SCREENPLAY-STRUCTURE

SCREENPLAY STRUCTURE HOW TO CREATE YOUR STORY BLUEPRINT

A MINI-eBOOK BY LAURA CROSS www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

Written by Laura Cross

Copyright © 2009 Laura Cross. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of the eBook may be copied or changed in any format, sold, or used in a way other than what is outlined in this eBook, under any circumstances.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STRUCTURE IS FORM..................................................................................... 2 THE THREE-ACT STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 3 CREATE YOUR STORY BLUEPRINT .................................................................. 5 SCREENPLAY STRUCTURE EXAMPLE.............................................................. 13

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STRUCTURE IS FORM

The structure of your screenplay is like the foundation of a house. It must be constructed with the right material in the correct order, strong enough to support all the necessary components of your script.

There is no paint-by-numbers, correct formula to create the perfect screenplay structure. One size does not fit all in screenplay writing. No structural model will be the right system for every movie.

But your script must have structure. Without structure, your story will collapse. Regardless of what structural model you use, your story, like all compelling stories, must:

1. Have a beginning, middle, and end (regardless of the chronological order of events). 2. Create a situation, add complications, and provide a conclusion.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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THE THREE-ACT STRUCTURE

Most successful screenwriters use a version of the three-act structure to create their story. First presented by Aristotle, the three-act structure has influenced drama for hundreds of years and is alive-and-kicking today.

It is the most

popular dramatic model. If you analyze a few of your favorite films, you’ll most likely find the three-act structure in action.

Let’s take a look at the three

divisions of the three-act structure.

ACT I Act I sets up the situation.

The protagonist lives his “normal” life (which is

defined by the individual story), but he has a fatal flaw. One day, there is a reversal of fortune brought on by his fatal flaw. His ‘normal’ life is disrupted by an incredible event that sends him on a journey.

ACT II Act II creates complications. Obstacles make it difficult for the protagonist to achieve his goal, which is solving the problem and righting the reversal. Eventually the protagonist finds enlightenment and learns how to fix the problem (often the protagonist is transformed, perhaps even altering his goal) but it’s too late – a catastrophic event keeps him from his goal. All appears to be lost.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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ACT III Act III provides the conclusion. A second reversal occurs (often with help from an ally) which results in catharsis and the story is resolved.

This is a sparse definition of the three acts. Now we will examine the elements contained in each act that will help you build your structure.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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CREATE YOUR STORY BLUEPRINT

Create your story blueprint by noting each point of your plot that fits into the following structural elements. What event in your plot is the Point of Attack? What event is the Inciting Incident?

What is your Crisis event?

When you

understand which event (or plot point) makes up each element, you have created the structure of your screenplay. You now have a clear road map to keep your writing on course and make sure your script arrives at the correct destination.

ACT I The Situation (20-30 pages)

Point of Attack

ACT II Complications / Obstacles

Inciting First Incident Turning Point

(50-60 pages)

MidPoint

Act III Conclusion

(15-30 pages)

Second Climax E Turning (Resolution) N Point D

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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ACT I – THE SITUATION The First Act is the set up where you will introduce the Protagonist/Hero (and reveal his fatal flaw) and the Antagonist/Villain, and poses the dramatic question. The inciting incident (what happens to your protagonist) and the first turning point (what he decides to do) create a major dramatic question. A compelling dramatic question arouses curiosity and suspense and engages the audience to stick around and find out the answer. (Will Luke Skywalker join the rebel forces,

save Princess Leia and defeat the evil Empire?)

Within the first 30 pages of your script you will also

ACT I THE SITUATION (20-30 pages)

Point of Attack Inciting Incident Call to Action First Turning Point

convey the period (contemporary/past), the arena (where the story takes place) and often the “normal” balance of the protagonist’s life.

Other

important elements you need to establish are the tone, genre, and theme.

POINT OF ATTACK The Point of Attack is where you choose to start the story on Page 1! It can be an unusual event, special occasion or a crisis. It should be intriguing enough to hook the viewer. The Godfather begins with a wedding. Star Wars launches with the rebel forces under attack from the evil Empire and Princess Leia sending a desperate message for help. _______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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INCITING INCIDENT The Inciting Incident is the single event that sets the story in motion and forces the protagonist to act. It can occur anywhere in the first act and may be the same as the Point of Attack or the First Turning Point.

CALL TO ACTION The First Act has set up a main character and a problem.

The question

becomes, “What is at stake and what will the protagonist do about it?” The hero has a dilemma - a difficult choice to make. The pros and cons, risks and rewards are presented. Will he answer the call to action? Obi Wan Kenobi implores Luke

to join him in the resistance. Luke is compelled by Princess Leia’s holographic plea for help but he has too many responsibilities at home and refuses the call to action. (Luke is a “Reluctant Hero” – until he returns home to find his family slaughtered by storm troopers and vows to learn the ways of the Force with Obi Wan as his mentor.)

