouette. However, observation from this position is difficult. To assume this position, the Seabee should face the line of fire (target), spread the feet a comfortable distance apart, and drop to the knees. Using the butt of the rifle as a pivot, place the left elbow on the ground close to the side of the magazine. The butt of the rifle stock is placed firmly against the right shoulder. The person firing grasps the pistol grip with the right hand and lowers the right elbow to the ground. The shooter then adjusts the position of the right elbow until the shoulders are level. The feet must be kept well apart and the legs relaxed. The toes should not be dug in.

Figure 103-10-2. Prone Position

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Sitting - This position (figure 103-10-3) has three variations: open leg, cross leg, and cross ankle. For steadiness, the open leg position is second only to the prone position. This position is especially suited on ground that slopes downward. To assume this position, the body is faced about 45º to the line of fire. The legs are spread apart to a comfortable distance, and the heels are dug into the ground slightly to prevent slipping. The left elbow is placed far down on the side of the left shinbone. In general, the farther down the left elbow is on the shinbone, the steadier the shooter will be. When firing, the back should be bent well forward. The left elbow should be situated directly under the rifle, and the butt of the stock held firmly against the right shoulder.

Figure 103-10-3. Sitting Position

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INFORMATION SHEET

Kneeling - This position (figure 103-10-4) is a natural position and can be assumed quickly. It is suitable for use on level ground or on ground that slopes upward. It places the Seabee high enough to see over small brush and provides a stable firing position. The left elbow should be pushed forward of the left knee so that the upper arm is resting on a flat portion of the knee to provide stability. The right foot can be placed in any comfortable position.

Figure 103-10-4. Kneeling Position

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INFORMATION SHEET

Standing - This position (figure 103-10-5) is used to engage surprise targets that appear at close ranges. Normally, this position is used when firing at targets less than 100 yards (91 meters) in range or when the shooter is constantly firing and moving. To assume the standing position, the Seabee faces the target, executes a facing movement to the right side, and spreads the feet a comfortable distance apart. With the right hand on the pistol grip and the left hand on either the upper handguard or the bottom of the magazine, the shooter places the butt of the rifle in the pocket formed by the right shoulder so that the sights are level with the eyes. The Seabee shifts the feet until aiming naturally at the target with the weight of the body evenly distributed. The standing position is the least stable of the four standard firing positions. However, additional support for any portion of the body or rifle will improve stability.

Figure 103-10-5. Standing Position 103-132

UNIT 103 LESSON 10

INFORMATION SHEET

References FM 23-9, M16A1 and M16A2 Rifle Marksmanship, chapter 3. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4. C. LOADING/UNLOADING PROCEDURES (103.42) Loading - The following steps should be followed to load the M16A1 rifle: 1.

Cock the rifle by pulling back on the charging handle and locking the bolt open with the bolt catch as shown in figure 103-10-6. The bolt catch is like a toggle. The bolt is locked open by pressing in the bottom part of the catch and slowly easing the bolt forward until it catches. Then return the charging handle to the forward position.

CHARGING HANDLE

BOLT CATCH

Figure 103-10-6. Bolt Catch and Charging Handle 2.

Place the selector lever on safe.

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INFORMATION SHEET

3.

Insert a loaded magazine into the magazine feedway and push upward until the magazine catch engages and holds the magazine. The magazine may be loaded with the bolt and bolt carrier open or closed. However, loading with the bolt open reduces the possibility of first round stoppage.

4.

Rap the bottom of the magazine sharply to ensure positive retention.

5.

If the action is open, release the bolt by pressing the top part of the bolt catch, thereby allowing the bolt to close, chambering a cartridge.

6.

If the bolt fails to close fully, strike the forward assist with the heel of the right hand to ensure positive retention.

7.

To fire, turn the selector lever from its safe position to either the semiautomatic or automatic position.

Unloading - The following are the proper steps for clearing (unloading) the M16A1: 1.

Place the selector lever on SAFE. If the selector lever cannot be moved to SAFE the weapon is not cocked. Do not cock the weapon at this time, instead go to the next step.

2.

Press the magazine release button (figure 103-10-7) and remove the magazine by pulling it straight out of the weapon.

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UNIT 103 LESSON 10

INFORMATION SHEET

MAGAZINE RELEASE BUTTON

MAGAZINE

Figure 103-10-7. Removing the Magazine 3.

Pull the charging handle to the rear and lock the bolt open.

4.

Inspect the chamber and receiver areas, by looking through the ejection port, to ensure they are clear of ammunition.

5.

The rifle is clear only when no round is in the chamber, the magazine is out, the bolt carrier is to the rear, and the selector lever is on the safe setting.

References FM 23-9, M16A1 and M16A2 Rifle Marksmanship, chapter 2. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4.

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UNIT 103 LESSON 10

INFORMATION SHEET

D. CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS (103.43) Table 103-10-1 summarizes some of the capabilities and characteristics of the M16/M16A1 rifle. FEATURES

CAPABILITIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Length

39 inches (99 centimeters) with flash suppressor installed

Weight - unloaded - fully loaded (30 rounds)

6.55 pounds (2.97 kilograms) 7.9 pounds (3.6 kilograms)

Maximum range

2,900 yards (2,653 meters)

Maximum effective range

505 yards (460 meters)

Muzzle velocity

3,250 feet per second (990 meters per second)

Magazine capacity

20 or 30 5.56-mm cartridges, depending on type

Types of ammunition

Ball M193, Tracer M196, Dummy M199, or Blank M200

Rates of fire - semiautomatic - automatic

45 to 65 rounds per minute 150 to 200 rounds per minute

Table 103-10-1. Characteristics Modes of Fire - The rifle has two modes of fire: semiautomatic and automatic selected by the selector lever located on the left side of the receiver. In the semiautomatic mode, the rifle will fire each time the trigger is pulled. In the full automatic mode, the weapon will continue to fire as long as the trigger is pulled and ammunition is available.

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INFORMATION SHEET

Safeties - The safety provides a positive lock of the firing mechanism. It is a function of the selector lever and is located near the trigger guard assembly. When the selector lever is moved forward to the safe position, the weapon cannot fire. The selector lever can only be positioned to safe when the weapon is cocked. References FM 23-9, Ml6A1 and M16A2 Rifle Marksmanship, chapter 2. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 4.

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INFORMATION SHEET

SUMMARY The M16A1 rifle is a lightweight, gas-operated, magazine-fed, air-cooled, shoulder fired weapon. The rife is designed to accommodate the M203 40-mm grenade launcher and the M7 bayonet knife. A correct shooting position is essential in obtaining the best results. The four standard firing positions are prone, sitting, kneeling, and standing. These positions have been found to produce excellent results and provide comfortable and steady shooting. In discussing the weapon's loading procedures, the following sequence of steps was covered: opening the bolt to cock the gun, placing the selector lever to safe, inserting the magazine, and closing the bolt to chamber a round. Unloading procedures covered the following sequence of steps: placing the selector lever to safe, removing the magazine, locking the bolt open, and inspecting the chamber and receiver to ensure there is no ammunition, thus clearing the rifle. The lesson concluded by stating the capabilities and characteristics of the weapon. The weapon's length is 39 inches (99 centimeters) and it weights 7.9 pounds (3.6 kilograms) fully loaded with 30 round magazine. Its maximum range is about 2,900 yards (2,643 meters) with a maximum effective range of 505 yards (460 meters). The muzzle velocity is 3,250 feet per second (990 meters per second). The magazine has a capacity of either 20 or 30 rounds of ammunition. The weapon uses Ball M193, Tracer M196, Dummy M199, and Blank M200 ammunition. The rates of fire for the weapon are 45 to 65 rounds per minute in the semiautomatic mode and 150 to 200 rounds per minute in the automatic mode. The weapon's safety is a selector lever that is positioned to the safe or fire positions.

103-138

UNIT 103 LESSON 10 5.56-MM M16A1 RIFLE

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.40 through 103.43 For items 1 through 7, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

Which of the following phrases best describes the rifle? a. b. c. d.

2.

When loading the rifle, which of the following actions should be taken first? a. b. c. d.

3.

Recoil-operated, air-cooled, magazine-fed Recoil-operated, air-cooled, clip-fed Gas-operated, air-cooled, magazine-fed Gas-operated, water-cooled, clip- or magazine-fed

Place selector lever on safe Push the charging handle forward Insert a loaded magazine into the magazine feedway and rap the bottom of the magazine sharply Cock the rifle by pulling back on the charging handle and locking the bolt open with the bolt catch

When unloading the rifle, which of the following actions should be taken first? a. b. c. d.

Lock the bolt carrier to the rear Pull the charging handle to the rear Push the charging handle forward Place selector lever on safe

103-139

UNIT 103 LESSON 10 4.

What is the maximum ammunition capacity of the magazine for the rifle? a. b. c. d.

5.

15 25 30 40

When the rifle is fired in the semiautomatic mode, what is the maximum effective rate of fire in rounds per minute? a. b. c. d.

6.

12 20 45 70

to to to to

15 40 65 90

Of the ammunition listed, which are used in the M16A1 rifle? A. B. C. D. a. b. c. d.

7.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Ball M193 Tracer M196 Dummy M199 Blank M200

A and B only B and C only A, B, and C only A, B, C, and D

What is the muzzle velocity, in feet per second, of the rifle? a. b. c. d.

270 870 3,250 4,000

103-140

UNIT 103 LESSON 10

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 8 through 11, match the features in column A with the capability or characteristic listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A 8.

Length

9.

Maximum range

COLUMN B

10. Weight fully loaded 11. Maximum effective range

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

505 yards 15 pounds 2,900 yards 39 inches 7.9 pounds 1,600 yards 45 inches

Complete items 12 through 14 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 12. The M16A1 safety selector lever can only be positioned to safe when the weapon is . 13. The modes of fire for the rifle are . 14. To obtain the best results when firing the rifle, it is essential to assume a/an .

103-141 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 11 GRENADES

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.44 DESCRIBE THE FIVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRENADES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.45 DISCUSS HAND GRENADE SAFETY PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.46 FRAGMENTATION AND CHEMICAL HAND GRENADES ARE USED PRIMARILY AGAINST WHAT TYPE OF TARGETS?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.47 WHEN, IF EVER, CAN THE SAFETY PIN OF THE MK 1 ILLUMINATING GRENADE, BE REPLACED?

INTRODUCTION Hand grenades are nothing more than small bombs containing explosives or chemicals that can be thrown by hand or rigged as booby traps. Since the Seabee job site may often be in an unfriendly area, the need to be familiar with the various types of grenades and how they might be used in a particular situation becomes obvious. It is of equal importance to know the safety features and precautions to observe when using hand grenades.

103-143

UNIT 103 LESSON 11

INFORMATION SHEET

INFORMATION A. GRENADE TYPES (103.44) There are many kinds of hand grenades designed for different purposes. All of these grenades can be broadly classified into five general types: fragmentation, illumination, chemical, incendiary, and practice and training. Fragmentation - These grenades (figure 103-11-1) are used to produce casualties by the high velocity fragments of the grenade fuse and body being hurled in all directions when exploded. The M67/M26 fragmentation grenade is the standard grenade used by the Seabees. It has a smooth sheet metal body and is shaped like a ball. Its outer case is lined on the inside with a serrated wire coil. It is filled with 6.5 ounces (184 grams) of Composition B explosive and uses a detonating type fuse. The grenade weighs 14 ounces (397 grams) and can be thrown approximately 44 yards (40 meters) by the average well-trained Seabee. The effective casualtyproducing radius is 16 yards (15 meters).

Figure 103-11-1. Fragmentation Grenade

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UNIT 103 LESSON 11

INFORMATION SHEET

Illuminating - Illuminating grenades (figure 103-11-2) are used mainly to light up the terrain in night operations. The Mk 1 is the only illuminating grenade currently available. It provides about 55,000 candlepower for a period of 25 seconds. The Mk 1 grenade may also be used as an incendiary grenade to start fires in dry leaves or grass. The two halves of the body are sealed together. If they are separated by the burning of the illuminating charge, they can project with considerable velocity. Friendly forces should take cover until the illumination can be seen.

Figure 103-11-2. Mk 1 Illuminating Grenade

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UNIT 103 LESSON 11

INFORMATION SHEET

Chemical - These grenades are chemical filled munitions designed to be thrown by the individual or projected from the service rifle using a special adapter. Perhaps the most commonly used chemical grenade is the ABC-M25A2, riot control hand grenade (figure 103-11-3). This special purpose munition is filled with a type of tear gas chemical that causes irritation and watering eyes. Temporary, partial, or total blindness may result. The body of the grenade is spherical and is made of plastic. It contains about 3.5 ounces (99 grams) of the chemical mixture and weighs 7.5 ounces (213 grams). This riot control grenade does not have a safety lever as do other grenades. Keeping thumb pressure on the top of the arming sleeve will prevent the grenade from activating after the pin is removed. Personnel using these grenades should wear protective gas masks.

Figure 103-11-3. Riot Control Grenade

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INFORMATION SHEET

Another type of chemical grenade is the smoke grenade (figure 103-11-4). Smoke grenades are cylindrical in shape and weigh about 27 ounces (765 grams). They can be thrown about 40 yards (37 meters) with an effective casualty radius of nearly 30 yards (27 meters). The M34 or the M15 white phosphorous smoke hand grenade contains a filler of about 12 ounces (340 grams) of white phosphorous and is serrated to break up easily when detonated. Smoke grenades are also available in other colors of smoke produced, such as red, green, and yellow. The M18 colored smoke grenades are generally used for signaling. Screening and marking smoke grenades have a light green body with the colored smoke further identified by a corresponding colored band.

Figure 103-11-4. Smoke Grenade

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INFORMATION SHEET

Incendiary - Incendiary grenades like the AN-M14 incendiary Thermite (TH) hand grenade (figure 103-11-5) are used to ignite combustible materials and to destroy all types of equipment. This TH grenade is cylindrical in shape and weighs 32 ounces (900 grams). It contains a filler of 26.5 ounces (751 grams) of thermite mixture. It uses an igniting delay fuse that sets fire to the thermite. The thermite burns at a temperature of about 4,300 ºF. A portion of the filler changes into molten iron that flows out of the grenade and produces intense heat over a small area. It will burn through about 1/4 inch of steel and will weld iron or steel machinery parts together when the molten iron flows between them.

Figure 103-11-5. Incendiary Grenade

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INFORMATION SHEET

Practice and Training - These grenades (figure 103-11-6) are used for training personnel in the care, handling, and use of hand grenades before using service grenades. Practice grenades simulate the functioning of service grenades to provide realism in training. Training grenades are completely inert and do not function in any way.

Figure 103-11-6. Practice and Training Grenade References NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 7. NAVSEA SW050-AB-MMA-010, Pyrotechnic, Screening, Marking, and Countermeasure Devices, chapter 5. NAVSEA SW060-AA-MMA-010, Demolition Materials, chapter 7. B. SAFETY PROCEDURES (103.45) Hand grenade safety precautions must be observed by everyone who handles and/or throws any and all types, and by other persons who may be within the grenade's danger area. 103-149

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INFORMATION SHEET

Anyone within the danger area of a casualty-producing grenade (about 55 yards or 50 meters) must wear a steel helmet. When the safety pin is pulled, the safety lever or arming device should be held down firmly until it is thrown. Once the spring loaded safety lever is forced free, a striker hits the primer and initiates the chain reaction that results in the functioning of the grenade. No hand grenades, other than fuzed practice grenades, will be defuzed by any person except qualified and authorized ordnance maintenance personnel. The recovery and handling of dud grenades must be left to personnel experienced in ordnance disposal. Duds should not be tampered with. At least a 30-minute waiting period should be observed before approaching a chemical grenade dud. The safety pin of a grenade shall not be removed unless it is to be thrown immediately. In training, once the safety pin is removed, it must not be placed back into the grenade. The grenade must be thrown. If a casualty-producing grenade is accidentally dropped after pulling the safety pin, GRENADE should be shouted to alert other personnel in the area and the grenade must be picked up and thrown into a safe area. If the dropped grenade is armed with an impact-detonating fuse, it shall be picked up. Under no circumstances will the grenade be kicked since any sudden jarring of the grenade after the arming delay is expended will cause detonation. Under no circumstances should a grenade be attached to the clothing by the pull ring. This can easily result in the safety pin being accidentally removed from the grenade. The safety lever of a chemical hand grenade, other than the ABC-M25A2, should not be released before the grenade is thrown because of its extremely short time-delay period. Riot control and smoke hand grenades should not be used in a closed area and not within 5 yards (4.6 meters) of personnel. When handling chemical type grenades, no one should approach closer than 11 yards (10 meters) while it burns. Nor should anyone look directly into the thermite mixture since it may cause temporary blindness or even permanent eye damage. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 7. 103-150

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C. FRAGMENTATION AND CHEMICAL GRENADE TARGETS (103.46) Fragmentation grenades are designed to inflict personnel casualties and damage to light equipment by projecting high velocity fragments from the detonated grenade case. The effective casualty-producing radius is about 50 feet (15 meters). The effective casualty radius of a hand grenade is defined as the radius of a circular area around the point of detonation within which at least 50 percent of the exposed personnel will become casualties. Chemical grenades are designed to produce different results and are effectively used against personnel for different purposes. Chemical grenades are used for producing casualties, signaling, riot control, as well as booby traps. The White Phosphorous (WP) grenade is considered a casualty-producing grenade. In addition to producing dense smoke, the WP particles will burst into flame when in contact with air. The effective casualty radius is about 80 feet (25 meters), however particles of phosphorous may be spread up to 100 feet (30 meters). The riot control hand grenade, as its name implies, is used to control or break-up groups of people who may be unruly. It is also effective in encouraging personnel to leave a covered or enclosed position. The radius of the burst is nearly 20 feet (6 meters), but plastic fragments sometimes fly as far as 90 feet (27 meters). Effective portions of the agent may be carried downwind as far as 110 yards (100 meters). Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 7. D. ILLUMINATION GRENADE SAFETY PIN REPLACEMENT (103.47) Once the safety pin of the Mk 1 illuminating grenade has been removed, the grenade is armed and must be thrown. Do not attempt to replace the safety pin in order to return it to a safe position. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 7.

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SUMMARY Fragmentation hand grenades produce casualties by hurling fragments of the grenade and fuse in all directions when they explode. The M67 is the standard fragmentation grenade used by the Seabees. The Mk 1 illuminating grenade must be thrown once the safety pin is removed. Chemical grenades are used for a variety of purposes, one commonly used is the ABC-M25A1 riot control tear gas grenade. Other chemical type grenades are smoke producing like the M18 which produces different colored smoke for signaling. The M34 white phosphorous smoke grenade is casualty producing. Incendiary grenades such as the AN-M14 use extremely high temperatures to destroy equipment. Learning how to properly use grenades takes practice. Training grenades simulate the real thing but do not place inexperienced personnel in danger. Hand grenades are dangerous weapons if not handled properly. It is very important to observe all applicable safety precautions both by the thrower and others in the immediate area.

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UNIT 103 LESSON 11 GRENADES

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.44 through 103.47 For items 1 through 6, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

For which of the following purposes are fragmentation grenades used? a. b. c. d.

2.

Which of the following grenades does NOT have a safety lever? a. b. c. d.

3.

Fragmentation Riot control Incendiary Smoke

Which of the following grenades MUST be thrown after the safety pin is pulled? a. b. c. d.

4.

Inflict personnel casualties Control riots Illuminate terrain Training

White phosphorous Incendiary Illuminating Fragmentation

Which of the following grenades is used to destroy equipment? a. b. c. d.

White phosphorous Incendiary Illuminating Fragmentation

103-153

UNIT 103 LESSON 11 5.

What is the minimum prescribed waiting period, in minutes, before a dud chemical grenade should be approached? a. b. c. d.

6.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

10 15 20 30

Which of the following types of grenades is commonly used as an effective means of dispersing an unruly crowd? a. b. c. d.

Fragmentation Illuminating Incendiary Chemical

For items 7 through 11, match the functions in column A with the grenade listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A 7.

Fragmentation

8.

Illuminating

9.

Riot control

COLUMN B a. b. c. d. e. f.

10. White phosphorous 11. Colored smoke

103-154

Mk 1 M67 AN-M14 ABC-M25A2 M18 M34

UNIT 103 LESSON 11

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Complete items 12 through 14 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 12. Grenades used to simulate the functioning of service grenades are called . 13. Grenades that are completely inert and do not function in any way are called . 14. Any handler or thrower of a casualty-producing grenade must wear a/an .

