Science

2015

IAS,PSC,SSC,RAILWAY,SI

IMPROVE YOUR MIND POWER J.S.BHADORIA

tho foKku GG G

tho foKku] foKku dh og ’kk[kk gSa] ftlds varxZr tho /kkfj;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA tho foKku dk tud vjLrq dks dgk tkrk gSA Biology dk loZizFke iz;ksx teZuh ds ySekdZ vkSj Vªsohjsul us 1801 esa fd;k FkkA Biology dh nks 'kk[kk,sa gSa & 1- tUrq foKku 2- ouLifr foKku fFk;ksÝsLVl us viuh iqLrd Historian planterum esa fd;k Fkk blesa mUgksaus 500 fdLe ds ikS/kkssa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k gSA blfy, bUgsa ouLifr foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA vjLrq us viuh iqLrd Historia Animalium esa 500 izdkj ds tUrqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k gSA blfy, vjLrq dks Father of Zoology dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa Father Of Biology Hkh dgrs gSA tUrqvksa ds oSKkfud oxhZdj.k dk igyk iz;kl xzhd nk’kZfud vjLrq us fd;k FkkA ¼384&322 BC½ bUgksaus lEiw.kZ tUrq txr dks nks cM+s lewgksa esa ck¡VkA ¼A½ ,ukbek & bu tUrqvksa esa yky jDr dk vHkko gksrk gSA tSls & Liat] lhysLVªVs l] eksyLdk] vkFkksZiksM+k ¼B½ bukbek & bu tUrqvksa esa yky jDr ik;k tkrk gSA bls iqUk% nks lewgksa ckaVk x;k gSA  vaMt ¼Ovi Parous½ %& eNfy;k¡] i{kh] liZ] exj vkfnA  tjk;qt ¼Vivi Parous½ cPps nsus okys %& dqÙkk] xk;] euq"; vkfnA daxk: viokn Lo:i v.Mtjk;qt ¼Ovo vivi Parous½ egRoiw.kZ rF;

 ofxZdh ¼Classification½ dk lcls NksVk lewg tkfr ¼Species½ gSA  ,slk Øe ftlesa ¼oxhZdj.k½¼Taxonomy½ ds fofHkUu inksa dks Øe ls j[kk tkrk gSA mls oxhZdh dk inkuqØe ¼Heirchey½ dgrs gSA ftleas Øe’k% tkfr] oa’k] dqy] x.k] oxZ] la?k vkSj txr 'kkfey gSA tSls & euq"; dk oxhZdj.k txr ¼Kingdom½ & Animaila la?k ¼Phylum½ & Chordata oxZ ¼Class½ & mammalia x.k ¼Order½ & Primate dqy ¼Family½ & Homonidae oa’k ¼Genus½ & Homo tkfr ¼Species½ & Sapience  tSo fodkl dk izFke fl)kar Ýkal ds oSKkfud ySekdZ us viuh iqLrd ^^fQykWLQh twykWfxd** ¼1809½ esa fn;k FkkA bl okn (Theory) dks ySekdZ okn ;k vaxksa ds mi;ksx vuqi;ksx dk fl)kar ;k ¼mikftZr y{k.kksa dh oa’kk xfr dk fl)kar½ Theory of Inheritance of Acquired characters dgrs gSA

ySekdZ us vius okn dk lR;kiu liksaZ esa iSjksa ds foyqIr gksus vkSj ftjkQ esa yach xnZu vkSj vxyh Vk¡xkas ds yacs gksu s vkSj

 MkfCkZu baXyS.M ds oSKkfud Fks ftUgksaus viuh tkfr dh iqLrd ^tkfr;ksa dh mifÙk*¼Origin of Species½ 1859 esa viuk fl)kar fn;kA ft;s MkfZCkZuokn ;k izkd`frd oj.kokn ¼Theory of Natural Selection½ dgrs gSA oSKkfud gcZV LisUlj us bls ;ksX;re dh mÙke thfork ¼Survival of fittest½ dgkA  :l ds tho foKkuh vksiSfju us viuh iqLrd thou dh mRifÙk ¼Origin of life½ esa crk;k fd loZizFke i`Foh ij thou dh mRifÙk yxHkx 4 vjc o"kZ igys izksVhjkstksbd dYi ¼izhdsfEc;u dky½ esa leqnzh ty esa gqbZ FkhA  ok;jl dks ltho o futhZo ds chp dh ¼la;ksth dM+h½ Connecting link dgrs gSA e-education(delhi)

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fgIiksØsVl us ekuo jksxksa ij loZizFke ys[k fy[ks blfy, bUgsa fpfdRlk foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA ¼Father

of medical

science½

tho/kkfj;ksa dk oxhZdj.k & tho/kkfj;ksa dks 5 txr esa ¼Kingdom½ oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gSaA ¼1½ Monera & bl txr ds lHkh thoks esa dsUnzd foghu izkSdSfj;ksfVd dksf’kdk gksrh gS rFkk ;s ,d dks’kh; tho gksrs gSA blds varxZr Bacteria ¼thok.kq½ ¼uhy&gfjr ’kSoky½ Blue green Algae vkrs gSA ¼2½ Protesta & ;s ,d dks’kh; tho dsUnz okyh eukaryotic dksf’kdk gksrh gSA blesa Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, plasmodium etc.

¼3½ Plants ¼ikni½ & ;s cgqdks’kh; ikS/ks gksrs gSA ftuesa ¼izdk’k la’ys"k.k½ Photosynthesis gksrk gSA Eg, algae, mosses & lHkh izdkj ds isM+ ikS/ks blesa vkrs gSA ¼4½ Fungi ¼dod½ & blesa os eukaryotic vkSj ijiksf"kr ¼Heterotrophic½ tho/kkjh lfEefyr fd;s x;s gSa ftuesa chlorophyll & chloroplast ugh ik;k tkrk gSA blfy, ;s izdk’k & l’ys"k.k ¼Cell Wall½ ugh djrs gSA ;s ijthoh ;k e`rksIkthoh ¼Parasite or saprophytic½ gksrs gSA budh dksf’kdk fHkÙkh dkbfVu dh cuh gksrh gSA ¼5½ Anima lea & ;s cgqdks'kh; eukaryotic miHkksDrk tho gksrs gSA budks esVktksvk Hkh dgrs gSA tSLks & Hydra, Jelly Fish, Starfish ljh l`Ik ¼Reptiles½ Amphibians, i{kh] rFkk Mammals dqN thoksa ds oSKkfud uke & Homosapiels Ekuq"; Frog

Rana - Tigrina Fails - domestic

fcYyh ¼Cat½ Canis – famniliaris dqÙkk ¼Dog½ Musca – Domestica eD[kh ¼Housefly½ Mangifera – Indica vke ¼Mango½ Oryzasativa pkoy ¼Rice½ Triticum – aestivam xsg¡w ¼Wheet½ dksf'kdk ¼Cell½ & dksf’kdk lHkh thoks dh lajpukRed ,oa izdk;kZRed bdkbZ (Structural and functional unit) gSA dksf’kdk dh [kkst jkscVZ gqd us 1665 esa dh FkhA dksf’kdk fl)kar 1838 esa 'ykbMu vkSj 'oku us fn;k FkkA bls igys Robert Brown us 1831 esa dksf’kdk ds Nucleus dh [kkst dh FkhA ekuo ‘’kjhj esa yxHkx 5000 vjc dksf’kdk;sa gksrh gSA lkekU; dksf’kdk dh eki 30&50 Micron gksrh gSA tks blesa tho/kkjh inkFkZ gksrk gS] mls Protoplasm dgrs gSA dksf'kdk ds izdkj & jpuk ds vk/kkj ij dksf’kdk;sa nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA 1- Prokaryotic cell 2- Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell – izkSdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk esa dsaUnzd f>Yyh ¼Nucleus membrane½ ugh ik;h tkrh gSA buesa dksf’kdk foHkktu ugha gksrk gSA 'olu ;a= IykTek f>Yyh ¼Membrane½ esa gksrk gSA ;s thok.kq vkSj uhy&gfjr ’kSoky esa ik;h tkrh gSA Eukaryotic cell & ;g cell esa dsUnzd f>Yyh ls f?kjk jgrk gSA buesa dksf’kdk foHkktu gksrk gSA buesa 'olu ra= Mitochondria esa gksrk gSA ;s lHkh tUrqvks vkSj ikS/ksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA lcls NksVh cell Micoplama, Gallisepticum(PPLO) dh gksrh gS vkSj lcls cM+h dksf’kdk ¼'kqrqjeqxZ½ Ostrich ds v.Ms dh gksrh gSA

1 -

2 -

ikni vkSj tUrq dksf’kdk esa vUrj ikni dksf'kdk Plant cell tUrq dksf'kdk Animal cell blesa dksf’kdk fHkÙkh ik;h 1- tUrq dksf’kdk esa tkrh gS tks eq[; :i ls dksf’kdk fHkÙkh ugh lSY;qykst dh cuh gksrh ik;h tkrh gS cfYd gSA dksf’kdk ls f?kjh jgrh gSA ikS/kksa esa gfjr yod 2- tUrq esa ¼Chlorophyll½ ik;k ¼Chlorophyll½ ugha

e-education(delhi)

