Savremena Teorija i Praksa u Graditeljstvu 2012

Издавач: Publisher:

Завод за изградњу а.д. Бања Лука Institut for Construction Banja Luka

За издавача: дипл.инж.грађ. For the publisher:

Генерални директор Александар Цвијановић, General director Aleksandar Cvijanović, Dipl. Civ. Eng.

Уредник: Editor:

Проф. др Мирко Аћић , дипл.инж.грађ. Prof. dr Mirko Aćić , PhD, Dipl. Civ. Eng.

Технички уредник: Technical editor:

Рајко Пуцар,дипл.инж.грађ. Rajko Pucar, Dipl. Civ. Eng.

Припрема за штампу:

Чедомир Радуловић, дипл. инж. ел. Сњежана Лепир дипл. инж. ел. Reparation for printing: Čedomir Radulović, BScEE Snježana Lepir , BScEE Штампа: Printed by: Тираж: Printed: CD ROM:

Н. И. Г. Д Независне новине д.о.о., Бања Лука Nezavisne newspaper 600 примјерака 600 copies 600 copies Бања Лука, април 2012. Banja Luka, April 2012

VIII МЕЂУНАРОДНИ НАУЧНО СТРУЧНИ СКУП

САВРЕМЕНА ТЕОРИЈА И ПРАКСА У ГРАДИТЕЉСТВУ 8th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL CONFERENCE

CONTEMPORARY THEORY AND PRACTICE IN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT OРГАНИЗАТОРИ: - МИНИСТАРСТВО ЗА ПРОСТОРНО УРЕЂЕЊЕ, ГРАЂЕВИНАРСТВО И ЕКОЛОГИЈУ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ - АРХИТЕКТОНСКО – ГРАЂЕВИНСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ, БАЊА ЛУКА - ПРИВРЕДНА КОМОРА РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ - ЗАВОД ЗА ИЗГРАДЊУ а.д. БАЊА ЛУКА ORGANIZERS: - MINISTRY OF SPATIAL PLANNING CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ECOLOGY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA - FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, BANJA LUKA - CHAMBRE OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA - INSTITUT FOR CONSTRUCTION BANJA LUKA ПОКРОВИТЕЉИ: - ВЛАДА РЕПУБЛИКА СРПСКЕ - ГРАД БАЊА ЛУКА, РЕПУБЛИКА СРПСКА, БиХ SPONSORS: - GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA - SITY OF BANJA LUKA, REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA МЕДИЈСКИ ПОКРОВИТЕЉ: - РАДИО -ТЕЛЕВИЗИЈА РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ MEDIA SPONSOR: - RADIO - TELEVISION OF REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

БАЊА ЛУКА, 26. и 27. АПРИЛ 2012. ГОДИНЕ BANJA LUKA, 26 & 27 APRIL 2012

ОРГАНИЗАЦИОНИ ОДБОР ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Александар Цвијановић, дипл.инж.грађ. - предсједник Сребренка Голић, дипл. правник Мр Борко Ђурић, дипл.инж. грађ. Проф. др Миленко Станковић, дипл.инж.арх. Проф. др Мирко Аћић, дипл.инж.грађ. Проф. др Владимир Лукић, дипл.инж.геод. Доц. др Игор Јокановић, дипл.инж.грађ. Миладин Гаћановић, дипл. инж.грађ. Станко Иваштанин, дипл.инж.шум. Будимир Балабан, дипл.инж. грађ. Верица Кунић, дипл.инж. арх. Чедо Савић, дипл.правник Рајко Пуцар, дипл.инж.грађ. Горана Станаревић Кењало, дипл.мен.медија

НАУЧНО-СТРУЧНИ ОДБОР SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Проф. др Мирко Аћић, дипл. инж грађ. – Београд, Србија Александар Цвијановић, дипл.инж.грађ - Бања Лука, РС, БиХ Проф.др Миленко Пржуљ, дипл.инж.грађ. – Љубљана, Словенија Проф. др Драган Михајловић, дипл. инж грађ. – Бања Лука, РС, БиХ Проф. др Миленко Станковић, дипл.инж.арх .- Бања Лука, РС, БиХ Проф. др Михаил Гаревски, дипл. инж грађ. – Скопље, Македонија Проф. др Раденко Пејовић, дипл. инж грађ. - Подгорица, Црна Гора Проф. др Михаило Трифунац, дипл.инж.грађ. – Лос Анђелес, САД Проф. др Предраг Гавриловић, дипл.инж.грађ. – Скопље, Македонија Проф. др Љубиша Прерадовић, дипл.инж.ел. - Бања Лука, РС, БиХ Доц. др Бранкица Милојевић, дипл.инж.арх. – Бања Лука, РС, БиХ Др Мила Пуцар, дипл.инж.арх.- Београд, Србија Мр Михаела Замоло, дипл. инж грађ. – Загреб, Хрватска Бранко Бојовић, дипл.инж.арх. - Београд, Србија Рајко Пуцар, дипл.инж.грађ. – Бања Лука, РС, БиХ

САДРЖАЈ CONTENTS

МИЛА ПУЦАР СНЕЖАНА М.ПЕТРОВИЋ Принципи пројектовања и грађења енергетски ефикасних објеката MILA PUCAR SNEŽANA M.PETROVIĆ DESIGN AND BUILDING PRINCIPLES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS ................................................................................. 1 АЛЕКСАНДРА ДАМЊАНОВИЋ МАЈА ТОДОРОВИЋ ДРАГОСЛАВ ШУМАРАЦ Законски оквир за унапређење енергетске ефикасности зграда у Републици Србији у светлу европских директива ALEKSANDRA DAMNJANOVIĆ MAJA TODOROVIĆ DRAGOSLAV ŠUMARAC LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVING BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SERBIA IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE ................................................. 13 ЂОРЂЕ ЛАЂИНОВИЋ МИРКО АЋИЋ ТАТЈАНА КОЧЕТОВ МИШУЛИЋ Прорачун сеизмичке отпорности зграда са армиранобетонским зидовима за укрућење ĐORĐE LAĐINOVIĆ MIRKO AĆIĆ TATJANA KOČETOV MIŠULIĆ DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL BUILDINGS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE ........................................................ 27 БИЉАНА АНТУНОВИЋ МИЛЕНКО СТАНКОВИЋ АЛЕКСАНДАР ЈАНКОВИЋ ДАРИЈА ГАЈИЋ ДАРКО ТОДОРОВИЋ Мјерење коефицијента пролаза топлоте зида у згради ректората Универзитета у Бањој Луци

BILЈANA ANTUNOVIĆ MILENKO STANKOVIĆ ALEKSANDAR JANKOVIĆ DARIJA GAJIĆ DARKO TODOROVIĆ MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF THE WALL IN UNIVERSITY RECTORATE BUILDING IN BANJA LUKA .................................... 37 СВЕТЛАНА СТЕВОВИЋ ДРАГАНА ВАСИЛСКИ ХРАНИСЛАВ МИЛОШЕВИЋ Методологија за пројектовање и дефиницију параметара малих хидроелектрана кao подршка одрживом градитељству SVETLANA STEVOVIĆ DRAGANA VASILSKI HRANISLAV MILOŠEVIĆ METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN AND DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS AS SUPPORT TO SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION ......................................................... 47 БРАНКО ЈЕЛИСАВАЦ ПЕТАР МИТРОВИЋ МИЛОВАН ЈОТИЋ Геотехничка истраживања клизишта и мере заштите моста на реци Пек BRANKO JELISAVAC PETAR MITROVIĆ MILOVAN JOTIĆ GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND LANDSLIDE PROTECTION MEASURES ON THE BRIDGE OVER RIVER PEK....................................................... 63 ВЛАДЕТА ВУЈАНИЋ Савремени принципи и методологија геотехничких истраживања и испитивања у путном инжењерству VLADETA VUJANIĆ MODERN PRINCIPLES AND METODOLOGIES OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND TESTING IN ROAD ENGINEERING..................................... 73 ДРАГАН ЛУКИЋ АЛЕКСАНДАР ПРОКИЋ ЕЛЕФТЕРИЈА ЗЛАТАНОВИЋ Критеријуми уграђивања материјала у доњи строј саобраћајница DRAGAN LUKIĆ ALEKSANDAR PROKIĆ ELEFTERIJA ZLATANOVIĆ CRITERIA FOR PLACING OF MATERIAL IN TRAFFIC STREAM SUBSTRUCTURES .......................................................................................... 93

РАДЕНКО ПЕЈОВИЋ ЈЕЛЕНА ПЕЈОВИЋ Санација и реконструкција моста Ника Стругара у Беранама RADENKO PEJOVIĆ JELENA PEJOVIĆ REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NIKO STRUGAR BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER LIM IN BERANE ........................................ 103 ДЕЈАН ЉУБИСАВЉЕВИЋ МИЛАН ЈАКШИЋ Утицај уноса нутријената главним током и притокама на стање трофичности воде у акумулацији Бочац DEJAN LЈUBISAVLЈEVIĆ MILAN JAKŠIĆ INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENTS INPUT THROUGH MAIN RIVERBED AND TRIBUTARIES ON STATE OF EUTROPHICATION OF BOČAC ACCUMULATION................................................... 113 СТАНИСЛАВ МАН БОРИС МАН БОЈАН МАН Генерални концепт развоја водоводног система "Бања Лука" STANISLAV MAN BORIS MAN BOJAN MAN GENERAL CONCEPT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SYSTEM “BANJA LUKA” ............................................................................... 123 РИСТО СТЈЕПАНОВИЋ Осврти на генерални пројекат канализационог система града Бања Лука RISTO STJEPANOVIĆ REVIEWS OF THE GENERAL DESIGN OF SEWAGE SYSTEMS OF BANJA LUKA ....................................................................... 137 БРАНКО БОЈОВИЋ Путеви и сукоби интереса у простору BRANKO BOJOVIĆ ROADS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN THE SPACE .......................................... 149 МИРЈАНА ЛУКИЋ Београдско „Ново гробље“ као културно историјско, и „Орловача“ као највеће ново пројектовано гробље MIRJANA LUKIĆ “THE NEW CEMETERY” OF BELGRADE AS HISTORICAL AND MONUMENTAL, AND “ORLOVACA”AS A NEW PLANNED AND CONSTRUCTED CEMETERY .......................................................... 161

ДОБРИВОЈЕ ТОШКОВИЋ Теоријски аспект: од нових утописта до теорије урбаног градитељства ДОБРИВОЈЕ ТОШКОВИЋ THE THEORETICAL ASPECT: FROM NEW UTOPIANS TO THE THEORY OF URBBAN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT ................................. 173 ГОРАН ЋИРОВИЋ СНЕЖАНА МИТРОВИЋ ДРАГАН НИКОЛИЋ Минимизација дела трошкова животног циклуса зграда - дефинисање проблема ГОРАН ЋИРОВИЋ СНЕЖАНА МИТРОВИЋ ДРАГАН НИКОЛИЋ PARTIAL MINIMIZATION OF LIFE CYCLE COSTS - PROBLEM FORMULATION .......................................................................... 189 ЖАНЕСА ЉЕВО РАШИД ХАЏИЋ Прилог специфичности грађевинских пројеката ŽANESA LJEVO RAŠID HADŽIĆ SPECIFICITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ......................................................... 195 РАДМИЛА СИНЂИЋ-ГРЕБОВИЋ Степен претходног напрезања код парцијално претходно напрегнутих носача RADMILA SINĐIĆ-GREBOVIĆ PRESTRESS DEGREE OF PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED GIRDERS ......................... 205 НИКОЛА РАЈАКОВИЋ ИЛИЈА БАТАС БЈЕЛИЋ Смањењe емисија СО2 у сектору зградарства Републике Србије NIKOLA RAJAKOVIĆ ILIJA BATAS BJELIĆ CO2 REDUCTION IN SERBIAN RESIDENTAL SECTOR .......................................... 215 САЊА РАДИЧИЋ Брендирани хотели као ново “lifestyle” искуство на примјерима Aрмани хотела у Дубаиу и Милану SANЈA RADIČIĆ BRANDED HOTELS AS A NEW "LIFESTYLE" EXPERIENCE WITH REFERENCE TO ARMANI HOTEL DUBAI AND ARMANI HOTEL MILANO........ 221 ДРАГОМИР БРЊОШ Нови приступ заштите од поплава у Републици Српској "живјети са поплавама " – изазов

DRAGOMIR BRNЈOŠ A NEW APPROACH TO FLOOD PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA „LIVING WITH THE FLOODS ” – CHALLENGE................................. 245 ПЕТАР БЕГОВИЋ. БРАНКО ИВАНКОВИЋ Хидрогеолошке предиспозиције у функцији грађења PETAR BEGOVIĆ. BRANKO IVANKOVIĆ HYDROGEOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION IN FUNCTION OF CONSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................. 255 ДУШКО СУНАРИЋ СЛОБОДАН НЕДЕЉКОВИЋ МИОДРАГ ПОПОВИЋ Неки аспекти макросеизмичког изучавања краљевачког земљотреса од 3.11.2010. DUŠKO SUNARIĆ SLOBODAN NEDELJjKOVIĆ MIODRAG POPOVIĆ SOME ASPECTS OF MACROSEISMIC STUDY OF KRALJEVO EARTHQUAKE (3/11/2010) ................................................................ 263 ЗЛАТКО МАРКОВИЋ НЕНАД ФРИЦ ЈЕЛЕНА ДОБРИЋ Специфични проблеми код челичних конструкција ветропаркова ZLATKO MARKOVIĆ NENAD FRIC JELENA DOBRIĆ SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF WIND TOWER STEEL STRUCTURES ........................... 273 СРЂА АЛЕКСИЋ МИЛИВОЈЕ РОГАЧ Теоријско експериментална анализа силе лома SRĐA ALEKSIĆ MILIVOJE ROGAČ PATCH LOAD AND THIN WALLED I-GIRDERS – ANALYSIS OF THE ULTIMATE LOAD........................................................................ 289 МИЛЕНКО СТАНКОВИЋ ДАРИЈА ГАЈИЋ ДАРКО ТОДОРОВИЋ Енергетски преглед зграда – примјена инфрацрвене термографије

MILENKO STANKOVIĆ DARIJA GAJIĆ DARKO TODOROVIĆ ENERGY AUDIT OF BUILDINGS – APPLICATION OF INFRARED TERMOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 301 СВЕТОЗАР МИЛЕНКОВИЋ БИЉАНА АБОЛМАСОВ БРАНКО ЈЕЛИСАВАЦ ВЛАДЕТА ВУЈАНИЋ Клизиште УМКА – први ГНСС мониторинг пројекат у Србији SVETOZAR MILENKOVIĆ BILЈANA ABOLMASOV BRANKO JELISAVAC VLADETA VUJANIĆ LANDSLIDE UMKA - FIRST GNSS MONITORING PROJECT IN SERBIA ........................................................................... 311 БИЉАНА АБОЛМАСО МАРКО ПЕЈИЋ СНЕЖАНА ЗЕЧЕВИЋ ВЛАДИМИР ШУШИЋ Примена 3D терестричког ласерког скенирања косине “Летња позорница” у Београду BILЈANA ABOLMASO MARKO PEJIĆ SNEŽANA ZEČEVIĆ VLADIMIR ŠUŠIĆ APPLYING 3D TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING ON ROCK SLOPE “LETNJA POZORNICA” IN BELGRADE ............................................ 321 ВЕЉКО ЂУКИЋ Отплињавање депонија комуналног отпада VELJKO ĐUKIĆ DEGASIFICATION OF SECUNDARY MATERIAL DEPOTS...................................... 329 ПЕРО ПЕТРОВИЋ МИЛОВАН КОТУР ИНДИР МУЈАНИЋ Одређивање оптималне дебљине изолације подова на тлу PERO PETROVIĆ MILOVAN KOTUR INDIR MUJANIĆ DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM INSULATION THICKNESS FOR SLAB-ON-GROUND FLOORS....................................................... 339

ДРАГАНА ВАСИЛСКИ СВЕТЛАНА СТЕВОВИЋ Корелација модерних и вернакуларне архитектуре кроз анализу еколошких принципа DRAGANA VASILSKI SVETLANA STEVOVIĆ CORRELATION OF MODERNISM AND VERNAKULAR ARCHITECTURE BY ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS....................................................... 347 АЛЕКСАНДАР ПРОКИЋ МАРТИНА ВОЈНИЋ ДРАГАН ЛУКИЋ Аксијално-торзионе вибрације танкозидних композитних штапова отвореног пресека ALEKSANDAR PROKIĆ MARTINA VOJNIĆ DRAGAN LUKIĆ AXIAL-TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF THIN-WALLED COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH OPEN CROSS SECTION ............................................... 357 357 МАЈА ПЛИЧАНИЋ Проведба заштите индустријског наслијеђа у БиХ на примјеру –“Ледаре” у Мостару MAJA PLIČANIĆ IMPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL HERITA GE IN B&H, AT THE EXAMPLE - "LEDARA" IN MOSTAR ...................................... 369 ДОБРЕ ТАСЕВСКИ РАТКО БЛАГОЈЕВИЋ ЈАСМИНКА МИЛАНОВСКА ЛИДИЈА ТАСЕВСКА Дилатациони системи - битан елеменат за трајност и функционалност мостова DOBRE TASEVSKI RATKO BLAGOJEVIĆ JASMINKA MILANOVSKA LIDIJA TASEVSKA DILATATION SYSTEMS-AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF DURATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF BRIDGES ............................................. 381 МИЛЕНКО ПРЖУЉ Потпорна конструкција - стубови мостова MILENKO PRŽULJ SUPPORT STRUCTURE – BRIDGE PYLONS.............................................................. 391

ПРОФ. ВУКАШИН АЧАНСКИ ВЕСНА ФИЛИПИЧ МАРКО ЖИВЕЦ Пројектовање и извођење подземне гараже испод “конгресног трга” у Љубљани VUKAŠIN AČANSKI VESNA FILIPIČ MARKO ŽIVEC DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION UNDERGROUND PARKING HOUSE CONGRESS SQUARE LJUBLJANA ............................................. 415 ПЕТЕР ГАБРИЈЕЛЧИЧ Архитектура – тражење истине кроз науку и уметност PETER GABRIJELČIČ ARCHITECTURE - SEEKING TRUTH THROUGH SCIENCE AND ARTS ................................................................................. 427 АЛЕКСАНДРА КРСТИЦ-ФУРУНДЗИЦ БУДИМИР СУДИМАЦ Анализа доприноса интеграције PV модула у фасаду пословног објекта у Београду ALEKSANDRA KRSTIC-FURUNDZIC BUDIMIR SUDIMAC ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF PV MODULES INTEGRATION IN THE FACADE OF AN OFFICE BUILDING IN BELGRADE.................................. 437 БОЈАНА ДРАШКОВИЋ „Виша сила“ у грађевинарству као изузетни догађај или околност BOJANA DRAŠKOVIĆ “FORCE MAJEURE” IN CONSTRUCTION AS EXCWPTIONAL EVENTS OR CIRCUMSTANCE ....................................................... 447

Ɇɢɥɚ ɉɭɰɚɪ,1 ɋɧɟɠɚɧɚ Ɇ.ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ2

ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɂ ȽɊȺȭȿȵȺ ȿɇȿɊȽȿɌɋɄɂ ȿɎɂɄȺɋɇɂɏ ɈȻȳȿɄȺɌȺ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɧɚɦeɧɟ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ), ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɬɢɯ ɨɛʁeɤɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɝ, ɧɢɫɤɨɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɭɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɡ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɚɧ kɭʄa, ɩɚɫɢɜɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɢ

DESIGN AND BUILDING EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

PRINCIPLES

FOR

ENERGY

Summary: Energy efficient buildings imply the application of certain criteria and principles that help to achieve the necessary values of energy indicators according to which the categorization of buildings is carried out. On the example of the existing buildings for public use (educational institutions), a comparison has been carried out of the criteria and measures necessary for upgrading these objects to the category of an energy efficient, low-energy and passive house. This paper gives special attention to the design principles of the passive house building type, which is characterized by a high standard of interior comfort with minimal energy consumption. Key words: energy efficient building, passive house, energy indicators

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ɞɪ Ɇɢɥɚ ɉɭɰɚɪ, ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ.ɚɪɯ. ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɪ. ɋɧɟɠɚɧɚ Ɇ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɠ.ɦɚɲ., Greens Development, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

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1 ɍȼɈȾ ɉɨɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɭɤɭɩɧɨʁ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɢ, ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ, ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟɦ/ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɞ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɧɚʁɨɲɬɪɢʁɢɯ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ, ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʄɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ. Ȼɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ, ɚ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ. ɇɢɠɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɟɦ. ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ 2002/91/EC ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɬɚʁ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ, ɚ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥe ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰe ɍɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨ ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. To ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɭɫɤɥɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɟ ɫɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɍɧɢʁɟ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɝ, ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨɝ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ [1]. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ “ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ”3 ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ. ɂɡɜɟɞɟɧ ʁɟ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ [2]. ɇɨɫɢɥɚɰ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɢɡ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɬɢɦɨɜɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɭ ɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ. ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɦɩɭɫɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɰɢ, ɢɡɜɪɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɟ ɢ ɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɬɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɝ, ɧɢɫɤɨɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɭɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɡ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ.

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ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɌɊ 36035 “ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ, ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ, ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ – ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ”, ɤɨʁɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.

2

2 ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊȾɂ ɁȺ ɄȺɌȿȽɈɊɂɁȺɐɂȳɍ ɈȻȳȿɄȺɌȺ ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɚ [3], ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ [4], ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ [2]: 2.1. ɉȺɋɂȼɇȺ ɁȽɊȺȾȺ: „ɌȿɊȿɁȺ“ x Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ (ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ) ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ 15 kWh/m2 ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ (ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ Ⱥ+). Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɞɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 1[5]: Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1: Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ Ⱥ+ 0,10 - 0,15 W/m2K

Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɢ Ɍɚɜɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɬɚɜɚɧɭ) ɉɨɞ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɩɨɞɪɭɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɥɭ) x

0,8 - 1,1 W/m2K 0,2 W/m2K 0,2 W/m2K

Ɉɫɬɚɥɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ [6] ɫɭ: o Ɂɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɭʁɟ n50 ” 0,6 h-1 o ɋɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ Ȍ” 0,01 W/ (m2K) o ɍɤɭɩɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ” 120 kWh/(m2a) o ɍɤɭɩɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ” 18 kWh/(m2a) o Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ” 10 W/m2

2.2. ɇɂɋɄɈ ȿɇȿɊȽȿɌɋɄȺ ɁȽɊȺȾȺ: ɎɂɅɈɅɈɒɄɂ ɎȺɄɍɅɌȿɌ x

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ (ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ) ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ 50 kWh/m2 ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ. (ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ B). Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɞɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 2:

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2: Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ B 0,25 W/m2K

Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɧɢ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɢ Ɍɚɜɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɬɚɜɚɧɭ) ɉɨɞ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɩɨɞɪɭɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɥɭ)

1,1 – 1,4 W/m2K 0,3 W/m2K 0,3 W/m2K



2.3. ȿɇȿɊȽȿɌɋɄɂ ȿɎɂɄȺɋɇȺ ɁȽɊȺȾȺ (ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊȾɇȺ): ɊȿɄɌɈɊȺɌ x

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ (ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ) ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ 70 kWh/m2 ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ. (ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ C). Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɞɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 3:

3

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3: Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ C Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɧɢ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɢ Ɍɚɜɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɬɚɜɚɧɭ) ɉɨɞ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɩɨɞɪɭɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɥɭ)

0,35 - 0,4 W/m2K 1,4 - 1,7 W/m2K 0,3 - 0,4 W/m2K 0,3 - 0,4 W/m2K

ɋɜɚɤɚ ɨɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ. ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɭɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɡ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɚ ɡɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ. Ⱦɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɡɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ, ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ, ɬɨɩɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ).

3

ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɉȺɋɂȼɇȿ ɁȽɊȺȾȿ

ɉɪɜɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɡɢɦɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɟɰɢɦɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɜɟɠɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ (ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ) ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɩɪɟʄɢ 15 kW/m2. ɉɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɨɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɚ ɨɤɨ 80 % ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ. Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ 15% ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɇɂɉ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɤɚɫɚɪɧɟ “ȼɪɛɚɫ” ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɚ“, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. Ⱥɭɬɨɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɭ ɑɜɨɪɨ Ɇ ɢ ɑɜɨɪɨ ɋ [7].Ɂɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ, ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɬɪɨɲɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɦɟɪɟʃɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ. Ɂɝɪɚɞɚ “Ɍɟɪɟɡɚ“ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɦ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ. ɋɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ 1899. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ(ɫɥɢɤɚ 1).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1 – Ɂɝɪɚɞɚ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɚ“ – ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ

4

3.1 ɈɊɂȳȿɇɌȺɐɂȳȺ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɭɝɭ. Ɉɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɢɬɤɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɛɢɬɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɜɪɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɚɧɨɝ ɡɚɝɪɟɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɥɟɬʃɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ [8]. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɨɦ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɚ“. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧ ɩɨɞɭɠɧɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ʁɭɝ, ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɛɨɱɧɢ ɡɢɞɨɜɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɢ ʁɭɝ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟɧɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɪɟɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢ ɡɢɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɤɪɨɜ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɚɦɮɢɬɟɚɬɪɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. 3.2 ɄɈɊɂɒȶȿȵȿ ɋɍɇɑȿȼɈȽ ɁɊȺɑȿȵȺ Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɞɨɛɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨʁ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɢɯ ɡɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɩɪɨɡɨɪ, ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɢɤ - ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɚ ɛɚɲɬɚ, ɦɚɫɢɜɧɢ ɡɢɞ, Ɍɪɨɦɛ-Ɇɢɲɟɥɨɜ ɡɢɞ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɡɢɞ, ɤɪɨɜɧɢ ɛɚɡɟɧ, ɬɟɪɦɨɫɢɮɨɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɢɬɞ Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɨɫɟɬʂɢɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɚʂɚ, ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɛɪɨʁɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɤɚ ɢɬɞ. Ʉɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɦ ɝɭɛɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɛɢɜɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ: ɫɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɉɚɫɢɜɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢʁɟ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬ, ɭɡ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɩɨɞɧɟɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɨʄɧɨɝ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɭɞɟ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ "ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɭ" ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɦɚɥɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟ ɲɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɐɢʂ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɱɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɤɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ. ɍ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɚɜɚʃɟ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɚ“ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɡɚɫɬɚʂɟɧɨɝ ɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɢɤɚ, ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɟɧɱɟɧ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɞɜɢɻɟɧɢ ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɮɚɫɚɞɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ. 3.3 ȺɄɍɆɍɅȺɐɂȳȺ ɋɍɇɑȿȼȿ ȿɇȿɊȽɂȳȿ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ⱦɨɤ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɞɨɬɨɤ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɢɪɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɡɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ ɭ 5

ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɦɚʃɟ - ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɟ. ɍ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɦ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɢɬɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɥɟɬɚ ɞɨ ɡɢɦɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɟɮɟɤɚɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɥɨɠɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɜɟɞɪɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟɦ. Ⱥɤɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɭɻɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɜɚʃɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɨ, ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɫɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɬɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɭ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧ. ɍɲɬɟɞɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɟɦ ɜɢɲɤɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ, ɤɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ. Ⱥɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɨɞ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɪɢʄɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɪɚɞɚ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ, ɭɜɟɱɟ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɧɨʄɢ. Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɲɬɟɞɢ ɟɧɟɪɢʁɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɟɦ ɜɢɲɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɢ ɭ ɥɟɬʃɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɉɨɝɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɧɢɡɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ: x ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɢ x ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɩɭɧɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɭɲɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɚ [9]. ɋɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɚ“ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ (ɡɢɞɨɜɢ, ɩɨɞɨɜɢ, ɬɚɜɚɧɢɰɟ) ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɭɦɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚɥɚ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɭ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ, ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟɧɨɝ ɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɭ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ (ɭ ɩɨɞɭ ɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɭ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɢɦ ɡɢɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɬɟɤɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɤɪɨɜɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɢɬɞ.). 3.4 ɈȻɅɂɄ ɈȻȳȿɄɌȺ Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ. Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɜɨɥɭɦɟɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɨɞ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟʃɚ. ɉɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɛɪɡɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɢ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ. ȼɨɥɭɦɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ. ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɚʃɢ ɨɞ 0,4 ɦ2/ɦ3 [10]. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɞɟɨ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɟ“ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɚɧ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɦ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. 3.5 ɌɈɉɅɈɌɇɈ ɁɈɇɂɊȺȵȿ ɈȻȳȿɄɌȺ Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨ) ɡɨɧɢɪɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɭ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ. ȼɢɲɟ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɭʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ 6

ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɩɨɦɨʄɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɭɝɭ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɚ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ. ɇɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɭ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɢ ɧɢɜɨ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɤɨ ɡɨɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. 3.6 ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂȳȺ ȽɊȺȭȿȵȺ ɉɨɝɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɬɨɩɥɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɡɚɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɨɞɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɲɭɩʂɟɧɟ ɬɚɜɚɧɢɰɟ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɢ ɡɢɞ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɰɟɥɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟ, ɫɜɢ ɡɢɞɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɬɨɩɥɢ, ɲɬɨ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɭʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɢɧɟɪɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɢɠɟ ɧɢɜɨ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɚ. ɉɚɫɢɜɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɤɭɩɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʁɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɭ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɉɚɫɢɜɧɢ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɡɛɢɪ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɩɚɫɢɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɚʁɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. Ʉɨɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɞɟɥɭʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɟɦɚ, ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɧɢɫɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɨɪ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ. Ʉɨɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɭ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɢ ɧɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɤɥɢɦɚ, ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɜɟɬɚɪ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɫɟɧɱɟʃɚ ɢɬɞ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɭ, ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ. ɋɭɲɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɟɜɚʃɟ, ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɟ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ, ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ, ɬʁ. ɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɭ, ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɭ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɮɨɪ [9]. 3.7 ɌɈɉɅɈɌɇȺ ɂɁɈɅȺɐɂȳȺ ɍ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨʁ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɢ, ɛɟɡ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ, ɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ. Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ ɨɤɜɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɪɚɬɚ. Ɉɦɨɬɚɱ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɡ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ U ” 0,15 W/m2K. ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ʃɟɧɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɨɞ 25 ɞɨ 40 cm. Ɂɚ ɭɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɟ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɱɜɪɲʄɚɜɚʂɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɡɢɞ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɚɧ (ɧɩɪ. ɞɪɜɟɧɚ ɨɛɥɨɝɚ, ɥɚɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ 7

ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɬɢɩɥɨɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɥɟɩʂɟʃɟ ɢɬɞ.). ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ, ɡɚ ɱɢʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɧɟ ɬɪɨɲɢ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɚ ɧɟ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɬɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ. 3.8 ɉɊɈɁɈɊɂ ɂ ȼɊȺɌȺ ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɟɲɧɢɰɟ, ɦɚɫɟ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ, ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɬɞ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ. Ȼɪɨʁ ɫɬɚɤɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢɦɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɞɚɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ. ɍ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ. ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɟ ɤɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɟ ɚɩɫɨɪɛɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɧɨʄɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɚ ɚɩɫɨɪɛɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɟɜɚʃɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ. ɉɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɤɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɡ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ, ɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ ɢɡ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ [11]. Ⱦɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟʃɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢ ɫɚ ɬɪɨɫɬɭɤɢɦ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟʃɟɦ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ U ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 0,6 ɢ 0,7 W/m2K. Ɂɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟʃɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɟʁɧɢɯ ɬɟɥɚ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɦɚʃɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪ ɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɭ ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɨɝ ɡɚɫɬɚɤʂɟʃɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɦɚʃɟɧɢ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɫɤɢ ɨɤɜɢɪɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɢ ɢ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ U ɧɟ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 0,7 ɢ 0,8 W/m2K. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɬɨ g • 50% [6]. ȼɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ, ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɟ, ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ, ɤɪɭɬɨɫɬ, ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɚʃɟ, ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɢɬɞ. ɍɥɚɡɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɬɚɦɩɨɧ ɡɨɧɟ (ɜɟɬɪɨɛɪɚɧɚ). 3.9 ɁȺɒɌɂɌȺ ɈȾ ɉɊȿȽɊȿȼȺȵȺ ɂ ɋɉɊȿɑȺȼȺȵȺ ɌɈɉɅɈɌɇɂɏ ȽɍȻɂɌȺɄȺ Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɬɨɪɚ. ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɮɚɫɚɞɟ. Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ. Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɪɢ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɟɜɚʃɟ ɫɜɟɬɥɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɨʁɟ ɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ. Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ. 3.10 ɋɉɊȿɑȺȼȺȵȿ ɉɈȳȺȼȿ ɌɈɉɅɈɌɇɂɏ ɆɈɋɌɈȼȺ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɡ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ. ɍ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɛɢ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɚ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɯɢɝɢʁɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ. 8

ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɛɟʄɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ Ȍ” 0,01 W/ (m2K). Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɟ: ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬ, ɫɜɢ ɫɩɨʁɟɜɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢɯ ɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɢ. ɍɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɞɢʁɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɡɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ (ɬɡɜ. Blower Door Tests). ɍɪɟɻɚʁ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɥɚɱɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɲɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚ ɜɟɡɞɭɯ ɬɟɱɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɟ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟ. Ɉɜɢɤɜɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɫɬɨɩɭ ɢɧɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɚɞɫɬɪɟɲɧɢɰɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɥɟɬɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ, ɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɡɢɦɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʃɟ. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɟɲɧɢɰɟ. ɋɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢɦ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɟɲɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɰɟɥɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍɝɚɨ ɭɩɚɞɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ, ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɋɭɧɰɚ. Ⱦɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɟɲɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɟ ɨɞ ɭɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ 21. ʁɭɧɚ ɢ 22. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ. 3.11 ȼȺɁȾɍɒɇȺ ɇȿɉɊɈɉɍɋɌȴɂȼɈɋɌ Ⱦɨɛɪɚ ɡɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɢɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ (ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ ɢ ʁɚɱɢɧɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ) ɪɟɦɟɬɢɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɛɢɥɚɧɫ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɨ, ɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɢ ɬɨɤ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ, ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ.ɋɜɚɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɚɧ, ɚ ɫɩɨʁɟɜɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɮɚɫɚɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ n ” 0,6 h-1 3.12 ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ȼȿɇɌɂɅȺɐɂȳȿ ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬ, ɛɪɡɢɧɭ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɜɟɠɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɝɚɫɨɜɚ ɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɭ (ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ CɈ2 ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɩɪɟʄɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ 1500 ppm). ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ. ɍɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɠɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɭɱɢɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ 15 ɞɨ 20 ɦ³ ɩɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɬ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚɧ ɮɢɥɬɟɪ (F7) ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɭɜɨɦ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɚɭɬɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɢ CɈ2 ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ 9

ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɭɲɬɟɞɚ ɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ (ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ, ɪɚɫɜɟɬɚ, ɟɥ.ɚɩɚɪɚɬɢ), ɤɚɨ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɭ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɟ“, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɚɦɮɢɬɟɚɬɚɪ, ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ 180 ʂɭɞɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɯɥɚɻɢɜɚʃɟɦ/ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɟɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɦ ɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɞɨɜɨɞɧɨɝ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɚ ɬɥɨɦ, ʁɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɭɫɢɫɚɜɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɟɜɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɢɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨʄɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ.ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɪɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɤɨɦɟɪɧɟ ɛɭɤɟ. 3.12. 1 ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɭɲɬɟɞɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɠ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɚ, ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɨɞ 75 %. 3.12. 2 ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ȿɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɋɭɧɰɚ, ɬɥɚ, ɨɤɨɥɧɨɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɭɲɬɟɞɚ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɭɪɟɧɢɦ, ɨɫɭɧɱɚɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɬɢ ɬɨɩɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɬɨɩɥɟ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ. ȿɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɬɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɪɚɡɦɟʃɢɜɚɱɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɟɜɚʃɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ. 3.13 ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ȽɊȿȳȺȵȺ ɉɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ (ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɚɧ ɨɛɥɢɤ, ʁɭɠɧɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɞɨɛɪɚ ɡɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬ, ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɚ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ, ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ) ɫɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ( ɦɚʃɭ ɨɞ 15 kWh/m2 ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ). ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɭ ɯɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɦɟɫɟɰɢɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɩɚɧɟɥɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɚɥɟ, ɲɬɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɝɨɞɭʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɧɨɝ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ 120 kWh/(m2a), ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɦɚʃɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɭ ɩɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɭ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.

