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$44,90 ISSN: 0328-5073 Año 29 Nº 345
SABER ELECTRONICA
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¡NUEVA! ¡NUEVA! -- Edición Edición Digital Digital de de Saber Saber Electrónica Electrónica Editorial Quark SRL: Sa& R"cad' 2072, (1273) Cdad. A+&'%a d B*. A*. Director: H'ac"' D. Va$$#', Tel: (11) 4301-8804 Distribución en Capital: Ca)$'* Ca&c$$a)' H" #'* SH. G+&b! 3258 Ca. 4301-4942 Distribución en Interior: DISA, D"*+)"b"d')a I&+)($aa* SA, P+. L"* S& P/a 1836 - Ca(. 4305-0114
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Número de Registro de Propiedad Intelectual Vigente: 966 999
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Po! $ $A! ElEC#!ICIdAd ? A = > > L> => = > > . > > , >= > == = = >=, => > > =M M, H =M > > > M>. AP= >==> > L, = = = > >==>= > M>. > K O= >= =M. => =M =I> V ( > ) >= = = > L> @ > > >==>=, =H=> M>. A = =M, > O>, = H >= >= === ==>, >> = > =O=, =>>= H = >=>>, H = =. * >= =M => (>, O, L >= CE. M = > = P = = 100% > => H = M>. E >== > = M>. =M M >> >= = L, 3. E > =M > = > K = N, > > > >= M, => H => = >>>. @ > K = , = > > +>H> , >= >> > I >, => =M = > 200 .
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> > L> >= = =M= = = = > >> >>=. *>= M = = > => H = >= ==P= >. A= == ==. M = @ >, >=> M>. E> M >@ >= = H , == > = =M > = > . A > > >>, => , > H > >= = == F+*' 3
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#IPo dE BA#E!A D==> >O= >> M= M. * == >= >=, M > M>, => M = = =P = > = @ = M. , > > L> >= ==>="! > >== @ @ => > > M> M> = M> > H @ >>. > = > > M> H > > > L> . > =>>M I> = > >> H >, =I H > > >>= ==>>= @ P= >==P= H, ==K= >= = => I>: = > >>>, > H = = @ L = = >=O= > >O H => = = > >>.
M > >, > > L> >= > =O= = > >= > >= H = = > @ > = . B> O, H > > >== > O, = => => H @ > K= > > > > = > > L>: *E! "$$' de ga$!i#a e iid$ %$' # "$$' e!c'ic$, fig'a 9. *E! "$$' e!c'ic$ 'ecibe e#e'ga de # c$#'$!ad$'. *E! c$#'$!ad$' $bie#e e#e'ga de # c$#- #$ de bae'a 'eca'gab!e, 'eca'gab!e, fig'a 10. *U# "$$' de ga$!i#a, c$# c$#dc$ de c$"bib!e, !$ b$ de eca%e, !a "a#ge'a de! !&id$ 'ef'ige'a#e e! c$!ec$' de !a ad"ii3#, ie#de# a %a'ece'e a # %'$ec$ de %!$"e'a, e# ca"bi$ # c$che e!c'ic$ e defi#i- i+a"e#e # %'$ec$ baad$ e# # "/ $ "e#$ c$"%!e$ cab!ead$ c$# c$#ec$'e.
> > >O= =>O > M> L> === = > >=> = > N> = = >I. * => = = @ === = => @ =>= >= >=HO = = = L 1830 = E> H = =M => >=H=> = >O=, O = 1891, > lA E%o %ol$ l$C CI In n dE lo lo "ElC#!ICo P$!o" < >>=, D >=, => > =N> => P= . N> 1897, =>= = > > > M = & > H = = M 1900, 28 % >> > > >-K> => @ > >= >> > >, = > > >> >, 8. > >=> = > L> = M> >> > = > L> = = > >= @ , > @ => F+*' 9 = @ > L>. E=
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Autotrónica Autotr ónica
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= , > 200 > > >=>> > F >, = 1906, >= = *=H * >= A> K > =>= > >> > >: > = M@> >K >=. AM , >> L >, > =O = = > @ =H F> =>> >> + >= > > = , > @ I> @ > > H M > > >M= > = H = >=HO =O= > > => > = > => > = L > = => >== >O >= 1973. E L> >> = CC =-*=, @ O = 1974, 13. E @N> M> >M = > 2.000. E CC => , H = N> 1976 = O >=>. > M> L> >= >> >> >. E *> > > E> => > 350 L> >> = 1975. E> M> >M= > 64 < H =M= = >-
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E> => =>== >= . > > =>, @ O > 100 L> >=> > >> C > 105,876 = 29 , > > @ = > > M @ >O "" H = = = =, 11 H 12. C> > =L> H > > > = -
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Saber Electrónica
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F+*' 14
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Autotrónica
== > M> L> = > =>.