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tkrk Gsa ik;s tkrs gSA 3 iknd dksf’kdk esa 3- tUrq dksf’kdk esa ikl - ¼Centro some½ ugha ds dsanzd ds ikl ik;h tkrh tks dksf’kdk Centrosome ik;h foHkktu esa dk;Z djrh gSA tkrh gSA 4 iknd dksf’kdk esa 4- tUrq dksf’kdk esa - Lysosome ugha ik;s tkrs Lysosome ik;s tkrs gSA gSA 5 vf/kdka'k ikni dksf’kdk esa 5- vf/kdka’k tUrq - rkjd dsUnz (Centriole) dksf’kdkvksa esa ugha gksrs gSA Centriole gksrs gSA dksf kdk ds eq[; Hkkx &

1- dksf’kdk fHkfÙk ¼Cell wall½ & lSy oky dsoy ikni dksf’kdkvksa esa gh ik;h tkrh gSA ;g futhZo inkFkZ dh cuh gksrh gSA 'kSoky vkSj gjs ikS/ks dh fHkfÙk ls cuh gksrh gSA thok.kq vkSj dod dh dksf’kdk fHkfÙk Carbohydrat dh cuh gksrh gSA Cell dksf’kdk fHkfÙk dk eq[; dk;Z Cell Membrane & cytoplasm dks ckgj ls lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA 2- dksf’kdk f>Yyh ¼Cell Membrane½ & izR;sd dh ckgjh ijr dksf’kdk f>Yyh gksrh gSA ;s Fats & protein dh cuh gksrh gS 3- dsaUnzd ¼Nucles½ & bldh [kkst Robert Brown us 1831 esa dh FkhA ;g dksf’kdk ds e/; esa gksrk gSA ;g xksykdkj ;k v.Mkdkj gksrk gSA ;g lHkh dksf’kdkvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk fu;a=.k dsanz gSA dsaæd ds dbZ Hkkx gS %& ¼I½ dsanzd dyk ¼Plasma Membrane½ & ;g dsnzd dks ?ksjus okyh nks lrgksa dh cuh f>Yyh gSA izR;sd lrg izksVhu vkSj olk dh cuh gksrh gSA dksf’kdk dyk esa NksVs&NksVs Nsn gksrs gSA bu fNnzks }kjk dksf’kdk nzo ¼Cytoplasm½ vkSj dsnzd nzo ds chp inkFkksaZ dk vknku iznku gksrk gSaA ¼II½ dsnzd nzo ¼Nucleo plasm½ & ;g vanj dk tho nzo ¼potoplasm½ gSA blesa Protein and nucleic acid ik;s tkrs gSA ¼III½ dsaæd tky & blesa Chromatin ds eksVs d.k ik;s tkrs gSA ØksesfVu ds /kkxk ij DNA vuqokaf’kd d.kksa dks ys tkus dk dk;Z djrs gSA 1953 esa okVlu vkSj fØd us DNA dk Mcy gSfyDl ek¡My fn;k Fkk fn;k FkkA blds fy, mUgsa 1962 esa Noble prize feyk FkkA ¼IV½ dksf’kdk æo ¼Cytoplasm½ & Nucleus ds vfrfjDr dksf’kdk dk ’ks"k Hkkx Cytoplasm gSA ;s dsnzd ds pkjks vkSj dksf’kdk fHkfÙk ds chp esa ik;k tkus okyk tho nzo gSA ¼V½ ekbVksdk¡fUMª;k ¼Mitoclondria½ & bls dksf’kdk dk ’kfDr dsUæ ¼Power house of cell½ dgk tkrk gSA ekbVªksdk¡fUMª;k dh [kkst 1886 esa vYVesu us dh FkhA ekbVksdk¡fUMª;k esa ATP curs gSA ekbVksdk¡fUMª;k ds Enzyme }kjk dksf’kdk 'olu gksrk gS] ftlls ÅtkZ iSnk gksrh gSA ;gk¡ Hkkstu dk laiw.kZ vkWDlhMs’ku gksrk gSA ftls dksf’kdk dks cgqr vf/kd ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gSA Mitochondria Bacteria & Blue green Algae dks NksM+dj lHkh ikS/kks vkSj izkf.k;ksa dh dksf’kdk esa ik;k tkrk gSA Mitochondria esa DNA, RNA, Ribosome’s ik;s tkrs gSA ¼VI½ Golgi Body ¼xksYthdk;½ & bldks fMDVhvkslkse Hkh dgrs gSAa bldh [kkst 1898 esa Golgi us dh FkhA ;s flQZ Eukaryotic cells esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldks lcls igys mYyw dh dksf kdk esa ns[kk x;k FkkA ;g piVh ¼Flat½ f>Yyh;ksa dh ,d lajpuk gksrh gA bldk eq[; dk;Z Cell wall and cell plate dk fuekZ.k djuk gksrk gSA ¼VII½ Lysosome & Lysosome xksykdkj dh f>Yyh ls cuh lajpuk (Structure) gksrh gSAA blesa 36 izdkj ds Enzyme ik;s tkrs gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z var% dks’kh; ikpu ¼Intracellular Digestion½ gSA blfy, bldks ikpu FkSyh Hkh dgrs gSA dHkh&dHkh Hkkstu dh deh ds dkj.k ;s dksf’kdkvksa dks [kkus yxrk gS] blhfy, bls vkRegR;k dh FkSyh ¼Suicidal bag of cell½ dgk tkrk gSA Lysosome, cell Division ds Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA ;s dksf’kdk ds vanj vkus okys Bacteria dks Hkh u"V dj nsrs gSA Lysosome vLoLFk dksf’kdkvksa ;k e`r dksf’kdkvksa dks u"V dj nsrs gSA Lysosome dh [kkst D. Duve us 1849 esa dh FkhA Chromosome & budks lcls igys ¼xq.klw=½ gk¡QesLVj us VkbfMdSfU’k;k ikS/ks dh ijkx ekr` dksf’kdk ¼Polen Mother Cell½ esa ns[kk FkkA e-education(delhi)

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okYMs;j us 1888 esa bls xq.klw= uke fn;k FkkA Chromosome es Gene ik;s tkrs gSA ekuo esa 23 tksM+ ØksekslksEl ik;s tkrs gSA canj esa 21 tksM+ ik;s tkrs gSA Ribosome & bldh [kkst G.E Palade us 1955 esa dh FkhA ;s DyksjksIykLV] ekbVksdksfMª;k vkSj lk;VksIykLe esa ik, tkrs gSaA budk eq[; dk;Z Protein dk Synthesis ¼la’ys"k.k½ djuk gSA blhfy, bls Protein dh Factory dgk tkrk gS A Cantro some & bldh [kkst T. Bovery us 1888 esa dh FkhA bldk eq[; dk;Z dksf’kdk foHkktu es enn djuk gSA Chloroplast & ;g gjs jx dk inkFkZ gksrk gS] tks dsoy Plant cells esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ikS/ks izdk’k&la’ys"k.k dh fØ;k }kjk Hkkstu cukrs gSA blesa Magnesium rRo ik;k tkrk gSA ifÙk;ksa dk jax ihyk gksus dk dkj.k muesa dSjksfVu dk fuekZ.k gksuk gSA  Chromosome esa His tone Protein ik;h tkrh gSA tks {kkjh; ¼Alkelytic½ izd`fr dh gksrh gSA  xq.klw= ij thUl js[kh; Øe ¼Lenier½ esa ik;s tkrs gSA  D.N.A esa ik;h tkus okyh Sugar De Oxy Ribose sugar gksrh gSA  D.N.A dh fuekZ.kdkjh bdkbZ (Formating unit) gksrh gSA tks rhu RkRoksa ls feydj curh gSA {kkj ¼Base½] 'kdZjk ¼Sugar½ o QkWLQksfjd vEy  D.N.A. eas 4 izdkj ds ukbVªkstu {kkj gksrs gS Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine

 

tcfd R.N.A esa Fkkbehu ds LFkku ;wjsfly ik;k tkrk gSA iz;ksx’kkyk esa D.N.A dk d`f=e la’ys"k.k ¼ Artificial Synthesis½ Dr. gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk us fd;k FkkA ftlds fy, bUgs

 

      



