Schiemer 2004

 

Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706

www.kjs-blsbvkbr.jdi

Detdfbebtkj p`ttbres ke tabri`l `c`pt`tkde dn nksa vs. ldef-tbri tbipbr`turb trbecs ke l`rfb rkvbrs N. Zjakbibr `,*, A. Hbjhbks` , A. Ebibsjah`l g, B. Zjalucbri`ee` , F. Vkehlbr ` , K. _wbkiqllbr `  ` 

 Cbp`rtibet dn Lkiedldfy, Kestktutb dn Bjdldfy `ec Jdesbrv`tkde Gkdldfy, Rekvbrskty dn ^k ^kbee`, bee`,  @lta`estr`ssb 03, @-0=;= ^kbee`, @ustrk`  g  Cbp`rtibet dn Zystbi`tkj _ddldfy `ec Cbvbldpibet`l Akstdry Akstdry,, Kestktutb dn _ddldfy, Rekvbrskty dn ^k ^kbee`, bee`,  @lta`estr`ssb 03, @-0=;= ^kbee`, @ustrk`

@gstr`jt.  Wabdpaklkj nksa spbjkbs ja`r`jtbrkstkj dn l`rfb rkvbr systbis `rb nkebly tuebc curkef b`rly detdfbebtkj cbvbldpibet td tab sb`sde`l tbipbr`turb rbfkib dn tabkr i`ke eursbry a`gkt`ts ke tab kesadrb zdebs dn rkvbrs. Wkvbr rbful`tkde `ec tab jdestrujtkde dn aycrdpdwbr c`is a`vb cksruptbc tab  g`l`ejb gbtwbbe rbqukrbibets `ec tab nkblc jdecktkdes. Nrbqubetly, tbipbr`turbs n`ll gbldw tab dptki`l r`efb ke rbful`tbc rkvbrs cub td n`stbr ruednn `ec rbcujbc kesadrb rbtbetkde j`p`jkty. Recbr  suja jdecktkdes, frdwta tardufa tab   gjrktkj jrktkj`l `l pbrkdc P   curkef tab lknb akstdry ks rbt`rcbc rbsultkef ke akfa idrt`lkty r`tbs. Saks ks ` i`ke rb`sde ndr tab cbjlkeb dn stdjhs `ec ` jrktkj`l st`tb dn rbjruktibet dn  i`ey i`e y rkv rkvbrk brkeb eb spbj spbjkbs. kbs. Sab trb trbecs ecs j`u j`usbc sbc gy ldef ldef-tb -tbri ri jlk jlki`t i`tkj kj ja` ja`efbs efbs a`vb td gb ski skikl` kl`rly rly `ccrbssbc nrdi tab pdket dn vkbw dn i`tja dr iksi`tja gbtwbbe rbqukrbibets `ec tab prbckjtbc ja`efbs ke bevkrdeibet`l jdecktkdes. Ldef-tbri trbecs ke tab tbipbr`turb cbvbldpibet a`vb gbbe `e`lyzbc ndr tab @ustrk`e C`eugb. Sab pdtbetk`l bnnbjt dn suja trbecs ks tbstbc `f`kest tab tbipbr`turb

cbpbecbejb dn bigrydfbebsks `ec ` frdwta idcbl cbvbldpbc ndr deb dn dur t`rfbt spbjkbs, tab jyprkekc   Jadecrdstdi` e`sus. jyprkekc e`sus . Nkblc c`t` de keckvkcu`l c`kly frdwta r`tbs dn l`rv`l nksa, g`sbc de dtdlkta `e`lysks, sadw ta`t tab prbsbet jdecktkdes `rb jrktkj`l. Sab jdesbqubejbs dn fldg`l ja`efb ndr  rabdpaklkj rabdpa klkj nksa spbjkb spbjkbss ke l`rfb rkvbr systbis `rb cksjussbc. C  7==3 Blsbvkbr G.^. @ll rkfats rbsbrvbc.  Hbywdrcs? Nksa l`rv`b8 Jrktkj`l st`fb8 Detdfbebtkj ekjab8 Cknnbrbetk`tkde8 Bebrfbtkjs8 Bnnkjkbejkbs8 Bjdpayskdldfy8  Hbywdrcs? Nksa Frdwta idcbl8 Fldg`l ja`efb8 I`tja‚iksi`tja

* Jdrrb Jdrrbspdecke spdeckef f `utadr. `utadr. Sbl.? Sbl.? +3: 0 3766 23:3=8 n`x? +3: 0 3766 ;237.  B-i`kl `ccrbss? `ccrbss? nrkbcrkja.sjakbibrMuekvkb.`j.`t  nrkbcrkja.sjakbibrMuekvkb.`j.`t (N. Zjakbibr). =2:0-20:0/   C  7==3 Blsbvkbr G.^. @ll rkfats rbsbrvbc. cdk?0=.0=0>/o.kjs.7==3.=;.=:;

 

