Screenless Display Seminar Report

Chapter 1 – Display Devices A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form (the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind people). When the input information is supplied as an electrical signal, the display is called an electronic display.

Displaying Advancement:  

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1 Segment displays 2 Full-area 2-dimensional displays o 2.1 Applications o 2.2 Underlying technologies 3 Three-dimensional

1.1 Segment Displays

Figure 1.1 Digital clocks display changing numbers.

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Figure 1.2 The digital display of a calculator.

Some displays can show only digits or alphanumeric characters. They are called segment displays, because they are composed of several segments that switch on and off to give appearance of desired glyph. The segments are usually single LEDs or liquid crystals. They are mostly used in digital watches and pocket calculators. There are several types:    

Seven-segment display (most common, digits only) Fourteen-segment display Sixteen-segment display HD44780 LCD controller a widely accepted protocol for LCDs.

1.1.1 Seven Segment Display

Figure 1.3 A typical 7-segment LED display component, with decimal point 2

The seven elements of the display can be lit in different combinations to represent the Arabic numerals. Often the seven segments are arranged in an oblique (slanted) arrangement, which aids readability. In most applications, the seven segments are of nearly uniform shape and size (usually elongated hexagons, though trapezoids and rectangles can also be used), though in the case of adding machines, the vertical segments are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends in an effort to further enhance readability. The numerals 6, 7 and 9 may be represented by two or more different glyphs on seven-segment displays, with or without a 'tail'. The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on each side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom. Additionally, the seventh segment bisects the rectangle horizontally. There are also fourteen-segment displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumeric); however, these have mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays. The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the optional DP decimal point (an "eighth segment") is used for the display of noninteger numbers. 1.1.2 Fourteen-Segment Display A fourteen-segment display (FSD) (sometimes referred to as a starburst display or a "Union Jack" display is a type of display based on 14 segments that can be turned on or off to produce letters and numerals. It is an expansion of the more common seven-segment display, having an additional four diagonal and two vertical segments with the middle horizontal segment broken in half. A seven-segment display suffices for numerals and certain letters, but unambiguously rendering the ISO basic Latin alphabet requires more detail. A slight variation is the sixteensegment display which allows additional legibility in displaying letters or other symbols. A decimal point or comma may be present as an additional segment, or pair of segments; the comma (used for triple-digit groupings or as a decimal separator in many regions) is commonly formed by combining the decimal point with a closely 'attached' leftwards-descending arc-shaped segment.

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Figure 1.4 Fourteen-segment display.

Note unbroken top and bottom segments in comparison with a sixteen-segment display. Electronic alphanumeric displays may use LEDs, LCDs, or vacuum fluorescent display devices. The LED variant is typically manufactured in single or dual character packages, allowing the system designer to choose the number of characters suiting the application. Often a character generator is used to translate 7-bit ASCII character codes to the 14 bits that indicate which of the 14 segments to turn on or off. 1.1.3 Sixteen-segment display

Figure 1.5 Sixteen-Segment Display A sixteen-segment display (SISD), sometimes called a "Union Jack" display or a "British Flag" display, is a type of display based on 16 segments that can be turned on or off according to the graphic pattern to be produced. It is an extension of the more common seven-segment display, adding four diagonal and two vertical segments and splitting the three horizontal segments in half. Other variants include the fourteen-segment display which splits only the middle horizontal segment. 4

Often a character generator is used to translate 7-bit ASCII character codes to the 16 bits that indicate which of the 16 segments to turn on or off. 1.1.4 HD44780 LCD controller

Figure 1.6 LCD Controller Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller is one of the most common dot matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) display controllers available. Hitachi developed the microcontroller specifically to drive alphanumeric LCD display with a simple interface that could be connected to a general purpose microcontroller or microprocessor. Many manufacturers of displays integrated the controller with their product making it the informal standard for this type of display. The device can display ASCII characters, Japanese Kana characters, and some symbols in two 28 character lines. Using an extension driver, the device can display up to 80 characters.

