SCIENCE

 

]fo Ennrmldbtlnd En``lttoo anr`om hy KX Dn. Bhfybs - 8221/(Yrb.Grb.=5/21) UM - = Mbtom 8?.=.8921 fbs klvod bpprnvbc tn proserlho tfls toxthnng ld lts `ootldk focm nd 5.5.892;

KODOXBC UELODEO U]BDMBXM UOQOD

@bfbrbsftrb Utbto Hurobu na ]oxthnng Yrnmuetlnd bdm Eurrleucu` Xosobref, Yudo - =22 99=.

]fo mlkltbc toxthnng ebd ho nhtbldom tfrnukf MLGUFB BYY nd b s`brtpfndo hy usldk tfo R. X. Enmo klvod nd tltco pbko na tfo toxthnng bdm usoauc bumln-vlsubc tobefldk-cobrdldk `btorlbc na tfo rocovbdt cossnd wlcc ho bvblcbhco tfrnukf tfo R. X. Enmo klvod ld obef cossnd na tfls toxthnng. B

 

Alrst Omltlnd : 892; © @bfbrbsftrb Utbto Hurobu na ]oxthnng Yrnmuetlnd bdm Eurrleucu` Xosobref, Yudo - =22 99=. Uoendm Xoprldt : 892< ]fo  ] fo @bfbrbsftrb Utbto Hurobu na ]oxthnng Yrnmuetlnd bdm Eurrleucu` Xosobref rosorvos bcc rlkfts rocbtldk tn tfo hnng. Dn pbrt na tfls hnng sfnucm ho roprnmueom wltfnut tfo wrlttod por`lsslnd na tfo Mlroetnr, @bfbrbsftrb Utbto Hurobu na ]oxthnng Yrnmuetlnd bdm Eurrleucu` Xosobref, ‖Hbchfbrbtl“, Uodbpbtl Hbpbt @brk, Yudo =2299=.

Efloa Ennrmldbtnr : U`t. Yrbefl Xbvldmrb Ubtfo

Ennrmldbtlnd : Xbjlv Brud Ybtnco

Upoelbc Naaleor anr Uelodeo

Uelodeo Uuhjoet En``lttoo : Mr Efbdmrbsfogfbr @uru`gbr, Efblr`bd Mr Mlclp Ubmbsflv Jnk, @o`hor  Mr Bhfby Joro, @o`hor  Mr Uucbhfb Dltld Qlmfbto, @o`hor  U`t. @rldbcldl Mosbl, @o`hor  Ufrl. Kbjbdbd Uurybwbdsfl, @o`hor  Ufrl. Uumflr \bmbvrbn Gb`hco, @o`hor  U`t. Mlpbcl Mfbdbdjby Hfbco, @o`hor  Ufrl. Xbjlv Brud Ybtnco, @o`hor-Uoerotbry

]rbdscbtlnd :  U`t. @rldbcldl Mosbl Mr Uusf`b Jnk Uerutldy :  Mr Mlclp Jnk U`t. Yusfpb Gfbro

Uelodeo Utumy Krnup : Mr Yrbhfbgbr Dbkdbtf Gsflrsbkbr  Mr Ufblgf @nfb``om [bqulnmmld F. Mr Qlsfdu Qbzo Mr Bjby Mlkb`hbr @bfbjbd Mr Kbybtrl Knrbgfdbtf Efnugbmo Ufrl. Uugu`br Ufrodlg Dbvbco Ufrl. Yrbsfbdt Ybdmltrbn Gncso Ufrl. Mbybsfbdgbr Qlsfdu Qblmyb U`t. Gbdefbd Xbjodmrb Unrbto U`t. Bdjbcl Gfbmgo U`t. Ufwotb ]fbgur U`t. Jyntl @omplcwbr  U`t. Yusfpbcbtb Kbwbdmo Ufrl. Xbjosf Qb`bdrbn Xn`bd Ufrl. Ufbdgbr Hflgbd Xbjput U`t. @bdlsfb Xbjodmrb Mbflvocgbr  Ufrl. Fo`bdt Befyut Cbkvbdgbr  Ufrl. Dbkosf Hfl`sovbg ]ocknto Ufrl. @bdnj Xbfbdkmbco Ufrl. @nfb``om Btlquo Bhmuc Ufblgf U`t. Mlptl Efbdmbdsldkf Hlsft Ufrl. Qlsfwbs Hfbvo U`t. Jyntl Mb`nmbr Gbrbdo

Ennrmldbtlnd :  Mfbdbvbdtl Fbrmlgbr Bebmo`le Uoerotbry anr Cbdkubkos Ubdtnsf Ybwbr Bsslstbdt Upoelbc Naaleor, Odkclsf

Ybpor :

;9 KU@ Erob`wnvo Yrldt Nrmor : 

Yrldtor : 

Yrnmuetlnd : Ubefefltbdbdm Bpfbco Efloa Yrnmuetlnd Naaleor  Xbjodmrb Qlsputo Yrnmuetlnd Naaleor 

Envor bdm lccustrbtlnds :  Ufrl. Qlvogbdbdm Uflvsfbdgbr Ybtlc Bsfbdb Bmvbdl

Yuhclsfor : Qlvog _ttb` Knsbvl Endtrnccor  @bfbrbsftrb Utbto ]oxthnng Hurobu, Yrbhfbmovl, @u`hbl - =99 98?.

Ufrl. Uurosf Knplefbdm Lsbvo ]yposottldk :  M]Y Uoetlnd, ]oxthnng Hurobu, Yudo H

 

E

 

M

 

Yroabeo Mobr stumodts, [ocen`o tn Utm QLL. [o fbvo krobt pcobsuro ld naaorldk tn ynu tfls Kodorbc Uelodeo toxthnng, hbsom nd tfo dow syccbhus. Ld Utms LLL tn Q ynu fbvo bequlrom sn`o gdnwcomko na Uelodeo arn` ynur Odvlrnd`odt Uelodeo toxthnngs. Cbst yobr, fnwovor, ynu hokbd tn stumy Uelodeo arn` b sopbrbto Kodorbc Uelodeo toxthnng. ]fo hbsle purpnso na tfls toxthnng ebd ho sblm tn ho ‖_dmorstbdm bdm oxpcbld tn ntfors“. \nu wlcc cobrd Uelodeo tfrnukf `bdy betlvltlos suef bs Nhsorvo bdm Mlseuss, _so ynur hrbld pnwor ! Aldm Nut, ]fldg bhnut lt, ote. Mn tbgo pbrt ld bcc tfoso betlvltlos. _so tfo betlvltlos Ebd ynu roebcc> bdm Ebd ynu tocc> tn rovlso tfo selodeo ynu fbvo bcrobmy cobrdt. ]fo toxthnng bcsn ldecumos `bdy betlvltlos bdm oxporl`odts udmor tfo tltcos ]ry tfls bdm Cot's try tfls. \nu `ust ynursoca ebroauccy ebrry nut tfoso betlvltlos, oxporl`odts bdm nhsorvbtlnds. [forovor doeossbry ynu `by, na enurso, tbgo tfo focp na ynur tobefors, pbrodts nr ecbss`btos. Nd sn`o neebslnds ynu `by fbvo tn cnng anr sn`o ldanr`btlnd. \nu `ust uso tfo clhrbry nr toefdncnky clgo tfo Ldtordot anr tfbt purpnso. B du`hor na betlvltlos tfbt oxpcbld tfo selodeo hofldm ovorymby ovodts, fbvo hood klvod. \nu tnn `ust `bgo ynur nwd oaanrts tn uso selodeo ld ovorymby clao. [fbt ynu cobrd arn` tfo cossnds ld tfls toxthnng wlcc dnt ndcy focp ynu wltf tfo stumlos na flkfor ecbssos, hut wlcc bcsn odbhco ynu tn mn `bdy dow tfldks bdm oqulp ynu wltf `bdy dow sglccs. ]bgo bcc proebutlnds wflco mnldk tfo betlvltlos bdm oxporl`odts klvod ld tfo toxthnng bdm odenurbko ntfors tn tbgo tfo sb`o proebutlnds. _dmorstbdm Uelodeo bdm cobrd tn uso lt. Cbstcy, b kodtco ro`ldmor tn ynu tfbt, wflco ebrryldk nut betlvltlos rocbtom tn pcbdts bdm bdl`bcs, bcc ebro `ust ho tbgod tn bvnlm mnldk tfo` bdy fbr` nr ebusldk tfo` ldjury. Mn tocc us bhnut tfo pbrts tfbt ynu clgo bs wocc bs bhnut tfo mlaaleuctlos ynu abeo bs ynu robm bdm udmorstbdm bdm stumy tfls toxthnng. [o bro ospoelbccy obkor tn gdnw bhnut tfo`. tfo quostlnds tfbt en`o tn ynur `ldm bs ynu stumy selodeo. Mn wrlto tn us bhnut Nur host wlsfos anr ynur bebmo`le prnkross.

Yudo Mbto : 86 @bref 892;   Kuml Ybmwb

  

Ldmlbd \obr : EfbltrbUncbr ;, 2 ls b soetlnd anr rovlowldk tfo rocbtom tnples bcrobmy cobrdt, wflco tfo purpnso na Ebd ynu tocc> ls tn ldtrnmueo b tnple hy hrldkldk tnkotfor wfbt tfo eflcmrod `lkft bcrobmy gdnw bhnut b tnple tfrnukf tfolr nwd robmldk nr oxporlodeo. ]ry tfls ls `obdt tn klvo sn`o spoelale oxporlodeo wflco Cot“s try tfls bro tfo pbrts tfbt tobefors `ust mo`ndstrbto tn tfo ecbss. _so ynur hrbld pnwor! `bgos eflcmrod bppcy tfo gdnwcomko kbldom. Bcwbys ro`o`hor  klvos sn`o l`pnrtbdt ldstruetlnds nr vbcuos. ]fo soetlnds Aldm nut, Mn ynu gdnw>  bdm Uelodeo wbtef bro tn erobto

-

bd bwbrodoss na tfo vbst ldanr`btlnd tfbt ebddnt ho ldecumom ld tfo toxthnng bdm tn ldeucebto tfo fbhlt na mnldk roaorodeo wnrg ldmopodmodtcy.

• 

]obefors ebd ebd soo anr tfo`socvos tfo`socvos tfbt tfls toxthnng ls dnt `obdt anr robmldk bdm oxpcbldldk hut anr kulmldk stumodts tn kbld gdnwcomko hy ebrryldk nut tfo klvod betlvltlos. Xobmldk tfo toxthnng bator tfo eflcmrod fbvo ebrrlom nut tfo betlvltlos bdm mlseussom tfo` ld tfo ecbss wlcc `bgo lt obsy bdm wlcc bcsn focp tn hrldk tnkotfor bdm roldanreo wfbt tfoy fbvo bcrobmy cobrdt. ]fo bttrbetlvo pleturos wlcc suppnrt tfolr oaanrts tn cobrd.

• 

]obefors sfnucm propbro wocc anr mlseusslnds mlseusslnds udmor Ebd ynu tocc>, _so ynur hrbld pnwor! ote. bdm anr tfo vbrlnus betlvltlos bdm oxporl`odts. ]foy sfnucm `bldtbld bd ldanr`bc bt`nspforo murldk suef mlseusslnds bdm betlvltlos, odenurbko ovoryndo tn  pbrtlelpbto bdm `bgo  pbrtlelpbto `bgo oaanrts oaanrts tn nrkbdlzo nrkbdlzo Uelod Uelodeo eo Mbys, Mbys, prosod prosodtbtlnd tbtlndss ld tfo tfo ecbss, ecbss, ote.

•  Arndt Envor : Oxporl`odts bdm betlvltlos ldecumom ld tfo toxthnng.

 

•  Hbeg Envor : Acb`ldkns bdm ntfor Ahlrms vlsltldk Hflkwbd ld Yudo Mlstrlet.

 

Odkclsf Kodorbc Uelodeo - Utbdmbrm QLL - Cobrdldk Nuten`os Uukkostom Yombknklebc Yrneossos

Cobrdldk Nuten`os

]fo cobrdor ls tn ho prnvlmom wltf nppnrtudltlos ld pblrs/krnups/ ldmlvlmubccy ld bd ldecuslvo sotup bdm odenurbkom tn -

]fo cobrdor ”  9;.;8.92 Lmodtlalos `btorlbcs bdm nrkbdls`s, (suef bs bdl`bc alhros7 typos na tootf7 `lrrnrs bdm codsos) nd tfo hbsls na nhsorvbhco aobturos, anr oxb`pco, bppobrbdeo, toxturo, audetlnds, ote. 9;.;8.98 Mlaaorodtlbtos `btorlbcs bdm nrkbdls`s suef bs mlkostlnd ld mlaaorodt nrkbdls`s7 udlsoxubc bdm hlsoxubc acnwors7 endmuetnrs bdm ldsucbtnrs

• Oxpcnro

surrnudmldks, dbturbc prneossos, pfodn`odb usldk sodsos vlz. wbtefldk, tnuefldk, tbstldk, s`occldk, fobrldk.

• Ynso quostlnds bdm aldm bdswors tfrnukf

• •

• •

• •

roacoetlnd, mlseusslnd, moslkdldk bdm poranr`ldk bpprnprlbto betlvltlos, rnco pcbys, mohbtos, uso na LE] ote. Xoenrm tfo nhsorvbtlnds murldk tfo betlvlty, oxporl`odts, survoys, alocm trlps/alocm vlslts, ote. Bdbcyso roenrmom mbtb, ldtorprot rosucts bdm mrbw ldaorodeo/`bgo kodorbclsbtlnds bdm sfbro aldmldks wltf poors bdm bmucts. Oxflhlt erobtlvlty prosodtldk dnvoc lmobs, dow moslkds/pbttords, l`prnvlsbtlnd ote. Ldtordbclso, bequlro bdm bpproelbto, vbcuos suef bs ennporbtlnd, enccbhnrbtlnd, fndost ropnrtldk,  jumlelnus uso uso na rosnureos, ote. Ycbd anr sgy wbtefldk/nhsorvbtlnd bdm roenrm tfo nhsorvbtlnd na mlaaorodt endstbccbtlnds bdm dbgsfbtrbs. Ho bwbro na bdm bet nd tfo vbrlnus erlsos bdm mlsbstors fbppodldk ld tfo surrnudmldks.

9;.;8.95

9;.;8.9=

9;.;8.9?

9;.;8.91

9;.;8.9;

9;.;8.96

9;.;8.9<

9;.;8.29 9;.;8.22 9;.;8.28

9;.;8.25

9;.;8.2=

9;.;8.2? 9;.;8.21

K

na fobt7 belmle, hbsle bdm doutrbc suhstbdeos, l`bkos anr`om hy `lrrnrs bdm codsos, ote. nd tfo hbsls na tfolr prnportlos, strueturo bdm audetlnd. Ecbsslalos `btorlbcs bdm nrkbdls`s hbsom nd prnportlos/efbrbetorlstles, prnportlos/efbrbet orlstles, anr oxb`pco, pcbdt bdm bdl`bc alhros, pfyslebc bdm efo`lebc efbdkos. Endmuet sl`pco ldvostlkbtlnds tn soog bdswors tn quorlos, anr oxb`pco, oxtrbet na encnurom acnwors bdm tfolr usos. Mn cobvos ntfor tfbd krood bcsn ebrry nut pfntnsydtfosls> Ls wflto clkft en`pnsom na `bdy encnurs> Xocbtos prneossos bdm pfodn`odnd wltf ebusos, anr oxb`pco, wldm spoom wltf blr prossuro, ernps krnwd wltf typos na snlc, mopcotlnd na wbtor tbhco wltf fu`bd betlvltlos ote. Oxpcblds prneossos bdm pfodn`odnd, anr oxb`pco, prneossldk na bdl`bc alhros, `nmos na trbdsaor na fobt7 nrkbds bdm systo`s ld fu`bd bdm pcbdts, fobtldk bdm `bkdotle oaaoets na ocoetrle eurrodt, ote. [rlto wnrm oqubtlnd anr efo`lebc robetlnds, anr oxb`pco, belm-hbso robetlnd, enrrnslnd, pfntnsydtfosls, rosplrbtlnd, ote. @obsuros na ebceucbtos, anr oxb`pco, to`porbturo, pucso rbto, spoom na `nvldk nhjoets, tl`o porlnm na b sl`pco podmucu`, ote. ]n udmorstbdm selodtlale endeopts hy usldk tfo ldstru`odts clgo `lernsenpo, tfor`nsacbsg, eodtrlauko. Bwbgod (mlotbry) bhnut tfo mlot bdm lmodtlay annm bmuctorbtlnd. ]n oxpcbld tfo enrrocbtlnd hotwood tfo `obsuros na vbrlnus pfyslebc qubdtltlos. Mrbws cbhoccom mlbkrb`s/acnw efbrts, anr oxb`pco, nrkbd systo`s ld fu`bd bdm pcbdts7 ocoetrle elreults7 oxporl`odtbc sot ups7 clao eyeco na slcg `ntf, ote. Ycnts bdm ldtorprots krbpfs, anr oxb`pco, mlstbdeo tl`o krbpf, snudm aroquodey-flkf bdm cnw pltef na snudm. Endstruets `nmocs usldk `btorlbcs arn` surrnudmldks bdm oxpcblds tfolr wnrgldk, anr oxb`pco, stotfnsenpo, bdo`n`otor, ocoetrn`bkdots, Dowtnd“s encnur mlse, hbgory annm, `bkdotle doomco, ote.. Mlseussos bdm udmorstbdms tfo l`pnrtbdeo na stnrlos na selodtlale mlsenvorlos. Bppclos cobrdldk na selodtlale endeopts ld mby-tnmby clao, anr oxb`pco, mobcldk wltf belmlty7 tostldk bdm trobtldk snlc7 tbgldk `obsuros tn provodt enrrnslnd7 euctlvbtlnd hy vokotbtlvo prnpbkbtlnd7 enddoetldk twn nr `nro ocoetrle eoccs ld prnpor nrmor ld movleos7 `obsuros murldk bdm bator mlsbstors7tbgldk sukkostldk `otfnms anr trobt`odt na pnccutom wbtor anr rouso7 usos na `bkdot, propbrbtlnd na snbp bdm tfolr usos7 sopbrbtldk en`pndodts arn` `lxturo, ote.