103-155 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 LESSON 12 M18A1 CLAYMORE MINE

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.48 DESCRIBE THE M18A1 CLAYMORE MINE.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.49 DISCUSS THE PLACEMENT, ARMING AND THE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF THE CLAYMORE MINE.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 103.50 DESCRIBE THE COVERAGE AND METHODS OF FIRE.

INTRODUCTION A land mine is a concealed explosive charge placed in an area where it can be detonated by contact with enemy personnel, vehicles, or by electrical means. Detonation can be initiated by pressure, pull, or electrical action. Mines that are fired by electrical means use a remote-control firing device of the type used for blasting in construction. This lesson describes the M18A1 Claymore antipersonnel mine. Coverage and methods of fire and placement, arming, and safety requirements are also discussed. It is essential that all Seabees be adequately trained to protect themselves from enemy mines and to employ mines against an enemy.

103-157

UNIT 103 LESSON 12

INFORMATION SHEET

INFORMATION A. DESCRIPTION (103.48) The M18A1 Claymore antipersonnel mine (figure 103-12-1) is currently the only mine authorized for use by the Seabees. It is an electrically controlled, one-shot weapon designed primarily for use against massed infantry attacks. It is also used to support or supplement other weapons employed by the unit. The directional, fixed-fragmentation mine is equipped with a fixed plastic, slit-type sight, adjustable legs, and two detonator wells. The mine is 8 1/2 inches (216 millimeters) long, 1 3/8 inches (35 millimeters) wide, 3 1/4 inches (83 millimeters) high, and weighs about 3 1/2 pounds (1.6 kilograms). The outer surface is a curved rectangular, olive drab, molded plastic case. The front portion of the case has a fragmentation face containing steel spheres embedded in a plastic enclosure. The back portion of the case contains 1 1/2 pounds (680 grams) of Composition C4 explosive.

BACK M13A1 APERS MINE LOT – – – DATE - - - TO

T Y ON M FR ENE RD WA

Figure 103-12-1. Claymore Mine

103-158

UNIT 103 LESSON 12

INFORMATION SHEET

This mine and all its accessories are carried in the M7 bandoleer (figure 103-122). One M57 firing device is provided with each mine. This device is a handheld pulse generator that, with a squeeze of the handle, produces a double 3-volt electrical pulse of sufficient energy to fire the electric blasting cap. Also provided with the mine is an electric blasting cap M4 with 100 feet (31 meters) of firing wire, insulating tape, and an M40 test set to test the circuit for continuity. An instruction sheet is attached to the flap of the M7 bandoleer. This instruction sheet contains information on positioning, aiming, arming, testing, and firing the Claymore mine.

TH IS CONT FIELD PA ELEC AINS M CK SET TR IC AL 40 TEST

INSTRUCTION

FRONT ENEMY TOWARD

CLAYMORE MINE

hh r hrhb eget doloshb ethh sum dolobeg b eg m ipiriureeebb dolosh Lolre eum vh eg m iriure m ve dbeg l eu beg ve b m eb hb ege r hr vh lo do eg sum db m ip e Lore t am lor siaerg m dodolo t ame ipsu ure lor siea rg relmeum iri Love m do dolo su 1. m ure ip 2. Lorelmeum iri 3. m ve v hbmfwiriw 4. lor hr l eushbytb sudo lo un th m ve hb m m ip re do r hr loeu Lore m biri brtry l losh srnr m do ve mre do

SHEET ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP BANDOLEER INSULATING TAPE FIRING DEVICE

TEST SET

Figure 103-12-2. M7 Bandoleer and Contents

103-159

UNIT 103 LESSON 12

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 7. B. PLACEMENT, ARMING, AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS (103.49) Placement - When detonated, the M18A1 mine will project steel spheres over a 60º fan-shaped pattern approximately 6 feet (1.8 meters) high and 164 feet (50 meters) wide to an optimum effective range of 55 yards (50 meters). These steel fragments are moderately effective up to a range of approximately 110 yards (100 meters) and can travel up to 275 yards (250 meters). The optimum effective range is the range at which the most desirable balance is achieved between lethality and area coverage. This mine should be positioned so as to afford all friendly personnel, within 110 yards (100 meters) to the rear and sides of the mine, the opportunity to take adequate cover. The minimum safe firing distance for personnel undercover, such as in a fox hole (below ground level), is 16 yards (15 meters). The legs of the mine are opened and spread apart to lie to the front and back. The mine is aimed by sighting through the fixed slit-type plastic sight on a point 8 feet (2.4 meters) high at a distance of 50 yards (46 meters), or other alternative points shown on the instruction sheet. When the desired line-of-sight is achieved the legs are pressed firmly into the ground. Rechecking the aim is necessary afterward. Arming - After the M18A1 mine is positioned and properly aimed, it is armed by first opening the blasting cap assembly and unrolling the wire from either the firing position or the mine. The wire is secured by wrapping a few turns of wire around a leg of the mine and burying it, if possible. The blasting cap is inserted in either detonator well and locked with the shipping plug-primer adaptor. The aim of the mine should be checked again after the Claymore mine is armed. Safety - Before attaching the firing device directly, the circuit should be checked for continuity with the test set provided to ensure that the mine will function at the desired time. The firing device has a safety bail with two positions. In the upper (safe) position, it acts as a block between the firing handle and the generator. In the lower (fire) position, it allows the generator to be activated. The instructions provided with the M7 bandoleer should be carefully followed by anyone using these mines. 103-160

UNIT 103 LESSON 12

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 7. C. COVERAGE AND METHODS OF FIRE (103.50) Coverage - Since the M18A1 can only be fired once, fire discipline is of major importance. The mine should not be used against single personnel targets. Instead, it should be used for its intended purpose, massed personnel. When lead elements of an enemy formation approach within approximately 22 to 33 yards (20 to 30 meters) of the mine, it should be detonated. Effective coverage of the entire front of a position can be accomplished by placing the mines in a line no closer together than 5 1/2 yards (5 meters) and no farther apart than 50 yards (45 meters). A preferred separation distance, on either side and to the rear, is approximately 27 yards (25 meters). Methods of Fire - Methods of firing the M18A1 mine can be in either an uncontrolled or a controlled role. An uncontrolled mine is essentially a booby trap. This use by Seabees is not authorized. In a controlled role, the operator detonates the mine as the enemy approaches within the killing zone. By using either an electrical or a non-electrical firing system, the operator can control detonation. In almost all cases, mines employed by Seabees will be fired electrically with the M57 firing device. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 7.

103-161

UNIT 103 LESSON 12

INFORMATION SHEET

SUMMARY The M18A1 Claymore antipersonnel mine is the only mine authorized for use by the Naval Construction Force. Personnel who encounter any other types of mines should neither attempt to disarm, employ, nor handle them in any manner. If they are located in the field, they should be clearly marked and the location provided to the battalion security officer or authorized ordnance disposal personnel. The M18A1 mine is an electrically controlled one-shot explosive device used primarily to inflict casualties by propelling steel spheres at a high velocity against an infantry attack. It is designed to spread these steel spheres over a wide area and for a considerable distance. It is carried in a M7 bandoleer with all required accessories including an instruction sheet. When positioning the mine, it is important to consider the proximity of friendly personnel and the cover they may be afforded. A recheck of the aim is often required during pre-firing preparations since only a small amount of movement can cause a large deviation in the coverage. To ensure proper circuit functioning, the mine is tested with the test set provided. The safety on the firing device is a two position bail that provides a block on the firing handle when it is in the up position and allows firing when moved down. Since the mine is a one-shot device, it should be used for maximum effectiveness. When placed at proper intervals the killing zone can be as flexible as the situation requires.

103-162

UNIT 103 LESSON 12 M18A1 CLAYMORE MINE

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 103.48 through 103.50 For items 1 through 9, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

The outer case of the mine is constructed of a. b. c. d.

2.

When the Claymore mine is detonated, what type of fragments are projected at the enemy? a. b. c. d.

3.

Aluminum spheres Steel spheres Plastic rods Steel rods

What type of explosive is used in the mine? a. b. c. d.

4.

aluminum. steel. plastic. rubber.

TNT Composition B RD Composition C4

The mine is carried in a a. b. c. d.

bandoleer. metal case. firing device. backpack.

103-163

UNIT 103 LESSON 12 5.

The M57 firing device is activated by a. b. c. d.

6.

binoculars. aiming posts. front and rear sights. a fixed slit-type plastic sight.

What is the minimum safe firing distance, in yards, for friendly personnel in a fox hole? a. b. c. d.

9.

35 45 55 65

The mine is aimed by sighting through a. b. c. d.

8.

batteries. the firing switch. squeezing the handle. radio control.

What is the optimum effective range, in yards, of the mine? a. b. c. d.

7.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

16 26 36 46

Which of the following describes the dispersal of the fragments when the mine is detonated? a. b. c. d.

Straight line Fan-shaped pattern Randomly In all directions

103-164

UNIT 103 LESSON 12

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Complete items 10 through 12 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 10. An uncontrolled mine is essentially a/an . 11. A controlled mine is one that is detonated by a/an . 12. The Claymore mine is best used against .

103-165 (reverse blank)

UNIT 103 WEAPONS FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT SUMMARY The primary mission of the Seabees is construction in support of combat units. The secondary mission is to defend the area where this work is being performed. In defensive combat, the mission is to repel or destroy the enemy by weapons fire. Therefore, Seabees must be trained in many of the same weapons and combat tactics as the Army infantry or the Marines with the emphasis on defense. Machine guns are the backbone of a defensive position. This unit on weapons fundamentals covered the 7.62 M60, the .50-caliber M2 HB, and the 40-mm Mk 19 machine guns. The fire from these weapons may be the final protective line of fire for a Seabee platoon's defense. Individual weapons such as the M16A1 rifle and the .45-caliber service pistol are issued to most Seabees and are used when engaging the enemy in close combat situations and when on reconnaissance or combat patrol. The use of the 12-gauge shotgun also provides an effective weapon for site security as well as close-in combat. The fire support elements of the rifle company include the grenadier and the 60-mm mortar squad. It is their responsibility to provide additional organic weapons support to the rifle companies. The strategic placement of M18A1 Claymore mines also provides effective support. The necessary steps taken to protect a construction area should be familiar to all Seabees. Informed individuals are better able to do the job of holding defensive positions and protecting the construction sites.

103-167 (reverse blank)

UNIT 104 GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT 104 GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS FUNDAMENTALS

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE UNIT INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LESSON 1

104-3

TOPIC GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS (104.1 THROUGH 104.31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

104-5

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

104-53

UNIT SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

104-61

104-1 (reverse blank)

UNIT 104 GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT INTRODUCTION The Seabees' primary mission is construction in support of combat units. The Seabees' secondary mission is to defend the area they work in and hold on to ground already occupied. To accomplish the secondary mission, each Seabee must have a basic understanding of general military tactics.

104-3 (reverse blank)

UNIT 104 LESSON 1 GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.1 NAME THE COMPONENTS OF THE 782 GEAR.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.2 DESCRIBE THE CONSTRUCTION AND THE ELEMENTS OF: A. A HASTY INDIVIDUAL POSITION. B. AN IMPROVED ONE MAN FIGHTING POSITION. C. AN IMPROVED TWO MAN FIGHTING POSITION.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.3 WHAT ARE THE GENERAL RULES OF CAMOUFLAGE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.4 HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE YOUR EYES TO ADAPT TO THE DARK AND WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DARKNESS ON HOW YOU WILL SEE COLORS?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.5 WHAT ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN IF YOU ARE CAUGHT IN THE LIGHT OF A GROUND FLARE AT NIGHT?

104-5

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.6 DISCUSS THE MILITARY ASPECTS OF TERRAIN AS IT APPLIES TO A DEFENSIVE FORCE.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.7 EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURES TO ORIENTATE A MAP UTILIZING A LENSATIC COMPASS.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.8 WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC COLORS USED AND HOW ARE THEY APPLIED TO A MILITARY MAP?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.9 DESCRIBE THE GRID SYSTEM UTILIZED ON ALL MILITARY MAPS.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.10 DEFINE THE FIVE PARAGRAPH ORDER.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.11 DISCUSS THE CONTENTS OF EACH PARAGRAPH OF THE FIVE PARAGRAPH ORDER.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.12 DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE OF A SECURITY PATROL. 104-6

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.13 WHAT ARE THE TWELVE PATROL PLANNING AND PREPARATION STEPS?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.14 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE WARNING ORDER FOR A SECURITY PATROL?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.15 WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF DEFENSE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.16 WHAT ARE THE FIRST FOUR PRIORITIES OF DEFENSE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.17 DISCUSS THE THREE ECHELONS OF A DEFENSE.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.18 WHAT ARE THE SIX ELEMENTS OF A FIRE COMMAND ADDRAC (SQUAD LEVEL)?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.19 DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE USED TO CALL FOR FIRE.

104-7

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.20 WHAT ARE THE THREE COMBAT POSITIONS USED IN A DEFENSE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.21 DESCRIBE SECTORS OF FIRE.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.22 WHAT ARE THE PLACEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR MACHINE GUN EMPLACEMENTS FOR DEFENSE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.23 DESCRIBE THE FIRE CONTROL MEASURES FOR MACHINE GUN IN DEFENSE ELEMENT.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.24 WHILE IN A DEFENSIVE FORMATION, AT WHAT RATE OF FIRE, PER MINUTE, IS THE AVERAGE SEABEE RIFLEMAN AND AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN TRAINED TO FIRE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.25 DESCRIBE THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS OF A SQUAD: A. SQUAD LEADER B. GRENADIER C. FIRE TEAM LEADER 104-8

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

D. AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN E. RIFLEMAN NUMBER 1 F. RIFLEMAN NUMBER 2

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.26 STATE WHAT INFORMATION UNDER THE CODE OF CONDUCT YOU ARE REQUIRED TO GIVE YOUR CAPTORS IF YOU ARE TAKEN AS A POW.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.27 DESCRIBE THE BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SERVICE MEMBER AS A POW.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.28 DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING DETAINEES/POWS.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.29 DEFINE DEADLY FORCE.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.30 DESCRIBE CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN DEADLY FORCE WOULD NORMALLY BE AUTHORIZED.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 104.31 RECITE THE ELEVEN GENERAL ORDERS OF A SENTRY.

104-9

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

INTRODUCTION Each Seabee must have a basic understanding of general military tactics to be a useful member of an effective fighting force. This lesson presents the basics of general military tactics. Since the Seabees are primarily concerned with defense, the tactics presented are from the defensive point of view and emphasis is placed on defensive applications. Among the subjects that Seabees will find useful are learning how to properly conduct or execute military tactics. Military map reading is especially helpful. Knowing what constitutes a standard issue of 782 gear is important to Seabees from the standpoint of personal protection and survival. Last but not least, Seabees must know how to conduct themselves both as prisoners of war and captors who deal with prisoners.

INFORMATION A. 782 GEAR (104.1) Training in field conditions and combat requires special equipment. The special equipment issued to Seabees to meet their needs in the field is 782 gear. This special equipment is commonly called 782 gear because 782 was the number of a custody card originated in the Marine Corps years ago. This gear is also referred to as field or bivouac equipment. The standard issue of 782 gear (table 104-1-1) is divided into three categories: fighting load-carrying equipment, bivouac equipment, and protective equipment. The fighting load-carrying equipment consists of the items used to make carrying a full load of equipment easier and more comfortable. Bivouac equipment provides the minimum necessities for field living. Bivouac equipment is carried in or on the load-carrying equipment. The protective equipment items are designed to provide personal protection from injury either from nature or the enemy.

104-10

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

FIGHTING LOADCARRYING EQUIPMENT

INFORMATION SHEET

BIVOUAC EQUIPMENT

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Pistol belt Suspenders Field pack Two ammo pouches Canteen cover

Canteen and cup

First aid case

First aid packet

Entrenching tool cover

Entrenching tool

Bayonet or K-bar scabbard

Bayonet or K-bar Mess kit (with knife, fork, and spoon) Poncho Shelter half (1 pole, 5 pins, and 1 guy line) Hat and mosquito net Helmet and liner Camouflage cover Table 104-1-1. 782 Gear

Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 2.

104-11

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

B. FIGHTING POSITIONS (104.2) Hasty Individual Position - A hasty individual position, often called a skirmisher's trench (figure 104-1-1), is a shallow trench. This trench provides protection from enemy fire while providing a prone firing position. A skirmisher's trench is made quickly while under enemy fire when no other protected firing positions are available. Laying on one side, Seabees use an entrenching tool to scrape the soil and pile it in a shallow ridge between themselves and the enemy. A shallow ridge of this type is called a parapet. The soil is removed in such a way as to create a shallow, body-length pit. The trench and the parapet provide Seabees with a prone firing position that provides some protection from enemy fire.

104-12

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

ENEMY

PARAPET

NO PARAPET

Figure 104-1-1. Skirmisher's Trench

104-13

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

Improved One-Man Fighting Position - An improved one-man fighting position, often called a one-man fighting hole (figure 104-1-2), provides excellent protection from small arms fire, shell fragments, bombing, the effects of nuclear detonation, and the crushing action of tanks. The hole is made as small as practical exposing a minimum target to the enemy. It is wide enough to allow room for the shoulders of the occupant sitting on the fire step. The fire step should be at least 4 feet deep. The occupant stands on the fire step to aim and fire a weapon. The water sump is the area dug out below the fire step. The water sump catches rain water and provides a space for the occupants feet while sitting on the fire step. The grenade sump is a circular tunnel dug into the lower part of the water sump. It is large enough to accept the largest known enemy grenade. The grenade sump slopes downward at an angle of 30º and should be as deep as possible. It is used to explode hand grenades that may be thrown into the fighting hole. The soil removed from the fighting hole is used to build a parapet around the hole and should be camouflaged.

104-14

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

PARAPET

FIRE STEP

WATER SUMP

GRENADE SUMP

Figure 104-1-2. One-Man Fighting Hole

104-15

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

In most types of soil, the fighting hole gives protection against the crushing action of tanks if the occupant crouches at least 2 feet below the ground surface (figure 104-1-3). TANK TREAD

2 FEET

Figure 104-1-3. Tank Protection Improved Two-Man Fighting Position - An improved two-man fighting position, often called a two-man fighting hole, is basically two side-by-side one-man fighting holes (figure 104-1-4). Like a one-man fighting hole, it has a grenade sump, water sump, and parapet. The two-man fighting hole has two fire steps. Since the twoman fighting hole is larger, it offers less protection against tanks, bombing, and shell fragments. There are advantages of a two-man fighting hole. One person may rest while the other keeps watch. By sharing a fighting hole, the two occupants can assist and reassure each other. This helps them maintain their feelings of security and heightened spirits.

104-16

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

PARAPET

GRENADE SUMP FIRE STEP

FIRE STEP WATER SUMP

Figure 104-1-4. Two-Man Fighting Hole References FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapter 5. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 10.

104-17

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

C. GENERAL RULES OF CAMOUFLAGE (104.3) Camouflage is the term applied to measures taken to conceal personnel, equipment, and positions from enemy observation. Camouflage can be either natural or artificial. The three general rules of camouflage are as follows: Take advantage of all natural concealment. Camouflage by altering the form, shadow, texture, and color of objects. Camouflage against both ground and air observation. To effectively make use of the three general rules of camouflage, observe the specific rules listed below: Study the terrain and vegetation and make use of what is natural as much as possible. Obtain materials from a wide area. A stripped area will readily give a position away. Park vehicles and place equipment under natural overhead cover whenever possible. If overhead cover is not available, use foliage. When using cut foliage, be sure to place it as if was growing. Leaves must always be in their natural position because the bottom side of many leaves are a lighter color than the top side. Do not use more material than needed. Too much camouflage can also reveal a position. Uniforms and equipment must be colored to blend with the terrain. If paint is unavailable, use mud, charcoal, or crushed grass. Use mud or dirt to dull shiny surfaces. Be careful to not contaminate working parts of weapons. Use camouflage face paint sticks to paint exposed skin.