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3.13.1 ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɭɦɩɟ ɉɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɭɦɩɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɢ ɬɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɟ“, ɜɢɫɨɤ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ (150 ɦɧɦ, ɤɨɬɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ 156 ɦɧɦ) ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɭɦɩɟ. 3.14 ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ɉɊɂɉɊȿɆȿ ɌɈɉɅȿ ɉɈɌɊɈɒɇȿ/ɋȺɇɂɌȺɊɇȿ ȼɈȾȿ Ɂɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɭɪɟɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɤɪɨɜɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɟ“ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ɤɢɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɤɪɨɜɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɛɟɡɛɟʄɟʃɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɨɜɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ. 3.15 ɈɋȼȿɌȴȿȵȿ ɉɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟʄɭʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɨɝ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɟʃɚ. ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɫɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɍ ɞɟɥɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ, ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɨɦ ɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢ ɞɨɛɢɰɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɛɢɥɚɧɫ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɭɦɚʃɭʁɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɮɨɬɨɧɚɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɭɪɟɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɬɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. 3.16 ɍɋɅɈȼɂ ɆɂɄɊɈɄɅɂɆȺɌɋɄȿ ɍȽɈȾɇɈɋɌɂ Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟʄɭʁɟ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ, ɦɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚɦɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɭʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲɲʃɟɝ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɧɟɦɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɛɪɡɢɧɚ ɫɬɪɭʁɚʃɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɪɟɦɟɬɢɥɟ ɨɫɟʄɚʁ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɜɟɠɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɭ ɭ ɦɚɥɢɦ, ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ.

4 ɁȺɄȴɍɑɇȺ ɊȺɁɆȺɌɊȺȵȺ ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ. Ɍɨɦɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɢɞɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɭɤɰɢʁɭ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ [10]. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ [7] ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ „Ɍɟɪɟɡɚ“ ɭɡ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɞɟɨ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ ʄɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ, ɟɜɟɥɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɭ ɭ ɤɥɚɫɢ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ.

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ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌUɊȺ [1] S. Petroviü, M. Pucar: Iskustvo i uslovi za energetsku sertifikaciju u Republici Srpskoj/Energy Certification Experience and Requirements in Republika Srpska, The Proceedings of the 42nd Congress on HVAC&R/Meÿunarodni 42. kongres o grejanju, hlaÿenju i klimatizaciji, Beograd, 2011. str.230-239 [2] Finalni izvještaj o realizaciji Nauþno-istraživaþkog projekta "Energetska efikasnost u graditeljstvu" (NIP –EEG), Banja Luka, 2011. [3] The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): EMAS Energy Efficiency Toolkit for Small and Medium sized Enterprises”, 2004., http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/index_en.htm [4] A.Kneževiü, N. Delaliü, A. Husika: Poboljšanje energijske efikasnosti u poslovnim objektimana podruþju kantona Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 2008.,www.energetskaefikasnost.ba [5] Ɇ. ɉɭɰɚɪ, ɋ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ , Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ “Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɦ - Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ƚɟɨɞɟɡɢʁɚ - ȳɭɱɟ, Ⱦɚɧɚɫ, ɋɭɬɪɚ”, Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, 2011, ɫɬɪ. 507-512 [6] M. Zbaþnik Senegaþnik: Pasivna kuüa, San arh,Zagreb, 2009. [7] Ɇ. ɑɜɨɪɨ, ɋ. ɑɜɨɪɨ: ɂɞɟʁɧɨ ɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɰɢ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, 2009. [8] Ɇ. ɉɭɰɚɪ: ȿɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ, VII ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ „ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ“, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ, ȺȽɎ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ, ɫɬɪ 69-80 [9] M. Pucar: Bioklimatska arhitektura – zastakljeni prostori i pasivni solarni sistemi, Monografija, IAUS, 2006., Beograd. [10] www.passiv.de [11] http://www.predmer2.npnetwork.co.rs/Obnovljivi-izvori-energije/solarna-kucapasivan-solarni-zahvat.html

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Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ⱦɚɦʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ1, ɞɪ Ɇɚʁɚ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ2, ɞɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜ ɒɭɦɚɪɚɰ3

ɁȺɄɈɇɋɄɂ ɈɄȼɂɊ ɁȺ ɍɇȺɉɊȿȭȿȵȿ ȿɇȿɊȽȿɌɋɄȿ ȿɎɂɄȺɋɇɈɋɌɂ ɁȽɊȺȾȺ ɍ ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɐɂ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ ɍ ɋȼȿɌɅɍ ȿȼɊɈɉɋɄɂɏ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɂȼȺ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɱɥɚɧa 201 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ, ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɡɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɠɟ ɭɡ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɡɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɟ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɚ, ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦɟɪɟ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɚ

LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVING BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SERBIA IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE Summary: The paper introduces a legal framework that governs the procedures in the construction of buildings, which refers to improving the energy efficiency of buildings in the Republic of Serbia, accordint to the Law on Construction of Serbia. On the basis of Article 201 of the Act, Regulations were made that prescribe procedures to improve energy efficiency in buildings. Methodology for calculation of heat consumption per year is presented in the paper. Finally, given is an example of feasibility study of energy efficiency, which is an integral part of the technical documentation submitted with the application for a building permit. Key words: legislation, indicator calculation, energy retrofit measures 1 2 3

Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɇɚɲɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ

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1 ɍȼɈȾ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨʁ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ >1-4@, ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɦɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɨɲɢ ɨɤɨ 40% ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ɭɞɟɨ ɭ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɋɈ2 ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɱɚɤ 36%. ɉɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤʂɭɱɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɤɚ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ, ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. ɉɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ, ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɭ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢ 2010/31/ȿɍ, ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɍɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɚ ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɦ Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɨɦ, ɞɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɧɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ, ɭɡ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɜɟɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɭ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜʃɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɤɫɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɫɩɟɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɱɥɚɧa 201 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (ɋɥ. Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɛɪ. 72/09, 81/09 – ɢɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ, 64/10 – ɍɋ ɢ 24/11), ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɡɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɨɦ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɨɦ ɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ.

2 ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂȳȺ ɉɊɈɊȺɑɍɇȺ ɂɇȾɂɄȺɌɈɊȺ 3.1 ɇȺȳȼȿȶȿ ȾɈɉɍɒɌȿɇȿ ȼɊȿȾɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɭ 5. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟɧɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɚ ɭɡ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɩɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɪɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ. ɉɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʃɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɤɪɨɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 1 >5@. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɝɪɚɞa ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɚɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɬɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ (ʁɟɞɧɨɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ) ɢ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ: ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɭ, ɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭ, ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɦɟɲɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɨɲɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʁɭ ɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ ʂɭɞɢ (ɝɪɟʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ) ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɟ ɡɚɲɟɬɢɬɟ. Ɂɝɪɚɞɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚɲɭʁɭ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɭ ɮɢɧɚɥɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɟɧɨɜɢɪɚʃɚ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ. 14

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɮɢɧɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɞɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 2 >5@. ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɨɮɬɜɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1 - ɇɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɇɨɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ɉɩɢɫ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ / ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Umax >W/(m2˜K)@ Umax >W/(m2˜K)@ ȿɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɦ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɦ 1. ɋɩɨʂɧɢ ɡɢɞ 0,40 0,30 2. Ɂɢɞ ɧɚ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ (ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ) 0,50 0,35 3. Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɩɪɚɬɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, 0.90 0.90 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ 4. Ɋɚɜɚɧ ɤɪɨɜ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ 0,20 0,15 5. Ɋɚɜɚɧ ɤɪɨɜ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ 0,40 0,30 6. Ʉɨɫɢ ɤɪɨɜ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ 0,20 0,15 7. Ʉɨɫɢ ɤɪɨɜ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ 0,40 0,30 8. Ɇɟɻɭɫɩɪɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɝ 0,30 0,20 ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ 9. ɉɪɨɡɨɪɢ, ɛɚɥɤɨɧɫɤɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɢɯ 1,50 1,50 ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɟ ɡɢɦɫɤɟ ɛɚɲɬɟ 10. ɋɬɚɤɥɟɧɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɜɢ, ɢɡɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɡɢɦɫɤɟ 1,50 1,50 ɛɚɲɬɟ, ɫɜɟɬɥɨɫɧɟ ɤɭɩɨɥɟ 11. ɋɩɨʂɧɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ 1,60 1,60 12. ɂɡɥɨɡɢ 1,80 1,80 13. ɋɬɚɤɥɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɦɟ 1,60 1,60 ɍɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ 14. Ɂɢɞ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɲɬɭ 0,90 0,90 15. Ɂɢɞ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ 0,55 0,40 16. Ɇɟɻɭɫɩɪɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ 0,40 0,30 ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ 17. Ɇɟɻɭɫɩɪɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ 0,40 0,30 ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɬɥɭ (ɭɤɨɩɚɧɟ, ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɭɤɨɩɚɧɟ) 18. Ɂɢɞ ɭ ɬɥɭ 0,50 0,35 19. ɉɨɞ ɧɚ ɬɥɭ 0,40 0,30 20. ɍɤɨɩɚɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɩɪɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ 0,50 0,40 ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ 1: Ɂɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɚɧɟɥɧɨɝ (ɩɨɞɧɨɝ, ɡɢɞɧɨɝ, ɩɥɚɮɨɧɫɤɨɝ) ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɬɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ. ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ 2: ȼɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɧɨɜɢɪɚʃɚ, ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ. 15

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2 - Ⱦɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɮɢɧɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɇɨɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ [kWh/m2a] [kWh/m2a] 1. ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ 65 75 2. ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ 60 70 3. ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ 55 65 4. ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɭ 65 75 5. ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁ 100 120 ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ 6. ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɢ ɭɝɨɫɬɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ 90 100 7. ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɢ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢʁɢ 80 90 8. ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɠɧɢɦ 70 80 ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ 9. ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ / / ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ 3.1 ɉɊɈɊȺɑɍɇ ȽɈȾɂɒȵȿ ɉɈɌɊȿȻɇȿ ɌɈɉɅɈɌȿ ɁȺ ȽɊȿȳȺȵȿ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ, QH,nd ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ SRPS EN ISO 13790, ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɞɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɜɚʃɭ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ >5@: Q H ,nd

Q H ,ht  K H , gn ˜ Q H , gn [kWh/a]

(1)

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ:

QH ,ht - ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ [kWh/a]

K H , gn

- ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ

QH , gn - ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ [kWh/a] ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ, QH,an ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɧɢɤ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ: QH ,an

QH ,nd Af

[kWh/(m2 a)]

(2)

ɝɞɟ ʁɟ: Af – ɤɨɪɢɫɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ [m2] Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢɯ QT ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ Qv : QH , ht QT  Qv [kWh/a] (3) Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ: QH , gn Qint  Qsol [kWh/a] (4) 16

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: Qint - Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ [kWh/a] Qsol - Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ [kWh/a] ɩɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: Q H , nd QT  Qv  K H , gn ˜ Qint  Qsol [kWh/a] (5) Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ:

H T

QH ,ht

 H V ˜ 24 ˜ HDD ˜ 10 3 [kWh/a]

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: HT - ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ [W/K] HV - ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ [W/K] HDD - ɛɪɨʁ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɞɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ (HDD - Heating Degree Days) Ʉɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ: H T H D  H g  H U  H A [W/K] (6) ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: HD – ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɞɢɪɭ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɦ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɦ; Hg – ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɞɢɪɭ ɫɚ ɬɥɨɦ; HU – ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɞɢɪɭ ɫɚ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ; HA – ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɞɢɪɭ ɫɚ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨɦ ɡɝɪɚɞɨɦ. Ʉɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɞɢɪɭ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɦ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ SRPS ISO 10211: H D ¦ Ai ˜ U i  ¦ l k ˜\ k  ¦ F j [W/K] (7) i

k

j

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: Ai >m2@ - ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɢ-ɬɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ui >W/(m2˜K)@ - ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢ-ɬɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ lk >m@ - ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɤ-ɬɨɝ ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ W/m˜K@ - ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤ-ɬɨɝ ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ Fj >W/K@ - ɬɚɱɤɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ʁ-ɬɨɝ ɬɚɱɤɚɫɬɨɝ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ Ɂɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɟɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: H T ¦ Fxi ˜ U i ˜ Ai  H TB (8) i

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: Fxi - ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɨɪɟɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɡɚ i-ɬɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ, Ui >W/(m²˜K)@ - ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ i-ɬɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɜɪɲiɧɟ Ai >m2@. Ɍɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ (ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ) ɭɫɥɟɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɦ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ (ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ), HTB >W/K@, ɢɡɧɨɫɢ: 17

H TB

'U TB ˜ A

(9) ɝɞɟ ʁɟ A >m2@ ɡɛɢɪɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɢ ɨɦɨɬɚɱ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ – ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ). ɍɫɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ 'UTB = 0,10 W/(m²˜K). ɋɪɟɞʃɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɭ: HT H T' [W/(m2K)] (10) Af ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: HT - ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ [W/K] Af - ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ [m2] Ʉɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ: HV U a ˜ c p ˜ ¦Vi ˜ ni [W/K]

(11)

i

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: V – ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ [m3] n – ɛɪɨʁ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ [h-1] U a - ɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ [kg/m3] c p - ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɭ [J/kgK] Ȼɪɨʁ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɨʃɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɡɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ (ɩɪɟɦɚ SRPS EN ISO 13789). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: a

K H , gn

1  J HH

a

1 J HH

1

(12)

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ:

JH - ɛɟɡɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɛɢɥɚɧɫɚ aH - ɛɟɡɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɟ Ȼɟɡɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɛɢɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ: Q H , gn (13) JH Q H ,ht Ȼɟɡɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ aH zɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɟ W ɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ: aH

ɝɞɟ ʁɟ:

18

a H ,0 

W W H ,0

(14)

W - ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ [h] ɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɡɛɢɪɚ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ: Cm / 3600 W (15) H T  HV Cm - ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ [J/K] ɉɪɨɫɟɱɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ (ɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɟɱɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ) ɫɟ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɚɦɚ: K H , gn 1,00 - Ɍɟɲɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ; K H , gn 0,98 - ɋɪɟɞʃɟ-ɬɟɲɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ; K H , gn

0,90 - Ʌɚɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ. Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ: QH , gn Qint  Qsol [kWh/a] (16) Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɛɢɪ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɞ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ ɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ: Qint A f ˜ q P  q E [kWh/a] (17) ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: Af - ɤɨɪɢɫɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ [m2], q P - ɞɨɛɢɰɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɞ ʂɭɞɢ,

q E - ɞɨɛɢɰɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɞ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ. Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ: [kWh/a] Q F ˜ A ˜ I ˜W sol

sh

sol

sol

sol

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: Fsh - ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɫɟɧɱɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Fsh

(18)

Fhor ˜ Fov ˜ F fin

Fhor , Fov , F fin - ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɨɫɟɧɱɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɟ. Ɂɚ ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɟ ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ: Asol , gl g gl ˜ 1  FF ˜ AW

(19)

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: g gl - ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɫɬɚɤɥɚ; FF - ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɚɦɚ; AW - ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ (ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɬɜɨɪɚ) Ɂɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɡɢɞɨɜɟ: Asol , C D s , C ˜ R s , C ˜ U C ˜ AC

(20)

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: D s,C - ɟɦɢɫɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ (ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɚɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɟ ɋɭɧɰɚ), Rs , C

1 - ɨɬɩɨɪ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɡɢɞɚ [m2K / W]. he

19

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɞɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɨɦ: Q H ,nd ,interm a H ,red ˜ ˜ Q H ,nd [kWh/a] (21) ɝɞɟ ɫɭ: QH ,nd ,interm - ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɞɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɨɦ,

a H , red - ɛɟɡɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɜɚʃɭ. Ȼɟɡɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɜɚʃɭ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ:

a H ,red

§W · 1  3¨¨ H ,0 ¸¸ ˜ J H ˜ 1  f H ,hr © W ¹

(22)

ɝɞɟ ɫɭ:

f H , hr - ɨɞɧɨɫ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɚɬɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ, JH - ɛɟɡɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɛɢɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ (13), W H , 0 ,W - ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɟ [h].

3 ɉɊɂɆȿɊ ȿɅȺȻɈɊȺɌȺ ȿȿ ɁȺ ɇɈȼɍ ɁȽɊȺȾɍ ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ȿɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɨ-ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɍɥɢɰɢ ɐɜɢʁɢʄɟɜɨʁ, ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɤɨɪɢɫɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ 1300m2 (ɫɥɢɤɚ 1) >4@. Ʌɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɚ ɭɝɥɭ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɐɜɢʁɢʄɟɜɟ ɢ ȳɚɲɟ ɉɪɨɞɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɭɝɚɨɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ, ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɟ ɮɚɫɚɞɟ, ɭɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɢɦɚ: ɤɨɲɚɜɢ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɰɭ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1 – ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ – 3Ⱦ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɇɚɫɩɪɚɦɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɧɫɨɥɚɰɢʁɭ (ɞɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɟɧɤɟ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɞɚɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ). Ɂɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɥɟɬʃɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭ ɧɢɠɢɦ ɟɬɚɠɚɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɞɪɜɟʄɟɦ ɨɞ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɝɪɚɱɟʃɚ. ɍ ɫɭɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ (ɧɢɜɨɢ -2 ɢ -1) ɫɭ ɥɨɰɢɪɚɧɢ: ɝɚɪɚɠɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɡɟɦʂɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ, ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɬɪɟʄɟɦ, ɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. 20

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2 – ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ – ɢɡɜɨɞ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ 3.1 ɈȻȺȼȿɁɇɂ ɉɈȾȺɐɂ ɍ ȿɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɍ Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3 – Ɉɩɲɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɁȽɊȺȾȺ

¥

ɧɨɜɚ

ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ

ɇɚɦɟɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ

ɋɬɚɦɛɟɧɚ

ȼɪɫɬɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ

Ɂɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ

Ɇɟɫɬɨ (ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ): ȼɥɚɫɧɢɤ (ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪ): ɂɡɜɨɻɚɱ: Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ: Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ/ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ: ɇɟɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ >m2@:

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

2011 1364

ɍ ɩɪɢɡɟɦʂɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɢ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɬ ɟɬɚɠɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ, ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɢ ɤɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ. Ɂɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɨɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɨɫɟʄɨɦ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɡɢɞɚɧɢɦ ɮɚɫɚɞɧɢɦ ɢɫɩɭɧɚɦɚ. Ɏɚɫɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɢɞɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɡɢɞɚɧɚ ɨɩɟɤɨɦ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞʁɭʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ. ɋɜɟ ɫɨɛɟ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢɦɚ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ. ɋɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɢ 21

ɱɜɨɪɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɢ ɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɭ (ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ). ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ), ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɦ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 4 – Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ Ʌɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɪɨʁ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɞɚɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ HDD Ȼɪɨʁ ɞɚɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɧɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɟ HD ɋɪɟɞʃɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɪɟʁɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ TH,mn [ɨC] ɍɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ TH,i [ɨC] ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ (ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɜɟɬɪɭ) Ȼɪɨʁ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɜɟɬɪɭ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2520 175 5,6 20 ɍɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɨʃɟɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɮɚɫɚɞɟ

ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɞɚɧɚ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ ɦɟɫɟɱɧɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɨɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ ɦɟɫɟɱɧɢɦ ɫɭɦɚɦɚ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɞɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɭ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 6.3 ɢ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 6.9 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɤɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 5 – ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɢ ɨɦɨɬɚɱ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɋpoʂɧɢ ɡɢɞɨɜɢ Ɂɢɞ ɧɚ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ Ɋɚɜɚɧ ɤɪɨɜ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ Ɇɟɻɭɫɩɪɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɩɨʂɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ Ɇɟɻɭɫɩɪɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɧɟɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɢ, ɛɚɥɤɨɧɫɤɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ

ɂɫɩɭʃɟɧɨ ȾȺ / ɇȿ

U

Umax

[W/(m2K)]

[W/(m2K)]

ɋɁ ȾɁ

0.29 0.29

0.30 0.35

ȾȺ ȾȺ

ɄɊ

0.15

0.15

ȾȺ

ɆɈ

0.18

0.20

ȾȺ

ɉɈ

0.25

0.30

ȾȺ

ɉɊ

1.40

1.50

ȾȺ

ɨɡɧɚɤɚ

Ɂɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɰɟɜɧɢ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. ɐɟɜɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨʁ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɛɟɲɚɜɧɢɯ ɰɟɜɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. ɍɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɦɪɟɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɭ ɭ ɨɪɦɚɪɢʄɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ. Ɂɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɫɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɧɢɤ ɢ ɫɚɛɢɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɫɬɪɭʁɧɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɰɟɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. ɍ ɨɪɦɚɧɭ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɦɟɪɚɱɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ – ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɫɬɚɧ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɥɨɤɚɥ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɑɥɚɧɨɦ 13. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. 22

ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɋɌȼ ʁɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɞ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɫɚ ɞɨɩɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɦ ɝɪɟʁɚɱɟɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɋɌȼ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɨɥɚɪɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɚɱɚ ɡɚ ɋɌȼ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɥɨɰɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɤɪɨɜɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɨɞɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɋɌȼ ʁɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɑɥɚɧɨɦ 15. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 6 – ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ (ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ, ɟɬɚɠɧɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ, ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɢ) Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɋɌȼ (ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ, ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɢ) Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɋɌȼ ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ (ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ, ɟɬɚɠɧɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ, ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɢ) ɂɡɜɨɪ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ ȼɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɚ (ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɚ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ) ɂɡɜɨɪ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɭ ȼɪɫɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɍɞɟɨ Ɉɂȿ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨʁ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɋɌȼ >%@

ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɨɫɢɥɧɨ ɝɨɪɢɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɟ + ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɋɨɥɚɪɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɋɌȼ 59

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 7 – ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɇɟɬɨ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Af >m2@ Ɂɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ve >m3@ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ f0 >m-1@ ɍɞɟɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ >%@

1364 3860 0.35 18

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 8 – ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢɦ ɝɭɛɢɰɢɦɚ HTS [W/K] U Ɉɩɢɫ ɝɪɚɻ.ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ Ɉɡɧɚɤɚ A(m2) Fx U * A * Fx (W/m2K) ɋɩoʂɧɢ ɡɢɞ ɋɁ 0.27 1064.1 1.0 287.31 Ɂɢɞ ɧɚ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ȾɁ 0.29 70 0.8 16.24 Ɋɚɜɚɧ ɤɪɨɜ ɄɊ 0.15 240.3 1.0 36.05 ɉɨɞ ɤɚ ɫɩɨʂ.ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɆɈ 0.18 77.6 1.0 13.97 ɉɨɞ ɤɚ ɧɟɝɪ. ɩɨɞɪɭɦɭ ɉɈ 0.28 318.2 0.5 44.55 ɉɪɨɡɨɪɢ ɢ ɛɚɥɤ.ɜɪɚɬɚ ɉɊ 1.4 320 1.0 448.00 ɍɤɭɩɧɨ

2090.2

846.11

23

Ʌɢɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ HTB [W/K] HTB = 0.1 * ȈA = 0.1 * 2090.2 = 209.02 ɍɤɭɩɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ HT [W/K] HT = HTS + HTB = 846.11 + 209.02 = 1055.13 ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚɤ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ H’T [W/(m2K)] HT’ = HT / A = 1055.13 / 2090.2 = 0.50 Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 9 – ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢɦ ɝɭɛɢɰɢɦɚ HTS [W/K] HT’ [W/(m2K)]

HT’max [W/(m2K)]

0.50

0.68

ɂɫɩɭʃɟɧɨ ȾȺ / ɇȿ ȾȺ

ȼɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Hv [W/Ʉ] Hv = 0.33 * V * n = 0.33 Wh/m3K * 3860 m3 * 0.5 h-1 = 636.9 W/K Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 10 - ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɡɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ Ɂɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɚ ɝɪɟʁɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ V [m3] 3860 Ɂɚɩɬɢɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɚ Ȼɪɨʁ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ n [h-1] 0.5 Ʉɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ [kW/Ʉ] 0.637 Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 11 - ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɢɦ ɝɭɛɢɰɢɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɝɭɛɢɰɢɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ

[ɤW]

Ɍɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɧɟɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ɍɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɢɨɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɟ ɢ ɜɪɚɬɚ ȼɟɧɬɢɥɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɟ ɢ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɍɤɭɩɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ

12,739 14,336 20,380 47,455

ɍɥɚɡɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭ ɭɧɨɫ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɨɫɟɧɱɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɤɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɨ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɟ, ɟɦɢɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɧɟɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɞɨɛɢɰɢɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɬɚɛɟɥɚɦɚ 12 ɞɨ 14. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 12 - Ɉɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ Ⱥ(m2) ɋɟɜɟɪ ɂɫɬɨɤ ȳɭɝ Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɏɨɪɢɡ.

24

ɋɁ 158 367.9 345.54 194.64

ɄɊ

240.3

PɊ 23 75.28 97.38 129.72

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 13 - ɍɥɚɡɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɨɞ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɫɟɧɱɟɧɨɫɬɢ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɤɥɨ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɚɦɚ

0,81 0,75 0,12

ȿɦɢɫɢɜɧɨɢɫɬ ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ

0,6

Oɬɩɨɪ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɡɢɞɚ

0,04

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 14 - ɍɥɚɡɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɞ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ Oɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ʂɭɞɢ Qlj >W/m2@ Ⱦɨɛɢɬɚɤ ɨɞ ɟɥ. ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ qel >kWh/m2@ Pɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬ ɬɨɤɨm ɞɚɧɚ >h@

1,8 5 12

ɍ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɭ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɭɧɟɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɨɦ, ɢɡɜɨɪɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ, ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɭ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɧɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɨʁ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɋɈ2. ɇɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɭɧɨɫ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɛɟɥɨɦ 15, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 3. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 15 - ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɨɪɟɛɧɟ ɮɢɧɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ Mɟɫɟɰ QH,ht Qsol, gl Qsol,c Qsol Qlj Qel Qint QH,gn Ɉɤɬ 5267 13512 571 14083 421 3250 3671 4971 ɇɨɜ 19451 7575 322 7897 842 6500 7342 14935 Ⱦɟɰ 27690 5805 248 6053 870 6500 7370 13155 ȳɚɧ 30506 7221 308 7529 870 6500 7370 14601 Ɏɟɛ 23884 10377 428 10805 786 6500 7286 17729 Ɇɚɪ 19295 14173 610 14783 870 6500 7370 17280 Ⱥɩɪ 5319 15383 683 16066 421 3250 3671 5526 14

35

12

30

10

25

8

kWh/m 2a

kWh/m 2

QH,nd 296 4516 14535 15905 6154 2015 0

6

20 15

4

10

2

5

0

0

Ɉɤɬ

ɇɨɜ

Ⱦɟɰ

ȳɚɧ

Ɏɟɛ

Ɇɚɪ

Ⱥɩɪ

Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3 - ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ: (ɚ) ɩɨ ɦɟɫɟɰɢɦɚ ɢ (ɛ) ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ 25

ɉɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɚ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ >6@, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 4.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4 – ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ

4 ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ Ɂɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɧɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɨɦ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɤɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɚɱɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɭʁɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ “ɋ”. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɟ 2010/31/ȿɍ.

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ [1] Perez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J. and Pout, C. (2008): A review on buildings energy consumption information, Energy and Buildings, No. 40, pp. 394-398. [2] Šumarac D., Todoroviü M., Ĉuroviü-Petroviü M., Trišoviü N. (2010): Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Serbia, Thermal Science, Vol. 14, Suppl. pp S97-S113. [3] Vuþiüeviü, B., Turanjanin, V., Bakiü, V., Jovanoviü, M. and Stevanoviü, Ž. (2009): Experimental and numerical modeling of thermal performance of a residential buildings in Belgrade, Thermal Science, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 245-252. [4] Todoroviü M., Bajc T: The influence of the regimes of use of building on total building energy consumption, Regional Conference IEEP 2011, Proceedings on CD, Kopaonik, Serbia. [5] ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɋ ɛɪ. 61/2011: ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɬɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ. [6] ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɋ ɛɪ. 61/2011: ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤ ɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ. 26

ȭɨɪɻɟ Ʌɚɻɢɧɨɜɢʄ1, Ɇɢɪɤɨ Ⱥʄɢʄ2, Ɍɚɬʁɚɧɚ Ʉɨɱɟɬɨɜ Ɇɢɲɭɥɢʄ3

ɉɊɈɊȺɑɍɇ ɋȿɂɁɆɂɑɄȿ ɈɌɉɈɊɇɈɋɌɂ ɁȽɊȺȾȺ ɋȺ ȺɊɆɂɊȺɇɈȻȿɌɈɇɋɄɂɆ ɁɂȾɈȼɂɆȺ ɁȺ ɍɄɊɍȶȿȵȿ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɭɤɬɢɥɧɢɯ ȺȻ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɨɦ 8. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɭɜɢɞɚ ɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɜɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧʂɢɜɢɯ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ. Ⱥɤɰɟɧɚɬ ʁɟ ɞɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟʃɭ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɧɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɞɭɤɬɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɢɡɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ 8 ɢ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ, ɞɚɬɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɚ ɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟʃɚ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫ, ɫɦɢɱɭʄɢ ɡɢɞɨɜɢ, ɞɭɤɬɢɥɧɨɫɬ, ɭɬɟɠɭʄɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL BUILDINGS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE Summary: Thɟ paper deals with the design of ductile walls in accordance with Eurocode 8. Ɍhe main objective of this paper is to give an insight into the modern principles of the design and to offer design tips that are applicable in practice. The emphasis is on the part of the design which is related to ensuring demanded local ductility in critical regions. This choice is a consequence of significant differences in the design provisions defined by Eurocode 8 and the current practice. Besides the main steps of the design procedure, observations and conclusions are also presented in order to provide easier application of the aforementioned standard. Key words: earthquake, shear walls, ductility, confining reinforcement

1

ɉɪɨɮ., ɞɪ, ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɝɪɚɻ., Ɏɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ, Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ɍɪɝ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ 6, 21000 ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, e-mail: [email protected] 2 ɉɪɨɮ., ɞɪ, ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɝɪɚɻ., Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ȼɭɥ. ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ 73, 11000 Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 3 Ⱦɨɰ., ɞɪ, ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɝɪɚɻ., Ɏɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ, Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ɍɪɝ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ 6, 21000 ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ

27

1 INTRODUCTION One of the most spreaded laterally resistant structural systems of buildings in seismically active regions contains reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls placed in one or both main directions of building. This system improves seismic resistance of building if walls are regularly located and necessary strength and ductility is provided. Shear wall system is very rational solution for the buildings up to 20 stories, while combination of shear walls with frames gives good results for taller buildings [3]. The main advantage of shear wall system, in comparison with rigid frame structure, is in its small deformability under the lateral forces that provides relatively small non-structural damage under the moderate and severe earthquake ground motions [4]. The behaviour of shear wall systems during earthquake will be satisfactory only if all measures are taken to provide a favourable plastic (failure) mechanism. A special account must be taken so that shear effects do not prevent global ductile behaviour of the structure. Therefore in these systems the assessment of influence of dynamic effects on the magnitude and distribution of shear forces along the height of walls is particularly important.