1.2 Full Area 2 Dimensional Displays 5

2-dimensional displays that cover a full area (usually a rectangle) are also called video displays, since it's the main modality of presenting video. Applications Full-area 2-dimensional displays are used in, for example:     

Television sets Computer monitors Head-mounted display Broadcast reference monitor Medical monitors

1.2.1 Television sets

Figure 1.7 A television set

A television set, also called a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or "telly" (UK), is a device that combines a tuner, display, and speakers for the purpose of viewing television. Television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II, using vacuum tubes and cathode ray tube displays. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s and 1980s, such as videotape and laserdisc movies. It was also the display device for the first generation of home computers (e.g., Timex Sinclair 1000) and video game consoles (e.g., Atari) in the 1980s. 6

In 2014, flat panel television sets incorporate liquid-crystal, plasma, or LED flatscreen displays, solid-state circuits, microprocessor controls and can interface with a variety of video signal sources, allowing the user to view broadcast and subscription cable TV signals or satellite television, recorded material on DVD or Blu-ray discs, or home security systems, and over-the-air broadcasts received through an indoor or outdoor antenna. Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high-definition display (720p or 1080p). 1.2.2 Computer Monitors

Figure 1.8 A Computer monitor

A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size. Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9 (and 16:10).

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1.2.3 Head Mounted Display

Figure 1.9 Head Mounted Display

A head-mounted display or helmet mounted display, both abbreviated HMD, is a display device, worn on the head or as part of a helmet, that has a small display optic in front of one (monocular HMD) or each eye (binocular HMD). There is also an optical head-mounted display (OHMD), which is a wearable display that has the capability of reflecting projected images as well as allowing the user to see through it. 1.2.4 Broadcast reference monitor

Figure 1.10 Rack-mounted video monitors as used in television broadcasting. A video monitor also called a broadcast monitor, broadcast reference monitor or just reference monitor, is a display device similar to a television set, used to monitor the output of a video-generating device, such as playout from a video server, IRD, video camera, VCR, or DVD player. It may or may not have professional audio monitoring capability. Unlike a television set, a video monitor has no tuner (television) and, as such, is unable independently to tune into 8

an over-the-air broadcast like a television receiver. One common use of video monitors is in television stations, television studios, production trucks and in outside broadcast vehicles, where broadcast engineers use them for confidence checking of analog signal and digital signals throughout the system. Video monitors are used extensively in the security industry with closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV) and recording devices.

1.3 Three Dimensional      

Holographic display Swept-volume display Varifocal mirror display Emissive volume display Laser display Light field displays

1.3.1 Holographic Display Holograms were used mostly in telecommunications as an alternative to screens. Holograms could be transmitted directly, or they could be stored in various storage devices (such as holodiscs) the storage device can be hooked up with a holoprojector in order for the stored image to be accessed.

Figure 1.11 Visual Image

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Debatably, virtual reality goggles (which consist of two small screens but are nonetheless sufficiently different from traditional computer screens to be considered screen less) and heads-up display in jet fighters (which display images on the clear cockpit window) also are included in Visual Image category. In all of these cases, light is reflected off some . Intermediate object (hologram, LCD panel, or cockpit window) before it reaches the retina. In the case of LCD panels the light is refracted from the back of the panel, but is nonetheless a reflected source. The new software and hardware will enable the user to, in effect; make design adjustments in the system to fit his or her particular needs, capabilities, and preferences. They will enable the system to do such things as adjusting to users’ behaviors in dealing with interactive movable type. 1.3.2 Swept-Volume Display Swept-surface (or "swept-volume") volumetric 3D displays rely on the human persistence of vision to fuse a series of slices of the 3D object into a single 3D image. A variety of swept-volume displays have been created.

Figure 1.12 Swept-Volume Display 10

Fast-moving LEDs create a 360 degree object in air in this prototype by University College Sedaya International For example, the 3D scene is computationally decomposed into a series of "slices," which can be rectangular, disc-shaped, or helical cross-sectioned, whereupon they are projected onto or from a display surface undergoing motion. The image on the 2D surface (created by projection onto the surface, LEDs embedded in the surface, or other techniques) changes as the surface moves or rotates. Due to the persistence of vision humans perceive a continuous volume of light. The display surface can be reflective, transmissive , or a combination of both. Another type of 3D display which is a candidate member of the class of sweptvolume 3D displays is the Varifocal mirror architecture. One of the first references to this type of system is from 1966, in which a vibrating mirrored drumhead reflects a series of patterns from a high frame rate 2D image source, such as a vector display, to a corresponding set of depth surfaces. 1.3.3 Laser lighting display

Figure 1.13 Laser Light Display A laser lighting display or laser light show involves the use of laser light to entertain an audience. A laser light show may consist only of projected laser beams set to music, or may accompany another form of entertainment, typically musical performances. Laser light is useful in entertainment because the coherent nature of laser light allows a narrow beam to be produced, which allows the use of optical scanning to draw patterns or images on walls, ceilings or other surfaces including theatrical smoke and fog without refocusing for the differences in distance, as is common with video projection. 11

Chapter 2 – Introduction to Screenless Display

2.1 Screenless Display Screenless display is the present evolving technology in the field of the computerenhanced technologies. It is going to be the one of the greatest technological development in the coming future years [1]. Several patents are still working on this new emerging technology which can change the whole spectacular view of the screenless displays. Screen less display technology has the main aim of displaying (or) transmitting the information without any help of the screen (or) the projector. Screen less displays have become a new rage of development for the next GEN-X. Screenless videos describe systems for transmitting visual information from a video source without the use of the screen. Screen less computing systems can be divided mainly into 3 groups:

A.VISUAL IMAGE Visual Image screen less display includes any screen less image that the eye can perceive as shown in figure 1 and 2. The most common example of Visual Image screen less display is a hologram.

