SC Questions From E-GMAT OE

1)

Official Explanation

Sentence structure of Original Sentence • Clause 1: Although Robonaut Although Robonaut 2, 2, the next generation humanoid robot built by NASA for space exploration, can exploration, can be controlled by controlled by its fellow astronauts in space or a crew on earth, • Clause 2: it can complete certain tasks all on its own, becoming better suited for some dangerous projects than its human counterpart.

Meaning of Original Sentence • The sentence presents contrast (as is evident through the use of 'although'). • The sentence presents contrasting information contrasting information about Robonaut 2. • Robonaut 2 is the next generation humanoid robot. • It can be controlled by astronauts in space or a crew on earth. • However, it can perform certain functions all by itself. • This ability makes this robot better suited for for some dangerous exploration jobs than the human astronauts.

Errors in the Original Sentence • Clause 1: Although Robonaut Although Robonaut 2, 2, the next generation humanoid robot built by NASA for space exploration, can exploration, can be controlled by controlled by its fellow astronauts in space or a crew on earth, • Clause 2: it can complete certain tasks all on its own, becoming better suited for some dangerous projects than its human counterpart. 1. All the SV pairs are accounted for – “Robonaut 22- can be controlled” & “it can complete”. 2. Since the sentence presents general information about the capability of Robonaut 2, both the ve rbs are correctly written in simple present tense. 3. Pronouns “it” and “its” correctly refers to Robonaut 2. 4. Noun phrase “the next generation humanoid robot” correctly correctly refers to Robonaut 2. Verb-ed Verb-ed modifier “built” correctly refers to the preceding noun entity “the… robot”. Comma + VerbVerb-ing modifier “becoming…” correctly presents the result of the preceding clause. 5. “Robonaut 2… can be controlled” and “it can complete…” maintains the parallelism. Again parallelism is maintained 6. The structure and the meaning of the s entence are also correct. Hence, there are no errors in this sentence.

Answer Choice Analysis A. Although Robonaut 2, the next generation humanoid robot built by NASA for space exploration, can be controlled by its fellow astronauts in space or a crew on earth, it can complete certain tasks all on its own, becoming better suited for some dangerous projects than its human counterpart. Correct choice. B. Even though capable of completing certain tasks all on its own by becoming better suited for some dangerous projects than its human counterpart, Robonaut 2 is the next generation humanoid robot built by NASA for space exploration, controlled by his fellow astronauts in space or a crew on earth. Error 1 – Per the original sentence, the contrasting points are - R obonaut 2 can be controlled and it can perform a few tasks on its own. Per this choice, the contrasting points are – Robonaut 2 is capable of completing few tasks on its own and it i s a Humanoid robot. Error 2 – Per the original sentence, “becoming better…” presents the result of the Robonaut 2 being capable of doing certain tasks on its ts own. This choice says that the robot can perform certain tasks on its own by becoming better suited. This is absolutely illogical. Error 3 – Usage of controlled is incorrect. If it is a verb with “is” understood before it, then the two verbs “is” and “(is) controlled controlled” are not connected properly. If it is a verb-ed verb-ed modifier, then it refers to the preceding noun entity “space exploration”. Both the usages are incorrect. C. Capable of completing certain tasks on its own and becoming better suited for some dangerous projects than its human counterpart, Robonaut 2, the next generation humanoid robot built by NASA for space exploration, can be controlled by his fellow astronauts in space or a crew on earth. Error 1 – This choice has an unintended parallel list – “completing” and “becoming”. This distorts the intended meaning. Error 2 – The choice does not express the intended contrast. D. The next generation humanoid robot built by NASA for space exploration, Robonaut 2, although can complete certain tasks all on its own and become better suited for some dangerous projects than its human counterpart, but is controlled by his fellow astronauts in space or a crew on earth. Error 1 - This choice has an unintended parallel list – “can complete” and “(can) become”. This distorts the intended meaning. Error 2 – The contrast presented by “but” is not the intended contrast. Error 3 – Per this choice, “but” connects two entities in the list. Henc e, use of comma before “but” is not correct. E. Although Robonaut 2 is the next generation humanoid robot built by NASA for space exploration, it can be controlled by his fellow astronauts in space or a crew on earth, and can also complete certain tasks all on its own, becoming better suited for some dangerous projects than its human counterpart. Error 1 – The contrasting points per this choice are – Robonaut 2 is the next generation robot and it can be controlled. Error 2 – This choice has an unintended list – “can be controlled” and “can also complete”. This distorts the intended meaning.