1968 esa ukscy iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA thu 'kCn tksgsUlu us 1909 esa fn;k FkkA tcfd thu dks es.My us Factor ;k Determine dgk FkkA R.N.A. rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA ¼1½ M- R.N.A ¼eSlsUtjs½ %& ;g lcls yEck R.N.A. gSA ;s 900&1500 Nucleotide ls feydj curk gSA bls D. RNA Hkh dgrs gSA ¼2½ T-R.N.A (T- Transfer) %& ;g lcls NksVk R.N.A gSa ;s 75&80 Nucleotide ls curk gSA bldk thou dky lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA ¼3½ R-R.N.A (R- Ribosomal) %& ;s rhus izdkj ds R.N.A esa lcls T;knk 80% gksrk gS vkSj ;g izksVhu la’ys"k.k esa lØh; :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSA Nucleic acid dh [kkst oSKkfud ÝsMfjd ¼dsfUnz; nzo½ fe’kj us dh ¼dsUnzh; nzo 1869 esa½ blesa D.N.A o R.N.A nksuksa gksrs gSA bls lu~ 1899 esa vYVEkSu us N. Acid uke fn;k FkkA D.N.A lHkh tUrq dksf’kdkvksa] cSDVhfj;k dkssf’dkvksa] IykfLVM Plant cells esa ik;k tkrk gS vkSj ekbVªksdksfUMª;k esa ik;k tkrk gSA tcfd R.N.A eq[;r% ¼Plant Virus½ ikni fo"kk.kq es gksrk gSA D.N.A dk eq[; dk;Z vkuqoaf’kd y{k.kksa ¼Hereditory Characters½ dks ,d ihM+h ls nwljh ihM+h esa ys tkuk gSA R.N.A dk eq[; dk;Z izksVhu fuekZ.k gSA ysfdu Plant Virus esa R.N.A. vuqokaf’kd inkFkZ dk dke djrk gSA Mitosis ¼le lw=h dksf’kdk foHkktu½ ,slk dksf’kdk foHkktu ¼Cell Division½ gSA ftlesa ,d iSr`d dksf’kdk ¼Parental cells½ ds foHkktu ls nks iq=h dksf’kdk ¼Daughter cells½ cuh gS ftuesa xq.klw=ksa dh la[;k iSr`d dksf’kdk esa cjkcj gksrh gSA ;g lelw=h dksf’kdk foHkktu Body Cells vkSj dSUlj Cells esa ik;k tkrk gS rFkk blh dksf’kdk foHkktu ls tUrq dksf’kdkvksa esa o`f) gksrh gS rFkk 'kjhj dh VwV&QwV dh ejEer gksrh gSaA bldh [kkst ¶ysfeax us dh FkhA v)Z lw=h ¼Miosis½ foHkktu ,slk Cell Division gSA ftlesa ,d iSr`d dksf’kdk foHkktu ls 4 iq=h dksf’kdk curh gS ftuesa xq.klw=ksa dh la[;k iSr`d dksf’kdk ls vk/kh gksrh gSA ;g dksf’kdk foHkktu ySafxd dksf’kdkvksa ¼Sex Cells) esa gksrk gSA tSls & 'kqØk.kq ¼Sperm½ o v.Mk.kq ¼Ovum½ bldh [kkst QkeZj ewjs us dhA

e-education(delhi)

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euq"; esa xq.k lw=ksa dh la[;k 23 tksM+s ;k 46 fpEikth esa 48 ;k 24 tksM+s o canj esa 21 tksM+s gksrs gSA

 lcls de xq.klw= 1 tksM+s ,LdsfVl esa gksrs gSA o lcls vf/kd jsfM;kssysfj;k vkWyksdsUFkk 800 tksM+s ;k 1600 Chromosome gksrs gSA  euq"; esa 22 tksM+h nSfgd xq.klw= (Auto somes) tcfd 23ok¡ tksM+h fyax ¼Sex½ xq.klw= ¼cromosome½ gksrk gSA  iq:"k esa x, y ds :i esa chromosome esa rFkk L=h esa x, x ds :i esa Chromosome gksrs gSA fo"kk.kq ¼Virus½ & Virus dh [kkst 1892 esa jf'k;u Scientist bokuksoLdh us dh FkhA ;g lcls igys rackdw dh iÙkh esa dh FkhA ,d lw{e ijthoh vkSj vdksf’kdh; ¼Noncellular½ d.k gS] tks jksxks dks QSykrk gSA Virus dks ltho vkSj futhZo dh chp dh dM+h ekuk tkrk gSA futhZo gksus ds y{k.k & 1- fo"kk.kq ds jos ¼fØLVy½ cukdj futhZo inkFkZ ds leku cksry esa j[kdj lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA 2- fo"kk.kq esa iks"k.k] ’olu o`f) mRltZu vkSj mikip; ugh gksrk gSA ltho gksus ds y{k.k & 1- fdlh thfor dksf’kdk esa ig¡qprs gh ;g lfØ; gks tkrs gSa] vkSj Enzymes dk la'ys"k.k djus yxrs gSA 2- fo"kk.kq esa izksVhu flUFksfll dks izsfjr dj tho dksf’kdk }kjk izkVs hu dk dop cukus dh {kerk gksrh gSA fo"kk.kq dh lajpuk ¼Structure of virus½ & Virus dks dsoy E- Microscope ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA izR;sd Virus ds pkjks vksj izksVhu dh ,d [kksy gksrh gSa] ftls dSiflM dgrs gSA dSiflM ds vanj Nucleic Acid, DNA & RNA gksrk gSA ;g vuqokaf’kdh okgd ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSA eaxy xzg ij ikni fo"kk.kq esa Nucleic Acid RNA vkSj tarq fo"kk.kq esa Nucleic Acid DNA gksrk gSA fo"kk.kq ds izdkj & fo"kk.kq 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSA ¼1½ Plant Virus & ikni fo"kk.kq esa Nucleic vEy RNA gksrk gSA TMV – (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) Virus

YMV – (Yellow Mosaic virus) ¼2½ Animal Virus & buesa Nucleic Acid, DNA HIV Virus

gksrk gS ysfdu dHkh & dHkh RNA Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA tSls &

Influenza Virus,

¼3½ Bacteriophase virus & ;s dsoy thok.kq ds Åij gh fuHkZj djrs gSA ;s Bacteria dks [kRe djrs gSA buesa DNA ik;k tkrk gSA ;s ikuh dks lM+us ls jksdrs gSA ;s Blue- Green Algae dks lkQ djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA fo"kk.kqvksa ls gksus okys jksx & ¼1½ ekuo esa gksus okys jksx & AIDS, chiken Pox, Bird Flue, H1N1, H1N5, bl jksx esa ekuo 'kjhj dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk lekIr gks tkrh gSA (II) Measles Yellow fever - ;s

ePNjksa ds dkVus ls gksrk gSa Arbo Virus }kjk gksrk gSA ¼III½ pspd ¼Small Pox½ & ¼IV½ Herpes & blls 'kjhj ij QQksys iM+ tkrs gSA ¼V½ Polio & uoZl flLVe izHkkfor gksrk gSA ¼VI½ Influenza & blls 'olu ra= izHkkfor gksrk gSA ¼Ortho-mixo Virus½ ¼VII½ Mumps ¼xylqvk½ & ¼VIII½ Trachoma & ;s vk¡[kksa esa gksrk gS] blls vk¡[kksa esa lwtu vk tkrh gSA ¼2½ i'kqvksa esa gksus okys jksx & ¼I½ Foot & Mouth Dresses ¼eq¡gidk vkSj [kqjidk½ & ;s lwvj esa lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA ¼II½ Rabies & ikxy dqÙkksa ds dkVus ls Bacteria ^^thok.kq**

bldh [kkst loZizFke ,.Vksuhok¡u – Leeuwenhock us 1683 esa dh FkhA . cSDVhfj;k dh [kkst nkarksa ds [kqjpu ¼Scrap½ ls dh x;h FkhA e-education(delhi)

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. jkcVZ dksp us loZizFke 1881 thok.kqvkssa dk —f=e lao/kZu fd;k Fkk vkSj Anthrax vkSj Tuberculosis ds thok.kqvksa dks vyx fd;k Fkk] ftlds fy, bUgsa 1905 esa Noble Prize feykA . Bacteria ,ddksf’kdh; lw{e izkSdSfj;ksfVd gksrs gSA . Bacteria lfiZy vkdkj vkSj xksy M.Msuqek vkdkj ds gksrs gSA ;s Virus ls cM+s gksrs gSA . Bacteria esa Mitochondria ugha gksrkA 'olu dk;Z meso some djrk gSA . BCG Vhdk TB dh jksdFkke ds fy, yxk;k tkrk gS bldh [kkst dkyZ esaV us 1862 esa dh FkhA . ywbZ ik’pj us Rabies dk Vhdk [kkstkA thok.kq ds ykHk & 1- Hkwfe dh moZjrk ciduk] vka[k ls vkalw vkuk] vkx ds ysrk gSA ekuo ns[kus es a nkbZ ¼Right½ vk¡[k 65% ckbZ ¼Left½ vk¡[k dk 32% rFkk 3% nksauksa vk¡[kksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSa ¼2½ dku ¼Ear½ &/ofu rjaxks dks ¼Sound waves½ Recieve djus ds lkFk 'kjhj ds larqyu dks Hkh cuk;s j[krk gSA dku ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSA 12-

Pinna (External Ear) Middle ear

3Internal ear ¼vkarfjd d.kZ½ e/; d.kZ esa rhu gM~Mh;k ik;h tkrh gS & Maleus, Incus, stapes. Stapes ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh gM~Mh gSA dkuksa ds lquus dk dk;Z eq[; :i ls Internal ear ds dksfDy;k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