104-18

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

Use nets of various types to conceal vehicles, buildings, and equipment when natural materials are not available. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 10. D. EFFECTS OF DARKNESS ON VISION (104.4) Going from bright light to darkness causes blindness for a few minutes. As the eyes become accustomed to any weak light present in the darkness, vision gradually improves. After 10 minutes, vision will have mostly returned, but it takes 30 minutes to acquire the best night vision. As the eyes adapt to darkness, colors may appear different than they actually are. For instance, red may appear to be black and blue may appear to be light gray. To help prepare the eyes for night vision, specially designed red goggles should be worn in lighted areas for at least 30 minutes before going on night watch duty. These goggles do not affect the ability to get ready for watch or perform other tasks. Even after wearing the goggles, it will take 5 more minutes for the eyes to acquire night vision. Reference The Blue Jackets' Manual, Twenty-First Edition, chapter 23. E. ACTION UNDER FLARES (104.5) If caught in the light of a ground flare at night, Seabees must move out of the area of light as quickly as possible. They should continue to move away from the lighted area, reorient themselves, and proceed as before. If Seabees are caught by a flare when crossing an obstacle such as barbed wire from which they cannot quickly and quietly move away, they should crouch low and remain motionless until the flare burns out. If Seabees are assaulting a position and a flare bursts, continuing the assault is imperative.

104-19

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 11. F. TERRAIN AND THE DEFENSIVE FORCE (104.6) The Seabees' primary mission is construction in support of combat units. The Seabees' secondary mission is defending the area they work in and holding on to ground already occupied. When planning a battalion's defense, a battalion commander must consider many factors. One of the most important factors is the surrounding terrain. Terrain Appreciation - Terrain appreciation is the analysis of an area to determine the effect that the terrain may have on military operations. The terrain should be looked at from both the defensive and offensive viewpoints. Although the Seabees' mission is defensive, an analysis of the terrain from an offensive point of view will provide clues to an enemy's options and strategies. Information on the terrain may be obtained from a number of sources. A physical reconnaissance of the area provides the most reliable and beneficial information. Some additional sources of information are as follows: Aerial reconnaissance and photographs Maps of the area Terrain models provided by higher authority Intelligence reports Patrolling Friendly natives, undercover agents, or captured enemy prisoners Various combinations of weather and topography give certain qualities to an area of terrain. These qualities are known as the military aspects of terrain. The military aspects of terrain must be closely evaluated because they will determine, to a large extent, how forces and weapons will be deployed. The military aspects of terrain may be remembered by using the acronym KOCOA.

104-20

UNIT 104 LESSON 1 K O C O A

-

INFORMATION SHEET

Key terrain features Observation and fields of fire Cover and concealment Obstacles Avenues of approach

Key Terrain Features - Key terrain is an area that will provide a definite advantage over the enemy. Key terrain usually provides superior observation of the surrounding terrain and superior fields of fire. Obstacles are considered key terrain when their possession prevents movement of the enemy. Examples of this type of key terrain are roads, rivers, and bridges. An airfield is key terrain when it is needed for future operations, could be used by the enemy in future operations, or is providing or will provide supply support. The selection of key terrain features varies with each mission. In a defensive posture, the terrain that must be held to maintain a solid battle position is designated as key terrain. Observation and Fields of Fire - Observation of the battlefield is necessary to deliver effective fire on an enemy. Observation is also necessary to control troop maneuvers and to prevent surprise by an enemy. Observation can be eliminated or reduced by factors such as fog, rain, darkness, and vegetation. Fields of fire are areas where weapons can be fired effectively against an enemy. Sometimes fields of fire must be constructed or improved by cutting or burning weeds or grass, by clearing brush or trees, or by demolishing buildings. Caution must be exercised when constructing fields of fire. Fire lanes can disclose ones position to an enemy. Fields of fire are based on observation. The primary considerations for choosing a defensive position are maximum observation and long fields of fire. Cover and Concealment - Cover is protection from enemy fire, either natural or artificial. The slope of a hill is an example of natural cover. A trench is considered artificial cover. Concealment is protection from observation. Vegetation, geographical features, weather, and darkness can provide concealment. Camouflage is an artificial means of concealment. Often concealment can be obtained by properly evaluating and using the terrain. Cover and concealment must be viewed from the enemy's point of view.

104-21

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

Obstacles - Obstacles are obstructions that stop or disrupt an enemy's movements. Some natural obstacles are rivers, mountains, and lakes. Examples of artificial obstacles are mine fields, barbed wire, and trenches. Obstacles perpendicular to the advance route of the enemy favor the defense. Obstacles parallel to the advance route may favor the enemy by protecting the enemy's flanks. An obstacle by itself rarely stops a determined enemy. Never place full faith in any obstacle. An obstacle is most effective when it is kept under observation and fire. Avenues of Approach - An avenue of approach is a suitable route of movement to an objective. A defender must pay particular attention to the avenues of approach available to the enemy. Avenues of approach are often weak spots in the defense. Consideration must be given to covering them effectively. Avenues of approach may also be used by the defending force to launch a counterattack. Both forces have the same terrain in common. Victory usually goes to whomever understands and uses the terrain best. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapters 14 and 15. G. MAP ORIENTATION WITH A LENSATIC COMPASS (104.7) A map can provide a large amount of information about the surrounding terrain features. In order to correctly identify and locate those features, a map must be properly oriented. To orient a map means to align it with the ground or terrain. A map is oriented when, in a horizontal position, its north points toward the north and all map lines are parallel to their corresponding lines on the terrain. A lensatic compass (figure 104-1-5) provides a quick and accurate means of orienting a map. The following steps explain the procedure for orienting a map with a lensatic compass: 1.

Place the map on a flat surface and draw the magnetic north line. The direction of magnetic north is shown by a compass rose printed on the map. A compass rose is a picture of a compass card printed on the map.

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2.

Open the compass and place it on the map. Align the sighting wire toward the top of the map with the wire lying directly over the magnetic north line.

3.

Turn the map and compass together until the north arrow of the compass is aligned under the index line of the compass. Be careful not to let the compass move from its position over the north line as the map and compass are being turned.

When the north arrow of the compass and the sight wire are both in line with the magnetic north line on the map, the magnetic north line on the map must be pointed toward magnetic north. The map is now oriented. If a map does not have a compass rose, align the compass sight over a north-south grid line. Then rotate the map and compass together until the north arrow of the compass points in the same direction and amount from the grid line as shown in the declination diagram.

SIGHTING WIRE

INDEX LINE

Figure 104-1-5. Lensatic Compass

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Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 15. H. MILITARY MAP COLORS (104.8) A topographic map displays symbols that resemble, as closely as possible, actual features of the earth's surface. This includes both natural and man-made features. Topographic symbols are usually printed in standardized colors. Five standard colors (table 104-1-2) are used and occasionally another color may be used for special information. Using standard colors makes the features easier to identify and provides a more natural appearance and contrast. COLORS

CATEGORIES OF FEATURES

Black

Cultural or man-made features

Blue

Water features - lakes, rivers, and swamps

Green

Vegetation - woods, orchards, or vineyards

Brown

All terrain relief features

Red

Main roads, built up areas, and special features

Other colors

Occasionally used to show special information Table 104-1-2. Military Map Colors

Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 15.

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GRID SYSTEM (104.9)

Military maps are divided into grids to provide a system for referencing and making measurements. The grids consist of a set of equally-spaced parallel lines running from one end of the map to the other. Another set of equally-spaced parallel lines are placed perpendicular to the first set. This creates a series of squares. Each grid line is an even interval of a selected unit of measurement such as meters or yards. The remainder of this discussion will refer to grids in meters. The dimensions and orientation of different grids may vary, but all military grids have the following three things in common: They are true rectangular grids. They are drawn on top of the geographic projection. They permit linear and angular measurement The lines on a grid are spaced at either 1,000-meter intervals or 10,000-meter intervals. This means the distance between lines is either 1,000 meters or 10,000 meters. Each line is labeled with a number at both ends. For the 1,000-meter grid, except for the first grid line in each direction from the southwest corner of the sheet, the last three digits (000) are omitted. Only the first two digits of the number are printed at the correct intervals along the grid lines of the map. These are called principal digits and represent the 1,000 digit of the grid number. For example, if the number 67 is printed on the grid it represents 67,000. On grids with grid line spacing of 10,000 meters, only one principal digit is printed, representing the 10,000 digit of the grid number. For example, if the number 3 is printed on the grid, it represents 30,000.

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A grid example is shown in figure 104-1-6. This is a grid overlay with the features of the map eliminated for clarity. Note that the first grid line in each direction from the southwest corner shows the complete number. Since two principal digits are shown, the grid lines must be spaced at 1,000-meter intervals. To designate a point on the grid, the military principle of "read right then up" is used. Following this rule, the grid coordinate for square "A" is 6634 and the grid coordinate for square "B" is 7236.

41 40 39 38 37

B 36 35

A 34 33,000 65,000 66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

Figure 104-1-6. Simplified Grid To designate a point more precisely, the grid should be divided into ten parts in each direction. This is done either by eye or with a scale. Figure 104-1-7 shows the 7236 square of figure 104-1-6 divided into ten parts. Point "B" can now be 104-26

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located more precisely by following the same "read across from left to right and then up" rule. The coordinate of point "B" is 723673. Note that the grid coordinates are given first, followed by the coordinates within the grid square.

Figure 104-1-7. Grid Square Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 15.

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DEFINITION OF FIVE PARAGRAPH ORDER (104.10)

The five-paragraph order is a standard format used at the company level and below to issue a military order. The order is issued orally and provides information needed to carry out a particular task such as a reconnaissance patrol or setting up a defense. The five-paragraph order is derived from the operations order and is designed to meet the needs of the small-unit leader. The operations order is a combat plan dealing with tactical operations and specifying the mission of the unit. It provides details concerning the execution of the order and ensures coordination throughout the command. Reference FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, appendix E. K.

CONTENT OF FIVE PARAGRAPH ORDER (104.11)

The five parts of the five-paragraph are situation, mission, execution, administration and logistics, and command and signal. These paragraphs include concepts of operations and orders to subordinates. They also include measures required to ensure coordination of administrative, logistic, command, and communications matters. Situation - The situation paragraph has three parts. These parts describe the current situation as it applies to enemy forces, friendly forces, and attachments and detachments. The content of the paragraph is as follows: The composition, disposition, location, movement, capabilities, and recent activities of enemy forces are provided. The friendly forces portion states the mission of the next higher unit, location and mission of nearby units, and the mission of nonorganic support units. Attachments and detachments are units attached to or detached from the unit receiving the order. Units are attached or detached by higher headquarters. The effective time of attachment or detachment is also listed.

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Mission - The mission paragraph states the mission in clear, concise terms. mission is the task the unit is to accomplish.

The

Execution - The execution paragraph includes the concept of operations, subordinate tasks, the reserve, and coordination instructions. This information is stated as follows: The concept of operations is a brief summary of the tactical plan the unit is to execute. The tasks (missions) assigned to subordinate units and attached units are detailed. For example, fire team missions are listed here if the five-paragraph order is being issued at the squad level. The unit assigned a reserve mission is identified and the task (mission) is stated. A reserve unit is not normally designated below the company level. If no reserve unit is assigned, this section of the execution paragraph is omitted. Instructions that apply to two or more subordinate units are given so that they may properly coordinate their missions. Administration and Logistics - The administration and logistics paragraph includes the information and instructions necessary for administration and logistics. Included are information pertaining to rations and ammunition; the location of the distribution point, corpsman, and aid station; the handling of prisoners of war; and any other applicable administrative and supply matters. Command and Signal - The command and signal paragraph contains information pertaining to communications and the location of unit leaders. This information is stated as follows: Special communications instructions are provided. These instructions include passwords and countersigns, radio call signs and frequencies. Emergency signals, radio procedures, pyrotechnics, and restrictions on the use of communications are also included.

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The location of the unit's leaders are given. For example, if the five-paragraph order is being issued at the squad level, the location of the squad leader, the platoon sergeant, and the platoon commander are provided. Reference FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, appendix E. L. SECURITY PATROLS (104.12) A patrol is a detachment sent out from a unit on a mission of combat, reconnaissance, security, or contact with friendly units. Since the Seabees are primarily concerned with defensive combat, emphasis is placed on security patrolling rather than reconnaissance and combat patrols. The purpose of a security patrol is to provide physical security for the battalion. Both reconnaissance and combat patrols are used in security patrolling. Reconnaissance and combat patrols have defensive missions when they are used as security patrols. Reconnaissance patrols are only used to detect enemy movement toward a Seabee unit's position. Combat patrols are used to destroy enemy reconnaissance patrols and to delay or confuse an enemy attack. Security patrols are assigned defensive missions to provide physical security for a Seabee unit. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 12. M. PATROL PLANNING AND PREPARATION (104.13) The patrol leader and fire team leader follow a standard procedure to prepare for and execute an assigned mission. The set procedure is a series of 12 steps. These steps provide a guide for the many factors that must be considered when organizing and executing a patrol mission. The 12 steps are listed below: 1. Study the mission. 2. Plan the use of time.

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3. Study the terrain and situation. 4. Organize the patrol. 5. Select men, weapons, and equipment. 6. Issue the warning order. 7. Coordinate. 8. Make reconnaissance. 9. Complete detail plans. 10. Issue patrol order. 11. Supervise, inspect, rehearse, and reinspect. 12. Execute the mission. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 12. N. WARNING ORDERS (104.14) The purpose of a warning order is to give individual patrol members as much time as possible to prepare for the patrol. The warning order should be issued to all patrol members as soon as possible after the patrol order is received. The warning order should include a brief statement of the situation, the mission of the patrol, and the general information required.

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Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 12. O. OBJECTIVE OF DEFENSE (104.15) The objective of defense is to hold on to ground already occupied, or ground that could be occupied without difficulty, and keep it clear of the enemy. Defense is also used to gain time, to develop more favorable conditions for offensive actions, or to release forces to allow for a larger concentration of forces elsewhere. References FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapter 5. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 14. P. PRIORITIES OF DEFENSE (104.16) To achieve the objectives of defense as stated above, a defensive force must set some priorities. The first four priorities of defense are surprise, security, unity of command, and mass. Surprise - A defensive force may achieve surprise by deception, by wisely using information learned through combat intelligence and counter intelligence to out smart the enemy. Variations in the use of tactics and methods of operation also can throw the enemy off. Surprise boils down to correctly using tactics that are not expected by the enemy. A counterattack move at a time when the defensive force looks like it is ready to surrender is an example. Security - A commander of a defensive force must provide security for the troops. The commander also must use all the information available concerning the unit's mission and plans to defend the area it occupies. However, security should not imply that the commander should be overly cautious and avoid taking risks. The commander must remember that success in war often requires bold action. Unity of Command - Unity of command is carried out in the military by its chain of command. The senior unit commander, the battalion Commanding Officer (CO), 104-32

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is in charge. The CO's authority extends down through command channels to the individual Seabee. Mass - The term mass does not mean that the greatest number of troops wins the battle. It means that the superior combat power gathers at the most important time and place and uses all its skill to win the battle. Combat power is a combination of firepower and maneuver. For any commander to forget this could very well cause the defeat of the unit. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 14.

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Q. ECHELONS OF DEFENSE (104.17) The echelons of defense are areas of defense. They include three areas: the security area, the forward defense area, and the reserve area. The battalion battle area is the defensive area organized by a battalion (figure 104-1-8). The battalion is constructing an airfield and air facility. The Battalion Command Post (BN-CP) and air facility job site are positioned inside a barbed wire perimeter. There is a heliport to the northeast. The security area extends from the Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA) to the location of any front security elements. The FEBA divides the security area from the main battle area. The FEBA is not necessarily occupied, but should be controlled by friendly fire. The security forces may include aerial surveillance, listening posts, combat outposts, patrols, and local security elements. The purpose of the security forces in the security area is to provide information about the enemy to battalion headquarters. These security forces try to deny the enemy observation of the battle area. They make every effort to deceive, delay, and disorganize the enemy. The forward defense area is the main battalion battle area and extends from the FEBA to the rear including the area established by the frontline companies. The frontline companies engage the enemy in decisive combat forward of the FEBA. The reserve area extends from the rear of the frontline companies to the center of the battalion battle area. Reserve companies are used to block or reinforce threatened areas and prevent enemy penetration. Reserves should be able to destroy or eject the enemy by counterattacking if needed.

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FEBA

BA FE

FRONTLINE COMPANY

FRONTLINE RESERVE COMPANY COMPANIES HELIPORT

FEBA

FEBA

BN-CP

FE BA

AIR FACILITY

FRONTLINE COMPANY F E BA

AIRFIELD

Figure 104-1-8. Echelons of Defense References FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapter 5. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 14. R. FIRE COMMAND ADDRAC (104.18) When a squad leader has made a decision to fire on a target, a series of instructions are given about how the target is to be engaged. Instructions used to direct and control the fire of a squad are called fire commands. Fire commands consist of six necessary elements. The six elements are known by the acronym ADDRAC. The 104-35

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letters forming the acronym ADDRAC are the bold letters of the most important word of each element as listed below: Alert is usually an oral command that alerts the unit to receive further information. Direction is the element that tells which way to look to see the target. Target Description is a brief and accurate description of the target. Range provides the information to set sights or adjust aim. Target Assignment tells who is to fire on a target. Fire Control is the command or signal to open fire. Reference FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapter 2. S. CALL FOR FIRE PROCEDURES (104.19) Call Fire is that fire delivered on a specific target in response to a request from a unit. Except in an emergency, call fire missions must not be interrupted without the permission of the requesting unit. Units requesting fire to be delivered address their requests to the Fire Direction Center (FDC). The FDC is located in the headquarters section of the mortar platoon. Through the FDC, the platoon commander is able to control and quickly mass the fire of his entire unit. The FDC is normally located at or near the firing position. It maintains contact with the guns using wire communications. Calls for fire are reported from all sources directly to the FDC where the targets are plotted on the firing chart (plotting board). From this chart, firing data is prepared by the computer (a member of the FDC) and announced to the mortar crews as fire commands.

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Reference NWP 22-2, FMFM11-7, Supporting Arms in Amphibious Operation, chapter 3. T. DEFENSIVE COMBAT POSITIONS (104.20) The three combat positions used in defense are primary, alternate, and supplementary. The names given to these are based on their mission or use. The unit assigned to the primary firing position will normally receive the full force of the enemy's attack. This unit must repel or destroy the enemy. The alternate position is the position to which the unit in the primary position will withdraw in the event the primary position can no longer be defended and the defenders are in danger of being overrun. A supplementary position is a position from which targets can be fired upon that could not have been engaged from the primary or alternate positions. These targets are usually located on the flanks or to the rear. References NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 14. NAVEDTRA 12003, Seabee Combat Handbook, Volume 1, chapter 14.

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U. SECTORS OF FIRE (104.21) Sectors of fire (figure 104-1-9) are areas assigned to individuals, units, or crewserved weapons. The individual, unit, or weapon is responsible for covering the assigned area with fire. The area is usually pie shaped and is limited on the two sides by lines called lateral limits. The lateral limits extend from the firing position to easily identifiable terrain features located at the forward limit.

