Science Grade 10 Research Q1 Module 1

 

 

]mkcbmc _uortcr ?  ”  Lfaudc  Lfaudc ?

CPODSOQKBI O WC]COWMJ ^O^CW

]furmc8 jttps8//www.tjco jttps8//www.tjcomoaclkmpopc moaclkmpopcrs.mf.ue/gdfi/7>?;/>9/7 rs.mf.ue/gdfi/7>?;/>9/79/jfw-tf-wrktc-o-rcscormj-popcr 9/jfw-tf-wrktc-o-rcscormj-popcr-stcp-gy-stcp/ -stcp-gy-stcp/

 

 

Wcscormj  ” Iroac ?>  ?>  _uortcr ?  ” Cvoduotkbi o Wcscormj ^opcr  

Wcpugdkm Omt :7;=, ]cmtkfb ?90 stotcs ?90 stotcs tjot8 Bf mfpyrkijt sjodd sugskst kb oby wfre f` tjc Ifvcrblcbt f` tjc ^jkdkppkbcs. Jfwcvcr, prkfr opprfvod f` tjc ifvcrblcbt oicbmy fr f``kmc wjcrckb tjc wfre ks mrcotca sjodd gc bcmcssory `fr cxpdfktotkfb f` sumj wfre `fr prf`kt. ]umj oicbmy fr f``kmc loy, olfbi ftjcr tjkbis, klpfsc os o mfbaktkfb tjc poylcbt f` rfyodtkcs. Gfrrfwca lotcrkods (k.c., sfbis, stfrkcs, pfcls, pkmturcs, pjftfs, groba bolcs, troaclores, ctm.) kbmduaca kb tjks gffe orc fwbca gy tjckr rcspcmtkvc mfpyrkijt jfdacrs. Cvcry c``frt jos gccb cxcrtca tf dfmotc oba scce pcrlksskfb tf usc tjcsc lotcrkods `rfl tjckr rcspcmtkvc mfpyrkijt fwbcrs. Qjc pugdksjcr oba outjfrs af bft rcprcscbt bfr mdokl fwbcrsjkp fvcr tjcl. Wcikfbod Akrcmtfr8 Ikdgcrt Q. ]oasoa, MC]F P  P   Osskstobt Wcikfbod Wcikfbod Akrcmtfr8 Hcsskc D. Olkb, MC]F P  P  Acvcdfplcbt Qcol f` tjc Lfaudc Yrktcr8 Wjco Qcsso Q. Gcrbod

Caktfr8 Clkdy G. Cslogc

Wcvkcwcr8 Gcbhkc F. Moaoi

Kddustrotfr8 @robmcs M. Lfrodcs

Doyfut Ortkst8 Mjrksty W. Aowod

?

   

Stkdkzc tjc stobaoras (mrktcrko fr mjcmedkst) kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr (pccr/irfup/cxpcrt cvoduotkfb).  cvoduotkfb). 

7

 

 

Acor Dcorbcrs, orc yfu rcoay tf dcorb lfrc ogfut cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr6 Cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr ks fbc f` tjc lfst ak``kmudt omtkvktkcs kb mflpdctkbi o stuay. O rcscormj popcr tomedcs cvcrytjkbi oba sjfuda mfbskacr cvcb tjc sklpdcst actokd tjot joppcbca kb tjc mfbaumt f` tjc stuay. Yrktkbi o rcscormj popcr ks tfuij, gut cvoduotkbi kt ks cvcb tfuijcr. [fu mob fbdy cvoduotc o rcscormj popcr k` yfu jovc odrcoay cxpcrkcbmca mfbaumtkbi o rcscormj stuay. Jfwcvcr, tjc truc cvoduotkfb f` o rcscormj popcr mob fbdy gc pcr`frlca gy cxpcrts kb tjc `kcda gut tjcrc ks o bcca `fr yfu tf dcorb tjc prfmcss `fr yfu tf gc ogdc tf mflc up wktj o iffa stuay. Qjks lfaudc wkdd iukac yfu fb jfw yfu mob if tjrfuij cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr.

[fur ifod ot tjc cba f` tjks lfaudc ks tf utkdkzc tjc stobaoras (mrktcrko fr

mjcme dks t) kb cvo cvoduo duotkbi tkbi o rcs rcsco corm rmj j po popcr pcr (pccr/ (pccr/ii rfup/ rfup/cxpcrt cxpcrt cvo cvoduo duotkfb). tkfb). ]pcmk`kmoddy, yfu sjfuda gc ogdc tf8 ?.  gc `olkdkor wktj tjc m mrktcrko rktcrko fr mjc mjcmedkst medkst kb cvoduo cvoduotkbi tkbi o rcsc rcscormj ormj popcr5 7.  usc oba `fddfw tjc mrktcrko fr mjc mjcmedkst medkst kb cv cvoduotkbi oduotkbi o rcscormj pop popcr5 cr5 oba   =. opprcmkotc tjc klpf klpfrtobmc rtobmc f` utkdkzkbi tjc stobaoras kb cvoduotkbi cvoduotkbi o rcsco rcscormj rmj  popcr.

Jcrc orc tjc tcrls tjot yfu jovc tf gc `olkdkor wktj tf gcttcr ubacrstoba tjc mfbtcbt f` tjks lfaudc. CPODSOQC - tf huaic fr modmudotc tjc quodkty, klpfrtobmc, olfubt, fr voduc f` sflctjkbi.

=

 

 

WC]COWMJ ^O^CW  ”  ks o sugstobtkod pkcmc f` omoaclkm wrktkbi, usuoddy afbc os o rcqukrclcbt `fr o mdoss, kb wjkmj tjc outjfr afcs kbacpcbacbt rcscormj kbtf o tfpkm oba wrktcs o acsmrkptkfb f` tjc `kbakbis f` tjot rcscormj. QKQDC - sullorkzcs tjc lokb kaco fr kacos f` tjc stuay.  stuay.   OG]QWOMQ

  sullorkzcs tjc lohfr ospcmts f` tjc cbtkrc popcr kb o prcsmrkgca

 ”

scqucbmc.   scqucbmc. KBQWFASMQKFB - dcoas tjc rcoacr `rfl o icbcrod sughcmt orco tf o portkmudor tfpkm f` kbqukry. LCQJFAFDFI[ - acsmrkgcs omtkfbs tf gc toecb tf kbvcstkiotc o rcscormj prfgdcl oba tjc rotkfbodc `fr tjc oppdkmotkfb f` spcmk`km prfmcaurcs fr tcmjbkqucs usca tf kacbtk`y, scdcmt, prfmcss, oba obodyzc kb`frlotkfb oppdkca tf ubacrstobakbi tjc pr f fgdcl, gdcl, tjcrcgy, oddfwkbi tjc rcoacr tf mrktkmoddy cvoduotc o stuay‛s fvcrodd vodkakty oba rcdkogkdkty.   rcdkogkdkty. WC]SDQ]  ”  ks tjc port f` tjc rcscormj popcr wjcrc tjc `kbakbis f` tjc stuay orc rcpfrtca gosca upfb tjc lctjfafdfiy oppdkca tf iotjcr kb`frlotkfb.  kb`frlotkfb.   MFBMDS]KFB] - ks ac`kbca os o sullory f` tjc lokb tfpkms mfvcrca, o rc-stotclcbt f` tjc rcscormj prfgdcl, oba o sybtjcsks s ybtjcsks f` ecy pfkbts. pfkbts.   WCMFLLCBAOQKFB] - orc gosca fb tjc rcsudts f` tjc rcscormj oba kbakmotc tjc spcmk`km lcosurcs fr akrcmtkfbs tjot mob gc toecb.  toecb.   BOQKFBOD ]MKCBMC OBA QCMJBFDFI[ @OKW (B]Q@)  ” okls tf kacbtk`y tjc lfst mrcotkvc oba kbbfvotkvc stuacbt rcscormjcrs `rfl Hubkfr oba ]cbkfr Jkij ]mjffd wjf sjodd rcprcscbt tjc mfubtry kb tjc kbtcrbotkfbod smkcbmc `okrs.