Take Away 1: When you read the original sentence, make sure you understand the intended meaning. For example, if there is a c ontrast in the sentence, then understand the contrasting elements. 2: The correct sentence should have correct s entence structure. For example, if there is a list of elements, it should be connected properly.

2) Official Explanation

Sentence structure of Original Sentence • Clause 1 - Between 2000 and 2010, the $10.7 billion ski and snowboarding industry, with centers in 38 states and • Clause 2 - which employs 187,000 people directly or indirectly, • Clause 1 (contd.) - lost $1.07 billion in revenue, owing to the warming trend that forces half the nation’s ski areas to open late and almost half to close early.

Meaning of Original Sentence • The sentence is about the ski and snowboarding industry. • Certain characteristics of industry presented - # of centers and # people employed. • This industry lost specific amount of money in revenue between 2000 and 2010. • The reason for the loss in revenue has been specified as – warming trend that forces the ski areas to open late or close early.

Errors in the Original Sentence • Clause 1 - Between 2000 and 2010, the $10.7 billion ski and snowboarding industry, with centers in 38 states and • Clause 2 - which employs  187,000 people directly or indirectly, • Clause 1 (contd.) - lost $1.07 billion in revenue, owing to the warming trend that forces half the nation’s ski areas to open late and almost half to close early. 1: Parallelism error – “with” prepositional phrase modifier is not parallel to “which” relative clause modifier. Both should be either relative clause modifier or prepositional phrase modifier.

Answer Choice Analysis A. Between 2000 and 2010, the $10.7 billion ski and snowboarding industry, with centers in 38 states and which employs 187,000 people directly or indirectly, lost Parallelism Error as discussed above. B. The $10.7 billion ski and snowboarding industry, with centers in 38 states and employing 187,000 people directly or indirectlybetween 2000 and 2010, lost Modifier Error – Highlighted modifier does not modify the action “lost”. It now implies that 187000 people were employed between the given time period. This results in change in meaning of the sentence. Note that the parallelism error in choice A has been corrected. Both are phrase modifiers now. One is prepositional phrase modifier and the other is verb-ing modifier. C. Between 2000 and 2010, the $10.7 billion ski and s nowboarding industry, which has centers in 38 states and which employs 1 87,000 people directly or indirectly, losing SV Error – The main clause does not contain any verb. The subject “ski and snowboarding industry” does not have a verb. The verb “lost”in original sentence has been changed to non-verb form “losing”. D. The $10.7 billion ski and snowboarding industry between 2000 and 2010, with centers in 38 states and employing 187,000 people directly or indirectly, losing SV Error – As in choice C. Modifier Error – The highlighted modifier instead of modifying the verb – lost - modifies the industry. It somehow implies that the sentence is about ski and snowboarding industry that existed between 2000 and 2010. This does not make sense. As such l ogically there is only one ski and snowboarding industry and not about the industry that was between a certain time period. E. The $10.7 billion ski and snowboarding industry, which has c enters in 38 states and employs 187,000 people directly or indirectly, lost, between 2000 and 2010, Correct Choice

Take Away 1: Clause entity cannot be parallel to a phrase entity. T here can be more than one ways to correct s uch a list. Write both in either phrase form or clause form. 2: Modifiers should be placed appropriately to modify the intended entity.