WOODS

FORWARD LIMIT

HILL TOP

TREE

LIMITING STAKES LATERAL LIMIT

LATERAL LIMIT

FIRING POSITION

Figure 104-1-9. Sectors of Fire The tree and hill top are located at the forward limit at the edge of the woods. The forward limit is the range at which an attacker is brought under fire. The two stakes placed near the firing position are driven in the ground to indicate the lateral limits during darkness or reduced visibility. 104-38

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Reference FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapter 5. V. DEFENSIVE MACHINE GUN EMPLACEMENTS (104.22) Machine guns are the backbone of the defense. Machine gun fire is employed to stop the enemy regardless of the direction of attack. The primary consideration when placing machine guns is the assigned mission. Other factors considered in the selection of machine gun emplacements are cover and concealment for the gun and crew. Machine guns are primary targets of enemy infantry. Two machine guns are usually assigned to the same mission. The types of missions are listed below: Final protective line fire - Machine guns of frontline companies are situated where they can fire interlocking bands of grazing fire across the front of the company. Close support of the FEBA - Machine guns assigned this mission cover possible avenues of enemy approach and limit enemy penetrations. Provide depth - Some machine guns of the reserve company are placed deep within the battalion defense to stop deep penetration. Reinforce combat outposts - Reserve company machine guns are sometimes used with units in outposts. Protection to the flanks and rear - Machine guns in close support of the FEBA and those placed to provide depth are normally assigned a supplementary mission of protecting the flanks and rear. Support counterattacks - In the event of enemy penetration, the machine guns of the reserve company are used to provide close support for the reserve company's counterattack. 104-39

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The result of the placement of the machine guns illustrated in figure 104-1-10 is the ability of at least one section to engage any enemy attack

ENEMY

MACHINE GUN

MACHINE GUN

MACHINE GUN

Figure 104-1-10. Machine Gun Emplacements Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 14. W. DEFENSIVE MACHINE GUN FIRE CONTROL MEASURES (104.23) For a unit's fire to be effective, the unit leader must have fire control. Having fire control means that all operations connected with the preparation and actual firing on a target are under the complete control of the leader. Fire control makes sure a 104-40

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leader has the ability to open fire the instant he desires, regulate the rate of fire, shift to another target, and cease fire. Coordination is required in order to make sure that the fire area of machine guns is not covered by fire from rifle units and vice versa. Rifle protection for machine gun emplacements must also be coordinated. The distance between machine guns in the defense requires detailed fire control instructions. Once firing has started, control by the leader is limited to arm and hand signals, personal contacts with subordinates, and prearranged signals such as pyrotechnics. Final protective fires are usually ordered by the company or battalion commander. The battalion commander will designate a signal in the defense order for each company. The signal is typically a pyrotechnic. On the signal, machine guns begin final protective fires. The rate and duration of fires are normally specified in the unit defense order. The standard rate of section fire on final protective lines is rapid fire for 2 minutes (150 rounds per minute) followed by medium fire (75 rounds per minute) until ordered to cease fire. References FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapter 2. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 14. X. RATE OF FIRE IN DEFENSIVE FORMATIONS (104.24) The average rate of fire for a Seabee rifleman is approximately 10 to 12 aimed shots per minute. However, difficulties encountered in battle usually make a slower rate more effective. The fastest rate at which any rifleman or automatic rifleman should fire is determined by the rifleman's ability to select targets, align the sights, and squeeze off accurate shots. The rapid rate of fire for the automatic rifle sustained rate of fire is 85 rounds per minute. first rounds of automatic rifle fire should be at superiority. Then the rate should be slowed normally maintain fire superiority. 104-41

is 100 rounds per minute. The When beginning a fire fight, the the rapid rate in order to gain fire to the sustained rate. This will

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Reference FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapter 2. Y. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SQUAD MEMBERS (104.25) The primary mission of a Seabee rifle squad is to repel the enemy with fire or close combat. A Seabee rifle squad consists of a squad leader, three fire teams, and a grenadier. An ideal squad has 14 members: four members in each fire team, a squad leader, and a grenadier. For a squad to be an effective fighting unit, all squad members must know and carry out the duties and responsibilities of the squad positions they are assigned. Squad Leader - The squad leader is usually a first class petty officer. The squad leader is armed with a service rifle but fires it only in critical situations. The squad leader's duties and responsibilities are as follows: Leads the squad Carries out platoon commander's orders Ensures proper appearance, discipline, training, control, and conduct of the squad Ensures proper care and maintenance of the squad's weapons and equipment Ensures economical use of weapons and ammunition in combat Ensures fire discipline and fire control Directs squad maneuvers Observes and controls squad during combat by voice and visual commands Grenadier - The grenadier is normally a third class petty officer. The grenadier's duties and responsibilities are as follows: Carries out squad leader's orders 104-42

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Oversees the care and maintenance of the M203 grenade launcher Controls use of the M203 grenade launcher in combat Moves with or stays close to squad leader in combat Fire Team Leader - The fire team leader is generally a second class petty officer. The fire team leader is armed with a service rifle but fires it only in critical situations. The senior fire team leader also serves as the assistant squad leader and assumes command of the squad in the event the squad leader becomes a casualty. The fire team leader's duties and responsibilities are as follows: Leads fire team Carries out squad leader's orders Controls fire team in combat Ensures proper care and condition of team's weapons and equipment Assumes a position for best control of automatic rifles, in combat Automatic Rifleman - The automatic rifleman is generally a third class petty officer. The automatic rifle provides heavy firepower and is the backbone of the fire team. The duties and responsibilities of the automatic rifleman are as follows: Carries out the orders of the fire team leader Ensures the proper care and condition of the automatic rifle Controls use of the automatic rifle in combat Acts as assistant fire team leader Rifleman Number 1 - Rifleman number 1 is generally a constructionman (E3). The duties and responsibilities of rifleman number 1 are as follows: Carries extra ammunition for the automatic rifleman 104-43

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Assumes control of the automatic rifle if automatic rifleman becomes a casualty Acts as a rifleman and scout Assists rifleman number 2 in protecting the flank Rifleman Number 2 - Rifleman number 2 is generally a constructionman (E3) or an apprentice (E2). The duties and responsibilities of rifleman number 2 are as follows: Protects the flank of the fire team Acts as point man for all team formations Sometimes serves as scout Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 1. Z. CODE OF CONDUCT (104.26) Name, rank, service number, and date of birth are the only information a Prisoner of War (POW) is required to give under the Code of Conduct, Article V. The complete Article V of the Code of Conduct is quoted below. "When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause." Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 17.

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AA. POW RESPONSIBILITIES (104.27) A POW has a duty to continue to resist the enemy with all means available and to escape and assist others to escape. A POW may not accept favors or parole from the enemy in return for promises not to escape or informing or providing information to the enemy. Informing or any other action that could endanger a fellow POW is forbidden. Identifying fellow prisoners that have a particular knowledge that may be useful to the enemy is also forbidden. Strong leadership is essential to discipline. Organization, resistance, and survival as a POW may be extremely difficult without discipline. Personal hygiene, sanitation, and care of the sick and wounded are absolute necessities. Officers and noncommissioned officers must continue to carry out their responsibilities and exercise their authority. The senior person present shall assume command without regard to branch of service. If the senior person becomes unable to assume command for any reason, command shall be assumed by the next senior person. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 17. AB. DETAINEE/POW HANDLING (104.28) The laws of armed conflict state what can and cannot be done in combat situations. A portion of the laws of armed conflict deal with the treatment and handling of prisoners. Improper treatment of prisoners is punishable by court-martial. Medical care must be provided to the wounded whether friend or foe. A POW may be questioned about military information, but threats, torture, or other forms of coercion are prohibited. Personal property may not be taken from a prisoner except those items that are clearly of a military or intelligence nature. Only an officer may take custody of the personal effects of a prisoner. Prisoners may perform work, but the work must not relate to the war effort. They may build bunkers or dig foxholes only for their own protection. Prisoners may not be used as shields; to search for, clear, or place mines or booby traps; or to carry ammunition or heavy gear.

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The six Ss, listed in table 104-1-3, are the procedures to be followed when handling detainees or POWs. PROCEDURE

DESCRIPTION

Search

Thoroughly search for weapons and documents.

Secure

Ensure escape is impossible.

Silence

Do not allow POWs to talk to one another.

Segregate

Segregate POWs into groups (officers, NCOs, non-NCOs, deserters, civilians, females) to prevent organization and escape.

Safeguard

Prisoners are restrained, but not abused.

Speed

Timely information secured from prisoners is essential. Table 104-1-3. The Six Ss

References FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, appendix G. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 17. AC. DEFINITION OF DEADLY FORCE (104.29) Deadly force is defined as the use of force with the intent of causing serious bodily harm or death. Such deadly force is usually the result of using a weapon.

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Reference The Bluejackets' Manual, chapter 6. AD. AUTHORIZATION TO USE DEADLY FORCE (104.30) Armed personnel are authorized to use deadly force only under the conditions listed below: To protect their own lives or the life of another person where no other means of defense will work To prevent the escape of a prisoner likely to cause death or serious bodily harm to another To prevent sabotage, arson, or other crimes against the government after all other means have failed Reference The Bluejackets' Manual, chapter 6. AE. ELEVEN GENERAL ORDERS OF A SENTRY (104.31) Special orders apply to a specific type of watch and may change depending on the particular watch. Special orders are usually passed and explained by the petty officer of the watch. General orders never change. General orders apply to all watches and must always be carried out. Sentries are always responsible for carrying out the general orders even if they have not been explained or passed to the sentry by the petty officer of the watch. The eleven general orders are listed below: 1. To take charge of this post and all government property in view 2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing 104-47

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3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce 4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guard-house than my own 5. To quit my post only when properly relieved 6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentry who relieves me all orders from the commanding officer, command duty officer, officer of the deck, and officers and petty officers of the watch 7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty 8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder 9. To call the officer of the deck in any case not covered by instructions 10. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased 11. To be especially watchful at night, and during the time for challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post, and to allow no one to pass without proper authority Reference The Bluejackets' Manual, chapter 6.

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SUMMARY Special equipment is needed under field conditions both in training and combat. Seabees are issued 782 equipment to meet those needs. The 782 gear is divided into three categories: fighting load-carrying equipment, bivouac equipment, and protective equipment. A hasty individual fighting position, often called a skirmisher's trench, is a shallow trench that provides protection from enemy fire. An improved one-man fighting position, often called a one-man fighting hole, is a hole dug into the ground. The hole provides protection from enemy fire for the occupant. An improved two-man fighting position, often called a two-man fighting hole, is basically two one-man holes dug side-by-side. Make effective use of camouflage by taking advantage of all natural concealment, altering the form, shadow, texture, and color of objects, and camouflaging against both ground and air observation. Going from bright lights to darkness causes temporary blindness. It takes 30 minutes for the eyes to completely adjust to the darkness and acquire night vision. Anyone caught in the light of a ground flare at night must move out of the light as quickly as possible. One of the most important factors to consider when planning a battalions's defense is the surrounding terrain. The military aspects of terrain may be remembered with the acronym KOCOA. In order to correctly locate and identify terrain features on a map, the map must be oriented. To orient a map means to align it with the ground or terrain. A lensatic compass is used to quickly and accurately orient a map. Symbols on topographic map are printed in five standard colors. Each color represents a different category of features. Military maps are divided into grids to provide a system for referencing and making measurements. The lines of the grid are labeled every 1,000 or 10,000 units of measurement, usually meters or yards. To designate a point on a grid, follow the military principle of "read right then up."

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The five-paragraph order is a standard format used to issue a military order. The order provides information needed to carry out a particular task, such as a reconnaissance patrol or setting up a defense. The five parts of the five-paragraph order are situation, mission, execution, administration and logistics, and command and signal. The purpose of a security patrol is to provide physical security for a unit. Both reconnaissance and combat patrols are used in security patrolling. The twelve patrol planning and preparation steps are a guide for the organization and execution of a patrol mission. A warning order is issued to give individual patrol members as much time as possible to prepare for the patrol. The warning order should include a brief statement of the situation, the mission, and any general information required. The objective of defense is to hold on to ground already occupied and keep it clear of the enemy. The four priorities of defense are surprise, security, unity of command, and mass. The echelons of defense are areas of defense and include three areas: the security area, the forward defense area, and the reserve area. The forward defense area is the main battle area. A fire command ADDRAC is a set of instructions used by a squad leader to control a squad's fire. Call for fire is the means by which units can ask for supporting fire upon enemy positions. The three combat positions used in defense are primary, secondary, and supplemental. The name of each position describes that position's mission or use. A sector of fire is an area assigned to an individual, unit, or weapon. The assigned individual, unit, or weapon is responsible for covering the assigned sector with fire. Machine guns are the backbone of the defense. The primary consideration in the emplacement of machine guns is the assigned mission. For a unit's fire to be effective, the unit leader must have fire control. This means that all operations connected with the preparation and actual firing on a target are under the complete control of the leader. The fastest rate that a rifleman should fire is determined by the rifleman's ability to select targets, align the sights, and squeeze off accurate shots. For a squad to be an effective fighting unit, all squad members must know and carry out the duties and responsibilities of the squad positions they are assigned. Name, rank, service number, and date of birth are the only information a POW is required to give under the Code of Conduct, Article V. A POW has a duty to 104-50

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

continue to resist the enemy with all means available and to escape and assist other to escape. The senior person present shall assume command. The handling and treatment of prisoners is explained under the laws of armed conflict. Improper treatment of a prisoner is punishable by court-martial. Deadly force is the use of force with the intent of causing serious bodily harm or death. The use of deadly force is only authorized to protect someone's life, to prevent the escape of a dangerous prisoner, or to prevent crimes against the government after all other means of prevention have failed. The eleven general orders of a sentry are general orders that apply to all watches. Sentries are always responsible for carrying out the eleven general orders.

104-51 (reverse blank)

UNIT 104 LESSON 1 GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 104.1 through 104.31 For items 1 through 22, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

Which of the following fighting positions has the advantage of letting one person rest while the other keeps watch? a. b. c. d.

2.

Which of the following actions should you take if caught in the light of a ground flare at night in an open area? a. b. c. d.

3.

Freeze Lie motionless Move out of the light as slowly and quietly as possible Move out of the light as quickly as possible

Which of the following military map colors is used to show vegetation? a. b. c. d.

4.

A supplementary fighting position A hasty individual position An improved one-man fighting position An improved two-man fighting position

Red Blue Green Yellow

In defensive combat, emphasis is placed on which of the following types of patrols? a. b. c. d.

Combat Security Contact Reconnaissance

UNIT 104 LESSON 1 5.

In the echelons of defense, the main battle area is which of the following areas? a. b. c. d.

6.

To To To To

protect their own life prevent the escape of a dangerous prisoner prevent sabotage, arson, or other crimes against the government apprehend a suspected fugitive

How many general orders of a sentry are there? a. b. c. d.

9.

Hand Voice Radio command Pyrotechnic

Armed personnel are authorized to use deadly force in all EXCEPT which of the following circumstances? a. b. c. d.

8.

Security Forward defense Reserve Engagement

Which of the following signals is usually given to begin final protective fires? a. b. c. d.

7.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

7 8 11 12

Which of the following categories of 782 gear provides the minimum equipment necessities for field living? a. b. c. d.

Bivouac Fighting load-carrying Protective Field

104-54

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

10. When going from bright light to darkness, how many minutes does it take to acquire the best night vision? a. b. c. d.

5 10 20 30

11. Fire commands consist of six necessary elements. The first letter of the most important word of each of these elements is used to form what acronym? a. b. c. d.

KODCOA ADDRAC KADRAC ADDCOA

12. What part of a five paragraph order describes the enemy forces, friendly forces, and attachments and detachments? a. b. c. d.

Situation Mission Execution Command

13. What are the three combat positions used in defense? a. b. c. d.

Primary, Primary, Primary, Primary,

alternate, and supplementary secondary, and supplementary secondary, and reserve alternate, and reserve

14. What is the primary consideration in the emplacement of a machine gun? a. b. c. d.

The The The The

mission assigned to the machine gun terrain on either side of the gun number of guns available distance from the reserve area to the forward defense area 104-55

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

15. What article of the Code of Conduct states the only information a POW is required to give? a. b. c. d.

II III IV V

16. Which of the following fighting positions provides a prone firing position? a. b. c. d.

Supplementary Hasty individual position Improved one-man Improved two-man

17. Which of the following rules is used to designate a point on a military map with a grid system? a. b. c. d.

Read Read Read Read

left then up right then up left then down right then down

18. How many steps are there in the set procedure which provides a guide for organizing and executing a patrol? a. b. c. d.

5 7 8 12

19. What type of order is issued to give patrol members as much time as possible to prepare for a patrol? a. b. c. d.

Alert Early Warning Preparatory 104-56

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

20. What is the rapid rate of fire, in rounds per minute, for an automatic rifle? a. b. c. d.

85 100 120 180

21. Which of the following sources provides the most accurate and beneficial information about terrain? a. b. c. d.

Detailed maps Intelligence reports Aerial photographs Physical reconnaissance

22. Which of the following fighting positions provides the best protection from the crushing action of tanks? a. b. c. d.

Supplementary Hasty Improved one-man Improved two-man

104-57

UNIT 104 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 23 through 28, match the responsibilities listed in column A with the squad member listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

23. Squad fire control 24. Maintains M203 grenade launcher 25. Controls fire team in combat

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Grenadier Automatic rifleman Rifleman number 1 Squad leader Fire team leader Rifleman number 2

26. Assists fire team leader 27. Carries ammunition for automatic rifle 28. Point for all team formations Complete items 29 through 37 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 29. Measures taken to conceal personnel, equipment, and positions from enemy observation is called . 30. To correctly identify or locate features on a map, the map must be . 31. An order that provides information needed to carry out a particular task, such as a reconnaissance patrol, is called a/an .

104-58

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PRACTICE EXERCISE

32. To hold on to ground already occupied and keep it clear of the enemy is the prime objective of . 33. An area assigned to be covered by fire by an individual, unit, or weapon, is called a/an . 34. Improper treatment of POWs is punishable by . 35. The senior POW present has the responsibility to assume .

36. The use of force with the intent of causing serious bodily harm or death is called . 37. The first four priorities of defense are .

104-59 (reverse blank)

UNIT 104 GENERAL MILITARY TACTICS FUNDAMENTALS UNIT SUMMARY The success of a Seabee unit during combat depends on the collective abilities of each individual Seabee in the unit. Each Seabee must be able to complete an assigned task efficiently and effectively, and be able to competently perform the duties of a particular position. The fundamental military tactics presented in this unit provide a basis for the knowledge required to make each Seabee an effective part of a battalion's defense. All Seabees should pay particular attention to military tactics. Their lives may depend on them.

104-61 (reverse blank)

UNIT 105 COMMUNICATIONS/COMMUNICATION SECURITY MATERIAL SYSTEM (CMS) FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT 105 COMMUNICATIONS/COMMUNICATION SECURITY MATERIAL SYSTEM(CMS) FUNDAMENTALS

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE UNIT INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LESSON 1

105-3

TOPIC COMMUNICATIONS/CMS (105.1 THROUGH 105.14) . .

105-5

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

105-21

UNIT SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

105-25

105-1 (reverse blank)

UNIT 105 COMMUNICATIONS/COMMUNICATION SECURITY MATERIAL SYSTEM(CMS) FUNDAMENTALS UNIT INTRODUCTION Communications is vital to every aspect of human existence. Most of the time, people communicate with each other without caring that a third party might be listening. To keep others from overhearing, people whisper or write notes. Secret communications has become very technical especially in the military environment. The military substitutes special codes that only the intended receiver can understand. Communications and communication security can determine the success or failure of military operations.

105-3 (reverse blank)

UNIT 105 LESSON 1 COMMUNICATIONS/CMS

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.1 DESCRIBE THE ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION OF THE AN/PRC-77 RADIO.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.2 DESCRIBE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE AN/PRC-104 RADIO.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.3 WHAT IS THE MISSION OF THE CMS?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.4 EXPLAIN WHY IMPROPER CMS PRACTICES ARE DANGEROUS TO SECURITY.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.5 WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM TWO-PERSON INTEGRITY (TPI)?

105-5

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INFORMATION SHEET

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.6 DESCRIBE THE TERMS "ENCRYPTION" AND "AUTHENTICATION" AS APPLIED TO CMS PROCEDURES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.7 UTILIZING THE PHONETIC ALPHABET, SPELL YOUR FULL NAME.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.8 WHAT ARE THE FOUR PRECEDENCE PROWORDS NORMALLY USED IN HANDLING RADIO MESSAGES?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.9 DESCRIBE THE ASSOCIATED COMMUNICATIONS GEAR FOR THE AN/PRCS LISTED IN QUESTIONS .1 AND .2 THAT ENABLES THE EQUIPMENT TO BE CLASSIFIED AS CMS EQUIPMENT.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.10 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF HAND AND ARM SIGNALS IN THE FIELD?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.11 NAME THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEANS OF COMMUNICATIONS WHEN IN THE DEFENSE AREA.

105-6

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.12 STATE THREE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE CAPABILITIES OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.13 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SB 22?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 105.14 EXPLAIN BEADWINDOW.

INTRODUCTION Every Seabee must be ready to assume the role of communicator in the field and during combat. This may be by design or out of necessity during an emergency. Whatever the reason, each and every Seabee must be ready to provide the vital communications link that is the lifeline to command and control elements. Without this link, numerous lives may be lost in a combat situation. Not only are communications important in field operations, they are absolutely essential in the defense areas. Communicators must know how to operate communications gear, and understand and practice basic communication security procedures. Communicating correctly and efficiently could possibly mean the difference between winning or losing a battle, or ultimately, a war.