Akrcmtkfb8 Wcoa comj ktcl morc`uddy. Mjffsc oba wrktc tjc dcttcr f` tjc gcst obswcr kb yfur bftcgffe. ?. Qjc `fddfwkbi kb`frlotkfb sj sjfuda fuda gc cvodu cvoduotca otca kb tjc Ogstrom Ogstromtt cxmcpt8 cxmcpt8   o. omebfwdcaicl omebfwdcaiclcbt cbt g. fghcmtkvcs f` tjc stuay m. gomeirfuba f` tjc stuay a. rcsudts f` tjc stuay 1

 

 

7. Kb wjkmj po port rt f` o rcscormj p popcr opcr mob ob cvoduotfr `kba tj tjc c aoto prcscb prcscbtca tca kb togdcs, iropjs fr `kiurcs6 o. mfbmduskfbs g. rcmfllcbaotkfbs m. rcsudts a. kbtrfaumtkfb =. Kb wjkmj port f` tjc rcsc rcscormj ormj popcr mob y yfu fu `kba tjc wjot oba tjc wjy f` tjc stuay6 o. rcvkcw f` rcdotca dktcroturcs g. kbtrfaumtkfb m. lctjfafdfiy a. mfbmduskfbs 1. Yjot sjfuda gc mfbska mfbskacrca crca kb cvodu cvoduotkbi otkbi o rc rcscormj scormj tktdc6 o. Qjc tktdc lust gc dfbi oba lust mfbtokb horifbkzca wfras. g. Kt sjfuda stort wktj —O stuay f`“  fr  fr —Ob kbvcstkiotkfb f`“.  f`“.   m. Kt lust sfuba slort oba lust usc jkij`odutkb tcrls. a. Qjc wfras usca lust mrcotc o pfsktkvc klprcsskfb oba sjfuda stkludotc tjc rcoacrs‛ kbtcrcst.  kbtcrcst.   3. Yjot ks tjc klpfrtobmc f f`` cvoduotkbi tj tjc c dkst f` rc`crcbmcs6 o. Qf cstogdksj tjc mrcakgkdkty f` tjc sfurmcs f` kb`frlotkfb. g. Qf vodkaotc tjc kb`frlotkfb toecb `rfl tjcsc rc`crcbmcs. m. Qf vcrk`y tjc cxtcbt f` kb`frlotkfb usca kb tjc stuay. a. odd f` tjc ogfvc

Akrcmtkfb8 Lotmj tjc vfmogudory wfra kb Mfdulb O wktj tjc ac`kbktkfb kb Mfdulb G. Yrktc tjc dcttcr f` tjc t jc obswcr kb yfur bftcgffe. MFDSLB O  VVVVVVVV ?. Jypftjcsks

MFDSLB G o. Q Qjc jc stcps yfu toec tf mflpdctc tjc cxpcrklcbt.

3

 

 

 VVVVVVVV 7. Porkogdcs  VVVVVVVV =. Mfbmduskfb  VVVVVVVV 1. ^rfmcaurc  VVVVVVVV 3. Aoto  VVVVVVVV 0. Fgscrvotkfb  VVVVVVVV 9. Lotcrkods  VVVVVVVV :. Wcpdkmotc  VVVVVVVV ;. Kbvcstkiotkfb  VVVVVVVV ?>. ]mkcbtk`km Lctjfa

g. Q Qjc jc prfmcss smkcbtksts `fddfw tf mflpdctc ob kbvcstkiotkfb. m. Qjkbis yfu bcca tf mflpdctc yfur cxpcrklcbt. a. Q Qjc jc rcsudts f` tjc cxpcrklcbt. cxpcrklcbt. c. Q Qjc jc kb`frlotkfb yfu mfddcmt `rfl tjc cxpcrklcbt. `. Qf rcpcot tjc cxpc cxpcrklcbt. rklcbt. i. Y Yotmjkbi otmjkbi oba bftkmkbi cvcbts tjot joppcb kb tjc cxpcrklcbt. j. O prcakmtkfb ogfut wjot wkdd joppcb wktj tjc cxpcrklcbt. k. Ob cxpcrklcbt acskibca tf obswcr o qucstkfb. h. ^orts f` ob cxpcrklcbt tjot mob gc mjobica oba mob o``cmt tjc rcsudts f` tjc cxpcrklcbt.

Bfw tjot yfu orc odrcoay oworc fb jfw tf cvoduotc comj port f` o rcscormj popcr, jcrc orc `krst sflc mfbskacrotkfbs gc`frc ifkbi tjrfuij tjc cbtkrc rcscormj popcr8 ?. ]kibk`kmobmc. Kt tomedcs ob klpfrtobt prfgdcl. Klpfrtobt prfgdcls orc usuoddy tjfsc tjot lfst pcfpdc kb tjc sfmkcty wkdd oircc lottcr. 7. ^romtkmodkty. Kt prfaumcs o skibk`kmobt rcsudt. Qjc rcsudt ks skibk`kmobt k` ftjcrs gcbc`kt `rfl kt, tjc lfrc tjc gcttcr. =. Qklcdkbcss. Kt ks gosca fb murrcbt prfgdcls. Qjus, tjc rcsudts wkdd gc f` lfrc usc. 1. Mflpdctcbcss. Kt mfbtokbs odd tjc bcmcssory ports f` o rcscormj popcr. 3. Frkikbodkty. Kt ks bfvcd, ubkquc, oba prfaumc prfaumcs s o bcw ebfwdcaic.

Fbc f` tjc lfst mjoddcbikbi ports kb tjc mfbaumt f` o rcscormj ks cvoduotkfb. Cvoduotkfb f` o rcscormj popcr sjfuda gc gosca fb tjc prcsmrkgca iukacdkbcs oba mrktcrko. Dct us try tf toec o dffe ot tjc mjcmedksts kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr. ^dcosc gc iukaca gy tjc mjcmedkst gcdfw8

0

 

 

Qogdc ? MJCMEDK]Q KB CPODSOQKBI O WC]COWMJ ^O^CW Kbstrumtkfbs8 Wotc comj mflpfbcbt f` o rcscormj popcr uskbi tjc `fddfwkbi rugrkms. ^domc o mjcme lore (/) kb tjc mcdd tjot mfrrcspfbas tf yfur rotkbi fb comj ktcl. ? < Bft oaarcssca,

7 < ^ortkoddy oaarcssca,

= < @uddy oaarcssca,

BO < Bft Oppdkmogdc

KBAKMOQFW] Qktdc/Qktdc ^oic  ^oic  ?. Qjc tktdc ks mdcor oba mfbmksc. 7. Kt kbtcrcsts tjc rcoacr oba rc`dcmts tjc mfbtcbt f` tjc popcr. =. Kt `fddfws tjc mfrrcmt `frlot. Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

Ogstromt (Qjc Ogstromt mfbtokbs tjc `fddfwkbi8)  `fddfwkbi8)   ?. Grkc` gomeirfuba f` tjc stuay 7. Mdcor stotclcbt f` tjc purpfsc/s f` tjc stuay =. ]jfrt acsmrkptkfb f` tjc lctjfas 1. ]ullory f` lokb `kbakbis 3. Mfbmduskfbs f` tjc stuay 0. Wcmfllcbaotkfbs Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

Kbtrfaumtkfb (Mjoptcr K)  K)  ?. Kt prfvkaca o mdcor gomeirfuba kb`frlotkfb f` tjc tfpkm. 7. Kt icts tjc rcoacr‛s ottcbtkfb rkijt `rfl tjc gcikbbkbi. gcikbbkbi.   =. Qjc rcscormj prfgdcl/s ks/orc prfpcrdy ac`kbca. 1. Kt ks acclca skibk`kmobt tf tjc sfmkcty. 3. Jypftjcscs, ossulptkfbs oba dklktotkfbs orc mdcordy stotca. 0. Klpfrtobt tcrls orc opprfprkotcdy ac`kbca. Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

Wcvkcw f` Wcdotca Dktcroturcs (Mjoptcr KK)  KK)  ?. Klpfrtobt ospcmts f` tjc stuay orc mfvcrca kb tjc rcvkcw f` dktcroturcs. 7. ]kibk`kmobt `kbakbis orc bftca. =. Kt ks wcdd friobkzca. 9

? 7 = BO

 

 

1. Qjc dktcroturcs orc sullorkzca c``cmtkvcdy. Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

Lctjfafdfiy (Mjoptcr KKK)  KKK)  ?. Qjc rcscormj acskib ks acsmrkgca kb actokd. 7. Qjc rcspfbacbts f` tjc stuay orc acsmrkgca kb su``kmkcbt actokd. =. ]u``kmkcbt aoto orc mfddcmtca `rfl o vorkcty f` portkmkpobts fvcr ob opprfprkotc dcbitj f` tklc. 1. Qjc scttkbi f` tjc stuay ks oacquotcdy acsmrkgca. 3. Qjc lotcrkods oba lctjfas orc mdcordy acsmrkgca sf tjc cxpcrklcbt mfuda gc rcpcotca. 0. Qjc aoto iotjcrkbi kbstrulcbt ks opprfprkotc. 9. Qjc tcmjbkqucs `fr aoto mfddcmtkfb orc opprfprkotc `fr tjc rcscormj prfgdcl. :. Qjc stotkstkmod trcotlcbt ks opprfprkotc `fr tjc stuay. Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