70=

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

0. Ketrdcujtkde

@ldef @lde f ta tabb rk rkvb vbrr jd jdur ursb, sb, ja` ja`r` r`jt jtbr brkst kstkj kj nk nksa sa `s `ssd sdjk` jk`tk tkde dess `r `rbb `c `c`p `ptb tbc c td pr prbv bv`k `klk lkef ef tbipbr`turb rbfkibs. Sab ldefktucke`l tabri`l prdnklb dn rkvbrs rbsbiglbs td sdib bxtbet  tab l`tktucke`l fbdfr`pakj`l p`ttbre. Ldj`l sujjbss dn spbjkbs ks cbpbecbet de tab i`tja dr  iksi`tja iksi `tja gbtwbbe rbqukrbibets rbqukrbibets `ec nkblc jdeckt jdecktkdes kdes curkef tab b`rly lknb akstdry, akstdry, wakja ks tab jrktkj`l pa`sb, tab gdttlbebjh, cbjkckef de sujjbss dr n`klurb dn ` spbjkbs. Sab nkeb tuekef tue kef gbt gbtwbb wbbe e rbq rbqukr ukrbi bibet betss `ec bev bevkr krdei deibe bet`l t`l jde jdeckt cktkde kdess a`s   gbbe jdes jdeskcbr kcbr`gly `gly cksruptbc gy rkvbr befkebbrkef (c`is, rbcujtkde dn kesadrb rbtbetkde X0Y rbtbetkde  X0Y)). Fldg`l w`rikef ks ` nurtabr n`jtdr wakja a`s td gb t`hbe ketd `jjduet. Sabb st Sa stuc ucy y `e `e`l `lyz yzbs bs (` (`)) ta tabb ta tabr bri i`l r` r`ef efbs bs `e `ec c de detd tdfb fbeb ebtk tkjj ek ekja jabb sa sakn knts ts dn  ja`r`j ja` r`jtbr tbrkstk kstkjj spb spbjkbs jkbs cur curkef kef tab b`r b`rly ly lkn lknbb aks akstdry tdry,, (g) kts dpt dptki ki`` `ec jde jdestr str`ke `kets ts wkt wkta a rbf`rc td tbipbr`turb, (j) kcbetknkbs ldef-tbri trbecs ke tab tbipbr`turb cbvbldpibet dn  tab C`eugb rkvbr `ec (c) `e`lyzbs tab pdtbetk`l bnnbjts dn suja trbecs de ja`r`jtbrkstkj nksa spbjkbs. 7. Sab tabri`l ekjab dn rkvbrkeb nksa spbjkbs

Sarb Sa rbbb nk nksa sa sp spbj bjkb kbss `r `rbb rb rbpr prbsb bsbet et`t `tkv kvbb nd ndrr ta tabb ld ldef efktu ktuck cke` e`ll ck ckst strk rkgut gutkd kde e dn nk nksa sa ke Burdpb`e rkvbrs. Grdwe trdut (Z`lid (Z`lid trutt`) trutt` ) ks ja`r`jtbrkstkj ndr tab uppbr rktar`l zdeb. Sabb e` Sa e`sb sb (Jadecr Jadecrdstdi` dstdi` e`sus e`sus)) ks ` jy jypr prkek kekc, c, ty typk pkj` j`ll nd ndrr l` l`rf rfbb `e `ec c st struj rujtu turb rbc c rk rkvb vbr  r  systbis `ec ` rbprbsbet`tkvb dn tab g`rgbl-zdeb  X7,:Y  X7,:Y..  Sab rd`ja ( Wutklus ( Wutklus rutklus rutklus), ), `f`ke ` jyprkekc, ks ` burytdpkj spbjkbs djjurrkef ke tab uppbr `ec ldwbr pdt`i`l strbtjabs `ec cknn ck nnbr brbe bett ty typb pbss dn st st`f `fe` e`et et w` w`tb tbrr gd gdck ckbs bs   X3Y X3Y..   @ jd jdip ip`r `rks ksde de dn ta tabb ta tabr bri` i`ll ek ekja jabb ckibeskdes dn tab tarbb spbjkbs wkta rbspbjt td tab pdsktkde ke tab tabri`l fr`ckbet, tab dptkiui `ec tdlbr`ejb r`efb curkef bigrydfbebsks (uetkl a`tjakef) `ec tab b`rly l`rv`l (e`s (e `sbb `e `ec c rd rd`j `ja) a) dr ou ouvb vbek eklb lb pa pa`s `sbb (g (grd rdwe we tr trdu dut) t) sa sadw dwss ta ta`t `t ta tabb vk vk`g `glb lb r` r`ef efbb nd ndr  r  bigrydfbebsks ks skikl`r ke `ll tarbb spbjkbs (ke tab drcbr dn ;‚0= J) `ec wkcbes wkta   1

Nkf. 0. Sab vk`glb (waktb) `ec tab dptki`l tbipbr`turb r`efb (frby) dn bigrydfbebsks (ldwbr g`r) `ec l`rv`l cbvbldpibet (uppbr g`r) dn tarbb spbjkbs ja`r`jtbrkstkj ndr cknnbrbet nksa rbfkdes `ldef tab ldefktucke`l r`efb dn  rkvbrs. Sab uppbr kesbrt prbsbets ` shbtja de tab aycrdidrpadldfkj`l `ec gkdjdbetkj zde`tkde, rktar`l `ec pdt`i`l dn rkvbrs `s payskdfr`pakj`lly cbtbrikebc cbtbrikebc   gy `.d. jurrbet vbldjkty vbldjkty   p`ttbre, sugstr`tb. C`t` de   ta tabri`l bri`l r`efbs `jjdrckef `jj drckef td? Z. td?  Z. trutt`, trutt` , bigrydfb bigrydfbebsks ebsks   X2Y X2Y88  b`rl  b`rly y ouvbeklb ouvbeklb pbrkdc X>Y pbrkdc  X>Y..  J. e`sus, e`sus , bigrydfbebsks X bigrydfbebsks  X6Y 6Y88   l`rv`l pbrkdc X1Y. W. rutklus, X1Y. rutklus , bigrydfbebsks X;Y bigrydfbebsks  X;Y,,  l`rv`l pbrkdc X0=Y pbrkdc X0=Y..  Sab padtd sadws ` ja`r`jtbrkstkj eursbry zdeb ndr rabdpaklkj nksa ke tab C`eugb `ec ` l`rv`l e`sb.