3)

Hi everyone, First of all, thank you all very much for your responses. It's really good to see such nice and analytical responses. This definitely helps to learn in a much more effective manner. SO here comes the offic ial explanation for this one. A new study suggests that different species of mice have different burrow design: a lab-raised mouse too can build species-specific burrow due to its genes, carrying various DNA combinations of burrow creation in genome.

• This sentence presents facts. • Different species of mice build burrows of different designs. • Even a mouse raised in lab can make a burrow specific to its spec ies. • Burrow making is genetic as genes carry D NA combinations of burrow making in every species.

Error Analysis

• Clause 1: A new study suggests • Clause 2: that different species of mice have different burrow design: • Clause 3: a lab-raised mouse too can build species-specific burrow due to its genes, carrying various DNA combinations of burrow creation in genome. 1. Use of “due to” is incorrect in this sentence because it has been used to modify the verb in this sentence, more specifically to present the reason for the verb – how can a lab-raised mouse build species-specific burrow. “Due to” can only be used to explain the noun and not a verb. 2. The comma + verb-ing modifier “carrying” modifies the preceding clause. This modification does not make much sense as i t seems to suggest that mice carry various DNA combinations. Logically, it is the genes in the mice that carry DNA combinations. Hence, we need a modifier that refers to “genes”. PoE

A. a lab-raised mouse too can build species-specific burrow due to i ts genes, carrying various DNA: Incorrect  for the reasons stated above. B. a lab-raised mouse too can build species-specific burrow because of its genes that carry various DNA: Correct Answer. It corrects both errors of choice A and does not introduce any other errors. C. a mouse raised in the lab builds species-specific burrow so that its genes carry various DNA: Incorrect. Error 1 – Use of simple presents “builds” is incorrect because the original sentence presents the ability of the lab raised mouse to build species-specific burrow by saying “can build”. This choice suggests that it is a general fact that lab- raised mice make species-specific burrow. Error 2 – Use of “so that” is incorrect. This phrase is used to present the result of the preceding clause. This us age distorts the intended meaning. D. a mouse in the lab can build species-specific burrow as its genes can carry various DNA: Incorrect. Error 1 – “A mouse in the lab” does not mean the same as “a lab-raised mouse”. A mouse in the lab can be just any mouse there and not necessarily the mouse that has been raised there.

Error 2 – Per the original sentence, it is a general fact that “genes” carry various DNA combinations. Per this choice, “can carry” suggests the ability of genes to carry various DNA combinations. This is not the intended meaning. E. a lab-raised mouse too can build species-specific burrows because of their g enes carrying various DNA: Incorrect. Pronoun “their” should logically refer to “mouse”. But grammatically, plural pronoun “their” does not agree in number with the singular noun “mouse”.

1. “Due to” cannot be used to present reason for the verb. It can only describe noun entities. “B ecause of” is the correct expression to do so. 2. We must use the correct Modifier must be used correctly to modify the entity it is supposed to modify. 3. “Can verb” presents the ability, while simple presents tense presents generaltruth. 4. We must use correct expressions to communicate the intended meaning. For example, lab-raised mouse is not the same as mouse in the lab.

4)

Let me begin by thankig you all for such analytical responses. Some explanations are pretty good here. These detailed analysis certainly helps us learn in much more efffective manner than jus t writing the correct answer choice. So here comes the detailed solution of this ques tion. Planned reduction in orders for components for the iPhone 5 is due to weaker-than-expected demand becauseApple’s share of world-wide smartphone shipments have declined from 23% to 14% since the last year while Samsung’s share has steadily increased from 8.8% to 31% during the same time period.

• Apple has reduced orders for iPhone 5 components. • The reason for this decision is weaker-than-expected demand. • Since last year, o Apple’s share has declined from 23% to 14%. o However, Samsung’s share has increased from 8.8% to 31%.