PE!o...(IEmP!E hA& $n PE!o...) M = => = = > M> L>. D> =>>M @ =>= = = @ > >= = >K>. M = = > = = > = = P. D= = = = > I @ > I> = . D= M I>=. +>> = = @ = > . > M> L> => I= M >-K> 12 >>, @ > I> M > > = > @M > M. > , E1 I 26 M, = > >M H > M >= > = = = >== =
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Saber Electrónica
> 26 M 600 > -K> > => > M> L> =M= = = O> 80 < = = = > > => >>: M = > I > > > > M>F+*' 15 >. E > M == > N>, > = >> > > M, K> > > @ > M> L> == > = >= ==> . = M =M@ (&) = L 1990. E M >== H >>>== >=. *= , = => > > M, M & >= @ M H @ >= M
F+*' 16
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Autotrónica >= = = >O= = = = > >. D= == => @ = > >= H L> = > F+*' 19 M> >==>= @ > L> = H> > (>= > H === H> K> >= = >= H => >=, > @ L> >@ > = M > = = = @ >>= > => =M @ = > ==>= M> = > >= > >O= , > =M =L, => =>. @ = > =. > H BIBlIoG!AFA I =M >=L=> = =M 7CC?://FFF.C>A?0B8>=.2>274B-781A83>B-0;C4A=0C8E>B/ L > => =://.=.=/>. ://>>=>.>.>< E > M> => >= L > >= ://..>
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Saber Electrónica
I nf fo or rm me e e sp pe ec cI Ia al l In es
Cámaras reflex Cómo funCiona una Cámara slr La c&a+a +f%e0 d""a%e, a&b"' %%a&ada DSLR (D""a%-SLR, c' SLR de% "'% S"'%e %e' +ef%e0), ' ' " de c&a+a f+f"ca de% " +f%e0 de '"c b#e"/ (SLR), c +e de a%&ace'a&"e' de %a "&ae' ca+ada e ' e'+ e%ec+- '"c, e' %a+ de %a e%c%a de 35 && e&%eada e' %a f+afa *&"ca. E'+e ca+ace+"ca & "&+a'e e e% e&%e de "e&a de c'+% a+a %a a&a- "ac"' de %a &a+a de % &eca'"&, a' de d"""/ de b+ac"', "'c+- '"ac"' c' f%a!e (a' "'e+' c& e0e+'), e' e'e+a% %a &a+a de f'c"- 'e de %a c&a+a, a'*e e "e' c&+a'd e' %a &a+a de aec (e'f*e, d"a+, eab"%"ac"') c& d"""/ e%ec+&ec'"c a% "a% *e +edece- +a. E' %a &a+a de % ca &a'"e'e' %a &"&a ca+ace+"ca ( c&a"b"%"- dad, dee'd"e'd de% fab+"ca'e) e' ca' a% "e&a +f%e0 +ad"c"'a%, %a+"ad &'d"a%&e'e dede %a N"$' F de 1959.
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Inform espcial IntroduccI+n E ' '' % % *+%*% ' % *% '% % %% %'%& % '% '%%, '% '% ' % % *+%*% % % % @*< % % '% %&% % % +% % % %+ *%. !% > %+ % +% % % %% @ % '%% @* % & % % % + % ' % %+ %% % *+%*% % '%. $ ' % % %'% % '%%, ' *'% ''% +% %% % % %= & '% %B 1959 N %' F % C% %'% ' % C%*% ( + % '% %' % ' %>%&). C @ , '' @*< %' ' % '%% +%, % @'% '%. E % @*< +% ' % ' +% & %&% % %+ '%%> '%% % > +% %% *'; % '% = *'% % '%% + % % , +%, + % & % % %+% @*< %%+'% ( % ' % % %'%, '%).