 

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

 

700

st`fb `ec skzb. Sabrb ks ` ckstkejt saknt ke dptki`l tbipbr`turbs nrdi bff cbvbldpibet td tab l`tbr st`fbs wakja ks idrb bxprbssbc ke tab twd rkvbrkeb spbjkbs trdut `ec e`sb ta`e ke rd`ja `ec `ec wakja wakja `pp`rbetly rbnlbjts tab rksb dn tbipbr`turb `ntbr tab sp`wekef pbrkdcs ke rkvbrs (Nkf. (Nkf. 0). 0). :. Ikjrda`gkt`t rbqukrbibets `ec tabri`l ekjab saknts ke tab e`sb,   J. e`sus J. e`sus   a`s gbjdib ` nl`fsakp spbjkbs ndr tab bjdldfy `ec jdesbrv`tkde dn l`rfb Burdpb`e rkvbrs. Sab tabri`l rbqukrbibets dn tab spbjkbs `rb jldsbly lkehbc td jdecktkdes dn l`rfbr `ec strujtur`lly rkja rkvbr sbjtkdes. @ jlb`r a`gkt`t saknt ke tab jdursb dn tab lknb jyjlb jyj lb ks `pp` `pp`rbe rbet? t? rkta rktar`l r`l fr` fr`vbl vbl g`r g`rss `rb rbq rbqukr ukrbc bc ndr sp` sp`weke wekef. f. Sab sp` sp`wek wekef ef pbr pbrkdc kdc djjurs ja`r`jtbrkstkj`lly ke @prkl `t rkvbr tbipbr`turbs gbtwbbe 1 `ec 07 J  X  X00Y 00Y..  @s l`rv`l ikjr ik jrda da`g `gkt kt`t `tss rk rkja jaly ly st stru rujt jtur urbc bc ke kesa sadr drbb zd zdeb ebss dn rk rkvb vbrs rs `r `rbb rb rbqu qukrb krbc c wa wakj kja a dn dnnb nbrr ` jdigke`tkde dn ldw jurrbet vbldjkty, akfa prdcujtkde dn zddpl`ehtde `s l`rv`l nddc `ec rbnufb pdsskgklktkbs ke tab j`sb dn nlddcs. Vkta kejrb`skef skzb, tab prbnbrrbc ikjrda`gkt`ts saknt tdw`rcs idrb ldtkj jdecktkdes. Cbt`klbc bxpbrkibet`l stuckbs a`vb gbbe j`rrkbc dut de tab b`rly lknb akstdry st`fbs rbjdfe rbj dfekzk kzkef ef ta` ta`tt tab taby y `rb jrk jrktkj tkj`l `l ndr rbj rbjruk ruktib tibet. et.   Nkf. Nkf. 7   prdvkcb prdvkcbss ken kendri dri`tk `tkde de de tab   1

tbi tbipbr pbr`tu `turb rbt`hbs cbpbec cbp becbej bejb b dn bff gbtwbbe cbvbl cbv bldpi dpibet  bet     X6Y X6Y. .   Bigrydf Big rydfbebs bebsks ks uecb uecbrr strkhkefly jdest`et  jdes t`et  jdecktkdes pl`jb dvbr ` r`efb 0= `ec 0; J. Idrt`lkty kejrb`sbs  gbldw `ec `gdvb taks r`efb. Kt ks dn skfeknkj`ejb td edtb ta`t tbipbr`turb edt dely cbtbrikebs cur`tkde gut `lsd ja`efbs tab p`ttbre dn cbvbldpibet? `t akfabr v`lubs tab a`tjakef dn tab bigryds, tab up-swkiikef dn l`rv`b `ec tab desbt dn bxdfbedus nbbckef djjur `t ` ckstkejtly si`llbr gdcy skzb (tkssub wbkfat), `t ` lbss `cv`ejbc st`fb dn ldwbr  idrpadldfkj`l cknnbrbetk`tkde gut wkta ` akfabr rbi`kekef ydlh rbsbrvb (Nkf. ( Nkf. 7 g). Saks str`tbfkj saknt keckj`tkef tr`cb-dnns gbtwbbe skzb, cur`tkde `ec tab jdesbrv`tkde dn bebrfy rbsbrvbs ks sjabi`tkj`lly dutlkebc ke Nkf. ke  Nkf. 7j. 7j.   1

Nkf. 7. Sbipbr`turb cbpbecbejb dn (`) cur`tkde dn bigrydfbebsks, null lkeb? nbrtklkz`tkde uetkl a`tjakef, grdhbe lkeb? a`tjakef uetkl desbt dn nbbckef8 (g) skzb dn l`rv`b `t a`tjakef (frby) `ec tab rbi`kekef ydlh rbsbrvb (waktb) `ec (j) tbipbr`turb kecujbc saknts gbtwbbe skzb, cur`tkde `ec ydlh rbsbrvb `t a`tjakef.

 

707

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

Nkf. :. (`) Sbipbr`turb cbpbecbejb dn cur`tkde dn bigrydfbebsks nrdi nbrtklkz`tkde uetkl a`tja `ec nrdi a`tja td tab bec dn tab l`rv`l pbrkdc. Sab rbjt`eflbs cblkeb`tb tab tbipbr`turb wkecdw (r`efb dn vk`glb tbipbr`turbs, r`efb dn ldw idrt`lkty), tab sa`cbc zdeb keckj`tbs tab dptki`l r`efbs (sbb tbxt). (g) Idetaly ib`e tbipbr`turb (gl`jh   pdket) `ec r`efb ndr @prkl, I`y `ec Oueb ke ` jdlc yb`r (uppbr lkeb), rbspbjtkvbly ` w`ri yb`r y b`r (ikcclb (ikcc lb lkeb) nrdi tab sbrkbs dn 0;20‚0;; 0;20‚0;;2. 2. Sab ldwbr lkeb rbprbsbets rbprbsbets tab prdfeds prdfedsks ks ndr 7=2= g`sbc de tab trbec `e`lysks. Kesbrtbc Kesbrtbc ks tab dptki`l tbipbr`turb r`efb ndr bigrydfbebsks (@prkl, I`y) `ec tab l`rv`l pbrkdc (Oueb).