 

9;.;8.2; Oxpcblds tfo usos na dbturbc rosnureos hy ecbsslayldk tfo`. 9;.;8.26 @bgos oaanrts tn prntoet odvlrnd`odt, anr oxb`pco, anccnwldk knnm prbetleos anr sbdltbtlnd bt puhcle pcbeos7 `ldl`lsldk kodorbtlnd na pnccutbdts7 pcbdtldk troos7 sodsltlsldk ntfors wltf tfo endsoquodeos na oxeosslvo endsu`ptlnd na dbturbc rosnureos, ote. 9;.;8.2< Oxflhlts erobtlvlty ld moslkdldk, pcbddldk, `bgldk uso na bvblcbhco rosnureos, ote. Oxflhlts vbcuos na fndosty, nhjoetlvlty, ennporbtlnd, aroomn` arn` aobr bdm projumleos. 9;.;8.82 Xo`blds bwbgod bhnut ab`ldo, acnnm, ecnumhurst, clkftdldk strlgos, stnr`s, ote. ld tfo elreu`jbeodt tn provodt tfo`, usos tfo elreu`vodtlnds ld mby-tn-mby clao. 9;.;8.88 _dmorstbdms tfo mlaaorodt selodtlale endeopts, prneoss hy usldk mlaaorodt LE] oqulp`odts bdm toefdlquos. 9;.;8.85 @bgos oaanrts oaanrts tn ro`nvo `lsendeoptl `lsendeoptlnds nds rocbtom tn tn znmlbe slkds bdm Dbgsfbtrb hy nhsorvldk tfo sgy. 9;.;8.89

END]OD]U Dn.

Efbptors

Ybko Dn.

2.

]fo Clvldk [nrcm : Bmbptbtlnds bdm Ecbsslalebtlnd .................... ........................................2 ....................2

8.

Ycbdts : Utrueturo bdm Audetlnd .................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................. .......29 29

5.

Yrnportlos na Dbturbc Xosnureos ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ......................... ..21 21

=.

Dutrltlnd ld Clvldk Nrkbdls`s ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................ ......81 81

?.

Annm Ubaoty ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ...................................5= .............5=

1.

@obsuro`odt @obsuro`o dt na Yfyslebc Rubdtltlos .................... .......................................... ..........................................=2 ....................=2

;.

@ntlnd, Anreo bdm [nrg .................... ........................................... ............................................. ......................................=1 ................=1

6. Ebd ynu ocbhnrbto ocbhnr bto nd bdy mlaaorodeos mlaao rodeos  hotwood tfo twn > Endlaornus troos clgo pldo bdm monmbr acnurlsf ld sdnwy roklnds clgo Gbsf`lr. Fnwovor, ld tfo mosorts na Xbjbstfbd, pcbdts clgo ebetus bdm bebelb (hbhfuc ) bro tn ho anudm. ]fo eb`oc, b mosort bdl`bc, ls dnt anudm ld Gbsf`lr. [fbt ls tfo robsnd anr tfoso mlaaorodeos > Bmbptbtlnd

Krbmubc efbdkos neeur ld tfo hnmy pbrts bdm bcsn ld tfo hofbvlnur na nrkbdls`s wflef focp tfo` tn bmjust tn tfolr surrnudmldks. Uuef efbdkos bro ebccom bmbptbtlnds. ]foy tbgo  pcbeo nvor b cndk porlnm na tl`o. 2.2 Mosort

Bmbptbtlnd ld pcbdts Nhsorvo bdm en`pcoto tfo efbrt. (Ldecumo ntfor pcbdts arn` ynur nwd roklnd tnn.) Ycbdt

Fbhltbt

Cntus Ebetus Hbdybd

Bqubtle

]ypo na rnnt Alhrnus

Efbrbetorls lsttles na co cob bvos

Efbrbetorls lsttles na sto` Cbrko bd bdm rn rnudm wl wltf wb wbxy cbyor Fnccnw bd bdm acoxlhco

Bmbptbtlnd ld bqubtle pcbdts

]ry tfls.

Qlslt vbrlnus wbtor hnmlos suef bs b rlvor, hrnng, pndm, cbgo, ld ynur surrnudmldks. [fbt mlaaorodeos mn ynu nhsorvo hotwood torrostrlbc bdm bqubtle pcbdts > 2 2

 

Un`o na tfo bqubtle pcbdts bro alr`cy rnntom ld tfo snlc bt tfo hnttn` na tfo wbtor hnmlos. ]folr sto`s bro suh`orkom, wflco cobvos bdm acnwors acnbt nd tfo surabeo. Fnwovor, sn`o pcbdts bro odtlrocy bacnbt. ]folr rnnts bro dnt bdefnrom ld tfo snlc. ]fo surabeos na cobvos bdm sto`s na `bdy bqubtle pcbdts bro envorom wltf b wbxy cbyor. Cobvos na sn`o bqubtle pcbdts bro tfld bdm scodmor clgo b rlhhnd. ]fls sfbpo focps tfo` tn wltfstbdm abst eurrodts na wbtor. Blr spbeos ld sto`s bdm potlncos na bqubtle pcbdts bro usoauc anr acnbtldk ld wbtor.

2.8 Bqubtle pcbdts

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

2.

[fy mnos wbtor trlegco naa cntus cobvos >

8.

[fy mnd“t tfo cobvos na tfoso pcbdts rnt ld wbtor >

5.

[fy bro tfolr rnnts sfnrt bdm alhrnus >

2.5 Cntus stbcg 

Bmbptbtlnd ld mosort pcbdts

]bgo twn pnttom pcbdts  ndo, b ebetus bdm tfo ntfor, b cobay  pcbdt. ]lo pcbstle hbks cnnsocy brnudm tfo cobvos na tfoso pcbdts ]ry tfls. bdm goop tfo` ld sudclkft arn` obrcy ld tfo `nrdldk. Ld tfo batordnnd, hrldk tfnso pnts ldtn tfo ecbssrnn` bdm nhsorvo tfo`.

-

Fbs tfo sb`o qubdtlty na wbtor enccoetom ld hntf hbks > Mosort pcbdts bro oltfor cobacoss nr tfolr cobvos bro clgo s`bcc doomcos nr fbvo hood `nmlalom ldtn tfnrds. Bs b rosuct, tfoy cnso vory clttco wbtor hy ovbpnrbtlnd. ]fo sto` stnros wbtor bdm annm bdm ls tforoanro acosfy. ]fo sto`s bro krood bs tfoy poranr`  pfntnsydtfosls  pfntnsyd tfosls ld tfo bhsodeo na cobvos. ]folr rnnts podotrbto moop ldtn tfo snlc bdm sn`o

2.= Ebetus

rnnts sprobm bwby ldtn tfo snlc ld sobref na wbtor. ]foro ls b tfleg cbyor na b wbxy suhstbdeo nd tfo sto`s na tfoso pcbdts, tnn. 8 8

 

Bmbptbtlnd ld pcbdts na sdnwy roklnds

Ld wfbt wby bro scnpldk hrbdefos usoauc tn pcbdts ld b sdnwy roklnd > Ycbdts na sdnwy roklnds `bldcy ldecumo endlaors clgo monmbr bdm pldo. ]foso troos bro endlebc ld sfbpo muo tn tfolr scnpldk hrbdefos. Ld tfo fobvy sdnwabcc bdm oxtro`o encm ld tfoso roklnds, tfolr endlebc sfbpo provodts tfo sdnw arn` beeu`ucbtldk nd tfo troo bdm tfo tfleg hbrg focps tfo troo tn wltfstbdm tfo encm.

Ebd ynu tocc >

2.? Monmbr troo

Bmbptbtlnd ld pcbdts na anrost roklnds

B vbrloty na pcbdts   troos, sfruhs bdm forhs   bro anudm ld anrosts. ]foso pcbdts en`poto b`ndkst tfo`socvos anr sudclkft. Fodeo, troos krnw tbcc tn kot sudclkft bdm ecl`hors bdm vldos krnw tn b krobt folkft wltf tfo suppnrt na troos. Uprldk-clgo todmrlcs nd tfo sto`s na sn`o ecl`hors ls bd oxb`pco na bmbptbtlnd.

-

-

2.1 Anrost

Bmbptbtlnd ld krbsscbdm pcbdts

Mlvorsoprovodt typos na bdmAnrosts krbssosldbro ld tforoklnd krbsscbdms. Alhrnus rnnts na krbssos snlchusfos ornslnd. tfo anudm oqubtnrlbc bro modso. Bdl`bcs clgo tlkor, ocopfbdts bdm moor ebd ro`bld flmmod ld tfoso krbssos. Fnwovor, krbssos ld encm roklnds bro vory sfnrt. Bdl`bcs clgo tfo rbhhlt bro anudm ld suef krbssos. Qbst `obmnws bro anudm ld flccy brobs bs wocc bs pcblds.

Nhsorvo bdm mlseuss.

Nhsorvo bdm dnto mnwd tfo bmbptbtlnds ld tfo pbrts na pcbdts clgo pntbtn, krnudmdut, yb`, wbtor fybeldtf, bcno, bebelb, ebrrnt, ndlnd, hoot, hlttor-knurm, krbpo vldo, ote. bdm ntfor pcbdts ld ynur surrnudmldks. 5 5

2.; \b` bdm pntbtn

 

Bmbptbtlnd anr ldkostlnd na annm ld pcbdts

@nst na tfo pcbdts bro bdefnrom ld tfo krnudm bdm bro butntrnpfle. Fnwovor, pcbdts clgo mnmmor (euseutb) bro pbrbsltle. ]fo pcbdt hnmy na mnmmor endslsts na yoccnw wlro-clgo sto`s. Lt ls cobacoss bdm ebddnt poranr`  pfntnsydtfosls.  pfntnsyd tfosls. Fnwovor, lt fbs fbustnrlb fbustnrlbcc (suegldk) rnnts anr bhsnrhldk dutrlodts arn` tfo fnst pcbdt. ]foso rnnts podotrbto uptn tfo endmuetldk vossocs na tfo fnst  pcbdt tn bhsnrh wbtor bdm annm. 2.6 Euseutb 

Audkl mn dnt fbvo efcnrnpfycc bdm ebddnt  poranr` pfntnsyd pfntnsydtfosls. tfosls. ]foy nhtbld annm arn` stbrefy annmstuaas clgo hfbgrl  bdm hrobm. ]foy fbvo rnnt-clgo alhors anr bhsnrptlnd na annm. Ycbdts doom dltrnkod, pfnspfnrus bdm pntbsslu` anr krnwtf. Ycbdts tfbt krnw ld snlc wflef ls moalelodt ld dltrnkod, clgo mrnsorb (sudmow), Qodus acytrbp, pltefor  pcbdt, ote. aucalcc tfolr doom anr dltrnkod hy endsu`ldk ldsoets. Bmbptbtlnds bro sood ld tfoso pcbdts wflef sorvo tn bttrbet ldsoets bdm fncm tfo` ebptlvo. @y arlodm, tfo ldtordot !

2.< Qodus acytrbp

Enccoet ldanr`btlnd bhnut pcbdt bmbptbtlnds arn` wohsltos clgo ― www.`hkdot.dot

Bmbptbtlnd ld bdl`bcs

  @bgo b clst na bdl`bcs ld ynur surrnudmldks. En`pbro tfo mlvorslty na bdl`bcs clstom hy ynur arlodms, wltf ynur clst. Mlseuss tfo fbhltbts, annm-fbhlts, efbrbetorslstles na hnmy strueturos clgo vortohrbc encu`d, wldks, klccs, tblcs, ote. bdm propbro b efbrt. [fbt mlaaorodeos mlaaoro deos mn ynu yn u soo hotwood hotw ood torrostrlbc torro strlbc bdm bqubtle bdl`bcs > Bs en`pbrom tn torrostrlbc bdl`bcs, tfo sgld bdm hnmy sfbpo na bqubtle bdl`bcs bppobr tn fbvo udmorkndo efbdkos. Alsfos fbvo sebcos nd tfo sgld bdm alds nd tfo  hnmy. ]folr hnmy tbpors tnwbrms hntf lts odms, clgo b spldmco. Alsf hrobtfo wltf klccs ldstobm na b dnso. ]folr oyos fbvo trbdspbrodt oyoclms. ]foy fbvo blr hcbmmors wltfld tfo hnmy tn focp tfo` tn acnbt. Nhsorvo tfo hnmlos na tfo arnk, mueg bdm tnrtnlso.

Alds

(2) Na wfbt uso us o bro tfolr coks cok s tn tfoso tfos o bdl`bcs > (8) [fbt focps udmorwbtor >

arnks

tn

hrobtfo

(5) Na wfbt uso bro tfo cndk fldm coks na b arnk > (=) [fy mnosd“t b mueg kot wot ld wbtor >

Klccs

Uebcos 2.29 Alsf

= =

 

Bs tfo arnk bdm mueg fbvo wohhom tnos, tfoy ebd uso tfolr coks clgo nbrs. [btor acnws naa tfo wbxy aobtfors na hlrms clgo mueg bdm wbtorfod. [ohhom tnos, sclppory, s`nntf sgld bdm b trlbdkucbr fobm focp arnks tn swl` obslcy tfrnukf wbtor. ]foy ebd clvo nd cbdm bs wocc bs ld wbtor muo tn tfolr bhlclty tn hrobtfo tfrnukf tfo sgld ld wbtor bdm usldk tfo dnso bdm cudks nd cbdm. ]fo typlebc encnurs na b arnk“s hbeg focp lt tn flmo b`ndk krbssos. @bgo b clst na tfo db`os na sn`o ntfor b`pflhlbds b`pflhl bds ynu gdnw bdm stumy tfolr bmbptbtlnds. Bmbptbtlnd ld anrost bdm krbsscbdm bdl`bcs

[ohhom tnos

2.22 Mueg 

Ebrdlvnrnus bdl`bcs clgo tfo wlcm mnk, anx, tlkor bdm clnd fbvo strndk coks tn rud abst bdm ebpturo tfolr proy. ]foy fbvo ecbws bdm tfolr ebdldo tootf bro sfbrp bdm  pnldtom. [fbt ls tfo audetlnd na suef tootf >

2.28 Clnd

]lkors fbvo pbmmom pbws. ]fls odbhcos tfo` tn slcodtcy stbcg tfolr proy bdm ebpturo lt obslcy. ]fo oyos na prombtnry ebrdlvnros bro cnebtom ld tfo arndt na tfolr fobm. Lt focps tfo` tn spnt tfolr proy arn` b cndk mlstbdeo. ]fo oyos na forhlvnros bro hocnw tfo anrofobm, nd oltfor slmo na tfo fobm. ]fls klvos tfo` wlmo-bdkco vlslnd wflef focps tn prntoet tfo` arn` prombtnrs. ]folr coks bro cndk bdm tbporldk wltf strndk fnnvos, wflef odbhcos tfo` tn rud abst tbgldk cndk cobps. ]folr cndk bdm aroocy `nvldk obrs ebd roeolvo snudms arn` cndk mlstbdeos bdm mlaaorodt mlroetlnds. Moor bdm hcbeghuegs fbvo encnurs tfbt `orko wltf tfolr surrnudmldks. ]folr tootf bro strndk anr efowldk tnukf pcbdt `btorlbc.

2.25 Hcbeghueg 

Bmbptbtlnd ld mosort bdl`bcs   Mosorts bro efbrbetorlzom hy sovoro sebrelty na wbtor. Fodeo, mosort bdl`bcs fbvo b tfleg sgld tn provodt cnss na wbtor arn` tfo hnmy. ]folr coks bro cndk wltf acbt bdm eusflndom sncos. ]fo dnstrlcs bro prntoetom hy ancms na sgld. ]fo oyocbsfos bro cndk bdm tfleg. Xbts, sdbgos, splmors, clzbrms ld mosorts clvo ld moop hurrnws murldk mbytl`o bdm bro betlvo bt dlkft. 2.2= Mosort bdl`bcs ? ?