Error Analysis

• Clause 1: Planned reduction in orders for components for the iPhone 5 is due to weaker-than-expected demand • Clause 2: because Apple’s share of world-wide smartphone s hipments have declined  from 23% to 14% since the last year • Clause 3: while Samsung’s share has steadily increased from 8.8% to 31% during the same time period. Error 1 – Illogical Meaning – The sentence implies that demand if weaker because Apple’s share has declined over a certain time period. The causal relationship in this context does not make much sense since the demand did not become weak because the shipments decreased. In fact the correct relationship should be as follows: Demand has weakened as evidenced by the decrease in number of shipments. So the correct sentence should present such relationship. Error 2 - Plural verb “have declined” does not agree in number with singular subject “Apple’s share”. PoE

A. due to weaker-than-expected demand because Apple’s share of world-wide smartphone shipments have declined: Incorrect  for the reasons stated above. B. because of weaker-than-expected demand: Apple’s share of world-wide smartphone shipments declined: Incorrect. Correct Part – This choice uses correct construction to express the logical intended meaning. The clause after the colon is used to present the idea that explains the weaker than expected demand. Error 1 – Use of “because of” is incorrect because i t modifies the noun entity “Planned reduction”. “Due to” should be used to modify nouns.

Error 2 – Use of past tense “declined” is incorrect because the word “since” has been used to present the sequencing decline in shipments started in the recent past and may still be c ontinuing. Hence we need present perfect tense. C. due to weaker-than-expected demand: Apple’s share of world-wide smartphone shipments has declined: Correct Answer D. because of weaker-than-expected demand, declining Apple’s share of world-wide smartphone shipments: Incorrect. Error 1 – Use of “because of” is incorrect because i t modifies the noun entity “Planned reduction”. Error 2 – The comma + verb-ing modifier “declining” modifies the preceding clause. It presents the result of the modified cl ause. This modification is illogical as discussed in original choice. E. because of weaker-than-expected demand that decreased Apple’s share of world-wide smartphone shipments: Incorrect. Error 1 – Use of “because of” is incorrect because i t modifies the noun entity “Planned reduction”. Error 2 – Use of past tense “decreased” is not correct. We need present perfect. Error 3 – Illogical meaning. This choice implies that weaker than expected demand decreased Apple’s share of shipments. This is not logical intended meaning.

1. “Because of” cannot be used to refer to a noun entity. Use of “Due to” is c orrect for such usages. 2. Subject and Verb must agree in number with each other. 3. Use present perfect tense with “since”, when “sinc e” is used to present sequencing. 4. Comma + Verb-ing modifies the preceding clause. It either presents additional information about the preceding clause or i t presents the result of the preceding clause.

5) Apple, the company that has the highest revenue per employee, focuses more on si mplistic and functional design than its competitors.

• Apple, the company • that has the highest revenue per employee, • focuses more on simplistic and functional design than its competitors. The sentence presents a comparison. However, the way this sentence is written, one can infer two comparisons: o Apple focusses more on simplistic and functional design than on its competitors. The entities compared are simplistic and functional design and competitors. o Apple focusses more on simplistic and functional design than its competitors focus on. The entities compared are Apple and its competitors. The correct sentence should clearly state one clear meaning.

Error Analysis

• Apple, the company • that has the highest revenue per employee, • focuses more on simplistic and functional design than its competitors. If the sentence is intended to compare simplistic and functional design and competitors (stating that Apple focuses on design more than it focuses on its competitors), then we need the pronoun “on” before “its competitors” to make the comparison clear. If the sentence is intended to compare Apple and its competitors (stating that Apple focuses on design more than its competitors do), then we need the helping verb “do” before “its competitors” to make the comparison clear. PoE