FIRST TURNING POINT The First Turning Point occurs at the Act break. After this beat, the Hero is thrust into a world that is new, risky, strange and in every way different from the status quo established in the first few pages. Luke leaves his ordinary world

behind – and is thrust into a dangerous situation at the Mos Eisley Cantina – full

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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of alien creatures deadly bounty hunters, and storm troopers – to join forces with a ‘wanted’ smuggler/pilot, Han Solo, and his Wookie co-pilot.

ACT II – COMPLICATIONS AND OBSTACLES Act II is full of complications and obstacles - constantly testing the hero and raising the stakes. subplot

involves

Act II also sees the subplot, or subplots, deepening. secondary

characters with concerns outside the main dramatic question.

The

subplot eventually intersects with the main plot in a way that affects the protagonist and reinforces the

A

ACT II COMPLICATIONS & OBSTACLES (50-60 pages)

First Attempt To Solve The Problem Complications Ensue MidPoint The Villain is More Powerful Than The Hero Second Turning Point / Crisis

theme and premise.

FIRST ATTEMPT TO SOLVE PROBLEM The Hero has a problem and he needs to solve it to achieve his goal. Whatever the problem is, he will attempt to solve it by the easiest and most direct route possible – and he will FAIL. This beat is about proving the problem can’t be solved by a simple logical method. It is a set up for the ensuing complications and obstacles.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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COMPLICATIONS ENSUE There is no easy solution. The first attempt to solve the problem only results in making the problem worse. (In North by Northwest, Thornhill goes to the UN to try to solve the mystery of his abduction; he becomes indirectly involved in, and falsely accused of, the murder of a dignitary. Now, he’s wanted by the police!)

MIDPOINT The protagonist has suffered innumerable obstacles, conflicts, and complications in his quest to achieve his goal. The action continues to escalate, raising the stakes and increasing dramatic tension. There may be some successes but they are always undone. The protagonist’s ‘world’ is unstable. By the MidPoint (or the point of no return), the Hero has moved from a passive to a more active relationship with the antagonist. The Hero is on the offensive and attempting to take charge of the situation. (In some stories, the MidPoint may represent a short-lived victory for the protagonist.)

THE VILLAIN IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE HERO The hero fights the good fight for his or her goal, but the antagonist is always more powerful (mentally, physically, or psychologically).

Even in an internal

conflict story, the antagonistic ‘forces’ will overpower the protagonist during this beat.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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CRISIS / SECOND TURNING POINT The Second Turning Point and Crisis is perhaps the most identifiable and structurally important beats in the story (sometimes they are the same beat, sometimes they are separate beats). The Second Turning Point is where the worst thing that could possibly happen to the hero, happens, and he experiences a major setback. This occurs at the act break at the end of Act II and launches the story into Act III. It is the darkest moment when all hope seems lost.

The Crisis is where the Hero faces the ultimate emotional challenge.

It is a

decisive moment of the greatest magnitude. When all seems lost, will the hero have the strength to carry on? It’s a point of no return - where the Hero must find the resolve within him and risk everything to reach his goal. (The personal Crisis sometimes occurs early in Act III).

In some stories, the end of Act II also presents the answer to the dramatic question (the mystery is solved, the killer is caught, the conspiracy is unraveled.) In Se7en, at the end of Act II, the serial killer turns himself in at the police station. The dramatic question - “Will the detectives stop the serial killer?” - is answered. However, even though the dramatic question is answered, the story does not end here.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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ACT III – THE CONCLUSION Act III is the conclusion of the story. All sub-plots and loose ends are tied up. The story is resolved in such a way that is surprising yet inevitable, and above all, satisfying for the audience.

ACT III THE CONCLUSION

ENLIGHTENMENT

(15-30 pages)

As the MidPoint so often represents a shortlived victory for the Hero, the end of Act II often

represents

a

short-lived

Enlightenment Run Up To The Climax Climax Resolution / Denouement

defeat.

Enlightenment occurs at the beginning of Act III. It is where the protagonist finally understands how to defeat the antagonist. The goal is again possible. A good enlightenment should be something the protagonist (and the audience) could not have understood before enduring the conflicts and trials of Act II.

RUN UP TO THE CLIMAX Now that the Hero is enlightened, he is renewed and ready to defeat the antagonist and achieve his goal. There’s no room for exposition or explanation in this section – the Hero must act or lose everything!

The protagonist has

figured out how to solve the problem and is now racing to prevent a catastrophe (whether internal or external).

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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CLIMAX The Climax is the final obstacle. It is the “Obligatory Scene,” where the Hero confronts the Antagonist in a final struggle. If the dramatic question was not answered at the end of Act II, then it is answered here.