:` kllustr`tbs tab tbipbr`turb cbpbecbejb dn st`fb cur`tkde dn bigrydfbebsks `ec Nkf. :` tab l`rv`l pbrkdc. Kt jlb`rly sadws tab saknt ke tab vk`glb `ec tab dptkiui r`efb ke tab jdesbjutkvb st`fbs, wakja djjurs wktake ` sadrt pbrkdc dn tkib `ec cbvbldpibet`l pa`sb. @ ckstkejt sujjbsskde dn tabri`l `c`pt`tkdes ks bvkcbet. Saks saknt ks vbry prdeduejbc–ke tab drcbr dn 1‚0= J ke tab nkrst pa`sb dn detdfbey–`ec djjurs dvbr ` sadrt pbrkdc dn tkib (cur`tkde) ke tab drcbr dn c`ys.  1

Nkf. 3. Frdwta r`tbs dn tarbb detdfbebtkj pa`sbs dn  J.  J. e`sus frdwe e`sus  frdwe curkef l`rv`l pa`sb dvbr ` wkcb r`efb nr di di 0= 0= td 71 J uecbr jdest`et tbipbr`turbs `ec `c lkgktui nddc supply (ndr ibtadcdldfkj`l cbt`kls, sbb Wbns.   X6,1Y 6,1Y)). Zkejb bigrydfbebsks ks lkiktbc td ` tbipbr`turb r`efb gbtwbbe 0= `ec 0; J, l`rv`l frdwta `t akfabr tbipbr`turbs wbrb stuckbc nrdi l`rv`b a`tjabc `t 0> J.   1

 1

  1

 

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

 

70:

S`glb 0 Zkzb cbpbecbet frdwta r`tbs ke cbpbecbejb dn tbipbr`turb, j`ljul`tbc `s tab `lldibtrkj nuejtkde   F 9`V g

  1

02 J 7= J 72 J   1   1

@

G

=.=;;6 =.0;;3 =.:==:

=.7;1 =.73; =.7:>

Sbipbr`turb cbpbecbejb dn l`rv`l frdwta r`tbs a`s gbbe bxpbrkibet`lly stuckbc dvbr ` wkcb bxpbrkibet`l r`efb nrdi 0= td 71 J. @ Fdipbrtz typb idcbl dn tab ndri?   1

le C  C  N ý  S  CÕ   ¼  @ j bxp   b`S  Cj  ¼  @ j bxp   b`S  Cjle 8

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jdulc gb nkttbc dvbr tab wadlb tbipbr`turb r`efb `pplkbc td tab bxpbrkibet`l c`t` ndr tab l`rv`l `ec ouvbeklb pbrkdc ke tbris dn gdcy lbefta `ec cry wbkfat (cwt) gy pdlyedik`l rbfrbsskd rbf rbsskde e wkta tbipbr`turb `ec `fb (cur`tkde) `s tab kecbpbecbet v`rk`glbs. Nkf. 3  3   jdip`rbs spbjknkj frdwta r`tbs curkef bigrydfbebsks, tab l`rv`l `ec tab b`rly  ouvbeklb pbrkdc. Frdwta r`tbs `rb p`rtkjul`rly akfa curkef tab bf bff f   cbvbldpibet cbvbldpibet pa`sb (k.b. tab jdevbrskde nrdi ydlh ketd tkssub, c`t` nrdi H`ilbr bt `l.   X6Y X6Y))  `ec cbjrb`sb wkta skzb `ec st`fb. Sab skzb cbpbecbejb gbtwbbe tab desbt dn bxdfbedus nbbckef (0‚2 if cwt) cw t) td   tab tab ou ouvb vbek eklb lb st st`f `fbb (d (dvb vbrr 0= 0== = if cw cwt) t) `t ck cknn nnbr brbe bett tb tbip ipbr br`tu `turb rbss `r `rbb fk fkvb vbe e ke S`glb 0. 0. Sab nkfurb `lsd kllustr`tbs gdta tab saknt `ec `e bxp`eskde dn tab tabri`l ekjab nrdi tab l`rv`l td tab b`rly ouvbeklb pbrkdc gy `e kejrb`sb dn   P 0=-v`lubs ndr frdwta wkta skzb (S`glb (S`glb 7) 7). Kt ks wbll bst`glksabc ta`t wktake tab b`rly lknb akstdry tab pbrkdc nrdi desbt dn nbbckef uetkl null ydlh rbsdrptkde dn l`rv`b (ikxbc nbbckef pbrkdc) `ec tab l`rv`l pbrkdc dn betkrbly bxdfbedus nbbckef ks tab idst jrktkj`l X07‚03Y jrktkj`l  X07‚03Y..   Sab idrpadldfkj`l cknnbrbetk`tkde rbl`tbc td tab sbesdry sbesdry,, nbbcke nbbckef, f, swki swkiikef ikef `ec rbspk rbspkr`tdry r`tdry nuejtkdes nuejtkdes a`s td djjur n`st. Jdeskcbrkef tabb ld ta ldw w ib ibt` t`gd gdlk lkjj sj sjdp dpbb `e `ec c ta tabb ak akfa fa `e `ec c jd jdip ipbt btkt ktkv kvbb rb rbqu qukr krbi bibe bets ts nd ndrr fr frdw dwta ta,, cknnbrbetk`tkde `ec i`ketbe`ejb, tab tbipbr`turb r`efb prdvkckef ndr dptki`l nktebss a`s td gb cbnkebc gy ` jdigke`tkde dn ja`r`jtbrkstkjs? !

!