105-7

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

INFORMATION A. AN/PRC-77 RADIO (105.1) The AN/PRC-77 radio set (figure 105-1-1) is a battery powered, short-range, manpacked, portable, Frequency-Modulated (FM) receiver-transmitter used to provide twoway voice communication in the field. It operates on low power and at Very High Frequencies (VHF). The complete radio unit, when assembled, is watertight. Minor components include a cotton duck harness so that the radio can be strapped to an operator's back, a short antenna (3 feet in length) for short range service, a long antenna (10 feet in length) for maximum range, and an antenna support used for mounting the long antenna. Also included are a handset that consists of a microphone and receiver for transmitting and receiving signals, and a cotton duck bag used to store the antennas, antenna support, and handset. The AN/PRC-77 is a line-of-sight communication radio. Line-of-sight means that the transmitting station and receiving station can see one another.

105-8

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

ReceiverTransmitter

Handset

Antenna Support

Cotton Duck Harness

Cotton Duck Bag

Long Antenna

Figure 105-1-1. AN/PRC-77 Radio Set

105-9

Short Antenna

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

Assembly - Assembly of the AN/PRC-77 is fairlysimple and requires only a few connections to be made to the front panel (figure 105-1-2) of the radio set. This assumes the operator is in the field and carrying the radio. Prior to being issued for field use, there are other assembly steps required. Those steps are beyond the scope of this lesson and will not be discussed. Follow the steps in the order listed below to assemble and tune the radio:

BAND SWITCH

CHANNEL DIAL

AUDIO CONNECTORS

AUDIO

ANT PRESET

PRESET REC=TRANS FREQUENCY

5

POWER 30 70

ANT

0

10

VOLUME LITE RETRANS

30 - 52

SQUELCH BAND

ON

OFF

VOLUME CONTROL ANTENNA MOUNT CONNECTOR

MHZ TUNING KNOB

KHZ TUNING KNOB

FUNCTION SWITCH

Figure 105-1-2. AN/PRC-77 Front Panel 1.

Install either antenna (depending on operational needs) in the antenna mount (ANT) connector. If the long antenna is used, first attach the antenna support in the antenna mount, and then attach the long antenna to the antenna support.

105-10

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

2.

Attach the handset to either AUDIO connector.

3.

Turn the function switch to the ON position.

4.

Turn the BAND SWITCH to the desired frequency band.

5.

Turn the megahertz (MHz) and kilohertz (kHz) tuning knobs until the desired frequency appears on the channel dial.

6.

Turn the VOLUME control to number 4.

Operation - Operation of the AN/PRC-77 is similar to the operation of other radios such as Citizens Band (CB) and portable radios available on the open market. To operate the radio, follow the steps below in the order listed: 1.

Press the push-to-talk button on the handset (not shown) and speak into the mouthpiece of the handset. Release the push-to-talk button to listen.

2.

Adjust the VOLUME control until the desired sound level is reached.

3.

Turn the function switch to the SQUELCH position to reduce background noises when no signal is being received.

4.

Turn the function switch to the OFF position to conserve the life of the battery when the radio is not in use, and there is no need to communicate.

References NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8. TM 11-5820-667-12, Radio Set AN/PRC-77 (NSN 5820-00-930-3724) (Including Receiver-Transmitter, Radio RT-841/PRC-77) (NSN 5820-00-930-3725), chapters 1 and 3. B. AN/PRC-104 RADIO (105.2) The AN/PRC-104 is a state-of-the-art radio that can be carried and operated by one person, rigged for vehicle installation, or fixed-station use. It has the capability of 105-11

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

being tuned to any frequency between 2 and 29.9999 MHz in 100 Hz increments. This capability makes it possible to tune up to 280,000 separate frequencies. The PRC-104 operates in the Upper Side Band (USB) or Lower Side Band (LSB) for transmitting and receiving voice, Morse code, or teletype signals. Reference NAVEDTRA 12003, Seabee Combat Handbook, Volume 1, chapter 11. C. COMMUNICATION SECURITY MATERIAL SYSTEM (CMS) (105.3) CMS is an acronym for the system that provides measures to deny unauthorized persons information of value which may be gained by the possession or study of naval telecommunications. This system is also known as the Communications Security (COMSEC) system and is most often referred to as COMSEC. The mission of the CMS is to ensure the proper distribution, handling, control, and security of COMSEC material in use throughout the Navy. The material governed by CMS procedures ranges from highly sensitive, classified material to less sensitive but related material. Since this material is used to maintain the security and integrity of naval communications, it must be protected within the system. References NWP 4, Basic Operational Communications Doctrine, chapter 10. OPNAVINST 5510.1, Department of the Navy Information and Personnel Security Program Regulation, chapter 10. D. IMPROPER CMS PRACTICES (105.4) As previously stated, all material related to communications and communication security must be protected against disclosure to unauthorized parties. If the enemy has access to information related to communication schedules, operating frequencies, communication capabilities, and so forth, it is possible for them to monitor command communications. By monitoring all communication links to and from a command, trained analysts can put bits and pieces of information together. From this, they are able to determine things such as troop strength, weapons capabilities, logistical 105-12

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

information, and the list goes on. This information can then be used by the enemy to plan an attack, conduct acts of sabotage, carry out espionage activities, or other hostile acts against a command. Therefore, improper CMS practices must be avoided at all costs. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8. E. TWO-PERSON INTEGRITY (TPI) (105.5) Personnel are not normally permitted to work alone in areas where top secret information or information controlled under special access program procedures is used or stored and is accessible to those employees. This applies especially to periods outside normal duty hours. The TPI rule is another measure taken to ensure the physical security and integrity of top secret information and materials. The old adage "two heads are better than one" can well be applied when working with top secret information. Top secret material and documents must be stored in appropriate safes when not in use. TPI provides an extra degree of protection to ensure all top secret material is properly accounted for and stored when not in use and at the end of the working day. Highly sensitive information such as COMSEC materials are protected by special controls and accounting procedures. Therefore, the TPI rule is replaced by a procedure known as two-person control. It still amounts to having more than one person available in areas where top secret materials are being used. Remember, the whole idea is to ensure the protection of top secret material. Reference OPNAVINST 5100.1, Department of the Navy Information and Personnel Security Program Regulation, chapter 13. F. CMS PROCEDURES (105.6) CMS procedures require strict controls over all aspects of naval communications. Controls are necessary to protect classified information passed over communication circuits. Voice communication is easily intercepted by unauthorized parties. If proper procedures are not followed, hostile forces may gain access to classified information passed over radio circuits. This could result in failed missions or 105-13

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

disrupted operations and may lead to the loss of life. Therefore, it is extremely important to follow established procedures and take every precaution to guard against disclosures of classified information. Encryption - Encryption is the process of converting intelligible information into an unintelligible form for transmission. Encryption may be accomplished by substituting numbers for letters representing the message text, rearranging certain words within the text of a message, using groups of letters or numbers in the message to represent certain words, phrases, orders, and so forth. Authentication - Authentication is a security measure designed to protect a communication system against fraudulent transmissions. When authenticating on a voice communication circuit, the transmitter challenges the receiver with a special code. The receiver responds with a "countersign" code. If the receiver responds with the correct countersign, the transmitter can assume that the receiver responding is the intended party. The authenticate codes are prearranged and are known only to personnel having access to the communication circuit. Reference NAVEDTRA 10228, Radioman 3 & 2, chapter 12 and appendix I. G. PHONETIC ALPHABET (105.7) During combat activities, thunderstorms, or other high-background noise levels, voice communications may require spelling certain words phonetically. Phonetic spelling provides clarity and emphasis to ensure the information is received correctly. Using the phonetic alphabet (table 105-1-1) prevents the possibility of the receiving operator copying words or groups of words incorrectly. The letters B, P, and T, as well as others that sound alike can be confusing when heard on radio telephone circuits. When sending like-sounding letters or important information, it is a good practice to use the phonetic alphabet. For example, when transmitting the word "Firebase" phonetically, the proper procedure is to call the receiving station, identify the transmitting station, and pass the message as follows: "Red Dog, this is Scout. The code is Firebase. I spell: Foxtrot, India, Romeo, Echo, Bravo, Alpha, Sierra, Echo, over." 105-14

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

LETTER

PHONETIC EQUIVALENT

PRONOUNCED AS

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA ECHO FOXTROT GOLF HOTEL INDIA JULIETT KILO LIMA MIKE NOVEMBER OSCAR PAPA QUEBEC ROMEO SIERRA TANGO UNIFORM VICTOR WHISKEY XRAY YANKEE ZULU

AL fah BRAH voh CHAR lee DELL tah ECK oh FOKS trot GOLF hoh TELL IN dee ah JEW lee ett KEY loh LEE mah MIKE no VEM ber OSS cah pah PAH keh BECK ROW me oh see AIR rah TANG go YOU nee form VIK tah WISS key ECKS ray YANG kee ZOO loo

Table 105-1-1. Phonetic Alphabet Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8.

105-15

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

H. MESSAGE PRECEDENCE PROWORDS (105.8) Message precedence prowords are used in handling message traffic. Precedence prowords indicate the order in which one message is handled relative to other messages. The precedence is assigned by the message originator according to the urgency of the information contained in the message. In military communications, there are four message precedence prowords. Each precedence proword is assigned a single letter identifier for brevity and ease of recognition. Flash (Z) is the highest precedence proword. It is used to pass extremely critical information. Flash messages are reserved for reporting initial enemy contact or operational combat messages of extreme urgency. Immediate or Operational Immediate (O) precedence is reserved for messages relating to situations that gravely affect the national forces or populace and require immediate delivery to the addressees. Priority (P) precedence is reserved for messages that furnish essential information concerning operations in progress. This is the highest precedence normally authorized for administrative messages. Routine (R) is the lowest precedence. It is assigned to all types of messages that justify electrical transmission but are not of sufficient urgency to require a higher precedence. References NAVEDTRA 10228, Radioman 3 & 2, chapter 11. NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8. I.

CMS EQUIPMENT (105.9)

All references to CMS equipment are classified.

105-16

UNIT 105 LESSON 1 J.

INFORMATION SHEET

HAND AND ARM SIGNALS (105.10)

The purpose of hand and arm signals is to communicate commands or information in the field when voice or radio communication is difficult, impossible, or when radio silence must be maintained. Leaders should repeat hand and arm signals to their units whenever necessary to make sure of prompt and correct execution of orders. Various hand signals are also used to assist and direct helicopter pilots involved in combat missions in the field. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8. K. DEFENSE AREA COMMUNICATIONS (105.11) Defense area communications are vital for logistics, passing routine information, and conducting day to day operations in the defense area. It is extremely important for defense areas to maintain good, secure means of communications to enhance security and stability. Defense areas may be vulnerable to attack; therefore, it is absolutely necessary to have a good communication system for passing information and orders. Wire (telephone) and messengers are normally the primary means of communications in defense. These two methods are more secure than radio and provide a better method of secure communications. Two or more wire lines should be installed over different routes to connect two units. This allows communications to be quickly reestablished if one line becomes inoperative or is discovered by the enemy. Visual and sound signals may be used to supplement wire communications, but only when they do not compromise security. Since radio is the least secure means of communications, it is considered the secondary method of communicating in the defense area. Once contact is made with the enemy and wire or messenger service is impractical, field radios are used for passing tactical information and orders to all hands in the defense area. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8. 105-17

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

L. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES (105.12) Field radio sets used for communications in combat have some limitations. Even with limitations, these units are practical, generally reliable, and provide adequate communications in the field. The primary limitation of a field radio is that it provides only line-of-sight communications. This limitation may be overcome somewhat by having messages relayed by other units in your line-of-sight to units in the receiving station's line-of-sight. Other things that affect the capabilities of radio communications are obstructions. Since field radios are for line-of-sight communications, any obstruction between the transmitting station and the receiving station may disrupt or block communications. Factors such as valleys, densely wooded areas, towers, low lying areas, and sources of electrical interference are common obstructions that have an adverse effect on radio communications. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8. M. SB 22 (105.13) The SB 22/PT, often referred to as the SB 22, is a lightweight, battery-operated, field telephone switchboard that has 12 interconnecting voice-frequency circuits. The purpose of the SB 22 is to interconnect local-battery telephone circuits, remote-controlled radio circuits, and voice-frequency teletypewriter circuits. By interconnecting various circuits, a communication network is created. This improves communication capabilities and provides the means to access nearly any unit or station in a command. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8. N. BEADWINDOW (105.14) Security is the first and foremost rule of communications. Whether classified or unclassified, military information passed over radio circuits is intended for military use only. It is not for release to unauthorized parties. When communicating, every measure available should be taken to protect the information being transmitted. 105-18

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

The Navy has a COMSEC mission designed to improve security and to provide a means of monitoring certain radio and telephone links. These links are monitored to determine whether or not classified information is being passed either intentionally or inadvertently. This mission is known as BEADWINDOW. BEADWINDOW is a real-time procedure used to alert circuit operators that an unauthorized disclosure of classified information has occurred. If an operator on a voice link hears the word BEADWINDOW followed by a number, that operator must immediately acknowledge with "Roger, out" and immediately secure the circuit. The number immediately following the word BEADWINDOW is a code to define the type of information that has been disclosed. For example, BEADWINDOW five indicates the disclosure of information on key personnel within a command. Other numbers identify specific categories of information that has been disclosed. Any disclosure of classified information on an unsecure link must be reported. An investigation must then be initiated to determine the type of information disclosed and the possible damage that has resulted or may result from the disclosure. Reference NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8.

SUMMARY The assembly and operation of the AN/PRC-77 is accomplished by the operator in the field. Assembly is accomplished in six steps by attaching all components to the radio. Operation of the AN/PRC-77 is a simple process similar to operating a CB radio. The AN/PRC-104 has the capability to transmit and receive voice, Morse code, or teletype signals. COMSEC or CMS is a mission that provides security to naval communications and communication material. Improper CMS practices may allow an enemy access to classified communications procedures, thereby weakening naval defenses. TPI requires the presence of two personnel in secure spaces and provides an added degree of protection for classified material. Encryption is the process of encoding naval messages and authentication is the security measure for determining lawful or unlawful transmissions. The phonetic 105-19

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

alphabet is used to pass voice messages under adverse conditions. Message precedence prowords determine the order in which naval messages are handled. Hand and arm signals are used to communicate when voice or radio communications is difficult. Telephones are used as the primary means of communicating in the defense area. Secondary defense area communications is by radio. Valleys, towers, wooded areas, or other obstructions may interfere with or block line-of-sight communications. The SB 22 is a device used for interconnecting all components of a radio communications system. BEADWINDOW is the procedure for monitoring radio and telephone links to determine whether or not classified information is being compromised.

105-20

UNIT 105 LESSON 1 COMMUNICATIONS/CMS

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 105.1 through 105.14 For items 1 through 10, circle the letter of the correct response. 1. When an AN/PRC-77 is properly adjusted, the operating frequency will appear on which of the following controls? a. b. c. d.

Function switch Channel dial MHz knob Band switch

2. What system is designed specifically to protect the security of communications material? a. b. c. d.

CMS OPCOM OPSEC TPI

3. Rearranging words in the message text prior to transmission is an example of a. b. c. d.

encryption. substituting. decoding. validating.

4. Which of the following prowords is used to pass extremely critical messages? a. b. c. d.

Immediate Flash Routine Priority 105-21

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

5. Under which of the following conditions must the phonetic alphabet be used for voice communications? a. b. c. d.

Radio checks Practice exercises Cypher operations Combat activities

6. Which of the following signals is used by combat troops in the field to direct helicopter pilots in a landing zone? a. b. c. d.

Blinking light Semaphore Voice Hand

7. What is the primary method of communicating in a defense area? a. b. c. d.

Wire Semaphore Radio Hand signals

8. For what purpose is the SB 22/PT used in field communications? a. b. c. d.

Providing voice communications Encrypting message traffic Interconnecting voice circuits Authenticating messages

9. What measure protects communications against fraudulent transmissions? a. b. c. d.

Confirmation Authentication Encryption Validation

105-22

UNIT 105 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

10. Which of the following factors does NOT affect field radio communications capabilities? a. b. c. d.

Line-of-sight Towers Low lying areas Valleys

Complete items 11 through 15 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 11. The secondary method of communicating in a defense area is by . 12. The COMSEC mission for monitoring communications for security purposes goes by the codename of . 13. Unauthorized disclosure of communication security material may occur as a result of . 14. The rule that requires more than one person to be present in areas containing top secret information and materials is known as . 15. The radio set capable of sending and receiving voice, Morse code, or teletype signals is the .

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UNIT 105 COMMUNICATIONS/COMMUNICATION SECURITY MATERIAL SYSTEM (CMS) FUNDAMENTALS UNIT SUMMARY A basic working knowledge of field communication equipment and procedures is essential for every Seabee. During times of armed conflict, all personnel must be ready to assume the duty of their shipmate if it becomes necessary. Therefore, it is important that each person learn as much as possible about the varied duties and responsibilities that make up a fighting force. Communications is the lifeline of forces in the field. However, communications without communicators is of little value.

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UNIT 107 EMBARKATION FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT 107 EMBARKATION FUNDAMENTALS

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE UNIT INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LESSON 1

107-3

TOPIC EMBARKATION (107.1 THROUGH 107.12) . . . . . . . .

107-5

PRACTICE EXERCISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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UNIT SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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UNIT 107 EMBARKATION FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT INTRODUCTION It has been demonstrated many times in the past that the primary key to the usefulness of the Naval Mobile Construction Battalion is its mobility. The continued existence of the Naval Construction Force is primarily dependent on its outstanding ability to respond to a contingency situation anywhere in the world. The Naval Construction Force accomplishes its mission by embarking a totally self-sufficient unit capable of advance base construction or disaster recovery operations. PQS line items 107.2 and 107.3 have been combined in this unit. This was done to aid learning and does not in any way change PQS requirements.

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UNIT 107 LESSON 1 EMBARKATION

INFORMATION SHEET PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.1 DESCRIBE THE ORGANIZATION AND MAKEUP OF AN AIR DET, AIR ECHELON AND SEA ECHELON, AND STATE THEIR REQUIRED DEPLOYABLE TIME FRAMES.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.2 EXPLAIN THE OPERATIONS OF THE BATTALION MOCC.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.3 WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OPERATION OF THE MOCC?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.4 IDENTIFY EMBARKATION TRAINING REQUIREMENTS.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.5 DEFINE THE FOLLOWING AS APPLIED TO EMBARKATION: A. ACL B. ALCE C. MARSHALLING

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D. AACG E. DACG

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.6 DESCRIBE HOW EQUIPMENT AND CARGO ARE TO BE PREPARED FOR AIR/SEA MOVEMENT.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.7 NAME THREE TYPES OF AMC ORGANIC AIRCRAFT AND THEIR PRIMARY USE AND MISSION.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.8 NAME THE MANUAL(S) GOVERNING THE HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS CARGO FOR AIR, LAND AND SEA MOVEMENT.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.9 IDENTIFY THE SIX ESSENTIAL CONVOY PERSONNEL POSITIONS AND THEIR DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES THAT ARE TO BE CONSIDERED FOR A UNIT MOVEMENT.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.10 EXPLAIN THE THREE COLOR CLASSIFICATIONS USED TO DETERMINE CONVOY ROAD ROUTES.

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PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.11 WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE SPEED AT WHICH A CONVOY WILL MOVE?

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION STATEMENT 107.12 DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARGO CONTAINERS THE NCF MAY USE FOR UNIT MOVEMENTS.

INTRODUCTION Naval Mobile Construction Battalion units are required to maintain a high state of operational readiness. They must be capable of deploying an Air Detachment, Air Echelon, and Sea Echelon. Each unit must be capable of rapidly and efficiently embarking aboard assigned aircraft or ships, and mounting-out by tactical or non-tactical road convoys. Smooth, expedient mount-outs require careful preplanning and organizing. Embarkation, whether by air, land, sea, or any combination thereof, is an all-hands evolution. Flexibility is extremely important. The Seabees perform all of their tasks with a "can do" spirit. This is the reason they do them so well.