RESOLUTION / DENOUEMENT After the Climax, there is a moment of catharsis and order is restored to world of the protagonist. This is the Resolution or Denouement and occurs in the last few pages of the script (or the last page of a script). An effective story needs only a brief resolution to end the screenplay - all the vital questions should already be answered by the culmination of the climax.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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SCREENPLAY STRUCTURE EXAMPLE “DIE HARD”

THE FIRST ACT

POINT OF ATTACK - John McClane arrives in Los Angeles from New York to visit his estranged wife and children (in an attempt at reconciliation) during Christmas.

INCITING INCIDENT – During a Christmas Eve office party, a group of ‘terrorists’ seize the Nakatomi building where McClane’s wife works and take 60 employees hostage, including McClane’s wife, Holly. McClane, who was at the party, escapes being captured by slipping into the stairwell and going to another floor, but remains trapped inside the building.

CALL TO ACTION – McClane immediately answers the call to action and begins formulating a plan to save his wife and the hostages.

FIRST TURNING POINT – ‘Terrorist’ Hans Gruber kills Takagi and McClane is thrown into a dangerous situation.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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THE SECOND ACT

FIRST ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM – McClane sets off the fire alarm to notify 911 dispatchers of an emergency situation.

But the ‘terrorists’ are

tapped into the system and notify emergency dispatch it is a false alarm. No help arrives. And now, the ‘terrorists’ are aware of McClane’s presence and are determined to kill him.

COMPLICATIONS ENSUE - Two ‘terrorists’ attack McClane. He manages to kill them and acquire one of their two-way radios and a gun. McClane uses the radio to contact emergency dispatch to report the situation – but the dispatcher doesn’t believe him and the ‘terrorists’ hear his call. Now the brother of one of the ‘terrorists’ he killed is on a mission to take him out. Karl and two other ‘terrorists’ chase McClane into an airshaft. Just before they are about to find him and kill him, the ‘terrorists’ retreat to the hostage area.

MIDPOINT – A patrol officer finally drives by the Nakatomi building, but determines nothing is amiss. Just as the officer is driving away, McClane tosses a body onto the windshield of the police car and fires a volley of shots from a machine gun. Now he has their attention. The police are on their way to the building. A brief moment of victory.

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THE VILLAIN IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE HERO – Hans kills an employee named Ellis and the police blame McClane for the death.

The

‘terrorists’ blow up the SWAT truck and stop the FBI team from entering the building by hitting them with a hail of bullets. The bad guys are winning.

TURNING POINT / CRISIS - While looking for the detonators McClane acquired from one of his ‘terrorist’ kills, Hans and McClane run into each other. Hans tricks McClane into believing he is an innocent hostage.

McClane is

attacked by Karl, loses the detonators to the ‘terrorists’ and Hans gets away, only to take McClane’s wife, Holly, as a personal hostage.

THE THIRD ACT

ENLIGHTENMENT – McClane figures out that Hans plans to slip away with the stolen money by blowing up the roof of the Nakatomi building with the hostages (so the FBI will believe he and the other ‘terrorists’ have died in the explosion).

RUN UP TO THE CLIMAX – McClane ascends to the roof and gets the hostages out of danger then sets out to find his wife, Holly. The roof blows up and McClane uses a fire hose to swing down the building and through the glass onto a lower floor. _______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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CLIMAX - McClane confronts Hans and shoots him with a gun he has hidden and taped to his back. Hans crashes through a window and falls several stories to his death. McClane has killed the bad guys, and saved Holly and the hostages.

RESOLUTION / DENOUEMENT – McClane and his wife stumble out of the Nakatomi building, bruised and battered and hugging one another.

Officer

Powell shoots Karl dead, Holly punches out the annoying television reporter, and the limo-guy, Argyle, drives the couple off into the sunset.

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com

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SCREENPLAY BLUEPRINT TITLE: ____________________________________ ACT I POINT OF ATTACK: ____________________________________________ INCITING INCIDENT: __________________________________________ CALL TO ACTION: ______________________________________________ FIRST TURNING POINT: _______________________________________ ACT II FIRST ATTEMPT TO SOLVE PROBLEM: ________________________ _________________________________________________________________ COMPLICATIONS ENSUE: _____________________________________ MIDPOINT: ____________________________________________________ VILLAIN IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE HERO: _____________ _________________________________________________________________ SECOND TURNING POINT / CRISIS: ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ACT III ENLIGHTENMENT: ___________________________________________ RUN UP TO THE CLIMAX: _____________________________________ CLIMAX: ______________________________________________________ RESOLUTION / DENOUEMENT: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ Screenplay Structure: How To Create Your Story Blueprint Laura Cross | www.ScenarioWritingStudio.com