Wcsudts oba Aksmusskfbs (Mjoptcr KP) ?. Mjorts, togdcs, oba iropjs orc ubacrstobaogdc opprfprkotcdy oba mfbskstcbtdy dogcdca. 7. Qjc tcxtuod aksmusskfbs orc mdcor oba mfbmksc. =. @kbakbis orc oacquotcdy hustk`kca. 1. Qjc stotkstkmod obodysks ks ommurotcdy kbtcrprctca. Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

oba

]ullory, Mfbmduskfbs oba Wcmfllcbaotkfbs (Mjoptcr P)  P)  ?. Qjc prfgdcl ks rcstotca. 7. Qjc `kbakbis oba mfbmduskfbs orc hustk`kca gy tjc aoto prcscbtca oba obodyzca. =. Wcmfllcbaotkfbs orc kbmduaca oba orc gosca fb tjc `kbakbis f` tjc stuay. Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

Wc`crcbmcs oba Oppcbakmc Oppcbakmcs s  ?. O suktogdc stydc fr `frlot (c.i., O^O) ks usca mfbskstcbtdy `fr odd rc`crcbmcs. :

 

 

7. Wc`crcbmcs orc `rcc f` crrfrs. =. Odd oppcbakmcs rc`crcbmca kb tjc tcxt orc kbmduaca kb tjc oppcbakx scmtkfb, scmtkfb, kb tjc fracr tjcy orc rc`crcbmca. 1. Aoto oba kb`frlotkfb kb tjc oppcbakmcs orc mdcordy prcscbtca oba cxpdokbca. Mfllcbts88 Mfllcbts

K` yfu orc pdobbkbi tf hfkb o smkcbmc `okr kb yfur akvkskfb, wjot wkdd yfu mfbskacr6 Yjcb hfkbkbi smkcbmc `okrs, kt ks vcry klpfrtobt tf `fddfw tjc prcsmrkgca iukacdkbcs f` tjc mfllkttcc. Qjks ks tf ovfka aksquodk`kmotkfb `rfl tjc mflpctktkfb. Gcdfw orc tjc mrktcrko sct `fr tjc Bot Botkfbod kfbod ] mkcbmc o oba ba Qcmjbfd Qcmjbfdfi fi y @ okr ((B] B] Q@ Q@). ).   Qogdc 7 MWKQCWKO @FW CPODSOQKBI O WC]COWMJ ^O^CW KBQCBACA K BQCBACA @FW MFBQC]Q (B]Q@)

MWKQCWKO Mflpdctc Kbmflpdctc Wcmfllcbaotkfb ?. MFPCW ^OIC  O. Ks tjc rcscormj tktdc prcscbt6 G. Ks/Orc tjc bolc/s f` tjc stuacbt prfpfbcbt‛s prcscbt6 M. Ks/Orc tjc opprfprkotc pcrsfbs mrcaktca6 (Qjc Wcscormj Oavkscr oba Wcscormj Mfbsudtobts, k` oppdkmogdc LS]Q gc prcscbt)   prcscbt) 7. KBQWFASMQKFB   Afcs kt futdkbc tjc rcscormj qucstkfb oba kts skibk`kmobmc wktjkb tjc tfpkm aksmussca, loekbi kts rcdcvobmc mdcor tf rcoacrs kb o MFBMK]C lobbcr6 =. LCQJFA   Afcs kt mdcord mdcordy y oba mflprcjcbskvcdy prfvkac tjc rcoacr wktj o acsmrkptkfb f` tjc lctjfas usca kb tjc rcscormj6   rcscormj6 1. WC]SDQ] 



;

 

 

  Afcs kt mdcord mdcordy y oba mflprcjcbskvcdy ]JFY tjc rcoacr wjot tjc rcscormj molc up wktj6 Qjks sjfuda bft gc tjc LOKB scmtkfb f` tjc popcr.  popcr.  3. AK]MS]]KFB 



  Afcs sjfw wjot tjc  `kbakbistjks kb WC]SDQ] lcob6 lcob6  0. DKLKQOQKFB] FB QJC WC]COWMJ AC]KIB OBA LOQCWKOD   Afcs tjks sjfw ebfwdcaic oba ubacrstobakbi f` rcscormj dklktotkfbs6  dklktotkfbs6  9. MFBMDS]KFB], BFQC], YFWE] MKQCA OBA O^^CBAKMC]/GKGDKFIWO^J[  O. Afcs tjc mfbmduskfb grkc`dy oba mdcordy obodyzc wjot tjc popcr prfpfsca, aksmussca oba mfbmduaca6 G. Orc tjcrc (kb LDO `frlot) pfsskgdc Wcscormjcr Bftcs, rcscormj popcr‛s Yfres Mktca oba pfsskgdc oppcbakmcs6 QJC WC]COWMJ OG]QWOMQ (Loxklul f` 73> wfras) ?. Afcs kt mdcordy oba mfbmkscdy stotc tjc ^SW^F]C F@ QJC WC]COWMJ6 7. Afcs kt mdcordy oba mfbmkscdy stotc tjc ^WFMCASWC/] ubacrtoecb kb tjc WC]COWMJ6 

=. Afcs kt mdcordy oba mfbmkscdy stotc tjc AOQO MFDDCMQCA `rfl tjc WC]COWMJ6 1. Afcs kt mdcordy oba mfbmkscdy stotc tjc MFBMDS]KFB] F@ QJC WC]COWMJ6 QJC WC]COWMJ DFIGFFE ?. Ks tjc dfigffe kbtomt oba bft tolpcrca wktj6 Kt sjfuda BFQ gc dffsc-dco`ca. 7. Afcs tjc ]QOWQ AOQC kb tjc dfigffe lotmj tjc ]QOWQ AOQC kb tjc ]tuacbt Mjcmedkst (?O)6 ?>

 

 

=. Afcs tjc CBA AOQC kb tjc dfigffe lotmj tjc CBA AOQC kb tjc ]tuacbt Mjcmedkst (?O)6 1. Orc odd tjc cbtrkcs kb tjc dfigffe prfpcrdy aotca6 3. Afcs tjc dfigffe sjfw ommurotc oba actokdca bftcs oba `kbakbis tjrfuijfut tjc mfursc f` tjc rcscormj6 Afcs kt kbmduac aoto togdcs, oba tjc dkec6 0. Afcs tjc dfigffe sjfw ommurotc oba actokdca acsmrkptkfb f` prfmcaurcs oba prfmcsscs mfbaumtca kb tjc mfursc f` tjc rcscormj6 9. Afcs tjc dfigffe sjfw stuacbt bftcs oba qucstkfbs kb tjc mfursc f` tjc rcscormj6

??

 

 

OMQKPKQ[8 CPODSOQKBI QJC ^OWQ] F@ O WC]COWMJ ^O^CW Akrcmtkfb8 Cvoduotc tjc ikvcb solpdc rcscormj popcr uskbi tjc mjcmedksts ogfvc. QKQDC Cmf-`ogrkm `rfl Gdcbaca @roirobt ]mrcw ^kbc ( ^obaobus oloryddk`fdkus) Dco` @kgcrs oba Mfttfb OG]QWOMQ ]tuay8 Cmf-`ogrkm `rfl Gdcbaca @roirobt oloryddk`fdkus) Dco` @kgcrs oba Mfttfb Bolc f` ]tuacbt8 Iodobi, Cdsfb Kob Byd Cgrcf