INFORMATION A. ORGANIZATION (107.1) Each Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) is capable of deploying tailored air detachments of approximately 89 selected personnel. Personnel with their supporting air-liftable supplies and equipment are capable of employing within 48 hours of a request. This air detachment must be self-sufficient for a minimum period of 30 days except for their ammunition, rations, and fuel supplies. Additionally, each NMCB must be capable of being totally redeployed from its deployment site or home port with its total command allowance within 6 to 30 days depending on its location and status at the time of the request. This concept allows

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for only a minimum troop construction effort during the early stages of a contingency execution. Therefore, contingency planners have indicated that some requirements, primarily battle damage repair, can be met by the air detachments. Other early requirements may indicate the need for an entire NMCB to be at work as soon as possible. The NMCBs have been divided into three echelons: air detachment, air echelon less air detachment, and the sea echelon. Air Detachment - The primary mission of the air detachment is to repair war damage and construct urgent projects required by major operation plans. The air detachment is composed of 89 personnel and 34 pieces of Civil Engineer Support Equipment (CESE). It is limited to 250 to 300 short tons of air cargo. It may be deployed independently or with the air echelon. Air Echelon - The primary mission of the air echelon is to repair war damage and construct urgent projects required by major operation plans. The air echelon is composed of 648 personnel and 103 pieces of CESE. It is limited to 1,200 to 1,250 short tons of air cargo. This allowance provides for maximum NMCB capability and/or diversity within the 1,200 to 1,250 short-ton airlift constraint for insertion into the early stages of the contingency execution. Sea Echelon - The primary mission of the sea echelon is to bring the remaining portion of the NMCB table of allowance not included in the air echelon. The sea echelon is composed of 25 personnel including 1 officer. It will be scheduled to arrive at the designated contingency site within 30 days after the air echelon. This helps the NMCB maintain its capability to be completely self-sustaining for a minimum of 90 days. References COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 5. NAVFAC P-315, Naval Construction Force Manual, appendix G. OPNAVINST 5450.46, Doctrine and Policy Governing U.S. Naval Mobile Construction Battalions (NMCBs) and Construction Battalion Units (CBUs), enclosure 1.

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B. MOUNT-OUT CONTROL CENTER (MOCC) (107.2 AND 107.3) The MOCC controls, coordinates, and monitors the movement of all personnel, supplies, and equipment to an embarkation staging area. The MOCC usually has the authority to establish traffic control, issue movement orders to units, and control transportation used in the mount-out. The MOCC coordinates and schedules the movement of personnel, supplies, and all related equipment from storage areas, warehouses, and the unit's base camp area. Within the NMCB, the MOCC and the embarkation staff controls all aspects of an NMCB mount-out. It also serves as the coordinating center for all of the companies and all of the staff section heads. The executive officer, as chief staff officer, directs the operation of the MOCC. The MOCC is located in a secure area with adequate communications and suitable space for displaying the progress of the mount-out. The executive officer must have a small staff of personnel trained to handle the communications and to plot the status of the critical items in the embarkation checkoff listings of the principal staff officers and companies. The MOCC is the command information center during embarkation. It is absolutely necessary that the status of all actions be forwarded to the MOCC on a continuous and timely basis. The MOCC must be informed of all decisions that are made so that all personnel who need to know will receive the information. A preplanned checkoff list of the embarkation responsibilities of each key staff member in the NMCB forms the basis for reporting to the MOCC and the display of status information. Each of the items on this list should be reported when due. Additional information that affects other parts of the organization must also be reported. Any uncertainty about the need for reporting any item to the MOCC should be decided in favor of reporting. It is impossible to have the MOCC too well informed. Embarkation embarkation movements. current with

or MOCC files must be set up and kept current in anticipation of orders whether scheduled or unscheduled or by surface or air The embarkation staff is responsible for keeping the MOCC files all the necessary information on embarkation.

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The MOCC should be periodically exercised to locate and correct weaknesses. Different situations should be used for each drill in order to maintain flexibility. MOCC folders should be closely checked to ensure completeness. Reference COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 3. C. TRAINING (107.4) Embarkation aboard amphibious ships or cargo aircraft cannot be accomplished smoothly and efficiently without prior training and experience. Personnel must know their specific assignments and the proper way in which to carry them out. Training of personnel must be geared to the level of skill required to embark the unit efficiently. The emphasis must be on maximum training of the embarkation staff and loadmaster. When the embarkation staff is used for routine embarkation of supplies and equipment by air, sea, details, or detachments, additional qualified personnel are required. Formal embarkation training prepares only a small portion of the unit's personnel for conducting an orderly mount-out. Within each unit, a series of periodic formal embarkation training briefings must be held to indoctrinate all personnel for specific responsibilities. This includes those key petty officers who must transform the planning into reality. All officers and key company and department personnel must have a working knowledge of the embarkation sequence to prepare their respective company or department adequately for mount-out. Loading aboard an amphibious ship, whether beached or married to a causeway, presents problems in loading vehicles especially heavy construction equipment. Personnel must be given prior training in loading these complex pieces of equipment in order to provide rapid embarkation and to prevent vehicle damage. Aircraft loading presents special problems in loading procedures to prevent damage to the aircraft and vehicle. Embarkation exercises are carefully designed to provide training for embarkation officers and combat cargo officers. Practical experience is provided to drivers, equipment operators, and loading personnel. This training and practice must be conducted at frequent intervals to ensure that an adequate number of capable loading personnel are available at all times.

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The appropriate home-ported NMCB will schedule at least one mobilization command post exercise for its embarkation staff during each homeport and deployment. These exercises will determine deficiencies in procedures, equipment, personnel, and records. A completion report will be forwarded to the appropriate unit exercising operational control within 2 weeks of the exercise. This exercise will test the ability of the battalion's air detachment, air echelon, and sea echelon to mount-out. The Joint Airborne and Air Transportability Training program is a Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) sponsored training program. It provides the U.S. Air Force Air Mobility Command (AMC) air crews and support units training and familiarization with AMC aircraft, equipment, and procedures. The types of training available include the following: Static load exercises familiarize personnel with the different types of AMC aircraft, and should be used in conjunction with the AMC affiliation planning and loading courses. Personnel and equipment are provided by the requesting organization. Emergency deployment readiness exercises train both Air Force and Naval Construction Force (NCF) personnel in their joint capability to load, move, and unload troops and cargo in a no-notice emergency situation. References COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 1. COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 1500.1, Skill/Training Requirements Program, enclosure 1.

Naval

Construction

Force

NAVEDTRA 10600, Naval Construction Force/Seabee Chief Petty Officer, chapter 8. D. TERMINOLOGY (107.5) ACL - ACL (Allowable Cabin Load or Allowable Cargo Load) is the amount of cargo and/or passengers that may be transported by a specific aircraft. ACL includes the weight, cubic displacement, and distance to be flown. All aircraft have

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ACL weight limitations that are absolutely critical to flight. Loads heavier than normal can be planned, but only after coordination with the U.S. Air Force Airlift Control Element. Combat situations may drastically increase the ACL weight limitations for all aircraft. ALCE - An ALCE (U.S. Air Force Airlift Control Element) is a composite organization. It is designed to support airlift missions going to places where command control, mission reporting, and/or support functions are limited or do not exist. The ALCE is commanded by an officer certified as an ALCE commander. An ALCE has an ALCE operations center that serves as the nerve center for deployed command, control, and communications. An ALCE may include additional Mission Support Elements (MSEs), as required. The MSEs are under the direct command of the ALCE commander and are organizationally subordinate to the ALCE operations center. ALCEs are capable of conducting operations from either established facilities, including airports of both foreign and domestic governments, or from remote and rugged locations. ALCEs provide minimum essential enroute and turnaround support for onload and offload operations. They also furnish safetyof-flight maintenance and aircraft servicing where it is required. Marshalling - This is the process by which units taking part in an amphibious or airborne operation move to temporary camps near the embarkation points and airfields. Here these units complete preparations for combat and prepare for loading. Equipment and material are received and prepared for each aircraft during marshalling. All vehicles are checked for cleanliness, minor leaks are repaired, mobile loads are completed, and vehicles are weighed and marked for center of balance. Cargo is palletized on approved Air Force 463L cargo pallets and are weighed and balanced. AACG - The AACG (Arrival Airfield Control Group) is the organization that is responsible for receiving all airlifted items to the AMC-contracted terminal airfield. An AACG is also responsible for ensuring orderly and timely movement of personnel, material, and equipment from the terminal airfield to the deployment site. If troops are required to remain at the arrival airfield area because of any delays, the AACG team is responsible for providing food service, rest areas, and recreation. DACG - The DACG (Departure Airfield Control Group) is the organization that is responsible for controlling all items to be airlifted. A DACG makes sure that the

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flow of personnel, material, and equipment is smooth and efficient when they are called from the alert holding area to the call forward area. The DACG is also responsible for providing security, food service, rest areas, and recreation areas, when required. References COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 5. MAC PAMPHLET 50-13, MAC Affiliation Program, glossary. E. PREPARATION OF EQUIPMENT AND CARGO FOR MOVEMENT (107.6) Preparing equipment and supplies for overseas movement starts as soon as orders are received. The paragraphs below describe how a unit's equipment and supplies are prepared for air and/or sea embarkation. Preparation of the supplies begins during turnover as supply shortages are requested and unserviceable equipment is surveyed. Mount-out boxes must be packed and prepared for shipment. Items which do not fit into mount-out boxes must be crated and marked in accordance with appendix III of the Embarkation Manual. Appendix IV provides guidance for packing and marking the International Standardization Organization (ISO) containers of a containerized Table of Allowance (TOA). While the boxes and crates are being constructed, all equipment is being prepared for packing. Items having metal surfaces, such as galley equipment and weapons, must be covered with rust preventive for protection against the elements. Communications gear must be waterproofed and packed with care to minimize breakage. Vehicle fuel tanks and extra five-gallon cans of fuel and/or oil must be filled in accordance with NAVSUP PUB 505 (Air) and/or NWP 22-6 (Sea). There are three categories of supplies for loading: vehicles, bulk cargo, and unitized cargo. Vehicles include all trailers, prime movers, and tracked vehicles. Bulk cargo includes all boxes and crates and individual items of supplies not unitized. Unitized cargo consists of individual items of supply made into one package.

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There are various methods of unitizing. The one most commonly used for combat loading is the pallet. It is 40 inches by 48 inches in size and is capable of holding 2,000 pounds of supplies or 3,000 pounds of ammunition. Supplies mounted on pallets should not exceed 40 inches in height and must be made fast by banding. Employing unitized cargo depends upon the task to be performed and the unloading conditions expected at the area of debarkation. Unitized cargo is easy to handle but is often hard to get to and identify. Because of the mobile nature of NMCBs, certain supplies and equipment may be pre-positioned to support specific Operation Plans (OPLANs). All or part of these prepositioned stocks may be available to the NCF. As part of the planning phase, NMCBs should review the OPLAN to determine the types, quantities, location, and availability of supplies and equipment. Reference COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 3. F. AIR MOBILITY COMMAND (AMC) ORGANIC AIRCRAFT (107.7) The primary AMC airlift aircraft inventory consists of three aircraft: the C-5 Galaxy, C-141B Starlifter, and C-130 Hercules. Under normal operations, the NCF uses these aircraft for embarkation purposes. Each type of aircraft has specific capabilities and limitations. These include the requirement for takeoff or landing on tactical runways, packed dirt, or on a Short Airfield for Tactical Support (SATS) type of landing facility. Presently, the C-130 is considered the tactical aircraft used for SATS operations. The C-141 and C-5 aircraft normally require a full-service air facility. They are considered strategic aircraft.

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C-5 Galaxy - The C-5 Galaxy aircraft (figure 107-1-1) was designed for a primary mission of global strategic airlift of outsized cargo. The C-5 Galaxy is the largest U.S. airlift aircraft. Its size allows it to carry cargo that will not fit into any other airlift aircraft. The C-5 provides increased capability over the C-141B and C-130 by carrying such items as large helicopters, tanks, and communications vans. The normal planning ACL for the C-5 is 150,000 pounds. The cargo compartment is 1,464 inches long, 228 inches wide, and 162 inches high. The C-5 employs the use of two cargo loading ramps. The forward ramp is 114 inches long and 228 inches wide. The after ramp is 155 inches long and 228 inches wide. The C-5 has 73 passenger or troop seats permanently installed in the upper troop compartment. An additional 267 airline seat kits can be installed. Web passenger seats, full sidewall seats, and litter capabilities are not available on the C-5. It can carry 73 paratroops. The maximum number of passengers allowed on overwater flights is 329. Each passenger is estimated to weigh 210 pounds.

AIR US

E RC FO

Figure 107-1-1. C-5 Galaxy

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C-141B Starlifter - The C-141B Starlifter (figure 107-1-2) is a strategic airlift aircraft with the primary mission of supporting global military activities with airland and airdrop missions. This aircraft is not normally used for intra-theater airlift. It will deliver cargo and combat troops from the United States to major airfields within any theater of operations. The C-141B provides distance, speed, and payload capabilities greater than the C-130. It is also capable of air refueling to greatly extend its range. The normal planning ACL for the C-141B is 50,000 pounds. The usable cargo compartment is 1,090 inches long, 123 inches wide, and 109 inches high. The cargo ramp is 131 inches long and 123 inches wide. This limits most items of cargo to a maximum height of 105 inches and width of 117 inches. Additionally, the C-141B has a crew rest facility. Under this area, floor loaded cargo is restricted to a height of 80 inches. Palletized cargo is restricted to 76 inches high, measured from the pallet surface. The C-141B has 143 passenger or troop airline seats available. An additional 200 web passenger seats can be installed. The plane can be equipped to handle 103 litter patients plus the medical crew. It can carry 155 paratroops. The C-141B has 98 full sidewall seats available. The maximum number of passengers allowed on overwater flights is 153.

Figure 107-1-2. C-141B Starlifter

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C-130 Hercules - This aircraft (figure 107-1-3) is a tactical airlift aircraft designed and built by the Lockheed Corporation. Its primary mission is to provide theater airland and airdrop support to forward operating locations. Typical C-130 use includes moving cargo that had been positioned from the United States by larger airlift airplanes or ships from main theater staging bases to front line areas. This aircraft is not normally used as a strategic airlift airplane moving cargo from continent to continent. The size of the C-130 allows flights into airfields with runways of 5,000 feet or less that prohibit using larger airlift aircraft. The normal planning ACL for the C-130 is 25,000 pounds. The cargo compartment is 492 inches long, with 477 usable inches. It is 123 inches wide, has 106 inches of usable floor width with dual rails installed, and is 108 inches high. The cargo ramp is 132 inches long, 123 inches wide, has 106 inches of usable floor width with dual rails installed. This cargo compartment cross-section allows loading items with maximum dimensions of 105 inches high and 115 inches wide.

Figure 107-1-3. C-130 Hercules The C-130 has 40 passenger or troop airline seats available. Installation of 90 web passenger seats is possible. The plane can be equipped to handle 72 litter patients plus the medical crew. It can carry 64 paratroops. Also, 41 full sidewall passenger

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INFORMATION SHEET

The maximum number of passengers allowed on overwater

Reference MAC PAMPHLET 50-13, MAC Affiliation Program, chapters 13 through 15. G. HANDLING HAZARDOUS CARGO (107.8) The Department of Transportation (DOT) is responsible for regulating shipment and/or movement of all hazardous materials in the United States by rail, air, highway, and water. The authority and responsibilities of the DOT are established by Federal Law in Sections 831-835, Title 18 of the U.S. Code for the requirements governing handling and transporting hazardous materials. These regulations are published in Code of Federal Regulations CFR 49, parts 170-179, Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation. The transportation of military explosives and hazardous materials by either military carriers or commercial carriers within continental United States is governed by Army Regulation (AR) 55-355. This AR requires compliance with all regulations, reporting accidents according to AR 385-40, maintaining records, and tracing shipments. In addition, AR 55-355 requires completing DD form 6 and SF form 361 when required, and ensuring that security is maintained. Marking packages should be according to Military Standard 129. Hazardous cargo must be packaged and handled according to AFR 7l-4/TM 38-250/NAVSUP 505/MCO P4030.19D/DLAM 4145.3. This manual is a composite of the following manuals and regulations: U.S. Air Force Regulation AFR 71-4, U.S. Army Technical Manual TM 38-250, Naval Supplement Publication NAVSUP PUB 505, Marine Corps Order MCO P4030.19E, and Defense Logistic Agency Manual DLAM 4145.3. The Navy manual, NAVSUP PUB 505, provides instructions for preparing hazardous materials for shipment aboard miliary aircraft for overseas shipment. This supplement ensures that materials are packaged, packed, marked, labeled, and prepared properly for transportation when offered for shipment. Cargo that is considered hazardous must be handled according to NAVSUP PUB 505, with no exceptions.

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Hazardous cargo must be certified on a Special Handling Data/Certification DD 1387-2 form before it can be accepted for movement by airlift. It is the deploying unit's responsibility to provide qualified personnel to certify hazardous cargo. References COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 6. NAVSUP PUB 505, Preparing Hazardous Materials for Military Air Shipments, chapter 1. H. CONVOY PERSONNEL POSITIONS (107.9) To control and coordinate the movement of convoys properly, it is necessary to develop a uniform organization and establish uniform procedures. Members of a convoy must be able to identify the various components and the leadership personnel within the convoy. A single convoy using the same route for a single movement is divided into three divisions, each having a specific purpose. These divisions are march, serial, and unit columns. The march column is composed of the entire convoy including all elements using the same route for a single movement under the control of a single commander. The convoy commander is equipped with an appropriate vehicle and communications equipment. A serial column is a major subdivision of a march column. Each serial column falls under the command of a single commander and is limited to 20 vehicles. Serial commanders are equipped with proper radio equipment. A unit column is a subdivision of a serial column. Each unit column also falls under the command of a single commander and is limited to 10 or less vehicles. Unit commanders are equipped with proper radio equipment. The main functional parts of a convoy are the pacesetter, main body, and trail. The pacesetter is the first vehicle in a march column and the trail is the last element in a column.

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Although all convoys require personnel, such as drivers, mechanics, and shotgun riders, there are some critical personnel positions in each vehicle convoy. These positions include the following: Convoy Commander - Usually a lieutenant or lieutenant junior grade is responsible for the convoy's action during movement. The commander initiates the march, issues and enforces march orders, and supervises the movement. Serial Commander - An ensign or master chief petty officer is in charge of the serial column when it is detached from the march column. Advance Officer - This person is usually a master chief petty officer or senior chief petty officer. The advance officer precedes the column and is in charge of the point in tactical operations. In non-tactical operations, the advance officer reconnoiters the route of march, selects alternate routes, posts traffic control personnel, and notifies proper authorities of the approach of the column. Trail Officer - This position is usually assigned to a senior chief petty officer or chief petty officer. The duties of the trail officer consist of posting warning flags or lights as necessary, picking up guides, preventing interference by overtaking traffic, checking convoy discipline, and ensuring that care is given to any injured personnel. Unit Commander - A petty officer first class is usually assigned this position. When detached from serial column, the unit commander assumes responsibility for that unit. Maintenance Officer - The person assigned is usually a senior chief petty officer, chief petty officer, or a petty officer first class. The maintenance officer rides at the rear of the convoy and is responsible for vehicle maintenance. At halts, the maintenance officer ensures that all vehicles are checked and necessary repairs are made. This officer is also responsible for the equipment and gear carried on the maintenance truck. Other control positions that are assigned to the march column include the following:

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Pace Setter - The pace setter is usually a petty officer and is stationed in the lead vehicle. This vehicle must be driven by an experienced driver who will maintain the speed as set forth by the convoy commander. Guides - Guides are posted at critical intersections when on non-tactical convoys. Escorts - Escorts can be military police or other personnel for a non-tactical movement. During a tactical movement, the escorts may be armed guards, armed aircraft, infantry, armored units, or other units as required to protect or accompany the convoy. Vehicle Commander - A petty officer in charge is assigned to all vehicles carrying troops. This petty officer is responsible for the discipline of the embarked troops and the security arrangements for the vehicle. Reference COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 6. I.

COLOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROAD ROUTES (107.10)

Upon receipt of an order to execute an OPLAN requiring the use of convoys, certain studies and preparations must be made. A thorough reconnaissance of the roads, bridge capacities, potential bottlenecks, and halt locations shall be made if time and the lack of hostile activity permit. If time does not allow, the reconnaissance may be made by air. Upon completion of the reconnaissance, roads are classified and color coded with the three following colors: Green - relatively safe from hostile activity Yellow - subject to limited hostile activity Red - hostile activity is imminent

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Reference COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 6. J.