¼3½ Ropk ¼Skin½ & fLdu ds }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh laonukvksa dks xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA fLdu esa vyx&vyx izdkj dh laosnukvksa ds

fy, Ropk dh eksVkbZ 5&6 Mm. gksrh gSA Presnee nkc vyx&vyx izdkj ds laxzkgd vax gksrs gSA tSls & Presure ds fy, iSfluh df.kdk ¼Pacinian corpuels½ Li'kZ ds fy, Li’kZ df.kdk ¼Tectile Corpsues½ lnhZ ds fy, Øksl cYo ¼Krause Belbe½ rki ds fy, golgi - Mazzoni and Ruffini Ropk ekuo 'kjhj dk lcls cM+k vax ¼Organ½ gsSA ¼4½ ukd ¼Nose½ & fdlh Hkh oLrq dks law?kus ds fy, ukd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lwa?kus ds fy, ukad esa vk¡YQsDVªh cells gksrh gSA ¼5½ thHk ¼Tongue½ & thHk ds }kjk fofHkUu [kk| oLrqvksa dk Lokn fy;k tkrk gSA thHk ij yxHkx 10000 Lokn df.kdk,sa ¼Test buds½ gksrh gS thHk dk vkxs dk Hkkx ehBk] uedhu] ihNs dk Hkkx dM+ok fdukjs dk Hkkx [kV~Bs dk vuqH ko djrk gS vkSj e/; Hkkx fdlh izdkj ds Lokn dk vuqHko ugh djrkA



Important Facts

ekuo 'kjhj esa lcls cM+h dksf’kdk Neuron cell gksrh gSA 'kjhj esa lcls de Regeneration ¼iqu:n~Hkou½ dh {kerk Brain cell vkSj lcls T;knk iqu:n~Hkou {kerk Liver esa gksrh gSA efLr"d dk Hkkj iwjs ’kjhj ds Hkkj ds 3% gksrk gSA ;fn ge 'olu ds }kjk O2 ysrs gS mldk 20% efLr"d mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj tks [kkuk [kk;k tkrk gS mldk Hkh yxHkx 20 % Calory ÅtkZ dsoy efLr"d mi;ksx djrk gSA ifjLkapj.k ra= ¼Circulatory System½ & 'kjhj dh izR;sd dksf’kdk dks vko’;d inkFkksaZ vkSj O2 dks igWaqpkus rFkk Co2 dks 'kjhj ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy, 'kjhj esa ifjlapj.k ra= gksrk gSA euq"; esa inkFkksaZ dk LFkkukarj.k :f/kj }kjk gksrk gSA ifjlapj.k ra = dk [kkst William harvey us dh FkhA ekuo essa jDr ifjlapj.k ân; }kjk gksrk gSA  ân; ds }kjk Blood dh Pumping dh tkrh gSA  laiw.kZ ân; pkj d{kksa esa caVk jgrk gSA Right Auricle, Right Ventricals, left Auricle, Left Ventricals ¼fuy;½  'kjhj esa f'kjk;sa vkSj /kefu;ksa ¼Veins & Arteries½ :f/kj okfgdk,sa ¼Blood Vessels½ gksrh gSA /kefu;k¡ vf/kd xgjk;h esa fLFkr gksrh gSA /kefu;k 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks ân; ls 'kq) jDr ys tkus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA ¼dsoy iYeksujh /keuh NksM+dj½ tcfd f'kjk,¡ v’kq) jDr dks 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls ân; rd ys tkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA ¼dosy iYeksujh f’kjk dks NksM+dj½  Arteries veins dh vis{kk vf/kd pkSYyh Pericardium gksrh gsSaA  ân; esa nk;sa vkfyUn esa ¼Right Aurical½ esa SA node gksrk gSA ftls Pacemaker ;k ân; dk ân; dgrs gSA  ân; ds dk;Z djus dh nks voLFkk;sa gSA 1- ladqpu ¼Systole½ %& blesa nksuksa Venticle fldqM+rs gS vkSj 2- vuqf'kfFkyu ¼diastole½ blesa nksuksa Ventricle QSyrs gS vkSj Auricle ls CyM izkIr djrs gSA  ân; ds Systole vkSj Diastole dks ân; dh /kM+du dgrs gSA ftlesa 0-8 lsd.M dk le; yxrk gSA  euq"; esa vkn’kZ jDr nkc 120 ¼Systole½ vkSj 80 ¼Diastole½ gksrk gSA ftls 120@80 MMHg ls n’kkZrs gSA  ân; dh /kM+du dk xzkfQ; fu:i.k ¼Graphical Representation½ ECG dgykrk gSA  dsoy iyeksujh f’kjk ¼Vein½ ,slh f’kjk gS ftleas 'kq) jDr cgrk gS tcfd dsoy Iyeksujh /keuh ¼Artery½ ,slh /keuh gS ftlesa v’kq) jDr cgrk gSA  /keuh ¼Artery½ esa dikV ¼Valve½ ugha ik;s tkrs tcfd f’kjkvksa ¼Veins½ esa ik;s tkrs gSA

e-education(delhi)

&

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jDr lewg ¼Blood Group½ dh [kkst Karl land steaner us dh Fkh 1902 esa dh FkhA bUgksaus Antigen & Antibodies ds vk/kkj ij jDr dks pkj lewg esa foHkkftr fd;k FkkA ¼1½ A ¼2½ B ¼3½ AB ¼4½ O Hkkjrh;ksa esa lcls T;knk B vkSj O Blood Group okys O;fDr gksrs gSa] vkSj lcls de AB, Blood group okys gksrs gSA Antigen ¼izfrtu½ & Antigen ,d izdkj dk Protein gksrk gSa] tks RBC dh dksf’kdk dyk ¼Cell ½ esa ik;k tkrk gS vkSj bls Agglutinogens Hkh dgk tkrk gS] ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gS& A&B Antibodies ¼izfrj{kh½ & Blood ds IykTek ls mifLFkr Protein inkFkkssaZ dks Antibodies dgk tkrk gSA ;s Hkh nks izdkj ds gksrs gS & Blood group

A&B

Blood Group A B AB

Antigen A B AB

Antibodies b a

&

(Absent)

& (Absent) dks loZnkrk ¼Universal Donar½ dgk tkrk gSA AB dks loZxzkgh ¼Universal Recipient½ dgrs gSA Rh - factor – bldh [kkst Karl land steaner vkSj ohuj us 1940 esa dh FkhA bls lcls igys fjll canj ds Blood esa [kkstk x;k FkkA blh otg ls bls Rh Factor uke fn;k x;kA euq";ksa dh dqy tulaa[;k esa 85 izfr’kr esa ;g mifLFkr jgrk gSA ftu yksxksa ds Blood esa Rh - factor mifLFkr jgrk gSa] mls Rh+ vkSj ftuesa Rh-factor ugha gksrk gSa] mUgsa Rh- dgrs gSA jDr nkc ¼Blood pressure½ & ân; ds ladqpu ls /kefu;ksa ¼Arteries½ dh nhokjksa ij iM+us okyk nkc :f/kj nkc dgykrk gSA bl nkc dh ladqpu nkc ¼Systolic Pressure½ dgrs gSA blds Bhd foijhr Dystolic Presure gksrk gSA ,d lkekU; O;fDRk esa Systolic Pressure 120 vkSj Dystolic Pressure 80 gksrk gSA ¼120@80½ jDr nkc dks fLQXukseSuksehVj ls ukik tkrk gSA dadky ra= ¼Skelton System½ %& 'kjhj dk kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA  isM+ ikS/ks jkf= ds le; Co2 xSl ckgj NksM+rs gSA blfy, jkr esa isM+ ikS/kksa ds uhps ugh lksuk pkfg;sA ¼C½ flfydkWu &  flfydkWu iz—fr esa jsr vkSj iRFkj ds :i esa lcls vf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA i`Foh dh lrg ij O2 ds ckn lcls vf/kd ek=k esa ik;k tkus okyk rRo flfydkWu gSA  ’kq) flfydkWu dk mi;ksx vfrpkyd ¼Super Conductor½ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA  Computer Chip] flfydkWu dh cuh gksrh gSA 2- ^^ukbVªkstu**  ukbVªkstu ok;qe.My esa lcls vf/kd ek=k esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSl gSA  ;wfj;k esa 46 izfr’kr ukbVªkstu gksrk gSA blfy;s ukbVªkstu ;wfj;k ds fy;s izeq[k gSA  ukbVªkstu fo|qr cYcksa esa rFkk mPp rkieku okys FkekZehVj esa Hkjus ds dke esa vkrh gSA e-education(delhi)

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^^ukbVªkstu ds ;kSfxd**

¼A½ veksfu;k &  loZizFke izhLVys us loZizFke veksfu;k xSl cukbZ FkhA  NH3 dk mi;ksx Freeze esa cQZ tekus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ¼B½ ukSlknj &  bldk jklk;fud uke veksfu;e DyksjkbM ¼NH4Cl½ gSA bldk mi;ksx crZuksa esa dybZ djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ¼C½ ukbVªl vkWDlkbM &  bls Laughing dgrs gSA ¼D½ ukbfVªd vEy &  bldk iz;ksx lksuk vkSj pkWnh dks ’kq) djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx foLQksVd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA

3- ^^QkLQksjl** QkLQksjl ekuo ’kjhj esa gfì;ksa esa gSA ekfpl cukus esa ^^Red** QkLQksjl dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA

^^QkLQksjl ds ;kSfxd** bls QkLQhu dgk tkrk gSA ;g isM+ ikS/kksa ds lM+us ls rFkk nynyh LFkkuksa esa iSnk gksrh gSA QkLQksjl dh deh ls iRrksa dk jax ihyk gks tkrk gSA