Figure 2.1 Example of visual Image 12

HOLOGRAM Holograms were used mostly in telecommunications as an alternative to screens. Holograms could be transmitted directly, or they could be stored in various storage devices (such as holodiscs) the storage device can be hooked up with a holoprojector in order for the stored image to be accessed.

Figure 2.2 Example of visual Image Debatably, virtual reality goggles (which consist of two small screens but are nonetheless sufficiently different from traditional computer screens to be considered screen less) and heads-up display in jet fighters (which display images on the clear cockpit window) also are included in Visual Image category. In all of these cases, light is reflected off some intermediate object (hologram, LCD panel, or cockpit window) before it reaches the retina. In the case of LCD panels the light is refracted from the back of the panel, but is nonetheless a reflected source. The new software and hardware will enable the user to, in effect; make design adjustments in the system to fit his or her particular needs, capabilities, and preferences. They will enable the system to do such things as adjusting to users’ behaviors in dealing with interactive movable type.

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B. RETINAL DISPLAY Virtual retinal display systems are a class of screen less displays in which images are projected directly onto the retina as shown in figure 3. They are distinguished from visual image systems because light is not reflected from some intermediate object onto the retina; it is instead projected directly onto the retina. Retinal Direct systems, once marketed, hold out the promise of extreme privacy when computing work is done in public places because most inquiring relies on viewing the same light as the person who is legitimately viewing the screen, and retinal direct systems send light only into the pupils of their intended viewer.

Figure 2.3 Retinal Display 14

C. SYNAPTIC INTERFACE Synaptic Interface screen less video does not use light at all. Visual information completely bypasses the eye and is

Figure 2.4 Synaptic Interface Transmitted directly to the brain. While such systems have yet to be implemented in humans, success has been achieved in sampling usable video signals from the biological eyes of a living horseshoe crab through their optic nerves, and in sending video signals from electronic cameras into the creatures' brains using the same method as illustrated in figure 4.

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Chapter 3 – The Working Principle There are several new emerging ways for the technological development of the working principle of the screen less displays. Several software’s are merging for the GEN-X wonder view. Any computer system that can run the mudoc software can present text that has been set in interactive movable type. Most of the mudocs that are consumed in the next few years will be consumed with conventional personal computers, e-book readers, and other kinds of display and projection devices that are now in use. Very soon it appears to be a new kind of input/output system will facilitate communication and interaction between the computer and the computer user. This new human/computer interface is the telereader terminal. Visual Image is a bitmap manipulation and composition product. Bitmaps can be manipulated independently, in the Image Mode or multiple bitmaps can be composited Together in the Object Mode to create a "collage". Visual Image can create and Manipulate images of any size: the only limitation is the amount of memory resources your system has. A. Creating Visual Catalog Files with Visual Image Visual Image gives you the ability to create files in the EYE file format for use in the Visual Catalog program. These EYE files can be used to create catalogs of images in logical sub groupings: for example, you can create a catalog file in the EYE format that lists all images of building materials (brick, concrete, stone, etc.). The File, Export Project command creates an EYE file that refers to all of the images that are currently loaded into Visual Image. When you select this command, you are prompted to enter a filename for the EYE file that is to be created. If you have created any image in Visual Image that are not yet saved to disk you will be asked if you wish to include those images in the EYE file and if so, you are prompted to store those images as bitmaps. The File, Exports Editor Command in Visual Image allows you to pack and choose those image files on disk that you wish to include in a catalog EYE file. When you select File in Export Editor, a file browser appears from which you can choose the image files to include. Use this browser to select images to add to a project file for use in Visual Catalog.

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B. Additional Software and Hardware Requirements

optimize the user’s perceptual and cognitive capabilities

signal methods)

time, etc. The new software and hardware will enable the user and the system to better exploit each other’s capabilities and to function as a fully integrated team.