2 DESIGN CONCEPT OF SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES The civil engineering structure shall be designed to withstand the design seismic action without local or global collapse, thus retaining its structural integrity and a residual load bearing capacity after the seismic events [1]. The design of earthquake resistant buildings shall provide the structure with an adequate capacity to dissipate energy without substantial reduction of its overall resistance against horizontal and vertical loading. In the seismic design situation adequate resistance of all structural elements shall be provided, and non-linear deformation demands in critical regions should be commensurate with the overall ductility assumed in calculations. The structure as a whole shall be checked to ensure that it is stable under the design seismic action [2]. Both overturning and sliding stability shall be taken into account. The resistance and energy dissipation capacity to be assigned to the structure are related to the extent to which its non-linear response is to be exploited. In operational terms such balance between resistance and energy dissipation capacity is characterised by the values of the behaviour factor q. This factor is used for design purposes to reduce the forces obtained from a linear analysis, in order to account for the non-linear response of a structure, associated with the material and the structural system. The values of the behaviour factor q are given according to the relevant ductility classes in the various parts of EN 1998. Ductile concrete structures are classified in two ductility classes (DCM and DCH), depending on their hysteretic dissipation capacity. Both classes correspond to buildings designed, dimensioned and detailed in accordance with specific earthquake resistant provisions, enabling the structure to develop stable mechanisms associated with large dissipation of hysteretic energy under repeated reversed loading, without suffering brittle failures. The behaviour factor q is an approximation of the ratio of the seismic forces that the structure would experience if its response was completely elastic with 5% viscous damping, to the seismic forces that may be used in the design, with a conventional elastic analysis model, still ensuring a satisfactory response of the structure. The value of the behaviour factor q may be different in different horizontal directions of the structure, although the ductility classification shall be the same in all directions. 28

3 DESIGN PROCEDURE Important steps of the design procedure according to Eurocode EN 1998-1 which ensures local ductility in plastic hinge regions of ductile walls is presented below. Once defined parameters of the equations will not be defined again. 3.1 STRUCTURAL TYPES AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS One of the first steps in the design process is determination of the behaviour factor q, which basically depends on several parameters: material, structural type, ductility, overstrength factor and the prevailing failure mode (only in structural wall systems). The upper limit value of the behaviour factor q, introduced to account for energy dissipation capacity, shall be derived as: q

q0 k w t 1.5

(1)

where q0 is the basic value of the behaviour factor, dependent on the type of the structural system and on its regularity in elevation, and kw is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls (0,5 d kw d 1,0). The factor kw (kw = 1,0 for frame and frame equivalent dual systems, and kw = (1 + Į0) / 3 for wall, wall-equivalent and torsionally flexible systems) depends on prevailing aspect ratio Į0 of the walls. The prevailing aspect ratio of the walls Į0 depends mainly on the aspect ratios hwi/lwi of all walls:

D0

¦ hwi ¦ lwi

(2)

where hwi and lwi are the height and length of the section of wall i, respectively. Structural types related to ductile walls are: wall systems (coupled or uncoupled) and dual systems. Although EN 1998-1 defines three different ductility classes: low (DCL), medium (DCM) and high (DCH), design of structures with low ductility is allowed only in regions with low seismicity. Basic value of the behaviour factor for medium ductility class is q0 = 3,0, while for high ductility class is q0 = 4,0 Įu /Į1, where Įu /Į1 is overstrength factor (Į1 is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied in order to first reach the flexural resistance in any member in the structure, while Įu is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied in order to form plastic hinges in a number of sections sufficient for the development of overall structural instability). Overstrength factor takes into account additional bearing capacity of a structure, which may be a result of various factors. Because in some cases Įu /Į1 can achieve unrealistically large values, the upper limit of this factor is set to 1,50. For buildings which are regular in plan, the following approximate values of overstrength factor may be used: a) Įu /Į1 = 1,0 for wall systems with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal direction; b) Įu /Į1 = 1,1 for the other uncoupled wall systems; and c) Įu /Į1 = 1,2 for wall-equivalent dual or coupled wall systems. For buildings which are not regular in elevation, the the basic value of the behaviour factor q0 should be reduced by 20%. 3.2 LOCAL DUCTILITY CONDITIONS Since behaviour factor q is used to reduce forces obtained by linear analysis in order to account for nonlinear response of the structure, the value of q used in analysis should be ensured by the design and confirmed with calculation. Global ductility of a structure is achieved through the local ductility of its structural members, which means that they should 29

posse sufficient plastic rotation capacities in critical (plastic hinge) regions. This is provided by appropriate concrete and steel qualities, prevention of local buckling of compressed steel and sufficient curvature ductility of sections in all critical regions, which is unquestionably the most important factor. The latter is accomplished if the curvature ductility factor ȝI in all plastic hinge regions is at least equal to the following values:

PI

­2q0  1 ® ¯1  2  q0  1 TC / T1

if T1 t TC if T1  TC

(3)

where q0 is the corresponding basic value of the behaviour factor q, T1 is the fundamental period of the structure, both taken within the vertical plane in which bending takes place, and TC is the period at the upper limit of the constant acceleration region of the spectrum. 3.3 PLASTIC HINGE REGIONS IN DUCTILE WALLS Ensuring demanded amount of local ductility along the wall height would be very difficult and it is quite unnecessary. Wall section generally posses large bearing capacities which, in combination with carefully detailed reinforcement in plastic hinge regions, ensure excellent behaviour of walls during earthquakes. Therefore, plastic rotation capacity should be concentrated only at the wall base. Eurocode 8 defines the height of a plastic hinge region hcr above the base of a ductile wall as: hcr

­l max ® w ¯hw / 6

and

­2lw ° hcr d ®­hs ° ® 2h ¯¯ s

for n d 6 storeys for n t 7 storeys

(4)

where lw is wall length, hw is wall height and hs is clear storey height. 3.4 DIMENSIONS OF WALL SECTIONS Minimum requirements regarding dimensions of wall sections and boundary elements, according to EN 1998, are listed below and they apply for both DCM and DCH: ņ As a minimum, the wall thickness bw0, outside the confined part, should not be less taken as being smaller than 15 cm or hs /20. ņ Wall thickness bw at the confined part (boundary element) must not be less than 20 cm. ņ Minimum length of the confined boundary element lc (Fig. 1), measured from the centreline of the outer stirrup, must satisfy the condition: lc = max{0,15lw; 1,5bw0}. ņ In addition, the following must be fulfilled: if lc d max ^2bw ; 0, 2lw `

Ÿ

bw t hs /15, otherwise: bw t hs /10.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1 – Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɭɬɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɢɜɢɱɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ Figure 1 – Minimum thickness of confined boundary elements 30

(5)

All of the above is shown in Fig. 1. In the case of ductile walls with rectangular sections, minimum thickness of the wall is therefore limited to 20 cm. 3.5 REINFORCEMENT OF DUCTILE WALLS Calculation and detailing of reinforcement should take place after dimensions of the wall section are defined and finalized. According to Eurocode 8, ductile walls should be reinforced as shown in Fig. 2. The principle of reinforcing is basically the same as in current practice, but provisions regarding reinforcement of the web and boundary elements are more detailed and demanding. Web reinforcement consists of horizontal and vertical bars, as shown in Fig. 2. In the case of DCM, EN 1998 does not give explicit provisions regarding minimum web reinforcement in plastic hinge regions (which means that the rules defined in EN 1992 apply), while in the case of DCH the following must be fulfilled: a) minimum amount of web reinforcement in both horizontal and vertical direction must not be smaller than 0,002 times area of the wall section (taking into account the width bw0); b) web reinforcement must consist of two grids, and minimum diameter of grid bars must not be less than 8 mm or greater than 0,125bw0; and c) bar spacing must be limited at the minimum between 25 cm and 25 times bar diameter.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2 – ɍɬɟɝɧɭɬɢ ɢɜɢɱɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨʁ ɢɜɢɰɢ ɡɢɞɚ Figure 2 – Confined boundary element of free-edge wall end While horizontal reinforcement bars in the web provide shear resistance, vertical bars provide a part of the flexural resistance. This fact is often ignored in practice, and only vertical bars of boundary elements are considered to provide flexural resistance of the wall. This is completely wrong and may lead to the incorrect results of analysis of wall sections, especially in the case of walls with large lengths. Reinforcement in boundary elements consists of vertical and horizontal (confining) reinforcement. Vertical reinforcement ratio in the boundary elements should be not less than 0,005, which applies to both DCM and DCH. Horizontal distance between the bars (measured between the bar axes) must not exceed 20 cm in the cases of DCM, i.e. 15 cm for DCH. Every vertical bar should be engaged by a stirrup or a cross-tie in order to prevent the occurrence of local buckling. Confining reinforcement in the case of DCM can be designed according to EN 1992 if one of the following conditions is fulfilled:

Qd

N Ed ­0,15 d® Ac f cd ¯0, 20 but q used in analysis is reduced by 15%

(6)

31

where Ȟd is the normalized design force, NEd is design axial force from the analysis for the seismic design situation, Ac is area of section of concrete member and fcd is the design value of concrete compressive strength. Otherwise, the following conditions regarding confining reinforcement must be fulfilled:

Zwd

Vcs f ys ,d ˜ t 0, 08 Vcs f cd

(7)

s t min ^b0 / 2; 17,5cm; 8dbl `

where Vcs is volume of confining stirrups, Vcc is volume of concrete core, fys,d is the design value of yield strength of steel, Ȧwd is mechanical volumetric ratio of confining reinforcement, s is spacing of stirrups, b0 is minimum dimension of the concrete core measured from the centreline of the outer stirrup, and dbl is minimum diameter of vertical bars. In the case of DCH, favourable effect which small axial force has on ductility of a wall section has not been taken into account, and therefore the provisions of EC 8 must be followed. Confining reinforcement must be designed to satisfy the following conditions:

Zwd

Vcs f ys ,d ˜ t 0,12 Vcs f cd

(8)

s t min ^b0 / 3; 12,5cm; 6d bl `

dbw

0, 4 dbl ,max

f ydl / f ydw

(9)

where dbw is the diameter of stirrups, dbl,max is the maximum diameter of vertical bars, fydl is the design strength of vertical reinforcement steel, and fydw is the design strength of stirrups steel. An additional measure that should be taken in the case of DCH is to provide boundary elements for one more storey above plastic hinge region, with at least half of confining reinforcement. 3.6 CONTROL OF LOCAL DUCTILITY OF WALL SECTIONS IN PLASTIC HINGE REGIONS Achievement of local ductility must be verified by calculation. The minimum value of curvature ductility factor ȝI,dem at the wall base, that represents local ductility demand, may be estimated as:

PI

­2q0 M Ed / M Rd  1 ® ¯1  2  q0 M Ed / M Rd  1 TC / T1

if T1 t TC if T1  TC

(10)

where MEd is the design bending moment from the analysis and MRd is the design flexural resistance. Generally, there are two ways to check whether demanded ȝI is ensured in plastic hinge region by using the approximate method proposed by EC 8 or by accurate analysis of a wall section. Approximate method assumes that ȝI defined by expressions (10) is achieved by the use of appropriate confining reinforcement in boundary elements. The required length of the confined boundary element basically represents the length in which the value of compressive strain in concrete exceeds ultimate strain of unconfined concrete (Fig. 2). It can be calculated as: 32

lc

xu (1  H cu 2 / H cu 2,c )

(11)

where xu is the depth of neutral axis at ultimate curvature, İcu2 ultimate strain of unconfined concrete, taken to be equal to 0,0035, and İcu2,c ultimate strain of confined concrete, which may be calculated as:

H cu 2,c

0.035  0.1D wd

(12)

where Į is confinement effectiveness factor, which depends on shape of cross-section and described in the standard [1]. The neutral axis depth xu at ultimate curvature after spalling of the concrete outside the confined core of the boundary element may be estimated as: xu

(Q d  ZQ )lw bc b0

(13)

where Ȧv is the mechanical ratio of vertical web reinforcement and bc is the width of the compression zone. As a minimum, the length lc of the confined boundary element should not be taken as being smaller than 0,15lw or 1,50bw.. If the length of a confided boundary element determined from the expression (11) does not exceed assumed value used in calculations (in most cases a minimum one), then minimum provisions regarding confinement of boundary elements are sufficient and they provide demanded local ductility. This method is very conservative. It is obvious from the fact that the ultimate strain of confined concrete İcu2,c is assumed in the extreme compression fibre. Therefore, the assumed length lc should not be changed instantly. It should also be noted that the value of xu is derived under the assumption that reinforcement in boundary elements yields and that the section is reinforced symmetrically. Therefore, this approximate expression should be used with precaution, perhaps only in cases of symmetrically reinforced rectangular wall sections. Procedure of accurate analysis of a wall section is based on the determination of curvature ductility factor from the following steps: 1) Calculation of local ductility demand ȝI,dem according to equation (10); 2) Determination of the yield curvature Iy at the yielding point of steel İsy,d and the curvature at the ultimate limit state İcu2, denoted as Iu. In this step, existing confinement in boundary elements is totally neglected; 3) Calculation of curvature ductility factor as ȝI = Iu /Iy; 4) If the value of ȝI does not exceed the value of ȝI,dem from the step 1, then existing local ductility is sufficient; 5) Otherwise, the curvature at ultimate limit state can be calculated as Iu,dem = ȝI,dem Iy; 6) For the value of Iu,dem, the value of strain at the extreme compression fibre of the confined concrete core İc,conf should be determined. The value of İc,conf must not exceed the value of İcu2,c defined previously; 7) Calculation of required length of boundary element as: lc = xu (1 – İcu2 / İc,conf). If obtained value of lc does not exceed assumed value used in calculations, then the existing boundary element provides required local ductility. Otherwise, lc must be changed. In addition to both presented methods, the following condition must be fulfilled:

DZwd t 30 PI ,dem Q d  Zv H sy ,d bc / b0  0, 035

(14)

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4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Two reinforced concrete (RC) office buildings with 8 stories, the same height and same dimensions in the plan were analyzed (Fig. 3). Buildings are designed for two different ductility classes: DCM and DCH. Storey height for both buildings is constant and equals 2,8 m. Each structure consists of eight RC shear walls with cross-sectional dimensions of 20u600 cm. For both buildings the same value of design ground acceleration ag = 0,25g and same soil class (class C) is adopted.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3 – Ɋɚɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɭɤɪɭʄɟʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ Figure 3 – The layout of shear walls and 3D model of the structure The total mass of each building is m = 2512 t, so that both structures have the same fundamental period T1 = 0,566 s. The behaviour factor is q = 3,0 in the case of DCM and q = 4,4 in the case of DCH. Base shear force for structure of ductility class DCM is Fb = 4896,93 kN, i.e. Fb = 3338,85 kN in the case of DCH. The characteristic results of seismic analysis for wall with maximum seismic effects are presented in Table 1. Based on the performed analysis, design of the shear walls is conducted so that the demanded local ducility is ensured in critical region, as well as the required bearing capacity along the wall height. Adopted reinforcement of the critical wall is presented in Tables 2 and 3. In analysis the used quality of the concrete is C25/30 and of the reinforcement is S500. 34

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1 – Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɡɢɞɚ Y1 Table 1 – Characteristic seismic effects in critical region of wall Y1

DCM DCH

İc / İs

V’sd

H

VEd

NEd

MEd

MRd

ȝI,dem

kN

–

kN

kN

kNm

kNm

–

‰

1333,9 925,0

1,50 1,97

2003,9 2039,5

2721 2359

21028,8 14149,2

22100,9 14998,2

4,70 7,30

-2,24/5,35 -1,91/5,08

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2 – ɍɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɢɞɚ Y1 ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɭ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɞɭɤɬɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ Table 2 – Adopted reinforcement of wall Y1 for medium ductility classes Web Storey Ah Av 1 r‡10/15 r‡8/15 2 r‡10/15 r‡8/15 3 r‡10/15 r‡8/15 4 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 5 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 6 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 7 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 8 r‡8/15 r‡8/15

DCM Boundary elements Aav Astirrup 16‡20 U‡8/7,5 16‡20 U‡8/7,5 16‡20 U‡8/15 12‡20 U‡8/15 10‡20 U‡8/15 8‡20 U‡8/15 4‡20 U‡8/15 4‡20 U‡8/15

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3 – ɍɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɢɞɚ Y1 ɡɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɞɭɤɬɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ Table 3 – Adopted reinforcement of wall Y1 for high ductility classes

Storey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Web Ah Av r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15 r‡8/15

DCH Boundary elements Aav Astirrup 14‡14 U‡8/5 14‡14 U‡8/5 14‡14 U‡8/10 10‡14 U‡8/15 6‡14 U‡8/15 4‡14 U‡8/15 4‡14 U‡8/15 4‡14 U‡8/15

5 CONCLUSION When determining behaviour factor q, it is necessary to opt for ductility class of the structure. Larger values of q, which correspond to the case of DCH, imply that the design seismic actions are smaller in comparison to those in the case of DCM. This practically means less reinforcement, but in the case of ductile walls this is only partially true. Flexural 35

reinforcement is indeed weaker in the case of DCH comparing to DCM, but the requirements of EC 8 regarding shear reinforcement are much stricter. Therefore, savings in terms of reinforcing steel are questionable. This fact may be overlooked within the selection of ductility class. More important, provisions that are related to detailing of reinforcement (which ensures local ductility) are sometimes impossible to fulfil in the case of DCH, especially in the case of tall buildings. Thus, the selection of ductility class is a very important step which should be taken with care because in the later stages of the design it may turn out that not all requirements of the standard can be met.

Acknowledgments: This research was supported by Serbian Ministry of Science and Technologies Grant No 36043.

REFERENCES [1] CEN-EN 1998-1: Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistantce. Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, 2004. Prevod GF, Beograd 2009. [2] Laÿinoviü Ĉ.: Savremene metode seizmiþke analize konstrukcija zgrada. Materijali i konstrukcije 51, br. 2, Beograd, 2008, str. 25-40. [3] Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 1992. [4] Petroviü B.: Odabrana poglavlja iz zemljotresnog graÿevinarstva, GK, Beograd, 1985.

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Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɭɧɨɜɢʄ 1 , Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ 2 , Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ 3 , Ⱦɚɪɢʁɚ Ƚɚʁɢʄ4, Ⱦɚɪɤɨ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ5

ɆȳȿɊȿȵȿ ɄɈȿɎɂɐɂȳȿɇɌȺ ɉɊɈɅȺɁȺ ɌɈɉɅɈɌȿ ɁɂȾȺ ɍ ɁȽɊȺȾɂ ɊȿɄɌɈɊȺɌȺ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɁɂɌȿɌȺ ɍ ȻȺȵɈȳ Ʌɍɐɂ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ʉɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ, ɍ - ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ (W/m2Ʉ), ʁɟ ɤʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ, ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɟ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ, ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ, ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ, ɍ-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɲʄɭ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ, ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ, ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ, ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɮɥɭɤɫ

MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF THE WALL IN UNIVERSITY RECTORATE BUILDING IN BANJA LUKA Summary: Thermal transmittance, U - value (W/m2K), is a key parameter for determination of building heat loss caused by heat transfer through the building envelope, and it can be calculated from the thermal properties of building envelope. However, this value does not take into account the effects of irregularities and degradation of certain elements of the building structure with time, which could lead to errors in heat loss calculation. Therefore, in this paper, U-value is derived from measurements of heat flux density and temperature and compared to value calculated from the known thermal properties of the wall structure. Key words: thermal transmittance, measurement, heat loss, heat flux

 1 Ⱦɨɰ. ɞɪ Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɭɧɨɜɢʄ ɞɢɩɥ. ɮɢɡ., Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ , ɋɬɟɩɟ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ 77 Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 2 ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɚɪɯ., Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ , ɋɬɟɩɟ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ 77 Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 3 Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɞɢɩɥ. ɮɢɡ. ɦɟɬ., Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ , ɋɬɟɩɟ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ 77 Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 4 Ⱦɚɪɢʁɚ Ƚɚʁɢʄ, ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɚɪɯ., Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ , ɋɬɟɩɟ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ 77 Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 5 Ⱦɚɪɤɨ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɚɪɯ., Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ , ɋɬɟɩɟ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ 77 Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ



37

1. ɍȼɈȾ ɍ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɦɨɬɚɱ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɭɞɢɨ ɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɨʁ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ, ɫɦɚʃɢɬɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɬɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɭ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚʃɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɦɨɬɚɱ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢ ɢɧɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɦɚɧɫɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢɥɢ U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ (W/m2K). ɒɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɚʃɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɨʂɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɢɬɢɤɟ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɢ ɦɚʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɚʁɟ ɢɡ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. ɍ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɍɧɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɡɢɞɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ 0.40 W/m2K[1]. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ JUS ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɨɦ U.J5.510 ɢɡ 1987.ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ III ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɚ ɡɨɧɚ (Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ) ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɡɢɞɨɜɟ ʁɟ 0.80 W/m2K. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɢʁɟɬɢ ɢɡɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ. ɍ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɢ ɜɚɠɟʄɢ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤ ɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ 2010. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɭ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢ ɡɢɞ 0,45 W/m2K [1] Ʉɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɤɨɞ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɍ-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɧɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɬɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɟ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢʁɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ, ɲɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɝ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɟɫɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɲɬɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɚʃɚ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɦɨɬɚɱ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɝ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ JUS ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɨɦ[3]. ɐɢʂ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɡɢɞɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ɋɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɍ-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɦ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨɝ ɡɢɞɚ.

2. ɄɈȿɎɂɐɂȳȿɇɌ ɉɊɈɅȺɁȺ ɌɈɉɅɈɌȿ Ʉɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɨɞ ɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɯ ɩɥɨɱɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɬɚɱ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɧ ɩɪɨɥɚɡ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɢ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ 38 

ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɝ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɫɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟ. Ɂɢɦɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɚɡɭɯ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɬɨɩɥɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ, ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɜɨɞɢ ɢɡ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ, ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɡɢɞɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɡɢɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ. ɍɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ, ɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ q[W/m2], ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɧɟ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ[4], ɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɨɦ: q U ˜ t u  t s 0

1.

0

ɝɞʁɟ tu ( C) ɢ ts ( C) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɚ U (W/m2K) ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɤɜɚɧɬɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɡɢɞ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɲɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧ. U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɬɢɤɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ:

U

1 1

Du

n

¦ i 1

li

Oi



2.

1

Ds

ɝɞʁɟ 1/Įu ɢ 1/Įs (m2K/W) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɬɩɨɪɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɡɢɞɚ, ɢ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ, ɪɟɞɨɦ, a li/Ȝi (m2K/W) ɨɬɩɨɪ ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ i-ɬɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ li (m) ɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ Ȝi(W/mK). ɍɤɭɩɧɢ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ R (m2K/W) ɤɪɨɡ ɡɢɞ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɨɬɩɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɱɧɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ , ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ: R

1

Du

n



li

¦O i 1

i



1

Ds

Runu  Rzida  Rspo

3.

2.1. ɌȿɈɊȿɌɋɄȺ ȼɊɂȳȿȾɇɈɋɌ ɄɈȿɎɂɐɂȳȿɇɌȺ ɉɊɈɅȺɁȺ ɌɈɉɅɈɌȿ

ɂɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɭɧɟ ɨɩɟɤɟ ɢ ɨɦɚɥɬɟɪɢɫɚɧ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɤɪɟɱɧɢɦ ɦɚɥɬɟɪɨɦ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ Ɋɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1900. ɞɨ 1920. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɟ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɟʄɟɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɍɧɢʁɟ[6]. ɍ ȵɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɞ 1870 - 1920 [7], ɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɭɧɟ ɨɩɟɤɟ 1400 kg/m3 ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɡɢɞ ɨɞ ɩɭɧɟ ɨɩɟɤɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 44 ɰɦ ɢɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬ 0.58 W/mK, ɫɚ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɦɚɥɬɟɪɚ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɚ 2 cm ɢ 3 cm, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ 0.81 W/mK ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 1. ɍɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɡɢɞɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ [3] ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ 0.125 m2K/W ɢ 0.040 m2/KW, ɪɟɞɨɦ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 1,015 W/m2K.



39

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1. Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɡɢɞɚ

Materijal Unutrašnji malter (kreþni) Puna opeka Spoljašnji malter (kreþni)

ȡ (kg/m3)

c (J/kgK)

l (cm)

Ȝ (W/mK)

Ri (m2K/W)

1600 1400 1600

1000 840 1000

2 44 3

0.81 0.58 0.81

0.025 0.759 0.037

2.2. ɆȳȿɊȿȵȿ ɄɈȿɎɂɐɂȳȿɇɌȺ ɉɊɈɅȺɁȺ ɌɈɉɅɈɌȿ

Ɇʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ɋɟɤɨɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢɯ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ. ɉɪɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɭɜɢɞ ɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɦʁɟɪɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. Ɂɝɪɚɞɚ Ɋɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ

2.2.1. ɇɚɱɢɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ

40 

Ɂɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɟ ɍ-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ q ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ tu ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ts, ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɢ: q  4. U tu  t s ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɪɚɫɥɨʁɚɜɚʃɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɡɚ ɬɚɱɤɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ[5], ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɬɭɡ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ tsz: 1 U 5. t uz  t sz 1 1   q Du D s ɝɞʁɟ 1/Įu ɢ 1/Įs ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɨɬɩɨɪɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɡɢɞɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ [3] ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ 0.125 m2K/W ɢ 0.040 m2/KW, ɪɟɞɨɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɫɟ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɮɢɥɦ ɫɟɧɡɨɪɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɝ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɢ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɬɪɟʄɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ tuz ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ts: 1 U  6. t uz  t s 1  q Du 2.2.2. Ɇʁɟɪɧɢ ɭɪɟɻɚʁ – ɩɪɟɧɨɫɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɬɢɩ 2270

Ɂɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧ ʁɟ data loger ALMEMO ALBHORN 2690-8. (ɫɥ. 2). ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɦɚ 5 ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɫɟɧɡɨɪɟ ɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ 100. 000 ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ. ɍ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɫɟɧɡɨɪɢ: - FTA3900 – Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɚɪ ɤ-ɬɢɩ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɧɢ ɨɩɫɟɝ ɨɞ -20 ɞɨ -160 °C. - FTA109P – Pt100 ɮɢɥɦ ɫɟɧɡɨɪ ɡɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ ɦʁɟɪɧɨɦ ɨɩɫɟɝɭ ɨɞ -50 ɞɨ 500 °C. - FQA018C – ɉɥɨɱɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɫɚ ɫɨɮɬɜɟɪɨɦ WinControl ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɫɚ 20 ɦʁɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɨɮɬɜɟɪɨɦ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ.



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ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. ȼɢɲɟɤɚɧɚɥɧɢ ɭɪɟɻɚʁ ALMEMO ALBHORN 2690-8

2.2.3. ɍɫɥɨɜɢ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ

Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ. Ɍɟɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɩɨʁɟɜɢ, ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɧ ɞɜɨɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɡ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɚɛɢɪɚ ɦʁɟɪɧɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ. ɋɟɧɡɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɢʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɋɭɧɱɟɜɨɦ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɭ ɢ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚɦɚ. Ɇʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɧɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢɥɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɜɟʄɚ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ[3]. Ɂɛɨɝ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɫɟɧɡɨɪɚ ɦʁɟɪɧɨɝ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɡɢɞ, ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɡɢɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɩɪɚɬɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ɋɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ. ɋɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɫɟɧɡɨɪ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɫɟɧɡɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɢɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɬɟɦɟɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ɇʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 9:34, 28.2.2012 ɞɨ 9:23, 29.2.2012., ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɨɞ 24 ɱɚɫɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ

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ɩɨɝɨɞɨɜɚɥɟ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɢɦɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɝ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɨ 10 °C. 2.3. ɊȿɁɍɅɌȺɌɂ ɆȳȿɊȿȵȺ 2.3.1. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ. ɉɪɜɢ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɪɟɞʃɚɜɚʃɚ, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɭɠɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫʁɟɱɧɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ʁɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɢɤɩɭʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɪɚʄɢ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚ ɧɢɡ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɢ ɜɟʄɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɜɟʄɢ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɜɟʄɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɬɚɱɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɩɪɜɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ [8]. ɍ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 2 ɩɪɜɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɤɨɥɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɫʁɟɱɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ (4.), (5.) ɢ (6.), ɪɟɞɨɦ. ɑɟɬɜɪɬɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ. ɍ ɰɢʂɭ ɛɨʂɟɝ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʃɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɢ ɨɰʁɟɧɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɬɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ, ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɝɪɟɲɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɝɪɟɲɤɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫʁɟɱɧɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 2. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2. ɉɪɨɫʁɟɱɧɟ U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɢɦɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɝɪɟɲɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ. ɍ ɡɚɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɫʁɟɱɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɧɟ.

U (q, tu, ts) U (q, tuz, tsz) U (q, tuz, ts) U (teoretski)

ɉɪɨɫʁɟɱɧɚ 1.172 1.201 1.202 1.015

Ɋɟɥɚɬɢɜ 22,12% 23,53% 22,69%

ɋɪɟɞʃɚ 0,259 0,261 0,266

Ɉɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ 15,50% 18,35% 18,44%

Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 2 ɢɡɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɍɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɥɚɠɭ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ Uɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɢɠɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɨɤɨ 100 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ʁɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚɥɚ. ɉɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ, ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɡɢɞɚ ɫɭ ɥɨɲɢʁɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɡɚ 15.5%-18.4% ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɡɢɞ ɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɧɨ ɜɟʄɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ.



43

ɇɚ ɫɥɢɤɚɦɚ (3.), (4.) ɢ (5.) ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɦ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ.

Slika 3. Koeficijent prolaza toplote odreÿen na osnovu izmjerene gustine toplotnog fluksa i - Vrijednost koeficijenta u zavisnosti od temperatura vazduha unutar i izvan prostorije: - prosjeþna vrijednost, prosjeþna vrijednost r srednja kvadratna vremena, - teoretska vrijednost. greška,

44 

Slika 4. Koeficijent prolaza toplote odreÿen na osnovu izmjerene gustine toplotnog fluksa i - Vrijednost koeficijenta u zavisnosti temperatura unutrašnje i spoljašnje površine zida: - prosjeþna vrijednost, prosjeþna vrijednost r srednja kvadratna od vremena, greška, - teoretska vrijednost.

Slika 5. Koeficijent prolaza toplote odreÿen na osnovu izmjerene gustine toplotnog fluksa i temperatura unutrašnje površine zida i spoljašnjeg vazduha: - Vrijednost koeficijenta u zavisnosti od vremena, - prosjeþna vrijednost, - prosjeþna vrijednost r srednja - teoretska vrijednost. kvadratna greška,



45

3. ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɡɢɞɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɍɧɢʁɢ, ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɨɞ 1.015 W/m2K ɡɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢ ɡɢɞ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ Ɋɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɨɝ ɡɢɞɚ U-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟɦ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɮɥɭɤɫɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ data logera, ALMEMO ALBHORN 2690-8. ɍ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨ (1.172±0.259) W/m2K, (1.201±0.261) W/m2K ɢ (1.202±0.266) W/m2K ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɥɚɠɭ, ɚ ɫɥɚɠɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɨɦ ɍ-ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɲʄɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ 15.5%-18.4% ɜɟʄɟ ɨɞ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ 100 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɡɢɞ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɧɨ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ.

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ [1] [2]

[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

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ISO 9869:1994, Thermal insulation - Building elements - In-situ measurement of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Ⱦ.Ƚɚʁɢʄ, Ⱦ.Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɨɦɨɬɚɱɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ „ɍ“ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɍɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɦ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ƚɟɨɞɟɡɢʁɚ-ʁɭɱɟ, ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɫɭɬɪɚ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, 2011 JUS U.J5.510, Ɍɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɭ -Ɇɟɬɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ Kai Šild, Volfgang M. Vilems, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɚ - ɩɪɢɪɭɱɧɢɤ - Ⱦɟɨ 1, (Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ, 2008) Baker Paul, UͲvalues and traditional buildings, Historic Scotland Technical Paper 10, (Glasgow, 2011) ISO 10456:2007, Building materials and products — Hygrothermal properties — Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal values Giebeler, G., Fisch R., Krause H., Musso F., Petzinka K.-H. and Rudolphi A., Refurbishment Manual, Basel, Boston, Berlin, (Birkhäuser, 2009) Rossano Albatici, Arnaldo M. Tonelli, On site evaluation of U-value of opaque building elements: a new methodology, PLEA 2008 – 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, (Dublin, 2008)

ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ ɋɬɟɜɨɜɢʄ1, Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɫɤɢ2, ɏɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ3

ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂȳȺ ɁȺ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȿ ɂ ȾȿɎɂɇɂɐɂȳɍ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌȺɊȺ ɆȺɅɂɏ ɏɂȾɊɈȿɅȿɄɌɊȺɇȺ KAO ɉɈȾɊɒɄȺ ɈȾɊɀɂȼɈɆ ȽɊȺȾɂɌȿȴɋɌȼɍ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɭɫɦɟɪɟʃɚ ɤɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɰɢʂɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭ ɤʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɯɢɞɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɭɨɛɥɢɱɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ. ɂɡɚɡɨɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɥɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɛɥɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ. ɍ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɭ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɭɞɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟ ɡɚ ɯɢɞɪɚɭɥɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɟ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ ɛɚɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɯɢɞɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ, ɦɚɥɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɟ, ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ.