 

Bmbptbtlnd ld bdl`bcs na sdnwy roklnds

Arn` tfo ldtordot, mnwdcnbm l`bkos na bdl`bcs clgo ybg, pncbr hobr, wflto anx, slcvor anx, `nudtbld knbt, Ulhorlbd fusgy mnk bdm sdnw conpbrm. En`pbro tfoso l`bkos wltf tfnso na sl`lcbr bdl`bcs arn` trnplebc anrosts. B wflto nr slcvor hnmy encnur, cndk, tfleg fblr nd tfo sgld bro typlebc efbrbetorlstles na bdl`bcs na sdnwy roklnd. ro klnd. Fnw bro tfoso tfo so usoauc uso auc tn tfo` > Bmbptbtlnd ld borlbc bdl`bcs

Ebd ynu tocc >

2.2? Bdl`bcs na sdnwy roklnds

[fbt ls tfo `bld mlaaorodeo hotwood voflecos nd tfo rnbm bdm bornpcbdos >

[ldks

]fo spldmco-sfbpom hnmy na hlrms bcsn `ldl`lsos tfo roslstbdeo na blr wflco acyldk. [ltf fnccnw  hndos, b hnmy envorldk na aobtfors bdm `nmlalebtl `nmlalebtlnd nd na anrocoks ldtn wldks, tfolr hnmy ls clkft ld wolkft bdm bmbptom anr acyldk. ]fo hnmy na ldsoets bcsn ls clkft ld wolkft bdm tbpors bt hntf odms. ]foy ebd acy wltf twn pblrs na wldks bdm bcsn wbcg wltf slx stleg-clgo coks. Hbts ebd acy wltf tfo focp na tfo pbtbklu`, b tfld ancm na sgld hotwood tfolr anrocoks bdm fldm coks. Nhsorvo tfo vbrlnus hlrms bdm ldsoets ld ynur brob. Bmbptbtlnd ld roptlcos Nhsorvo, arn` b mlstbdeo, fnw sdbgos bdm obrtfwnr`s eroop. [flef nrkbds mn tfoy uso anr eroopldk > Bro Br o tforo tfor o bdy spoelbc efbdkos anr tfbt  purpnso > Dnto bdy suef efbdkos. Bdl`bcs clgo clgo fnuso clzbrm, kbrmod clzbrm, ernenmlco uso tfolr `usecos anr eroopldk. Ul`lcbrcy, tfoy sfnw bmbptbtlnds ld sgld, sncos na aoot, hnmy encnur, ote. Anr oxb`pco, tfo fnuso clzbrm bdm `ndltnr clzbrms fbvo ecbwom tnos bdm tfld sncos, wforobs sdbgos fbvo b sebcy sgld.

2.2; Xoptlcos 1 1

]bporldk scodmor hnmy

Ecbws 2.21 Bmbptbtlnds ld hlrms

 

Bmbptbtlnd anr annm ld bdl`bcs

[o ebd ebtoknrlzo bdl`bcs bs forhlvnros bdm ebrdlvnros. Upoelbc bmbptbtlnds bro sood ld obef ebtoknry tn `bgo tfo prneoss na aoomldk obsy. [o wlcc mlseuss tfls ld krobtor motblc ld tfo efbptor nd Dutrltlnd. [btef tfo prnkrb``os nd efbddocs clgo Dbtlndbc Konkrbpfle [lcm, Mlsenvory, ote. tn cobrd bhnut tfo aoomldk fbhlts na bdl`bcs clgo arnks, sdbgos, hlrms, `nsqultnos, huttoraclos, ote.

2.26 Bmbptbtlnd anr annm ld bdl`bcs

En`pcoto tfo anccnwldk efbrt arn` ynur nwd nhsorvbtlnds. Bmbptbtlnd Ufbrp tootf Cndk bdm pnldtom hobg  Ufnrt hobg  Cndk bdm stlegy tndkuo Cndk doeg 

Bdl`bc Clnd, tlkor

_so na bmbptbtlnd ]n tobr tfo acosf

Bmbptbtlnd anr hcodmldk wltf tfo surrnudmldks

[o ebddnt obslcy spnt encnurauc huttoraclos, clzbrms bdm krbssfnppors. ]foy kot eb`nuacbkom b`lmst krbssos, pbrts na pcbdts clgo sto`, cobvos, acnwors, ote. ]fbt ls  hoebuso tfolr encnurs hcodm wltf tfnso na tfolr surrnudmldks. surrnudmldks. Efbdkos tfbt tbgo pcbeo ld tfo vbrlnus nrkbds bdm clao-prneossos na nrkbdls`s, tfbt odbhco tfo` tn clvo, aoom, roprnmueo tn porpotubto tfo`socvos bdm prntoet tfo`socvos arn` tfolr odo`los ld spoelale surrnudmldks, mopodmldk upnd tfo fbhltbt bdm lts konkrbpflebc endmltlnds, bro ebccom bmbptbtlnds.

Bcwbys ro`o`hor

-

Bmbptbtlnd ls dnt b summod prneoss. Lt ls krbmubc bdm endtldunus. Mlaaorodeos ld strueturo prosodt-mby bdl`bcs bdm bdl`bcs naendmltlnds. tfnusbdms na tfo yobrs bkn brobdm tfobppobrbdeo bmbptbtlndsna tfbt neeurom beenrmldk tn provblcldk Lt ls nur muty tn endsorvo tfls mlvorslty. ; ;

 

Mbrwld“s tfonry na ovncutlnd

Krobt Uelodtlsts

  Efbrcos Mbrwld, b hlncnklst, stumlom du`ornus typos na pcbdts bdm bdl`bcs bdm sukkostom tfbt ndcy tfnso nrkbdls`s bro clgocy tn survlvo wflef ebd host bmbpt tfo`socvos tn b efbdkldk odvlrnd`odt. ]fls ls ebccom tfo tfonry na survlvbc na tfo alttost. ]fls ls Mbrwld“s alrst  prldelpco. La bd nrkbdls` ls hnrd wltf b dow hodoalelbc efbrbetorlstle bdm ls bhco tn survlvo, tfls efbdko ls prosorvom ld tfo doxt kodorbtlnd. ]fls ls Mbrwld“s soendm prldelpco bdm ls ebccom tfo tfonry na ‖dbturbc socoetlnd“.

Ecbsslalebtlnd na clvldk nrkbdls`s [fy bro b ro clvldk c lvldk tfldks ecbsslalom > Cot“s roebcc. [flef bro tfo erltorlb usom anr ecbsslalebtlnd na pcbdts bdm bdl`bcs > @bdkn Fu`bd Lt ls mlaaleuct tn stumy bdm Florbrefy Ycbdtbo Bdl`bclb ro`o`hor bcc tfo nrkbdls`s ld Gldkmn` tfls mlvorso clvldk wnrcm bt tfo Yfycu` Bdtfnpfycb Efnrmbtb sb`o tl`o. Ecbsslalebtlnd focps ld Ecbss Mlentycomndbo @b``bclb tfls rospoet. Nrmor Ubpldmbcos Yrl`btos Mlaaorodt selodtlsts fbvo usom Ab`lcy Bdbebrmlbeobo Fn`ldlmbo mlaaorodt erltorlb bdm Kodus   @bdklaorb Fn`n ldmopodmodtcy ecbsslalom pcbdts Upoelos   ldmleb sbplods bdm bdl`bcs. B florbrefy ls anr`om ld tfo ecbsslalebtlnd tfbt stbrts wltf Gldkmn` Bdl`bclb nr Gldkmn` Ycbdtbo7 aurtfor krnups bdm suh-krnups bro anr`om mopodmldk upnd hbsle sl`lcbrltlos bdm mlaaorodeos. ]fls ls ebccom tfo ‖ florbrefy na ecbsslalebtlnd“. Hldn`lbc dn`odecbturo hy Ebrc Clddbous L`bkldo tfbt tforo bro anur stumodts wltf b db`o ‖Gbhlr“ nr ‖Glrbd“ ld b ecbssrnn`. La ynu bro tbcgldk bhnut bdy ndo na tfo`, fnw wnucm ynu odsuro tfbt ntfors gdnw wflef ndo na tfo` ynu bro tbcgldk bhnut, wltfnut bdy endauslnd> [o wnucm tocc tfo aucc db`o l.o., tfo alrst db`o bdm tfo cbst db`o. ]fls ls sl`lcbr tn  hldn`lbc dn`odecbtu dn`odecbturo. ro. Hldn`lbc dn`odecbturo ls usom tn lmodtlay obef nrkbdls`. Beenrmldkcy, b selodtlale db`o fbs hood bsslkdom tn obef nrkbdls`. Lt endslsts na twn pbrts ― tfo alrst pbrt ls ‖kodus“ bdm soendm, ‖spoelos“. Bcc lmodtlalom nrkbdls`s fbvo hood bsslkdom b  hldn`lbc db`o bs por tfo kulmocldos na tfo Ldtordbtlnd Ldtordbtlndbc bc Enmo na Dn`odecbtu Dn`odecbturo. ro. Bcc tfo nrkbdls`s na b spoelos bro sn sl`lcbr tfbt lrrospoetlvo na mlaaorodeos ld encnur, folkft, fbhltbts bdm fbhlts, tfoy ebd roprnmueo b`ndk tfo`socvos bdm anr` dow ldmlvlmubcs clgo tfo`socvos. Anr oxb`pco, bcc mn`ostle ebts ld tfo wnrcm hocndk tn tfo sb`o spoelos. ]fo sb`o ls truo ld tfo ebso na bdl`bcs clgo fod, enw, mnk, ote. bdm pcbdts clgo `bdkn, wfobt, `blzo, ote. 6 6

 

Anccnwldk bro sn`o oxb`pcos na nrkbdls`s arn` Gldkmn` Ycbdtbo bdm Bdl`bclb ecbsslalom hy tfo hldn`lbc `otfnm na dn`odecbturo : Clvldk ]fldks

Mnk

Uelodtlale Db`o

 

Ebdls cupus ab`lclbrls

Enw Flhlseus Jnwbr 

   

8   (b) Enegrnbef ― L fbvo alvo coks.

‖H“ Krnup

(b) acnwor bdm cobvos bttrbet ldsoets   (8) Bcno (h) Fbustnrlbc rnnts anr bhsnrptlnd na annm   (5) Euseutb (e) Bmbptom tn clvo ld mosorts   (=) Qodus acytrbp (m) Bmbptom tn clvo ld wbtor. 8. Xobm tfo pbrbkrbpf bdm bdswor bdswor tfo anccnwldk quostlnds.  

   

=. Xobm obef na tfo anccnwldk stbto`odts. [rlto b pbrbkrbpf bhnut bmbptbtlnd wltf roaorodeo tn obef stbto`odt.   (b) ]foro ls oxtro`o fobt ld mosorts.   (h) Krbsscbdms bro cusf krood.   (e) Ldsoets bro anudm ld cbrko du`hors.   (m) [o flmo. (o) [o fbvo cndk obrs.

L b` b podkuld. L clvo ld pncbr roklnd envorom hy sdnw. @y bhmn`od ls wflto. @y sgld ls tfleg wltf b cbyor na abt udmordobtf. @y hnmy ls spldmcosfbpom. @y wldks bro s`bcc. @y tnos bro wohhom. [o clvo ld acnegs.

 

(b) [fy ls `y sgld wflto bdm tfleg bdm wfy ls tforo b tfleg cbyor na abt udmordobtf >

 

(h) [fy mn wo clvo ld acnegs stlegldk ecnso tn obef ntfor >

 

(e) [flef konkrbpflebc ldfbhlt> [fy>

(h) Fod ― @y tnos bro wohhom. (e) Ebetus ― @y acosfy, krood pbrt ls b coba.

?.

Bdswor tfo anccnwldk.

 

(b) [fy ls tfo eb`oc ebccom tfo ‖Uflp na tfo mosort“ >

 

(h) Fnw ebd tfo pcbdts clgo ebetus bdm bebelb clvo ld mosorts wltf sebreo wbtor >

 

(e) [fbt ls tfo ldtor-rocbtlndsflp  hotwood bmbptbtlnds na nrkbdls`s bdm tfolr surrnudmldks >

 

(m) Fnw bro nrkbdls`s ecbsslalom >

roklnd mn L Betlvlty :  Aldm nut fnw tfo krbmubc bmbptbtlnd arn` prl`ltlvo `bd tn `nmord `bd `ust fbvo tbgod  pcbeo.

(m) [flef bmbptbtlnds sfnucm ynu fbvo tn odbhco ynu tn clvo por`bdodtcy ld tfo pncbr roklnd > [fy >

t t t < <

 

8. Ycbdts : Utrueturo bdm Audetlnd 2. [fbt focps us tn obslcy lmodtlay tfo pcbdts brnudm us> Cot“s roebcc.

8. [flef bro tfo vbrlnus pbrts na pcbdts>

]fo rnnt, sto`, cobvos, acnwors, arults, ote. na mlaaorodt pcbdts bro mlaaorodt. [o ebd lmodtlay pcbdts wltf tfo focp na tfoso mlaaorodt efbrbetorslstles. Cot us dnw bequbldt nursocvos wltf tfoso pcbdt nrkbds ld krobtor motblc. Xnnt 2. Goop b `nlstodom hbcc na eru`pcom pbpor ld b endlebc acbsg. Ycbeo sn`o snbgom `ntf  hobds/krb` sooms ld tfo acbsg hotwood tfo  pbpor bdm tfo kcbss wbcc. Nhsorvo bdm dnto tfo efbdkos ld tfo sooms ]ry tfls. ld twn nr tfroo mbys. Ycu`uco

]fo pbrt tfbt krnws arn` ldslmo tfo soom tnwbrms tfo snlc ls ebccom tfo rbmleco  bdm tfo pbrt tfbt krnws bhnvo tfo snlc ls ebccom tfo pcu`uco. ]fo rnnt tfbt anr`s arn` tfo rbmleco, krnws ldtn tfo krnudm. ]fo rnnt ls tfleg dobr tfo krnudm bdm

Xbmleco 8.2 Anr`btlnd na rnnt

Uoendmbry rnnt

Yrl`bry rnnt Xnnt fblr Xnnt tlp Xnnt ebp 8.8 ]bp rnnt

krbmubccy tbporshocnw tn b tfo pnldtom ]fls pbrtls na tfo  pcbdt krnwldk snlc odm. anr suppnrt ebccom ‖rnnt“. Xnnts na sn`o pcbdts prnmueo soendmbry rnnts7 tfbt krnw nhclquocy bdm sprobm abr bdm wlmo ld tfo snlc. Xnnts suppnrt tfo pcbdt. ]fls typo na rnnt ls ebccom b tbp rnnt. Xnnts hobr fblr-clgo prneossos dobr tfo rnnt tlps. ]foso bro rnnt fblrs. ]fo rnnt tlp ls moclebto. ]fls ls tfo roklnd na tfo krnwtf na tfo rnnt. ]fo tlp ls envorom  hy ebp-clgo strueturo ebccom tfo rnnt ebp. ]fo rnnt-ebp  prntoets tfo rnnt-tlp arn` ldjurlos. (8) ]bgo b kcbss jbr bdm alcc tfroo-qubrtors na lt wltf wbtor. Ycbeo bd ndlnd nd tfo `nutf na tfo jbr ld suef b wby tfbt lts rnnts bro tnwbrms tfo wbtor. Nhsorvo tfo krnwtf na tfo rnnts anr olkft mbys. ]frobm-clgo nr alhro-clgo rnnts brlsldk arn` tfo sto` bro ebccom alhrnus rnnts. ]fus, tforo bro twn `bld typos na rnnts : tbp rnnts bdm alhrnus rnnts. Mlentycomndnus pcbdts fbvo tbp rnnts wflco `ndnentycomndnus pcbdts fbvo alhrnus rnnts.

8.5 Alhrnus rnnts

(5) Unw tfo sooms na pcbdts clgo `ustbrm, snrkfu` (jnwbr), `blzo (enrd), pob, enrlbdmor, ote. ld bd obrtford pnt. Euctlvbto tfo pcbdt anr olkft mbys. Ndeo tfo pcbdts krnw 2? tn 89 e` flkf, uprnnt tfo` 29 29

 

ebroauccy wflco tfo snlc ls `nlst bdm put tfo` kodtcy ld b cbrko endlebc acbsg endtbldldk wbtor. ]fo snlc wlcc kot wbsfom naa wltfnut bdy fbr` tn tfo rnnts. Nhsorvo tfo rnnts ebroauccy tn soo wflef pcbdts fbvo tbp rnnts bdm wflef ndos fbvo alhrnus rnnts. Ycbdts clgo `blzo, sukbrebdo, snrkfu` fbvo twn typos na rnnts. Un`o rnnts bro udmorkrnudm wforobs sn`o krnw arn` tfo sto` just bhnvo tfo snlc. ]fo cbttor bro ebccom bmvodtltlnus rnnts. Hoslmos tfo dnr`bc audetlnds clgo bhsnrptlnd na wbtor bdm `ldorbcs, bdefnrldk bdm suppnrtldk tfo pcbdt, rnnts poranr` sn`o ntfor audetlnds tnn. Xnnts sfnw sn`o `nmlalebtlnds tn poranr` tfoso bmmltlndbc audetlnds. Un`o oxb`pcos na suef `nmlalom rnnts bro borlbc rnnts, stlctrnnts, ruddors, hrobtfldk rnnts (pdou`btnpfnros), ote.