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Chapter 4 – Virtual Retinal Display Structure A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD), is a new display technology that draws a raster display (like a television) directly onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. Similar systems have been made by projecting a defocused image directly in front of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in the form of large sunglasses. The user focuses their eyes on the background, where the screen appeared to be floating. The disadvantage of these systems was the limited area covered by the "screen", the high weight of the small televisions used to project the display, and the fact that the image would appear focused only if the user was focusing at a particular "depth". Limited brightness made them useful only in indoor settings as well. Only recently, a number of developments have made a true VRD system in practice. In particular, the development of high-brightness LEDs have made the displays bright enough to be used during the day and adaptive optics have allowed systems to dynamically correct for irregularities in the eye (although this is not at all needed in all situations). The result is a high-resolution screen less display with excellent color range and brightness, far better than the best television technologies. The VRD was invented at the University of Washington in the Human Interface Technology Lab in 1991. Most of this research into VRDs to date has been in combination with various virtual reality systems. In this role VRDs have the potential advantage of being much smaller than existing television-based systems. They share some of the same disadvantages however, requiring some sort of optics to send the image into the eye, typically similar to the sunglasses system used with previous technologies. It can be also used as part of a wearable computer system. More recently, there has been some interest in VRDs as a display system for portable devices such as cell phones, PDAs and various media players. In this role the device would be placed in front of the user, perhaps on a desk, and aimed in the general direction of the eyes. The system would then detect the eye using facial scanning techniques and keep the image in place using motion compensation. In this role the VRD offers unique advantages, being able to replicate a full- sized monitor on a small device. The most recent innovations in mobile computing have been based around touch screen technology. 18

The future of mobile devices is both touch less and screen less. By 2020 the mobile phone as we know it today will disappear and something very different will take its place. Instead of touching a screen, we will interact with technology directly through our senses, through technology embedded in what he is calling “Internet Glasses”. Voice was always organized in sessions with a beginning and an end. Today we have threads, i.e when a thread is started it never ends and we have many continuing in parallel. Think of your email, RSS feeds, Twitter, etc. So this is how our brain works.

The hone of tomorrow will be telecoupling and related machines and future is bypassing screens and keyboards altogether as in figure 6. The two key technologies will be laser based displays, which display images directly onto our retinas and brain wave sensing implants as shown in figure 5. This will allow technology to integrate with our ‘reality vision’ much more seamlessly. We are on the verge of a hardware revolution that will make this all possible, as well as the cloud-based information streaming that will enable the user interface to become a reality as shown in figure 9 and 10.

Figure 4.1 Virtual Retinal Display –Example.

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Figure 4.2 System Architecture

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Chapter 5 – Applications of the Screenless Display The main use of the screen less displays are used for the development of the mobile phones which are mainly used by the old and blind people as shown in figure 7. This type of the invention of the screen less displays was first done on the mobile phone named OWASYS 2CC. This model is very useful for the old, blind, and even for the people with less vision power.

Figure 5.1 Application applied to mobile Technology

Screen less displays technology is also implemented for the development of the screen less laptops. A laptop without an LCD can be a very useful portable solution when connected to CRT or fixed LCD monitors. Laptops without screens would also be a green solution, giving value to donated CRT monitors that would otherwise be heading for landfills. Portability means that volunteers, who don’t always have the time to travel to people’s homes, can more easily maintain this computer. Screenless displays are also widely applicable in the field of the 21

holograms projection. Hologram projection is a result of a technological innovation that truly helps in touch less holographic interfaces. In fact, hologram projection projects 3D images of so high quality that it feels as if one can touch them. However, holographic projection is still to achieve mass acceptance as until now, conventional holograms, which offer 3D images.

Figure 5.2 Example view of holographic Projection

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Latest laser technology are also implementing the special technique of the screen less display through the presence of the several 3D scope animation or the screen provides the advantage of being combined with the Laser Valve Video Projector that helps in projecting video images by the use of the laser light instead of the Xenon Arc lamps as depicted in figure 8. Laser technologies have given an edge over the other technologies as the LVP gives the projector an excellent depth in the focus.

Figure 5.3 Virtual screens

Screen less display’s major working principle can also be implemented in the emerging of the new screen less TV’s. Imagine that watching the TV picture that seems to be magically appearing in the thin air. The picture just floats on in front of the viewer; this would be a latest emerging technology in the future as depicted in figure 9.