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN AND DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS AS SUPPORT TO SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION Summary: Strategy commitment towards renewable energy sources is imperative for sustainable construction. Objective function is to define the optimal key parameters of small hydropower plants and to give shape to complete projects as complex technical systems. The challenge to scientists and planners are the stochastic character of the input variables and the lack of foundation. The paper presents methodology provides models for the hydraulic and energy calculations, including the definition of the basic parameters of small hydropower plants, as well as technical economic indicators for construction of these power plants.. Key words: Methodology, design, models, sustainable construction, small hydro, stochastic, feasibility of construction.

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ɉɪɨɮ. ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ ɋɬɟɜɨɜɢʄ, D.Sc.Civ.Eng, 2ɉɪɨɮ. Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɫɤɢ, D.Sc. Dia, 3ɉɪɨɮ. ɏɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ Mɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ, D.Sc. E.E., 12University Union Nikola Tesla, Belgrade, 3Faculty for mathematical science KM, Serbia

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1. INTRODUCTION The construction of small hydro power plants usually takes 2 to 5 years, to complete from conception to final commissioning >1@. This time is required to undertake studies, design work to receive the necessary approvals and to construct the protect. Once constructed, small hydro plants require little maintenance over their useful life, which can be well over 50 years >2@. Normally, one part–time operator cart easily handle operation and routine maintenance of a small hydro plant. Periodic maintenance of the larger components of a plant usually requiring help from outside contractors >3@. The technical and financial viability of each potential small hydro project are very site specific >4@. Power output depends on the available water (flow) and head (drop in elevation). The mount of energy that can be generated depends on the quantity of water available and the variability of flow throughout the year >5@. The techno economicparameters of a site depends on the power (capacity and the energy that a project can produce), whether or not the energy can he sold, and the price paid for the energy >6@. In an isolated area (off–grid and isolated–grid applications) the value of energy generated for consumption is generally significantly more than for systems that are connected to a central–grid >8@. However, isolated areas may not be able to use all the available energy from the small hydro plant and, may be able to use the energy when it is available because of seasonal variations in water flow and energy consumption >7@. A conservative “rule–of–thumb” relationship is that the power for a project is equal to seven times the product of the flow (Q) and gross head (H) at the site (P = 7QH). Producing one kW of power at a site with 100 m of head will require one–tenth the flow of water that a site with 10 m of head would require. The hydro turbine size depends primarily on the flow of water it has to accommodate >9@. Thus, the generating equipment for higher–head, tower–flow installations is generally less expensive than for lower–head, higher–flow plants >10@. The same cannot necessarily be said for the civil works components of a project, which are related, munch more to the local topography and physical nature of a site >12@. The environmental impacts can be associated with small hydro developments which can vary significantly, depending on the location and configuration of the project >11@. The effects on the environment of developing a run–of–river small hydro plant at an existing dam are generally minor and similar to those related to the expansion of an existing facility >13@. Development of a run–of–river small hydro plant at an undeveloped site cart poses additional environmental impacts >15@. A small dam or diversion weir is usually required. The most economical development scheme might involve flooding some rapids upstream of the new small dam or weir >16@. The environmental impacts that can be associated with hydroelectric developments that incorporate water storage (typically larger in size) are mainly related to the creation of a water storage reservoir >17@. The creation of a reservoir involves the construction of a relatively large dam, or the use of an existing lake, to impound water. The creation of a new reservoir with a dam involves the flooding of land upstream of the dam. The use of water stored in the reservoir behind a dam or in a lake results in the fluctuation of water levels and flows in the

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river downstream. A rigorous environmental assessment is typically required for any project involving water storage >18@.

2. THE CATEGORIZATION AND MODEL PHASES A small Hydro Project Model provides a means to assess the available energy at a potential small hydro site that could be provided to a central–grid. For isolated loads, the energy available is this available energy that could be harnessed by a local electric utility. The model addresses both run–of–river and reservoir developments, and it incorporates sophisticated formulae for calculating efficiencies of a wide variety of hydro turbines >28@. The Small Hydro model can be used to evaluate small hydro projects that are typically classified under the following three names: - Small hydro - Mini hydro - Micro hydro The Small Hydro Project Model has been developed primarily to determine whether work on the small hydro project should proceed further or be dropped in favour of other alternatives. Each hydro site is unique, since about 75% of the development cost is determined by the location and site conditions. Only about 25% of the cost is relatively fixed, being the cost of manufacturing the electromechanical equipment. Six worksheets are provided in the Small Hydro Project Workbook file: - Energy Model - Hydrology Analysis and Load Calculation (Hydrology & Load) - Equipment Data - Cost Analysts - Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Analysis (GHG Analysis) - Financial Summary

3. THE HYDROLOGY In RETScreen (Renewable Energy Technology Screening–Canada) hydrological data are specified as a flow–duration curve, which is assumed to represent the flow conditions in the river being studied over the course of an average year. For storage projects, data must be entered manually by the user, and should represent the regulated flow that results from operating a reservoir. At present, the head variation with storage draw down is not included in the model. For run–of–river projects, the required flow–duration curve data can be entered either manually or by using the specific run–off method and data contained in the RETScreen Online Weather Database. A flow–duration curve is a graph of the historical flow at a site, ordered from maximum to minimum flow. The flow–duration curve is used to assess the anticipated availability of flow over time, and consequently the power and energy at a site. The model then calculates the firm flow (m3/s) that will be available for electricity production based on the flow–duration curve data, the present time the firm flow should be available and the residual flow.

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3.1. Flow–Duration Curve The flow–duration curve is specified by twenty–one values, Q0, Q5, …, Q100 , representing the flow on the flow–duration curve in 5% increments. In other words, Qn represents the flow that is equalled or exceeded n % of the time. An example of a flow–duration curve is shown on Figure no 1. When the specific run–off method is used, the flow–duration curve is expressed in normalized form, i.e. relative to the mean flow.

Figure 1: Example of a Flow–Duration Curve The mean flowC Q is calculated as:

Q = RAD (1) where R = the specific run–off (in (m3/s)/km2), AD = the drainage area (in km2). Then the actual flow data Qn (n = 0, 5, … , 100) is computed from the normalized flow data qn extracted from the weather database through: Qn = qnCQ (2) 3.2. Available flow Often, a certain amount of flow must be left in the river throughout the year for environmental reasons. This residual flow Qr is specified by the user and must be subtracted from all values of the flow–duration curve for the calculation of plant capacity, firm capacity 50

and energy available, as explained further on in this chapter. The available flow Q’n (n = 0, 5, …, 100) is then defined by: Q’n = max (Qn – Qr, 0) (3) The available flow–duration curve is shown in Figure 3, with as an example Qr set to 1 m3/s

Figure 2: Example of a Load–duration Curve 3.3. Firm flow The firm flow is defined as the flow available p% of the time, where p is a percentage specified by the user, and usually equal to 95%. The firm flow is calculated from the available flow–duration curve. If necessary, a linear interpolation between 5% intervals is used to find the firm flow. In the example of Figure 2, the firm flow is equal to 1.5 m3/s with p set to 90%. 3.4. Load The degree of sophistication used to describe the load depends on the type of the electricity grid considered. If the small hydro power plant is connected to a central–grid, it is assumed that the grid absorbs all of the energy production, and the load does not need to be specified. If on the other hand the system is connected to an isolated–grid, then the portion of the energy that can be delivered depends on the load on the grid. The RETScreen Small Hydro Project Model assumes that the daily load demand is the same for all days of the year, and can be represented by a load–duration curve.

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3.5. Calculation of energy demand Daily energy demand3 is calculated by integrating the area under the load–duration curve over one day. A simple trapezoidal integration formula is used. The daily demand, Dd, expressed in kWh is therefore calculated as: 20

Dd

¦(

L5( k 1)  L5 k

k 1

2

)

5 24 100

(4)

with L expressed in kW. D = The annual energy demand that is obtained by multiplying the daily demand by the number of days in a year, 365: (5) D=365Dd 3.6. Calculation of average load factor The average load factorCL is the ratio of the average daily load (Dd/24) to the peak load (L0):

L

Dd / 24 L0

(6)

This quantity is not used by the rest of the algorithm but is simply provided to the user to give an indication of the variability of the load. 3.7. Energy Production The RETScreen Small Hydro Project Model calculates the estimated renewable energy delivered (MWh) based on the adjusted available flow (adjusted flow–duration curve), the design flow, the residual flow, the load (load–duration curve), the gross head and the efficiencies/losses. The calculation involves comparing the daily renewable energy available to the daily load–duration curve for each of the flow–duration curve values. 3.8. Estimation of turbine efficiency curve Small hydro turbine efficiency data can be entered manually or can be calculated by RETScreen Calculated efficiencies can be adjusted using the Turbine manufacturer/design coefficient and Efficiency adjustment factor in the Equipment Data worksheet of the model. An example turbine efficiency curve is shown in Figure 3. for 1 and 2 turbines. Standard turbine efficiencies curves are calculated and presented for the following turbine types: - Kaplan (reaction turbine) - Francis (reaction turbine) - Propeller (reaction turbine) - Pelton (impulse turbine) - Turgo (impulse turbine) - Cross–flow (generally classified as an impulse turbine)

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Figure 3. Calculated Efficiency Curve for a Francis Turbine The type of turbine is selected based on its suitability to the available head and flow conditions. The calculated turbine efficiency curves take into account a number of factors, including rated head (gross head less maximum hydraulic losses), runner diameter (calculated), turbine specific speed (calculated for reaction turbines) and the turbine manufacture/design coefficient. The efficiency equations were derived from a large number of manufacture efficiency curves for different turbine types and head and flow conditions. For multiple turbine applications it is assumed that all turbines are identical and that a single turbine will be used up to its maximum flow. Then flow will be divided equally between two turbines and so on up to the maximum number of turbines selected. The turbine efficiency equations and the number of turbines are used to calculate plant turbine efficiency from 0% to 100% of design flow (maximum plant flow) at 5% intervals. An example turbine efficiency curve is shown in Figure 3. for 1 and 2 turbines. 3.9. Power available as a function of flow Actual power P available from the small hydro plant at any given flow value Q is given by the following equation, in which the flow–dependent hydraulic losses and tailrace reduction arc taken into account: P=ȡgQ[Hg-(hhydr+htail)]eteg(1-ltrans)(1-lpara)

(7) 53

where U = the density of water (1,000 kg/m3) g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2) Hg = gross head hhydr, htail = the hydraulic losses and tailrace effect associated with the flow, respectively et = turbine efficiency at flow Q. eg= generator efficiency ltrans = transformer losses lpara = parasitic energy losses eg, ltrans and lpara are specified by the user in the Energy Model worksheet and are assumed independent from the flow considered. Hydraulic losses are adjusted over the range of available flows based on the following relationship:

hhydr

H g l hydr ,max

Q2 2 Qdes

(8)

where lhydr,max = the maximum hydraulic losses specified by the user Qdes = design flow. Similarly the maximum tailrace effect is adjusted over the range of available flows with the following relationship:

htail

htail ,max

(Q  Qdes ) 2 (Qmax  Qdes ) 2

(9)

where htail, max = the maximum tailwater effect, i.e. the maximum reduction in available gross head that will occur during times of high flows in the river Qmax = the maximum river flow Equation (9) is applied only to river flows that are greater than the plant design flow (i.e. when Q > Qdes). 3.10. Estimation of plant capacity Plant capacity Pdes is calculated by re–writing equation (7) at the design flow Qdes. The equation simplifies to: Pdes=ȡgQdesHg (1-lhydr)et,deseg(1-ltrans)(1-lpara) (10) where Pdec = the plant capacity et,des = turbine efficiency at design flow The small hydro plant firm capacity is calculated again with equation (7), but this time using the firm flow and corresponding turbine efficiency and hydraulic losses at this flow. If the firm flow is greater than the design flow, firm plant capacity is set to the plant capacity as calculated through equation (10).

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3.11. Power–duration curve Calculation of power available as a function of flow (equation 7) for all 21 values of the available flow Q’0, Q5’, … , Q’100 used to define the flow–duration curve, leads to 21 values of available power P0,P5 , … P100 defining a power–duration curve. Since the design flow is defined as the maximum flow that can be used by the turbine, the flow values used in equation (7) and (8) are actually Qn,used defined as: Qn,used = min ( Q’n, Qdes )

(11)

An example power–duration curve is shown in Figure 4, with the design flow equal to 3 m3/s.

Figure 4. Example of a Power–Duration Curve 3.12. Calculation of available energy Available energy is determined by calculating the area under the power curve assuming a straight–line between adjacent calculated power output values. Given that the flow–duration curve represents an annual cycle, each 5% interval on the curve is equivalent to 5% of 8,760 hours (number of hours per year). The annual available energy Eavail (in kWh/yr) is therefore calculated from the values P (in kW) by:

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20

¦(

E avail

P5( k 1)  P5 k 2

k 1

)

5 8760(1  l dt ) 100

(12)

where ldt is the annual downtime losses as specified by the user. In the case where the design flow fails between two 5% increments on the flow–duration curve (as in Figure 4), the interval is split in two, and a linear interpolation is used on each side of the design flow. Equation (12) defines the amount of renewable energy available. The amount actually delivered depends on the type of grid to which the plant is connected, as described in the following sections. 3.13. Renewable energy delivered: central–grid For central–grid applications, it is assumed that the electricity grid is able to absorb all the energy produced by the small hydro power plant. Therefore, all available energy will be delivered to the central–grid, and the renewable energy delivered, Edlvd is simply: Edlvd = Eavail

(13)

3.14. Renewable energy delivered: isolated–grid For isolated–grids the procedure is slightly more complicated because the energy delivered is limited by the needs of the local electricity grid, as specified by the load–duration curve (Figure 2). The following procedure is used: for each 5% increment on the flow– duration curve, the corresponding available plant power output (assumed to be constant over a day) is compared to the load–duration curve (assumed to represent the daily load demand). The portion of energy that can be delivered by the small hydro plant is determined as the area under both the load–duration curve and the horizontal line representing the available plant power output. Twenty–one values of the daily energy delivered, G0, G5,…, G100, corresponding to available power, P0, P5, …, P100, are calculated. For each value of available power Pn, daily energy delivered Gn is given by: 20

Gn

¦( k 1

P' n ,5( k 1)  P'5 k 2

)

5 24 100

where P’n,k is the lesser of load Lk and available power Pn: P’n,k = min (pn , Lk )

(15)

In the case where the available power P’n,k falls between two 5 % increments on the load– duration curve, the interval is split in two and a linear interpolation is used on each side of the available power. The procedure is illustrated by an example, using the load–duration curve from Figure 2. and values from the power–duration curve shown in Figure 4. The purpose of the example is

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to determine the daily energy G75 delivered for a flow that is exceeded 75% of the time. One first refers to Figure 5 to determine the corresponding power level: P75 = 2,630 kW

(16)

Then one reports that number as a horizontal line on the load–duration curve. The area that is both under the load–duration curve and the horizontal line is the energy delivered per day for the available plant power that corresponds to flow Q75. Integration with formula (14) gives the result: G75 = 56.6 MWh/d

(17)

The procedure is repeated for all values P0, P5,…, P100 to obtain twenty one values of the daily energy delivered G0, G5, …, G100 as a function of percent time the flow is exceeded as shown in Figure 5. The yearly energy delivered Edlvd is obtained simply by calculating the area under the curve of Figure 6, again with a trapezoidal rule: 20

E dlvdl

¦( k 1

G5( n1)  G5 n 2

)

5 365(1  l dt ) 100

(18)

where, as before, ldt = the annual downtime losses as specified by the user.

Figure 5. Example of a/the Calculation of Daily Energy Delivered

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Figure 6. Example of a/the Calculation of Yearly Energy Delivered Then one reports that number as a horizontal line on the load–duration curve. The area that is both under the load–duration curve and the horizontal line is the energy delivered per day for the available plant power that corresponds to flow Q75. Integration with formula (14) gives the result: G75 = 56.6 MWh/d (17) The procedure is repeated for all values P0, P5,…, P100 to obtain twenty one values of the daily energy delivered G0, G5, …, G100 as a function of percent time the flow is exceeded as shown in Figure 6. The yearly energy delivered Edlvd is obtained simply by calculating the area under the curve of Figure 6, again with a trapezoidal rule: 20

E dlvdl

¦(

G5( n1)  G5 n

k 1

2

)

5 365(1  l dt ) 100

(18)

where, as before, ldt = the annual downtime losses as specified by the user. 3.15. Small hydro plant capacity factor The annual capacity factor K of the small hydro power plant is a measure of the available flow at the site and how efficiently it is used. It is defined as the average output of the plant compared to its rated capacity:

K

58

E dlvd 8760 pdes

(19)

where Edlvd = the yearly energy delivered, calculated through equation (13) or (18), is expressed in kWh, Plant capacity calculated through (10) is expressed in kW. 3.16. Excess renewable energy available Excess renewable energy available Eexcess is the difference between the renewable energy available Eavail and the renewable energy delivered Edlvd: (20) Eexcess = Eavail – Edlvd Eavail is calculated through equation (12) and Edlvd through either (13) or (18).

4. TECHNO ECONOMICAL EVALUATION After numerous iterations, it is found out that 2 turbines and design flow of two times average flow gives the best results according to applied criteria. Also, in particular cases where Pelton and Francis turbines can be used >30@, because of better economic effects, selection of Francis turbines was justified . In this chapter impact of Green Certificates on the overall economic results has not been evaluated. It is explained and calculated in the other project or studies >29@. However, it is expected that green Certificates because of their nature would promote energy generation and push the power up. Estimation of costs of the installation and transportation are included too, according to model in software tool. After financial analysis was performed the sensitivity and risk analysis for all 29 cases were executed >30@. The sensitivity analysis is performed in the range of variation of +/- 20%, and in the analysis the influence of power generation, initial costs, annual costs, debt interest rate, debt ration and debt pay-back to the IR value has been tested. The results of the sensitivity analysis varied always from site to site, but they show very good margin for the SHPP with small and moderate specific initial costs (euro/per kW). These power plants can bear risks much higher than it is taken in assumptions. As it is mentioned before, in this stage it is not taken in account the effects of Green certificates, but from the preliminary financial results, it is obvious that introducing a such kind of supporting mechanism can influence pretty much on the overall economic and financial results, especially in the cases where production is high. Implementation of small scale hydropower plants and small reservoirs would provide rather cheap electric power. Each kWh of generated electric power in small scale hydropower plants represents saving of 1,6 kg to 2,2 kg of coal (depending on the kind and quality) or approximately 0,25 kg of masout.

5. CONCLUSION The Small Hydro Project Model is unique among RETScreen a technology model in that is has two methods for project costing: the detailed costing method, or alternatively, the formula costing method.

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The detailed costing method is described in the previous text and tested on SHPP from the practice. The formula costing method is based on empirical formulae that have been developed to relate project costs to key project parameters. The costs of numerous projects have been used to develop the formulae. Project costs as calculated by RETScreen using the Formula Costing Method were compared to a detailed cost estimate prepared for a few SHPP in Serbia. The high compatibility is achieved.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The results presented in this paper are from the scope of scientific research project of EE18031 and TR35030, financed by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Serbia.

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7. REFERENCES >1@ >2@ >3@ >4@ >5@ >6@ >7@ >8@ >9@ >10@ >11@ >12@ >13@ >14@ >15@ >16@ >17@

Design of Small Dams, US Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, 1998, Washington Water Power Resources of Yugoslavia, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering Jaroslav Cerni, 1990, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Stevovic at all. Cadastre of Small Scale Hydropower Plants of the Republic of Serbia, Energoprojekt-Hidroinzenjering, 1991, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Svetlana Stevoviü, Serafim Opricoviü, Multicriteria optimization of the Foca-Gorazde hydropower system on the Drina River, Symposium on the operational research, Kupari, Croatia, 1995. Svetlana Stevoviü, Exploitation of low heads, Conference Hydro '96, Belgrade, Oct. 1996. Svetlana Stevoviü, Present Scenario for Exploitation of Hydropotential of the River Changed According to Environmental and Legal Aspects, International Conference on Renewable Energy-Small Hydro, Hyderabad, India, Feb. 1997. Svetlana Stevoviü, Power and water resources aspects of transferring water from the Tara river into the Moraca river, International Symposium on the operational research, Herceg Novi, September 1998. Svetlana Stevoviü, Priority to hydro power plants, Uprating Refurbishing Hydro Power Plants, Berlin, Germany, 17-19 May 1999. Svetlana Stevoviü, Evaluation of Hydro Development, Millenium Congress on Energy and Environment, Clean Energy 2000; Geneve, jan 2000. Svetlana Stevoviü, Optimization in Hydro Power System, Millenium Congress on Energy and Environment, Clean Energy 2000; Geneve, jan 2000. Svetlana Stevoviü, Nataša Marinkoviü, Mathematical modeling of Environmental Aspects in Hydropower Supply, Conference: Power system of Serpska, Tesliü, oct. 2001, Bosnia and Hercegovina. Svetlana Stevoviü, Milan Manigoda, Construction and Operation of hydroelectric Power Plants – Environmental aspects, International Conference: Power system of Serpska, okt. 2001, Tesliü, Bosnia and Hercegovina. Svetlana Stevoviü, Legal Regulations for Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Hydro Power Structures, in Accordance with the World Bank Criteria, International Conference "Water 2002", V. Banja, jun 2002, Yugoslavia. Svetlana Stevoviü, Small Scale Hydropower Plants as Renewable Energy Sources in FR Yugoslavia, Med Power 2002 Conference, oct.2002. Atina, Hellas. Svetlana Stevoviü, Methodology for EIA in the field of hydroenergy, II Congress ICOLD (International Committee for Large Dams), Kladovo, 2003. Svetlana Stevoviü, Design Solutions for Dams and Hydro Power Plants on the Vrbas River from Environmental Point of View, Internacionalni nauþno-struþni skup GNP 2006. Žabljak, 20-24.feb 2006 Montenegro. Svetlana Stevoviü, Dams and Reservoirs Environmental Impacts Quantification Method, 26th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, 01.-05.05.2006. San Antonio, Texas, USA.

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>18@ >19@ >20@ >21@ >22@ >23@ >24@ >25@ >26@ >27@ >28@ >29@

>30@

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Svetlana Stevoviü, Željko Ĉuroviü, Environmental Impacts on Hydro Power Solution Selection, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Volume, Issue, 8-11 May 2006 Page(s): 360 – 370, San Francisco, USA. "The Harca Hydro Development", Trans Eng. Op. Div. CEA 9: part 2, 1970 paper #70H-105. "Hydropower Expansion in Central Bolivia" Trans. Eng. Op. Division, CEA 24, part 2, 1986. "The Expansion of Two Bolivian Plants", Water Power and Dam Construction, Vol. 34, No. 2, Feb. 1982. pp. 26-31. "Andékaléka Gathering Tube Hydropower Intake" ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 8, Aug. 1987, pg 1019-31. "Caractéristiques de la prise d'eau à Andékaléka pur l'exclusion des sédiments", La Houille Blanche, Sept. 1986 pp 441-449. “Power tunnels and penstocks: the economics re-examined” Water Power and Dam Construction, Vol. 34, No.6, June. 1982. pp. 13-15. “Una cascada de plantas intercepta at Zongo en Bolivia” Ingenieria International Construccion, Noviembre, 1968. "Comparison of Isotatic and Hyperstatic Penstocks at Santa Isabel, Bolivia", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, Mar. 1982, p. 1-12. "High Head Hydro Powerplant Evaluation" proceeding of ASCE, Journal of Energy Div., Vol. 112, No. Ey3, Dec. 1986, pp. 153-167. “Hydraulic Turbine Efficiency”, Canadian Jour. of Civ. Eng. Vol. 28, #2, April 2001. Pp 238-53 Svetlana Stevoviü, ‘Small Scalle Hydro Power Plants as Renewable Energy Source in Serbia and Montenegro’, ISBN 86-80733-96-2, Enviromental technologies, renewable resources, harmony and ethick for sustainable agriculture, food chain and healthy development 2004, www.rcuh.bg.ac.yu/deres Svetlana Stevoviü, ’Renewable Small Hydro Energy Sources in Serbia’, ISBN 8680733-97-0, “Environmental technologies, renewable resources, harmony and ethics for sustainable agriculture, food chain and healthy development 2005”, www.rcuh.bg.ac.yu/deres

Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ȳɟɥɢɫɚɜɚɰ1, ɉɟɬɚɪ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ2, Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧ ȳɨɬɢʄ3

ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɄɅɂɁɂɒɌȺ ɂ ɆȿɊȿ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɆɈɋɌȺ ɇȺ Ɋȿɐɂ ɉȿɄ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɇɚ ɩɭɬɭ Ɋ-108ɚ ɋɪɟɞʃɟɜɨ – Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ, ɞɭɠɢɧɟ 71,90m. ɒɢɪɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɪɟɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɨɲɬɟɬɢɥɨ ɦɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɤɭʄɚ. Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢɦ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɦ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɭ ɞɭɛɢɧɟ 8-14,5 m, ɤɨʁɟ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ ɢɫɤɥɢʃɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɱɧɨ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɨɞ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɚ: ɞɜɚ ɪɟɞɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɲɢɩɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɟɞɨɦ ɪɚɦɨɜɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɪɟɱɧɟ ɨɛɚɥɟ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ, ɦɨɫɬ, ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪ, ɲɢɩɨɜɢ

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND LANDSLIDE PROTECTION MEASURES ON THE BRIDGE OVER RIVER PEK Summary: The old landside reactivation caused deformations on the bridge being 71.9 m long over river Pek on regional road R-108a. In a wider perspective, the landslide took up frontally the right valley river bank, and in the process damaged the bridge and twenty village houses thorough geotechnical investigation and monitoring of four inclino- meters determined that the landslide had the depth ranging from 8 to 14.5 m, which in the river bed wedged out from under the foot. In order to protect the bridge from landslide, the design of repair anticipates as follows: two rows of deep piles with cushion head - frame structure, drainages and stone facing of river bank. Kɟy words: landslide, bridge, abutments, piers, inclinometers, wedge out, piles

1 Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɒɟɮ ɨɞɟʂɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɭ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ, ɚ.ɞ.- Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, Ʉɭɦɨɞɪɚɲɤɚ 257, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, [email protected] 2 Ⱦɪ. ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɠ.ɝɪɚɻ, ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤ 3 Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ɂɚɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ, ɚ.ɞ.- Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, Ʉɭɦɨɞɪɚɲɤɚ 257, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, [email protected]

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1 ɍȼɈȾ ɇɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɋɪɟɞʃɟɜɨ – Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɢ (R-108ɚ), ɧɚɤɨɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚʃɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ, ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. ɇɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2010. ɫɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɚ, ɱɟɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɥɟɠɢɲɬɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɪɭɲɟʃɚ, ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 2011. ɦɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɡɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ. Ʉɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɭ ɪɟɤɟ ɢ ɨɲɬɟɬɢɥɨ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɤɭʄɚ, ɩɨɦɨʄɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɭ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ ɚ.ɞ. ɢɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 2010 – ɦɚɪɬ 2011, ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɚɬ ɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɨɞ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1- Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ Figure 1- Geographical position of investigation area

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2- Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɚ Figure2- Basic geological map of Miljevic surroundings

2 ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ: ɝɟɨɞɟɬɫɤɚ ɫɧɢɦɚʃɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɭ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɢɦɚ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɨ ɛɭɲɟʃɟ, ɨɩɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɟ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɭɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, ɫɧɢɦɚʃɟ ɛɭɧɚɪɚ, ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɫɤɭ ɨɛɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɫɚɞɟʁɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ. Ƚɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚɧ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ 2,0 ha (1:500) ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɨɠɢʂɰɢ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ, ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟʂɟɮ, ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɢ ɛɭɧɚɪɢɦɚ, ɬɟ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ. ɂɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɛɭɲɨɬɢɧɚ, ɞɭɛɢɧɟ 15,0 - 21,0 m, ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 184,4 m. ɍ ʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɟ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɚ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɭ ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ 15,0 – 20,50 m, ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 72,5 m. ȼɪɯɨɜɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢ AB ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɰɟɜɢ, ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɨ ɨɤɨ 200,0 ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ ɬɥɚ: ɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɨɩɢɬɚ, ɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɚɤɫɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ (12,0 ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ) ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɚ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɚ (15,0 ɜɪɲɧɢɯ ɢ 13,0 ɪɟɡɢɞɭɚɥɧɢɯ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɚ). ɇɚ 20,0 ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ ɭɡɟɬɢɯ ɞɭɠ ɨɩɢɬɧɢɯ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɟ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ 166,0 ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ ɬɥɚ ɭɡɟɬɢɯ ɧɚ 1,0 – 1,5 m ʁɟɡɝɪɚ ɛɭɲɨɬɢɧɚ, ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɬɥɚ. 64

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3 - ɋɤɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ ɢɧɤɥ. ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ (ɚ), ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɟɪɧɢɯ ɠʂɟɛɨɜɚ (ɛ) ɢ ɜɪɯ ɢɧɤɥ. BMi-2 ɢ ɦɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɧɞɚ Figure 3-Drafts of sections for inclinometer structure (a), orientations for measuring grooves(b) and top of inclinometer BMi-2 and measuring probe

3 ɆɈɊɎɈȽȿɈɅɈɒɄȺ ȽɊȺȭȺ ɂ ɋɌȺȻɂɅɇɈɋɌ ɒɂɊȿȽ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ Ɋɟɤɚ ɉɟɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɟ ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɡɚɪɚɜɧɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɨɤɨ 3,0 km, ɞɟɫɧɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɡɭ Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɚ, ɱɢɧɟ ɡɚɬɚɥɚɫɚɧɚ ɩɨɛɪɻɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɦɚɪɢɧɫɤɨ – ʁɟɡɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɚ Ɇ31, ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɫɟ: ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɝɥɢɧɟ, ɥɚɩɨɪɢ, ɩɟɫɚɤ ɢ ɲʂɭɧɚɤ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4 - Ɍɪɨɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ, ɦɨɪɮɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɢɦɚ Figure 4 - Three-dimensional display of wider field with hydrological, morpho-geological and geodynamic elements 65

Ƚɪɟɛɟɧɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɩɥɚɬɨɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɤɨɬɚ 195,0. ɉɚɞɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɟɧɟ ɬɚɧɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɢ ɞɟɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɨɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɝɥɢɧɚɦɚ. ɍ ɡɨɧɢ ɫɟɥɚ Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄ, ɉɟɤ ɦɟɚɧɞɪɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɤɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɚʁɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ. Ɍɟɦɟ ɦɟɚɧɞɪɚ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɤɨ 500 m ɚ ɬɨɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɟɡɚ. Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ ɞɨ ɛɪɞɫɤɢɯ ɥɭɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɫɟɤɚ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 700 m. ɐɟɨ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɡɚɬɚɥɚɫɚɧ ɢ ɢɦɚ ɪɟʂɟɮ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɟ ɩɚɞɢɧɟ. Ɍɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɰɟɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɥɢɠɟʃɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɩɨʁɚɫ ɭɡ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɪɟɤɟ ɭ ɲɢɪɢɧɢ ɞɨ 150 m ɫɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ ɭɡɛɪɞɧɨɝ ɲɢɪɟʃɚ, ɋɥɢɤɚ 4.

4 ɏɂȾɊɈȽȿɈɅɈɒɄȺ ɋȼɈȳɋɌȼȺ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɂɇȺ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ, ɩɪɢɯɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɢɥɢʁɚ, ɢɡ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɫɟɧɝɪɭɩɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɭɡɛɪɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ. ɒɢɪɨɤɢ ɥɟɫɧɢ ɩɥɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɚɧ ɢ ɤɪɨɡ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɻɭʁɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɢɧɢ, ɋɥɢɤɟ 2 ɢ 4. ȼɨɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɪɟ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɞɟɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɚɫɬɨ-ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɢɯ ɝɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɢɯ ɝɥɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɨʁɰɢɦɚ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɲʂɭɧɤɚ. ɉɪɚɲɢɧɚɫɬɨ-ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɝɥɢɧɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɚɥɭ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɫɤɨ-ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɫɤɭ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬ, Kf = 1,1-3,1x10-6 cm/s. ɍ ɛɭɧɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɭɲɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ 0,5 - 1,0 m. ɍ ɩɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɮɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɥɚɬɨɪɚ. ɇɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɨɫɰɢɥɭʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɚɩɚʃɚ ɫɧɟɝɚ (ʁɟɫɟɧ, ɡɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ) ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɥɟɬɢ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɭɲɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ. ɋɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɧɢɜɨɨɦ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɧɢɜɨɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɢɯ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɬɚɩɚʃɚ ɫɧɟɝɚ. ɋɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧ ɭ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɚɛɢɪɭ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɚ.