]mrcw

^kbc

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(@udd Ogstromt) Mfttfb-pfdycstcr `ogrkm ks lobu`omturca tf oddcvkotc kbmrcosc kb mfttfb prkmcs. Jfwcvcr, pfdycstcr prfaumtkfb `omcs kssucs sumj os acboturodkzotkfb f` lotcrkods, cbcriy usoic, oba kbmrcosc kb morgfb `fftprkbts. Qjc purpfsc f` tjc stuay wos tf `kba kbakicbfus `kgcrs wjkmj mob gcmflc o bcw stobaodfbc `kgcr `fr `ogrkm prfaumtkfb fr os gdcba wktj mfttfb tf prfaumc o bcw odd boturod `ogrkm. Sdtklotc dco` `kgcrs `rfl tjc trfpkmod `kgrfus pdobt ^obaobus oloryddk`fdkus (^obaob, oloryddk`fdkus (^obaob, gcdfbikbi tf smrcw pkbc icbus) wcrc cxtromtca tjrfuij rcttkbi oba tjc goskm prfpcrtkcs f` tjc `kgcr wcrc osscssca, rcvcodkbi tjc `fddfwkbi8 dfw grcoekbi strcbitj, iffa mfjcskfb, iffa `kbcbcss oba o stopdc dcbitj f` ?=.?? kbmjcs. Cmfbflkm voduc wos odsf actcrlkbca gy modmudotkbi kts `kgcr ykcda, wjkmj wos `fuba tf gc 9.?%, tjc jkijcst olfbi tjc murrcbt mfllcrmkoddy usca `kgcrs. Ob :>/7> Mfttfb-^obaob Mfttfb^obaob ^jkdkppkbc Qrfpkmod @ogrkm (^Q@) wos prfaumca ot tjc mfubtry‛ s tcxtkdc rcscormj kbstktutc oba osscssca fb wckijt, grcoekbi strcbitj, pkddkbi rcskstobmc oba aklcbskfbod mjobic, oba mfdfr `ostbcss tf ruggkbi, pcrspkrotkfb oba doubacrkbi. Wcsudts f` comj obodysks wcrc mflporca wktj tjc ^jkdkppkbc Botkfbod ]tobaora `fr ^Q@s. Qjc bcwdy prfaumca `ogrkm f` Mfttfb-^obaob `ogrkm sjfwca tjc `fddfwkbi prfpcrtkcs8 `ogrkm wckijt kacod `fr gdfuscs oba pobts, iffa grcoekbi strcbitj, cxjkgkts sjrkbeoic, jos dfw pkddkbi rcskstobmc, iffa mfdfr`ostbcss oba bfb-stokbkbi ogkdkty. Qjc rcsudts prfvca tjot tjc udtklotc `kgcr `rfl ^obaobus oloryddk`fdkus mobbft oloryddk`fdkus  mobbft gc o stobaodfbc `kgcr `fr `ogrkm prfaumtkfb gut kt ks o iffa oba cmfbflkmoddy cmfbflkmo ddy sfuba gdcba tf mfttfb ``fr fr tjc prfaumtkfb f` o bcw ^Q@.

?7

 

 

KBQWFASMQKFB

]tuay8 Cmf-`ogrkm `rfl Gdcbaca @roirobt oloryddk`fdkus) Dco` @kgcrs oba Mfttfb Bolc f` ]tuacbt8 Iodobi, Cdsfb Kob Byd Cgrcf

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(^obaobus

(@udd Kbtrfaumtkfb) Qfaoy, boturod mfttfb ks gdcbaca wktj sybtjctkm pfdycstcr tf lktkiotc tjc jkij mfst f` mfttfb. Jfwcvcr, pfdycstcr lobu`omturkbi cbtokds kbtcbskvc cbcriy oba prfaumcs cxmcsskvc MF7 oba BF clksskfbs (^fdycstcr ^rfaumtkfb, ^fddutkfb, 7>?7). Kb tjc ^jkdkppkbcs, tjc tjrust ks acvcdfpkbi ^jkdkppkbc Qrfpkmod @ogrkms (^Q@s) `rfl ob odd-boturod gdcba f` mfttfb oba vorkfus `kgcrs `rfl pdobts dkec ogomo, pkbcoppdc, gobobo, hutc oba wotcr jyomkbtj (^B]/^QWK, ( ^B]/^QWK, 7>>3). Jfwcvcr, suppdkcs oba `kgcr ykcdas f` tjcsc pdobts orc dklktca oba ftjcr suppdy f` `kgcrs lust gc cxpdfrca. ^obaobus oloryddk`fdkus, oloryddk`fdkus, ebfwb os @roirobt smrcw pkbc (Cbidksj) fr ^obaob (Dfmod), ks o `kgrfus trfpkmod `kgcr pdobt tjot ks `fuba ogubaobt kb tjc mfubtry. Qjks stuay osscsscs tjc dco` `kgcrs `rfl `roirobt ` roirobt smrcw pkbc os pftcbtkod stobaodfbc `kgcr `fr `ogrkm prfaumtkfb fr os gdcba wktj mfttfb `fr tjc prfaumtkfb f` o bcw ^Q@. ]pcmk`kmoddy, tjks stuay cvoduotcs `kgcr ykcda f` tjc pdobt oba tjc `kgcr prfpcrtkcs - grcoekbi strcbitj, mfjcskfb, `kbcbcss, oba lcob dcbitj f` kts dco` `kgcrs. Ob :>/7> mfttfb-`roirobt smrcw pkbc ^Q@ wos odsf prfaumca oba mjoromtcrkzca kb tcrls f` `ogrkm wckijt, grcoekbi strcbitj, aklcbskfbod mjobic, pkddkbi rcskstobmc, mfdfr`ostbcss oba stokbkbi iroac. Qjks stuay gffsts prfaumtkfb f` cbvkrfblcbt-`rkcbady `ogrkms fr cmf-`ogrkms dkec ^Q@s gy prfvkakbi oaaktkfbod `kgcr suppdkcs, oba cvcbtuoddy loekbi tjcsc `ogrkms lfrc o``fraogdc kb tjc lorect.

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]tuay8 Cmf-`ogrkm `rfl Gdcbaca @roirobt oloryddk`fdkus) Dco` @kgcrs oba Mfttfb Bolc f` ]tuacbt8 Iodobi, Cdsfb Kob Byd Cgrcf

]mrcw

^kbc

(^obaobus

(Cxmcrpt `rfl Lotcrkods oba Lctjfafdfiy) L ctjfafdfiy) @ogrkm Mjoromtcrkzotkfb Qjc `ogrkm prfaumca wos tjcb tcstca uskbi tjc ^jkdkppkbc Botkfbod ]tobaoras `fr ^Q@s (^B]^Q@). Grcoekbi strcbitj, aklcbskfbod mjobic oba pkddkbi rcskstobmc tcsts wcrc mfbaumtca ot AF]Q-^QWK‛s AF]Q- ^QWK‛s ^jyskmod Dogfrotfry. Yjkdc, mfdfr`ostbcss oba stokbkbi iroacs `fr doubacrkbi, pcrspkrotkfb oba ruggkbi wcrc tcstca ot AF]Q-^QWK‛s AF]Q-^QWK‛s Mjclkmod Dogfrotfry. Qjrcc morc`uddy rcmtobiudor -mut -mut `ogrkm pkcmcs wcrc tjcb fgtokbca oba comj fbc‛s `ogrkm wckijt wos modmudotca uskbi tjc `frludo8 Y< L / (DxY) Yjcrc, Y< `ogrkm wckijt, L< loss f` mut `ogrkm kb irols, D< dcbitj kb lctcrs, Y< wckijt kb lctcrs. Qjc ovcroic f` tjc = modmudotca skbidc `ogrkm wckijts wos modmudotca tf actcrlkbc tjc lcob `ogrkm wckijt. Odd voducs f` tjc vorkfus prfpcrtkcs wcrc tjcb mflporca tf tjc sct stobaoras f` tjc ^B]-^Q@ @kgcr [kcda Qcst Fbc jubarca irols f` @roirobt smrcw pkbc dcovcs wcrc comj pdomca kb tjrcc mfbtokbcrs `kddca wktj = ioddfbs f` irfuba wotcr. O`tcr twf wcces f` rcttkbi, `kgcrs `fr comj mfbtokbcr wcrc jorvcstca, prfmcssca oba wckijca. Qjc ovcroic f` tjc tjrcc wos tjcb modmudotca tf actcrlkbc tjc `kgcr ykcda. Qjc voduc wos tjcb mflporca wktj ykcdas f` ftjcr `kgcr pdobts.

?1

 

 

MFBMDS]KFB]

]tuay8 Cmf-`ogrkm `rfl Gdcbaca @roirobt oloryddk`fdkus) Dco` @kgcrs oba Mfttfb Bolc f` ]tuacbt8 Iodobi, Cdsfb Kob Byd Cgrcf

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(^obaobus

(@udd Mfbmduskfb) @roirobt smrcw pkbc dco` `kgcrs mobbft gc usca os stoba-odfbc `kgcrs `fr `ogrkm prfaumtkfb. Jfwcvcr, ob :>/7> mfttfb-`roirobt smrcw pkbc yorb oba `ogrkm wos summcss`uddy prfaumca oba mjoromtcrkzca tf jovc rcdotkvcdy iffa prfpcrtkcs sumj os cbfuij `ogrkm wckijt oba grcoekbi strcbitj, iffa mfdfr`ostbcss oba bfbstokbkbi. Yktj kts 9.?% `kgcr ykcda, kt ks odsf ob cmfbflkmoddy sfuba `kgcr.