!

  bebr be brfb fbtkj tkjs, s, gd gdta ta pd pdwbr wbr `e `ec c bn bnnk nkjk jkbe bejk jkbs bs,, cb cbtb tbri rike kebb ta tabb sj sjdpb dpb nd ndrr frd frdwta wta `e `ec c cbvbldpibet,   ta tabb `t `tt`k t`keb ebc c gd gdcy cy sk skzb zb dn ja ja`r `r`j `jtb tbrks rkstk tkjj st st`f `fbs bs `r `rbb sk skfe fekn knkj kj`e `ett wk wkta ta rb rbf` f`rc rc td ta tabb swkiikef, bsj`pb `ec nbbckef pbrndri`ejbs `ec cbtbrikeb tab   g pdket dn ed rbture P ,   cur`tk cur`tkde, de, tab tkib rbqukrbc rbqukrbc td rb`ja ` jbrt`ke st`fb rbl`tbs rbl`tbs td tab juiul juiul`tkvb `tkvb rkshs l`rv`l l`rv`l nksa `rb bxpdsbc td ke ` stdja`stkj eursbry ikjrda`gkt`t.

Sabrb ks keckj`tkde ta`t wktake tab vk`glb tbipbr`turb r`efb tab v`rkdus nuejtkdes `rb `jjblbr`tbc wkta tbipbr`turb `t cknnbrbet spbbcs X02Y spbbcs  X02Y lb`ckef  lb`ckef td ` sbt dn cknnbrbet sdlutkdes.

S`glb 7 P 0=-v`lubs dn frdwta dvbr tab r`efb dn lkeb`r kejrb`sb (0:‚72 J)   1

Zkzb jl`ss (if cry wbkfat) P 0=  

0‚2 :.:3

2‚:= :.:=

:=‚2= :.>1

2=‚1= :.13

1=‚7== 3.30

 

703

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

Nkf. 2. (`) Sbipbr`turb cbpbecbejb dn skzb dn l`rv`b `t tab desbt dn bxdfbedus nbbckef (waktb) `ec `t tab bec dn  tab l`rv`l pa`sb. Edtb ta`t ndr a`tjakef l`rv`b `ec nkektb l`rv`l skzb cknnbrbet sj`lbs `rb usbc. (g) @sskikl`tkde bnnkjkbejy bnnkjkb ejy ( @  @/ / J   J   ke pbrjbet)? sdlkc lkebs8 prdcujtkde  bnnkj  bnnkjkbejy kbejy ( ]  ( ] / / @  @)?   )? grdhbe lkebs. Bigrydfbebsks (c`t` nrdi Wbns.   X0,6Y) Wbns. X0,6Y)? take lkebs8 bxdfbedusly nbbckef l`rv`b  X0,1Y  X0,1Y??  takjh lkebs.

@t pr prbs bsbe bet, t, wb j` j`ee eedt dt `e `esw swbr br ta tabb qu qubs bstk tkde de kn ta taby by `r `rbb ta tabb rb rbsu sult lt dn tr tr`c `cbb-dn dnns ns `e `ec c jdestr`kets jdestr `kets dr rbprb rbprbsbet sbet `e `c`ptk `c`ptkvb vb str`tbfy ke tab sbesb ta`t cknnb cknnbrbet rbet sdlutkdes prdvkcb `e `rr`y `rr `y dn ja` ja`ejb ejbss uec uecbr br std stdja` ja`stk stkjj bev bevkrd krdeib eibet` et`ll jde jdecktk cktkdes des wkt wkta a nrb nrbqube qubetly tly djju djjurrk rrkef ef sugdptki`l jdecktkdes (tbipbr`turb, nddc, dxyfbe supply, w`tbr vbldjkty), wakja wkll a`vb juiul`tkvb bnnbjts. Ke drcbr td cbnkeb tab   gdptkiui r`efb P ,  Nkf. 2   jdip`rbs twd i`odr nktebss qu`lktkbs curkef b`rly detdfbey `ec kts cbpbecbejb nrdi tbipbr`turb. Sab uppbr p`ebl jdip`rbs  gdcy skzb `t a`tjakef (waktb) `ec tab nkektb l`rv`l skzb (frby8 edtb tab cknnbrbet sj`lb). @t  akfabr tbipbr`turbs, gdta dn tabsb becpdkets `rb `tt`kebc `t si`llbr gdcy i`ss. Sab ldwbr   p`ebl jdip`rbs gkdbebrfbtkj bnnkjkbejkbs? kt ks ketbrbstkef td edtb ta`t tbipbr`turb cbpbec cbp becbejb bejb dn `ss `sskik kikl`t l`tkde kde bnn bnnkjk kjkbej bejy y ( @  @/ / J  J 0== 0==)) cbj cbjrb` rb`sbs sbs ke tab uppbr vk` vk`glb glb r`efb curkef gdta pa`sbs waklb prdcujtkde bnnkjkbejy ( ]  ( ] / / J  J 0==) kejrb`sbs. Saks jdip`rksde kllustr`tbs ta`t dptki`lkty j`eedt gb e`rrdwly cbnkebc. 3. Ibrfkef nkblc bjdldfy, fldg`l trbecs, gkdbebrfbtkjs `ec jdesbrv`tkde

Adw cd tabsb rbqukrbibets i`tja wkta jdecktkdes l`rv`l nksa bejduetbr ke tab nkblc4 Ke dr drcb cbrr td `e `esw swbr br ta taks ks qu qubs bstk tkde de,, wb a` a`vb vb td `s `ssb sbss ss ta tabb rb rblb lbv` v`et et be bevk vkrd rdei eibe bet` t`ll jdecktkdes `ec tabkr sp`tkdtbipdr`l v`rk`gklkty ke tab l`rv`l ikjrda`gkt`ts ke tab kesadrb zdebs dn rkvbrs X:Y rkvbrs  X:Y..  Wkjaly strujturbc kesadrb zdebs `rb tab i`ke eursbrkbs dn rkvbrkeb nksa. Saby `rb ja`r`jtbrkzbc gy akfabr tbipbr`turbs `ec ` akfabr pl`ehtde (9nddc) prdcujtkde jdip`rb jdip `rbc c td ta tabb i` i`ke ke st stbi bi dn ta tabb rk rkvb vbr, r, cb cbpb pbec eckef kef de ta tabb w` w`tb tbrr rb rbtb tbet etkd kde e (gKesadrb Wbtbetkde Wbtbetk de Jdejbp Jdejbpt  t  P ?  X0>Y  X0>Y). ).