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P e r i c i a s i nformáticas nformáticas
PeriscoPe y youNow el Terror
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Periscope, Meerka, Usream % la lisa podr(a "ol"erse eerna. Transmiir en "i"o !n "ideo no es n!e"o denro de la ind!sria ecnol)gica. Sin embargo, los disposii"os m)"iles reaci"aron la ind!sria. De hecho, el segmeno adolescene iene en Yo!No#, s! ser"icio de sreaming por e$celencia. Ahora bien, para los perios inform&icos, enconrar la IP de origen de !na deerminada ransmisi)n p!ede "ol"erse !n ema m!% dif(cil debido a la esr!c!ra de esas apps. En ese informe e$plicamos q!' son Periscope % Yo!No# para q!e en !na pr)$ima noa podamos indicar c)mo se encamina !na com!nicaci)n desde el origen hasa el m)"il de desino. P Ing. Hai D. Vallj
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Percas informátcas
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¿Y qué es Periscope? M< &: $ $&$&B $ 9@', '&, $ ? 9' . N #%, '' %9@' '? ' *$%$, < '$ $+@ $$ ( $ +$$ %). E P& 9@' $, $* > &'. L & ' +$& *$'$ $ $B '$ $ *Fig!a 2 24 +$ , $$ '$ '&$. # $%? *$'$$ B9, *$ 2.
¿Qué puede encontrar en Periscope? P & ' '. D' $ $$ $$' $ &'$ +$$ &+& +$&' $ &$ &$', $$' * &'&', $$' $ , '&$$' > ' &$$. L$ &$'$' '
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Percas informátcas S* $$ #$+!, > ' & ' $ 13 < 18 $, =$ 9& $ $ &+ $ $9? ' '9 B9. L B9 $ $& &'$$: $' &*$ $ 9$$, '', &$$', $ $&&. A@, $'& 99 &$ $. $ ' 16 $, F*$, ? '$&$ +$& $&%$&$ &$ & 150.000 $. $ $' *$ &' $ $$. S %$*, '' &$ & *$ &. L ' 13 $ +%' ' , ' $ ''= &$ ' ; < &$ $&B $. P$$ &$ & $* 9 &$ $% < $$ $ ' '$' Fig!a 5
E $ A '' ' +$& 9@' $* < &+$ $ L$ $$ ' &* $ $&B ' #N '&$*$ $ $&$&B +< . E ' ' &&$&B &$ < ' 9B > &9*', & '& $ &$ ' ;&$ ' $ $''B, *, $ $=$&B < $ ' &$, '&% < &$ 9 ' &' $&9 $. E&$> $ '$ < 9$$'$ =&$ ' $& $&$', $ $ $% +$ $%/%#%, + %=+ $% +$ $% Q2 #% & $% %+%#% (T) 8
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
VR2 - T( $% 250*? C1, C3 - 0,1>F - C%(# C2 - 10>F 25V - E+%#+;(#. B% - B% (%%+#(#.
V!(: P+!#! $% #(#( (%, '!"(%% !! !)%, "!%;! $% 9V #%#, " !# !! + %%, (% (+%, %#.
% + + $/%. R%#%$% % %+ &#% % " % + #/#> %% $ %+%, 8 %#%$$ + + &# # $ " % % #%$ % $ $%##% $&%%%. P #+ "%% + %/, " # #+# #* %% % /+%+, #%#+ %$% #"+% "+$$. C$ $ % *$ 8 %+"$, #+% $% + /% $% * &# + +. P ?+, % + &' 6 % %/$#% %+ #-
Fig%a 6 - De'ec'#% de $%#i!idad c#" &e"&#%e& i"f%a%%#j#&.
S aber E lectr ón ica
89
Montaje # $% $%%# $% /$$ # &$$ 8 & / &*. E+ / $%%#- % /%$% %%/+9 / #/+$ >/# # %+ CN70. E+ CN70 % % >/# %&+% % %% ###> #/# $$% %+ % $% +9 8 %+ %#%/ % #+# % + $%##> / $%%# + /%%# $% "*% +9$ + %&+%> $%+ &* "% %+ "*%. E $% + %% % % %+% % / + " %'$% $% + + % % +%%. E+ & % %#' $% %#" % +9 #$ % %&+%* "% +' /%&#%, 8 $%/%$%$ $% + #$$ $% +9 %#"$ "* % $ %'% 8 / % %$$ / +. P + #+, % /%$% $%%# $ /%&#% % &#> $% + +9 % %&+%*%, 8 < % # %' +
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