OPERATIONS OF CONVOY (107.11)

It is impossible to anticipate every situation that may arise during the movement of a convoy. However, experience has shown that standardized procedures minimize the amount of confusion and time lost when difficulties arise. During enroute operations, convoy speed varies but a convoy should normally travel at 30 miles per hour on the open road. Speed may be increased or decreased in order to maintain the proper interval between vehicles. Speed should be determined by the slowest vehicle in the convoy, such as a grader or armored vehicle. The normal interval between vehicles is 100 yards. When passing through villages or populated areas, the distance should be reduced to 50 yards or less. The original convoy order should be maintained unless a vehicle(s) become(s) disabled. When halting in a tactical march, the interval between vehicles should be 100 feet. Guides should be placed at either end of the convoy and serials. Defensive positions must be taken by all personnel in the convoy when halted. Vehicles should be left running until the order to secure is received from the convoy commander. Vehicles and personnel should remain on the road, avoiding the shoulders and ditches because of possible mines and booby traps. Drivers are required to inspect and check their vehicles and correct discrepancies immediately each time the convoy halts. Reference COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapter 6. K. CARGO CONTAINERS (107.12) Deploying an NMCB requires the shipment of thousands of items of equipment and supplies. Preserving material before and during packing for shipment is expensive. However, it is necessary to ensure the items will be available and in usable condition when needed. The mount-out box is a valuable piece of equipment.

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Material must be packed securely and marked in a manner that permits easy identification and rapid distribution upon arrival at the deployment site. As much as possible, standard size boxes are to be banded on 48-inch, by 40-inch warehouse pallets for loading onto 463L pallets or into ISO shipping containers for shipment.

NOTE Introduction of storeroom configured ISO shipping and storage containers into the NCF supersedes the use of standard mount-out boxes for storerooms and tool rooms. Mount-out boxes may continue to be applicable for detachments and small units where ISO containers are not available or practical. When configured ISO containers are not available for storeroom material, the standard 48-inch long by 20-inch wide mount-out box shall be used. These boxes are designed to fit back to back, 6 to a standard 48-inch by 40-inch warehouse pallet. Kit and mount-out boxes are constructed in standard sizes for modular storage and ease of handling by troops. This is required for building 463L pallets for airland operations and manhandling at deployment sites where Material Handling Equipment (MHE) may not be readily available. When oversized cargo is encountered, careful planning is required to determine the ideal box size to use. Some cargo cannot be limited to standard mount-out boxes. Therefore, choosing the box size is an important factor. The troops in the field who manhandle the cargo must be considered. As a planning factor, 250 pounds per box can be handled by two men. To enhance the ability to move materials aboard modern container ships, the NCF is containerizing TOA and coordinated seabee allowance listing assets. Container types and styles are described in the following paragraphs. Bulk ISO containers called TRICONs are constructed 6 1/2 feet long by 8 feet wide by 8 feet high. Also known as Seabee Equipment Shelters, they are used by NMCB air detachments, small units, and other details. When shipped by air, TRICONs are secured individually to 463L aircraft pallets. When shipped by sea,

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INFORMATION SHEET

three TRICONs can be coupled together to form a Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU). TEUs fit into the same amount of space as Standard 20 containers.

NOTE TRICON dunnage is 3/4-inch plywood that is placed between corner posts and pallet surfaces to support and distribute the weight of the TRICONs on 463L pallets. Configured TRICONS are 6 1/2 feet long by 8 feet wide by 8 feet high and outfitted with cabinetry for use as a storeroom in a contingency or field operation. The shipping criteria is the same as for bulk TRICONs. Bulk Standard 20 containers are 20 feet long by 8 feet wide by 8 feet high, endopening, enclosed containers. They are used to ship and store break bulk boxes and material. Configured Standard 20 containers are 20 feet long by 8 feet wide by 8 feet high, end-opening, enclosed containers. They are outfitted with cabinetry for use as storerooms during field operations. Twenty-foot Flatrack containers are 20 feet long by 8 feet wide by 8 feet high. They have open sides and tops and are used to ship materials that would otherwise be too difficult to move in and out of end-opening, enclosed containers. Twenty-foot Half-height containers are 20 feet long by 8 feet wide by 4 feet, 4 inches high. They have one end-opening and open tops. They are used to ship relatively high weight, low cube items, such as drummed oils and lubricants, sheet metal, and bar stock. SIXCONs are 6 1/2 feet long by 8 feet wide by 4 feet high. They are configured as either pumping units or tanks for fuel and water. These units are designed to replace fuel and water tankers and fuel drums. They are not designed for shipping general cargo. As with TRICONs when shipped by land or air, they are normally shipped individually. When shipped by sea, three will normally be coupled together to form a half-height TEU.

107-24

UNIT 107 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

Reference COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, appendices III and IV.

SUMMARY A mobile naval unit is one that can quickly deploy and redeploy in response to an assigned mission. The NCF has mobile units to provide immediate support to Navy, Marine Corps, and other forces. Although there are many of these mobile units throughout the Navy, NMCBs specialize in embarkation. Each NMCB is capable of deploying a tailored Air Detachment, Air Echelon, and a Sea Echelon with supplies and equipment. For a smooth, expedient mount-out, careful preplanning and organizing are required. Embarkation, whether by air, land, sea, or any combination thereof, is an all hands evolution. The MOCC controls, coordinates, and monitors the movement of all personnel, supplies, and equipment to the embarkation staging area. The executive officer, as chief staff officer, directs the operation of the MOCC. Embarkation aboard amphibious ships or cargo aircraft cannot be accomplished smoothly and efficiently without prior training and actual experience. Training exercises must be conducted to test the ability of the battalion's Air Detachment, Air Echelon, and Sea Echelon to mount-out from home port. ACL represents the amount of cargo and/or passengers determined by weight, cubic displacement, and distance to be flown that may be transported by specified aircraft. ALCE is a composite organization tailored to support airlift missions going to locations where command and control, mission reporting, or support functions are limited or do not exist. Marshalling is the process by which units participating in an amphibious or airborne operation move to temporary camps. These camps are near the embarkation points and airfields, where preparations are completed. The AACG is responsible for the receipt of all airlifted items to AMC-contracted terminal airfield. The DACG is responsible for controlling all items to be airlifted. Preparing equipment and supplies for overseas movement starts as soon as orders are received. Mount-out boxes must be packed and prepared for shipment. While

107-25

UNIT 107 LESSON 1

INFORMATION SHEET

the boxes and crates are being constructed, all equipment is being prepared for packing. There are three categories of supplies for loading: vehicles, bulk cargo and unitized cargo. To move a NMCB quickly to any contingency or emergency situation, the AMC is used. AMC furnishes airlift capability using the C-141B and C-5 aircraft for longrange strategic airlift or C-130 aircraft for SATS airlift and for placing troops close to trouble spots. Hazardous cargo must be packaged and handled according to joint military regulations AFR 71-4/TM 38-250/NAVSUP 505/MCO P4030.19D/DLAM 4145.3. Cargo that is considered hazardous must be handled according to these manuals, with no exceptions. A single convoy using the same route for a single movement is divided into a march column, serial column and unit column. The main functional parts of a convoy are the pacesetter, main body, and trail. The six critical personnel positions in each vehicle convoy are convoy commander, serial commander when used, advance officer, trail officer, unit commander when used, and maintenance officer. A thorough reconnaissance of roads that are to be used is made and then the roads are classified and color-coded green, yellow and red. Convoy speed varies, but convoys should normally travel at 30 miles per hour on the open road. The deployment of an NMCB requires the shipment of thousands of items of equipment and supplies. Kit and mount-out boxes are constructed in standard sizes for modular storage and ease in handling by the troops. ISO containers improve the capability to move materials aboard modern container ships. Some of the container types and styles used are Bulk TRICONs, Configured TRICONs, Bulk Standard 20 and Twenty-foot Flatracks.

107-26

UNIT 107 LESSON 1 EMBARKATION

PRACTICE EXERCISE PQS 107.1 through 107.12 For items 1 through 16, circle the letter of the correct response. 1.

An air detachment is limited to how many short tons of air cargo upon embarkation? a. b. c. d.

2.

How many personnel make up a sea echelon? a. b. c. d.

3.

200 300 400 600

15 25 50 89

What officer directs the operation of the Mount-Out Control Center? a. b. c. d.

Operations Embarkation Commanding Executive

4. What is the maximum height, in inches, of embarkation supplies mounted on pallets? a. b. c. d.

35 40 50 70 107-27

UNIT 107 LESSON 1 5.

What airplane is the primary Air Mobility Command airlift aircraft used for tactical support? a. b. c. d.

6.

25,000 50,000 100,000 150,000

What federal government department is responsible for regulating shipment and/or movement of all hazardous materials in interstate commerce by rail, air, highway, and water? a. b. c. d.

9.

Galaxy Starlifter Hercules Extender

What is the normal allowable cabin load in pounds for the C-141B aircraft? a. b. c. d.

8.

C-5 C-141B C-130 KC-10

What is the popular name of the largest U.S. airlift aircraft? a. b. c. d.

7.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Army Air Force Commerce Transportation

Into how many divisions is a single convoy using the same route divided? a. b. c. d.

Two Three Four Five 107-28

UNIT 107 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

10. What is the maximum number of vehicles a unit column may contain? a. b. c. d.

5 10 15 20

11. Which of the following positions is critical in a vehicle convoy movement? a. b. c. d.

Guides Pace setter Vehicle commander Maintenance officer

12. At which of the following speeds, in miles per hour, do convoys normally travel on the open road? a. b. c. d.

20 25 30 35

13. What should be the interval, in feet, between vehicles when a tactical march is halted? a. b. c. d.

50 75 100 150

14. What command is required to schedule at least one mobilization exercise during each battalion's homeport period? a. b. c. d.

NCF NMCB COMTHIRDNCB COMSECONDNCB 107-29

UNIT 107 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

15. Which of the following units is a composite organization tailored to support airlift missions transiting locations where command and control, mission reporting, or support functions are nonexistent or require augmentation? a. b. c. d.

Military Airlift Command Air Mobility Command Civil Reserve Air Fleet U.S. Air Force Airlift Control Element

16. Which of the following organizations is responsible for ensuring orderly and timely movement of personnel, material, and equipment from the terminal airfield to the deployment site? a. b. c. d.

AMC ATOC AACG DACG

For items 17 through 22, match the responsibilities in column A with the position listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

17. Enforces march orders 18. Posts warning flags or lights 19. Protects convoy 20. Rides at rear of convoy 21. Posted at critical intersections 22. Notifies proper authorities of the approach of the column

107-30

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Convoy commander Serial commander Advance officer Trail officer Unit commander Maintenance officer Escorts Guides

UNIT 107 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

For items 23 through 25, match the road classifications in column A with the color listed in column B. Place the letter from column B in the spaces provided. Letters may be used once, more than once, or not at all. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

23. Hostile activity is imminent 24. Subject to limited hostile activity

a. b. c. d.

Green Yellow Blue Red

25. Relatively safe from hostile activity Complete items 26 through 31 by supplying the correct response or phrase in the space provided. 26. Individual items of supply made into one package is called . 27. The amount of cargo and/or passengers determined by weight, cubic displacement, and distance to be flown is called . 28. The process by which units participating in an amphibious or airborne operation move to temporary camps in the vicinity of embarkation points and airfields to complete preparations for combat and prepare for loading is called . 29. The organization that is responsible for controlling all items to be airlifted is called departure .

107-31

UNIT 107 LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE

30. When configured ISO containers are not available for storeroom material, the size of a standard mount-out box to be used is . 31. Bulk TRICONs are also known as .

107-32

UNIT 107 EMBARKATION FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT SUMMARY Embarkation is a joint undertaking by both a mobile unit and the organization providing the lift. Careful preplanning and organizing are required. Embarkation can be by air, land, sea, or any combination thereof. The C-5 Galaxy, C-141B Starlifter, and C-130 Hercules are the aircraft used to airlift NMCB units. There are three categories of supplies used for embarkation. These are vehicles, bulk cargo, and unitized cargo. Each NMCB or other units of the NCF must also be capable of moving all or part of their equipment and personnel by road convoy to a new site.

107-33 (reverse blank)

107-40

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION APPENDIX A LIST OF REFERENCES

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

APPENDIX A LIST OF REFERENCES NOTE Information in this unit was taken from the sources listed below. If you desire further information about a particular subject, consult the appropriate reference(s). UNIT 103

1.

FM 23-9, M16A1 and M16A2 Rifle Marksmanship, chapters 2 and 3.

2.

FM 23-31, 40-mm Grenade Launchers M203 and M79, chapters 2, 3, 6, and 11.

3.

FM 23-35, Combat Training with Pistols and Revolvers, chapters 1 and 2.

4.

FM 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB M2, chapters 1, 2, 3, and 7.

5.

FM 23-67, Machine Gun 7.62-mm, M60, chapters 1, 2, 4, and 7.

6.

FMFM 1-3A, Field Firing Techniques, chapter 6.

7.

NAVEDTRA 10185, Gunner's Mate G 3 & 2, chapter 4.

8.

NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10, and appendix I.

A-1

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 9.

APPENDIX A

NAVSEA SW050-AB-MMA-010, Pyrotechnic, Screening, Marking, and Countermeasure Devices, chapter 5.

10. NAVSEA SW060-AA-MMA-010, Demolition Materials, chapter 7 11. SW010-AF-ORD-010, Identification of Ammunition, chapters 1, 2, 3, and 10. 12. SW300-BC-SAF-010, Safety Manual For Clearing Of Live Ammunition From Guns, chapters 1, 2, and 5. 13. TM 9-1010-221-10, 40-mm Grenade Launcher M203, chapters 1, 2, 4, and 6. 14. TM 9-1010-230-10, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19 Operator's Manual, chapters 1 and 2. 15. TM 9-1010-230-23&P, 40-mm Machine Gun Mk 19, chapter 1. UNIT 104

1.

FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad, chapters 2 and 5, and appendices G and E.

2.

NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapters 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, and 17.

3.

NAVEDTRA 12003, Seabee Combat Handbook, Volume 1, chapter 14.

4.

NWP 22-2, FMFM11-7, Supporting Arms in Amphibious Operation, chapter 3.

5.

The Bluejackets' Manual, chapters 6 and 23.

UNIT 105

1.

NAVEDTRA 10228, Radioman 3 & 2, chapters 11 and 12, and appendix I.

2.

NAVEDTRA 10479, Seabee Combat Handbook, chapter 8.

3.

NAVEDTRA 12003, Seabee Combat Handbook, Volume 1, chapter 11.

A-2

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX A

4.

NWP 4, Basic Operational Communications Doctrine, chapter 10.

5.

OPNAVINST 5510.1, Department of the Navy Information and Personnel Security Program Regulation, chapters 10 and 13.

6.

TM 11-5820-667-12, Radio Set AN/PRC-77 (NSN 5820-00-930-3724) (Including Receiver-Transmitter, Radio RT-841/PRC-77) (NSN 5820-00-930-3725), chapters 1 and 3.

UNIT 107

1.

COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 1500.1, Naval Construction Force Skill/Training Requirements Program, enclosure 1.

2.

COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3120.1, Embarkation Manual, chapters 1, 3, 5, and 6, and appendices III and IV.

3.

MAC PAMPHLET 50-13, MAC Affiliation Program, chapters 13 through 15, and glossary.

4.

NAVEDTRA 10600, Naval Construction Force/Seabee Chief Petty Officer, chapter 8.

5.

NAVFAC P-315, Naval Construction Force Manual, appendix G.

6.

NAVSUP PUB 505, Preparing Hazardous Materials for Military Air Shipments, chapter 1.

7.

OPNAVINST 5450.46, Doctrine and Policy Governing U.S. Naval Mobile Construction Battalions (NMCBs) and Construction Battalion Units (CBUs), enclosure 1.

A-3 (reverse blank)

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION APPENDIX B LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

APPENDIX B LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure

Title

PQS Item

Page

103-2-1

Weapon Terms

103.8

103-19

103-2-2

Typical Small Arms Round

103.12

103-25

103-3-1

7.62-mm Machine Gun

103.13

103-41

103-3-2

Unloaded Cartridge Tray

103.14

103-43

103-3-3

Loaded Cartridge Tray

103.14

103-44

103-4-1

Machine Gun Mk 19

103.19

103-56

103-4-2

Initial Round Insertion

103.20

103-58

103-4-3

Readying the Weapon

103.20

103-59

103-4-4

Removing Rounds

103.20

103-61

103-5-1

.50-Caliber Machine Gun

103.22

103-69

103-5-2

Machine Gun Controls

103.22

103-71

103-5-3

Loading the Machine Gun

103.23

103-73

B-1

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX B

Figure

Title

PQS Item

Page

103-5-4

Headspace and Timing Gauges

103.25

103-77

103-6-1

Firing Methods

103.27

103-85

103-6-2

Conventional Loading

103.28

103-86

103-6-3

Hand-Held Loading

103.28

103-88

103-6-4

Removing a Round

103.28

103-89

103-6-5

Mortar Ammunition

103.29

103-90

103-7-1

M203 40-mm Grenade Launcher

103.30

103-98

103-7-2

Left Hand Fire

103.31

103-99

103-7-3

Right Hand Fire

103.31

103-100

103-8-1

12-Gauge Shotgun

103.34 and 103.35

103-108

103-9-1

.45-Caliber Pistol

103.37

103-117

103-10-1

M16A1 Rifle

103.40

103-127

103-10-2

Prone Position

103.41

103-129

103-10-3

Sitting Position

103.41

103-130

103-10-4

Kneeling Position

103.41

103-131

103-10-5

Standing Position

103.41

103-132

103-10-6

Bolt Catch and Charging Handle

103.42

103-133

103-10-7

Removing the Magazine

103.42

103-135

B-2

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX B

Figure

Title

PQS Item

Page

103-11-1

Fragmentation Grenade

103.44

103-144

103-11-2

Mk 1 Illuminating Grenade

103.44

103-145

103-11-3

Riot Control Grenade

103.44

103-146

103-11-4

Smoke Grenade

103.44

103-147

103-11-5

Incendiary Grenade

103.44

103-148

103-11-6

Practice and Training Grenade

103.44

103-149

103-12-1

Claymore Mine

103.48

103-158

103-12-2

M7 Bandoleer and Contents

103.48

103-159

104-1-1

Skirmisher's Trench

104.2

104-13

104-1-2

One-Man Fighting Hole

104.2

104-15

104-1-3

Tank Protection

104.2

104-16

104-1-4

Two-Man Fighting Hole

104.2

104-17

104-1-5

Lensatic Compass

104.7

104-23

104-1-6

Simplified Grid

104.9

104-26

104-1-7

Grid Square

104.9

104-27

104-1-8

Echelons of Defense

104.17

104-35

104-1-9

Sectors of Fire

104.21

104-38

104-1-10

Machine Gun Emplacements

104.22

104-40

B-3

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX B

Figure

Title

PQS Item

Page

105-1-1

AN/PRC-77 Radio Set

105.1

105-9

105-1-2

AN/PRC-77 Front Panel

105.1

105-10

107-1-1

C-5 Galaxy

107.7

107-15

107-1-2

C-141B Starlifter

107.7

107-16

107-1-3

C-130 Hercules

107.7

107-17

Table

Title

PQS Item

Page

103-2-1

Ammunition and Weapon Use

103.12

103-25

103-2-2

Small Arms Ammunition

103.12

103-26

103-2-3

40-mm Chemical Grenade

103.12

103-27

103-2-4

Mortar Ammunition

103.12

103-28

103-3-1

Characteristics

103.15

103-46

103-4-1

Characteristics

103.21

103-62

103-5-1

Characteristics

103.24

103-74

103-6-1

Characteristics

103.29

103-90

103-7-1

Characteristics

103.33

103-103

103-8-1

Characteristics

103-36

103-110

103-9-1

Characteristics

103-39

103-119

B-4

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX B

Table

Title

PQS Item

Page

103-10-1

Characteristics

103-43

103-136

104-1-1

782 Gear

104.1

104-11

104-1-2

Military Map Colors

104.8

104-24

104-1-3

The Six Ss

104.28

104-46

105-1-1

Phonetic Alphabet

105.7

105-15

B-5 (reverse blank)

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION APPENDIX C GLOSSARY

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

APPENDIX C GLOSSARY 463L PALLET - A flat base platform 108 inches by 88 inches used for the purpose of combining cargo, equipment, or a single load item to facilitate storing, handling, and air transporting these items with the Air Force 463L Materials Handling System. The 463L pallet is composed of two thin aluminum sheets glued to a soft wood core. An extruded aluminum slotted edge provides the capability to lock the pallet into the aircraft dual rail system. ACTION - The action of a weapon is a term used to cover all the working parts, regardless of the method of operation. AIRLAND OPERATION - An operation involving air movement in which personnel and supplies are delivered to a designated destination. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION - An attack launched from the sea by naval and landing forces embarked in ships and craft. It involves landing on a hostile shore. AN/PRC - The military nomenclature for a portable field radio. Each letter has a specific meaning. AN P R C -

- User (Army, Navy) Type of installation (pack, portable) Type of equipment (radio) Purpose (communication)

AUTHENTICATE - To show to be genuine; to give authority to.