A. more on simplistic and functional design than Incorrect  for the reasons stated above.

B. on more simplistic yet functional design than: Incorrect. Error 1 – Repeats the same ambiguous comparison error as in choice A. Error 2 – Change of placement of “more” changes the meaning. Per the original sentence, “more” modifies “focusses”. Apple focusses more on design than its competitors. Per this choice, “more” modifies “simplistic design”. Here the emphasis is not the action offocusing but on the design itself. Error 3 – Use of “yet” changes the meaning. Per the original choice, “and” s uggests that the design is simple and functional. Use of word “yet” brings in the contrast, implying that even though the design is simple, it is functional. The original sentence does not present this contrast. C. more on simplistic and functional design than on: Correct Answer Use of preposition “on” makes the comparison clear. The sentence states that Apple focusses on design more than it focuses on its competitors. D. on simplistic and functional design than: Incorrect. Error 1 – Use of “than” requires the use of some comparative terms such as “more” to present comparison. Just using “than” leads to idiom error in this choice. Error 2 – Repeats the same ambiguous comparison error as in choice A. E. more on simplistic design and is more functional than are: Incorrect. Error 1 – This choice distorts the intended meaning. Per this c hoice, the subject for “is” is “Apple”. The choice suggests that Apple is more functional whereas, per the original choice, the design is functional. Also the choice suggests comparison between Apple and the competitors on the basis that Apple is more functional. This is certainly not the intended meaning of the sentence

1. The sentence must be constructed in suc h a way that the comparison is absolutely clear. As we saw in this case due to omission of words, the comparison was no longer clear. So when we omit words we should always make sure that the comparison does not become unclear. 2. Pay attention to the change in placement of the words. Such changes i n placement may lead to change in the intended meaning of the sentence. 3. Be wary of the choices that distort the i ntended meaning of the sentence.

6) President Clinton spent significant money on the “No Child Left Behind” program in s everal school districts throughout the country, which led to a boom in the school construction industry and also added thousands of jobs for teachers and support staff.

• President Clinton spent significant money on the “No Child Left B ehind” program in several school districts throughout the country, • which led to a boom in the sc hool construction industry and also added thousands of jobs for teachers and support staff. President Clinton spent money on a particular program in several schools. This spending has resulted in two things: o Boom in the school construction industry o Addition of jobs for teachers and support staff.

Error Analysis

• President Clinton spent significant money on the “No Child Left B ehind” program in several school districts throughout the country, • which led to a boom in the sc hool construction industry and also added thousands of jobs for teachers and support staff.

Error 1 – Per the meaning of the sentence, the action of s pending resulted into two things. Here relative pronoun “which” has been used to mention the results of the action in the preceding clause. T his is incorrect because “which” can only refer to a noun entityand not a clause. PoE

A. which led to a boom in the school construction industry and also added: Incorrect  for the reasons stated above. B. which not only led to a boom in the sc hool construction industry, but also added: Incorrect.  Repeats the same error as in choice A. C. not only leading to a boom in the school construction industry but also adding: Correct Answer D. leading to a boom in the school construction industry, which also added: Incorrect. Error 1 – Use of “which” is incorrect because it i llogically modifies the preceding noun entity “the school construction industry”. Per this choice, the sentence means that the school construction industry added jobs for teachers and support staff.E. more on simplistic design and is more functional than are: Incorrect. E. leading to a boom in the construction industry of school, which added: Incorrect.  Repeats the same error as in choice AD

1. Relative pronouns CANNOT refer to the preceding clause. They can only refer to the preceding noun entity. So when the function of the modifier is to modify preceding clause, then relative pronoun modifiers cannot be used. 2. Comma + Verb-ing modifier presents the result of the preceding clause.

7) Residents of several Mexican villages have risen up in armed revolt against local drug traffickers terrorizing the region and against the government that residents say of as incapable to protect them from organized crime.

• Clause 1: Residents of several Mexican villages have risen up in armed revolt against local drug traffickers terrorizing the region and against the government • Clause 2: that • Clause 3: residents say • Cont. of Clause 2: of as incapable to protect them from organized crime. Many Mexican villagers have started armed revolution against: a. local drug traffickers who have terrorized the region. b. the government who the people think is not capable of protecting them.