4- ^^vkWDlhtu**

vkWDlhtu xSl dh [kkst lhys us dh FkhA  ok;qe.My esa O2 xSl N ds ckn lcls vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA  O2 xSl ekuo ds fy;s izk.k ok;q ekuh tkrh gSa  O3 esa lM+h eNyh tSlh xa/k vkrh gSA  O3 xSl lw;Z ls vkus okyh Ultra voilet rays dks i`Foh ij vkus ls jksdrh gSA  O3 xSl dks gok ’kq) djus vkSj [kk| inkFkksaZ dks lM+us ls cpkus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA  C.F.C ¼Dyksjks ¶yksjks dkcZu½ xSl O3 ijr dks {kfr igq¡pkrh gSA

5- ^^lYQj**

I;kt] yglqu] v.Mk vkSj ljlksa ds rsy ls lYQj xSl cuk;h tkrh gSA  LkYQj dk iz;ksx peZ jksx dh nok cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

^^lYQj ds ;kSfxd** ¼A½ lYQj MkbZ vkWDlkbM & bldk mi;ksx jsÝhts’ku esa gksrk gSA eFkqjk fjQk;ujh ls fudyh So2 xSl rktegy ds laxejej dks ihyk dj jgh gSA ¼B½ lY¶;wfjd vEy & bldk mi;ksx petrolium ds ‘’kq)hdj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA ^^vfØ; xSls**  He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Ze, Re ;s lHkh vfØ; xSls gSA  jsMkWu dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh vfØ; xSls ok;qe.My esa ikbZ tkrh gSA  bu vfØ; xSlksa dh [kkst W.M.J. us dh FkhA  He, H2 ds ckn lcls gYdh xSl gSA  He dk mi;ksx xqCckjksa vkSj ok;q;ku ds Vk;jksa esa gksrk gSA  He vkSj O2 dk feJ.k xgjsa leqnz esa xksrk[kksjksa ds n~okjk ok;q ds LFkku ij bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA nek] jksfx;ksa dk —f=e lkal ds :i esa He vkSj O2 dk feJ.k fn;k tkrk gSA  Ar xSl ok;qe.My esa ikbZ tkus okyh lcls vf/kd ek=k esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSl gSA  bldk iz;ksx fo|qr cYc esa Hkjus esa fd;k tkrk gSA  Redon ,d jsfM;ksa ,fDVo rRo gSa bldk iz;ksx Radio Therapy ds :i esa dSsUlj ds bykt esa gksrk gSA e-education(delhi)

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mi/kkrq &

 tks rRo /kkrq v/kkrq nksuksa izdkj ds xq.k iznf kZr djrs gSA mi/kkrq dgykrs gSA

     

mi/kkrq dh la[;k 7 gSA cksjkWu] flfydkWu] teZsfu;e] vkjlsfud] ,.Vheuh] VsY;wfj;e] iksyksfu;eA cksjkWu ds ;kSfxd cksfjd ,flM dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ,.VhlsfIVd nok cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA tesaZfu;e dk mi;ksx Transister cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA tesZfu;e dk mi;ksx QksVks bysfDVªd lSy esa gksrk gSA iksysfu;e izFke ekuo fufeZr rRo gSA iksysfu;e ds lcls vf/kd 27 leLFkkfud ¼Isotope½ ik;s tkrs gSA

‘‘Radio Activity’’

izd`fr esa ik;s tkus okys os rRo tks Lor% fo[kafMr gksdj dqN vn`’; ¼Invisible½ fdj.kksa dk foltZu ;k mRltZu ¼Discharge Or Emission½ djrs gSA Radio Active dgykrs gS rFkk bl ?kVuk dks Radio activity dgrs gSA  1896 esa ÝkWl ds oSKkfud gSujh oSdqjy us loZizFke Radio Activity ds ckjs esa crk;k FkkA  eSMe D;wjh vkSj muds ifr fi;js D;wjh us irk yxk;k fd ;wjsfu;e [kfut Pitch Bland fip CyS.M esa ;wjsfu;e dh vis{kk 4 xquk vf/kd Radio Activity miyC/k gksrh gSA Radio Active inkFkZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA 1- Natural radio active inkFkZ fuEu gSA jsfM;e] ;wjsfu;e] Fkksfj;e] vkSj iksysfu;e izkd`frd Radio active inkFkZ gSA 2- —f=e jsfM;ksa lfØ; inkFkZ os gksrs gSA ftUgsa d`f=e rjhds ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA Radio active inkFkZ ls rhu izdkj ,  , r fudyrh gsSA bu fdj.kksa dks tc pqEcdh; vFkok fo|qr {ks= ls xqtkjk tkrk gS rks ;s fdj.ksa fo{ksfir ¼Dispersed½ gks tkrh gSA  rays & ;s fdj.ksa vfr lw{e d.kksa dh cuh gksrh gSA tks /ku vkosf’kr gksrh gSA vf/kd nzO;eku ds dkj.k budh Hksnu {kerk lcls de gksrh gSA  ;s fdj.ksa QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks izHkkfor djrh gSA  bu fdj.kksa dk nzO;eku vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k budh xfrt ÅtkZ vf/kd gksrh gSA  ;s fdj.kksa dh xSlksa ds vk;fur djus dh {kerk  ,r fdj.kksa ls vf/kd gksrh gSA  r fdj.ksa Living Cell dks u"sV djrh gSA  rays & fdj.ksa vR;ar lw{e _.kkosf’kr ¼Positive Charged½ d.kksa ls cuh gksrh gSa  ;s fdj.ksa fo|qqr rFkk pqEcdh; {ks= ls xqtjus ds i’pkr~ ;k xqtjrs le; /kukRed IysV dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gSA  ;s fdj.ksa QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj csfj;e] IysfVuksa] lkbukekbM rFkk ftad lYQkbM ds insZ ls Vdjkdj ped mRiUUk djrh gSA  mPp osx rFkk de nzO;eku gksus ds dkj.k budh Hksnu {kerk  fdj.kksa ls 100 xquk vf/kd gksrh gSA  bu fdj.kksa dk osx izdk’k ds osx ds yxHkx cjkcj gksrk gSA Y – rays & ;s fdj.ksa fo|qr pqEcdh; {ks= ls xqtjus ds le; fopfyr ugh gksrh gS D;ksafd bu ij dksbZ vkos’k ugh gksrk gSA budh Hksnu {kerk ,  ls cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA  budk osx izdk’k ds osx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA  bu fdj.kksa dh xSlksa dks vk;fur djus dh {kerk cgqr de gksrh gSA  bu fdj.kksa dk nzO;eku u ds cjkcj gksus ds dkj.k budk QksVksxzkfQd IysV vkSj ftad lYQkbM ij izHkko cgqr de iM+rk gSA ‘‘Radio active decay’’

jsfM;ksa ,fDVo inkFkZ dk fo[ka.Mu izR;sd jsfM;ksa ,fDVo inkFkZ ls fujUrj rhu izdkj dh fdj.ksa ,  , r fdj.kksa dk mRltZu gksrk gSA ,slk gksus ls ^^Radio Active** inkFkZ dk fo[ka.Mu gks tkrk gS vkSj u;s rRo ds ijek.kq dk tUe gksrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks jsfM;ksa ,fDVo fo[ka.Mu dgrs gSA Half life period e-education(delhi)