5 ɂɇɀȿȵȿɊɋɄɈȽȿɈɅɈɒɄȺ ɋȼɈȳɋɌȼȺ ɂɁȾȼɈȳȿɇɂɏ ɋɊȿȾɂɇȺ Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɡɟ: ɤɨɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɧɨɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ (koa), ɧɚɫɢɩɢ (ngš, ngdr), ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɧɨɫ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ (alšp), ɞɟɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɝɥɢɧɟ (dpg) ɢ ɦɚɪɢɧɫɤɨ-ʁɟɡɟɪɫɤɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ: ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɝɥɢɧɟ (M31GL), ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ (M31L*) ɢ ɫɜɟɠɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ (M31L), Slika 5. Ɍɟɥɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ (koa) ʁɟ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɨɝ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ, ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭ ɝɥɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɚɫɬɨ-ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɟ, ɝɥɢɧɟ ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ. ɍɡ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ, ɤɨɞ ɫɬɭɛɚ S-3, ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɟ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɫɦɟʃɭʁɭ: ɝɥɢɧɚ, ɩɟɫɚɤ ɢ ɲʂɭɧɚɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨ ɡɚɝɥɢʃɟɧ. Ɍɟɥɨ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɪɟɫɟɰɚɧɨ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɞɭɠ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɟɛɪɚɫɬɢɯ „ɫɬɪɢʁɚ“. Ɍɟɥɨ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɫɢʄɟɧɨ ɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɛɭɧɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɭɲɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ. Ɉɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɦ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ʁɟ ɥɨɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɥɢɡɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ 8,0 – 14,5 m, ɋɥɢɤɚ 5. Ɉɩɢɫ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ: - Ƚɥɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɚɫɬɨ-ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɟ (Gp), ɫɭ ɞɟɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ ɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɬɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 3,0- 6,5 m. ɉɪɟɦɚ GN 200 ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ III ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɫɭ: CL, Ic = 1, w = 18,5 %, J = 20,3 kN/m3, M’ = 20-23q, c’= 15 kPa, Mr = 9-11q, cr = 0,0 kPa. 66

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 5 - ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɦɟɪɚɦɚ Figure 5 - The position and profile of the landslide with the remedial measures

- Ƚɥɢɧɟ ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ (GL) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ „ɤɨɪɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʃɚ“ ɦɚɪɢɧɫɤɨ-ʁɟɡɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɥɢɠɟʃɚ, ɢ ɨɧɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɞɭɛʂɢ ɞɟɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɫɥɨʁɭ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 3-7 m. ɉɪɟɦɚ GN-200 ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ III ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɫɭ: Ic = 0,8 – 1, w = 19,2 – 28 %, J = 19,5 kN/m3, M’ = 18 – 26o, c’ = 12 – 27 kPa, Mr = 8 – 11q, c r = 0,0 kPa, Mv = 6300 – 15000 kPa. - Ⱦɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ (L*) ɭ ɬɟɥɭ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 1,5 – 5,5 m ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɧɚʁɞɭɛʂɢɦ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ - ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ. ɉɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɢɦɚ ɚ ɨɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɥɚɩɨɪɢɦɚ (M31L) ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɭ ɬɟɥɭ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ Ƚɇ-200 ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ III – IV ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɫɭ: CH, Ic = 1 - 1,2; w = 22,2 - 27,3 %, J = 18,1 - 19,8 kN/m3, qu = 164 - 482 kPa, M’ = 14q, c’ = 17 kPa, Mr = 7q i cr = 0,0 kPa. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ (ɲɟɫɬ ɨɩɢɬɚ): ɤɨɪɢɝɨɜɚɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɭɞɚɪɚɰɚ N`= 25 – 53 (ɫɪɟɞʃɢ 37,8), ɭɝɚɨ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɝ ɬɪɟʃɚ M’ = 23 – 29q (srednji 25,33q), ɦɨɞɭɥ ɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ Mv = 6300 - 15000 kPa (ɫɪɟɞʃɢ 10410 kPa). Ⱥɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɧɨɫ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ (alšp): ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧ ɞɭɠ ɥɟɜɟ ɨɛɚɥɟ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ, ɤɨɞ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 1,5-3,0 m. ɇɚɧɨɫ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɫɚɧ ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬ ɲʂɭɧɚɤ. ɋɪɟɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɚ, ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɧɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɚ. Ⱦɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ (M31L*): ɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɚɧɤɭ „ɨɫɥɚɛʂɟɧɭ“ ɡɨɧɭ ɫɢɜɢɯ ɥɚɩɨɪɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɝɥɢɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɲɢɧɟ, ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɤɪɚɦɚɦɚ ɫɢɜɨɝ ɫɢɬɧɨɡɪɧɨɝ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɬɪɚɤɚɫɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɫɢɜɟ ɢ ɬɚɦɧɨ ɫɢɜɟ ɬɪɚɤɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 10 - 15 cm. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɟʂɟɧ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɭ cm/dm ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɨɲɚɧ. ɉɪɟɥɚɡ ɤɚ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɥɚɩɨɪɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɧ. Ⱦɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɫɥɨʁɚ ʁɟ 1,5 - 5,5 m. ɉɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɚɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɫɢʄɟʃɚ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɤɥɢɠɟʃɭ. ɉɪɟɦɚ GN-200 ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ III – IV ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ. ɋɜɟɠɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ (M31L): ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɫɢɜɢ, ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɢ, ɪɟɻɟ ɩɫɟɭɞɨɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɬɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ, ɝɥɢɧɨɜɢɬɨ-ɩɪɚɲɢɧɚɫɬɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ (CH). Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɨɜɚɧɢ, ɬɜɪɞɢ, ɤɪɬɨɝ ɢ ɲɤɨʂɤɚɫɬɨɝ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɚ, IC = 1,1 – 1,3. Ɋɟɬɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɦɢɦ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɢɡɞɟʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɩɭɫɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɡɨɥɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ GN – 200 ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ III – IV ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ. ȼɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɫɭ: w = 24,0 %, J= 20,0 kN/m3, qu = 400 – 900 kPa (630,0 kPa), M’ = 23 – 28o (24o), c’ = 30 kPa, Mv • 35000 – 45000 kPa.

6 ɋɌȺȵȿ ɆɈɋɌȺ ɂ ɋȼɈȳɋɌȼȺ ɄɅɂɁɂɒɌȺ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟʃɭ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ, ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ 2005 - 2006. Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɨɦ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ȳɉ ɉɭɬɟɜɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 2010. ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɜɢ ɛɢɬɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ: ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ, ɱɟɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɨɫɚɱɢ ɢ ɥɟɠɢɲɬɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ. Ɇɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ 71,90 m, ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɨʂɚ: 23,70+24,0+23,70 m. ɋɬɭɛɨɜɢ S-1 ɢ S-2 ɫɭ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨʁ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɪɟɤɟ ɚ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ S-3 ɢ S-4 ɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ, ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ. Ɉɛɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɚ ɪɟɱɧɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɧɚɪɢɦɚ. Ɉɛɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɩɭɰɚɥɢ ɚ ɪɟɱɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɢɥɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɫɬɭɛ S-2 ɤɚ ɋɪɟɞʃɟɜɭ ɚ ɫɬɭɛ S-3 ɤɚ Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɢɦɚ, ɋɥɢɤɟ 6 ɢ 7. ɍ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ: BMi-2, BMi-6, BMi-7 ɢ BMi-8, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚ - ɬɪɚɧɫɥɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ, ɞɭɠ ɤɥɢɡɧɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ 8,0 - 14,5 m. Ʉɥɢɡɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ 3 - 4q, ɚ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɤɨɞ ɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ ɢɫɤɥɢʃɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɱɧɨ. 68

ɋɥɢɤɚ 6 - Ɉɛɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɭɛ S-4 ɧɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɭ ʁɟ ɪɨɬɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɭ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨɦ ɩɨʁɚɫɭ ɢɫɩɭɰɚɨ Figure 6 - Abutment S-4 on the landslide is rotated and cracked in foundation area

ɋɥɢɤɚ 7 - Ɋɟɱɧɢ ɫɬɭɛ ɋ-3 ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɛɭɧɚɪɭ ʁɟ ɪɨɬɢɪɚɧ ɤɚ ɫɬɭɛɭ ɋ-4 Figure 7 - River pillar S-3 founded on the borehole is rotated towards the pillar S-4 Ʉɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɬɟɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɦɟɚɧɞɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ, ɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɭɡ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ ɨɤɨ 450 m, ɋɥɢɤɚ 4. Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤɚ (ɤɨɬɚ 93,5-94,0) ɞɨ ɞɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɱɟɨɧɨɝ ɨɠɢʂɤɚ (ɤɨɬɚ 113) ʁɟ 150 m. ɉɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ʁɟ 6,50 ha. Ʉɨɬɚ ɜɪɯɚ ɨɠɢʂɤɚ ʁɟ 177-121 m ɧɜ. ɑɟɨɧɢ ɨɠɢʂɚɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɭɠɟɧ, ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 3-7 m ɢ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ 25-35q. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɱɟɥɚ ɢ ɧɨɠɢɰɟ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɦɚɥɨɝ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ 3 - 5ɨ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɡɚɬɚɥɚɫɚɧ ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟʂɟɮɭ ɞɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɫɜɢ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɭ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ. ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɥɨɲɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ ɱɟɨɧɨɝ ɨɠɢʂɤɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ.

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ɍ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ: BMi-2, BMi-6, BMi-7 ɢ BMi-8, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚ - ɬɪɚɧɫɥɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ, ɞɭɠ ɤɥɢɡɧɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ 8,0 - 14,5 m. Ʉɥɢɡɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ 3 - 4q, ɚ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɤɨɞ ɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ ɢɫɤɥɢʃɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɱɧɨ. Ʉɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɢ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɫɬɚɪɨ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɟɫɧɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɇɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧ ɫɚ ɟɪɨɡɢɨɧɢɦ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɤɚɜɚɥɚ ɪɟɱɧɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɦɟɚɧɞɚɪ, ɋɥɢɤɚ 4. ɉɨɞɥɨɤɚɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɥɨ ɨɩɲɬɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɤɥɢɠɟʃɚ ɞɟɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɱɚ ɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɨ-ɝɥɢɧɨɜɢɬɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɢɧɢ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɨɜɨɞʃɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɭɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɨ ɚ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ 2005. - 2006. ɝ. ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɨ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ. Ɍɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɝɨɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɨɛɢɦɧɟ ɢ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ. ɍ ɫɟɥɭ Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɲɟ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɉɬɩɚɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɟɩɬɢɱɤɟ ʁɚɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ. Ɉɜɨ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. Ʉɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚ ɭ ɧɨɠɢɱɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɭɡɛɪɞɧɨ. ɍɤɭɩɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɭʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɞɚ 10 - 50 cm. ɋɜɢ ɛɢɬɧɢ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɥɢɠɟʃɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨʄɢ ʄɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɭɡɛɪɞɧɨɝ ɲɢɪɟʃɚ ɤɥɢɡɲɬɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɱɟɨɧɨɝ ɨɠɢʂɤɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɨɜɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɱɟɨɧɨɝ ɨɠɢʂɤɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɩɭɰɚɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɭ ɞɭɛɢɧɭ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɤɥɢɡɧɨɝ ɬɟɥɚ, ɩɨ ɞɭɛɨɤɨʁ ɤɥɢɡɧɨʁ ɪɚɜɧɢ, ɡɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ɞɭɠ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ Janbu-a, ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟ Fs = 1, ɬɪɚɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɭɝɚɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚ Fs = 1,06 ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧ Musl = 10q ɢ cusl = 0,0 kPa. ɍ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɧɢɠɟʃɚ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ 4 m, ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧ ʁɟ Fs = 1,16. ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɭɝɚɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɫɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɪɟɡɢɞɭɚɥɧɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ: Mr = 8 – 11q, cr = 0,0 kPa ɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɝɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɢɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɢ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɭ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɚ.

7 ɋȺɇȺɐɂɈɇȿ ɆȿɊȿ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɆɈɋɌȺ ɈȾ ɄɅɂɁɂɒɌȺ Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ - ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ, ɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɭɡɪɨɰɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɢ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɡɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɪɲɢ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɚɦɚ 8,0 – 14,50 m, ɫɜɪɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɜɨ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɪɟɞ ɞɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɚ ɲɬɨ ɢɡɢɫɤɭʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɫɬ ɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɬɪɢ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ: ɩɨɬɩɨɪɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɚ (ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢɨɧɚ) ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɦɨɜɫɤɚ ɩɨɬɩɨɪɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɞɚ ɛɭɲɟɧɢɯ AB ɲɢɩɨɜɚ (MB 40), ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 25,0 ɲɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɩɨ 17,0 m, ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ 1,2 m, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɲɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ 1,2 m ɢ 2,5 m. ɒɢɩɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɟ AB ɧɚɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɝɪɟɞɚ, ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ 1,4/1,0 m, ɋɥ. 8. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɭɤʂɟɲɬɢɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɤɥɢɡɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɭ ɱɜɪɫɬɢɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɥɚɩɨɪɢɦɚ (M31L). Ⱦɭɛɢɧɚ ɭɤʂɟɲɬɟʃɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 7,0 m. 70

ɋɥɢɤɚ 8 - ɏɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɰɢʁɚ, ɩɨɞɭɠɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɤ ɪɚɦɨɜɫɤɟ ɩɨɬɩɨɪɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ AB ɲɢɩɨɜɚ Figure 8 - The horizontal projection, the longitudinal and cross-section of panel supporting structure of AB piles 71

Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɟ ɬɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭ ɢɯ ɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɟ – ɧɟɤɪɟɬɚɧɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. AB ɜɟɡɧɚ (ɧɚɝɥɚɜɧɚ) ɝɪɟɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ ɬɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɲɢɩɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɢɡɜɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ MB 30, ɨɬɩɨɪɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɦɪɚɡɚ M-150. ɒɢɩɨɜɢ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɝɪɟɞɚ ɫɭ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɪɟɛɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɦ RA 400/500-2. ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚ ɬɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɚ Coulomb-a ɢ Janbu-a ɢ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 400,0 kN/m. Ⱦɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɪɚɦɨɜɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɪɚɻɟɧ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɥɚ ɩɨ Winkler-u ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ Radinpex tower V.6. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɨɛɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɫɚɛɢɪɧɨ - ɨɞɜɨɞɧɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɨɜɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɟ 4,0 - 5,0 m ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ 1,2 m. Ⱦɪɟɧɚɠɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɨɞ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɤɚ ɱɟɨɧɨɦ ɨɠɢʂɤɭ, ɋɥɢɤɚ 7. ɐɢʂ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɨɪɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɫɤɢ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɩɨɜɥɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɦɚʃɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ. ɍ ɫɚɞɟʁɫɬɜɭ ɲɢɩɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɦɚ. ɋɚɛɢɪɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɜɨɞɧɢ ɪɨɜɨɜɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɩɭɧɭ ɨɞ ɥɨɦʂɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ 10,0 – 25,0 cm. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɚ ɫɢɬɧɢɯ ɱɟɫɬɢɰɚ ɬɥɚ ɭ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɟ ɪɨɜɨɜɟ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɮɢɥɬɪɨɦ ɨɞ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɝ ɝɟɨɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɚ. Ɍɪɟʄɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɭɡ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɭ ɨɛɚɥɟ. Ɋɟɤɚ ɟɪɨɞɭʁɟ ɢ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚʃɭ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɭɠɢɧɢ ɨɤɨ 100,0 m, ɩɨ 50,0 m ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɧɢɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɨɛɚɥɟ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɨɦ ɪɟɤɟ, ɭɪɚɞɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɨɞ ɥɨɦʁɥɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɩɟɡɚɫɬɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ 10,70 m2.

8 ɁȺȼɊɒɇɂ ɄɈɆȿɇɌȺɊ Ɇɨɫɬ, ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟɦ: ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ, ɝɟɨɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɩɟɪɚ, ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɩɚɧɢɯ ɛɭɧɚɪɚ, ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɟɤ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɭɪɚɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨ. Ɇɪɟɠɭ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɭɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɲɢɩ ɭɝɪɚɞɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɚɪ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɰɟɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɫɟ ɲɢɩɨɜɚ.

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ 1. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ ɉɟɤ ɨɞ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ R-108ɚ, ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚ: ɋɪɟɞʃɟɜɨ – Ɇɢʂɟɜɢʄɢ ɫɚ Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɦ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ ɚ.ɞ., Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2011.

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ȼɥɚɞɟɬɚ ȼɭʁɚɧɢʄ1

ɋȺȼɊȿɆȿɇɂ ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɂ ɂ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂȳȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɂ ɂɋɉɂɌɂȼȺȵȺ ɍ ɉɍɌɇɈɆɂɇɀȿȵȿɊɋɌȼɍ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬ, ɤɨɲ- ɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɩɭɬɧɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ ɞɚʂɟɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ Ɋɋ, ɚ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɉɭɬ, ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ

MODERNPRINCIPLESANDMETODOLOGIESOFGEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND TESTING IN ROAD ENGINEERING Summary: Geotechnical investigations and observations are very significant part of planning, design, construction and maintenance of roads. In many cases geological and geotechnical conditions have very important impact on feasibility, costs and safety of road as a structure. Therefore constant following and improvement of the modern principles and metodology of geotechnical investigations is required. Paper will present the most important expiriences from global and domestic practice up to now, and directions of further development of modern metodlogy of investigation, during solving of geotechnical problems, which is in the interest of the professional audience in Republika Srpska and world wide. Key words: Road, modern approcahes and metodology of geotechnical investigation

1

Ɇɚɝɢɫɬɚɪ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ,ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɠ.ɝɟɨɥ., ɱɥɚɧ ɂɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɟ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ɂɚɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ, ɚ.ɞ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, Ʉɭɦɨɞɪɚɲɤɚ 257, e/mail: [email protected]

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1. ɍȼɈȾ ɉɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɝɚ ɱɢɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɚ, ɢ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ, ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɱɢɧɟ ɬɪɢ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ: ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ. ɉɭɬɧɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ (ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ) ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɨɞ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. ɉɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɧʁɢɯɨɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚ ɢ (ɜɪɥɨ) ɬɟɫɧɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ. Ɍɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɟ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɭʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɧɢɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɭ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɩɭɬɧɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ. Ɉɩɲɬɟ ɭɡɟɜ, ɡɨɧɚ ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ, ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ m2, ɩɚ ɞɨ ɜɢɲɟ km2. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɬɟɠɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ, ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. ɉɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ, ɬɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɞɨ ɡɨɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ (ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ). ɉɨɲɬɨ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ, ɤɚɨ ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ (ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ, ɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ), ɨɬɭɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ, ɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ. Ⱦɭɝɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɢɞɟʁɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɤɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ɫɚ ɦɚʃɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɛɟʄɢ, ɨɧɞɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɚʃɟ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɢɜɚɨ ɨɛɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɪɟɦɟɬɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɚ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɛɪɡɢɧɚɦɚ, ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɨɦ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɚ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ, ɞɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɢ ɞɭɝɚɱɤɢɦ ɬɭɧɟɥɢɦɚ, ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɢʁɚɞɭɤɬɢɦɚ, ɞɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɭɫɟɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɢɩɢɦɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɨɲ ɜɟʄɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɨɞ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ ɬɪɚɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨ, ɢ ɤɨɞ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɟ, ɢ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɩɭɡɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ. Ɂɚɬɨ, ɞɚɧɚɫ (ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ), ɤɨɞ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɪɚɞɢ ɬɢɦ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ (ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ) ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɡɢ, ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɠɚ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɢɯ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ.

2. ɈɉɒɌɂ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈɒɄɂ ɉɊɂɋɌɍɉ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɆ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵɂɆȺ ɁȺ ɉɍɌȿȼȿ ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ, ɞɚ ɫɭ, ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ, ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɭɬɭɱɭ ɧɚ „ɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬ“ ɢ „ɤɨɲɬɚʃɟ“ ɩɭɬɧɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ , ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚ ɨɩɲɬɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ (ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ), ɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɞɚʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ (ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɢɜɨɢɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ), ɫɭ: 74

- ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɨɧ ɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɢ ɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢɦɚ (ɜɨɡɧɨɞɢɦɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ, ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɫɧɢɦ), ɢɡɚɛɪɚɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɭ ɬɪɚɫɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ, ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɧɢɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɫɤɭɥɬɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɦɟɪɟʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɨɝ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ; - ɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɫɢ, ɚ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ; - ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ, ɦɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɬʁ. ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɭ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɢ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɧɚʁɩɨɝɨɞɧɢʁɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ; - ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɦɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɰɟɧɚ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ (ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ, ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ, ɢɬɞ.); - ɞɚ ɨɥɚɤɲɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ, ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚɬɢ, ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɬɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ: 1. ɋɬɚɥɧɚ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɚɪɚ. Ⱦɨɛɚɪ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɭɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɫɤɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɝ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ. Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɡɚɬɨ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚɪɚɻɢɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɢɦɚ. 2. ɉɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɤɨɝɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ. Ⱦɜɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚɧɢɰɚ, ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɟɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɫɬɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ, ɨɛɢɦ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɭ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚɧɢɰɟ, ɤɥɢɦɟ ɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɢɬɞ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɭʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɨɞ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭʁɟ, ɢɡɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ (ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ) ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɨɛɢɦ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɮɚɡɭ (ɧɢɜɨ) ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. 3. ȳɚɫɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ʉɨɪɢɫɧɢɰɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɚɪɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ (ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨɫɬɢ), ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ, ɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢ ɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ. 2.1. ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɂ ɍ ȼȿɁɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɉɍɌȿȼȺ ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɚɧ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ. ɇɟɤɢ, ɨɞ ɬɢɯ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ. Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ ɭ ɛɪɞɨɜɢɬɨ – ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɦɬɟɪɟɧɢɦɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. ɂɡɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ „ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ“ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢʁɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɛɢɨ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ.

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ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɭ: ɤɥɢɠɟʃɟ, ɩɭɠɟʃɟ, ɨɞɪɨʃɚɜɚʃɟ, ɨɫɢɩɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɚɲɚɫɬɨ ɬɟɱɟʃɟ, ɫɥ. 1

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. – ɇɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɚɞɢɧɚɦɚ, ɩɨ Ⱥ.Ɏ. ȳɚɤɭɲɨɜɨʁ; 1- ɨɞɪɨɧ, 2 - ɛɥɨɤɨɜɫɤɨ ɤɥɢɡɚʃɟ, 3 - ɬɟɪɚɫɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɚɞɢɧɟ, 4 - ɬɟɪɚɫɧɢ ɨɬɫɟɰɢ, 5 - ɡɚɬɚɥɚɫɚɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɤɥɢɡɚʃɚ, 6 - ɡʁɚɩɟʄɟ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɟ ɨɬɤɢɞɚʃɚ, 7 - ɨɬɫɟɤ ɨɞɪɨɧɚ, 8 - ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚʃɟ ɬɥɚ ɢ 9 - ɤɥɢɡɧɢ ɜɚɥɨɜ Figure 2. – Some of gravitational processes on natural slopes, as per A.P.Jakushovoj; 1 - rockfall, 2 - sliding in blocks, 3 - terrace-type slopes, 4 - terrace scarps, 5 - corrugated surfaces due to sliding, 6 - wide open cracks followed after the tearing-off, 7 - rockfall scarp, 8 - slumping of soil, 9 - sliding through ɂɞɟɚɥɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ - ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢɦɚ - ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ, ɫɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɧɟɪɚɡɭɻɟɧɢɦ ɪɟʂɟɮɨɦ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ, ɞɭɛʂɢɦ ɨɞ 3,0 m. ɋɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɢ ɧɚʁɤɪɚʄɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ (ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɚ, ɜɢʁɚɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ, ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɬɭɧɟɥɚ, ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɞɚɤɥɟ ɧɚʁʁɟɮɬɢɧɢʁɚ. ɇɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢ ɢ ɥɚɛɢɥɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɡɚɞɚʁɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ, ɞɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɚɧ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɧɟɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɭ ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɚʁɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɝ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. Ȼɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɢ, ɬɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ, ɛɭʁɢɰɚ, ɫɢɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɥ., ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɬʁ ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɢɯ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɯ (ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ) ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ (ɩɨɬɩɨɪɧɢ ɡɢɞɨɜɢ, ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟ, ɢ ɞɪ.), ɢɥɢ ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɜɢʁɚɞɭɤɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɢ ɫɥ., ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ, ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɫɩɭɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ (ɬɭɧɟɥɢ). ɇɚʁɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɢɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɢɦɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɨʁ ɩɨɞɥɨɡɢ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɟʂɢɰɢ. ȼɟɨɦɚ ɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɚ ɬɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɪɟɫɟɬɢɲɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɨɜɚɧɟ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɡɚɫɢʄɟɧɟ ɝɥɢɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɭ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɦɚɥɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨʁ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɚ, ɫɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɢ, ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɭʁɟ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɧɚ ɬɢɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɢɦɚ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɚɪʁɚ ɢ Ʉɨɩɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɛɥɚɬɚ), ɫɥ. 2. 76

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ɛ)

ɜ) ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. – Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɧɨɫɢɜɨɦ ɬɥɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ: ɚ - ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɛ - ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɭ, ɜ - ɢɫɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɤɨɝ ɬɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ Figure 2 - Typical examples of deformation of the embankment on subsoil slightly as a result of: a - exceeding the carrying capacity, b - exceeding the shear strength, v - displacement of soft soil just beneath the embankment Ɂɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɬɟɠɢɦ ɜɨɡɢɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɛɪɡɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɦ ɪɟʂɟɮɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɭɫɟɤɚ, ɡɚɫɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ (ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɭɝɚɱɤɢɯ), ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɛɪɞɨɜɢɬɨ – ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɢɦɚ. ɂɡɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɞɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɫɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ-ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɧ ɢ ɛɭɪɚɧ ɢɥɢ, ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ, ɭɦɢɪɟɧ ɢ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟɧ. ɋɚ ɝɥɞɢɲɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ, ɞɚ ɤɨɫɢɧɟ ɭɫɟɤɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɫɤɨɩ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɞɟɩɨɧɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɫɭ ɪɟɬɤɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɭɫɟɰɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɢ. ɉɪɚɤɫɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ (ɟɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ), ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɚɦɚ ɤɨɫɢɧɟ ɭɫɟɤɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɟ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɢɛɭ ɨɞ 5:1 ɞɨ 1:1, ɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɢ ɫɢɩɤɢɦ ɫɬɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɚɦɚ, ɧɚʁɫɬɪɦɢʁɟ ɞɨ 1:1. ɇɚʁɬɟɠɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɤɭɩʂɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɫɭ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɭɧɟɥɢ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɦɚʃɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɛɪɨʁ ɢ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɢ ɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɫɭ ɩɭɬɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɟ ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ʁɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɭɻɟɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɤɪɢɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ ɧɢɜɟɥɟɬɟ (ɲɬɨ ɩɨɝɪɲɚɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɜɨɠʃɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ), ɫɦɚʃɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɟ. ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɯ, ɱɜɪɫɬɢɯ ɢ ɠɢɥɚɜɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɭ ɭɫɟɰɢɦɚ, ɬɭɧɟɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɭɫɩɨɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɤɭɩʂɭʁɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɭ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ, ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ: ɚ) ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɨɦ ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɫɟɤɚ, ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɬɟɦɟʂɧɢɯ ʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.; ɛ) ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɝɥɢɧɟɧɢɯ); 77

ɜ) ɭɛɪɡɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɥɢɡɚʃɚ ɞɭɠ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɩɨɧɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɡɨɧɚɦɚ ɤɥɢɠɟʃɚ ɤɨɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ; ɝ) ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɦ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɪɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟʂɢɰɭ; ɞ) ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨ ɞɟɥɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ, ɤɚɞ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɚɧʁɨɧɟ (Cl, SO4, CO2 ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɂɛɨɝ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɚɪɧɨɝ ɢɡɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ (ɤɨɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ) ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɨɫɟɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɟɬɚɪɚ, ɢɡɧɚɞ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɦɚʃɢɨ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɢɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɢɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ (ɤɚɩɬɚɠɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɯɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ, ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟ, ɨɞɜɨɞɧɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ, ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɟ ɡɢɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɲɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɞɚʂɟɝ ɩɨɫɤɭɩʂɟʃɚ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ. ɇɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɪɨɲɟ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ (ɤɚɦɟɧɚ, ɲʂɭɧɤɚ, ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɝɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɚ ɝɥɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɭ max. ɦɨɝɭʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ. ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɟ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɩɚ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ (ɡɛɨɝ ɞɨɜɨɠɟʃɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɞɚʂɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ, ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɢɯ, ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɪɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ), ɦɨɝɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɭ. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ, ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɞ ɢɞɟɚɥɧɢɯ. Ƚɪɭɛɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ, ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢɦ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ (ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɭɝɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – Ȼɚɪ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɭɬɨɩɭɬɭ ȿ-75 ɤɪɨɡ Ƚɪɞɟɥɢɰɭ), ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɟ, ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʁɭ, ɢ ɞɨ 10 ɩɭɬɚ. ɍ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɚ ɰɟɧɚ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ (ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɭɧɟɥɢ), ɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɟʄɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢɯ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɟ, ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɫɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ: 1) ɉɈȽɊȿɒɇȺ ɉɊɈɐȿɇȺ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ: ɚ) Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ: ɧɟɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɥɚɛɢɥɧɢɯ ɩɚɞɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɪɦɢʁɢɯ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɤɥɢɡɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɨɧɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɪ.; ɛ) ɉɟɫɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ: ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɛɥɚɠɢɯ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ, ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɟ, ɞɭɛʂɟ ɬɟɦɟʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ, ɲɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ, ɢ 2) ɇȿȾɈȼɈȴɇȺ (ɇȿɊȿȺɅɇȺ) ɉɊɈɐȿɇȺ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ: Ɉɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɢɯ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ ɭɫɟɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ. 2.2. ɈȻɂɆ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɍ ɁȺȼɂɋɇɈɋɌɂ ɈȾ ɎȺɁȿ – ɇɂȼɈȺ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɂɚɤɨ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɚ, ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, (ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟɦ „ɋɦɟɪɧɢɰɚ“ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɧɚ Eurocod-ɭ 7 ɢ 8, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ EN ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ), ɨɜɞɟ ʄɟɦɨ ɢɡɧɟɬɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. 78

ɋɢɝɭɪɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɦ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ (ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɩɚ), ɨɞ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɪɚɧɝɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɮɚɡɟ (ɧɢɜɨɚ) ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɪɨɤɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ, ɢ ɞɪ. Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɤɨɞ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ (ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɫɚɬɢ), ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɬɪɚɫɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɬɪɚɫɟ. ɇɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɬɢ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ, ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɢɯ ɧɟɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɬɢ, ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɡɚɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ, ɬɨɤɨɦ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɭɬɚ. 2.3. ɎȺɁȿ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɍ ɎɍɇɄɐɂȳɂ ɉɅȺɇɂɊȺȵȺ ɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɋɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɭ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ, ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɡɚɫɬɨɩɧɢɯ ɮɚɡɚ. - ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɧɟ ɦɪɟɠɟ, - ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ - ɢɞɟʁɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ - ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ - ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ - ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ - ɢɧɮɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɭɬɚ ɍ ɫɤɚɥɞɭ ɫɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɨɦ, ɩɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɬɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ʃɢɯ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɨɞɚɛɟɪɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɨɞ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɭ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ, ɢ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɢ ɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɦɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ, ɬɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɥ. 3. ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨʁ ɫɯɟɦɢ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ, ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ „ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ“. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɢɲɟɮɚɡɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ, ɞɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ, ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɟɦɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɢ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɟ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ, ɚ ɩɨ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ ɬɪɚɫɟ, ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ʃɟɧɟ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɟ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɢɫɬɭ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɢɫɬɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ȼɪɨʁ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ 79

ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɭ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨɫɬ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɛɚɡɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʁɭ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ, ɭɡ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ.