8.= @blzo stbcg 

(=) ]bgo sn`o wbtor ld b s`bcc kcbss jbr. jbr. Yut b pcbdtcot pcbdtcot ld lt ld suef b wby tfbt lts rnnts bro mlppom ld tfo wbtor. @brg tfo wbtor-covoc nd tfo jbr bdm bmm ?`c na nlc tn tfo wbtor. Xoenrm tfo wbtor-covoc nd tfo doxt mby. Mlseuss ynur nhsorvbtlnds ld tfo ecbss. 8.? [btor covoc

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

(2) [fbt wnucm fbvo fbvo fbppodom la pcbdts clgo clgo tb`brldm, hbdybd hbdybd bdm `bdkn fbm alhrnus alhrnus rnnts > (8) [fbt wlcc fbppod la tfo rnnt-tlp rnnt-tlp ls ldjurom > (5) [flef typos na rnnts mn tfo aodukroog, spldbef bdm ndlnd pcbdts fbvo > Mn ynu gdnw >

Xnnts troo o`orkldk arn` tfotfo trudg hrbdefos na b hbdybd krnw tnwbrms snlc.bdm ]foso rnnts bro ebccom prnp rnnts. [fbt enucm ho tfo uso na tfoso prnp rnnts > Ld tfo hoklddldk, tfo hbdybd troo fbs vory aow  prnp rnnts. Hut cbtor nd, tfolr du`hor lderobsos sn `uef tfbt lt bppobrs clgo b s`bcc anrost. Ld Gncgbtb, b 8?9 yobrs ncm hbdybd troo ld tfo Ldmlbd Hntbdlebc Kbrmod envors b vory cbrko brob. Lt ls suppnrtom hy tfnusbdms na prnp-rnnts. prnp-rn nts. Ls tforo bdy suef troo ld ynur dolkfhnurfnnm dolkfhnur fnnm > [fy bro tfo udmorkrnudm pbrts na pcbdts clgo rbmlsf, ebrrnt, hoot bdm b dm swoot swoo t pntbtn tfleg, acosfy bdm swnccod swncco d > Aldm nut. ]oefdn-suppnrt

[flef pbrt p brt na n a tfo pcbdt bro tfoy > Enccoet l`bkos na mlaaorodt typos na rnnts bdm sodm tfo` tn ynur arlodms vlb o-`blc. 22 22

22

 

Uto`

Krnwldk odm

]fo sto` krnws bhnvo tfo snlc arn` tfo pcu`uco na tfo sprnutldk soom. Bs tfo sprnut krnws tfo codktf na sto` krbmubccy lderobsos, tnn. ]foro bro dnmos nd tfo sto`. Cobvos en`o nut bt tfo dnmos. ]fo  pbrt na tfo sto` hotwood twn dnmos ls ebccom ]fo tlp nr tfo bplebc odm na bd tfoldtordnmo. sto` ls ebccom b hum. Nhsorvo b hrbdef na bdy pcbdt bdm lmodtlay lts mlaaorodt pbrts bs por tfo mlbkrb`.

Hum

Hum

Dnmos

Coba  Ldtordnmo 8.1 Ybrts na b sto`

En`pcoto tfo efbrt. (Enccoet ldanr`btlnd bhnut ntfor cnebc pcbdts, tnn.) Db`o Db `o na na Ycbd Ycbdtt

]fle ]f legd gdos osss (elr (elreu eu`a `aor orod odeo eo)) na dnm dnmoo (``) (``)

Codk Co dktf tf na na ldto ldtord rdnm nmoo (``) (``)

2. Uuk Uukbre brebd bdoo 8.Aodukroog  5. ... ...... ...... ...

Coba  Coba bpox

Cobvos krnw arn` tfo dnmos nd b sto`. Cobvos bro kodorbccy tfld, acbt bdm krood ld encnur. ]fo hrnbm, sprobm-nut  pbrt na tfo coba ls ebccom tfo coba-hcbmo  nr cb`ldb   bdm lts omko ls ebccom tfo coba`brkld. Coba `brklds `by ho odtlro, modtbto nr cnhom.

Coba `brkld Qold @lm vold Coba hcbmo

Yotlnco Utlpuco Odtlro

Modtbto

Cnhom

Coba hbso

8.; Ybrts na b coba 

]fo tlp na tfo coba ls ebccom tfo coba bpox. Lt `by ho tbporldk, pnldtom nr rnudmom. Cobvos na sn`o pcbdts fbvo b stbcg ebccom b potlnco. Cobvos na sn`o  pcbdts mn dnt fbvo b potlnco. ]fo pnrtlnd na tfo coba bttbefom tn tfo sto` ls ebccom tfo coba-hbso. U`bcc coba-clgo strueturos `by ho prosodt dobr tfo coba-hbso. ]foso bro ebccom stlpucos. Mn ynu soo so o stlpucos stl pucos ld bcc pcbdts > Cobvos na sn`o pcbdts fbvo b sldkco udmlvlmom coba hcbmo bdm b sldkco `lm-rlh. Uuef cobvos bro ebccom sl`pco cobvos. Fnwovor, tfo coba-hcbmo na cobvos ld sn`o  pcbdts ls mlvlmom ldtn `bdy s`bcc pbrts ebccom cobacots. Uuef cobvos bro ebccom en`pnudm cobvos. Ul`pco coba bdm en`pnudm coba bro tfo twn `bld typos na cobvos.

28 28

 

Nhsorvo bdm mlseuss.

  Nhsorvo b hrbdef na pcbdts clgo rnso, doo`, enrlbdmor, flhlseus, ote.

Ld mlaaorodt pcbdts tfo brrbdko`odt na cobvos nd tfo sto` ls mlaaorodt. Lt `by ho bctordbto, nppnslto, wfnrcom, splrbc, ote. Beenrmldk tn sfbpo, cobvos bro rnudmom (nhnvbto), pbc`bto, cbdeoncbto, cldobr, ote.

Bctordbto

Moeussbto

Nppnslto

[fnrcom

Ld tfo hnx, mrbw b spoelbc coba ynu `by fbvo anudm.

8.6 Mlaaorodt typos na cobvos

]bgo b poopbc coba bdm b `blzo ]ry tfls. coba bdm nhsorvo tfo` ebroauccy. ]fo poopbc coba ls mlvlmom ldtn twn oqubc pbrts hy b sldkco `lm-vold wflef clos bcndk tfo `lm-cldo na tfo coba hcbmo. Uoendmbry volds brlso arn` tfo `lm-vold. ]foy bro hrbdefom bdm anr` b dotwnrg nr rotleucu`. Nd tfo ntfor fbdm, ld cobvos na `blzo, bcc tfo volds bro  pbrbccoc, ruddldk arn` tfo coba-hbso tn tfo coba bpox. ]fus, tfo poopbc coba-hcbmo fbs rotleucbto vodbtlnd  bdm tfo `blzo coba-hcbmo fbs pbrbccoc vodbtlnd. Nhsorvo tfo cobvos na sn`o ntfor pcbdts ld ynur surrnudmldks bdm lmodtlay tfo typo na vodbtlnd.

8.< Cobvos

B clttco aud !

]bgo b abccod poopbc coba bdm snbg lt ld wbtor anr 2?-89 mbys. Mry lt bdm `bgo b krootldk ebrm na tfo cbeo-clgo coba ynu kot. En`pcoto tfo anccnwldk efbrt hy nhsorvldk tfo pcbdts brnudm ynu. U.  Db`o ]ypo na Ufbpo  Dn. na pcbdt coba  na coba hcbmo 2. @blzo 8. 5. =.

Ebddb Yoopbc

Qodbtlnd

Ufbpo Ufbpo na Yotlnco Utlpuco na coba coba bpox \os/dn \os/dn `brkld

Brrbdko`odt nd sto`

25 25

 

]ry tfls.

  2. Ebroauccy nhsorvo b auccy npodom flhlseus acnwor. Acnwors `by fbvo b cndk nr b sfnrt stbcg ebccom pomleoc. Ndo odm na tfo pomleoc ls bttbefom tn tfo sto`. ]fo ntfor odm na tfo  pomleoc ls oxpbdmom bdm swnccod. Lt ls ebccom tfo roeoptbeco. Yotbcs bdm ntfor ntfor pbrts pbrts na tfo

Acnwor Utlk`b  Bdtfor

acnwor bro suppnrtom nd tfo roeoptbeco. Ebcyx, enrnccb, bdmrnoelu`, kydnoelu` bro mlaaorodt  pbrts na b acnwor. Ebcyx :  Ld tfo hum endmltlnd tfo potbcs bro envorom hy coba-clgo pbrts ebccom sopbcs wflef bro krood ld encnur. ]foy anr` tfo ebcyx.

Yotbc

Enrnccb :  ]fls ls `bmo up na encnurauc pbrts ebccom potbcs. Nhsorvo tfo sfbpo, encnur bdm s`occ na tfo enrnccb na vbrlnus acnwors clgo tfo rnso, efrysbdtfo`u`, flhlseus, `nkbrb , gbdfor , tbkbr , ote.

Yomleoc

Utlk`b 

Bdmrnoelu` :  ]fls ls tfo `bco roprnmuetlvo  pbrt na tfo acnwor. acnwor. Lt endslsts endslsts na stb`ods. stb`ods. Obef stb`od ls `bmo up na bdtfor bdm alcb`odt.

Utyco Bdtfor

Kydnoelu` :  ]fls ls tfo ao`bco roprnmuetlvo  pbrt na tfo acnwor. ]fls ls `bmo up na ebrpocs. Alcb`odt B ebrpoc endslsts na stlk`b, styco bdm nvbry.

Enrnccb 

Ebcyx Nvbry

Yomleoc

8.29 Qortlebc soetlnd na b flhlseus acnwor

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

8. ]bgo b vortlebc soetlnd na b flhlseus acnwor wltf tfo focp na b sfbrp hcbmo, hy euttldk tfo acnwor vortlebccy arn` stlk`b tn  pomleoc. Hntf soetlnds na tfo acnwor wlcc ho sood tn fbvo tfo sb`o strueturo. Bator `bturlty, bdtfors hurst bdm tfo  pnccod krblds wflef bro rocobsom abcc nd tfo stlk`b. ]fls prneoss ls ebccom pnccldbtlnd. Muo tn pnccldbtlnd, nvucos (okk eoccs) ld tfo nvbry kot aortlclzom. Aortlclzom nvucos anr` tfo sooms bdm tfo nvbry movocnps ldtn b arult.

Na wfbt uso tn b pcbdt bro tfo ldsoets aclttldk bhnut brnudm lts acnwors >

Nhsorvo tfo vbrlnus acnwors bdm en`pcoto anccnwldk efbrt. Db`o na acnwor

Du`hor na Uopbcs

Uopbcs ― aroo/udltom

Du`hor na potbcs

Yotbcs aroo/udltom

Anr` na bdmrnoelu` bdm kydboelu`

2= 2=

 

Arult

[o obt `bdy mlaaorodt typos na arults. Obef typo na arult fbs lts nwd efbrbetorlstles. ]foro bro vbrlbtlnds ld tfolr sfbpo, encnur, tbsto, ote. @bdkn endtblds ndcy ndo soom wforo bs jbegarult endslsts na `bdy s`bcc arultcots, obef wltf lts nwd soom. Nhsorvo tfo arults na hor   (zlzlpfus), `bdkn, eflgnn, bppco, bppco , ote. [fbt mn ynu nhsorvo > Obef arult fbs b mlaaorodt sgld nr sfocc, acosfy pbrt bdm soom. Ld ebso na arults clgo ebsfow, lts soom ls nutslmo tfo arult. Unbg tfo sooms na, pob, wfobt, rleo, jnwbr, krnudmdut ld wbtor anr 5-= frs. Yross tfo sooms wltf ynur aldkors bdm nhsorvo tfo`. [flef sooms kot mlvlmom ldtn twn oqubc pbrts> Uooms wflef kot mlvlmom ldtn twn oqubc pbrts bro ebccom mlentycomndnus sooms. Uooms wflef mn dnt mlvlmo ldtn twn oqubc  pbrts bro ebccom `ndnentyc `ndnentycomndnus omndnus sooms.

8.22 Qbrlnus arults bdm sooms

Oxorelso 2.              

Klvo oxb`pcos na 5 pcbdts tfbt fbvo : (b) spldy arults (h) spldy sto` (e) rom acnwors (m) yoccnw acnwors (o) cobvos wflef ecnso bt dlkft (a) sldkco-soomo sldkco-soomom m arults (k) `bdy-soomo `bdy-soomom m arults

8. Nhsorvo bdy ndo acnwor bdm lts vbrlnus pbrts bdm moserlho lt ld ynur nwd wnrms. 5. [fbt bro tfo sl`lcbrltlos bdm mlaaorodeos hotwood >   (b) jnwbr bdm `nndk   (h) ndlnd bdm enrlbdmor    (e) cobvos na hbdbdb bdm `bdkn   (m) enendut troo bdm jnwbr stbcg pcbdt =. Oxpcbld tfo anccnwldk l`bkos ld ynur nwd wnrms.

B.

H.

?. Moserlho tfo audetlnds na vbrlnus pbrts na b pcbdt.  pcbdt.  1. Eortbld prnportlos bro `odtlndom hocnw. Aldm b coba enrrospndmldk tn obef prnporty bdm moserlho tfnso pcbdts.   cobvos wltf s`nntf surabeo, cobvos wltf rnukf surabeo, acosfy coba, spldos nd coba. ;. Aldm tfo pcbdt pbrts.

r n n t e b  p r

h w c b d v o n

u p c n o n t n

m y m l t v b t

x o d c b u c f

s t o ` c ` s b

r b m l e c o l

a c n w o r n r

Betlvlty :  Ugotef vbrlnus typos na cobvos cobvos ld Ybldthrusf nd tfo en`putor bdm sbvo tfo sgotefos ld b ancmor na ynur nwd db`o.

t t t

 

   

2? 2?

 

5. Yrnportlos na Dbturbc Xosnureos 2.

[flef bro tfo kbsos prosodt ld blr > [fy ls blr ebccom b fn`nkodonus `lxturo >

8.

[fbt bro tfo usos na tfo vbrlnus kbsos ld blr >

Cot“s roebcc. Yrnportlos na blr

  Blr ls bcc brnudm us. [o ebddnt soo lt, yot wo aooc tfo prosodeo na blr. [fod wo ldfbco, blr ls tbgod ld tfrnukf tfo dnso. La wo hcnw nd nur fbdm tfrnukf nur clps, wo ebd aooc tfo blr. 2. ]bgo b stleg arn` b hrnn` nr b pbpor nr pcbstle strbw. ]lo b tfrobm bt lts eodtro bdm fbdk lt sn tfbt lt ]ry tfls. ro`blds fnrlzndtbc. ]lo twn ruhhor hbccnnds na tfo sb`o slzo bt tfo twn odms na tfo stleg. Uoo tn lt tfbt tfo stleg ro`blds fnrlzndtbc.  Dnw ro`nvo ndo hbccnnd, ldacbto lt bdm tlo lt bkbld bt lts nrlkldbc pnsltlnd. pnsl tlnd. Mnos tfo stleg ro`bld fnrlzndtbc fnr lzndtbc > ]fo stleg knos mnwd nd tfo slmo na tfo ldacbtom hbccnnd. ]fls `obds tfbt blr fbs wolkft. Blr ls b `lxturo na kbsos. ]foroanro, clgo bcc ntfor `bttor, lt fbs `bss  bdm wolkft.

5.2 Hbccnnds Fnco

Ylstnd

8. ]bgo bd ldjoetlnd syrldko wltfnut tfo doomco. Yucc lts plstnd bdm nhsorvo lt bs ynu mn sn. ]fo plstnd ebd ho puccom nut obslcy. ]fo plstnd tfod ro`blds ld tfbt pnsltlnd ovod la ynu cot lt kn. Dnw, ecnso tfo ldcot fnco na tfo syrldko tlkftcy wltf ynur tfu`h, pucc tfo plstnd bdm cot lt kn. Ls tfo anreo roqulrom tn pucc nut tfo plstnd `nro nr coss tfbd hoanro > Mnos tfo plstnd ro`bld bs lt ls bator ynu cot lt kn. ]fo `ncoeucos na tfo kbsos ld tfo blr bro ld endstbdt `ntlnd. [fod tfoso `ncoeucos strlgo b hnmy, tfoy erobto  prossuro nd tfbt hnmy. ]fls ls tfo prossuro na blr tfbt wo ebcc ‖bt`nspforle prossuro“. Nd puccldk tfo plstnd wltf tfo ldcot fnco na tfo syrldko ecnsom, `nro spbeo hoen`os bvblcbhco tn tfo blr ld tfo syrldko, bdm lt hoen`os rbrlalom. Bs b rosuct, tfo prossuro na tfo blr ld tfo syrldko ls cnworom. En`pbrbtlvocy tfo  prossuro na tfo nutslmo blr ls vory flkf. ]fbt ls wfy, wfod tfo puccom nut plstnd ls rocobsom, lt ls l``omlbtocy pusfom ld. La tfls oxporl`odt ls ropobtom, fncmldk tfo syrldko ld mlaaorodt pnsltlnds clgo vortlebc, fnrlzndtbc nr ldecldom, tfo

5.8 Blr prossuro

 plstnd ls anudm tn kn ld tn tfo sb`o oxtodt ld bcc tfo ebsos. Arn` tfls, wo ebd ldaor tfbt bt`nspforle prossuro ls tfo sb`o ld bcc tfo mlroetlnds.

21 21

 

Aldm nut.

  Ls tforo bdy bt`nspforle prossuro nd tfo `nnd>

Mn ynu gdnw > endmltlnds,

B Clttco Aud ! Ycbeo b ploeo na ebrmhnbrm nd tfo

bt`nspforle prossuro bt sob covoc ls bhnut 2,92,=99 Dowtnds por squbro `otro. Lt ebd ho `obsurom wltf tfo focp na b hbrn`otor. Bs wo kn flkfor bhnvo sob covoc bt`nspforle prossuro moerobsos.

`nutf b kcbsstfoalccom en`pcotocy wltf wbtor. na Fncmldk ebrmhnbrm alr`cy ld  pcbeo wltf ndo fbdm, ldvort tfo kcbss qulegcy. ]bgo ynur fbdm bwby arn` tfo ebrm hnbrm. [fbt [fb t mn m n ynu y nu soo >

_dmor

nrmldbry

Krobt Uelodtlsts

Ld 2;81, tfo Uwomlsf selodtlst Mbdloc Hordnuccl put anrtf tfo l`pnrtbdt prldelpco tfbt tfo prossuro na blr moerobsos wfod lts vocnelty lderobsos wflco tfo prossuro na blr lderobsos wfod lts vocnelty moerobsos. La b hnmy ls `nvldk tfrnukf blr,

Mnwdcnbm b pfntnkrbpf na Mbdloc Hordnuccl arn` tfo ldtordot, prldt bdm pbsto lt foro. [fbt

tfo blr prossuro moerobsos porpodmleucbr tn tfo mlroetlnd na tfo `ntlnd bdm tfod tfo blr ld lts surrnudmldks acnws rbplmcy arn` flkfor prossuro tn tfo cnwor prossuro.

en``bdms mlm ynu klvo tfo en`putor tn mn tfls >

Nhsorvo bdm mlseuss.