ISKAC _SC]QKFB]8 ?. Aka tjc rcs rcscormj cormj stuay mflp mflpdy dy wktj tjc stobao stobaoras ras f` wrktkbi o rcscormj rcscormj popcr6 7. Ks tjc rcsc rcscormj ormj popcr mfl mflpdctc6 pdctc6 K` bf, wjot kks s domekbi kb tjc rcscormj po popcr6 pcr6 Ks kt bcmcssory tf kbmduac tjc domekbi ports kb wrktkbi o rcscormj popcr6 Yjy fr wjy bft6 =. Os ob cvoduotfr f` tjc solpdc rcscormj p popcr, opcr, wjot mob mob yfu su suiicst iicst tf klp klprfvc rfvc tjc rcscormj popcr6

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Qf iukac yfu fb jfw tf cvoduotc o rcscormj popcr, jcrc j crc orc sflc gomeirfuba kb`frlotkfb oba pfkbtcrs tjot yfu jovc tf mfbskacr. QKQDC/QKQDC ^OIC

  ]klpdc gut motmjy  oba  oba kbtcrcstkbi.    Grkc` , acsmrkptkvc , mfbmksc, oba mflprcjcbskvc.    Afcs bft s stort tort wktj —O stuay f` “, —Ob kbvcstkiotkfb f` “, oba ftjcr sklkdor wfrakbis.

  WCLCLGCW8 Qktdcs orc bft lcobt tf klprcss gut tf cxprcss!   OG]QWOMQ 

  Kbmduacs8 f  sjfrt gomeirfuba f` tjc stuay f  fghcmtkvcs f` tjc stuay f  lotcrkods oba lctjfas f  rcsudts f  mfbmduskfb oba skibk`kmobmc.

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  Loxklul f` 73> wfras fbdy.

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MJO^QCW K8 KBQWFASMQKFB  Obswcrs tjc qucstkfbs8 —Yjot  —Yjot 6“ 6“ (Yjot ks tjc popcr ogfut6)  ogfut6)   oba —]f wjot6“   (Yjy sjfuda tjc rcoacr morc6) morc6)   ^rcscbts8 f  gomeirfuba f` tjc stuay f  fghcmtkvcs f  skibk`kmobmc ?0

 

 

  dklktotkfbs f` tjc stuay.

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MJO^QCW KK8 WCPKCY F@ WCDOQCA DKQCWO DKQCWOQSWC] QSWC]

  Kbmduacs ortkmdcs, ogstromts, rcvkcws, lfbfiropjs, lfbfiropjs, aksscrtotkfbs, ftjcr rcsc rcscormj ormj rcpfrts, tcxtgffes oba cdcmtrfbkm lcako rcdotca tf tjc rcscormj prfgdcl.

  Wcmcbt sfurmc sfurmcs s pugdksjca kb tjc dost ?> ycors, tjc fbdy cxmcptkfb ks kb sktuotkfbs wjcb outjfrs dktcroddy mobbft ommcss rcmcbt tcxt. MJO^QCW KKK8 LCQJFAFDFI[   ^rfvkacs cbfuij actokds sf tjot f ftjcrs tjcrs mob rcpcot  tjc   tjc cxpcrklcbts `fddfwkbi tjc lctjfas wrkttcb kb tjc rcscormj popcr.

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  Kbmduacs tjc skibk`kmobt s stcps tcps sumj os iotjc iotjcrkbi rkbi f` lotcrkods, prcp prcporkbi orkbi f` sctups, tcsts oba cxpcrklcbtotkfbs, aoto obodysks, ctm.

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  Kbakmotcs f``kmkod tktdc f` kbtcrb kbtcrbotkfbod/cstogdksjca otkfbod/cstogdksjca prfmcaurcs f frr tcsts usca kb tjc stuay oba lfak`kmotkfbs loac kb tjc prfmcaurcs.   Cdogfrotcs tcsts oba prfmcaurcs acskibca ob oba a pcr`frlc pcr`frlca a gy tjc rcsco rcscormjcrs. rmjcrs.

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  Cbsurcs WC^DKMOGKDKQ[ WC^DKMOGKDKQ[ f`  f` tjc rcscormj wfre.

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MJO^QCW KP8 WC]SDQ] OBA AK]MS]]KFB] Wcsudts

  Kt kbmduacs odd aoto iotjcrca `rfl tjc cxp cxpcrklcbts crklcbts wjkmj mob gc prcscbtca tjrfuij togdcs, iropjs, `kiurcs, `kiurcs, ctm.

  Fgscrvcs opprfprkotc aoto prcscbtotkfb. Qogdcs  sjfw oba jkijdkijt kbakvkauod aoto. Dkbc i ropjs ropjs  sjfw trcbas. ^ kc mjort mjortss  fr go gorr i ropjs ropjs  sjfw mflporksfbs f` prfpfrtkfb fr doricbcss. @ dfw mjort mjortss  kbakmotc prfmcsscs. ?9

  

 

  Qogdcs, iropjs, oba `kiurcs jovc rcspcmtkvc moptkfbs   (Qogdc/Iropj/@kiurc Qogdc/Iropj/@kiurc   bulgcr  oba  oba o sjfrt acsmrkptkfb). acsmrkptkfb).

  Moptkfbs `fr togdcs orc p pdomca domca fb tfp f` tjc tog togdc dc wjkdc `fr `kiurcs, iropjs iropjs,, oba akoirols orc pdomca ubacr ommflpobkca wktj acsmrkptkfbs fb tjc trcbas acrkvca `rfl tjc aoto obodysks mfbaumtca.

  Sscs sug sugscmtkfbs scmtkfbs `fr ludtkpdc akstkbmt tcsts mfbaumtca mfbaumtca (c.i. Wcsudts `rfl Qcst Bf. ?, Wcsudts `rfl Qcst Bf.7). Aksmusskfbs    ] — ] fud “ f` tjc rcscormj popcr.  popcr. 

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  Yjot orc tjc kklpdkmotkfbs lpdkmotkfbs f f`` tjc rcsudts oba trcbas acrkvca `rfl aoto obodysks mfbaumtca6

  Yjot orc o oba ba jfw aka tjcsc `omtfrs mousc sumj rcsudts oba trcba trcbas6 s6   Yjot orc tjc f ftjcr tjcr rcdotca rcsco rcscormj rmj tjot oircc w wktj ktj sumj rcsudts ob oba a trcbas6 (wktj kbakmotkfb f` jfw tjc rcscormj vory `rfl ftjcr rcdotca rcscormj mfbaumtca cspcmkoddy cspcmkoddy kb tcrls f` lotcrkods oba lctjfas usca)   Yjot orc cstogdksj cstogdksjca ca smkcbtk`km ebfwdcaic (c.i. smkcbmc dows, goskm `omts) tjot mob cxpdokb fr hustk`y sumj rcsudts oba trcbas6   Yjot orc ftjcr rcdotca rcscormj oba/fr smkcbtk`km ebfwdcaic tjot mfbtroakmt sumj rcsudts oba trcbas6 Oba wjot orc tjc pfsskgdc mouscs f` tjcsc mfbtroakmtkfbs6   Yjot orc oba jf jfw w aka tjcsc pfs pfsskgdc skgdc crrfrs (c.i. ubwobtca `omtfrs) o``cmt sumj rcsudts oba trcbas6

Qjc WC]SDQ] WC]SDQ]  oba AK]MS]]KFB AK]MS]]KFB  f` tjc stuay orc tjc lfst csscbtkod ports f` o rcscormj popcr.

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MJO^QCW P8 MFBMDS]KFB] OBA WCMFLLCBAOQKFB] Mfbmduskfbs

  Grkc`dy sull sullorkzcs orkzcs tjc rcsudts.

sugscmtkfbs, cmtkfbs, dklktca tf twf tf tjrcc scbtcbmc scbtcbmcs s fbdy.   Bf sugs

  ^rcscbts fbdy mfb mfbmduskfb mduskfb gosca fb tjc rcsudts rcsudts oba trcbas aksmussca. aksmussca.   Ak Akrcmt rcmtdy dy o oaarc aarcss s cs fr obswcrs tjc prfgd prfgdcl clss fr qucstkfbs s ct fut kb ttjc jc

kbtrfaumtkfb.   Lcbtkfbs o promtkmod oppdkmotkfb.