ɍɌȼɊȭɂȼȺȵȿ ɉɈɌɊȿȻȿ ɁȺ ȽɊȺȾȵɈɆ ɉɍɌȺ

ɈȾɅɍɄȿ

ȽɊȺȭȿȼɂɇɋɄɈ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȿ ɋɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɧɟ ɦɪɟɠɟ

ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɈɋɇɈȼɇȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ Ɉ ȽȿɈɅɈɒɄɂɆ ɍɋɅɈȼɂɆȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɉɈɋɌɈȳȿȶȿ ȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌȺɐɂȳȿ

ɋɌɍȾɂȳȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɍɋɅɈȼȺ

Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ

ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɁȺ ɂȾȿȳɇɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌ

ȾȿɌȺȴɇȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɁȺ ɂȾȿȳɇɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌ - ɊȿɁɍɅɌȺɌɂ

ɉɍɒɌȺȵȿ ɍ ɉɈȽɈɇ

ɉɈɑȿɌȺɄ ȽɊȺȾȵȿ

ɈȾɅɍɄȺ Ɉ ȽɊȺȾȵɂ

ɂɞɟʁɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɁȺ ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌ

ȾȿɌȺȴɇȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɁȺ ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɈȽ ɇȺȾɁɈɊȺ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅȺ ɂ ȾɈɉɍɇȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ

ɂɡɜɨɻɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɚ

ȾɈɉɍɇɋɄȺ ɂ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɇȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɂ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂ ɇȺȾɁɈɊ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂ ȿɅȺȻɈɊȺɌ Ɉ ɂɁȼȿȾȿɇɈɆ ɈȻȳȿɄɌɍ

ɉɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɂɧɮɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ

ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȺ ɈɋɆȺɌɊȺȵȺ ɂɇɎɈ ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɄȺ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3. – Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ Figure 3. - The connexion of geotechnical research activities by planning and design 2.4. ɐɂȴȿȼɂ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɉɨɞ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɦɨ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟʃɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɟ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ, ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ. 80

ɂɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɂ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɨɦ. Ɍɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ. Ɋɟɻɟ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ʁɚɜɢ, ɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɜɢɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɜɢɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɛɥɢɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɞ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ (ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɚ), ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɞɚɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɜɪɫɬɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ: - ɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɟ - (ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɥɟɝɚʃɟ ɬɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɚ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɬɥɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɥ.); - ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ - (ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ, ɢɧɞɭɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɨɞ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɥ.); - ɯɢɞɪɨ-ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ - (ɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɭɮɨɡɢʁɚ ɬɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɥ.); - ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ-ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɟ - (ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɩɨɜɢɲɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɢɩɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɐɢʂɟɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɥɨɝɢɱɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɮɚɡɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɮɚɡɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɩɲɬɢ - ɡɚ ɰɟɥɭ ɬɪɚɫɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɭ, ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ - ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ. Ɉɩɲɬɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɭ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɟ, ɫɭ:  ɢɡɛɨɪ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɩɭɬɚ;  ɢɡɛɨɪ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɟ, ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɬɩɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɬɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɭ;  ɢɡɛɨɪ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢɯ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ ɭɫɟɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɫɟɤɚ ɢ ɦɟɪɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ;  ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢɯ ɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɦɟɪɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ;  ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɧɚɝɢɛɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ, ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ;  ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɧɨɫɢɜɨɦ ɬɥɭ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɢɩɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ;  ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɞɜɨɞʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɚʃɚ;  ɢɡɛɨɪ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɬɥɚ; - ɢɡɛɨɪ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɟ, ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɚɫɮɚɥɬɧɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ, ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ; - ɢɡɛɨɪ ɞɪɨɛɢɥɢɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɨɩɪɟɦɟ, ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ; - ɢɡɛɨɪ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɞɟɩɨɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɢɲɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ; - ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɭ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢɯ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɬɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ, ɫɭ: 81

ɚ) ɁȺ ɌɍɇȿɅȿ:  ɢɡɛɨɪ ɦɢɤɪɨɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ (ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɧɢɜɟɥɟɬɟ) ɬɭɧɟɥɚ;  ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɢɡɛɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ;  ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ, ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɟ, ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɫɥ.;  ɬɪɚʁɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ, ɧɚɩɨɧɢ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɩɪɢɬɢɫɰɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɨɝɭ;  ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ, ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟ;  ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɝɚɫɨɜɚ, ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɝɚɫɨɜɚ, ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɚ ɝɚɫɧɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ;  ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɤɨɩɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟʃɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ;  ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ;  ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɞɟɩɨɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɢɲɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ;  ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ, ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ. ɛ) ɁȺ ɆɈɋɌɈȼȿ ɂ ɉɊɈɉɍɋɌȿ  ɢɡɛɨɪ ɦɢɤɪɨɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ;  ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚʃɚ, ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɬɟɦɟʂɚ, ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɝɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɟ;  ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɢɯ ʁɚɦɚ;  ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ;  ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɞɟɩɨɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɢɲɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɰɢʂ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɧ ɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɭ. ɇɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ, ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɡɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɟ ɡɚɫɟɤɟ ɢ ɭɫɟɤɟ, ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɨɫɢɧɚ, ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɧɚɫɢɩɟ, ɥɟɠɢɲɬɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɥ. 2.5. ɂɋɌɊȺɀɇɂ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊ ɂɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɟɨ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ (ɛɥɢɠɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚʂɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ), ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ȵɟɝɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ. ȼɟɨɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɨɧɚʁ ʃɟɧ ɞɟɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɩɭɬɚ - ɧɚɫɢɩ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɦɭ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɧɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɠɚɪɢɲɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɭɬ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ. Ɂɚ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ-ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɭ ɯɚɡɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ. ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɩɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɪɚɜɧɢɦɚ), ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɞɟɨ ɬɢɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ, ɭ ɧɚʁɝɨɪɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧ. ɉɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ, ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɬɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɭ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɩɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɬɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ, ɜɢɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɤɥɚɩɚʁɭ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɬɟɠɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ 82

ɛɪɨʁɚ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɬɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ. ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɬɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ (ɛɨʂɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ.), ɞɟɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɢ ɜɚɧ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ: 1. ɋɭɫɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ 2. Ɇɨɝɭʄɢ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɢ 3. ɂɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ 4. ɒɢɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɤɨ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ 5. Ʌɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɯ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɩɨɧɢʁɚ 6. Ʌɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɨɞ 1 – 3, ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɩɢɪɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɬɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɭʁɭ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɨɞ ɛɪ. 4 – 6 ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɭɛɢɧɭ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ (ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ 4 ɢ 6), ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦ ɞɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɛɪ. 5, ɤɚɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦ ɫɥɭɠɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ. 2.6. ɁȺȾȺɐɂ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɉɨɞ ɡɚɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɦɨ ɫɜɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɛɢɬɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ: 1. ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ; 2. ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ; 3. ɫɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ (ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ); 4. ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ; 5. ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ - ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɧɫɤɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ; 6. ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ - ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɦɨɝɭ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ. ɍ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 1, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ – ɝɪɭɩɚ (ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ), ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɧɢɜɨɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ (ɬʁ. ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ). 2.7. ɆȿɌɈȾȿ ɂ ɉɈɋɌɍɉɐɂ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɉɂɌɂȼȺȵȺ ɁȺ ɉɍɌȿȼȿ ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɱɚɤ, ɢ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɜɪɥɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ, ɬɨ ʄɟɦɨ ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɞɚɬɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɬɚɛɟɥɚɪɧɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ (ɬɚɛɟɥɚ 2). 83

Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ

Ɇɨɪɮɨɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ

ɂɡɜɉ

ɉ

Ɇɨɪɮɨɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ

ɉ

Ʌɢɬɨɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ Ɋɚɫɱɥɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ Ʌɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɧɢɜɨɚ Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ

Ƚɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ

Ƚɂɉ

Ɏɚɡɚ – ɧɢɜɨɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ

Ƚɉ

ȼɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɢ ɝ.ɬ. ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ

ɂɉ

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1. – ȿɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɧɢɜɨɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ Table 1. – Elements of the geotechnical conditions for the various levels of design

ɉ

ɉ Ⱦ

Ʉ Ʉ

ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ

ɋɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ

Ⱦ

ɋɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɢ.ɝ.

Ⱦ

Ʉ

Ƚɟɨɞɟɧɢɦɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ

Ɋɟɤɨɝɧɨɫɰɢɪɚʃɟ – ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚʃɟ Ⱦ

Ʉ

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ)

Ɏɢɡɢɱɤɨ - ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ

ɉ

ȼɢɡɭɟɥɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ Ɉɩɢɬɢɦɚ „in citu“ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ

Ʉ

Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ Ƚɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ - ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɢɜɨɫɬ – ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ

ɅȿȽȿɇȾȺ

Ⱦ

ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɩɭɧɫɤɚ

ɉ

ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ

ɉ ɉ ɉ

Ʉ

Ʉ Ʉ ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ

2.8. ɋɉȿɐɂɎɂɑɇɈɋɌ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɍ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɂɌɂɆ ɎȺɁȺɆȺ ɉɅȺɇɂɊȺȵȺ ɂ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ (ɧɢɜɨɭ) ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ (ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ), ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ, ɫɜɚɤɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɱɢɧɢ, ɞɟɨ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ (ɬɚɛɟɥɚ 3). ɋɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɧɟ ɦɪɟɠɟ, ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɨɩɲɬɢʁɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɫɬɪɭɱɧɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɭɬɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɰɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɭɠɢɯ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ. ɋɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ, ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ, ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɢ, ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ʃɟɝɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, 1:25000, ɪɟɬɤɨ 1:10000. Ɂɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ, ɢ ɬɡɜ. „ɬɟɲɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ“ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɢ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɪɚɞɟ ɢɞɟʁɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤ, ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ, ɛɢɪɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɜɢɯ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢ ɡɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ. Ɍɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɤɜɚɥɢ- ɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɪɟʁɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟʁɨɧ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭ- ɦɟɜɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ. 84

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2. – ȼɪɫɬɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ (ɚ, ɛ, ɰ, ɨɛɢɦ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ) Figure 2. – Types of works carried out in various stages of research (a, b, c, extent and significance of works in various stages) ɆȿɌɈȾȿ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɎȺɁȿ (ɧɢɜɨɢ) ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɄȺȻɂɇȿɌɋɄȿ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȿ Ƚɉ ɂɉ Ƚɥɉ ɂɡɜɉ ȿxɩɥ. 1 Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ (ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɚ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɤɚ, ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ, ɝɟɨɞɟɬɫɤɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɚ). 2 Ⱦɚʂɢɧɫɤɚ ɞɟɬɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɚ ɛ  ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɜɢɨɫɧɢɦɚɤɚ  ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɚɬɟɥɢɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɧɢɦɚɤɚ 3 Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚ  ɤɜɚɧɬɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ  ɤɜɚɥɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ 4 Ɇɟɬɨɞɟ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ  ɫɟɢɡɦɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɚ ɚ  ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɌȿɊȿɇɋɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ 5 Ƚɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɟ (ɲɢɪɟ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ) ɚ ɛ 6 ɂɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɚ ɛ 7 Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɚ 8 Ɇɟɬɨɞɟ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɟ  ɫɟɢɡɦɢɤɚ

 ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɚ

 ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɚ ɛ  ɝɟɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚ

 ɫɨɧɞɢɪɚʃɟ - ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɟ

 ɫɤɟɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɛ ɚ  ɤɚɪɨɬɚɠ ɛɭɲɨɬɢɧɚ ɛ ɚ  ɝɟɨɦɚɝɧɟɬɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɛ ɚ ɛ ɚ  ɝɟɨɪɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ 9 ɂɫɬɪɚɠɧɨ ɛɭɲɟʃɟ  ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɟɡɝɪɚ ɚ ɛ ɰ  ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɛɭɲɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ 10 ɂɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɢɫɤɨɩɢ  ɩɥɢɬɤɢ ɚ ɛ  ɞɭɛɨɤɢ ɚ ɛ 11 ɉɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ  ɋɉɌ ɚ ɛ  ɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ 12 ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɡ. ɜɨɞɚ  ɨɩɢɬɢ ɧɚɥɢɜɚʃɚ  ɨɩɢɬɢ ɭɩɭɦɩɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɚ ɛ ɰ  ɨɩɢɬɢ ɰɪɩɟʃɚ  ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɚ ɛ ɰ ɞ 13 ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɚɦɚ  ɨɩɢɬɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ - ɩɪɟɫɢɨɦɟɬɪɢ ɚ ɛ ɨɩɢɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɚ ɚ ɛ  ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɚ  ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɬɭɧɟɥɢɦɚ ɚ ɛ 85

Ƚɉ ɂɉ Ƚɥɉ ɂɡɜɉ ȿxɩɥ ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɂȳɋɄȺ ɂɋɉɂɌɂȼȺȵȺ Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ (ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɲɤɚ, ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɩɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɚ) ɚ 15 ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɥɚ  ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɥɚ  ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɥɚ  ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɚ ɛ ɰ  ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ  ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɚ ɛ 16 ɏɟɦɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ 17 Ɇɨɞɟɥɫɤɚɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ - ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɟ ɚ ɛ ɰ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ ɂɁɊȺȾȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȿ ȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌȺɐɂȳȿ 18 ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌ (ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆ) ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ x x x x 19 ɋɌɍȾɂȳȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɍɋɅɈȼȺ x 20 ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂ ȿɅȺȻɈɊȺɌ / ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌ x x x x ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɟ ɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ, ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ, ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ, ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɚɬɟɥɢɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɜɢɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɝɧɨɫɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ, ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɚʃɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ʁɟ, ɄȺɊɌȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɍɋɅɈȼȺ ɂ ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑȿȵȺ. Ɍɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ, ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ, ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɋɂɇɌȿɁɇȿ ɄȺɊɌȿ ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑȿȵȺ, ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɭ ɡɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ. ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ (ɬɚɛɟɥɚ 3), ɤɚɨ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɚ, ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ: 1. ɉɪɢɤɚɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ:  ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ,  ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ. 2. ɉɪɢɤɚɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɰɟʃɢɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ:  ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ,  ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɜɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɮɚɡɭ ɂɞɟʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ. ɂɞɟʁɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɩɭɬɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɚɬɚ, ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɪɚɞɟ ɢɞɟʁɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɢ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ 1:250 - 1:2500. Ɉɞ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ:  ɞɨɩɭɧɫɤɚ, ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɜɢɨ ɢ ɫɚɬɟɥɢɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɧɢɦɚɤɚ;  ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ;  ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ (ɝɟɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɚ, ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɚ, ɤɚɪɨɬɚɠɧɚ, ɚ ɪɟɻɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ);  ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɚ ɛɭɲɟʃɚ;  ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɩɢɬɢ ɩɟɧɟɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ;  ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɩɢɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ;  ɭɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɩɢʁɟɡɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ; - ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ ɬɥɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɚ (ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ -ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɲɤɨ ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɩɚɥɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɚ) ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ (ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɚ);  ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ (ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). 14

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Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3.: ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɭɬɚ Table 3.: ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɍɋɅɈȼɂ ɂ ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑȿȵȺ ɋȺȾɊɀȺȳ ɄȺɊɌȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɇȿ ȽȿɈɅɈɒɄȿ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ (ɥɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ, ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬ, ɬɟɤɄȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȿ ɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɫɤɥɨɩ, ɚɥɬɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɨɫɬ), ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɇȺ ɄɈȳɂɆȺ ɋȿ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɁȺɋɇɂȼȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ, ɍɋɅɈȼȺ ɂ ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑȿȵȺ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ Ⱥ) ɄɅɂɁɂɒɌȺ (ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ) ɩɨ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ, ɩɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɋɌȺȻɂɅɇɈɋɌ Ȼ) ɁɈɇɂɊȺȵȿ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ (ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨ), ɩɨ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɂɁȾȼɈȳȿɇȺ ɋɅȺȻɈ ɇɈɋɂȼȺ ɌɅȺ ɇɈɋɂȼɈɋɌ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ, ɩɨ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɢ ɈɐȿɇȺ ɍɋɅɈȼȺ ɇȺ ɈɋɇɈȼɍ ɅɂɌɈɅɈɒɄɈȽ ɋȺɋɌȺȼȺ ɱɜɪɫɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɟ, ɍɋɅɈȼɂ ɂɋɄɈɉȺ ɥɚɩɨɪɢ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɟ, ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢ, ɥɟɫ ɢ ɫɥ. ɍɋɅɈȼɂ ɌɂɉɈȼɂ ɂɁȾȺɇɂ ɂ ɆȺɄɋɂɆȺɅɇɂ ɇɂȼɈɂ ɈȾȼɈȾȵȺȼȺȵȺ ɉɈȾɁȿɆɇɂɏ ȼɈȾȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȳȺɅɂ ɊȺɁȼɊɋɌȺɇɂ ɉɈ: ɄɈɊɂɒȶȿȵȿ ɜɪɫɬɢ, ɅɈɄȺɅɇɂɏ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɦɚ, ɆȺɌȿɊɂȳȺɅȺ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɈɁɇȺɑȿɇȿ ɆɈȽɍȶȿ ɅɈɄȺɐɂȳȿ ɊȿɁȿɊȼɂɋȺɇȿ ɉɈ: ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɢ, ȾȿɉɈɇɂȳȿ ȼɂɒɄȺ ɂɋɄɈɉȺ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɟɩɨɧɨɜɚʃɚ (ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ, ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ, ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢ, ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɁȺȽȺȭȿȵȺ: ɩɨ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɭ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ, ɁȺȽȺȭȿȵȺ ɌɅȺ ɂ ɉɈȾɁȿɆɇɂɏ ȼɈȾȺ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɭ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ (ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ) ȾȿȽɊȺȾȺɐɂȳȺ: ɎɂɁɂɑɄȺ ȾȿȽɊȺȾȺɐɂȳȺ ɢɫɤɨɩɢ, ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɞɟɩɨɧɢʁɟ, ɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɚ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɚ ɉɈɊȿɆȿȶȺȳɂ: ɉɈɊȿɆȿȶȺȳɂ ɋɌȺȻɂɅɇɈɋɌɂ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɚ ɉɊɈɆȿɇȿ: ɩɨ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ (ɞɪɟɧɢɪɚʃɟ, ɧɚɫɢɩɚʃɟ, ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ, ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɎɂɁɂɑɄȿ ɉɊɈɆȿɇȿ ɍ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ), ɌȿɊȿɇɍ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ, ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. 87

Ʉɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɂɞɟʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ, ɧɢʁɟ (ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ) ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɚ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɩɭɬɚ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɢ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɢɜɨ ɂɞɟʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɛɢɬɧɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɫɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɧɢɜɨ ɂɞɟʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɟ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɪɚɤɚ: - I - ɤɨɪɚɤ – ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɨ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɢ - II - ɤɨɪɚɤ – ɤɨʁɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɭ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɭ ɬɪɚɫɟ, ɧɭɠɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɧɢɜɨ ɂɞɟʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 1:100 – 1:1000, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɢ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɞɟɬɚʂɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɟʄ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɢ, ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ. ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɭ, ɧɟɦɚ ɛɢɬɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɂɞɟʁɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ. ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɭ ɂɞɟʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɦɟʃɚ ɢ ɞɨɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢɦ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɫɤɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɚ, ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɟ ɛɢɬɧɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɤɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ. ɉɪɟ ɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɫɤɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɉɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɫɥɟɝɚʃɚ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ, ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ; ɫɥɟɝɚʃɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ, ɫɥɟɝɚʃɚ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɧɨɫɢɜɨɦ ɬɥɭ, ɢɥɢ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɚ, ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɛɢɥɧɢɯ ɩɚɞɢɧɚ; ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɨɝɟ ɭ ɬɭɧɟɥɢɦɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ɬɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

3. ɋɉȿɐɂɎɂɑɇɂ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɂ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɁȺ ɂɁȻɈɊ ȺɅɌȿɊɇȺɌɂȼɇɂɏ ɊȿɒȿȵȺ ɈȻȳȿɄȺɌȺ ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɭ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɩɪɜɟ ɞɜɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ (Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɂɞɟʁɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ), ɩɪɟɞ ɩɥɚɧɟɪɟ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɞɢɥɟɦɚ. ɉɪɜɚ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ, ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɚɭɬɨɩɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɝ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɚ, ɞɚ ɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ. Ɉɞ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɨɜɟ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ʄɟ ɩɭɬ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʄɟ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɫɜɟ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɟ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɚɫɚ ɧɟ ɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ? Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɚɛɟɪɟ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɚ ɬɪɚɫɚ, ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ. ɇɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɪɚɜɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɨɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɪɚɜɧɢɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɦɚɥɨɧɨɫɢɜɨɝ ɬɥɚ ɢ 88

ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɛɪɞɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢɫɭ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɟ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: - Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɭ ɦɚɥɨɧɨɫɢɜɨɝ ɬɥɚ, ɩɪɟʄɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɢɩɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ? - Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɦɚʃɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɭɡɜɢɲɟʃɚ, ɩɪɟʄɢ ɬɭɧɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɭɫɟɤɨɦ? - Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɪɭɲɢɬɢ, ɩɪɟɦɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨʄɢ ɬɭɧɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɞ ʃɢɯ? - Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɭ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɨɦ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɟʄɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɢɩɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟʃɭ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ? - Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɭ ɩɚɞɢɧɭ ɩɪɟʄɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɢɪɚʃɟɦ, ɩɪɟɦɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨʄɢ ɬɭɧɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ? - Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɬɪɦɭ ɩɚɞɢɧɭ ɫɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɦ ɨɞɪɨʃɚɜɚʃɟɦ, ɩɪɟʄɢ ɝɚɥɟɪɢʁɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ʃɟɧɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ? ɂɬɞ. ɍ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɨɜɢɯ ɞɢɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɭ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ, ɢɦɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ. ɍ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ, ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɢɥɟɦɚ. ɂɡɛɨɪ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ, ɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɭ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɭ, ɞɨɜɨʂɧɚ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɪɟʁɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɭʁɭ ɫɜɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɩɭɬɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɛɢɪɚ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɚ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɫɟ. ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɟʁɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɬɢ. ɋɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ (ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɢ ɞɭɛɨɤ ɭɫɟɤ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ), ɢɡɛɨɪ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɂɞɟʁɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ, ɂɞɟʁɧɢɯ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ, ɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɭ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɭ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ, ɞɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɟ ɭ ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɭ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɬʁ., ɞɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɢ, ɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɢ. Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɲɢɪɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ (ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ) ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɢʄɢ ɞɨ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɡɢ ɦɚɥɨɧɨɫɢɜɨɝ ɬɥɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ: ɬɭɧɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɨɤ ɭɫɟɤ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɭɧɟɥ, ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ ɧɚɞɫɥɨʁɚ 89

ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɭɧɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɑɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ, ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢʄɟ, ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɞɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɭɫɟɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ, ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɭɡɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɬɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɨɞɪɚɞɢɬɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɢɞɭɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧ ɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɡɢ, ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɭɫɜɚʁɚɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɧɚ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɟ. Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ ɨɤɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ʁɟ, ɬɨ ɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɭ ɰɟɧɟ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɭɡ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ.

4. ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ ɍ ȼɂȾɍ ɈɉɒȿȽ ɄɈɆȿɇɌȺɊȺ ɄɈɇɋɌȺɌȺɐɂȳȺ ɂ ɉɈɊɍɄȺ ɋ`ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ, ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ ɨɩɫɟɠɧɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ, ɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɨɞ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ!!! Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɡɧɚʃɟ ɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɭ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɪɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɻɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɩɪɟɝɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɞ ɬɟ ɫɩɪɟɝɟ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɟ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ, ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɭɬɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ʁɟɪ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚ ɢ ɤɜɚɧɬɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟʃɭʁɟ, ɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɭʁɟ, ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ (ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ) ɢ ɬɥɚ (ɬɟɪɟɧɚ), ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ, ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɚ - ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɚɪɚ, ɞɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɪɚɫɭɻɭʁɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ („ɬɚɱɧɨ“) ɫɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚ. ɍɦɟɲɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ „ɜɥɚɞɚʃɭ“ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɦ, ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɚ ɭɱɢɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɦ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɭɠɚ, ɢ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɢɦ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʃɟɦ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɚ, ɞɨɤɥɟ ɝɨɞ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ (ɡɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɩɪɨɮ. ȳɨɜɚɧ ɒɭɬɢʄ). ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɚ (ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɚ) ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ „Ɂɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ʄɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ“ (ɰɢɬɚɬ ɢɡ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɨɪɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɚɥɢʁɟ). ɂɡ ɬɨɝɚ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɜɭʄɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ. ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ 1) ȼ.ȼɭʁɚɧɢʄ: ȽȿɈɅɈɒɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɉɊɂɅɂɄɈɆ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɋȺɈȻɊȺȶȺȳɇɂɐȺ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɚɪɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɚɰ, 1985. ɝ.

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2) J.Šutiü, D.Božinoviü, V.Vujaniü: METHODOLOGY OF GEOTECHNIC TERROIRE RESEARCH IN PLANNING AND DESIGNIN OF MODERN TRAFIC ROUTES IN YUGOSLAVIA. Roads between east and west Europe after 1992., Beograd, 1992. 3) ȼ.ȼɭʁɚɧɢʄ, ɉ.Ʌɨɤɢɧ: ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺɁȺ ɉɈɌɊȿȻȿ ɉɅȺɇɂɊȺȵȺ, ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɂ ȽɊȺȭȿȵȺ ȺɍɌɈɉɍɌȿȼȺ. Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɫɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɚ: „ɇɨɜɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɢ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɩɭɬɟɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ“, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1992. ɝɨɞ. 4) V. Vujanic, P. Lokin: GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH FOR THE PURPOSE OF ROAD PLANNING, DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION, Int. Road Conference, Romania, Mamia, 1995. god. 5) ɉ. Ʌɨɤɢɧ, ȼ. ȼɭʁɚɧɢʄ: ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂȳȺ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɂ ɂɁȼɈȭȿȵȺ ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ ɁȺ ɉɈɌɊȿȻȿ ɉɅȺɇɂɊȺȵȺ, ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈȼȺȵȺ ɂ ȽɊȺȭȿȵȺ ɉɍɌȿȼȺ – ɋɬɭɞɢʁɚ I ɮɚɡɚ, Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1996. ɝɨɞ. 6) V. Vujanic, P. Lokin, LJ. Rokic: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN ROAD ENGINEERING, Zbornik referatov (1 del), 6 Slovenski kongres o cestah in prometu, Portorož, 2002. god. 7) EN 1997-1, EUROCODE 7: Geotechnical, design / Part 1: General rulers 8) EN 1997-2, EUROCODE 7: Ground investigation and testing 9) EN 1998-1 do 5, EUROCODE 8: Design of structures for earthquake resiostence 10) ɋɬɪɭɱɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ, ɚ.ɞ.

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Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ Ʌɭɤɢʄ1, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ɉɪɨɤɢʄ2, ȿɥɟɮɬɟɪɢʁɚ Ɂɥɚɬɚɧɨɜɢʄ3

ɄɊɂɌȿɊɂȳɍɆɂ ɍȽɊȺȭɂȼȺȵȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȳȺɅȺ ɍ ȾɈȵɂ ɋɌɊɈȳ ɋȺɈȻɊȺȶȺȳɇɂɐȺ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ʉɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɬɪɚʁɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɬɪɨʁɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ ɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɬɪɨʁɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɢʁɨɦ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɫɬɪɨʁɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɱɟɫɬ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɞɨʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɞɬɥɚ ɩɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ (CBR). Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɞɨʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ, ɧɚɫɢɩ, ɭɫɟɤ, ɩɨɞɬɥɨ, ɩɨɫɬɟʂɢɰɚ, ɝɨɪʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ, CBR

CRITERIA FOR PLACING OF MATERIAL IN TRAFFIC STREAM SUBSTRUCTURES Summary: A quality, durability and functionality of traffic streams in particular, depend in a great amount on the quality of a designed and built substructure. The fact that should be especially emphasized is that a lack of substructure fitting could not be repaired by simply more qualitative construction of a traffic stream superstructure, which appears to be very common in our practice. Within the frame of this work there is an intention to underline the great importance of following the design and building-in criteria for the traffic stream substructure material, starting from the subsoil preparation up to the finishing layer. A part of this paper is dedicated to a significance and determination of the California bearing ratio (CBR). Key words: substructure, embankment, cut, subsoil, bedding, superstructure, 1

ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɞɢɩɥ.ɝɪ.ɢɧɠ. Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɋɭɛɨɬɢɰɚ ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɞɢɩɥ.ɝɪ.ɢɧɠ. Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɋɭɛɨɬɢɰɚ 3 ɚɫɫ. ɞɢɩɥ.ɝɪ.ɢɧɠ. Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨ-ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɇɢɲ 2

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1 ɍȼɈȾ ɉɪɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɞɨʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ: x ɉɨɞɥɬɥɨ (ɥɟɠɢɲɧɨ ɬɥɨ) ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɧɢɤɥɨ ɬɥɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɫɢɩ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ. x ɏɭɦɭɫ (ɧɟɧɨɫɢɜɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ) ʁɟ ɫɥɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɧɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɯ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ.. x ɉɨɫɬɟʂɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɨɦ ɫɥɨʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɦ ɢ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ ɩɪɭɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɚ. x ɉɨɞ ɩɥɚɧɭɦɨɦ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɬɪɨʁɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɬɪɨʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɥɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨɞ ɭɫɟɤɚ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ ɬɟɦɟʂ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɚʁɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɩɨɱɟɜɲɢ ɨɞ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɭ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ. ɍ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɚɡɟ. Ɉɜɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɟ ɭɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ ɥɨɲ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ, ɦɚɥɭ ɬɪɚʁɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. Ɂɚɛɥɭɞɚ ʁɟ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɫɬɪɨʁɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɭ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɫɬɪɨʁɭ. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɱɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɪɚɞɚ.