]bgo sn`o wbtor ld b pcbstle eup bdm fncm b strbw uprlkft ld lt. Fncm b s`bcc ploeo na bdntfor strbw dobr tfo uppor odm na tfo alrst strbw bdm porpodmleucbr tn tfbt strbw. Hcnw fbrm tfrnukf tfo s`bcc ploeo na strbw. \nu wlcc soo b anudtbld anudtb ld na wbtor. [fy mlm tfls fbppod fbppo d > Nd hcnwldk tfrnukf tfo strbw, tfo blr bt lts npod odm ls pusfom bwby bdm fodeo tfo prossuro na tfo blr bt tfo npodldk knos mnwd. Bs tfo prossuro na tfo blr dobr tfo uppor odm na tfo oroet strbw hoen`os coss tfbd bt`nspforle prossuro, tfo wbtor ld tfo eup ls pusfom arn` wforo tfo prossuro ls flkfor tn wforo lt ls cnwor, tfbt ls, ld tfo upwbrm mlroetlnd, bdm tfo wbtor en`os nut ld tfo anr` na b anudtbld. ]fo `nro anreoauccy ynu hcnw tfo flkfor wlcc ho tfo anudtbld. ]fls strbw anudtbld wnrgs nd Hordnuccl“s prldelpco.

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

Anudtbld na wbtor

Utrbw

[btor

5.5 Oaaoet na na blr prossuro

[fbt ls tfo oaaoet na lderobsom to`porbturo nd tfo prossuro na blr >

2; 2;

 

  [fod tforo oxlsts b mlaaorodeo ld tfo blr prossuro bt twn mlaaorodt pcbeos, tfo blr stbrts acnwldk arn` tfo pcbeo na flkfor prossuro tn tfo pcbeo na cnwor prossuro. Bt suef tl`os, wo aooc b hroozo nr b wldm hcnwldk. ]fus, wldms bro bd oaaoet na tfo mlaaorodeo ld blr prossuro. \nu wlcc cobrd `nro bhnut tfls ld tfo cossnd ebccom ‖[ldms“, ld Konkrbpfy. ]ry tfls.

]bgo leo-euhos ld b kcbss uptn tfroo-anurtfs na lts folkft. Dnw nhsorvo wfbt fbppods. Fnw mlm tfo wbtor mrnpcots bppobr nd tfo nutslmo na tfo kcbss > Muo tn tfo leo euhos ld tfo kcbss, tfo blr surrnudmldk tfo kcbss enncs mnwd. Bs tfo wbtor vbpnur ld tfls blr enncs mnwd, lt endmodsos bdm kots trbdsanr`om ldtn wbtor. Lt ls tfls wbtor tfbt enccoets nd tfo nutor surabeo na tfo kcbss. ]fo covoc na fu`lmlty ls mlaaorodt ld mlaaorodt pcbeos. Ul`lcbrcy, tfo fu`lmlty covocs bcsn efbdko arn` tl`o tn tl`o murldk tfo porlnm na b sldkco mby.

]fo covoc na fu`lmlty na tfo blr ls motor`ldom hy lts ebpbelty tn fncm wbtor vbpnur. Murldk tfo dlkft nr bt mbwd, 5.= [btor mrnpcots enccoetom wfod tfo to`porbturo na blr ls cnw, lts ebpbelty tn fncm tfo vbpnur ls coss. Bt suef tl`os, tfo oxeoss vbpnur ls trbdsanr`om ldtn wbtor mrnpcots. ]fls ls wfbt wo ebcc mow. nutslmo tfo kcbss

Ld tfo batordnnd, wfod tfo to`porbturo na tfo blr ls flkf, tfo ebpbelty na tfo blr tn fncm tfo `nlsturo bcsn lderobsos. ]fod, en`pbrom tn lts aucc ebpbelty tn fncm wbtor, tfo prnpnrtlnd na `nlsturo ld tfo blr ls coss bdm wo aooc tfbt tfo blr ls mry. ]fo prnpnrtlnd na wbtor vbpnur ld tfo blr ls flkf murldk tfo `ndsnnds bdm ld enbstbc brobs. Bs b rosuct, wo aooc tfo mb`pdoss nr fu`lmlty. Ld su``or, wot ecntfos ecntf os mry qulegcy, qulegc y, hut ld tfo rblds, tfoy t foy mn dnt. d nt. [fy ls tfls sn > 2. Mlp bd udenrgom ldvortom o`pty hnttco ld b

_so ynur hrbld pnwor ! scbdtldk wbtor ld b wlmo endtbldor. pnsltlnd [fbt mnldtn ynu tfo nhsorvo >

]ry tfls.

8. [fbt efbdko tbgos pcbeo ld b hbccnnd nd alccldk blr ld lt >

[o en`o tn gdnw arn` tfo betlvltlos bhnvo, tfbt blr fbs prnportlos clgo neeupyldk spbeo, fbvldk b eortbld vncu`o, fbvldk `bss bdm wolkft.

5.? Yrnportlos na blr

Blr ls b `lxturo na vory aldo pbrtlecos na sn`o kbsos, must, s`ngo bdm `nlsturo. [fod rbys na clkft abcc nd tfoso `lduto pbrtlecos, tfo pbrtlecos sprobm tfo clkft ld bcc tfo mlroetlnds. ]fls dbturbc  pfodn`odnd  pfodn`odn d ls ebccom sebttorldk na clkft.

26 26

 

]o`porbturo rokucbtlnd

]fo obrtf roeolvos odorky arn` tfo sud. ]fls odorky ls roacoetom hy tfo obrtf ld tfo anr` na fobt. ]fo endstltuodts na blr surrnudmldk tfo obrtf, suef bs wbtor vbpnur, ebrhnd mlnxlmo, bhsnrh b pbrt na tfls fobt bdm klvo lt tn tfo ntfor endstltuodts na blr. Bs b rosuct, tfo obrtf“s surabeo

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

2. [fbt wnucm fbppod la bcc tfo blr surrnudmldk us ls ro`nvom > 8. [lcc snudm ho fobrm ld spbeo >

ro`blds wbr` bdm tforohy hoen`os sultbhco anr tfo clvldk wnrcm nd tfo obrtf. La tforo woro dn blr nd tfo obrtf, tfo bvorbko to`porbturo na tfo obrtf“s surabeo wnucm fbvo  hood vory cnw. ]rbds`lsslnd na snudm

Bcc tfo snudms tfbt wo fobr robef us tfrnukf tfo surrnudmldk blr. ]fo modslty na blr bcsn efbdkos muo tn efbdko ld lts to`porbturo. Ld wldtor, tfo modslty na tfo blr lderobsos. [o ebd fobr tfo wflstco na b mlstbdt trbld ecobrcy obrcy ld tfo `nrdldk ld wldtor. Blr ls usoauc bs b `omlu` anr tfo trbds`lsslnd na snudm. Yrnportlos na wbtor

2. Cot“s roebcc.

[fbt bro tfo stbtos ld wflef wbtor ls anudm >

[fbt ldaorodeo wlcc ynu mrbw arn` tfo pleturos bcndkslmo > [btor neeurs ld clqulm stbto udmor nrmldbry endmltlnds. [btor ls b aculm suhstbdeo. [btor mnos dnt fbvo lts nwd sfbpo, hut fbs b vncu`o. Lt ebd pbss tfrnukf s`bcc fncos nr soop tfrnukf vory s`bcc kbps nr erbegs. Nd pnurldk wbtor ld bd nlc-ecbmmom mlsf, wbtor mnos dnt sprobm hut anr`s s`bcc rnudm mrnps. [fy mnos tfls fbppod >

5.1 Yrnportlos na wbtor

2. ]bgo b pcbstle hnttco, `nro tfbd fbca aucc na wbtor. @brg tfo wbtor covoc nd tfo hnttco. Goop tfls hnttco uprlkft ld tfo aroozor anr `bgldk leo. Npod tfo aroozor bator b enupco na fnurs bdm nhsorvo. \nu wlcc soo tfbt tfo wbtor fbs efbdkom ldtn leo. Dnto tfo covoc na tfo leo. \nu wlcc aldm tfbt tfo leo-covoc ]ry tfls.

ls flkfor tfbd aroozos tfo wbtor-covoc aroo zldk. bdm [fbt ynu ldaor arn` tfls Bs wbtor tn anr` hoanro leo, lt aroozldk. oxpbdms ltsebd vncu`o lderobsos. Nd >aroozldk, fnw `uef wbs tfo lderobso ldero bso ld tfo vncu`o na tfo wbtor > Ld wfbt wf bt prnpnrtlnd mlm lt lderobso >

2< 2<

 

8. ]bgo b huegot na wbtor. Mrnp `bdy mlaaorodt gldms na brtlecos ld lt. @bgo sopbrbto clsts na tfo brtlecos wflef sldg ld tfo wbtor bdm tfnso tfbt acnbt nd lt. 5. ]bgo sn`o wbtor ld b pnt bdm bmm b aow ploeos na leo tn lt. Nhsorvo wfbt fbppods. [fy mn wo soo tfo leo acnbt nd wbtor > Leo ls clkftor tfbd wbtor. [fod wbtor aroozos tn anr` leo, lt hoen`os clkftor tfbd tfo nrlkldbc clqulm. [fod wbtor aroozos, tfbt ls, wfod lt trbdsanr`s ldtn tfo snclm stbto, lts vncu`o lderobsos. ]foroanro, tfo modslty na leo ls coss tfbd tfbt na wbtor. ]fbt ls wfy tfo leo acnbts nd wbtor. Modslty na wbtor   ]fo ldtor-rocb ldtor-rocbtlnd tlnd hotwood tfo vncu`o bdm `bss na b suhstbdeo : tfo spbeo neeuplom hy b suhstbdeo ls lts vncu`o. ]fo stnro na `bttor ld b suhstbdeo ls lts `bss.

Modslty 0

5.; Modslty na wbtor

`bss vncu`o

@bss ls `obsurom ld krb`s bdm vncu`o ld euhle k` eodtl`otros. Fodeo, modslty 0 ee Fodeo, k/ee ls tfo udlt na modslty. La tfo `bss na 2 cltro na wbtor ls 2 glcnkrb`, tfod wfbt ls tfo modslty na wbtor >

]fldg :  [lcc tfo `bss na wbtor efbdko wfod lts stbto efbdkos murldk tfo trbdsanr`btlnd na clqulm wbtor ldtn leo> Bdn`bcnus hofbvlnur na wbtor

_subccy, wfod tfo to`porbturo na b suhstbdeo ls cnworom, lts modslty lderobsos bs tfo vncu`o moerobsos7 hut wbtor ls bd oxeoptlnd tn tfls ruco. =. Goop b kcbss aucc na wbtor ld tfo aroozor anr alvo tn tod `ldutos. ]fod tbgo lt nut bdm nhsorvo lt ebroauccy.

99 E

Leo

29 E -29 E 89 E 59 E =9 E

5.6 Bdn`bcnus hofbvlnur Arn` wflef pbrt ld tfo kcbss mnos tfo wbtor alrst stbrt aroozldk > ]fo modslty na wbtor ls poeuclbr. [fod wbtor bt dnr`bc to`porbturo stbrts enncldk, lts modslty lderobsos clgo tfbt na `nst clqulms. Fnwovor, la lts to`porbturo abccs hocnw =9 E lts modslty stbrts moerobsldk. ]fls `obds tfbt tfo modslty na wbtor ls `bxl`u` bt =9 E. La tfo to`porbturo na wbtor ls cnworom hocnw = 9 E, lts modslty moerobsos bdm vncu`o lderobsos. Lt `obds tfbt wbtor oxpbdms wfod tfo to`porbturo abccs hocnw =9 E. ]fls ls ebccom tfo bdn`bcnus hofbvlnur  na wbtor.

89 89

 

Ld encm enudtrlos, fnw mn bqubtle bdl`bcs ro`bld _so ynur hrbld pnwor ! bclvo ovod bator ba tor tfo rlvors rlvor s nr cbgos aroozo aro ozo ld wldtor >

]ry tfls.

]bgo twn hlk kcbssos na wbtor. Bmm =-? spnndaucs na sbct tn tfo wbtor ld ndo kcbss bdm mlssncvo lt en`pcotocy.  Dnw pcbeo b pntbtn ld tfo wbtor ld tfo soendm kcbss. ]fo  pntbtn wlcc sldg.

[btor

]bgo nut tfo pntbtn arn` tfbt kcbss bdm put lt ld tfo sbct wbtor bdm nhsorvo. ]fo modslty na wbtor ld tfbt kcbss ls krobtor muo tn tfo mlssncvom sbct. ]fo pntbtn acnbts ld tfbt wbtor hoebuso na tfo lderobsom modslty. [fy ls lt obslor tn swl` ld tfo sob tfbd ld b wocc nr b cbgo >

B

Ld tfo bhnvo betlvlty tfo sbct mlssncvos ld tfo wbtor ld tfo kcbss, tfbt ls, lt mlsbppobrs. [fbt fbppods wfod lt mlsbppobrs clgo tfls > [fod tfo sbct mlssncvos ld wbtor, lts pbrtlecos sprobm ld wbtor. Ucnwcy tfoy hoen`o s`bccor bdm s`bccor. _ctl`btocy tfoy hoen`o sn s`bcc tfbt tfoy ebddnt ho sood, tfbt ls, tfoy `lx en`pcotocy wltf wbtor. ]fls ls wfbt ls ebccom mlssncvldk.

Ubct sncutlnd

H

Uncuto :  tfo suhstbdeo tfbt mlssncvos

5.< Oaaoet na modslty

- Ubct

Uncvodt : tfo suhstbdeo ld wflef tfo sncuto mlssncvos - [btor Uncutlnd :  wfbt wo kot wfod tfo sncuto mlssncvos ld tfo sncvodt. _sos na wbtor beenrmldk tn lts prnportlos

2. [btor ls usoauc anr wbtor trbdspnrt muo tn lts aculmlty. [btor abccldk mnwd arn` b folkft ls usom tn kodorbto ocoetrlelty wltf tfo focp na b kodorbtnr. 8. [btor ls b knnm enncbdt bdm ls usom ld `ntnr voflecos tn endtrnc tfo to`porbturo na tfo odkldo. 5. @bdy suhstbdeos bro sncuhco ld wbtor. [btor ls b udlvorsbc sncvodt. [btor ls usom bs b sncvodt ld abetnrlos, cbhnrbtnrlos, annmstuaas bdm ld vbrlnus typos na hlncnklebc prneossos neeurrldk ld tfo hnmy suef bs mlkostlnd, oxerotlnd, ote. =. [btor ls usoauc anr ecobdldk purpnsos suef bs anr hbtfldk, wbsfldk ecntfos. Unlc

Cot“s roebcc.

2. [fbt ls `obdt hy snlc > Fnw ls snlc anr`om > 8. [fbt [f bt br broo tfo ldkromlodts na snlc s nlc >

82 82

 

Yrnportlos na snlc

Encnur ls bd l`pnrtbdt prnporty na snlc. ]fo snlc kots lts encnur bs b rosuct na sovorbc prneossos. ]fo encnur na snlc dobr cbdm surabeo ls mbrgor tfbd tfo encnur na tfo cnwor cbyors. Unlc `by ho na mlaaorodt encnurs, suef bs hcbeg, rom, enppor, yoccnw, krby. ]fo encnurs na snlc bro usoauc anr lts ecbsslalebtlnd. Hoslmos, tfoy bro ldmlroetcy usoauc ld ldmlebtldk sovorbc prnportlos na tfo cbdm. Ld tfls wby, tfo prnportlos na tfo snlc suef bs lts aortlclty, mrbldbko na wbtor, ebpbelty tn fncm wbtor hoen`o ecobr arn` lts encnur. ]fo encnur na tfo snlc mopodms upnd lts toxturo bdm lts nrkbdle ldkromlodts bs wocc bs nd efo`lebc ldkromlodts clgo lrnd, cl`o. Bppbrbtus tfroo kcbss aldo sbdm, obrtfod pnt

]ry tfls.

b 

h 5.22 Enccoetom wbtor

e

:  ]froo `obsurldk eycldmors, auddocs, alctor pbpor, wbtor, enbrso sbdm, snlc arn` bd usom anr krnwldk pcbdts, ote.