Wcmfllcbaotkfbs   ^rcscbts suiic suiicstkfbs stkfbs tf klprfvc oba wkacb tjc ebfwdca ebfwdcaic ic ogfut tjc rcscormj tfpkm, oba ftjcr vorkogdcs tjot mob gc tcstca kb rcdotkfb tf tjc stuay (ftjcr rcscormjcrs f` tjc solc kbtcrcst wkdd usuoddy rcoa tjks port tf mfbmcptuodkzc tjckr fwb rcscormj tfpkm).  tfpkm). 

Qjfsc orc tjc klpfrtobt ports tf cvoduotc kb o rcscormj popcr. Gut o rcscormj popcr ks bft mflpdctc wktjfut tjc Gkgdkfiropjy oba Oppcbakmcs.

DK]Q F@ WC@CWCBMC] (GKGDKFIWO^J[) OBA O^^CBAKMC]

Dkst f` Wc`crcbmcs/Gkgdkfiropjy

  Kbmduacs gffes, hfurbods, mrcakgdc m rcakgdc wcgsktcs oba odd ftjcr rcsfurmcs usca os rc`crcbmc kb tjc stuay.

 Ome  Omebfwdcaics bfwdcaics sfurmcs oba rc`crcbmcs.  Mfbskstcbt kb mktkbi sfurmcs uskbi oby f` tjc `fddfwkbi `frlots8  Olcrkmob ^symjfdfikmod Ossfmkotkfb (O^O) ]tydc, Lfacrb

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Dobiuoic Ossfmkotkfb (LDO) ]tydc, oba Mjkmoif Lobuod f` ]tydc. Oppcbakmcs   ^rcscbts row aoto doka fut kb mdcor `frlot sumj os lops, pjftfiropjs,

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akoirols, oba ftjcr kloics. ICBCWOD @FWLOQQKBI

Kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr, `fddfw tjc `frlot `frl ot kbakmotca gcdfw (`frlots (`frlots loy vory acpcbakbi fb tjc rcqukrclcbts f` tjc smjffd fr smkcbmc sm kcbmc `okr).

  ^oic bulgcrs  bulgcrs    ^domca ot tjc mcbtcr f` comj poic. f  @fbt stydc oba skzc f f`` tjc poic b bulgcrs ulgcrs orc tj tjc c solc os tjot f` tjc gfay.

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  Lorikb8 Lorikb8 ?  ? kbmj tf odd skacs   Lokb Jcoakbis8 Jcoakbis8 Mopktodkzca, Gfda   ]ugjcoakbis (`fr sugscmtkfbs)8 Wciudor sugscmtkfbs)8 Wciudor Mopktodkzotkfb, Gfda   @fbt ]tydc8 Qklcs ]tydc8 Qklcs Bcw Wflob   @fbt ]kzc8 ?7 ]kzc8 ?7   Mfdulbs8 Mfdulbs8 7  7 (cxmcpt `fr iropjs, `kiurcs, oba togdcs wjkmj usuoddy rcqukrc gkiicr spomc)

QJC WC]COWMJ DFIGFFE

@fr tjc rcscormj dfigffe, tjc cvoduotfrs sjfuda dffe kbtf tjc `fddfwkbi8

  —F``kmkod trobsmrkpt“  f`  f` tjc omtkvktkcs rcdotca tf tjc rcscormj   Wcmfra gffe wktj cb cbtrkcs trkcs wrkttcb ao aokdy kdy   Cbtrkcs w wrkttcb rkttcb kb bf bfb-crosogdc b-crosogdc pcb  ^oic bulgcr 7>

 

 

  Ogscbmc fr/oba lkbkl lkbklod od crosurcs   Kbmduskfb f` rcsco rcscormj-rcdotca rmj-rcdotca af afmulcbts mulcbts   Wcoaogdc b borrotkfbs orrotkfbs f` omtkvktkcs, tog togdcs, dcs, `kiurcs oba quo quobtktotkvc btktotkvc aoto @urtjcr, tjc rcscormj cvoduotfr sjfuda dffe `fr tjc `fddfwkbi aoto dfigffe cbtrkcs8 f  Aotc oba Qklc f  Dfmotkfb8 (dogfrotfry, `kcdas, dkgrorkcs, rcscormj kbstktutcs, ctm. wktj mflpdctc oaarcss) f  Wcscormj-rcdotca Omtkvkty Mfbaumtca `fr tjc Aoy f  Aoto/ Kb`frlotkfb Iotjcrca f  ]kiboturc f` Oaudt-]pfbsfr f  K` oppdkmogdc, skibotu skiboturc rc f` pcfpdc rc rcspfbskgdc spfbskgdc (c.i. quodk`kca smkcbtkst, dkgrorkob, akrcmtfr f` tjc WWK, stotkstkmkob)

Iffa rcoakbi! [fu orc bfw cqukppca wktj tjc ebfwdcaic e bfwdcaic fb jfw tf cvoduotc comj mflpfbcbt f` o rcscormj popcr. Dct‛s mjcme tjc t jc bcxt port f` tjc t jc lfaudc oba dcorb ogfut tjc mrktcrko kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr.  

Akrcmtkfb8 Obswcr tjc `fddfwkbi qucstkfbs gosca `rfl wjot yfu jovc dcorbca kb tjks lfaudc.

?. Jfw aka yfu ebfw tjot tjc rcd rcdotca otca dktcroturcs o orc rc skibk`kmobt tf tjc stuay6 7. Yjcb af yfu soy tjot tjc rcsudt f` tjc rcscormj wos mdcordy oba mflprcjcbskvcdy stotca6 =. Yjot sjfuda gc mfbskac mfbskacrca rca wjcb cvoduotkb cvoduotkbi i tjc lctjfas usca kb tjc stuay6 stuay6 1. Yjy sjfuda kbakmotkfb f` rc`c rc`crcbmcs rcbmcs gcmflc ob csscbtkod po port rt kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr. 3. Yjcb af y yfu fu soy tjot yfu w wcrc crc ogdc tf c cvoduotc voduotc tjc rcscormj p popcr opcr c``cmtkvcdy c``cmtkvcdy6 6 0. Yjy ks kt klp klpfrtobt frtobt tf utkdkzc fr u usc sc tjc stobaora stobaoras s kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr6

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Akrcmtkfb8 Mflpdctc tjc iropjkm friobkzcr fb jfw tf cvoduotc o rcscormj popcr gy wrktkbi o sjfrt acsmrkptkfb `fr comj port. Mfpy tjc tclpdotc gcdfw kb yfur bftcgffe bftcgffe tf obswcr tjc omtkvkty.

77

  

 

QKQDC

[fu jovc bfw mflpdctca mflpdctca tjc omtkvktkcs fb cvoduotkbi cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr. [fu aka ircot! Eccp up tjc iffa wfre!  

Fbmc yfu orc toseca tf cvoduotc o rcscormj popcr, popcr, gcor tjks kb lkba8

  O mflpdctc rcscormj popcr jos 3 mjoptcrs8 Kbtrfaumtkfb, Wcvkcw f` Wcdotca Dktcroturcs, Lctjfafdfiy, Wcsudts oba Aksmusskfbs, oba ]ullory, Mfbmduskfbs, oba Wcmfllcbaotkfbs.

  Qjc tktdc tktdc   mfbtokbs tjc `cwcst pfsskgdc wfras bccaca tf oacquotcdy oba mdcordy acsmrkgc tjc mfbtcbt oba/fr purpfsc f` tjc rcscormj r cscormj popcr.

  Ob ogstromt ogstromt sullorkzcs,  sullorkzcs, usuoddy kb fbc poroiropj f` 73> wfras fr dcss, tjc t jc lohfr ospcmts f` tjc cbtkrc popcr kb o prcsmrkgca scqucbmc tjot kbmduacs8 (?) sjfrt 7=

 

 

gomeirfuba f` tjc stuay, (7) fghcmtkvcs f` tjc stuay, (=) lotcrkods oba lctjfas, (1) rcsudts, (3) mfbmduskfb oba (0) skibk`kmobmc.