 

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

 

702

Nkf. >   prdvkcbs `e bx`iplb dn ` cbt`klbc stucy de b`rly l`rv`l frdwta ke `e kesadrb ldj`tkde wkta akfa w`tbr rbtbetkde dn tab nrbb-nldwkef C`eugb cdwestrb`i dn ^kbee` ke @ustrk`` wkta jdip`r`tkvbly @ustrk jdip`r`tkvbly fddc frdwt frdwta a jdeckt jdecktkdes. kdes. Sab keckv keckvkcu`l kcu`l frdwta p`ttbre j`e gb tr`jbc tr` jbc-g` -g`jh jh nrd nrdi i c`k c`kly ly rke rkef f ndr ndri`t i`tkde kdess uske uskef f tab dtd dtdlkt lkta a ikj ikjrds rdstru trujtur jturb. b. Sab frd frdwta wta tr`objtdrkbs dn twd l`rv`b sadw ta`t tab frdwta r`tbs `rb edt syejardekzbc. Sab frby g`ec rbprbsbets tab frdwta v`rk`gklkty bejduetbrbc wktake ` frdup dn l`rv`b `e`lyzbc nrdi `  p`rtkjul`r j`tja. Sab dvbr`ll sldpb dn tab frdwta g`ec dn tab jdadrt j`e gb jdip`rbc wkta jdetkeudus tbipbr`turb rbjdrckefs ke tab eursbry ikjrda`gkt`t. Kesbrtbc `rb tab jdetkeudus tbipbr`turb rbjdrckefs ke tab eursbry ikjrda`gkt`t. Sab dvbr`ll sldpb dn tab frdwta g`ec j`e gb jdip`rbc wkta tab tbipbr`turb cbpbecbet  frdwta frd wta r`t r`tbs bs ke tbr tbris is dn l`r l`rv`l v`l lbe lbefta fta ndu nduec ec ke tab bxpbrkib bxpbrkibet`l et`l julturbs. julturbs. Kt gbj gbjdi dibs bs `pp`rbet `pp`rb et ta`t sugdptk sugdptki`l i`l jdecktkdes jdecktkdes `rb cbjksk cbjkskvb vb ndr ldw frdwta r`tbs ke tab nkblc lb`ckef td  prdldefbc rkshs ke ` stdja`stkj bevkrdeibet. Adw Ad w jr jrkt ktkj kj`l `l `r `rbb ta tabb pr prbs bsbet bet tb tbip ipbr br`tu `turb rb jde jdeck cktk tkde dess `e `ec c wa wa`t `t `r `rbb ta tabb ld ldef ef-tb -tbri ri trbecs4 Sab trbecs kllustr`tbc ke Nkf. ke  Nkf. 6 `rb 6  `rb `e`lyzbc ndr tab jdecktkdes ke akfa rbtbetkde kesadrb zdebs. Kt a`s td gb bipa`skzbc ta`t tab dgsbrvbc trbecs edt dely rbprbsbet fldg`l jlki`tkj ja`efbs gut ta`t taby `rb `ccktkde`lly kenlubejbc gy dtabr kip`jts de tab rkvbr systbi (aycrdpdwbr c`is, jdeebjtkvkty dn tab rkvbr‚nlddcpl`ke systbi).

Nkf. >. (`) B`rly l`r Nkf. l`rv`l v`l frdwta ke `e kes kesadrb adrb ldj`tkde ldj`tkde dn tab C`eugb (sbb tbx tbxt) t) g`j g`jh-j h-j`lj `ljul` ul`tbc tbc nrdi c`k c`kly ly kejrbibets dn tab dtdlktas dn l`rv`b jdllbjtbc `t ` spbjknkj c`tb. Swd keckvkcu`l frdwta tr`objtdrkbs (sdlkc lkeb) `ec tab wkcta dn tab   gfrdwta g`ec P  (sa`cbc). Grdhbe lkeb? jdetkeudus tbipbr`turb tbipbr`turb rbjdrckefs rbjdrckefs ke tab eursbry a`gkt` a`gkt`t. t. (g) Bxpbrkibet`l frdwta c`t` jdip`rbc td nkblc frdwta.

 

70>

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

Nkf. 6. (`) Ldef-tbri trbecs (0;20‚0;;>) dn kesadrb tbipbr`turb rbfkib j`ljul`tbc nrdi tab c`kly rb`ckefs `ec tab ckvbrfbejb p`ttbre dn kesadrb tbipbr`turbs `t akfaly strujturbc kesadrb ldj`tkdes ke tab nrbb-nldwkef @ustrk`e C`eugb cdwestrb`i dn ^kbee`. Sab trbecs (lkeb`r rbfrbsskdes) `rb fkvbe ndr tab @prkl, I`y `ec Oueb wabe idst  sp`wekef `jtkvktkbs `ec b`rly nksa cbvbldpibet t`hbs pl`jb. (g) Zb`sde`l p`ttbre dn tbipbr`turb ja`efbs ke nksa eursbry a`gkt`ts j`ljul`tbc ndr ` 0=-yb`r pbrkdc.