Yrneomuro :  Alt endos na tfo alctor pbpor ld tfo tfroo kcbss auddocs. Alcc tfo endos wltf oqubc qubdtltlos na (b) sbdm (h), sbdmy snlc bdm (e) ecby rospoetlvocy. Ycbeo tfo auddocs nd tfo `obsurldk eycldmors. Ynur ndo tost tuho na wbtor ldtn obef na tfo auddocs bdm nhsorvo fnw `uef wbtor ls enccoetom ld obef `obsurldk eycldmor. [fbt ldaorodeo wlcc ynu mrbw arn` tfls >

Unlc toxturo Unlc endtblds pbrtlecos na mlaaorodt slzos. ]fo toxturo na tfo snlc ls motor`ldom hy tfo prnpnrtlnd na pbrtlecos na tfo vbrlnus slzos ld lt. Anccnwldk bro tfo typos na snlc nd tfo hbsls na lts toxturo. Ubdmy snlc :  ]fo prnpnrtlnd na sbdm, l.o., cbrko pbrtlecos

ls flkf sbdmytnsnlc. [btortfls mrblds sbdmy snlc. Lt ld ls obsy pcnukf snlc. rbplmcy Hut lt tfrnukf ls coss aortlco. ]fls ls hoebuso tfo pbrtlecos na sbdmy snlc bro `bmo na tfo `ldorbc ebccom slclend mlnxlmo (qubrtz). ]foso pbrtlecos mn dnt mlssncvo ld wbtor bdm, tforoanro, tfo snlc fbs vory clttco ebpbelty tn suppcy dutrlodts. Ulct snlc : ]fo pbrtlecos na slct snlc bro na `omlu` slzo. Ulct snlc ls dnt bs pcnukfbhco bs sbdmy snlc. Fnwovor, lt ls `uef `nro pcnukfbhco tfbd ecby snlc. ]fls snlc endtblds b cbrko prnpnrtlnd na nrkbdle `btorlbcs. Lts ebpbelty tn suppcy dutrlodts ls `uef krobtor. Ulct snlc ls bcsn ebccom

soml`odtbry snlc. Ecby snlc :  Ld tfls snlc, tfo prnpnrtlnd na s`bcc pbrtlecos ls `bxl`u`. ]fo pbrtlecos na ecby snlc aooc s`nntf tn

Ubdmy snlc

Ulct snlc

Ecby snlc

tnuef. Ecby snlc fbs b flkf wbtor fncmldk ebpbelty. 88 88

5.28 ]ypos na snlc

 

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

mlaal euct tn pcnukf ecby ecb y snlc > 2. [fy ls lt mlaaleuct

8. [fy ls lt obsy tn pcnukf sbdmy snlc > 5. [fbt ls tfo wbtor fncmldk fnc mldk ebpbelty ebpbel ty na slct snlc > =. [flef snlc ls sultbhco anr euctlvbtlnd > [fy > Unlc strueturo ]fo strueturo na snlc mopodms upnd tfo mlaaorodt sfbpos na tfo pbrtlecos ld lt. Unlc neeurs ld tfo anr` na encu`dbr, cb`ldbr, krbducbr bs wocc bs  hcneg-sfbpom  hcneg-sfb pom strueturos. L`pnrtbdeo na snlc strueturo

]fo aortlclty na snlc mopodms upnd snlc strueturo. ]fo bmvbdtbkos na knnm snlc strueturo bro bs anccnws : 2. Xnnts kot b suaalelodt suppcy na nxykod. 8. [btor mrbldbko ls knnm. knn m. ]foroanro, ]fo roanro, tfo rnnts na pcbdts krnw wocc. _sos na snlc

2. Ycbdt endsorvbtlnd : ]n focp pcbdts krnw.

5.25 Unlc strueturo

8. [btor endsorvbtlnd : Unlc fncms wbtor. Bs b rosuct, hy `obds na hudms bdm cbgos, wo ebd kot wbtor anr uso tfrnukfnut tfo yobr. 5. Ycbstlelty : Unlc ebd ho klvod bdy roqulrom sfbpo. ]fls prnporty na snlc ls ebccom pcbstlelty. Hoebuso na lts pcbstlelty, wo ebd uso lt tn `bgo brtlecos na b vbrloty na sfbpos. ]foso brtlecos ebd ho  hbgom tn `bgo tfo` fbrm. [btor stnrbko obrtfod  pnts, obrtfod cb`ps, lmncs, hrlegs, ote. bro brtlecos `bmo arn` snlc. Un`o usoauc typos na snlc

2. Efldb ecby : (Gbncld) Lt ls wflto ld encnur. Lt ls usom tn `bgo ernegory, hbtfrnn` tlcos, tbdgs, cbhnrbtnry bppbrbtus, `bsgs, jbrs, ote. 8.  Ufbmu  snlc :  Lt ls wfltlsf ld encnur. Lt ls usom anr `bgldk stbtuos bdm lmncs. 5. ]orrbenttb snlc : ]fls snlc ls rom ld encnur. Moenrbtlvo brtlecos bdm pnts usom anr krnwldk  pcbdts bro `bmo arn` tfls snlc. =. @uctbdl snlc : ]fls snlc ls usom ld ens`otles.

5.2= _sos na snlc

85 85

 

Mn ynu gdnw >

Efldb ecby ls bd ldmustrlbc `ldorbc na tfo typo ‖Gbncldlto“. Lt ls anudm ld Efldb bdm fodeo ebccom Efldb ecby. _pnd fobtldk, tfls snlc bequlros b kcbzo bdm fbrmdoss bdm, tforoanro, ls usom anr `bgldk ernegory. Unlc tostldk ]fo prnpnrtlnds na tfo vbrlnus ldkromlodts na snlc ebd ho motor`ldom hy ‖snlc tostldk“. Murldk snlc tostldk, tfo snlc ls oxb`ldom anr encnur, toxturo bdm tfo  prnpnrtlnd  prnpnrtln d na nrkbdle `bttor ld lt. Unlc ls tostom tn aldm nut la tforo ls b moalelodey na bdy ldkromlodts bdm tn moelmo wfbt `obsuros sfnucm ho tbgod tn ro`nvo tfo moalelodey.

]fo snlc sb`pco enccoetom anr tostldk ls mrlom ld bd npod spbeo ld tfo sfbmo anr olkft tn tod mbys. Lt ls tfod slatom tfrnukf b slovo. ]wn tosts, db`ocy, tfo pF bdm tfo ocoetrlebc endmuetlvlty tosts, bro  pbrtleucbrcy  pbrtleucb rcy usoauc ld aldmldk nut tfo efbrbetorlstles na snlc. \nu ebd motor`ldo tfo aortlclty na tfo snlc ld ynur alocms wltf tfo focp na mlaaorodt tosts.

Krobt Uelodtlsts ]fo Mbdlsf Uelodtlst Unrodsod put anrtf tfo endeopt na pF, hbsom nd tfo endeodtrbtlnd na fymrnkod lnds. ]n motor`ldo tfo pF na snlc, b `lxturo na wbtor bdm snlc ld tfo  prnpnrtlnd 2:8 ls tbgod bdm tostom usldk sovorbc ldmlebtnrs. Beenrmldkcy, snlc `by ho anudm tn  ho ndo na tfo anccnwldk tfroo typos. 2. Belmle snlc - pF coss tfbd 1.? 8. Doutrbc snlc

- pF 1.?-;.?

5. Bcgbcldo snlc - pF flkfor tfbd ;.?

Bcwbys ro`o`hor Ebusos na ml`ldlsfom snlc aortlclty : 2. Unlc pF coss tfbd 1 nr flkfor tfbd 6.

8. Cnw prnpnrtlnd na nrkbdle `bttor. 5. Dn prnpor mrbldbko na wbtor. =. Xopobtom euctlvbtlnd na tfo sb`o ernp. ?. Endtldunus uso na sbcldo wbtor.

-

Unlc toxturo ls mlsturhom la efo`lebc aortlclzors bro usom oxeosslvocy bdm tfbt cbdm hoen`os udsultbhco anr snwldk. Ernps sfnucm  ho rntbtom ld nrmor tn `bldtbld tfo aortlclty na tfo cbdm.

1. Oxeosslvo uso na efo`lebc aortlclzors bdm postlelmos.

Anr oxb`pco, tfo aortlclty na cbdm moerobsos bator b fbrvostldk na wfobt. Fodeo, coku`ldnus ernps clgo pobdut, `nndk , `ntf hobd,

[nrcm Unlc Mby : ?tf Moeo`hor ]n `bgo oaanrts anr endsorvbtlnd na snlc

 pob , codtlc, Hodkbc krb`, snybhobd sfnucm ho euctlvbtom tn rostnro tfo aortlclty na tfo snlc.

8= 8=

 

Oxorelso 2.

Alcc ld tfo hcbdgs wltf tfo bpprnprlbto tor`. (]o`porbturo, vncu`o, `bss, modslty, fu`lmlty, belmle, wolkft, doutrbc, sfbpo.)

 

(b) ] ]fo fo ebpbelty na blr tn fncm `nlsturo mopodms upnd tfo ......... na tfo blr. (h) [btor mnos dnt fbvo b ............. .............  hut fbs moaldlto .......... bdm .......... . (e) [flco aroozldk, tfo .................... na wbtor ls cnworom. (m) ................. snlc fbs pF ;.

 

8.  

 

[fy ls lt sblm tfbt (b) Blr ls b fn`nkodonus `lxturo na vbrlnus kbsos. (h) [btor ls b udlvorsbc sncvodt.

1.

  =.    

?.

     

tfo

pleturo

ld

ynur

nwd

[btor  Leo

-

b 

;.

(e) ]foro ls dn bctordbtlvo tn wbtor anr ecobdldk purpnsos. 5.  

Oxpcbld wnrms.

[fbt wlcc fbppod la..... (b) ]fo b`nudt na wbtor vbpnur ld tfo blr lderobsos. (h) Ndcy ndo ernp ls krnwd ropobtomcy ld tfo snlc. [ltf wfn` sfnucm L pblr up > Krnup ‖B“ Krnup ‖H“ (2) Blr (b) Oxerotlnd (8) [btor (h) Uebttorldk na clkft. (5) Unlc (e) Ycbstlelty Utbto wfotfor tfo anccnwldk stbto`odts bro truo nr abcso. (b) Ubdmy snlc fbs cnw ebpbelty anr fncmldk wbtor. (h) ]fo suhstbdeo ld wflef b sncuto mlssncvos ls ebccom b sncvodt. (e) ]fo prossuro oxortom hy blr ls ebccom bt`nspforle prossuro.

   

   

   

h

[rlto bdswors tn tfo t fo anccnwldk quostlnds ld ynur nwd wnrms. (b) Fnw ls clkft sebttorrom hy tfo blr > (h) Oxpcbld tfo vbrlnus prnportlos na wbtor. (e) [fy ls tfo modslty na sobwbtor `nro tfbd tfbt na rbld wbtor > (m) [fbt ls tfo l`pnrtbdeo na knnm snlc strueturo > (o) [fbt bro tfo vbrlnus usos na snlc > (a) [fbt ls tfo doom bdm l`pnrtbdeo na snlc tostldk arn` tfo pnldt na vlow na abr`ors > (k) [fbt ls tfo l`pnrtbdeo na blr ld trbds`lsslnd na snudm > (f) [fy sfnucm b kcbss hnttco en`pcotocy alccom wltf wbtor dovor ho gopt ld b aroozor >

Yrnjoet : 

Qlslt b snlc tostldk cbhnrbtnry. Cobrd tfo prneoss na snlc tostldk bdm sfbro lt wltf ntfors.

t t t 8? 8?

 

=. Dutrltlnd ld Clvldk Nrkbdls`s

Cot“s roebcc.

2. [fbt ls `bcdutrltlnd > 8. [flef bro tfo wbys tn provodt `bcdutrltlnd >

Dutrltlnd

 

Un`o clao-prneossos kn nd endtldunuscy ld clvldk nrkbdls`s. Uuhstbdeos wflef bro mlkostom  bdm bssl`lcbtom  anr nhtbldldk odorky bdm anr tfo krnwtf bdm fobctf na nur  hnmy bro ebccom annmstuaas annmstuaas..

]fo prneoss na tbgldk ld bdm

usldk annm, wflef tbgos pcbeo ld clvldk nrkbdls`s ls ebccom  dutrltlnd. Doom anr dutrltlnd 2. ]n suppcy tfo odorky roqulrom anr mnldk wnrg. 8. Krnwtf bdm movocnp`odt na tfo  hnmy. 5. ]n ropcbeo tfo mb`bkom eoccs bdm ropblr tlssuos.

[o kot sovorbc typos na dutrlodts arn` annmstuaas. Dutrlodts ebd ho ecbsslalom ldtn twn typos, db`ocy, `bern-dutrlodts  bdm `lerndutrlodts.

=. ]n alkft mlsobsos. Butntrnpfle dutrltlnd

 Dutrlodts clgo ebrhnfymrbtos, ebrhnfymrb tos,  prntolds bdm abts bro roqulrom ld cbrko qubdtlty. ]foso bro `bern-dutrlodts. @ldorbcs bdm vltb`lds bro roqulrom ld vory s`bcc qubdtlty. ]foy bro ebccom `lern-dutrlodts.

Un`o nrkbdls`s ebd prnmueo tfolr nwd annm bdm tfus dnurlsf tfo`socvos. ]fls ls ebccom butntrnpfle dutrltlnd. Fotorntrnpfle dutrltlnd

Un`o nrkbdls`s mopodm nd ntfor nrkbdls`s, pcbdts nr bdl`bcs, anr tfolr annm. ]fls ls ebccom fotorntrnpfle dutrltlnd.

Butntrnpfle pcbdts

Ebd ynu tocc >

Fnw mn pcbdts prnmueo tfolr nwd annm > Ycbdts bcsn doom annm anr tfolr krnwtf. ]foy ebd prnmueo tfolr nwd annm. [ltf tfo focp na sudclkft bdm efcnrnpfycc, pcbdts `bgo tfolr annm ld tfolr cobvos, usldk wbtor bdm dutrlodts arn` tfo snlc bdm ebrhnd mlnxlmo arn` tfo blr. ]fls prneoss ls ebccom bs pfntnsydtfosls. Ebrhnd mlnxlmo + wbtor Uudclkft

Nxykod Uudclkft Ebrhnd mlnxlmo

Efcnrnpfycc ld tfo cobvos

[btor, `ldorbcs, sbcts

annm (kcuenso) + nxykod

=.2 Yfntnsydtfosls

1 EN8 + 1F8N 

Efcnrnpfycc E1  F28  N1  + 1N8 81 81

 

Ycbdts endvort clkft odorky ldtn efo`lebc odorky bdm stnro lt ld tfo anr` na annm. [btor, `ldorbcs bdm sbcts bro bhsnrhom hy rnnts arn` tfo snlc. ]fo sto` trbdspnrts tfo` up tn tfo cobvos. ]fo cobvos fbvo `lernsenple npodldks ebccom stn`btb tfrnukf wflef tfoy tbgo ld tfo EN8  arn` tfo blr. ]fo efcnrnpcbsts  prosodt ld tfo cobvos endtbld efcnrnpfyc efcnrnpfycc, c, wflef bhsnrhs sudclkft, focpldk tn endvort ebrhnd mlnxlmo bdm wbtor ldtn annm. Nxykod ls klvod nut ld tfls prneoss. Hoslmos cobvos, pfntnsydtfosls tbgos  pcbeo ld sn`o ntfor pbrts clgo krood sto`s, tnn, bs tfoy endtbld efcnrnpfycc.

]rbdspnrt systo` ld pcbdts ]bgo b pu`pgld sto` fbvldk 8-5 cobvos. Eut lt udmor wbtor wltf b sfbrp  hcbmo. ]bgo sn`o wbtor ld b endlebc acbsg bdm bmm ;-6 mrnps na ldg tn lt. Yut tfo pu`pgld sto` vortlebccy ld tfbt acbsg. Nhsorvo tfo efbdkos tfbt tbgo pcbeo ld lt bdm mlseuss tfo` ld tfo ecbssrnn`.

]fo trbdspnrt systo` na pcbdts endslsts na tfo xyco`  bdm tfo pfcno`. ]fo xyco` trbdspnrts `ldorbcs bdm wbtor arn` tfo rnnt tn bcc borlbc pbrts na tfo  pcbdt. ]fo pfcno` trbdspnrts tfo annm (kcuenso, ote.) arn` tfo cobvos tn ntfor  pbrts na tfo pcbdt wforo lt ls oltfor endsu`om nr stnrom. ]fnukf tfo pcbdts fbvo b trbdspnrt systo`, tfoy mn dnt fbvo b sopbrbto mlkostlvo nr oxerotnry systo`.

Aldm nut.

Efcnrnpcbst =.8 Efcnrnpcbsts ld b coba 

Aldm nut.

Fnw mnos pfntnsydtfosls neeur ld mbrg rom r om nr n r purpco pur pco encnurom cobvos >

Þ Þ Þ

Uoetlnd na b coba 

          Þ           Þ

Þ  

Þ  

Þ

    Þ

Þ     Þ Þ    Þ

Uoetlnd na b sto`

  Þ    Þ

  Þ      Þ   Þ

Uoetlnd na b rnnt Vyco` Yfcno`

=.5 ]rbdspnrt ]rbdspnrt systo` ld pcbdts

[fbt ls efo`nsydtfosl efo`nsydtfoslss > [flef pcbdts prnmueo tfolr   annm hy efo`nsydtfosl efo`nsydtfoslss >

Cot s roebcc.

[flef bro tfo mlaaorodt suhstbdeos oxerotom hy pcbdts> [fy> 8; 8;

 

Ycbdts prnmueo ebrhnfymrbtos hy tfo prneoss na pfntnsydtfosls. Ebrhnfymrbtos bro `bmo arn` ebrhnd, fymrnkod bdm nxykod. Yrntolds bro `bmo arn` ebrhnd, fymrnkod, nxykod bdm dltrnkod. Fnw mn pcbdts nhtbld tfo dltrnkod doeossbry anr tfo sydtfosls na prntolds > Blr endtblds kbsonus dltrnkod. Fnwovor, pcbdts ebddnt utlclzo kbsonus dltrnkod. Lt dooms tn ho alxom l.o. endvortom ldtn en`pnudms. Alxbtlnd na dltrnkod neeurs hy hlncnklebc bdm bt`nspforle `otfnms. Hlncnklebc alxbtlnd na dltrnkod ]wn mlaaorodt typos na `lern-nrkbdls`s ebd hrldk bhnut hlncnklebc dltrnkod alxbtlnd. Xnnt-dnmucos na coku`ldnus pcbdts endtbld tfo rflznhlu` `lernnrkbdls`s. ]foso `lern-nrkbdls`s bhsnrh bt`nspforle dltrnkod bdm endvort lt ldtn lts dltrbto, b en`pnudm. @lern-nrkbdls`s clgo bzntnhbetor bro prosodt ld snlc. ]foy bcsn endvort btn`spforle dltrnkod ldtn dltrbtos. =.= Xnnts na b coku`ldnus pcbdt

Mn ynu gdnw > Bt`nspforle alxbtlnd na dltrnkod :  Clkftdldk (tfudmorhncts) neeur ld tfo rbldy sobsnd. ]fls ebusos bt`nspforle dltrnkod bdm nxykod tn robet wltf obef ntfor tn anr` dltrle nxlmo (DN) wflef ls bkbld nxlmlzom tn anr` dltrnkod mlnxlmo (DN8).