C-1

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX C

BATTERY - A position of a weapon. When all moving parts are in normal position and the bolt is locked against the breech, the weapon is said to be "in battery." BIVOUAC - A military encampment made with tents or improvised shelters. BOLT- A device that closes the firing chamber after loading a gun. BORE - The hole running through the length of the barrel. BREECH - The extreme aft end of the barrel, including the chamber. CARTRIDGE - A complete assembly consisting of all the components necessary to fire a weapon once. CHAMBER - The enlarged part of the bore at the breech that holds the cartridge. CHAMBERING - The process of placing a round into the chamber of a weapon after it has been fed into the weapon. CHARGING - The process of manually pulling the bolt to the rear by pulling the charging handles. CLOSE COMBAT - Hand-to-hand fighting with weapons, such as bayonets, hand grenades, service rifles, or pistols. COERCION - The act of exercising force to gain compliance. COLD GUN - A gun whose barrel and chamber temperatures have not been raised to cook-off point. A loaded round can remain in the chamber with little or no danger of cooking-off. COMBAT PATROL - A patrol whose primary mission is to engage actively in combat with the enemy and whose secondary mission is to gain information about the enemy and the terrain. CONCEALMENT - The protection from observation only.

C-2

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX C

COOK-OFF - Functioning of a round chambered in a very hot weapon due to the heat of the weapon. COTTON DUCK - Heavy, plain-weave cotton fabric for tents, clothing, bags, etc. COVER - Any object that gives protection from enemy fire. DECLINATION - The angle between the direction of true north and magnetic north; variable according to geographic location. DECLINATION DIAGRAM - A table or diagram of declinations for a particular geographic location or map. DEFENSIVE POSITION - A portion of a defense area physically occupied by troops and weapons. DEFLECTION - The horizontal clockwise angle between the axis of the bore and the line of sight. ECHELON - A level of command, authority, or rank. EMPLACEMENT - A prepared position from which weapons are fired. EXTRACTOR - The part of the breechlock that clears the fired grenade casing from the chamber. FINAL PROTECTIVE FIRES - The "all-out" fires of the defending unit as the enemy approaches close to the frontline position. FLASH SUPPRESSOR - A component attached to the muzzle of the M60 machine gun, which spreads out the smoke and flash from the muzzle. FLECHETTE - A round of mortar ammunition filled with steel darts (flechettes), used as an antipersonnel weapon. FOLLOWER - A spring loaded piece of metal located inside a weapon's magazine. It has a raised portion generally resembling the outline of the cartridge to be loaded.

C-3

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX C

FORE-END - The forward end of the action that is pumped back and forth to operate the shotgun. FRAUDULENT - Characterized by cheating and deceit; obtained by dishonest means. FREQUENCY MODULATED - A signal impressed on a radio carrier wave by varying its frequency. GRENADIER - A person who carries and throws grenades. HANGFIRE - A delay in the functioning of a round. HERTZ - Cycle per second. HOT GUN - A gun whose barrel temperature has been raised to the cook-off point through prolonged firing. IMPERATIVE - Not to be avoided or evaded, of utmost importance. KILOHERTZ - A unit of frequency equal to 1,000 cycles per second. LEAF SIGHT - A type of metallic sight in which the aperture is raised to operating position by being swung upward on a hinged leaf. LETHALITY - A term used to describe a force sufficient to cause or capable of causing death. MAGAZINE - A device used in many small arms or weapons for feeding ammunition. MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT - Mechanical devices for handling of supplies with greater ease and economy. Examples: forklift, roller conveyor, 40K, 25K, and 463L loaders MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE - The greatest firing distance of a weapon where a 50 percent probability of hitting a target is achievable. MAXIMUM RANGE - The greatest distance a weapon can fire. C-4

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX C

MEGAHERTZ - A unit of frequency equal to 1,000,000 cycles per second. MIL - A unit of angular measurement defined as the equivalent of 3.44 minutes of arc. MILITARY AIRLIFT COMMAND (MAC) - The Military Airlift Command is organized to transport personnel and cargo for the Department of Defense and its components. It is now known as Air Mobility Command (AMC). MINIMUM RANGE - The minimum safe distance to fire at a target when firing from an unprotected position. Minimum range is established for both combat and training situations. MISFIRE - The failure of a round to fire. MUZZLE VELOCITY - The speed at which a projectile travels when it leaves the muzzle. Muzzle velocity is expressed in feet per second. NONORGANIC - Nonessential, as in support or auxiliary. OBLIQUE - Neither perpendicular nor parallel to a given line or surface. OGIVE - The curved forward portion of a projectile. ORGANIC - Assigned to and forming an essential part of a military organization. OUTSIZE CARGO - All cargo which due to its physical characteristics exceeds the capabilities of the C-130, and C-141B and requires the C-5 aircraft for air movement. PARAPET - A defensive wall or elevation, raised of earth or stone. PAYLOAD - The combined weight of passengers, baggage, mail, and cargo carried on an airlift mission. PINTLE - A device used to secure a weapon to its mount and provide a pivot point.

C-5

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX C

PYROTECHNICS - Ammunition containing chemicals for producing smoke or light, as for signaling, illuminating, or screening. RECEIVER - The receiver acts as the frame of the weapon. It houses the bulk of the operating mechanism, including the bolt and breechlock. RECOIL - The rearward movements of the moving parts out of the battery. RECONNAISSANCE PATROL - A patrol whose mission is to gain information about the enemy and the terrain. RELIEF - The representation of the shape and height of landforms on a topographic map in a measurable vertical form. Vertical positions are usually represented by contours. ROUND - A complete assembly consisting of all components necessary to fire the weapon once: that is the projectile, cartridge, case, propellant powder, and primer. SEAR - A device in the weapon's firing mechanism that is used to hold the bolt (the firing pin or the hammer) in the cocked position after firing a weapon in the semiautomatic mode. SKIRMISHER - One who participates in a fight between small bodies of troops. SKIRMISHERS - A line of troops in extended order during a tactical exercise or attack. STRATEGIC AIRLIFT - The continuous or sustained movement of units, personnel, and material in support of all Department of Defense agencies between area commands; between the continental United States and overseas within an area of command, when directed. Strategic airlift resources possess the capability to airland or airdrop troops, supplies, and equipment to increase tactical forces when required. SUMP - A space where water or other items are allowed to collect. TACTICAL AIRLIFT - Airlift which provides the immediate and responsive air movement and delivery of combat troops and supplies directly into objective areas through airland, extraction, airdrop, and other air delivery techniques; and the air C-6

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX C

logistics support of all theater forces, including those engaged in combat operations, to meet specific theater objectives and requirements. TRAVERSE - To extend across or over. TRUNNION BLOCK - A fixed part of the weapon's receiver group. It is the part where the gun attaches to the mount. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE - The intentional or accidental release of classified information to a party or parties not authorized to have access to that information. WINDAGE - The influence of the wind in deflecting a projectile.

C-7 (reverse blank)

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION APPENDIX D TRAINEE GUIDE ANSWER SHEETS

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

APPENDIX D TRAINEE GUIDE ANSWER SHEETS UNIT 103 - LESSON 1 (PQS 103.1 through 103.5)

1.

b - Remove the magazine (page 103-6)

2.

c - Open the slide and inspect the chamber visually or by feel (page 103-6)

3.

a - Only when ready to fire the weapon (page 103-7)

4.

c - The cartridge case is properly lubricated (page 103-7)

5.

b - Ensuring the bore is clear (page 103-8)

6.

a - 10 seconds (pages 103-8, 9)

7.

fired (page 103-7)

8.

safety device (page 103-8)

9.

misfire (page 103-8)

10. kill (page 103-7) UNIT 103 - LESSON 2 (PQS 103.6 through 103.12)

1.

c - E, A, G, F, H, D, C, B (page 103-17)

D-1

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 2.

d - Runaway gun (page 103-24)

3.

b - Band around the nose (page 103-26)

4.

c - Nose has black band (page 103-26)

5.

c - Yellow (page 103-27)

6.

c

Bore (page 103-19)

7.

a

Breech (page 103-19)

8.

d

Chamber (page 103-19)

9.

b

Muzzle (page 103-19)

10. c

Cook-off (page 103-24)

11. a

Hangfire (page 103-24)

12. b

Misfire (page 103-24)

13. d

Cycle rate of fire (page 103-20)

14. b

Rate of fire (page 103-20)

15. a

Sustained rate of fire (page 103-20)

16. b

Maximum effective range (page 103-20)

17. a

Maximum range (page 103-20)

18. e

Muzzle velocity (page 103-20)

19. c

Trajectory (page 103-19)

20. a

7.62-mm M60 (page 103-21)

D-2

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 21. c

.50-cal. M2 HB (page 103-23)

22. a

7.62-mm M60 (page 103-20)

23. c

.50-cal. M2 HB (page 103-23)

24. automatic weapon (page 103-18) 25. automatic or semiautomatic weapon (page 103-18) 26. white (page 103-28) 27. light green (page 103-27) UNIT 103 - LESSON 3 (PQS 103.13 through 103.18)

1.

d - A, B, C, and D (page 103-46)

2.

b - C, G, A, E, D, B, F (pages 103-43, 44)

3.

a - 100 (page 103-46)

4.

a - Folding front sight (page 103-41)

5.

c - Automatic (page 103-46)

6.

b - Bolt cannot be pulled back (page 103-42)

7.

a - Skirmisher's trench (page 103-47)

8.

b - Prone emplacement (page 103-47)

9.

b - Team leader (page 103-48)

10. a - Gunner (page 103-48) 11. a

23.2 pounds (page 103-46)

D-3

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 12. f

4,075 yards (page 103-46)

13. c

43.5 inches (page 103-46)

14. e

1,200 yards (page 103-46)

15. safe or S position (page 103-46) 16. bipod, tripod, or fixed-mount (page 103-46) 17. tracer cartridges (page 103-49) UNIT 103 - LESSON 4 (PQS 103.19 through 103.21)

1.

c - Four (page 103-62)

2.

a - First (page 103-58)

3.

b - Thumb safety (page 103-62)

4.

f

2,420 yards (page 103-62)

5.

c

43.1 inches (page 103-62)

6.

e

20 to 40 yards (page 103-62)

7.

h

790 feet per second (page 103-62)

8.

g

325 to 375 rounds per minute (page 103-62)

9.

a

75.6 pounds (page 103-62)

10. blowback (page 103-56) 11. secondary positioning pawls (page 103-60)

D-4

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX D

UNIT 103 - LESSON 5 (PQS 103.22 through 103.25)

1.

c - expanding gases. (page 103-68)

2.

b - fully-loaded. (page 103-72)

3.

d - rear of the chamber. (page 103-76)

4.

d - there is contact between the barrel extension and the trunnion block. (page 103-76)

5.

d

45 inches (page 103-74)

6.

f

3,050 feet per second (page 103-74)

7.

a

65 inches (page 103-74)

8.

e

128 pounds (page 103-74)

9.

h

2,000 yards (page 103-74)

10. g

450 to 550 rounds per minute (page 103-74)

11. e

40 or more rounds per minute (page 103-74)

12. c

40 or less rounds per minute (page 103-74)

13. a

7,440 yards (page 103-74)

14. NOTE: Any three of the following phrases are a valid response for this item. Fixed fire (page 103-75) Traversing fire (page 103-75) Searching fire (page 103-75) Traversing and searching fire (page 103-75) Swinging traverse fire (page 103-75) Free gun (page 103-75)

D-5

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 15. left side (page 103-74) UNIT 103 - LESSON 6 (PQS 103.26 through 103.29)

1.

a - Cannon assembly (page 103-85)

2.

b - Trigger-fire only (page 103-85)

3.

b - Three (page 103-86)

4.

c - Three (page 103-86)

5.

b - Half-load (page 103-87)

6.

d - 3,800 (page 103-84)

7.

a - High explosive (page 103-91)

8.

b - Illuminating (page 103-91)

9.

d

46.5 pounds (page 103-90)

10. c

18 pounds (page 103-90)

11. b

40 inches (page 103-90)

12. h

1,600 mils (92º) (page 103-90)

13. f

700 mils (40º) (page 103-90)

14. trigger-fire mode (page 103-91) 15. high angle of fire (page 103-84) 16. misfire (page 103-88) 17. range (page 103-91)

D-6

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 UNIT 103 - LESSON 7 (PQS 103.30 through 103.33)

1.

d - Five (page 103-103)

2.

d - Forward (page 103-101)

3.

b - Closing (page 103-101)

4.

f

385 yards (page 103-103)

5.

d

165 yards (page 103-103)

6.

g

440 yards (page 103-103)

7.

c

34 yards (page 103-103)

8.

e

180 yards (page 103-103)

9.

a

9.5 pounds (page 103-103)

10. M16A1 rifle (page 103-98) 11. positions (page 103-100) UNIT 103 - LESSON 8 (PQS 103.34 through 103.36)

1.

c - ejection port. (page 103-108)

2.

b - Push safety to safe position (page 103-109)

3.

d - 39 (page 103-110)

4.

c - Four (page 103-110)

5.

b - 2 3/4 (page 103-110)

6.

barrel chamber (page 103-109)

D-7

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 7.

APPENDIX D

trigger guard (page 103-110)

UNIT 103 - LESSON 9 (PQS 103.37 through 103.39)

1.

b - Receiver (page 103-116)

2.

d - A, F, B, E, C, D (pages 103-117, 118)

3.

c - 8 5/8 (page 103-119)

4.

a - 2.4 (page 103-119)

5.

c - 1,640 (page 103-119)

6.

b - 55 (page 103-119)

7.

c - 830 (page 103-119)

8.

b - Seven (page 103-119)

9.

Safety lock (or thumb safe) (page 103-119) Half-cock notch (page 103-119) Grip (page 103-119)

UNIT 103 - LESSON 10 (PQS 103.40 through 103.43)

1.

c - Gas-operated, air-cooled, magazine-fed (page 103-126)

2.

d - Cock the rifle by pulling back on the charging handle and locking the bolt open with the bolt catch (page 103-133)

3.

d - Place selector lever on safe (page 103-134)

4.

c - 30 (page 103-136)

5.

c - 45 to 65 (page 103-136)

6.

d - A, B, C, and D (page 103-136) D-8

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 7.

c - 3,250 (page 103-136)

8.

d

39 inches (page 103-136)

9.

c

2,900 yards (page 103-136)

10. e

7.9 pounds (page 103-136)

11. a

505 yards (page 103-136)

12. cocked (page 103-137) 13. automatic or semiautomatic (page 103-136) 14. correct shooting position (page 103-128) UNIT 103 - LESSON 11 (PQS 103.44 through 103.47)

1.

a - Inflict personnel casualties (page 103-151)

2.

b - Riot control (page 103-146)

3.

c - Illuminating (page 103-151)

4.

b - Incendiary (page 103-148)

5.

d - 30 (page 103-150)

6.

d - Chemical (page 103-151)

7.

b

M67 (page 103-144)

8.

a

Mk 1 (page 103-145)

9.

d

ABC-M25A2 (page 103-146)

10. f

M34 (page 103-147)

D-9

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 11. e

M18 (page 103-147)

12. practice grenades (page 103-149) 13. training grenades (page 103-149) 14. steel helmet (page 103-150) UNIT 103 - LESSON 12 (PQS 103.48 through 103.50)

1.

c - plastic. (page 103-158)

2.

b - Steel spheres (page 103-160)

3.

d - Composition C4 (page 103-158)

4.

a - bandoleer. (page 103-159)

5.

c - squeezing the handle. (page 103-159)

6.

c - 55 (page 103-160)

7.

d - a fixed slit-type plastic sight. (page 103-160)

8.

a - 16 (page 103-160)

9.

b - Fan-shaped pattern (page 103-160)

10. booby trap (page 103-161) 11. operator (page 103-161) 12. massed personnel (page 103-161) UNIT 104 - LESSON 1 (PQS 104.1 through 104.31)

1. d - An improved two-man fighting position (page 104-16)

D-10

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX D

2. d - Move out of the light as quickly as possible (page 104-19) 3. c - Green (page 104-24) 4. b - Security (page 104-30) 5. b - Forward defense (page 104-34) 6. d - Pyrotechnic (page 104-41) 7. d - To apprehend a suspected fugitive (page 104-47) 8. c - 11 (page 104-47) 9. a - Bivouac (page 104-10) 10. d - 30 (page 104-19) 11. b - ADDRAC (page 104-35) 12. a - Situation (page 104-28) 13. a - Primary, alternate, and supplementary (page 104-37) 14. a - The mission assigned to the machine gun (page 104-39) 15. d - V (page 104-44) 16. b - Hasty individual position (page 104-12) 17. b - Read right then up (page 104-26) 18. d - 12 (page 104-30) 19. c - Warning (page 104-31) 20. b - 100 (page 104-41)

D-11

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107

APPENDIX D

21. d - Physical reconnaissance (page 104-20) 22. c - Improved one-man (page 104-16) 23. d

Squad leader (page 104-42)

24. a

Grenadier (page 104-43)

25. e

Fire team leader (page 104-43)

26. b

Automatic rifleman (page 104-43)

27. c

Rifleman number 1 (page 104-43)

28. f

Rifleman number 2 (page 104-44)

29. camouflage (page 104-18) 30. oriented (page 104-22) 31. five paragraph order (page 104-28) 32. defense (page 104-32) 33. sector (page 104-38) 34. court-martial (page 104-45) 35. command (page 104-45) 36. deadly force (page 104-46) 37. surprise, security, unity of command, and mass (page 104-32) UNIT 105 - LESSON 1 (PQS 105.1 through 105.14)

1.

b - Channel dial (page 105-11)

D-12

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 2.

a - CMS (page 105-12)

3.

a - encryption. (page 105-14)

4.

b - Flash (page 105-16)

5.

d - Combat activities (page 105-14)

6.

d - Hand (page 105-17)

7.

a - Wire (page 105-17)

8.

c - Interconnecting voice circuits (page 105-18)

9.

b - Authentication (page 105-14)

10. a - Line-of-sight (page 105-18) 11. radio (page 105-17) 12. BEADWINDOW (page 105-19) 13. improper CMS practices (page 105-12) 14. two-person integrity (page 105-13) 15. AN/PRC-104 (page 105-12) UNIT 107 - LESSON 1 (PQS 107.1 through 107.12)

1.

b - 300 (page 107-8)

2.

b - 25 (page 107-8)

3.

d - Executive (page 107-9)

4.

b - 40 (page 107-14)

D-13

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 5.

c - C-130 (page 107-14)

6.

a - Galaxy (page 107-15)

7.

b - 50,000 (page 107-16)

8.

d - Transportation (page 107-18)

9.

b - Three (page 107-19)

10. b - 10 (page 107-19) 11. d - Maintenance officer (page 107-20) 12. c - 30 (page 107-22) 13. c - 100 (page 107-22) 14. b - NMCB (page 107-11) 15. d - U.S. Air Force Airlift Control Element (page 107-12) 16. c - AACG (page 107-12) 17. a

Convoy commander (page 107-20)

18. d

Trail officer (page 107-20)

19. g

Escorts (page 107-21)

20. f

Maintenance officer (page 107-20)

21. h

Guides (page 107-21)

22. c

Advance officer (page 107-20)

23. d

Red (page 107-21)

D-14

APPENDIX D

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 24. b

Yellow (page 107-21)

25. a

Green (page 107-21)

APPENDIX D

26. unitized cargo (page 107-13) 27. NOTE: Either of the following phrases is a valid response for this item. allowable cabin load (107-11) allowable cargo load (107-11) 28. marshalling (page 107-12) 29. Airlift Control Group (page 107-12) 30. 48" long by 20" wide (page 107-23) 31. Seabee Equipment Shelters (page 107-23)

D-15 (reverse blank)

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION APPENDIX E LIST OF FOLDOUTS

UNITS 103, 104, 105, AND 107 WEAPONS, MILITARY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND EMBARKATION

APPENDIX E LIST OF FOLDOUTS Foldout

Title

PQS Item

None

E-1 (reverse blank)