Error Analysis

• Clause 1: Residents of several Mexican villages have risen up in armed revolt against local drug traffickers terrorizing the region and against the government • Clause 2: that • Clause 3: residents say • Cont. of Clause 2: of as incapable to protect them from organized crime. Error 1 – Relative Pronoun “that” starts a dependent clause. It acts as a subject and stands for “the government”. However, there is no verb for this subject. This leads to fragment error. Error 2 – “to protect” is not the correct expression here. The sentence wants to convey that the government did not have the ability. Hence, the correct expression here should be “of protecting”. Study the usage of “capable of” in the following correct official sentence:

Quote:

 Even though many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were relatively simple and static, Barbara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideas about how genes might operate, and in 1983, at the age of 81, was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the genes in corn are

capable of

moving  from one chromosomal site to another.

PoE

A. terrorizing the region and against the government that residents say of as incapable to protect: Incorrect for the reasons stated above. B. terrorizing the region and the government that residents say to be incapable to protect: Incorrect. Error 1 – Per this choice, the list is no longer clear. In the absence of “against” before the second element “the government”, the s entence may be construed to mean the following: The villagers have started armed revolution against traffickers who have terrorized: a. the region b. the government. This is certainly not the intended meaning of the sentence. Thus to avoid ambiguity in meaning, we need to repeat “against” before “the government” the way we have it before “local drug traffickers”. Error 2 – Same fragment error as in Choice A. Error 3 – Same expression error as in Choice A. C. who have terrorized the region and the government who residents say it is incapable to protect: Incorrect. Error 1 – Same illogical parallelism error as in Choice B. Error 2 – Presence of pronoun “it” is incorrect because relative pronoun “that” is already present in the sentence that stands for “the government”. Error 3 – Same expression error as in Choice A. D. who have terrorized the region and against the government that residents say is incapable of protecting: Correct Answer Correct. Verb “is” is the verb for the relative pronoun subject “that”. E. that terrorized the region and against the government that residents say incapable of protecting: Incorrect. Error 1 – Local drug traffickers are people. Hence we should use relative pronoun “who” for them and not “that”. Error 2 – Same fragment error as in Choice A.

1. In cases in which the omission of common words before the entities may lead to ambiguity in meaning, repeat the common words before all the entities so that the conveyed meaning is logical. 2. Every subject must have a verb to form a clause. 3. Use correct expressions to convey the correct meaning.

8) Astronomers have determined that at least one asteroid weighing about 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth about every 40 years and that one likely hitsthe planet about once every 1,200 years.

• Astronomers have determined • that at least one asteroid weighing about 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth about every 40 years • and that one likely hits the planet about once every 1,200 years. Astronomers have determined two things: a. at least one asteroid that weighs about 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth. b. one such asteroid likely hits Earth about once every 1,200.

Error Analysis

• Astronomers have determined • that at least one asteroid weighing about 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth about every 40 years • and that one likely hits the planet about once every 1,200 years. 1. All the SV pairs in the sentence are accounted for. 2. All the verbs are correctly written in present tense. 3. Verb-ing modifier “weighing” correctly modifies “asteroid”. Other modifiers also modify the correct entities. 4. The list is parallel and conveys logical meaning. 5. This sentence has no errors. PoE