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v)Zvk;q dky ftrus le; vUrjky esa dksbZ jsfM;ksa Active inkFkZ esa mifLFkr ijek.kq dh la[;k esa fo?kfVr gksdj izkjafHkd la[;k dh vk/kh gks tkrh gSA mls ml inkFkZ dh v)Zvk;qdky dgrs gSA  ;wjsfu;e dh v)Zvk;q 4.5 109 o"kZ gSA  ;wjsfu;e dh v)Zvk;q vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ;g i`Foh ij i;kZIr ek=k esa mifLFkr gSA  Radio Active inkFkksaZ dh vk)Zvk;q ds vk/kkj ij iqjkus vo’ks"kksa dh vk;q Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA  Radio Activity dh Unit ¼bdkbZ½ dks D;wjh dgrs gSA ^^/kkrq;sa vkSj muds ;kSfxd ds mi;ksx** 1- ikjk & FkekZehVj cukus esa] veyxe cukus esa vkSj flanwj cukus esa A 2- Qsjl vkWDlkbM & gjk dkWap cukus esa vkSj Qsjl yo.k ¼Salt½ cukus esa A 3- QSfjd vkWDlkbM & xguksa ij ikWfy’k djus esa vkSj QSfjd yo.kksa ds fuekZ.k esa A 4- Qfjd lYQsV & jax m|ksx esa] vkSj L;kgh cukus esaA 5- vk;ksMhu & dhVk.kquk'kd ds :i esa] vkS"kf/k cukus esa] foLQksVd inkFkZ cukus esa] fVapj vk;ksMhu cukus esa A 6- czksehu & fVapj xSl cukus esa] vkS"kf/k cukus esa] vJq vkSj vU; fo"kSyh xSl cukus esaA 7- gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy & Dyksjhu cukus esa] vEyjkt ¼Aquergia½ cukus esaA 8- Dyksjhu & gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy cukus esa] Cyhfpax ikmMj cukus esa] eLVMZ xSl cukus esaA 9- veksfu;k & vkbl QSDVjh esa] foLQksVd inkFkZ cukus esa] xSl cukus esa] d`f=e js'ks cukus esa 10- veksfu;e DyksjkbM & diM+ks dks jaxus esa] nokbZ cukus esa] ’kq"d lSyksa ds fuekZ.k esaA 11- lY¶;wfjd vEy & LVksjst cSVjh esa] isVªksfy;e 'kq)hdj.k] dyj cukus esa 12lYQj & dhVuk'kd ds :i esa] ck:n cukus esaA 13- izksM~;wlj xSl & HkV~Vh xeZ djus esa] lLrs bZ/ku ds :i es vkSj /kkrq fu"d"kZ.k ¼Extraction of metal½ esaA 14okVj xSl & cSfYMax ds dke esa] bZ/ku ds :i esa 15- dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM & lksM+k okVj cukus esa] dBksj LVhy cukus esa] vkx cq>kus esaA 16- xzsQkbM & bySDVªksM cukus esa] yksgs ds cus inkFkksaZ ij ikWfy’k djus esa] iSfUly cukus esaA 17- fQVdjh & ty ‘’kq) djus esa] vkS"k/kh ds fuekZ.k esa] peM+k m|ksx esa] diM+ks dh jaxkbZ esa] ekuo ds jDr dks cgrs gq;s ls jksdus ds fy;sA 18- ,Y;wehfu;e LkYQsV & dkxt m|ksx esa] diM+ksa dh NikbZ] vkx cq>kus esaA 19- lqgkxk & ekfpl cukus esa] /kkrqvksa dh cSfYMax djus esa] phuh feV~Vh ds crZu cukus esa A 20- ftIle & POP ¼IykLVj vkWQ isfjl½ cukus esa] veksfu;e lYQsV cukus esaA 21- Cyhfpax ikmMj & is;ty dks ’kq) djus esa Dyksjks QkWeZ dks cukus esa] dhVk.kq Ukk’kd ¼Germicide½ ds :i esa] phuh dks lkQ djus esaA

^^inkFkZ dh voLFkk;sa**

inkFkZ dh pkj voLFkk;sa gksrh gSA ¼1½ Bksl ¼2½ nzo ¼3½ xSl ¼4½ IykTek rki ,oa nkc esa ifjorZu djds fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dh voLFkk dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA ty rhuksa voLFkkvksa esa jg ldrk gSA Å/oZikru ¼Sublimation½ & xeZ djus ij fdlh inkFkZ dks Bksl :i ls xSl ds :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA m/oZikru dgykrh gSA tSls & diwj] veksfu;e DyksjkbM] uSIFkyhu] cSUtksbd ,flM] vk;ksMhu] ,UFkzkslhu ^^fgekad fcUnq ¼Freezing Point½** fdlh fo’ks"k nkc ij og fu;r rki ftl ij dksbZ nzo terk gSA fgekWad dgykrk gSA ^^nzo.kkad ¼Melting point½ ** fdlh nkc fo’ks"k ij og fu;r rki ftl ij dksbZ Bksl inkFkZ nzo voLFkk esa cnyrk gSA mls nzo.kkaad dgrs gSA lkekU;r% inkFkZ dk nzo.kkad vkSj fgekad dk eku cjkcj gksrk gSA e-education(delhi)

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tSls & cQZ dk Melting point and freezing Point 00C gksrk gSA v’kqf);ksa dh mifLFkfr esa inkFkZ dk Freezing and melting nksuksa de gks tkrs gSA ^^ok"ihdj.k ¼Vaporization½** nzo ls ck"i esa ifjorZu gksus dh fØ;k ok"ihdj.k dgykrh gSA tSls & ikuh dk Hkki esa cnyukA ^^DoFkukWad ¼Boiling Point½** fdlh fo’ks"k nkc ij og fu;r rki ftl ij dksbZ nzo mcydj ok"i esa cny tk;s rks og rki nzo dk Boiling pint dgykrk gSA nkc ckus esa gksrk gSA 7- vk¡Dlsfyd vEy & dSfY'k;e vkWDlhysV ds d.k ekuo fdMuh esa ,d= gks tkus ds dkj.k iFkjh dh chekjh gks tkrh gSA bldk iz;ksx nkx /kCcs feVkus esa gksrk gSA 8- lSdjhu & ;g phuh ls 550 xquk ehBk gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Mk;fcVht ds jksfx;ks ds fy;s phuh dh txg gksrk gSA 9- vJq xSl & bldk iz;ksx HkhM+ dks frrj] fcrj djus esa gksrk gSA blls vk¡[kksa esa tyu iSnk gksrh gS vkSj vk¡lwa vkus yxrs gSA bldk jklk;fud uke Dyksjks ,flVksfQuk¡u gSA 10- eLVMZ xSl & ;g ,d fo"kSyh xSl gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke fo'o;q) ds le; jklk;fud gfFk;kj ds :i esa fd;k x;k FkkA blesa ljlksa ds rsy tSlh smell vkrh gSA 11- feFkkby vk;lksa lk;usV & ;g ,d fo’kSyh xSl gSA tks Hkksiky ds ;wfu;u dkckZbM dkj[kkus ls 1984 esa fjlh FkhA 12- D.D.T. & ;g ,d thok.kq uk'kh ¼Germicide½ gSA 13- oSUthu & bldk iz;ksx foyk;d ds :i esa ’kq"d /kqykbZ ¼Dry Clean½ esa] isVªksy ds lkFk feykdj batuksa ds bZ/ku ds :i esa gksrk gSA 14- fQukWy & thok.kquk'kh ds :i esa] oSdsykbV cukus esa] gksrk gSA 15- oSUtSYMhgkbM & bldk iz;ksx lqxaf/kr inkFkksaZ ds fuekZ.k esa gksrk gSA 16- ;wjksVªksfiu & bldk iz;ksx ew= jksx nok ds :i esa gksrk gSA bldk jklk;fud uke gsDlk eSFkyhu] VªVs k ,ehu gksrk gSA

  

NH3, CO2, C.F.C,

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lcls T;knk fo|qr _.kkRed ¼Electronegative½ rRo ¶yksjhu gSa ÝsfUl;e lcls T;knk fo|qr /kUkkRed rRo gSA mPpre e- bysDVªkWu ca/kqrk ¼Electron affinity½ okyk RkRo Dyksjhu gSA Pt dks lQsn lksuk dgrs gSA dsoy H ijek.kq gh ,d ,slk ijek.kq gSA ftlds ukfHkd ¼Nucleus½ esa U;wVªkuW ugh gksrs gSA PH eku dk fu/kkZj.k lksjsUlu us fd;k FkkA ghjk izd`fr esa ik;k tkus okyk lcls dBksj inkFkZ gSA 40C ij ty dk lokZf/kd ?kuRo ¼Density½ jgrk gSA Lignitc fyXukbV dks Hkwjk dks;yk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA N2O, SO2 vEyh; o"kkZ ¼Acid Rain½ ds fy;s izeq[k dkj.k gSA Green house effect ds fy;s Co2, C.F.C. CH4 xSl mRrjnkbZ gSA izd`fr esa lokZf/kd dkcZu ds ;kSfxd ik;s tkrs gSA uk;ykWu cukus esa dPps inkFkZ ds :i esa ,fMfid vEy dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA NH3 dk iz;ksx vJq xSl ¼Tear Gas½ cukus esa gksrk gSA Non Stick crZu cukus ds fy;s iz;qDr gksus okyk IykfLVd VS¶ykWau gSA lksfM;e osUtksbM dk iz;ksx [kkus dh oLrqvksa ds ifjj{k.k ¼Preservation½ esa gksrk gSA Dabilies jksfx;ksa ds ew= esa ,lhVksa ,lhfVd ,flM dh vf/kdrk ikbZ tkrh gSA fVapj vk;ksMhu] fQukby ,.VhlsfIVd nckbZ gSA flxjsV ykbVj esa ehFksu xSl fudyrh gSA dSMfe;e /kkrq dh NM+ks dk iz;ksx ukfHkdh; ¼Nuclear½ fj;sDVj esa eand ¼Moderator½ ds :i esa gksrk gSA Fkk;ksizksisUky vkWDlkbM jklk;fud inkFkZ I;kt esa ik;k tkrk gSA ftlds dkj.k vkWa[kksa ls vkWalw vk tkrs gSA Pt lcls dBksj /kkrq gSA dkjksa ds batu esa ukWafdax ls cpus ds fy;s ySM VsVªk bZFkkby dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA gfM~M;ksa esa 8 izfr'kr Phasphoras ik;k tkrk gSA Cl2 xSl dk iz;ksx Qwyksa dk jax mM+kus esa gksrk gSA crZuksa ij dybZ djus esa NH4Cl dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA d`f=e lqxaf/kr inkFkZ cukus esa ,fFky ,lhVsV dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vkfr’kckth esa gjk jax csfj;e ds dkj.k gksrk gSA teZsfu;e v)Zpkyd dh rjg Trasister esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA Steel dks dBksjrk iznku ds fy;s dkcZu feyk;k tkrk gSA lcls Hkkjh /kkrq ^^Osmium** gSA lcls gYdh /kkrq ^*Lithium** fyfFk;e gSA  rays ds mRltZu ls laHkkfjd mRiUu gksrk gSA dksckYV&60 dk iz;ksx dSalj jksx ds mipkj esa gksrk gS D;ksafd ;s X- rays mRlftZr djrh gSA gkbMªkstu ds jsfM;ksa lfØ; leLFkkfud dks fVªfV;e dgrs gSA leqnzh?kkl esa vk;ksMhu ik;k tkrk gSA jsMkWau xSlh; rRoksa esa lcls Hkkjh gSA gkbMªkstu xSlh; rRoksa esa lcls gYdk gksrk gSA lksfM;e /kkrq cSUthu vkSj bZFkj esa foys; ¼Soluble½ gSA O3 xSl esa lM+h eNyh tSlh xa/k vkrh gSA vEyjkt ^^King of chemical** esa 1 Hkkx HNo3 vEy vkSj Hcl ds 3 Hkkx gksrs gSA gfM~M;kas vkSj nkarksa esa dSfYLk;e ik;k tkrk gSA