Ke drcbr td dutlkeb tab i`tja‚iksi`tja gbtwbbe tab payskdldfkj`l rbqukrbibets `ec tab nkblc sktu`tkde ke ` akfa qu`lkty eursbry sktu`tkde, tab tbipbr`turb cbpbecbejb dn st`fb cur`tkde `rb sbt ke jdip`rksde td tab jdecktkdes ndr @prkl, I`y `ec Oueb, wabe b`rly lknb akstdry t`hbs pl`jb ke tab nkblc. Idetaly ib`es `ec tab r`efb dn c`kly v`lubs a`vb gbbe sblbjtbc ndr ` yb`r wkta ldw `ec akfa tbipbr`turbs nrdi tab sbrkbs nrdi 0;20 td 0;;2. Sab takrc lkeb rbprbsbets tab prdfedsks ndr 7=2= g`sbc de tab trbec `e`lysks. Sab fr`pa jlb`rly cbidestr`tbs ta`t prbsbet tbipbr`turb jdecktkdes `rb sugdptki`l `ec bigrydekj cbvbldpibet ib et ks rb rbt` t`rc rcbc bc.. Sa Sabb s` s`ib ib ad adlc lcss fd fddc dc nd ndrr ta tabb l` l`rv rv`l `l pa pa`s `sb. b. Wk Wkvb vbrr be befk fkebb ebbrk rkef ef,, ta tabb str`kfatbekef dn tab rkvbr jdursb `ec tab ldss dn kesadrb rbtbetkde zdebs a`vb rbcujbc tab dvbr dv br`l `lll sp sprk rkef ef tb tbip ipbr br`t `tur urbs bs `e `ec c ` ck cksr srup uptk tkde de ke ta tabb sy syej ejar arde dekz kz`t `tkd kde e gb gbtw twbb bbe e ta tabb  payskdldfkj`l prdfr`i dn rkvbrkeb spbjkbs `ec tab bevkrdeibet`l tbipbr`turb rbfkib. @t  ` nkrst fl`ejb, kt wdulc ib`e ta`t dvbr ` tkib sj`lb dn `pprdxki`tbly 0== yb`rs fldg`l w`rik w`r ikef ef jd jdul ulc c ki kipr prdv dvbb ta tabb sk sktu tu`t `tkd kde e `ec jdu jduet etbr br`j `jtt ta tabb cb cbnk nkjk jkbej bejkb kbss j` j`us usbc bc gy befkebb bef kebbrke rkef. f. Bvb Bvbe e tab prb prbckj ckjtbc tbc kej kejrb`s rb`sbb ke tbi tbipbr pbr`tur `turbb ks dut dutskc skcbb tab dpt dptki` ki`ll r`e r`efb. fb. De tab dtabr a`ec, rbstdr`tkde prdfr`is `rb prbsbetly pl`eebc `ec kiplbibetbc (b.f. ndr  tab C`eugb) ke drcbr td rbture td idrb drkfke`l jdecktkdes. Saks sadulc `ccktkde`lly spbbc up tab tbipbr`turb kejrb`sb ke l`rfb rkvbrs dvbr tab ebxt cbj`cbs lb`ckef td tab rkshs dn  dvbrsaddtkef tab e`rrdw payskdldfkj`l wkecdws. 2. Jdejluskdes

Ckstkejt detdfbebtkj ekjab saknts ke tab tabri`l `c`pt`tkde dn l`rv`l st`fbs dn rkvbrkeb nksa `rb nkebly tuebc tdw`rcs tab st`fb-spbjknkj ikjrda`gkt`t jdecktkdes. Vkta ktake ke ` jbr jbrt`k t`ke e r`e r`efb fb dn id idrpa rpadld dldfk fkj`l j`l ck cknn nnbrb brbet etk`t k`tkde kde,, frd frdwta wta `e `ec c ib ibt`g t`gdlk dlkjj bxpb bx pbec ecktu kturb rbss `r `rbb `j `jjb jblb lbr`t r`tbc bc wk wkta ta tb tbip ipbr br`tu `turb rb `t ck cknn nnbr brbe bett sp spbb bbcs cs lb lb`c `cke kef f td ` sb sbtt dn  cknnbrbet bec-pdkets ke ja`r`jtbr jdigke`tkde. Wkvbr Wkv br bef befkeb kebbrk brkef ef `ec fld fldg`l g`l w`r w`rike ikef f `rb cks cksrup ruptkef tkef tab tue tuekef kef gbt gbtwbb wbbe e pay payskd skd-ldfkj`l rbqukrbibets `ec nkblc jdecktkdes, lb`ckef td `e bec`efbribet dn ja`r`jtbrkstkj spbjkbs. ]rdfr`is ]rdfr` is cbn cbnkeb kebc c td `e` `e`lyzb lyzb tab tabkr kr bjd bjdpay payskdl skdldfk dfkj`l j`l rbq rbqukrb ukrbibe ibets ts `rb bss bssbetk betk`l `l ndr  fukckef i`e`fbibet, rbstdr`tkde `ec jdesbrv`tkde.

 

 N.. Zjakbibr bt `l. / Ketbre`tkde`l Jdefrbss Zbrkbs 0762 (7==3) 7=;‚706   N

 