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Chapter 6 – Advantages and Disadvantages of the technology

ADVANTAGES: Low power requirements- Only six diodes are required and a few of a watts to deliver their images to the user’s eyes. Higher resolution images- The pixels in the images projected by the diodes can be made smaller than is possible with any CRT or flat panel display, so higher resolution can be achieved. With retinal projectors, the only limitation in the resolution of visual images will be the resolving power of the users’ eyes. Greater portability- The combination of diodes, lenses, and processing components in a retinal projector system will weigh only a few ounces. Wider angle of view- Retinal projectors will be able to provide a wider field of view than is possible with display screens. More accurate color- By modulating light sources to vary the intensity of red, green, and blue light, retinal provide a wider range of colors and more fully saturated colors than any other display technology. Greater brightness and better contrast- Retinal projectors can provide higher levels of contrast and brightness than any other display system. Ability to present 3D images- With their capability of presenting high definition image-pairs, retinal projectors can deliver the most highly realistic stereoscopic movies and still pictorial images to their users. Ability to present far-point images- The human visual system is a far-point system. With today’s desktop and laptop computers users must employ their nearpoint vision. The excessive use of our near-point vision in using computers, reading, sewing, playing video games, etc., is making myopia a very common impediment. The use of the far-point images that can be provided by retinal projector systems could reduce the incidence of myopia and, hence, the growing need for and use of eyeglasses see figure 10.

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Lower costs- The present cost of retinal projector systems is high. Nevertheless, there are no hard-to-overcome manufacturing problems in mass-producing and lowcost components, so inexpensive systems will soon become available. Environmental and disposal costs of these tiny delivery devices will also be minimal because toxic elements such as lead, phosphorus, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are not used in their manufacture.

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DISADVANTAGES: irtual retinal display (VRD) is not yet available in the significant number. al models are now being built, but their cost per unit is high. till under progress and development.

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Chapter 7 – Future Enhancements For the future development of this emerging new technology, several researches are being conducted and the several renowned IT sector companies and other best labs present in the world are handling over the project of screenless displays. work on an idea for an interactive table that mixes both the physical and the Virtual worlds. the hardware devices that implement it, which allows users to compute without conventional input devices. multi Touch use of the program. ement of the micro vision also gives the improved and the futuristic view of the screen less displays. This technology of the micro vision is the very well useful in the Artificial Retinal Display properties. intelligent Glasses that remembers where people last saw their keys, Handbags, iPod, and mobile phones. the wearer looks at the information what the viewer wants will be directly being seen in through the glasses where there is no screen or projector present. Several laboratories are working under progress on the electron beam lithography which includes the advanced enhancement of the futuristic screen less display. platform of the several applications which are to be viewed without the actual screen.

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Conclusion The report has elaborately discussed screenless displays which is one of the most emerging computer technologies and has become a new exciting rage for the upcoming generations as a field of the futuristic technology. Due to the ability of having several advantages which are involved in the making, designing, coding of the screenless, this needs plenty of knowledge and process for the development is still under the improvement. May be in the future the world may be dominated with the screen less display technologies and this enriches the world of technological empowerment in the field of the computer technology. Screenless displays promises the cost effective aspect and also brighter future in the computer technology.

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References [1] Screen-less Head Mounted Projector with Retrotranmissive Optics Ryugo KIJIMA, Jyunya WATANABE [2] Kiyokawa, K., "A Wide Field-of-view Head Mounted Projective Display using Hyperbolic Half-silvered Mirrors", Procs of ISMAR. [3] Okano, F., Arai, J., "Resolution characteristics of afocal array optics". [4] SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 30 September-3 October 2001, New Orleans, Louisiana. [5] http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/mimssbits/25623/ videos.mitrasites.com/screenless-display.html [6] Telecoms.cytalk.com/.../why-the-future-of-mobile-is- screenless-touch. [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_device [8] http://screenless.weebly.com/ [9]http://www.cbsd.org/cms/lib07/PA01916442/Centricity/Domain/1908/CSI%20T ext%20Marilyn%20Miller.pdf [10]http://www.jica.go.jp/brazil/portuguese/office/courses/c8h0vm00007ipv0satt/J1300700_-_Seminar_on_Criminal_Investigation.pdf [11] http://www.mudoc.com/screenlesspc.pdf [12] http://www.ijera.com/papers/vol%201%20issue%203/XC013942947.pdf [13]http://tnbused.wikispaces.com/file/view/Lesson%205%20Advanced.ppt/241765 383/Lesson%205%20Advanced.ppt [14] http://www.technologyreview.com/view/420266/the-future-of-interfaces-ismobile-screen-less-and-invisible/ [15] http://www.google.com 29

[16] http://www.livebinders.com/play/play/234524 [17] http://www.factsnfakes.in/the-best-upcoming-screenless-display-technologies/ [18] http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/r-98-21/r-98-21.pdf

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