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xSl dk iz;ksx isVªksy vkx cq>kus esa gksrk gSA ¼Qk¡LQhu½ dk iz;ksx leqnzh ;k=k esa flXuy nsus esa gksrk gSA gSykstsu esa Cl, F, Br, I2 vR;f/kd fØ;k'khy gksrs gSA xu ikmMj esa Kno3 pkjdksy vkSj xa/kd ik;k tkrk gSA dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM ok;qea.Myh; nkc ij -700C rki ij Bksl voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA ftls 'kq"d cQZ dgrs gSA  ,tkabe dh [kkst loZizFke ;hLV esa gqbZ FkhA bldh [kkst dqu us dh FkhA foy;u ¼Solution½ %& nks ;k nks ls vf/kd inkFkksaZ dk ,d lekax feJ.k ¼Homogeneous mixture½ gS tSls & phuh dk ty esa foy;u foys; vkSj foyk;d ¼Solute & Solvent½ %& foy;u esa tks inkFkZ vis{kkd`r vf/kd ek=k es gksrk gS mls foyk;d dgrs gS rFkk tks inkFkZ de ek=k esa jgrk gS mls foy;s dgrs gSA dksykWbM %& ;g nks inkFkksZa dk fo"kekax feJ.k ¼Heterogenous mixture½ gksrk gS blesa ifj{ksfir d.kksa dk vkdkj 10&5 flehvkSj 10&7 fleh- ds chp gksrk gSA blds d.kkssa dks uXu vk¡[kkas ¼Naked Eyes½ ls ugh ns[kk tk ldrk gS cfYd Ultramicroscope }kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tSls & nw/k] xksan] CyM] L;kgh vkfnA fuyEcu ¼ Suspension½ %& ;s NksVs vkdkj ds d.kksa ds inkFkZ gS tks foyk;d esa v?kqyu’khy ijarq uXu vk¡[kksa ls ns[ks tk ldrs gS vkSj nks ;k nks vf/kd inkFkZ dk fo"kekax feJ.k gksrk gSA blesa ifj{ksfir d.kksa ¼Dispersed particle½ dk vkdkj 10&5 fleh- ;k blls vf/kd gksrk gSA ;s vLFkk;h gksrs gS rFkk buds d.kksa esa ifj{ksfir ek/;e ls vyx gks tkus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA tSls & unh dk xank ty] ok;q esa /kwy vkfnA okLrfod foy;u %& ;g nks ;k nks ls vf/kd inkFkkZsa dk lekax feJ.k gS ftlds d.kkas dk vkdkj 10&8 fleh- gksrk gS     

Co2 PH3

tSls & phuh dk ued esa foy;u

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foKku dh izeq[k iqLrds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

& blesa varfj{k mM+kuksa ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Cardiology & blesa ân; laca/kh rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Mamography & blesa jsfM;ksxzkQh ds }kjk Lru xzafFk;ksa ds dSa lj dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Aero Logy & blesa ok;qe.My dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Metallurgy & blesa v;Ld ¼Ore½ ls /kkrq ¼Metal½ vyx djus dh fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Meteorology & blesa ekSle vkSj mlesa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Metrology & blesa Hkkj] eki&rkSy dh fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Orology & ioZrksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Histology & blesa Årdksa ¼Tissues½dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Ceramics & blesa dkWap vkSj phuh feV~Vh ls cuh phtksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Crauiology & blesa [kksiM+h ¼diky Skull½ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Osteology & blesa gfM~M;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Pediatrics & blesa cPpksa o muesa gksus okys jksxksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Palaintology & blesa thok’e dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Mycology & blesa dod ¼QQwWan½ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Carpology & blesa Qyksa o chtksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Radiology & blesa jsfM;ks/kehZ rjaxksa ds mi;ksxksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Seismology & blesa Hkwdai dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Hygiene & blesa lkQ lQkbZ vkSj LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Astronomy & blesa [kxksyh; fi.Mksa ¼Celestial Bodies½ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Anatomy & blds varxZr tho tUrqvksa vkSj ikS/kkS dh vkarfjd lajpuk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Archeology & blesa iqjkrkfRod oLrqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blds varxZr ekuo ds HkkSfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd fodkl dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Hydrology & blesa lkQ ikuh dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Embryology & blesa Hkzw.k dh mRifÙk] izdkj vkSj lajpuk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Epidemiology & blesa egkekjh dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mldh jksdFkke ds mik; crk;s tkrs gSA Aeronautics & ok;q;ku laca/kh rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Ecology & blesa tho tUrqvksa ds okrkoj.k ds lkFk lacU/kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Entomology & blesa dhV iraxksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Cosmology & blesa czãka.M dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSaA blesa czãka.M dh mRifÙk vkSj lajpuk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Agronomy & blesa [kk|kUUk mRiknu vkSj d`f"k laca/kh rduhdh vkSj fodkl dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Agronomics & blesa Hkwfe vkSj Qlyksa ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Toxicology & blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds fo"kks dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Gerantology & blesa o`)koLFkk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSa Horticulture & ;g d`f"k dh ,d ’kk[kk gSA blesa Qy] Qwy o lfCt;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Litho Logy & blesa pV~Vkuksa dh Åijh lrg dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Genetics & ¼vkuqokaf’kdh½ blesa thUl dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Virology & blesa fo"kk.kqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Ornithology & Bacteriology & blesa thok.kqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Bibliology & blesa iqLrdksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Horology & ?kM+h cukus vkSj le; dh eki ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Astronautics

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41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.

& /ofu ds ek/;e ls ty dh lrg ds uhps dh oLrqvksa dk irk yxkus dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blesa if{k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Neurology & blesa raf=dk ra= ¼Nervous System½ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Odontology & blesa nkWarks dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Pathology & blesa jksxksa ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkus dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Pisciculture & blesa eRL;ikyu dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Sericulture & blesa js’ku dhV ikyu dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Philology & blesa izkphu Hkk"kkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Phonology & blesa Loj /ofu;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Optics & blesa izdk’k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Oneirology & LoIuksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Ethology & blesa tho tUrqvksa ds O;ogkjksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Pedology & blesa feV~Vh dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Petrology & blesa pV~Vkuksa dk v/;;u vkarfjd :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA Selenology & blesa pUnzek dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Sociology & blesa lekt dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Ophiology & blesa liksaZ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Dendrology & o`{kksa ,oa >kfM+;ksa ds v/;;u djus okyk foKku gSA Dendochronology & o`{kksa dh vk;q dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Creosoting & blesa Hkw&ouLifr dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Hydropathy & bl foKku esa ikuh ls gksus okys jksxksa dh fpfdRlk dh tkrh gSA Pedagogy & bl 'kk[kk ds varxZr v/;kiu dyk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Silviculture & blesa ouksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Sperm Logy & chtksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Phycology & ’kSoky dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Phrenology & ekuo efLr"d ,oa flj dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Numismatics & iqjkus flDdksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Holography & ystj iqWat dh lgk;rk ls f=foeh; iqaWt ¼Three dimension Diagram½ cukus okys fp= dh fof/k gSA Heliotherapy & lw;Z ds izdk'k ls fpfdRlk djus dh i)fr gSA Ethnography & ekuo tkfr dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Chemotherapy & jlk;u inkFkksaZ n~okjk jksxksa dk mipkj fd;k tkrk gSA Anthology & blesa iq"iksa ¼Qwyksa½ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Anatomy & blds }kjk ’kjhj dh vkarfjd lajpuk dk v/;;u dk irk py tkrk gSA Archaeology & iqjkRkRo laca/kh foKku dh lk[kk gSA blds n~okjk&n~okjk iqjkrRo laca/kh foKku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA Hydro Phoenix