A. determined that at least one asteroid weighing about 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth about every 40 years and that one likely hits: Correct Answer B. determined that one asteroid that weighs at least about 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth about every 40 years and that one hits: Incorrect. Error 1 – Change in placement of “at least” changes the meaning of the sentence. Per the original sentence, at least one asteroid i.e.one or more asteroids that weigh 130,000 metrics tons fly very close to Earth. “at least” describes the quantity of “asteroids”. However, per this choice, one asteroid that weighs at least 130,000 metrics tons i.e. greater than or equal to 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth. Here “at least” describes the weight. Error 2 – The word “likely” is missing in choice. Thus this choice turns the possibility of an asteroid hitting Earth in 1,200 years into a certainty. C. determined that one asteroid weighing at least about 130,000 metric tons flies very close to Earth about every 40 years and one is likely to hit: Incorrect. Error 1 – Same change of meaning error as in choice B bec ause of placement of “at least”. Error 2 – “that” should be repeated before “one” also to make the entities in the list obvious to avoid any ambiguity. D. determination of at least one asteroid that weighs about 130,000 metric tons, flies very close to Earth about every 40 years, and it likely hits: Incorrect. Error 1 - “Scientists have determination” is not the same thing as “Scientists have determined”. This expression changes the meaning of the sentence. Error 2 – Per this choice, the parallel entities are not as intended. As such the two things that scientists determined formed the parallel list. The weight part of information was just the description of the asteroids. In this c hoice, the weight information has been made parallel to the “fly” information. Error 3 – Construction of this choice is incorrect. Either the connection of two verbs – weighs and flies - is not correct or the pronoun “it” is unnecessary since “likely hits” is the third verb in the list. E. determination of at least one asteroid weighing about 130,000 metric tons, flying very close to Earth about every 40 years, and hitting: Incorrect. Error 1 – Same “determination” expression error as in Choice D. Error 2 – Same meaning issue because of illogical unintended parallel list – “weighing”, “flying”, and “hitting”.

1. Watch for the change in the placement of certain words. These changes may lead to change in the intended meaning of the sentence. 2. The entities in the list must be both logically and grammatically parallel. 3. When there is a c hance of ambiguity, it helps to repeat the elements that could otherwise be taken common. For example, in this sentence, it makes sense to repeat “that” for the second element as well so that it is clear that there are two things that the scientists determined.

9) Meaning of sentence: Vista Del compared the stats of its student with that of other schools and reported that a. the mean score of its student on the s ubject based tests was 630 b. and they scored 30% higher than the mean score of the other students from other schools Analysis: A. Vista Del Sur reported that mean SAT score of its students on subject based tes ts is 630, and that they scored 30% higher than the mean score of students -------> Keep on hold for time being B. Vista Del Sur reporting that mean SAT score of its students on s ubject based tests is 630, said that they scored 30% hi gher compared to that of students -------> No verb for the subject Vista Del sur C. Vista Del Sur reported that mean SAT score of its students on subject bas ed tests is 630, a score that is 30% hi gher than the mean score of students -------->the sentence means that mean SAT score was 630 and this s core was 30% higher than the mean score of other students from other school ----This is Noun +Noun Modifier structure modifying the score 630 D. mean SAT score of Vista Del Sur students, as reported by it, on subject based tests is 630, a score 30% higher than the students’ mean score -----> Verb-ing modifier modifies mean SAT score which is not logical E. subject based tests have the mean SAT score of 630 scored by the Vista Del Sur students, a score 30% higher than the students------> Same error as D C is correct

10) D 11) Although to provide Internet access through wearable technology Google has launched ‘unchic’ glasses with a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny screen, it has approached Warby Parker, an e-commerce eyeglass company, to help it design more fashionable frames. Meaning Analysis

• This sentence presents contrast. • Google has launched certain glasses: o These glasses contain a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny screen. o These glasses are not very attractive. o The purpose of launching these glasses is to provide internet access through wearable technology. • Even though Google has LAUNCHED these glasses, it has approached Warby Parker so that Warby Parker can help it design morefashionable frames. o Warby Parker is an online eyeglass company. Errors in Original Sentence

• Clause 1: Although Google has launched ‘unchic’ glasses with a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny screen, providingInternet access through wearable technology, • Clause 2: it has approached Warby Parker, an e-commerce eyeglass company, to help it design more fashionable frames. 1. All the S-V pairs are accounted for. 2. All the verbs are written correctly in pres ent perfect tense 3. The pronoun reference is correct. 4. The use of comma + verbing modifier “providing…” and other modifiers is correct. 5. There are no errors in the sentence. PoE:

A. Although to provide Internet access through wearable technology Google has launched ‘unchic’ glasses with a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny screen, it has approached Warby Parker, an e-commerce eyeglass company, to help it design more fashionable frames: Correct Choice. B. To provide internet access through wearable technology, although ‘unchic’ glasses have been launched by Google with a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny screen, it has approached Warby Parker, an e-commerce eyeglass company, to design more fashionable frames.: Incorrect. Error 1 – The prepositional phrase “with a computer processor,…” now illogically modifies Google. This modifier must modify “glasses” as in the original sentence. Error 2 – The original sentence says that Google approached Warby Parker to help Google design more fashionable frames. However, this choice says that Warby Parker was approached not to help design the frames but to design to frames. This is a clear shift in meaning. C. Google has launched ‘unchic’ glasses with a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny screen to provide Internet ac cess through wearable technology, it has approached Warby Parker, an e-commerce eyeglass company, to design more fashionable frames.: Incorrect. Error 1 – Two independent clauses “Google has launched…” and “it has approached…” have been joined by a comma. This is ungrammatical.

Error 2 – It repeats the meaning error of “to design” as in choice B. D. Although providing Internet access through wearable technology, Google has launched ‘unchic’ glasses with a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny screen and has approached Warby Parker, an e-commerce eyeglass company, to help it design more fashionable frames.: Incorrect. Error –Per the original sentence, the contrast is – Google has launched glasses BUT it has approached WP to help it design better frames. Per this choice, the contrast is – Goggle has provided Internet access through wearable technology BUT Google has launched unchic glasses. This contrast is illogical. Actually by launching those glasses, Google has provided Internet access. E. Although Google has launched ‘unchic’ glasses with a computer processor, a battery, and a tiny sc reen to provide Internetaccess through wearable technology, it has approached Warby Parker, an e-commerce eyeglass company, to design more fashionable frames.: Incorrect. Error - It repeats the meaning error of “to design” as in choic e B. Takeaways

1. The correct answer choice must contain all the information presented in the original sentence. 2. Omission of some words may lead to change in the meaning of the sentence. B e wary of such choices. 3. Two independent clauses cannot be joined just by a comma. 4. The contrasting elements must be grammatical and logical.

12) Here is the official explanation for this question:

Understand the Meaning of the Original Sentence The sentence presents two facts about an organization in Finland - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. This organization does two things with an aim to ensure that its teachers impart high quality of teaching. 1. It requires that all teachers have masters’ degree 2. It funds the same – i.e. it funds the masters’ degree education of teachers.

Find the Errors in the Original Sentence 1. The Organization [/color]for Economic Cooperation and Development in Fi nland requires a. that all teachers have master’s degree 2. and funds the same to ensure that its teachers impart high quality of teaching. In this sentence the two verbs – requires and funds – make sense and agree in number with the subject - organization. Per the context of the modifier “to ensure that its teachers…”, it is clear that i t provides the purpose of both the actions of the organization. This sentence is correct as is.

Review Answer Choices to do POE Choice B – This choice no longer provides the purpose of the actions. By changing “to ensure” to “and ensures”, the sentence implies that the organization somehow (probably with some other measures) ensures that its teachers impart high quality of teachers. This is not the intended meaning of the sentence. Choice C – This choice is also grammatically correct but it changes the intended meaning of the sentence. Per this choice, the organization requires two things from the teachers. 1. Teachers have master’s degree 2. Teachers fund the master’s degree This is clearly not the intended meaning. Per the intended meaning, the organization requires that teachers have master’s degree and in fact the organization itself funds the same (obviously for the teachers who do not have master’s degree). The organization implements this requirement and funds the education with a single aim – high quality of teaching. Choice D – This choice does not use correct punctuation to connect the two verbs – requires and funds. Choice E – Use of “funding the same…” is incorrect here. Neither of the two interpretations of the verb-ing modifier is correct: 1. Organization requires that teachers have master’s degree – this results in the organization funding the education. –Illogical.

2. Organization requires that teachers have master’s degree by funding the same. - Illogical

TAKE AWAYS 1. Understand the meaning of the original sentence. Note the relationships among each part of the s entence– both from grammatical standpoint and from logical standpoint. 2. Make sure that these relationships are maintained in the correct choice as well.