  Qjc Kbtrfaumtkfb cstogdksjcs tjc smfpc, mfbtcxt, oba skibk`kmobmc f` tjc rcscormj gckbi mfbaumtca gy sullorkzkbi tjc gomeirfuba kb`frlotkfb ogfut tjc tfpkm, stotkbi tjc rcscormj prfgdcl suppfrtca gy o jypftjcsks fr o sct f` qucstkfbs, cxpdokbkbi grkc`dy tjc lctjfafdfikmod opprfomj usca tf cxolkbc tjc rcscormj prfgdcl, jkijdkijtkbi tjc pftcbtkod futmflcs tjc stuay mob rcvcod, oba futdkbkbi tjc rclokbkbi strumturc oba friobkzotkfb f` tjc popcr.

  Qjc Wcvkcw f` Wcdotca Dktcroturcs  Dktcroturcs   kbmduacs gffes, smjfdordy ortkmdcs, oba oby ftjcr sfurmcs rcdcvobt tf o portkmudor kssuc, orco f` rcscormj, fr tjcfry, oba gy sf afkbi, prfvkacs o acsmrkptkfb, sullory, oba mrktkmod cvoduotkfb f` tjcsc wfres kb rcdotkfb tf tjc rcscormj prfgdcl gckbi kbvcstkiotca.

  Qjc lctjfafdfiy lctjfafdfiy scmtkfb  scmtkfb f` o rcscormj popcr obswcrs twf lokb qucstkfbs8 Jfw wos tjc aoto mfddcmtca fr icbcrotca6 Oba, jfw wos kt obodyzca6

  Qjc rcsudts rcsudts   scmtkfb stotcs tjc `kbakbis f` tjc rcscormj orrobica kb o dfikmod scqucbmc wktjfut wktjfut gkos fr kbtcrprctotkfb.

  Qjc aksmusskfb aksmusskfb sjfuda  sjfuda odwoys mfbbcmt tf tjc kbtrfaumtkfb gy woy f` tjc rcscormj qucstkfbs pfsca oba tjc dktcroturc rcvkcwca. Qjc Q jc aksmusskfb mdcordy cxpdokb jfw tjc stuay oavobmca tjc rcoacr's ubacrstobakbi f` tjc rcscormj prfgdcl `rfl wjcrc yfu dc`t tjcl ot tjc cba f` yfur rcvkcw f` prkfr rcscormj.

  Qjc mfbmduskfb mfbmduskfb lust  lust jcdp tjc rcoacr ubacrstoba wjy tjc rcscormj sjfuda lottcr tf tjcl o`tcr tjcy jovc `kbksjca rcoakbi tjc popcr.

  Qjc oppcbakmcs lust mfbtokb suppdclcbtory lotcrkods cvcb tjc bfb-csscbtkod ports f` tjc tcxt gut jcdp`ud kb prfvkakbi o lfrc mflprcjcbskvc ubacrstobakbi f` tjc rcscormj prfgdcl.

  O rc`crcbmc scmtkfb/gkgdkfiropjy lust scmtkfb/gkgdkfiropjy lust kbmduac o `frlod rc`crcbmc f` pugdksjca oba ubpugdksjca sfurmcs tjot wcrc usca tf fgtokb kb`frlotkfb rcdcvobt tf tjc rcscormj popcr.

71

 

 

Akrcmtkfb8 Wcoa comj ktcl morc`uddy. Mjffsc oba wrktc Akrcmtkfb8 tjc dcttcr f` tjc gcst obswcr kb yfur bftcgffe.

?. Yjot sjfuda gc mfbska mfbskacrca crca kb cvodu cvoduotkbi otkbi o rc rcscormj scormj tktdc6 o. Qjc tktdc lust gc dfbi oba lust mfbtokb horifbkzca wfras. g. Kt sjfuda stort wktj —O stuay f`“  fr  fr —Ob kbvcstkiotkfb f`“.  f`“.   m. Kt lust sfuba slort oba lust usc jkij`odutkb tcrls. a. Qjc wfras usca lust mrcotc o pfsktkvc klprcsskfb oba sjfuda stkludotc tjc rcoacrs‛ kbtcrcst.  kbtcrcst.   7. Qjc `fddfwkbi kb`frlotkfb sj sjfuda fuda gc cvoduotc cvoduotca a kb tjc Ogstromt cxmcpt8 cxmcpt8   o. omebfwdcaicl omebfwdcaiclcbt cbt g. fghcmtkvcs f` tjc stuay m. gomeirfuba f` tjc stuay a. rcsudts f` tjc stuay =. Yjot ks tjc klpfrtobmc f f`` cvoduotkbi tj tjc c dkst f` rc`crcbmcs6 o. Qf cstogdksj tjc mrcakgkdkty f` tjc sfurmcs f` kb`frlotkfb. g. Qf vodkaotc tjc kb`frlotkfb toecb `rfl tjcsc rc`crcbmcs. m. Qf vcrk`y tjc cxtcbt f` kb`frlotkfb usca kb tjc stuay. a. odd f` tjc ogfvc 1. Yjot sjfuda gc mfbska mfbskacrca crca gc`frc y yfu fu cvoduotc o rcscormj popcr6 K. tjkmebcss KKK. tklcdkbcss KK. promtkmodkty KP. mflpdctcbcss o. K, KK, oba KKK f fbdy bdy g. K fbdy m. KKK, oba KP fbdy a. KK, KK oba KP fbdy 3. Yjy ks tjc tjcrc rc o b bcca cca tf cvoduotc cvoduotc tjc sfurmcs f` kb`f kb`frlotkfb6 rlotkfb6 o. Qf wcca fut rcdkogdc, bfb-gkosca, upaotca oba oba/fr /fr mfrrcmt kb`frlotkfb. g. Qf cbsurc tjc quodkty oba rcdkogkdkty f` tjc rcscormj. m. Qf `kba bfb-rcdcvobt kb`frlo kb`frlotkfb tkfb `fr tjc rcscormj tfpkm. a. Qf scormj `fr vkcws oba fpkbkfbs `rfl ftjcr pcfpdc. 0. Yjy af wc b bcca cca tf cvoduotc rcscormj rcscormj pop popcrs6 crs6 K. Qf ubacrstob ubacrstoba a tjc skibk`kmob skibk`kmobmc mc f` tjc stuay kb rcdotkfb tf ftjc ftjcrr stuakcs. KK. Qf tcdd tjc rcscormjcrs wjctjcr tf mfbtkbuc fr tf stfp tjc stuay. KKK. Qf tcst jfw iffa tjc rrcscormjcr cscormjcr ks. 73

   

 

KP. Qf rcfrkcbt tjc rcscormjcrs fb tjc akrcmtkfb f` tjckr stuay. o. K oba KP fbdy g. K oba KKK fbdy m. KK oba KP a. KK oba KKK fbdy 9. Kb wjkmj po port rt f` o rcscormj popcr mob ob ob cvoduotfr `kba tjc a aoto oto prcscb prcscbtca tca kb togdcs, iropjs fr `kiurcs6 o. mfbmduskfbs g. rcmfllcbaotkfbs m. rcsudts a. kbtrfaumtkfb :. Yjy af cvoduotfrs rcqukrc o rcscormj dfi dfigffe6 gffe6 o. Qf prfvc tjot mcrtokb omtkvktkcs fmmurrca aurkbi tjc mfbaumt f` tjc stuay. g. Qf vodkaotc tjc outjcbtkmkty f` tjc aoto fgtokbca kb tjc stuay. m. Qf mjcme tjc mrcakg mrcakgkdkty kdkty f` tjc rcscormjcrs. a. Odd f` tjc ogfvc ;. Kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr, popcr, ob cvoduotf cvoduotfrr `fmuscs fb tjc a aksmusskfb ksmusskfb f` tj tjc c rcsudts, wjot mfuda gc tjc rcosfb `fr tjks6 o. Kt mfbtokbs tjc mfrc `kbakbis sullorkzca oba kbtcrprctca kb dkijt f` tjc t jc rcscormj qucstkfbs. g. Kt acsmrkgcs tjc aoto mfddcmtkbi prfmcaurcs oba kbstrulcbts utkdkzca kb tjc stuay. m. Kt ac`kbcs wjot jos gccb afbc oba wjot bccas tf gc afbc kb rcdotkfb tf tjc rcscormj tfpkm. a. Kt prfpfscs bcw rcsco rcscormj rmj akrcmtkfbs tf prcvcbt aupdkmotkfb f` c``frt fr tf cbmfuroic mfddogfrotkfb. ?>. Kb wjkmj port f` tjc rcscormj popcr mob yfu `kba tjc wjot oba tjc wjy f` tjc stuay6 o. rcvkcw f` rcdotca dktcroturcs g. kbtrfaumtkfb m. lctjfafdfiy a. mfbmduskfbs

MFBIWOQSDOQKFB]! [fu jovc bfw rcomjca tjc cba f` tjks lfaudc. K jfpc yfu jovc dcorbca o dft fb jfw tf cvoduotc ob c``cmtkvc rcscormj popc popcr. r. K jfpc tjks wfuda jcdp yfu prcporc `fr o smkcbmc `okr mflpctktkfb. Eccp ifkbi!  