2 ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅȺ ɄȼȺɅɂɌȿɌȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȳȺɅȺ ɁȺ ɍȽɊȺȭɂȼȺȵȿ ɇɚɫɢɩ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧ ɨɞ ɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨɦ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨɦ ɬɥɭ (ɩɨɞɬɥɭ). ɇɚɫɢɩɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɟ ɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɭɫɟɤɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɲɬɚ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɝ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ: x ɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɬɥɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɲɬɚ, ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɡɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ; ɫɜɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɲɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɚʄɟɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɨɦ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ; ɉɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɬɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɫɭ: x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.010 – ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.012 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɥɚ 94

x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.014 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɬɥɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.016 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɫɤɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɬɥɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.018 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.020 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.024 – ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɫɚɝɨɪʂɢɜɢɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.038 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɜɨɞɟ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.042 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ (ɋȼR) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɬɥɚ, (ɩɨɞɬɥɚ) ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɫɢɩ (ɡɚɫɢʄɟɧɚ ɬɥɚ, ɦɭʂɟɜɢɬɚ ɬɥɚ, ɬɥɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ ɢ ɫɥ.), ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɥɨ, ɫɚɧɢɪɚɬɢ ɝɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɚɤɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ. Ⱦɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ: Ⱥ. ɋɢɬɧɨɡɪɧɢɯ ɤɨɯɟɡɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ (d50 >0,06ɦɦ) ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ: ɚ) Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɬɟɱɟʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɭ ȳɍɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.020 wl < 65% ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɭ ȳɍɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.020; Ip < 30%, ɭɡ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ "Proctor-ɨɜ" ɛɪɨʁ ɛɭɞɟ Pb < 0,02, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ: Pb

Jd Js

1

Jd



1

Js

w - Proctor-ɨɜ ɛɪɨʁ Sw

(1)

- ʁɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɭɜɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɧɚ 110º C (kN/m³), - ʁɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɢɯ ɱɟɫɬɢɰɚ (kN/m³) (~26 do 27 kN/m³), w - ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ

(ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬ) (ȳɍɋ ɍ.Ȼ1..012) S w - ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɡɚɫɢʄɟʃɚ Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ Proctor - ɨɜ ɛɪɨʁ (1) ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɪɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɥɚ (ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: Pb

e

n

Js

Jd

(2)

ɝɞɟ ʁɟ: e - ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɥɚ, n - ɩɨɪɨɡɧɨɫɬ (e = n / 1-n) ɉɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ȳɍɋ ɍ.ȿ1.010 ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ: b) min J d > 15 kN/m³ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞ 3 ɦ ɢ min

Jd

> 15,5 kN/m³ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɜɟʄɟ ɨɞ 3 ɦ;

c) U = d60 / d10 > 9 ɬʁ. ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɭɧɢɮɨɪɦɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ; d) ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ < 6% ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɝɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɦɚɫɢ; e) | wopt - w | < 2% ɢ wopt < 25% ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɭɧɢɮɨɪɦɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ. Ȼ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɡɪɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ (ɲʂɭɧɚɤ, ɥɨɦʂɟɧ ɤɚɦɟɧ) ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɚɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ: a) max d < 40 cm ɡɚ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 60-80 cm; b) max d < 10 cm ɭ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɨɦ ɫɥɨʁɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɦɚ - ɩɨɫɬɟʂɢɰɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 15 dɨ 20 cm; 95

c) ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ V, VI ɢ VII ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɨ Ƚɇ 200 ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɢɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɧɚɢɡɦɟɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɚɦɪɡɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɞɦɪɡɚɜɚʃɚ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɥɚ: ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦ, Casagrande-ɨɜ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦ, AASHO ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ. - ɉɪɟɦɚ ɨɛʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨʁ (ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨʁ) ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɬɥɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɰɢ ɬɥɚ: ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚʃɭ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ: Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1. Ƚɪɭɩɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ Table 1. Groups of materials by unique classification ɇɚɡɢɜ ɬɥɚ

ɋɜɨʁɫɬɜɨ

ɲʂɭɧɚɤ

GW GP-I GM-I GC-1*

ɩɟɫɚɤ

SW SP SM SC-II ML-II MH-II

ɩɪɚɲɢɧɚ

ɝɥɢɧɚ

ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɨ ɬɥɨ ɬɪɟɫɟɬ

GL CH-III

ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɨɞɜɨɞʃɚɜɚʃɟ (ɛɟɡ *) ɧɟɨɫɟɬʂɜɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɪɚɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɨɬɩɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɟ ɦɚɥɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɨɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɞɜɨɞʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɟɬʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɪɚɡ ɨɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɨɬɩɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɟ ɨɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ

ɥɨɲɟ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɞɜɨɞʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɟɬʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɪɚɡ OL-III ɦɚɥɚ ɨɬɩɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɢɰɚʃɟ OH ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ Pt – IV ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɭ

CBR (%)

M (Mpa)

60-80

60

10 – 15

15

5 - 10 5 – 10

5 5

1 /

2 /

- Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ (ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɪɧɚ) ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɦ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɭ:

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦ Figure 1.Diagram of granulometric 96

- ɉɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɦ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɭ:

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. Casagrande-ɨɜ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦ Figure 2.Diagram of Cassagrande - Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɦɚ ɍɩɪɚɜɟ ɡɚ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ SAD (AASHO-Dsgn M 145-731): Ɂɚ ɨɰɟɧɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɝɪɭɩɧɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ GI. Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ (ɋɥɢɤɟ 3 ɢ 4).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3. AASHO ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ – ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɪɧɚ Figure 3. AASHO classification – by size of grain Ʉɨɞ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɭɫɟɤɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɢ ɦɚʃɚɤ ɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɚ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɭʄɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɭʁɭ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɪɨɜɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɲɬɢɦɚ. 97

Slɢka 4. AASHO ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ – ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ Figure 4. AASHO classification- by humidity and plasticity 2.1 ɄɊɂɌȿɊɂȳɍɆɂ ɁȺ ɈɐȿȵɂȼȺȵȿ ɄȼȺɅɂɌȿɌȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȳȺɅȺ ɉɊȿ ɍȽɊȺȭɂȼȺȵȺ ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɫɭ: x ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ, (ɛɥɢɡɚɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨɦ); Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɫɤɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɚ ɨɩɢɬɨɦ ɭ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ȿ=600ɤN/ɦ3, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ: - ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɟ ɞɨ 3 ɦ 15.0 ɤN/ɦ3 - ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ 3 ɦ 15.5 ɤN/ɦ3 x Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 25% x Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɬɟɱɟʃɚ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 65% x ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚʃɢ ɨɞ 30% x Ʉɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɭɧɢɮɨɪɦɧɨɫɬɢ “U” ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɚʃɢ ɨɞ 9 x ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɦɚʃɢ ɨɞ 6 x Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨʄɚ ɡɪɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɟʄɚ ɨɞ 2/3 ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ ɫɥɨʁɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 40 ɰɦ, ɨɫɢɦ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɝɞɟ ɧɚʁɤɪɭɩɧɢʁɟ ɡɪɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɜɟʄɟ ɨɞ 10 ɰɦ x Ɂɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɬɪɭɩɭ ɩɭɬɚ, (ɪɟɮɭɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɟɫɚɤ, ɩɟɩɟɨ, ɲʂɚɤɚ, ɢɬɞ) Ɋɢɬɚɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ: ɫɜɚɤɢ ɭɫɟɤ, ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɲɬɟ, ɫɜɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ. ɇɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɞɜɚ ɭɡɨɪɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ. ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɮɭɥɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɢɯ 50 000 ɦ3. x ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɚɬ ɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ

98

3 ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅȺ ɍȽɊȺȭɂȼȺȵȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȳȺɅȺ ɉɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ: x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.010 – ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.012 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɥɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.016 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɫɤɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɬɥɚ x ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.046 – ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɚ ɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ [5] 3.1 ɄɊɂɌȿɊɂȳɍɆɂ ɁȺ Ɉɐȿɇɍ ɄȼȺɅɂɌȿɌȺ ɍȽɊȺȭɂȼȺȵȺ ɉɈȾɌɅȺ ɉɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɚʃɚ, ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨ ɬɥɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ: Ɂɚɯɬɟɜɚɧɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬ, (%) ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ: ɚ) ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɧɢɤɥɨɝ ɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɢ ɨɞ 2.00 ɦ ʁɟ 100% ɛ) ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɧɢɤɥɨɝ ɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɢ ɨɞ 2.00 ɦ ʁɟ 95% ɰ) ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɧɢɤɥɨɝ ɧɟɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɢ ɨɞ 2.00 ɦ ʁɟ 100% d) ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɧɢɤɥɨɝ ɧɟɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɢ ɨɞ 2.00 ɦ ʁɟ 95% ɟ) ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɟɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɨɦ, (ø30ɰɦ), ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢɫɬɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɢ ɬɨ: x ɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɫɚ 20-35% ɤɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɆȰ = 25-30 ɆɊɚ x ɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɫɚ 30-50% ɤɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɆȰ = 30-35 ɆɊɚ x ɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ 50% ɤɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɫɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɆȰ = 40 ɆɊɚ Ɂɚ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɡɪɧɚɫɬɨ ɞɪɨɛʂɟɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ (ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤ ɡɪɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ 200 ɦɦ) ɢ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɪɢʁɚɥɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ, (ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.046). ȼɢɫɢɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɨɞ ɤɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɬɥɚ – ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ, ɞɨ ɤɨɬɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɟʂɢɰɟ, ɧɚ ɧɚʁɧɢɠɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ. ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɢɯ 40 – 50 ɦ1 ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɬɥɚ. 3.2 ɄɊɂɌȿɊɂȳɍɆɂ ɁȺ Ɉɐȿɇɍ ɄȼȺɅɂɌȿɌȺ ɍȽɊȺȭɂȼȺȵȺ ɇȺɋɂɉȺ 3.2.1 Ⱦɨɜɨɠɟʃɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ, ɧɚɫɢɩɚʃɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɋɜɚɤɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɪɚɡɚɫɬɪɬ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɭ ɩɨɞɭɠɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɭ. ɍɡɞɭɠɧɢ ɧɚɝɢɛ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɢɛɭ. ɉɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɧɚɝɢɛɢ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢ (4%). ɋɜɚɤɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɚɧ ɫɥɨʁ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɫɢɩɚɧ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɭ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɜɨɠɟʃɭ, ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɲɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨʁ ɲɢɪɢɧɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɦɚ. Ⱦɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɚɫɬɪɬɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜɪɫɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɚɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɫɚɛɢʁɚɬɢ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɟ ɞɟɛʂɟ ɨɞ 30 ɰɦ, ɬɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨʁ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ 30 – 50 ɦ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɫɤɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ: - ɜɪɫɬɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ - ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ ɧɟɫɚɛɢʁɟɧɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ 99

ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɲʄɭ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɧɚ 5 ɦɟɫɬɚ, (ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ 2 ɭ ɞɨʃɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɥɨʁɚ) ɋɜɚɤɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɛɢʁɟɧ ɭ ɩɭɧɨʁ ɲɢɪɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ. Ɂɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɨɞ ɢɜɢɰɟ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ (ɨɫɨɜɢɧɢ). ɉɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɜɥɚɠɚɧ. ɇɚɫɢɩɚʃɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢ ɭ ɭɡɞɭɠɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɛɭɞɭ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ ɧɚɝɥɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɚ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɝɪɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɦɪɡɧɭɬɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɧɟɝ ɢ ɥɟɞ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɧɚɝɢɛɚ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɨɞ 20ɨ, ɧɚɫɢɩ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚɫɬɨ, ɡɚɫɟɰɢɦɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɨɞ 2 ɦ. Ȼɨɱɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚɫɬɢɯ ɡɚɫɟɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɧɚɝɢɛɭ ɨɞ 2:1, ɫɚ ɧɚɝɢɛɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɨɞ 4% ɢ ɩɚɞɨɦ ɤɚ ɩɚɞɢɧɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɢɛ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ 30ɨ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚɫɬɟ ɡɚɫɟɤɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɦɟɻɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɢɛ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɨɞ 20ɨ ɞɨ 30ɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɨɞ 1 ɦ [2]. -

3.2.2 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢ ɡɚ ɨɰɟɧɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɲɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɞɨ 20% ɤɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ Proctor-ɨɜɨɦ ɨɩɢɬɭ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ȿ=600 ɤN/ɦ3: ɚ) ɋɥɨʁɟɜɢ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ 2.0 ɦ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ, ɚ ɧɚ 2.0 ɦ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɚ: 95% ɛ) ɋɥɨʁɟɜɢ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɞɨ 2.0 ɦ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢ ɜɢɲɢɯ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɨɞ ɩɥɚɧɭɦɚ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɥɨʁɚɩɨɫɬɟʂɢɰɟ ɞɨ 2.0 ɦ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɚ: 100% ɰ) Ɂɚ ɪɟɮɭɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɟɫɚɤ: 97% Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢ ɡɚ ɨɰɟɧɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɭɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ 20% ɤɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɚ ɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ, (ɆS) ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɢ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ, ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɩɥɨɱɟ ø30ɰɦ, ɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢɦɚ: x ɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɫɚ 20-35% ɞɪɨɛʂɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɦɟɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɆȰ = 25-30 ɆɊɚ x ɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɫɚ 30-50% ɞɪɨɛʂɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɦɟɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɆȰ = 30-35 ɆɊɚ x ɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ 50% ɞɪɨɛʂɟɧɢɯ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɫɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɆȰ = 40 ɆɊɚ Ɂɚ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɞɪɨɛʂɟɧɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ (ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤ ɡɪɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ 200 ɦɦ) ɢ ɦɟɲɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɪɢʁɚɥɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ, ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɫɬɢɲʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ, (ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.046). Ɂɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɢɯ 50–100 ɦ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɞɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ. ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨ. ɇɨɜɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ. 100

4 ɄȺɅɂɎɈɊɇɂȳɋɄɂ ɂɇȾȿɄɋ ɇɈɋɂȼɈɋɌɂ CBR ɍɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɟ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ – ɤɪɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɥɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɦɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ CBR (Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ) ɨɩɢɬɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.042. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɩɢɬ ɭɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɤɥɢɩɚ ɭ ɭɡɨɪɚɤ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɚ ɬɥɚ. Ɉɩɢɬ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɡɨɪɚɤ ɬɥɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɫɚɛɢʁɚʃɟɦ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɭɩɭ. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɥɭɩ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɟ V= 2305 cm³, ɡɚ max d ” 20 cm, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɦɚʂ ɡɚ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɦɚɫɟ 50 N ɢ ɩɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 45,7 cm. ɍ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 530 kN/m³ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭɡɪɨɤ ɡɛɢʁɚ ɭ 5 ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɩɨ 7 cm ɫɚ ɩɨ 25 ɭɞɚɪɚɰɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɨʁɭ ɢɥɢ 2430 kN/m³ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭɡɨɪɚɤ ɡɛɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɩɨ 55 ɭɞɚɪɚɰɚ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨʁɭ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɨɪɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɢʄɭʁɟ 4 x 24 ɱɚɫɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɭ ɭɡɨɪɚɤ ɭɬɢɫɤɭʁɟ ɜɚʂɚɤ d =50 cm ɛɪɡɢɧɨɦ 1 mm/min ɢ ɦɟɪɢ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɭɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɭ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 5. Ɉɩɪɟɦɚ CBR ɨɩɢɬɚ Figure 5. CBR test equipment Ⱥɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ (ɐ,Ɂ) ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɨɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ı1 (2,5mm) ɢ ı2 (5 mm) (Slika 6) ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʁɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ:

CBR1 ɝɞɟ ɫɭ:

V1 P1n

100 (%)

CBR 2

V2 P2n

100 (%)

(3)

P1n = 7000 kPa ɢ P2n =10200 kPa ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ Ɂͳ = 2,5 mm ɢ Ɂʹ = 5 mm.

Slika 6. Ⱦɢʁɚɝɪɚɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ(ɐ,Ɂ)-(CBR ɨɩɢɬ) Figure 6.Diagram of dependence (ı, į) - (CBR test) [5] 101

ȼɟʄɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ CBR ɭɫɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɰɟɧɭ ɤɪɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɬɥɚ, ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɬɥɚ ɫɭ: ɮɢɧɨɡɪɧɨ ɬɥɨ min CBR = 5 – 7% ɩɟɫɚɤ min CBR = 8 – 12% ɲʂɭɧɚɤ min CBR • 15% CBR ɨɩɢɬ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɟɧɢɦ ɭɡɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ (in situ). Ɉɩɢɬ in situ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɯɢɞɪɚɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɚɦɢɨɧ ɫɚ ɭɦɟɬɚʃɟɦ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɫɬɟɧɚɫɬɨɝ ɞɢɧɚɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɟɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɩɢɬ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɫɤɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɭɜɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɬɥɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɥɨ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɨ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɨɩɢɬ ɭ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ɞɨɤ ɡɚ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɚ ɬɥɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɨɩɢɬ in situ.

5 ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢ ɡɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɞɨʃɟɝ ɫɬɪɨʁɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ. ɂɡɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ, ɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ, ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚʄɟ ɧɟɫɚɝɥɟɞɢɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɬɪɚʁɧɨɫɬ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɬ CBR (ɤɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ) ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ, ɬʁ. ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ, ɭɡ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɜɨɡɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɥɨ. ɐɢʂ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɭɤɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ, ɚ ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ.

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ [1] ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, II ɤʃɢɝɚ /ɀ. ɀɟɮɪɨɚ // Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1978 [2] Ⱦɨʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ / Ɂ. ȳɨɤɫɢʄ // ɇɚɭɱɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1984 [3] Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.Ȼ1.042, [4] Ⱦɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɚɫɮɚɥɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, ɋɊɉɋ ɍ.ɐ4.012, [5] Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ / Ⱦ. Ʌɭɤɢʄ, ɉ. Ⱥɧɚɝɧɨɫɬɢ // ɑɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɂɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ, 2010 [6] ɋɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, ȴɭɛʂɚɧɚ, 2005 [7] Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɧɢɫɤɨɝɪɚɞʃɢ / Ɋ. ȶɭɥɢɛɪɤ // Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɋɭɛɨɬɢɰɚ, 1998 [8] Ƚɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɧɢɫɤɨɝɪɚɞʃɢ / Ɋ.ȶɭɥɢɛɪɤ // Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɋɭɛɨɬɢɰɚ, 1996

ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ: "Ɉɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɥɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɭɤɭ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɚ 22-26 (ɉɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɌɊ 36028 ɢ ɌɊ 36043)"

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Ɋɚɞɟɧɤɨ ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ1, ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ2

ɋȺɇȺɐɂȳȺ ɂ ɊȿɄɈɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂȳȺ ɆɈɋɌȺ ɇɂɄȺ ɋɌɊɍȽȺɊȺ ɍ ȻȿɊȺɇȺɆȺ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɇɢɤɚ ɋɬɪɭɝɚɪɚ ɭ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚɦɚ. Ɇɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɨ ɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 2010. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɚ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɤɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɧɭɨ ɡɚ ɨɤɨ 64 cm. ɍɫɥɢʁɟɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɬɨɧɭʄɚ ɦɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɞɨɠɢɜɢɨ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨɝ ɥɨɦɚ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɚ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ. ɋɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟɦ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɇɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɧ. ɍɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɩʁɟɲɚɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɡɟ ɢ ɨɫɜʁɟɬʂɟʃɟ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɦɨɫɬ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ.

REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NIKO STRUGAR BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER LIM IN BERANE Summary: The subject of this paper is the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Niko Strugar town bridge in Berane. The bridge was destroyed in the floods in late 2010. when one of the three river pillars was undermined and sank about 64 cm. Due to the sinking, the bridge experienced severe damages of the span construction where there has been a classic fracture in two cross-sections. Repair of the bridge is derived with prestressing cables. The bridge is reconstructed at the same time. A new fence, walking paths and lighting are installed. Key words: bridge, reconstruction, rehabilitation, prestressing.

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ɉɪɨɮ.ɞɪ ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɠ.ɝɪɚɻ. Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ Ɇɪ ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɠ.ɝɪɚɻ. Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ

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1 ɍȼɈȾ Ɇɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɨɲʄɭʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɤɭ Ʌɢɦ ɢ ɫɩɚʁɚ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɏɚɪɟɦɟ ɢ Ⱥɥɭɝɟ, ɬʁ. ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɫɬɭ. ɂɡɝɪɚɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ 1965. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɦɨɫɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 2010. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɥɨɤɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɪʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ S3 ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɏɚɪɟɦɟ ɢ Ⱥɥɭɝɟ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɞɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɜɧɨɦʁɟɪɧɨɝ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚʃɚ ɡɚ 64 cm. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɨ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ. ɋɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɩɭɲɬɟɧ ɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ.

2 ɈɋɇɈȼɇɂ ɉɈȾȺɐɂ Ɉ ɆɈɋɌɍ Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɧɢɦɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ. Ɇɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɟɞɟ ɫɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɚ. Ʉɪɚʁʃɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ 24,60 m, ɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɩɨ 27,60 m. ɍɤɭɩɧɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ 104,40 m. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ 10,46 m, ɢ ɨɧ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɟ ɬɪɚɤɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɨ 3,57 m ɢ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɩʁɟɲɚɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɡɟ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ 1,66 m. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɨɫɢɜɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɱɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɛɥɢɡɧɚ ɝɪɟɞɧɚ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ 36 cm ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɨɞ 114 cm. ɇɨɫɚɱɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧʂɢɜɟ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ. ɍ ɩɨʂɭ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɭ (ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɱɭ) 160 cm, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ 220 cm. ɉɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɭɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɟ ɦɢʁɟʃɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɜɭɬɚɦɚ ɭ ɞɭɠɢɧɢ ɨɞ 590 cm, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɜɭɬɚ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ. ɉɚɪɨɜɢ ɛɥɢɡɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɨɞ 558 cm. ɇɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɢ ɜɭɬɟ ɧɨɫɚɱɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɞɨʃɨɦ ɮɥɚɧɲɨɦ ɞɟʂɢɧɟ 15 cm. Ɇɨɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɟ ɧɨɫɚɱɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ. Ⱦɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɢɦ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɫɭ 50x160 cm, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ 25x220 cm. ɉɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɧɨɫɚɱɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨɦ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɨɞ 460 cm, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁʃɢɯ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ 620 cm ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁʃɢɯ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰɚ. Ⱦɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ ʁɟ 25, ɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ 85 cm. Ʉɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 20 cm ɨʁɚɱɚɧɚ ɜɭɬɚɦɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ 20 cm ɢ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 20 cm ɭɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɟ ɧɨɫɚɱɟ. Ʉɨɧɡɨɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɭɫɬɢ ɫɭ 150 cm. ɉɪɟɤɨ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɩɥɨɱɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɚɫɮɚɥɬɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 6,5 cm. Ⱦɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɱɟ ɢ ɚɫɮɚɥɬɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɚɻɟʃɟɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɞɚ (ɤɟɪɧɨɜɚ) ɡɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. Ⱦɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɡɨɥɟ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɨɫɚɱ 40 cm, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ 20 cm. Ɋʁɟɱɧɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 120 cm ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ 945 cm ɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 595 cm, ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɨɛʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɬɨɤɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ. Ɍɟɦɟʂɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɚ ɫɭ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ 2,16x10,44 m ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚʃɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ. Ɉɛɚɥɧɢ ɨɩɨɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ. Ʉɪɢɥɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɫɭ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɟɦ ɥɢʁɟɜɨɦ ɨɛɚɥɧɨɦ ɨɩɨɪɰɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɬɚɧɚ. Ɉɝɪɚɞɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 90 cm ɢ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɭɛɢʄɚ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ 3x3 cm. ɂɜɢɱʃɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɦɟɧɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 12 cm ɢɡɧɚɞ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɚ. ɇɚ ɫɥɢɤɚɦɚ 1 ɢ 2 ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭɡɞɭɠɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ ɦɨɫɬɚ. 104

105

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. ɉɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ ɦɨɫɬɚ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. ɉɨɞɭɠɧɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ ɦɨɫɬɚ

Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ. Ɇɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɫɚ ɝɥɚɬɤɨɦ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɦ GA 240/360. Ʉɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɲɢɩɤɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɲɬɟɦɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɨɫɚɱɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨʂɢɦɚ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɚ 14 ɢɥɢ 15ø36 ɭ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɨʁɚ. ɍ ɬɪɟʄɟɦ ɫɥɨʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɥɢ ɩɟɬ ɲɢɩɤɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɲɢɩɤɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɧɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ʁɟ 3 cm, ɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɰɢ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɲɢɩɤɢ ɫɭ 3,6 cm. ɉɨɩɪɟɱɧɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ -ɭɡɟɧɝɢʁɟ ɫɭ ø12/20 cm. ɇɚ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɜɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ 34ø36 ɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɭ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲena jɟ ɩɪɨɜʁɟɪɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ. ɍ ɩɥɨɱɢ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ø12/10 ɭ ɨɛɚ ɫɦʁɟɪɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ ɩɨʂɢɦɚ. Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɧɢ ɫɥɨʁ ʁɟ 2 cm. ɍ ɤɪɚʁʃɢɦ ɩɨʂɢɦɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ʁɟ ø14/10 cm. ɍ ɨɛɚ ɫɦʁɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ʁɟ ø12/5 cm, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɭ ø12/5 i ø14/20 cm. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ɍɬɜɪɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɜɚɻɟʃɟɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɨɤɨ 10 cm ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ. ɍɤɭɩɧɨ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɚɻɟɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɤɟɪɧɚ. ɋɜɢ ɤɟɪɧɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɨɞɥɢɱɚɧ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɟɤɨ 50 MPa ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫʁɟɱɧɨ 55,51 MPa. Ɂɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɦɚɪɤɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ MB40. ɋɬɚʃɟ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ. ɍɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɞɥɨɤɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚʃɚ ɪʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɨɩɨɪɰɚ S3 ɡɚ 64 cm ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɢɯ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ 3,3 m ɨɞ ɩɨɬɨɧɭɥɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʁɟɥɚ ɥɨɦ. ɍ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɚɱɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɟ ɭ ɞɨʃɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɨɤɨ 1,5 - 2 cm, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɢʁɟɧɰɢɦɚ ɩʁɟɲɚɱɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɞɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɡɞɪɨɛʂɟɧ. ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɨʁ ɩɥɨɱɢ ʁɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɞɪɨɛʂɟʃɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɜɨɥɢɤɢɦ ɭɝɢɛɢɦɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɱɟʃɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɝɥɨɛɚ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ɭɡ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪʁɟɱɧɢ S2 ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɨɞ 2,35 m, ɨɞ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɟ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɟ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ, ɞɨɤ ɭ ɞɨʃɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɚɱɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɞɪɨɛʂɟʃɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɫɩɨʁɧɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɟɦ ɨɩɨɪɰɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱥɥɭɝɚɦɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚʃɚ ɫɬɭɛɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ ɞɟɮɨɦɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɪʁɟɱɧɢ ɫɬɭɛ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ Ⱥɥɭɝɚ ɫɥɟɝɚɨ ɡɚ ɨɤɨ 64 cm. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɧɢɜɟɥɟɬɟ ɤɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɧɢʁɟɫɭ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚɥɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɭɛ ɪɚɜɧɨɦʁɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɟɝɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɭɠɧɨɦ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɦʁɟɪɭ. Ⱦɨ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚʃɚ ɫɬɭɛɚ S3 ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɟ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢʁɟ ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɋɨʃɟʃɟɦ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɢ ɬɟɦɟʂɚ ɫɬɭɛɚ S3 ɩɨɞɥɨɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɭɛ ɨɫɥɚʃɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ ɫɬɨɩɟ.

3 ȽȿɈɌȿɏɇɂɑɄȿ ɄȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȿ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɅɈɄȺɐɂȳȿ ɆɈɋɌȺ ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɥɚɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɬɭ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɚ (S1, S2, S3) ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɨɥɢɝɨɦɢɨɰɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɢɜɢɦ ɬɚɧɤɨɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɬɢɦ ɢɫɩɭɰɚɥɢɦ ɥɚɩɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɢɦɚ, ɭɝʂɟɜɢɬɨ-ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɱɜɪɫɬɢɦ ɝɥɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɨʁɰɢɦɚ ɭɝʂɚ. ɉɪɟɤɨ ɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɚɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ ɨɞ 0,5 – 2,0 m. 106

ɋɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɨɥɢɝɨ-ɦɢɨɰɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ (ɥɚɩɨɪɰɢ, ɥɚɩɨɪɢ, ɥɚɩɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɝɥɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɨʁɰɢɦɚ ɭɝʂɚ) ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɭɜɪɫɬɢɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɥɚɛɨɩɪɨɩɭɫɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɭɫɧɢɯ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɚ ɤɚ Kf = 1x10-7 – 10-4 cm/s. ɉɪɨɰɢʁɟʃɟɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦʁɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɭɰɚɥɟ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɬɟ ɥɚɩɨɪɰɟ ɢ ɥɚɩɨɪɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɤɨɬɟ ɞɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ ɞɭɛɢɧɟ 5,7 m, ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɫɬɭɛɚ S3 ɫɭ: - ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɫɤɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɚ J = 20 kN/m3 - ɭɝɚɨ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɝ ɬɪɟʃɚ M = 25o - ɤɨɯɟɡɢʁɚ c = 40 kN/m2 - ɦɨɞɭɥ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ D = 500 – 700 MPa - ɛɪɡɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚʃɚ Vp ɬɚɥɚɫɚ Vp= 1800 m/s ɉɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ 8oMCS ɫɤɚɥɟ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɯɚɡɚɪɞɚ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɭɛɪɡɚʃɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʁ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɢ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ: a0(g)=0,14, ɡɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ T=475 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, (Eurocod-8) ɫɚ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ 70%. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɬɥɚ (Eurocod-8 EN 1998-1:204) ɫɬɢʁɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɬɟɦɟʂɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ Ⱥ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ, ɫɚ Vs>800 m/s. Ⱦɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɰɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɫɤɭ ɦɚɫɭ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɬɟɦɟʂɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ qa > 0,400 MPa, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚʃɚ ɡɟɧɟɦɚɪʂɢɜɚ.

4 PRORAýUN KONSTRUKCIJE ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟ. ɍɫɜɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɨɡɢɥɨ V600. ɋɜɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɭɪɚɻɟɧ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɨɧɭɥɨɝ ɪʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɡɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɫɥɢʁɟɝɚʃɟ ɨɞ 64 cm. Ⱦɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɥɨɦɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɪ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɩɪɟɦɚɲɭʁɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ. ɍ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɦʂɟɧɨɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ. ɍ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɥɨɦɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɭɛɚɱɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɝɥɨɛɨɜɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɧɨɜɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɚ ɡɝɥɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ. ɇɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɥɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɭ. Ɂɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɥɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɟ.

5 ɋȺɇȺɐɂɈɇɈ Ɋȳȿɒȿȵȿ Ɋʁɟɱɧɢ ɩɨɬɨɧɭɥɢ ɫɬɭɛ. ɉɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɟɧɭɬ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɡɨɧɭ ɫɬɭɛɚ.

107

Ɍɟɦɟʂ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɩɨɬɨɧɭɥɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɫɚɧɢɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟɦ. ɂɡɜɨɻɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɤɚɦɩɚɞɧɨ ɭɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚɧɟ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ, ɭɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɚɧɤɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʁɟɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɢʁɟɥɢɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟɦ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɢɦɚ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɡɝɥɨɛɚ ɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɨʁ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɬɨɧɨʄɚ ɪʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ, ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɩɨɞʁɟɥɟ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɨʁ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɭʁɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɭ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɟɞʃɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɭʁɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɭʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɭ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ. Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɛɥɚ 15x150 mm2 ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɭɠɚɞɢ ɨɞ ɱɟɥɢɤɚ, ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ 1670/1860 MPa. Ʉɚɛɥɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭɡ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɫɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɨʁ, ɚ ɭ ɩɨʂɢɦɚ ɭ ɞɨʃɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ. Ɍɪɚɫɚ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɚ. ɉɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɛɚɥ ɫɟ ɜɭɱɟ ɭɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɧɨɫɚɱɟ ɞɭɠ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɚ ɩɨʂɚ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɛɚɥ. ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ. ɇɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɥɨɦɢ ɬɪɚɫɚ ɤɚɛɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɟ ɰɢʁɟɜɢ, ɤɚɨ ɞɟɜɢʁɚɬɨɪɢ, ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɚ. Ʉɚɛɥɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɭ ɰɢʁɟɜɢ ɢ ɢʃɟɤɬɢɪɚʁɭ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɟɦɭɥɡɢʁɨɦ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɢɦ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɪʁɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɬɭɛɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɚɧɤɟɪɧɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɤɨɬɜɟ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɢɦ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɡɝɥɨɛɨɜɢ ɨʁɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɨɫɚɱɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɚ. Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɤɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟ ɫɦɢɱɭʄɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɧɢɜɟɥɟɬɚ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɭɥɟɝɧɭʄɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ȺȻ ɪɨɲɬɢʂɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɬɜɪɞɨɝ ɫɬɢɪɨɩɨɪɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɚɫɮɚɥɬɧɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ, ɩʁɟɫɤɚɪɟʃɟɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɛɨʂɟɝ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ɉɥɚɧ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɚ ɢ ȺȻ ɪɨɲɬɢʂ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 3.

5.1.

ɈɋɌȺɅɈ

Ʌɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ;: Ɉɜɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɫɚɧɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɦ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬʁ.: - Ɉɞɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɥɚɛɟ ɪɚɡɥɚɛɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɲɬɟɦɚʃɟɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɻɟ ɞɨ ɱɜɪɫɬɟ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ; - ɂɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɤɨɪɨɞɢɪɚɥɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɩʁɟɫɤɚɪɟʃɟɦ; - ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɨɡɢɨɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ; - ɇɚɧɢʁɟɬɢ ɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɢ ɦɚɥɬɟɪ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨʄɟ ɡɪɧɚ ɭɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɚ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. Ɉɛɚɥɧɢ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢ; ɂɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɝ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɡɟɥɟʃɟɜɚʃɟɦ. ȿɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɫɚɧɢɪɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɢ.

108

109

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3. ɉɥɚɧ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɚ ɢ ȺȻ ɪɨɲɬɢʂ

Ɉɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ; Ɉɝɪɚɞɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ ɢ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɭ ɞɚɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 4. ɉʁɟɲɚɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɨɞ ɛɨɦɚɧɢɬɟ, ɚ ɢɜɢɱʃɚɰɢ ɨɞ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɟ ɩɚ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɦɢʁɟɧɢɬɢ. ɇɨɜɟ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɟɥɚɫɬɨɦʁɟɪɧɟ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ +50 mm. ɏɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɡɧɟ ɩɥɨɱɟ, ɭɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɩʁɟɫɤɚɪɟɧɨʁ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɞɥɨɡɢ. ɉɪɢɦɢʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɢɬɭɦɢɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɢ ɟɥɚɫɬɨɦʁɟɪɚ. ɉɪɟɤɨ ɯɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɚɫɮɚɥɬ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ 3+4 cm sa odgovorajuüom signalizacijom. ɉɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ; ɋɜɟ ɜɢɞɧɟ ɛɨɱɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ (ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɟ) ɨɩʁɟɫɤɚɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɨɡɢɨɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɨɡɢɨɧɢɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭ ɛɨʁɢ ɩɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɨɪɢɬɨ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ; Ʉɨɪɢɬɨ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɧɚɝɨɦɢɥɚɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɲɢɛʂɚ. ɍɡ ɨɛɚɥɧɟ ɨɩɨɪɰɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɨɪɢɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭɡ ɞɟɫɧɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɰ ɝɞʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɚɱɚʁ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4. Ⱦɟɬɚʂ ɨɝɪɚɞɟ

6 ɂɁȼɈȭȿȵȿ ɊȺȾɈȼȺ Ɋɚɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɨɫɬɭ ɢɡɜɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɟ ɂȽɉ "ɎɂȾɂȳȺ" ɢɡ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɟɦ ɋɂɇɌȿɄ ɢɡ ɋɤɨɩʂɚ. Ɋɚɞɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɩɭɲɬɟɧ ɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɢɦ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɪɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɟ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ. 110

ɉɨɪɟɞ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɧ. Ƚɨɪʃɢ ɫɬɪɨʁ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɯɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ, ɚɫɮɚɥɬ, ɩʁɟɲɚɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɡɟ, ɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɜʁɟɬʂɟʃɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɢ. ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɥ. 5 ɢ 6.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4. ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 5. ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ 111

7 ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɨɧɨʄɚ ɪʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʁ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭɡ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ʁɚɤɨ ɟɪɨɡɢɨɧɨ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɚ Ʌɢɦɚ, ɫɬɢʁɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɚɫɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚɧɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɨɧɭʄɚ ɪʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ ɡɚ 64 cm. Ɂɚ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɦ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢʁɟɧɟ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɚ. Ɇɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɧ. ɍɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩʁɟɲɚɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɡɟ, ɨɫɜʁɟɬʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɮɚɪɛɚʃɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ. ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ [1] [2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

112

ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ Ɋ.: Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɇɢɤɚ ɋɬɪɭɝɚɪɚ ɭ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚɦɚ. ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ Ɋ., Ɇɢʁɭɲɤɨɜɢʄ Ɉ., Ʉɚɩɨɪ ȼ, ɋɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɉɱɢʃɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ - Ʉɨɥɚɲɢɧ, ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ - ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ, ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ISBN 86-82707-13-6 (ɤʃɢɝɚ 2), ɫɬɪ. 669-676, ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ -Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɢ, ɀɚɛʂɚɤ 20-24 ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 2006. ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ Ɋ., Ʉɚɩɨɪ ȼ, ɋɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ Ʌɢɦ ɤɨɞ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ Ɇɚɪɫɟɧɢʄɚ, ɩɟɬɨ ɫɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɟ: Ɉɰɟɧɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ISBN 987-86-904089-3-1, str. 91-96, ɂɌ - ɋɚɜɟɡ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɚɪɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ɂɥɚɬɢɛɨɪ, 29. ɦɚʁ - 1. ʁɭɧɢ 2007. ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ Ɋ., Ɂɟʁɚɤ Ɋ., Ɋɢɫɬɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ȼ, Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ Ʉɭɮɢɧ 1 ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ Ȼɭɞɜɚ - Ȼɚɪ, GNP 2008, Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ - ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ISBN 978-86-82707-15-8 (ɤʃɢɝɚ2), ɫɬɪ. 949-954, ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɢ, ɀɚɛʂɚɤ 03-07 ɦɚɪɬ 2008. ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ Ɋ., Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ ȳ., Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ Ɋ., Ɇɚɬɢʁɚɲɟɜɢʄ ɋ, ɉɪɚɲɱɟɜɢʄ ȼ, Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ „Ɇɨʁɤɨɜɚɰ", GNP 2010, Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ - ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ - ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ISBN 978-86-82707-18-9 (ɤʃɢɝɚ 1), ɫɬɪ. 365-370, ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɢ, ɀɚɛʂɚɤ 15-19 ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 2010. ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ Ɋ, Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɚ ɀɟɠɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ Ɇɨɪɚɱɟ ɭ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɢ, Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ - ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ, ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɚ ɀɟɠɟʂɚ, ISBN (978-86-8208-116-6), Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɫɬɪ. 261-266, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɥɆɋ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 28-29 ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2010. ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ Ɋ., Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ ȳ., Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ Ɋ., ɉɟʁɨɜɢʄ ȳ., Ɇɚɬɢʁɚɲɟɜɢʄ ɋ., ɉɪɚɲɱɟɜɢʄ ȼ., Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɞɜɨɠʃɚɤɚ ɭ ɭɥ. Ȼɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɢ, ɋɟɞɦɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɜɚʃɟ: Ɉɰʁɟɧɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ISBN 978-86-914089-18-9 -3, ɫɬɪ 203-208, ɂɌ-ɫɚɜɟɡ ɢɧɠɢʃɟɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɚɪɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ɂɥɚɬɢɛɨɪ, 9-11 ɦɚʁ 2011.