]fo dltrnkod mlnxlmo mlssncvos ld rbldwbtor bdm ls endvortom ldtn dltrle belm (FDN5) wflef kots bmmom tn tfo snlc bcndk wltf tfo rbld-wbtor. ]fls belm robets wltf mlaaorodt `ldorbcs ld tfo snlc bdm endvort ldtn sbcts. Ycbdts uso tfls dltrnkod sbcts anr tfolr krnwtf. Uy`hlntle dutrltlnd

Ld sn`o ebsos, twn nr `nro tfbd twn mlaaorodt typos na pcbdts clvo tnkotfor tn aucalcc tfolr dooms na dutrltlnd,  prntoetlnd,, suppnrt, ote. wltf obef ntfors“ focp. ]fls  prntoetlnd typo na dutrltlnd ls ebccom sy`hlntle dutrltlnd. Un`o audkl krnw brnudm tfo rnnts na sn`o ntfor  pcbdts. ]foso pcbdts suppcy dutrlodts tn tfo audkl bdm ld turd, audkl suppcy `ldorbcs bdm wbtor tn tfo pcbdts. Un`o audkl bdm bckbo clvo tnkotfor. ]fo audkl prnvlmos wbtor, `ldorbcs bs wocc bs sfoctor tn bckbo. Ld roturd, tfo bckbo prnvlmo annm tn tfo audkl. Clefod  ls bd oxb`pco na b sy`hlnsls hotwood bckbo bdm audkl.

=.? Clefod 86 86

 

Fotorntrnpfle pcbdts

Fotorntrnpfle pcbdts mn dnt endtbld efcnrnpfycc. Fnw mn tfo t fo fotorntrnpfle fotor ntrnpfle pcbdts p cbdts clvo > Arn` wforo mn tfoy kot annm > Fbvo ynu sood b yoccnw, wlro-clgo, cobacoss ecl`hor  pcbdt krnwldk nd b hlk troo > [fbt ls lts db`o > ]fo pcbdts tfbt krnw nd tfo hnmy na ntfor pcbdts tn nhtbld annm bro ebccom bs pbrbsltle pcbdts, anr oxb`pco, cnrbdtfus, euseutb, ote. Muo tn tfo bhsodeo na efcnrnpfycc, tfo euseutb   ls en`pcotocy mopodmodt nd tfo fnst pcbdt. Fodeo, lt ls sblm tn ho b en`pcotocy pbrbsltle pcbdt. \nu `ust fbvo bcsn dntleom cnrbdtfus tfbt krnws nd troos. =.1 Cnrbdtfus

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

2. [flef pbrt na tfo cnrbdtfus cnr bdtfus pcbdt ebrrlos e brrlos nut  pfntnsydtfosls  pfntnsyd tfosls >

8. Arn` wforo wfo ro mn tfoy nhtbld `ldorbcs `ldor bcs bdm wbtor > 5. [fy ls cnrbdtfus gdnwd bs b pbrtlbccy pbrbsltle pbr bsltle pcbdt > Ldsoetlvnrnus pcbdts

[o fbvo sood fnw sn`o pcbdts aoom upnd ldsoets tn nhtbld dutrlodts. ]foso ldsoetlvnrnus pcbdts kodorbccy krnw ld snlc nr wbtor moalelodt ld dltrnkod en`pnudms. ]fo pcbdt hnmy na tfo Mrnsorb hur`bdll fbs b acnworclgo bppobrbdeo. Lt krnws ecnso tn tfo krnudm. Lts cobvos bro bttrbetlvocy pldg nr rom ld encnur wltf fblrs bt tfo `brkld. Mrnpcots na b stlegy suhtbdeo anudm bt tfo tlps na tfo fblrs bttrbettflsldsoets. ]foUrlselodtlst Hur`bd lmodtlalom pcbdt ld Cbdgb Jnfbddos ld 2;5;. Fodeo, tfo pcbdt ls db`om bator fl`.

_so ynur hrbld pnwor !

=.; Mrnsorb hur`bdll

[fy mnos tfo pltefor pcbdt aoom nd ldsoets ovod tfnukf lt prnmueos annm hy pfntnsydtfosls >

Ubprnpfytle pcbdts

Ycbdts wflef nhtbld tfo annm arn` mobm bdm moebyldk  hnmlos na ntfor nrkbdls`s bro ebccom sbprnpfyt sbprnpfytle le pcbdts. Qbrlnus typos na audkl clgo `usfrnn`s bdm yobst bro sbprnpfytos. Audkl soeroto mlkostlvo odzy`os nd tfo mobm ro`blds tn mlkost nr hrobgmnwd tfo ebrhnd en`pnudms tfoy endtbld. ]fo rosuctldk sncutlnd ls

=.6 B sbprnpfytle pcbdt

bhsnrhom tn nhtbld dutrlodts. 8< 8<

 

Bcwbys ro`o`hor

-

Annm kots spnlcom muo tn sn`o audkl. Un`o audkl ebuso mlsobsos nr lccdoss wflco sn`o audkl fbvo `omleldbc prnportlos. \obst bdm sn`o `usfrnn`s bro usoauc. \obst ls usom ld aor`odtbtlnd  prneossos bdm anr `bgldk hrobm. @usfrnn`s bro b rlef snureo na lrnd bdm vltb`lds. Xnco na dutrlodts bdm oaaoets na tfolr moalelodey nd pcbdts : Dutrlodt

 Dltrnkod Yfns Yf nspf pfnr nrus us Yntb Yn tbss sslu lu` ` @bkdoslu` Lrnd @bdk @b dkbd bdos osoo Zlde

Audetlnd

Oaaoets na moalelodey

L`pnrtbdt en`pndodt en`pndodt na prntlods, prntlods, efcnrnpfycc bdm eytnpcbs`. Endv En dvor orsl slnd nd na na clkft clkft odo odork rky y ldtn ldtn efo`lebc odorky. Doeo Do eoss ssbr bry y an anrr `o `otb tbhn hncl clee be betlv tlvltl ltlos os..

Xotbrmom/studtom krnwtf, yoccnwldk na cobvos. Obrcy coba-abcc, cbto acnworldk, scnw krnwtf na rnnts. [obg [o bg st sto` o`,, wl wlct ctld ldk k na co cobv bvos os,, ab ablcu lcuro ro tn  prnmueo ebrhnfymrbtos. ebrhnfymrbtos. Yrnmuetlnd na na ef efcnrnpfycc Ucnw/rotbrmom kr krnwtf, yo yoccnwldk na na cobvos. Yrnmuetlnd na efcnrnpfycc \occnwldk na cobvos Yrnm Yr nmue uetl tlnd nd na `b `bld ld pcb pcbdt dt fnr fnr`n `ndo doss Xo Xotb tbrm rmom om kr krnw nwtf tf,, spn spntto ttom m cobv cobvos os Yrnmuetlnd na fnr`ndos bdm tfolr Xotbrmom krnwtf, yoccnwldk na cobvos ldtor`omlbtos

  Nhsorvo tfo pcbdts brnudm ynu bdm mlbkdnso tfo dutrlodt moalelodey, la bdy.

Dutrltlnd ld bdl`bcs

]fls endeopt roaors tn tfo hnmy“s doom anr dutrlodts, `nmo na ldkostldk annm bdm lts uso ld tfo hnmy.

Cot“s roebcc.

[flef bro tfo vbrlnus dutrlodts ld annm > Anr wfbt purpnso bro tfo dutrlodts usom >

 Dutrlodts doeossbry anr vbrlnus betlvltlos na tfo hnmy bro nhtbldom arn` annm. ]foy bro suppclom tn tfo vbrlnus pbrts na hnmy tfrnukf hcnnm. ]fo annm tfbt wo endsu`o mnos dnt `lx wltf hcnnm bs lt ls. Lt dooms tn endvort ldtn sncuhco anr`s tfbt ebd obslcy `lx ld hcnnm. Dutrltlnd ld bdl`bcs ldvncvos vbrlnus stops arn` ldkostlnd tn okostlnd. Utops ld dutrltlnd  2. Ldkostlnd Ldkostlnd  - Annm ls tbgod ldtn tfo hnmy. 8. Mlkostlnd - Endvorslnd na annm ldtn sl`pco sncuhco anr`s. 5. Bhsnrptlnd Bhsnrptlnd  - ]rbdsaor na sncuhco annm tn tfo hcnnm. =. Bssl`lcbtlnd - _tlclzbtlnd na bhsnrhom annm hy eoccs bdm tlssuos anr odorky prnmuetlnd, prnmu etlnd, krnwtf bdm ropblr.

?. Okostlnd - Xo`nvbc na wbsto prnmuets bdm udmlkostom annm arn` hnmy. 59 59

 

Nhsorvo tfo bdl`bcs brnudm ynu bdm en`pcoto tfo anccnwldk tbhco. Dn. Db`o na bdl`bc 2. Enw 8. Arnk

]ypo/Db`o na annm

@otfnm na ldkostlnd

\nu `ust fbvo nhsorvom tfbt tforo bro mlaaorodt `otfnms na ldkostlnd na annm ld mlaaorodt bdl`bcs, clgo swbccnwldk, efowldk, suegldk, serbpldk, kdbwldk, ote. ]ypos na dutrltlnd ld bdl`bcs (B) Fncnznle dutrltlnd

Ebd ynu tocc >

Fnw mnos ldkostlnd neeur ld udleoccucbr bdl`bcs clgo  B`nohb  >

B`nohb mnos dnt fbvo nrkbds clgo fbdms bdm `nutf. Lt ls b udleoccucbr bdl`bc. Lt ebd tbgo ld annm tfrnukf bdy pbrt na tfo surabeo na lts udleoccucbr hnmy. Lt surrnudms tfo annm pbrtleco arn` bcc slmos tn tbgo lt ldtn tfo eocc. Bator tfbt, lt mlkosts tfo annm wltf tfo focp na mlaaorodt odzy`os. _dmlkostom annm ls coat hofldm bs tfo b`nohb `nvos aurtfor wltf tfo focp na  psoumnpnmlb.  psoumnpn mlb. Ld udleoccucb udleoccucbrr bdl`bcs clgo b`nohb, oukcodb,  pbrb`noelu`,  pbrb`noelu `, ote. bcc tfo stops na dutrltlnd neeur wltfld tfolr udleoccucbr hnmy.

Annm pbrtleco Duecous

Ldsoets fbvo `nutf-pbrts anr ldkostlnd na annm. Anr oxb`pco, ldsoets clgo tfo enegrnbef bdm krbssfnppor wflef dlhhco fbvo jbw-clgo `nutf-pbrts. Huttoraclos sueg annm wltf b b tuho-clgo prnhnsels. @nsqultnos bdm homhuks uso b doomco-clgo `nutf pbrt tn ploreo bdm b tuho-clgo `nutf pbrt tn sueg hcnnm nr ntfor aculms.

Annm pbrtleco Duecous =.

=.29 Bdl`bcs wltf mlaaorodt annm fbhlts 52 52

 

Beenrmldk tn tfo typo na annm, bdl`bcs ebd ho ecbsslalom bs 2. Forhlvnros : Forhlvnros uso pcbdts mlroetcy bs tfolr annm. Oxb`pco bro krbzldk bdl`bcs, krbdlvnros (soom-obtors), aruklvnros (arult-obtors), ote. 8. Ebrdlvnros : Bdl`bcs tfbt mopodm nd ntfor bdl`bcs anr tfolr annm bro ebrdlvnros. Ebrdlvnros bro ldmlroetcy mopodmodt nd  pcbdts anr annm. Oxb`pcos bro bdl`bcs tfbt aoom nd forhlvnros (prombtnrs), bdl`bcs tfbt aoom nd ldsoets (ldsoetlvnros).

]fo bdtobtor ls anudm ld Eodtrbc bdm Unutf B`orleb. ]fo hnhebt nr um`bdjbr   ls anudm ld Ldmlb. Nhtbld lts pleturos arn` tfo ldtordot.

5. N`dlvnros : Bdl`bcs tfbt nhtbld tfolr annm arn` hntf pcbdts bdm bdl`bcs bro ebccom n`dlvnros. Oxb`pcos bro `ndgoy, efl`pbdzoo, fu`bd, ote.

Un`o na tfo nrkbdls`s brnudm us poranr` tfo audetlnd na ecobdldk bdm endsorvldk tfo odvlrnd`odt hy tfo vory bet na aoomldk tfo`socvos. ]foy bro ebccom sebvodkors  bdm moen`pnsors. =. Uebvodkors  nhtbld tfolr annm arn` mobm hnmlos na bdl`bcs, anr oxb`pco, vucturo, ernw, fyodb, ote. ?. Moen`pnsors  bro sn`o `lernhos wflef nhtbld tfolr annm hy moen`pnsldk tfo mobm hnmlos na nrkbdls`s nr ntfor `btorlbcs. (H) Ubprnznle dutrltlnd

Un`o ldsoets, udleoccucbr bdl`bcs, ote. nhtbld tfo dutrlodts hy bhsnrhldk tfo clqulm nrkbdle `btorlbc arn` tfo mobm hnmlos na ntfor bdl`bcs nr arn` tfo odvlrnd`odt. ]fls ls sbprnznle dutrltlnd. Oxb`pco, fnusoaclos, bdts, splmors, ote. (E) Ybrbsltle dutrltlnd 2. Fbvo ynu sood s`bcc bdl`bcs nd tfo hnmlos na bdl`bcs b dl`bcs clgo mnks bdm bd m huaabccnos hua abccnos > [flef [fl ef bro br o tfnso s`bcc bdl`bcs >

8. Arn` wforo mn tfoso clttco bdl`bcs nhtbld tfolr annm >

=.22 Ybrbsltos

5. Arn` wforo mn tfo wnr`s ld tfo ldtostldo nhtbld tfolr tfo lr annm > Un`o bdl`bcs mopodm upnd ntfor bdl`bcs anr annm. ]foy ebd nhtbld tfo annm ndcy arn` bdl`bcs nd wfn` tfoy bro mopodmodt. ]fls ls ebccom bs pbrbsltle dutrltlnd. Un`o bdl`bcs clvo nd tfo hnmy surabeo na ntfor bdl`bcs bdm nhtbld tfolr annm  hy suegldk tfolr hcnnm. ]fls ls ebccom oetnpbrbsltle dutrltlnd bdm suef bdl`bcs bro ebccom oetnpbrbsltos, anr oxb`pco, cnuso, hom-huk, tleg, ote. Bdl`bcs clgo tbpownr` bdm rnudmwnr`s clvo ldslmo tfo hnmy na ntfor bdl`bcs bdm nhtbld tfolr annm. ]fls

ls odmnpbrbsltle dutrltlnd  bdm tfoso bdl`bcs bro gdnwd bs odmnpbrbsltos. 58 58

 

Oxorelso 2. Ecbsslay beenrmldk tn annm-typo.   tlkor, enw, vucturo, hbetorlb, moor, knbt, fu`bd, audkus, clnd, spbrrnw, huaabcn, arnk, enegrnbef, tleg.

1.

]fldg bdm bdswor.

 

(b) [o propbro b vbrloty na annmstuaas bdm mlsfos bt fn`o. Bro wo tfod butntrnpfle nrkbdls`s >

8.  

@btef tfo pblrs. Krnup ‖B“

  Krnup ‖H“

 

(2) Ybrbsltle pcbdt

(b) @usfrnn`

(h) [flef nrkbdls`s bro krobtor ld du`hor - butntrnpfs nr fotorntrnpfs > [fy >

 

(8) Ldsoetlvnrnu Ldsoetlvnrnuss pcbdt (h) Clefod

 

 

(5) Ubprnpfytle pcbdt

(e) Mrnsorb

 

(=) Uy`hlntle pcbdt

(m) Euseutb

(e) ]fo du`hor na fotorntrnpf fotorntrnpfss anudm ld mosort roklnds ls s`bccor. Fnwovor, tfoy bro anudm ld krobtor du`hors ld tfo sob. [fy ls tfls sn >

 

(m) [fbt mb`bko nr fbr` mn oetnpbrbsltle bdm odmnpbrbsltle bdl`bcs ebuso >

 

(o) [fy ls pcbdt annm dnt prnmueom ld bdy ntfor pbrts na tfo pcbdt oxeopt tfo krood ndos >

5. Bdswor tfo anccnwldk quostlnds ld ynur nwd wnrms.

 

(b) [fy mn dutrltlnd >

clvldk

nrkbdls`s

doom

 

(h) Oxpcbld prneoss na prnmuetlnd na annm ld tfo pcbdts.

 

(e) [fb [fbtt ls `obdt hy pbrbsltle pcbdts >  Db`o tfolr mlaaorodt typos wltf oxb`pcos na obef.

 

(m) Oxpcbld tfo vbrlnus stops na dutrltlnd ld bdl`bcs.

 

(o) Db`o sn`o udleoccucbr nrkbdls`s ld wflef bcc clao-prneossos tbgo  pcbeo wltfld tfolr udleoccucbr hnmy.

=.

Klvo robsnds.

 

(b) Ldsoetlvnrnus Ldsoetlvnrnu encnurom. s pcbdts bro bttrbetlvocy

 

(h) Huttoraclos fbvo b cndk tuho-clgo  prnhnsels.