70

 

 

Kbtcrvkcw o pobcdkst fr huaic kb o rcscormj `frul. Ose fb jfw yfu mob `urtjcr klprfvc oba acvcdfp yfur sekdds kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr.

]furmc8 jttps8//www.?7=r`.mfl/mdkportjttps8//www.?7=r`.mfl/mdkportvcmtfr/vkacfVmodd.jtld6stk0?;?17.pa` jttps8//dkgiukacs.usm.cau/wrktkbiiukac/rcscormjidfssory jttps8//pa`s.sclobtkmsmjfdor.fri/oo`9/1>7?3?93c0maa>7m=g jttps8//pa`s.sclobtkmsmjfdor.fri/oo`9/1>7?3 ?93c0maa>7m=g>3o9?37mm1c:3a >3o9?37mm1c:3a=`a;.pa =`a;.pa ` 79

 

 

QW[ QJK]! ?. O 7. M =. G 1. A 3. A AF QJK]! ?. J 7. H =. A 1. O 3. C 0. I 9. M :. @ ;. K ?>. G CZ^DFWC  (Obswcrs loy vory) CZ^DFWC 1. Aka tjc rcsco rcscormj rmj stuay m mflpdy flpdy wktj tjc stobaoras f` wrktkbi o rcs rcscormj cormj popcr6 @fr tjc Qktdc, Ogstromt, Kbtrfaumtkfb, oba Mfbmduskfb, tjc rcscormj popcr mflpdkca wktj tjc stobaoras kb wrktkbi o rcscormj popcr. Jfwcvcr, `fr tjc Lctjfafdfiy scmtkfb, tjcrc wcrc sflc klpfrtobt kb`frlotkfb tjot wcrc lksskbi. Qjcsc kbmduac tjc rcscormj acskib, rcspfbacbts, dfmodc oba tjc stotkstkmod trcotlcbt usca kb tjc stuay. 3. Ks tjc rcscor rcscormj mj popcr mflpdc mflpdctc6 tc6 K` bf, wjot ks domekbi kb tjc rcsco rcscormj rmj popcr6 Ks kt bcmcssory tf kbmduac tjc domekbi ports kb wrktkbi o rcscormj popcr6 Yjy fr wjy bft6 Bf. Kt domes tjc Wcvkcw f` Wcdotca Dktcroturcs, Wcsudts, Aksmusskfbs, Wcmfllcbaotkfbs, Gkgdkfiropjy oba Oppcbakmcs. Kt ks bcmcssory tf kbmduac cdotc tca aD Dktcro ktcroturcs turcs  wkdd prfvkac lfrc kb`frlotkfb tjcsc ports. Qjc W cvkcw f` W cdo rciorakbi tjc tfpkm. Qjc Wcsudts oba Aksmusskfb   wkdd sjfw tjc `kbakbis fgtokbca `rfl tjc stuay oba tjc obodysks oba kbtcrprctotkfb f` tjcsc `kbakbis. 7:

 

 

Qjcsc

wfuda

suppfrt tjc mfbmduskfbs acrkvca `rfl tjc stuay. Wcmfllcbaotkfbs orc odsf bcmcssory sf tjot tjc `uturc rcscormjcrs wfuda ebfw jfw tf klprfvc tjc stuay. Qjc Gkgdkfiropjy  wkdd   wkdd mktc odd tjc rc`crcbmcs utkdkzca kb tjc stuay wjkmj mob gc usca `fr vodkaotkfb f` tjc kb`frlotkfb oba tjc sfurmcs f` tjcsc kb`frlotkfb.  O ppcbak mcs mob odsf prfvkac oaaktkfbod kb`frlotkfb `fr tjc rcoacrs tf gcttcr mflprcjcba tjc stuay. 0. Os ob cvoduotfr f` tjc so solpdc lpdc rcsco rcscormj rmj popcr, wjot mob yfu sui suiicst icst tf klprfvc tjc rcscormj popcr6  O`tcr cvoduotkbi cvoduotkbi tjc rc rcscormj scormj popcr, K wfu wfuda da suiicst tf mflpdctc tjc p ports orts skbmc lfst f` tjcsc orc klpfrtobt tf `uddy ubacrstoba tjc rcscormj stuay. O^^D[ YJOQ [FS JOPC DCOWBCA (Obswcrs loy vory)  vory)  ?. Jfw aka yfu ebfw tjot tjc rcdotca dktcroturcs dktcroturcs orc skibk`kmobt tf tjc s stuay6 tuay6 Qjc rcdotca dktcroturcs orc mfbskacrca tf gc skibk`kmobt tf tjc stuay k` kt prfvkaca kb`frlotkfb fb wjot wcrc odrcoay afbc oba wjot jos tf gc afbc rciorakbi tjc rcscormj tfpkm. Odsf, k` kt iovc kacos fb tjc ak``crcbmc/s f` tjc murrcbt rcscormj stuay tf tjc prcvkfus stuakcs tjot wcrc odrcoay mflpdctca. 7. Yjcb af yfu soy tjot tjc rcsudt f` tjc rcscormj wos mdcordy oba mflprcjcbskvcdy mflprcjcbs kvcdy stotca6 Qjc rcsudts f` tjc stuay orc mdcordy stotca wktj tjc usc f` opprfprkotc aoto  prcscbtotkfb sumj os togdcs, dkbc iropjs, pkc iropjs, gor ir iropjs opjs fr cvcb `dfw mjorts. Qjks wfuda jcdp tf coskdy scc tjc aoto fgtokbca `rfl tjc stuay. Qjcsc aoto prcscbtotkfbs sjfuda odsf gc ommflpobkca wktj acsmrkptkfbs fb tjc trcbas acrkvca `rfl tjc aoto obodysks mfbaumtca. =. Yjot sjfuda gc mfbskacrc mfbskacrca a wjcb cvoduotkbi tjc lctjfas usca usca kb tjc stuay6 Qjc lctjfas usca kb tjc stuay sjfuda gc mdcordy stotca kb actokd, sf tjot ftjcr rcscormjcrs wfuda gc ogdc tf rcpcot tjc prfmcaurcs afbc kb tjc stuay. Qjc lotcrkods usca kb comj stcp sjfuda odsf gc kbmduaca. 1. Yjy sjfuda kbakmotkfb f` rc`crcbmcs gcmflc ob csscbtkod port kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr6 Gkgdkfiropjy fr tjc dkst f` rc`crcbmcs ks ob csscbtkod port kb cvoduotkbi o rcscormj  popcr gcmousc gcmousc kt jcdps tf vodkaotc k` tjc kb`frlotkfb oba k` tjc sfurm sfurmcs cs f` tjcsc kb`frlotkfb orc truc oba mrcakgdc. 3. Yjcb af yfu soy tjot yfu wcrc ogdc tf cvoduotc tjc rcscormj rcscormj popcr c``cmtkvcdy6  Ob c``cmtkvc cvoduotkfb lcobs tjot yfu wcrc ogdc tf cvoduotc tjc popcr fghcmtkvcdy, wktjfut oby gkos, wktj tjc usc f` tjc mjcmedkst fr mrktcrko prfvkaca.  Ob c``cmtkvc cvoduotkfb odsf cbogdcs tjc cvoduotfr tf prfvkac jcdp`ud kbskijts oba suiicstkfbs tf `urtjcr klprfvc tjc rcscormj popcr oba tjc t jc stuay ktscd`.

7;

 

 

0. Yjy ks kt klpfr klpfrtobt tobt tf utkdkzc fr usc tjc stobaoras kb cvoduotkbi o rcscorm rcscormj j popcr6 @fddfwkbi tjc prcsmrkgca mrktcrko kb cvoduotkbi cvoduotkbi o rcscormj popcr wkdd iukac yfu tf cvoduotc fghcmtkvcdy oba prcvcbt yfu tf if gcyfba wjot ks rcqukrca kb tjc  prfmcss. WCKB@FWMCLCBQ (Obswcrs loy vory)

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O]]C]] YJOQ [FS JOPC DCOWBCA ?. A 7. O =. A 1. M 3. G 0. O 9. M =>

 

 

:. A ;. O ?>. G DCOWB LFWC (Obswcrs wkdd vory)

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