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PHYSICS



& ;g Å¡pkbZ ekid ;a= gSA ftldk iz;ksx foekuksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA 2- Anemometer & blls ok;q dk cy] xfr dks ekik tk ldrk gSA ;g ok;q dh fn'kk ifjorZu Hkh djrk gSA 3- Audiometer & blls /ofu dh rhozrk dks ekik tk ldrk gSA 4- Audiophone & bls lquus dh e'khu dgk tkrk gS bls yksx lquus esa lgk;rk ds fy, dkuksa esa yxkrs gSA 5- Actimometer & fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k ¼Magnetic Radiation½ rhozrk ekius dk ;a= gSA 6- Aerometer & ;g ok;q vkSj xSlksa ds ?kUkRo dks ekius okyk ;a= gSA 7- Astrometer & rkjksa dh izdk'k dh rhozrk dks ekius okyk ;a= dgrs gSA 8- Antiaircraft Gun & xksyk ekjdj gokbZ tgkt fxjkus dh rksi gSA 9- Accelerometer & okgu ds Roj.k dks ekius okyk ;a= gSA 10- Barograph & ;g ok;qe.My ds nkc esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks yxkrkj ekirk jgrk gS vkSj Lor% gh bldk xzkQ Hkh ck nsrk gSA 11- Binoculars & blls nwj fLFkr oLrq;sa Li"V ns[kh tk ldrh gSA 12- Bolometer & ;g Å"eh; fofdj.k ¼Heat Radiation½ dks ekius dk ;a= gSA 13- Callipers & blls o`Rrkdkj oLrqvksa ¼Circular Objectes½ ds Hkhrjh rFkk ckgjh C;kl dks ekik tk ldrk gSA blls eksVkbZ Hkh ekih tk ldrh gSA 14- Calorimeter & blls Å"ek dh ek=k dks ekik tk ldrk gSA 15- Cardiograph & ân; xfr dks ekius esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 16- Compass needle & ;g fn'kk lwpd ;a= gSA blds n~okjk fdlh LFkku ij fn'kkvksa dk irk iM+ tkrk gSA 17- Chronometer & ;g ;a= ty;kuksa ij lgh le; ekius esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 18- Cesco graph & isM+ ikS/kksa dh o`f) ¼Plant Growth½ ekius dk ;a= gSA 19- Carburetor & blesa vUrZxzg.k ¼Injestion½ isVªksy batuksa esa isVªksy rFkk gok dk feJ.k cuk;k tkrk gSA 20- Cymograph & :f/kj nkc ds xzkQdksa cukus dk ;a= gSA 21- Cytotron & d`f=e ekSle mRiUu djus esa dke vkus okyk ;a= gSA 22- Cytoscope & bldk iz;ksx ew=k'k; ¼Urinary Bladder½ ds vkarfjd Hkkxksa dks lh/ks gh ns[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA 23- Dynamo & bldk iz;ksx ;kaf=d ÅtkZ ¼Mechanical Energy½ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ ¼Electric Enegry½ esa cnyus esa gksrk gSA 24- Dynamometer & fo|qr 'kfDr dks ekius ds fy, bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 25- Dictaphone & viuh ckr rFkk vkns'k nwljs O;fDr dks lqukus ds fy, bl ;a= n~okjk ^^fjdkWMZ** fd;k tkrk gSA 26- Dilatometer & ;g ;a= fdlh oLrq esa mRiUu vk;ru ds ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA 27- Electric meter & fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=d esa cnyus okyk ;a= gSA 28- Electrometer& fo|qr vkos'k dh mifLFkfr rFkk mldh izd`fr dk irk yxkus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 29- Eudiometer & blds }kjk xSlksa esa jklk;fud fØ;k ds dkj.k vk;ru esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks ukik tk ldrk gSA 30- E.E.G (Electro Encephalo Graph) & ;g ;a= efLr"d dh rjaxksa ¼Waves½ dks fjdkWMZ djrk gS rFkk mudh O;k[;k Hkh djrk gSA 31- Endoscope & ;g og ;a= gS ftls 'kjhj ds vanj izos'k djkds vanj dh lajpuk o fodkjksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 32- Flux meter & bl ;a= ds n~okjk pqEcdh; ¶ysDl ¼Magnetic Flux½ dks ekik tk ldrk gSA 33- Galvanometer & fo|qr ifjiFkksa ¼Electric Circuite½ esa fo|qr /kkjk dh fn'kk crkus ckyk ,oa mldh rhozrk ekius okyk ;a= gSA 34- Gravimeter & ikuh dh lrg ij rsy dh mifLFkfr Kkr djus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 35- Geiger-Muller-counter & blls fdlh jsfM;ks ,fDVo L=ksr ¼Source½ ls fudyus okys fofdj.kksa dks ekik tkrk gSA bls dsoy xkbxj dkmUVj Hkh dgrs gSA 36- Gramophone & blds n~okjk fjdkMZ ij vafdr ladsr lquus ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA 1- Altimeter

e-education(delhi)

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& ?kwerh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh xfr ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 38- Gyrograph & ?kwers gq;s ifg;s ds pDdj fxuus esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 39- Hydrometer & nzoksa ds vkisf{kr ?kuRo ¼Relative Density½ Kkr djus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 40- Hygrometer & ok;qe.My dh vknZzrk ¼Humidity½ dks ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 41- Hydrophone & ikuh ds vanj rjaxksa dks lalwfpr ¼Detect½ djus okyk ;a= gSA 42- Heart-Lungs-machine & ân; vkSj QsaQMksa dk vkWijs'u djrs le; ;g e'khu dke esa vkrh gSA 43- Hygroscope & ;g ok;qe.Myh; vknzZrk esa ifjorZu fn[kkus okyk ;a= gSA 44- Hypsometer & ;g nzoksa ds DoFkukad ¼Boiling Point½ Kkr djus okyk ;a= gSA 45- Konimeter & ok;q esa mifLFkr /kwy dh ek=k dks ekik tk ldrk gSA 46- Kymograph & ;g ;a= jDrpki ¼Blood Pressure½] ân; Lianu ¼Heart Beat½ vkfn 'kkjhfjd xfr;ksa ;k dkjdksa ds ifjorZu dk xzkQ cukrk gSA 47- Lactometer & ;g nw/k dh 'kq)rk dks ekius okyk ,d ;a= gSA blls nw/k dk vkisf{kr ?kuRo ekik tkrk gS ftlls nw/k esa mifLFkr ikuh dh ek=k dk irk py tkrk gSA 48- Manometer & blds n~okjk xSl ;k nzo dk nko ekik tkrk gSA 49- Magnetron & fo'ks"k izdkj dh V~;wc tks cgqr NksVh rjax&nS/;Z ¼Wave Length½ okyh lw{e rjaxsa ¼Micro Waves½ mRiUu djrh gSA 50- Microtome & bls fdlh oLrq dks dkVus ¼irys Hkkxksa esa½ mi;ksx gksrk gSA 51- Nephoscope & cknyksa dh rhozrk o fn'kk dks ns[kus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 52- Nephetometer & nzo esa yVds gq;s d.kksa n~okjk izdk'k dk izdh.kZu ¼Scattering½ ukirk gSA 53- Odometer & eksVj dh xkM+h dh xfr ekius okyk ;a= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa eksVj xkM+h dh xfr dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA 54- Ondometer & ;g ;a= fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh vkozfr dks ukirk gSA fo'ks"kr% jsfM;ksa vkozfr cSaM esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 55- Otoscope & blds n~okjk dkuksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA 56- Saccharin meter & ;g ;a= fdlh ?kksy esa mifLFkr 'kDdj dh ek=k dks ukirk gSA 57- Viscometer & ;g ;a= nzo dh ';kurk ¼xkqd tkrs gSA 2- pyrh gqbZ xkM+h ds vpkud :dus ij mlesa cSBs ;k=h vkxs dh vksj >qd tkrs gSA 3- isM+ dks fgykus ls mlds Qy VwVdj uhps fxj tkrs gSA

2½ xfr dk f}rh; fu;e & oLrq ds laosx ¼Momentum½ esa ifjorZu dh nj ml ij yxk;s x;s cy ds vuqØekuqikrh ¼Directly Prepotional½

gksrh gS rFkk laosx ifjorZu vkjksfir cy dh fn’kk esa gh gksrk gSA

tSls & 1- fØdsV f[kykM+h rsth ls vkrh gqbZ xsan dks dsap djrs le; vius gkFkksa dks xsan ds osx dks de djus ds fy, ihNs dh vksj [khp ysr k gSA rkfd mldsk pksV u yxsA 2- xn~nk ;k feV~Vh ds Q’kZ ij fxjus ls lhesaV ds Q’kZ dh rqyuk de pksaV vkrh gSA 3- xkfM+;ksa esa ’kkWdj yxk;s tkrs gSA rkfd >Vdk de yxsA

3½ xfr dk rhljk fu;e %& bl fu;e ds vuqlkj izR;sd fØ;k ds cjkcj rFkk foijhr fn’kk esa izfrfØ;k gksrh gSA bl fu;e dks

fØ;k&izfrfØ;k dk fu;e Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tSls 123-

& cUnwd ls xksyh NksM+rs le; ihNs dh vksj >Vdk yxuk dq¡, ls ikuh [khprs le; jLlh VwV tkus ij O;fDr dk ihNs fxj tkuk jk¡dsV dk vkxs cYyh ¼Membrane½ ds :i esa QSy tkrh gSA dsf'kdkRo ¼Capillarity½ & ds’k uyh esa nzo ds Åij p