?.

Yropbro bdm en`pcoto tfo acnwefbrt beenrmldk tn typo na dutrltlnd.

 Dutrltlnd

Ycbdts Butntrnpfle

Bdl`bcs Ybrbsltle

Yrnjoet :

 

2.  @bdy fotorntrnpfle fotorntrnpfle nrkbdls`s clvo nd ndo bdm tfo sb`o pcbdt. Nhsorvo ndo suef pcbdt ld ynur dolkfhnurfnnm bdm aldm nut bhnut tfo fotorntrnpfs tfbt mopodm upnd lt anr tfolr annm. Nhsorvo bdm `bgo dntos bhnut ntfor nrkbdls`s tfbt uso tfoso fotorntrnpfs bs tfolr annm.

 

8.  Yropbro pnw‖Dutrltlnd pnwor or pnldt pnldt prosodtbtlnd pros nd tfo b tnple ld odtbtlnd Clvldk Nrkbdls`s“.

t t t

Oetnpbrbsltle

Ldsoetlvnrnus

55 55

 

?. Annm Ubaoty Cot“s roebcc.

En`pcoto tfo anccnwldk efbrt wltf tfo enrroet ldanr`btlnd.

Ur. Dn.

Annm / Unureo

2. 8. 5. =.

Jnwbr, Jnwb r, wf wfob obt, t, `l `lcc ccot ot (h (hbj bjrb rb), ), rl rleo eo Hobds bdm pucsos Nlc, kfoo, ote. Arults bdm vokotbhcos

Dutrlodts nhtbldom

Audetlnd ld hnmy

Bcc endstltuodts na annm-ebrhnfymrbtos, abts, prntolds, vltb`lds, `ldorbcs, alhro bdm wbtor bro doeossbry anr tfo prnpor krnwtf na tfo hnmy. [o kot tfoso dutrlodts arn` annm `btorlbcs clgo wfobt, jnwbr, pucsos, rleo, vokotbhcos, arults, ote. Fnwovor, wfbt wlcc fbppod la tfoso annm `btorlbcs bro ldaostom hy ldsoets l dsoets nr spnlcom spnlco m ld bdy wby > Annm spnlcbko Nhsorvo bdm mlseuss.

B H

E

M ?.2 Ovodts ld nur surrnudmldks

Abetnrs rospndslhco anr annm spnlcbko

Un`otl`os, arults nr tfolr sglds turd hcbeg. Un`o annmstuaas klvo nut b anuc nr  hbm nmnur. Uuef annmstuaas bro dnt sultbhco anr us tn obt. Un`otl`os, dbturbccy bvblcbhco `btorlbcs bro spnlcom wrndkpcbeo. fbdmcldk bs wfod bro nvorenngom, nrannm l`prnporcy stnrom, sby ld hy b mb`p Ld suef ebsos, tfoy tfo qubclty na

tfo annm `btorlbcs motorlnrbtos. ]foy `by bcsn ho spnlcom murldk trbdspnrtbtlnd. Ebd ynu klvo `nro suef s uef oxb`pcos oxb` pcos na annm spnlcbko spn lcbko > 5= 5=

 

]fo annmstuaas wo endsu`o, wfotfor na bdl`bc nr pcbdt snureo, `ust ho na tfo  host qubclty. Ntforwlso, wo `by abcc proy tn mlsobso nr lccdoss. Annm ls sblm tn ho spnlcom la tforo ls b efbdko ld lts encnur, nmnur, toxturo, qubclty, tbsto bdm tforo ls b cnss na lts dutrlodt endtodt.

Nhsorvo bdm mlseuss.

?.5 Nur abvnurltos

Nhsorvo.

Nd b mby nut wltf nur arlodms nr ab`lcy wo odjny `nutf-wbtorldk mlsfos clgo  pbdl-purl,  sfov purl,  pbv-hfbjl, vbmb-pbv, plzzbs, hurkors. Hut, fbvo ynu ovor klvod b tfnukft tn fnw nr wforo tfoy woro `bmo > [oro tfoy mlspcbyom bdm sorvom fyklodlebccy > [fbt wbs tfo snureo na tfo wbtor usom anr propbrldk tfo` > Mlseuss Mls euss bcc bc c tfoso tfos o `bttors `bt tors wltf ynur selodeo tobefor.

[flef arults ld tfo pleturo bppobr tn ho knnm tn obt > [fy [f y > Qbrlnus gldms na efbdkos neeur ld annm `btorlbcs. Anr oxb`pco, arults turd hcbeg nr efbdko tbsto, `obt  hoen`os snur nr pobduts hoen`o rbdelm. Bcc tfoso efbdkos neeur muo tn abetnrs wltfld tfo annm `btorlbcs. Natod, annm krblds, ote. prnmueom ld abr`s bro mb`bkom muo tn vbrlnus robsnds clgo l`prnpor fbdmcldk, l`prnpor stnrbko, l`prnpor trbdspnrtbtlnd, ote. Un`o annmstuaas clgo `obt bdm `lcg bro oltfor belmle nr bcgbcldo. ]foy `by kot spnlcom muo tn efo`lebc robetlnds nd endtbet wltf `otbcs. Un`otl`os, annmstuaas `by ho spnlcom muo tn endtb`ldbtlnd hy `lern-nrkbdls`s nr ldsoets arn` tfo surrnudmldk blr, wbtor nr snlc.

?.5 Arults

Ebd ynu klvo sn`o ntfor oxb`pcos na abetnrs tfbt ebuso spnlcbko na annm > Annm wbstbko

Ebd ynu tocc >

Fnw bdm wforo ls annm wbstom >

[ltf tfo focp na selodeo bdm toefdncnky, Ldmlb fbs sfnwd krobt prnkross ld tfo  prnmuetlnd  prnmuetln d na vbrlnus annmstuaas clgo eorobcs, arults, vokotbhcos vokotbhcos,, alsf bs wocc bs `lcg bdm `lcg-prnmuets. Ovod sn, `bdy ponpco ld nur enudtry bdm bcc nvor tfo wnrcm abeo tfo prnhco` na fudkor. @bdy mn dnt kot ovod ndo `obc b mby. Fodeo, lt ls nur muty tn provodt wbstbko na annm wforovor lt tbgos pcbeo. Rubdtltbtlvo wbstbko na annm : [rndk `otfnms na abr`ldk clgo fbdm snwldk na sooms, ldbmoqubto tfrosfldk, l`prnpor stnrbko bdm wrndk `otfnms na mlstrlhutlnd

bro sn`o robsnds anr qubdtltbtlvo wbstbko na annm. Hoslmos, `uef annm ls wbstom bs b rosuct na tfo eustn` na naaorldk bdm sorvldk tnn `uef annm tn kuosts bt

trbmltlndbc aobsts nr hbdquots. Fbm lt dnt hood wbstom, bcc tfls annm enucm fbvo `ot tfo doom na `bdy ntfors. 5? 5?

 

Rubcltbtlvo wbstbko na annm :  _sldk wrndk `otfnms na prntoetldk annm, oxeosslvo uso na annm prosorvbtlvos, nvor-enngldk, wbsfldk tfo vokotbhcos bator euttldk tfo`, `ls-fbdmcldk na arults clgo krbpos bdm `bdknos, `ls-ebceucbtlnd na tfo tl`o roqulrom tn trbdspnrt annm arn` prnmueors tn endsu`ors, bro sn`o na tfo ebusos na qubcltbtlvo wbstbko na annm. [fbt ebd ynu mn tn provodt annm wbstbko bdm spnlcbko > 2. Uorvo ynursoca ndcy bs `uef bs ynu ebd obt. 8. Bvnlm nvor-enngldk annm. 5. Bvnlm tfrnwldk bwby coat-nvor annm. Xo-uso lt ld b prnpor wby. =. Huy ndcy bs `uef krbld, vokotbhcos, arults, `lcg, ote. bs ynu doom. Bvnlm tfo to`ptbtlnd tn `bgo oxeosslvo purefbsos. ?. Utnro krblds bdm ntfor porlsfbhco

annmstuaas clgo vokotbhcos, arults, `lcg, ote. usldk prnpor `otfnms. 1. Efoeg tfo oxplry mbto na hnttcom, ebddom, pbegom annm bdm uso wltfld tfbt tl`o. ;. Obt bcc tfo annm tfbt ynu fbvo sorvom ynursoca.

Nhsorvo bdm mlseuss.

[fbt ebd wo mn tn bvnlm uso na rleo krblds bs ‖bgsfbtb “ bdm tn provodt wbstbko na annm an nm murldk murl dk wommldk wommld k aobsts aobs ts >

21tf  NE]NHOX [NXCM ANNM MB\ ]n wnrg tnwbrms annm soeurlty bdm bvnlm annm wbstbko.

Annm stnrbko bdm prosorvbtlnd

[o fbvo cobrdt bhnut vbrlnus `otfnms na sbao stnrbko na annm clgo aroozldk, mryldk, hnlcldk, blr-tlkft pbegldk, ote. ]foso mlaaorodt `otfnms provodt tfo krnwtf na `lern-nrkbdls`s ld annm bdm tforohy sbvo tfo annm arn` spnlcldk. Annm prntoetlnd bdm annm prosorvbtlnd Annm prntoetlnd :  Yrovodtlnd na annm spnlcbko hy `lernhlbc krnwtf bdm ldaostbtlnd hy posts ls ebccom annm  prntoetlnd..  prntoetlnd Annm prosorvbtlnd :  _so na vbrlnus

 prosorvbtlvos tn provodt, anr b cndk  prosorvbtlvos  porlnm na tl`o, annm spnlcbko muo tn

Annm Dbtlndbc bdm Mruk Ldstltutlnds Bm`ldlstrbtlnd

]fls ls b knvord`odt nrkbdlzbtlnd tfbt endtrncs prnmuetlnd bdm mlstrlhutlnd na annm bdm mruks  hy tfolr stbdmbrmlz stbdmbrmlzbtlnd. btlnd. Annm Ubaoty bdm Utbdmbrmlzbtlnd Butfnrlty na Ldmlb (AUUBL) fbs hood ostbhclsfom bs por tfo Annm Ubaoty bdm Utbdmbrmlzbtlnd Bet-8991. [oh bmmrossos : www.assbl.knv.ld www.amb.`bfbrbsftrb.knv.ld

ldtordbc abetnrs  prosorvbtlnd.  prosorvbtln d.

ls

ebccom

annm 51 51

 

Aroozldk Hlncnklebc bdm efo`lebc robetlnds ld annm `btorlbcs bro scnwom mnwd bt cnw to`porbturo. Bs b rosuct, annm ro`blds ld knnm endmltlnd anr b cndkor murbtlnd. ]fbt ls wfy, roarlkorbtnrs bro usom ld tfo gltefod.

_so na ldsort kbs  Dltrnkod kbs ls alccom ld blr-tlkft  pbegots na pntbtn wbaors bdm ntfor annm prnmuets tfus provodtldk tfo krnwtf na audkus bdm ldsoets ld tfo`.

_so na prosorvbtlvos Dbturbc prosorvbtlvos U`ngldk Annm ls prosorvom wltf tfo focp na s`ngo. Bcu`ldlu` pfnspflmo ls usom ld tfls `otfnm.

@otfnms na Annm Yrntoetlnd

_so na ldsoetlelmos @ocbtflnd ls sprbyom nd

tfo kuddy hbks endtbldldk annmkrblds.

Lrrbmlbtlnd Ld tfls `otfnm, annm ls oxpnsom tn lndlzldk rbmlbtlnds suef bs flkf odorky ocoetrnds o`lttom hy beeocorbtnrs, V-rbys, kb``b-rbys o`lttom hy rbmlnbetlvo lsntnpos, ote. ]fls prneoss mostrnys tfo `lernhos, ldsoets, ote.

Ufoca-clao arults porlnm. lderobsos tn lderobso ldnarlpodldk ]fomuo sfocaclao na pntbtnos bdm ndlnds lderobsos muo tn scnwom-mnwd sprnutldk.

Un`o dbturbccy bvblcbhco `btorlbcs clgo sbct, sukbr, nlc bro usom bs prosorvbtlvos ld  plegcos, jb`s, `urbhhb ,  potfb , ote. Efo`lebc prosorvbtlvos Beotle belm (vldokbr), eltrle belm, snmlu` hodznbto bdm sn`o dltrbto bdm dltrlto

sbcts bro sn`o oxb`pcos na efo`lebc prosorvbtlvos. ]foy bro usom ld sbueos, jocclos,  jb`s, bdm ld pbegbkom robmytn-enng vokotbhcos bdm robmytn-obt annms, ote. ]foso  prosorvbtlvos  prosorvbtlv os goop tfo annm sbao anr b vory cndk murbtlnd. Ybstourlsbtlnd ]fls `otfnm ldvncvos fobtldk tfo

`lcg nr to`porbtur ntfor sl`lcbr annmstuaas tnn E b  eortbld to`porbturo, o, o.k., `lcg btup69 anr 2? `ldutos bdm enncldk lt qulegcy. ]fls mostrnys tfo `lernhos prosodt ld tfo `lcg bdm lt goops anr b cndkor murbtlnd. Krobt Uelodtlsts

Ld @bfbrbsftrb, lrrbmlbtlnd  pcbdts fbvo hood ldstbccom bt

]fo `lernhlncnklst, Cnuls Ybstour movocnpom tfo toefdlquo na prosorvldk tfo qubclty na annm hy

Cbsbckbnd anr@u`hbl ndlnds bdmanr pntbtnos bdm bt Dbvl spleos

rblsldk lts to`porbturo tn  provodt `lernhlbc krnwtf

Mn ynu gdnw >

bdm endml`odts.

ld tfo annm. 5; 5;

 

Cot“s roebcc.

[fbt ls `obdt ` obdt hy bmuctorbtlnd na annm > Annm ls bmuctorbtom ld tfls wby tnn !

En`pcoto tfo anccnwldk tbhco. Ur. Dn.

2. 8. 5. =.

Annmstuaa

@lcg Xom eflccy  pnwmor  ----------------Leo erob`

Bmuctorbdt

------------------------------Uooms na pbpbyb

]fo fobctf na bcc ponpco, ynudk bdm ncm, pnnr nr rlef, ls odmbdkorom hy annm bmuctorbtlnd. Mlaaorodt typos na bmuctorbdts baaoet nur fobctf ld mlaaorodt wbys. Un`o bmuctorbdts ebuso bhmn`ldbc mlsen`anrt nr pnlsndldk, wflco sn`o `by baaoet tfo audetlndldk na sn`o nrkbds la endsu`om nvor b cndk porlnm na tl`o, nr ovod ebuso ebdeor.

2. Xo`nvbc na sn`o l`pnrtbdt en`pndodts na annm7 o.k., ro`nvbc na abt endtodt na `lcg, ossodeo na ecnvos, ebrmb`n`s, ote. 8. @lxldk na b cnw qubclty ldomlhco nr efobpor `btorlbc nr b fbr`auc encnur wltf annm. 5. @lxldk na sn`o fbr`auc `btorlbcs clgo s`bcc stndos, aldo sbdm, lrnd alcldks, urob, mudk na fnrso, sbwmust, ote. ]fldg b clttco ! Obef ndo na us sfnucm tfldg bhnut

wfbt wo obt ovory mby bdm bhnut tfo dutrltlvo vbcuo bdm qubclty na tfo annm wo obt.

Fnw wlcc ynu aldm nut la annm fbs hood bmuctorbtom> Annm `btorlbc

@lcg

Xom eflccy  pnwmor 

Bmuctorbdt

Endecuslnd

[btor

Yut b mrnp na `lcg nd b kcbss La tfo sprobm-`brg na `lcg sclmo bdm sclkftcy ldecldo lt tn mnos dnt bppobr `lcgy wflto, sprobm tfo mrnp. wbtor `ust fbvo hood bmmom tn lt. Hrle Hr leg g mu must st ]b ]bgo go b sp spnn nnda dauc uc na ef eflc lccy cy La b rom cbyor ls sood sottcom bt  pnwmor ld b hobgor, bmm wbtor tfo hnttn` na tfo hobgor, lt up tn fbca na tfo hobgor, stlr lt `ust fbvo hood bmuctorbtom bdm cobvo lt udmlsturhom anr b wltf hrleg must. aow `ldutos.

]ur`orle @otbdyc  pnwmor  yoccnw

 Xbvb 

]ost

Aldo lrnd alcldks

]bgo b pldef na tur`orle pnwmor ld b tost tuho, bmm b s`bcc qubdtlty na wbtor tn lt, sfbgo tfo `lxturo bdm bmm b aow mrnps na ende. FEc. Ybss b `bkdot tfrnukf tfo rbvb .

]fo `lxturo hoen`os rom nd bmmltlnd na ende. FEc bdm tfo rom encnur mnos dnt mlsbppobr la `otbdyc yoccnw ls prosodt. Lrnd alcldks bmforo tn tfo `bkdot.

@y arlodm, tfo ldtordot ! [btef tfo vlmon-eclps bhnut annm bmuctorbtlnd nd

@y arlodm, tfo ldtordot !

www.ynutuho.en` bdm `bgo bd lmodtlalebtlnd glt anr motoetldk annm bmuctorbtlnd. 56 56

 

Hnngs, `y arlodms !

Enccoet hnngs wflef klvo `nro ldanr`btlnd bhnut annm bmuctorbtlnd. Xobm bdm try tn lmodtlay annm bmuctorbtlnd.

Mn ynu gdnw >

Bcwbys ro`o`hor

-

2. Un`o efo`lebcs bro ldjoetom l djoetom ldtn arults tn `bgo tfo` `nro bttrbetlvo bdm tbsty.

Ld 2