706

Wbnbrbejbs X0Y N. Zjakbi Zjakbibr, br, A. Hbjhbk Hbjhbks, s, B. H`ilb H`ilbr, r, Sab b`rly lknb akstdry st`fbs dn rkvbr rkvbrkeb keb nksa? bjdpayskdldfkj`l bjdpayskdldfkj`l `ec bevkrdeibet`l gdttlbebjhs, JG], @ 0:: (7==:) 3:;‚33;. X7Y I. ]be`z, ]be`z,  Jadecrdst  Jadecrdstdi` di` e`sus e`sus –kts  –kts rbprdcujtkde str`tbfy `ec pdsskglb rb`sdes ndr ` wkcbly dgsbrvbc  pdpul`tkde cbjlkeb–` rbvkbw rbvkbw,, ke? @. Hkrjaadnbr, C. Abntk (Bcs.), Jdesbrv`tkde dn Bec`efbrbc Nrbsaw`tbr  Nksa ke Burdpb, Gkrha6 usbr usbr ^brl`f, Gbre, 0;;>, pp. 76;‚712. X:Y N. Zjakbibr, Zjakbibr, Nksa `s keckj`tdrs ndr tab `ssbssibet dn tab bjdldfkj`l ketbfrkty dn l`rfb rkvbrs. ]rdjbbckefs ]rdjbbckefs de ` wdrhsadp de bjdldfkj`l ketbfrkty ke ^kbee`, Aycrdgkdldfk` 377/37: (7===) 760‚761. X3Y N. Zjakbi Zjakbibr br,, V. Vkb Vkbsbr sbr,, Bpkldfu Bpkldfub? b? nddc `ec nbbck nbbckef, ef, bjdidr bjdidrpadldfy padldfy,, bebrfy `sskikl`tkde `sskikl`tkde `ec jdevbr jdevbrskde skde kde jyprkekcs, Bevkrde. Gkdl. Nksabs :: (0;;7) 77:‚776. X2Y @.N @.N.. Do`efu Do`efurbe, rbe, N. Gr`e`, Sabri`l cbpbecbejb cbpbecbejb dn bigryde bigrydekj kj frdwta `ec cbvbldpibet cbvbldpibet ke grdwe trdut, O. Nksa Gkdl. >7 (7==:) 21=‚2;=. X>Y @.N @.N.. Do`efur Do`efurbe, be, N.F. Wbybs-F`vkl` Wbybs-F`vkl`e, e, N. Gr`e` Gr`e`,, Sabri` Sabri`ll sbesk sbesktkvkt tkvkty y dn frdwta, nddc ket`hb `ec `jtkvkty dn   ouvbeklb grdwe trdut, O. Sabri. Gkdl. 7> (7==0) 0>2 ‚ 06=. X6Y B. H`ilb H`ilbr, r, A. Hbjhbk Hbjhbks, s, B. G`ubr G`ubr-Ebibs -Ebibsjah`l jah`l,, Sbipbr` bipbr`turbturb-kecujb kecujbc c ja`efb ja`efbss dn survkv survkv`l, `l, cbvbldpibet cbvbldpibet `ec ydlh-p`rtktkdekef ke  ke   Jadecrdstdi` e`sus, e`sus , O. Nksa Gkdl. 2: (0;;1) >21‚>17. X1Y A. Hbjhbks, bt `l., Zurvkv`l, cbvbldpibet cbvbldpibet `ec nddc bebrfy p`rtktkdekef p`rtktkdekef dn e`sb l`rv`b `ec b`rly ouvbeklbs `t  cknnbrbet tbipbr`turbs, O. Nksa Gkdl. 2; (7==0) 32‚>0. X;Y V. Vkbsbr, Vkbsbr, bt `l., Frdwta r`tb r`tbss `ec frdwta bnnkjkbejk bnnkjkbejkbs bs ke l`rv` l`rv`bb `ec ouvbek ouvbeklbs lbs dn   Wutklus rutklus  `ec dtabr  jyprkekc spbjkbs? bnnbjts dn tbipbr`turb `ec nddc ke tab l`gdr`tdry `ec ke tab nkblc, J`e. O. Nksa. @qu`t. Zjk. 32 (0;11) ;3:‚;2=. X0=Y V.I. Iddko, D.N.W. D.N.W. ^`e ^`e Sdefbrbe, Sdefbrbe, Frdwta dn =+ rd`ja ( Wutklus ( Wutklus rutklus rutklus)) ke rbl`tkde td tbipbr`turb `ec skzb ke ` sa`lldw butrdpakj l`hb? jdip`rksde dn nkblc `ec l`gdr`tdry dgsbrv`tkdes, J`e. O. Nksa. @qu`t. Zjk. 36 (0;;=) ;>=‚;>6. X00Y A. Hbjhbks, Kenlubejb Kenlubejb dn rkvbr idrpadldfy idrpadldfy `ec jurrb jurrbet et vbldjkty jdecktkdes de sp`wekef sktb sblbjtkde dn  Jadecrdstdi` e`sus   (L.), @rja. Aycrdgkdl., Zuppl. 00: L`rfb Wkvbrs 0= (7==0) 20‚>3. X07Y O.A.Z. Gl`xtbr Gl`xtbr,, Sab bnnb bnnbjt jt dn tbipbr`turb tbipbr`turb de l`rv` l`rv`ll nksabs, Ebta. O. _ddl. 37 (0;;7) ::> ‚ :26. X0:Y B. H`ilbr, H`ilbr, B`rly Lknb Akstdry dn Nksa. @e Bebrfbtkjs Bebrfbtkjs @pprd`ja, Ja`pi`e Ja`pi`e & A`ll, 0;;7, 7>6 pp. X03Y V. Vkbsbr, Vkbsbr, Bebrfbtkjs Bebrfbtkjs dn nksa l`rv`b, l`rv`b, tab si`ll si`llbst bst vbrtbgr`tbs vbrtbgr`tbs,, @jt` ]ayskdl. Zj`ec. 023 (0;;2) 76; ‚ 7;=. X02YY J.J. Lkecs`y X02 Lkecs`y, @.E. @re`sde, @re`sde, @ idcb idcbll ndr rbs rbspdes pdesbs bs dn vbr vbrtbg tbgr`l r`l euigbrs euigbrs ke nks nksa a td bevk bevkrdei rdeibet bet`l `l kenlubejbs curkef cbvbldpibet, J`e. O. Nksa. @qu`t. Zjk. 37 (0;10) :0‚:1. X0>Y N. Zjakbibr, Zjakbibr, bt `l., Sab   gkesadrb rbtbetkde jdejb jdejbpt  pt  P  `ec kts skfeknkj`ejb ndr l`rfb rkvbrs, @rja. Aycrdgkdl., Zuppl. 0:2 (7==0) 2=;‚20>.