Ⱦɟʁɚɧ ȴɭɛɢɫɚɜʂɟɜɢʄ1, Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȳɚɤɲɢʄ2

ɍɌɂɐȺȳ ɍɇɈɋȺ ɇɍɌɊɂȳȿɇȺɌȺ ȽɅȺȼɇɂɆ ɌɈɄɈɆ ɂ ɉɊɂɌɈɄȺɆȺ ɇȺ ɋɌȺȵȿ ɌɊɈɎɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɈȾȿ ɍ ȺɄɍɆɍɅȺɐɂȳɂ ȻɈɑȺɐ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ɋɚɞɨɦ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɧɨɫ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɬɭ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ȼɪɛɚɫ ɩɪɢ ɭɥɚɫɤɭ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ Ȼɨɱɚɰ, ɬɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɚ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ ɍɝɚɪ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɚɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ Ȼɨɱɚɰ. Ⱦɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɧɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɫɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ Ȼɨɱɚɰ ɡɚ 2007. ɝɨɞɢɧɭ, ɫɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɦ ɭɡɪɨɰɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɛɪɨʁɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɟɮɟɤɚɬɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɬɢ, ɟɭɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.

INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENTS INPUT THROUGH MAIN RIVERBED AND TRIBUTARIES ON STATE OF EUTROPHICATION OF BOýAC ACCUMULATION Summary: This work considers influence of nutrients input through Vrbas riverbed at the entrance of Boþac accumulation, and by tributaries Crna rijeka i Ugar. The state of eutrophication of water in these rivers is analyzed as well as the consequence of nutrients input by these rivers on eutrophication of Lake Boþac. The comparison is made between analyzed state of eutrophication in Lake Boþac and the same one which was determined in year 2007, with conclusions based on trend of this phenomenon and possible causes. According to analyzed causes some of the solutions for lake protection are given which can either prevent the formation of this process or reduce the unwanted effects. Key words: nutrients, eutrophication, trophic state index.

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ɉɪɨɮ.ɞɪ, ɞɢɩɥ.ɝɪɚɻ.ɢɧɠ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, e-mail: [email protected] Ɇɪ. ɞɢɩɥ.ɝɪɚɻ.ɢɧɠ, Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭka, e-mail: [email protected]

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1. ɍȼɈȾ ɍ ʁɟɡɟɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɰɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɦɚɥɢɦ ɛɪɡɢɧɚɦɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɚɥɝɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨʁɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ (ɟɩɢɥɢɦɧɢɭɦɭ). Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɝɪɭɩɢɲɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɟ (ɫɨɥɚɪɧɚ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɰɢʁɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ,..); ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɲɤɟ (ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɬɥɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫ ɟɩɢɥɢɦɧɢɭɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɯɢɩɨɥɢɦɧɢɭɦɭ,..) ɢ ɛɢɨɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɟ (ɞɨɬɨɤ ɧɭɬɪɢɟɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ); ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɨɜɢ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɚɥɝɢ. ɇɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɚɥɝɢ ɫɭ ɚɡɨɬ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ (Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Na i sl.). Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɚɥɝɟ ɚɭɬɨɬɪɨɮɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢ, ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ (ɭɝʂɟɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɢɡ CO2 ɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɢɡ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬɢ), ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɬɢ ɫɭ ɚɡɨɬ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ. Ɂɟɥɟɧɟ ɚɥɝɟ (ɟɭɤɚɪɢɨɬɢ) ɢ ɦɨɞɪɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɟ ɚɥɝɟ (ɩɪɨɤɚɪɢɨɬɢ) ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɭ ɟɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ, ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ʁɟɡɟɪɫɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɥɭɱɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ (ɰɢʁɚɧɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɢ) ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɦɨɪɚ ɪɢɛɟ ɢ ɬɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɬɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɟɠɟʂɚɧ ɟɮɟɤɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ʁɟɡɟɪɫɤɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɞɢʁɟɜɚʃɟ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚʁɚʄɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ „ɍɪɟɞɛɚ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ“ [1], ɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ (ɩɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬ ɜɨɞɟ ɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɋɟɤɢ-ɞɢɫɤɨɦ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɤɢɫɟɨɧɢɤ, ɭɤɭɩɧɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥ „ɚ“) ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɪɨɮɢʁɟ: ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɚɧ, ɦɟɡɨɬɪɨɮɚɧ, ɭɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɚɧ, ɟɭɬɪɨɮɚɧ ɢ ɯɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɚɧ. Carlson [2] ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ ɡɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɍɋɂ), ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɡɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ: ɩɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬ ɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɟɤɢ-ɞɢɫɤɨɦ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɚ "ɚ". Ɂɛɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɤɚ ɫɤɚɥɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1).

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Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1. ɋɤɚɥɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʃɟɦɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ, ɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ Ɍɋɂ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ

ɋɟɤɢ-ɞɢɫɤ (ɦ)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0,5 0,25 0,12 0,062

ɍɤɭɩɚɧ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ (ɦɝ/ɦ3) 0,75 1,5 3 6 12 24 48 96 192 384 768

ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥ „a” (ɦɝ/ɦ3) 0,04 0,12 0,34 0,94 2,6 6,4 20 56 154 427 1183

Ɍɪɨɮɢɱɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɚɧ (0-40) ɦɟɡɨɬɪɨɮɚɧ (40-50) ɟɭɬɪɨɮɚɧ (51-65) ɯɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɚɧ (>65)

2. ɋɌȺȵȿ ɌɊɈɎɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ȺɄɍɆɍɅȺɐɂȳȿ ȻɈɑȺɐ ɍ 2007. ȽɈȾɂɇɂ ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ȿɥɟɡ ɢ ɞɪ. [3] ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ Ȼɨɱɚɰ ɡɚ 2007. ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. ɍɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɭɡɨɪɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɦʁɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ ɞɭɠ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ (Ȼ0, Ȼ1, Ȼ2, Ȼ3, Ȼ4 ɢ Ȼ5), ɬɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ: ɩɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬ ɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɟɤɢ-ɞɢɫɤɨɦ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɚ „ɚ“, ɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ Ȼɨɱɚɰ. ɍɡɨɪɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɦɚ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɭ 4 ɫɟɪɢʁɟ, ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 23.05.2007. ɞɨ 19.09.2007. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɟɤɢ-ɞɢɫɤɨɦ, ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 24 ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ, ɢ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɍɋɂ) ɧɚ ɛɚɡɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɫɟɤɢ-ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ Ɍɋɂ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɨɞ 53,0 ɫɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɨʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ 52,1 ɞɨ 53,9 (Į= 0,05, ǻX=0,9). ɍɡɨɪɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ, ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɚ „ɚ“, ɧɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɦɚ, ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɛɢɥɨ 58 ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ. ɋɪɟɞʃɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ Ɍɋɂ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ 57,2 ɫɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ 55,7 ɞɨ 58,7, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɨɜɨɝ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɡɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥ „ɚ“ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ 49,1 ɫɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɨɞ 45,8 ɞɨ 52,4. Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɢɦɚ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɟɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɦɚ.

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3. ɈɐȳȿɇȺ ɌɊɈɎɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ɊɂȳȿɄȿ ȼɊȻȺɋ (ɍɁȼɈȾɇɈ) ɂ ɉɊɂɌɈɄȺ ɐɊɇȺ ɊɂȳȿɄȺ ɂ ɍȽȺɊ ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ „Ⱥɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɨɝ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɋɚɜɟ”. Ɂɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɟ ȼɪɛɚɫ (ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ) ɢ ɐɪɧɭ ɪɢʁɟɤɭ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɭɡɨɪɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɭ 2007. ɢ 2008. ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɨ 4 ɫɟɪɢʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ (ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 8 ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ), ɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɍɝɚɪ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ 4 ɫɟɪɢʁɟ ɭ 2005. ɢ 3 ɫɟɪɢʁɟ ɭ 2007. ɝɨɞɢɧɢ (ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 7 ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ). Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ, ɫɜɚ ɭɡɨɪɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɦɚʁɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ. ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɭ Ɍɚɛɟɥɚɦɚ 2-4. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɭ ȼɪɛɚɫ (ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ) ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɇɢɬɪɢɬɧɢ ɇɢɬɪɚɬɧɢ ɍɤɭɩɧɢ ɍɤɭɩɧɢ Ⱥɦɨɧɢʁɚɱɧɢ ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɚɡɨɬ ɚɡɨɬ ɚɡɨɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɚɡɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ (ɝ/ɦ3) (ɝ/ɦ3) ɩɨ Ʉʁɟɥɞɚɥɭ (ɝ/ɦ3) 3 (ɝ/ɦ ) (ɝ/ɦ3) Xsr 0,085 0,007 0,520 0,780 0,023 St.Dev. 0,059 0,002 0,052 0,273 0,009 ǻX (Į=0,05) 0,041 0,001 0,036 0,189 0,006 ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɍɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ, ɢ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɢɡ Ɍɚɛɟɥɟ 2. ɫɚ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɜɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ ȼɪɛɚɫ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ 1. ɢɥɢ 2. ɤɥɚɫɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɚɡɨɬ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɨɜɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ 2. ɤɥɚɫɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɭ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɇɢɬɪɢɬɧɢ ɇɢɬɪɚɬɧɢ ɍɤɭɩɧɢ ɍɤɭɩɧɢ Ⱥɦɨɧɢʁɚɱɧɢ ɚɡɨɬ ɚɡɨɬ ɚɡɨɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɚɡɨɬ 3 3 ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ (ɝ/ɦ ) (ɝ/ɦ ) ɩɨ Ʉʁɟɥɞɚɥɭ (ɝ/ɦ3) (ɝ/ɦ3) 3 (ɝ/ɦ ) Xsr 0,080 0,025 1,226 0,963 0,306 St.Dev. 0,041 0,010 0,294 0,433 0,134 ǻX (Į=0,05) 0,028 0,007 0,204 0,300 0,093 ɉɪɟɦɚ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 3., ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ 2. ɤɥɚɫɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɍɨɱʂɢɜ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɨɜɚʁ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɭ 5. ɤɥɚɫɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ.

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Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 4. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɭ ɍɝɚɪ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɇɢɬɪɢɬɧɢ ɇɢɬɪɚɬɧɢ ɍɤɭɩɧɢ ɍɤɭɩɧɢ Ⱥɦɨɧɢʁɚɱɧɢ ɚɡɨɬ ɚɡɨɬ ɚɡɨɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɚɡɨɬ (ɝ/ɦ3) (ɝ/ɦ3) ɩɨ Ʉʁɟɥɞɚɥɭ (ɝ/ɦ3) ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ 3 (ɝ/ɦ ) (ɝ/ɦ3) Xsr 0,049 0,003 0,463 0,833 0,021 St.Dev. 0,048 0,002 0,125 0,399 0,011 ǻX (Į=0,05) 0,036 0,001 0,093 0,296 0,008 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɍɝɚɪ ɫɟ ɫɜɪɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ 1. ɢɥɢ 2. ɤɥɚɫɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ 2. ɤɥɚɫɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. ɍ ɰɢʂɭ ɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ. ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɭ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 5. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 5. ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ Ɍɋɂ Ɍɋɂ Ɍɋɂ ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɍɝɚɪ ȼɪɛɚɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ (ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ) Xsr 48,4 84,7 46,0 St.Dev. 5,5 9,4 8,1 ǻX (Į=0,05) 3,8 6,5 5,6 ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɭ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 5. ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɰɢ ȼɪɛɚɫ ɢ ɍɝɚɪ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɟɡɨɬɪɨɮɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɯɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɚɧ. Carlson [2] ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚ, ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɟʂ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɚɥɝɢ, ɬɟ ɫ ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɭʁɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨ, ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɜɟʄɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɚɥɝɢ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ.

4. ɍɌɂɐȺȳ ɌɊɈɎɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɊɂɌɈɄȺ ɇȺ ɋɌȺȵȿ ɌɊɈɎɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ȺɄɍɆɍɅȺɐɂȳȿ ȻɈɑȺɐ Ⱥɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɨɱɚɰ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ȼɪɛɚɫ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɬɨɤɭ, ɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 66 ɦ ɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ 220 ɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɞɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɭ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 6. ȼɨɞɨɬɨɰɢ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ ɍɝɚɪ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ.

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Ʉ.ɇ.ɍ. (ɦ.ɧ.ɦ) 282,00

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 6. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ Ȼɨɱɚɰ Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɉɪɨɫʁɟɱ. Ʉɨɬɚ ɦɢɧ. Vɭɤ. Vɤɨɪ. Vɦɪ. ɚɤɭɦ. ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɚɞ.ɧɢɜɨɚ (ɦ3) (ɦ3) (ɦ3) (kɦ) (ɦ) (ɦ.ɧ.ɦ) 254,00 52,1x106 42,9x106 9,5x106 17,5 22,6

ɉɨɜɪɲ. ɚɤɭɦ. (ɯɚ) 233,45

ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɤɨɪɢɬɨɦ ɨɜɢɯ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɨɰʁɟɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ȼɪɛɚɫ (ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ), ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ, ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ʁɟ ɭɪɚɻɟɧ ɫɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ ɜɢɲɟɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɢɦ ɢɡ ȼɨɞɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ȼɪɛɚɫ [4]. ɋɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢɲɟɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɰɚʁ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ȼɪɛɚɫ (ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ) ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 59,9 ɦ3/ɫ, ɡɚ ɐɪɧɭ ɪɢʁɟɤɭ 4,0 ɦ3/ɫ, ɚ ɡɚ ɍɝɚɪ 6,9 ɦ3/ɫ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɤɨɬɚɦɚ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɚʁ-ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2007. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɫɩɨɪɚ. - ɋɪɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ Ɍɫɪ= Vɤɧɭ / Qɫɪ,ɭɤ = 42,9x106 / 70,8 = 605 932,2 ɫ = 7 ɞɚɧɚ - Ɇɚɫɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ȼɨɞɨɬɨɤ ȼɪɛɚɫ: Qɦɚɫ = Qɫɪ x Cɮɨɫ,ɫɪ = 59,9 x 0,023 = 1,378 ɝ/ɫ ȼɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɐɪɧɚ Ɋɢʁɟɤɚ: Qɦɚɫ = Qɫɪ x Cɮɨɫ,ɫɪ = 4,0 x 0,306 = 1,224 ɝ/ɫ ȼɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɍɝɚɪ: Qɦɚɫ = Qɫɪ x Cɮɨɫ,ɫɪ = 6,9 x 0,021 = 0,145 ɝ/ɫ ɍɤɭɩɚɧ ɦɚɫɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ: Qɦɚɫ,ɭɤ = 2,747 ɝ/ɫ - ɍɧɨɫ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɨɬɨɤɚ Ɇɮɨɫ = Qɦɚɫ,ɭɤ x Ɍɫɪ = 2,747 x 7 x 86400 = 1661385,6 ɝ - Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ Cɮɨɫ,ɚɤ = Ɇɮɨɫ / Vɭɤ = 1661385,6 / 52100000,0 = 0,032 ɝ/ɦ3 = 32 ɦɝ/ɦ3 ɂɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɞɚɬɨʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 54,2 ɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ Ȼɨɱɚɰ.

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5. ɆɈȽɍȶȺ ɊȳȿɒȿȵȺ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ȳȿɁȿɊȺ ɈȾ ȿɍɌɊɈɎɂɄȺɐɂȳȿ ɂ ȿɎɂɄȺɋɇɈɋɌ ɉɈȳȿȾɂɇɂɏ ɉɊɈɐȿɋȺ ɌɊȿɌɆȺɇȺ ȼɈȾȿ ɁȺ ɉɂȶȿ ɍ ɉɊȿɑɂɒȶȺȼȺȵɍ ȺɅȽɂ ɂ ɆɂɄɊɈɐɂɋɌɂɇȺ ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɚɥɝɢ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɢɦɚ ɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɟɮɟɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ (ɰɢʁɚɧɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɢ, ɦɢɪɢɫ, ɨɤɭɫ,..) ɜɪɲɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ, ɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɚ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɝɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɚ, ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ. ɉɪɟɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɜɪɫɬɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɟ (ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ, ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɮɚɪɦɢ ɡɚ ɭɡɝɨʁ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɪɢɛɨɝɨʁɢɥɢɲɬɚ) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɟ/ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɧɟ (ɢɫɩɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ - ɻɭɛɪɢɜɚ, ɭɧɨɫ ɢɡ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɪɨɡɢɨɧɨɝ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɟ, ɭɧɨɫ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ). ɉɪɨɰʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɞ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɨɬɩɚɞɚ 80% ɞɨɤ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɨɞ 20% ɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟɦ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɧɬɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɢ ɚɥɢɦɢɧɢʁɭɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɟʂɟɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɤɪɟɱɚ. Ɇʁɟɪɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ: ɩɪɨɦɨɰɢʁɭ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞʃɟ, ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ɢɡ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɲɭɦɚɦɚ. ɍɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɧɭɬɪɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɚ Ɂɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɚɥɝɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɭɡɪɨɤɟ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɛɪɨʁɚɧɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɨɞ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɯ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ [5]: ƒ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɬɢɱɟ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɨ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ (ɞɨ 2 ɦ3/ɫ) ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɱɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɮɢɥɬɪɢɪɚʃɚ (ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ: Wahnbach ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɚɪ, ȵɟɦɚɱɤɚ), ƒ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɜʁɟɲɬɚɱɤɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ (ɩɭɦɩɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɭɜɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ) ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɚ ɚɥɝɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɢɡɦʁɟɧɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɡɨɧɭ ɫɚ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɨɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬɢ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɨɪɚɫɬ (ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ: Biesbosch ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɚɪ, ɏɨɥɚɧɞɢʁɚ), ƒ ɩɪɟɰɢɩɢɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɪɟɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɚɥɝɢ. ɍɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭɛɚɰɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɥɭɦɢɧɢʁɭɦ-ɫɭɥɮɚɬɚ ɭ ɯɢɩɨɥɢɦɧɢɭɦ (ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ: ɫɥɢɜ Cobbossee, ɋȺȾ) ƒ ɩɨɫɢɩɚʃɟɦ ɚɥɝɢɰɢɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɚɤɚɪɧɢ ɫɭɥɮɚɬ (CaSO4), ɩɨ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ, ɜɟɨɦɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʁɭ ɠɢɜɟ ʄɟɥɢʁɟ ɚɥɝɢ. Ⱦɨɡɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɬɜɪɞɨʄɟ ɜɨɞɟ (ɡɚ ɚɥɤɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ 50 ɦɝ/ɥ CaCO3 ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɞɨɡɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 1 ɦɝ/ɥ CaSO4 ɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɞ 0,6 ɦ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɭ 119

ʁɟɡɟɪɚ). ɇɟɠɟʂɟɧɢ ɟɮɟɤɚɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ CaSO4 ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɪɢɛɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɠɢɜɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ƒ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɭɝʂɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɯɭ (PAC), ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɡɟɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɱ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɚɥɝɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɫɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɭɝʂɚ ɡɚ ɟɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ (ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ). ɉɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ ɍ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 7. ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ, ɭɱɢɧɚɤ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ, ɧɚ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɭ ɚɥɝɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɫɬɢɧɚ (ɜɪɫɬɚ ɰɢʁɚɧɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ). Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 7. ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɭɱɢɧɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ ɧɚ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɭ ɚɥɝɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɫɬɢɧɚ Ɉɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ1 ȼɪɫɬɚ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɚ Ʉɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ ȶɟɥɢʁɟ ɚɥɝɢ Ɇɢɤɪɨɰɢɫɬɢɧ ɋɩɨɪɢ ɮɢɥɬɟɪɢ § 99% ȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ȿɮɟɤɬɧɨ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɟ ɭ ʄɟɥɢʁɚɦɚ; ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɫɬɢɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɦɚ ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɨɞ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɮɢɥɬɟɪɚ Ȼɪɡɢ ɮɢɥɬɟɪɢ >60% 90% 85% Ɂɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟ ɞɨɡɟ (PAC) (>20 ɦɝ/ɥ) ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɭɝɚʂ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɚɦɚ >60% >80% Ɂɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ (GAC) ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ (EBCT), ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ 120

Ȼɢɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɭɝɚʂ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɚɦɚ

>60%

>90%

ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ-ɨɡɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ

ȼɟɨɦɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɩʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ

Ɇɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɢɜɨɚ

ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ-ɯɥɨɪɢɫɚʃɟ

ȼɟɨɦɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɩʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ

ɍɡɪɨɤɭʁɟ ɪɚɡɚɪɚʃɟ ʄɟɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɬɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɚ

Ɉɡɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ (ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɚɥɨɠɟʃɚ)

-

>98%

ɏɥɨɪɢɫɚʃɟ (ɧɚɤɨɧ ɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ)

-

>80%

ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɭɛɪɡɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɥɨɦ ɮɢɥɬɟɪɚ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɤɥɚʃɚ ʄɟɥɢʁɟ ɚɥɝɢ ɂɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɡɚ GAC, ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɩʁɟɲɭʁɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɮɢɥɬɟɪɚ

Ʉɨɪɢɫɧɚ ɭ ɦɚɥɢɦ ɞɨɡɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ, ɪɢɡɢɤ ɨɞ ɨɬɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɭ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɭ Ʉɨɪɢɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ʄɟɥɢʁɚ ɚɥɢ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɚɤɨ ʄɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧ ɭɤɥɨɧɢɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɟ

Ȼɪɡɨ ɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɟ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɭ ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɯɥɨɪ >0.5 ɦɝ/ɥ, ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ 30 ɦɢɧ, ɩɪɢ PH8

ɂɡɜɨɪ: Chorus and Bertram [6] 1 Ɉɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ɚɩɥɢɰɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɨɡɚɦɚ ɢ PH ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɭ. 121

6. ȾɂɋɄɍɋɂȳȺ ɂ ɁȺɄȴɍɑɐɂ ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɟ ɍɝɚɪ ɢ ȼɪɛɚɫ (ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ) ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɟɡɨɬɪɨɮɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ. Ⱦɭɩɥɨ ɜɟʄɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɚɥɝɢ ɢɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤ ɐɪɧɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ʁɟ ɨɰʁɟʃɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɯɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɚɧ. ɍɡ ɭɜɚɠɟʃɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɚ ɚɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ, ɢɩɚɤ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ Ȼɨɱɚɰ. Ⱦɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɚ) ɨɞ 54,2, ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɟʃɢɦɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ, ɫɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɦ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ 57,2. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɭɡɪɨɤɟ ɟɭɬɪɨɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ ɩɪɢɞɚʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʃɭ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɭ ɐɪɧɨʁ ɪɢʁɟɰɢ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨɦ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ, ɧɚɫɥɭʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ Ȼɨɱɚɰ ɧɚ ɦɟɡɨɬɪɨɮɚɧ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɐɪɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɨ ɧɚ 4. ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭ ( m @

...................................................................(6) 2º

l1 ˜ l6  l3 ˜ l4 d 300 ª m ¬ ¼ -ɍɫɥɨɜɢ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ 200 d Apod

193

l6

l2  l4

l1

l3  l5

...................................................................................................(7)

l2 , l3 , l4 , l5 t 4 > m @

-Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ (ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɨɡɨɪ/ɡɢɞ) 0.25 d ri  0.65 .....................................................................................................(8) - Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɭɤɭɩɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɝɪɟʁɧɢɯ ɬɟɥɚ - ɋɭɦɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɭɱɟɲʄɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ gj ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ 1.

3.

ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɐɢʂ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɜɢɲɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɫɤɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɡɚ ɭɲɬɟɞɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɥɚɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩʁɭɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ. ɁȺɏȼȺɅɇɈɋɌ: ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɭ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɬɟɯɧɨ¬ɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɌɊ 36017 ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ: "ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɤɥɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɢɦɚ, ɫɚ ɨɰɟɧɨɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ, ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɩɪɨɦɨɰɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ".

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ [1] [2] [3]

[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

[9]

[10]

194

Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, http://www.cres.gr/kape/index_eng.htm Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Reliability and Maintainability Guideline for Manufacturing Machinery and Equipment, M-110.2, Warrendale, PA, 1999 A. Bolattürk:"Determination of optimum insulation thickness for building walls with respect to various fuels and climate zones in Turkey", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 26, 2006, pp. 1301–1309 LG. Caldas, LK. Norford:"A design optimization tool based on a genetic algorithm", Automation in Construction, Vol. 11, 2002, pp.173–184 TT. Chow, GQ, Zhang, Z. Lin, CL. Song:" Global optimization of absorption chiller system by genetic algorithm and neural network", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 34, No.1, 2002, pp. 103–109 M. Adamski:"Optimization of the form of a building on an oval base". Building and Environment, Vol. 42, 2007, pp.1632–1643 W.Marks: "Multicriteria optimization of shape of energy-saving buildings", Building and Environment, Vol. 37, No.4, 1997, pp. 331–39 S. Owczarek:"Vector model for calculation of solar radiation intensity and sums incident on tilted surfaces. Identification for the three sky condition in Warsaw", Renewable Energy, Vol.11, No.1,1997, pp.77-96 H. Jedrzejuk, W. Marks:" Optimization of shape and functional structure of buildings as well as heat source utilisation. Partial problems solution", Building and Environment, Vol.37, 2002, pp. 1037–1043 Gh. A. Kamali, I. Moradi, A. Khalili:" Estimating solar radiation on tilted surfaces with various orientations: a study case in Karaj (Iran)", Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 84, 2006, pp. 235–241

ɀɚɧɟɫɚ ȴɟɜɨ1 , Ɋɚɲɢɞ ɏɚʇɢʄ2

ɉɊɂɅɈȽ ɋɉȿɐɂɎɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ȽɊȺȭȿȼɂɇɋɄɂɏ ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌȺ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɋɜɚɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɧ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ - ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢɯ, ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɰɢʂ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɧɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɚɧ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɫɬɢ ɛɢɨ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ, ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɦ, ɮɚɡɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɰɢʂɟɜɢ, ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢ.

SPECIFICITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Summary: Every construction project is a complex undertaking that includes solving technological - technical, organizational, financial, legal, sociological and other tasks. The final project objective is build and equip the facility which will meet all the functions which have been designed and each of them is unique and specific. It is therefore necessary to manage construction projects in all its stages for it to be successful finished, that all the objectives and requirements are met. Key words: Construction project, project management, construction phase of the project, the specific construction project, the objectives, requirements.

1

ȼɢɲɢ ɚɫɫ., Ɇɪ.ɫɰ.,ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɝ.ɝɪɚɻ., ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ – Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ

2

ɍɧɢɜɟɪ. ɩɪɨɮ.., ɞɪ.ɫɰ.,ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɝ.ɝɪɚɻ., ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ – Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ

195

1. ȾȿɎɂɇɂɐɂȳȿ, ɄȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȿ ɂ ɈɋɈȻɂɇȿ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌȺ Ɋɢʁɟɱ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ projectumodprojicere ''bacitiispred''. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɲɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɨ. ɍ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɫɭ ɞɚɬɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ: ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɜɨɞɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɟ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬ ʁɟ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬ, ɡɚɨɤɪɭɠɟɧ, ɜɢɲɟɫɥɨʁɚɧ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ ɱɢʁɢɦ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɰɢʂ, ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɭɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɭɜʁɟɬɟ (ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɟ, ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ,....). Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɟ (The International Standards Organization ISO 8402) ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɤɚɨ '' ɧɢɡ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɨɦ, ɜɨɻɟɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɝ ɰɢʂɚ, ɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢɦɚ''. ''ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɰɢʂ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɫɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨ ɰɢʂɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ, ɚ ɞɚʂʃɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɰɢʂɚ. Ɍɨ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨʁɦɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɪɚʄɚɦɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɟɦ:ɰɢʂ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɪɨɡ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɫɤɭɩ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ, ɤɨɧɚɱɚɧ ɰɢʂ. (ɫɥɢɤɚ 1.)'' [3]

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1 - ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ[3] Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɭ: - ʁɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɚɧ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ ɰɢʂ, ɧɚɦʁɟɧɭ, ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɪɚʁ; - ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɭ; - ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ, ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɰɢʂɭ; - ɢɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ; - ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ; - ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɧɡɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪɚ; 196

- ɭɬɟɦɟʂɭʁɟ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɢ; - ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ; - ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ, ɠɟʂɟɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ. [1] [2] ''Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ: - ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɜɚɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ, ɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɟ; - ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ, ɤɚɨ ɧɩɪ.ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢʁɢ; - ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ. ȳɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɢʁɟʃɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɚ.'' [1] ''ɋɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ, ɨɛɢɦ, ɪɨɤɨɜɟ, ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɢ ɞɪ. ɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ.'' [4] Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ: - ɐɂȴ - ɫɜɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɦɟɧɚʇɦɟɧɬɚ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ. - ɊɈɄɈȼɂ - ɫɜɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɬɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. - ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɋɌ - ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɚ, ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚʄɢ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɢɬɢ ɪɨɤɨɜɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɥɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ. - ɈȻɂɆ ɂ ɉɊɂɊɈȾȺ ɁȺȾȺɌɄȺ - ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ ɪɨɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɭɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. - ɊȿɋɍɊɋɂ - ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɟ (ʂɭɞɟ, ɨɩɪɟɦɭ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɬɞ.) ɡɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ. Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢ, ɰɢʂ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ. - ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɈɇȺ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ - ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚ ɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɨʁ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ. - ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɂ ɂ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɇɂ ɋɂɋɌȿɆ - ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚ, ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɡɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ.

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2. ɄȺɌȿȽɈɊɂɁȺɐɂȳȺ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌȺ ɍ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɪɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɦɚ. ɉ. ȭɭɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ [5] ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɞɢʁɟɥɢ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ: ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɪɚɞʃɟ (ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ, ҏɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ), ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɚ. ɀ. ɉɪɚɲɱɟɜɢʄ [6] ɩɨɞʁɟɥɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ:ҏ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ (ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɟ, ɪɚɡɜɨʁɧɟ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ):ҏ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɚ (ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɤɟ); ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ (ʁɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ). Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ, ʁɟɪ ɤɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɚ, ɪɢɡɢɤ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɨɫɬ. Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɬɢ, ɨɧ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: - ''ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢ; - ɩɪɚɜɨɞɨɛɧɨ, ɬʁ. ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɨ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɭ. Ɍɚʁ ɪɨɤ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɚɧ, ɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɭɬ ɧɢ ɦɨɝɭʄ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɟ. Ɍɨɤ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ ɬɪɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɟ: ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ, ɬɪɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ. Ʉɪɚʁ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ: ɞɚɧ ɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɨɧ, ɞɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɨɩɪɟɞɚʁɟ, ɞɚɧ ɭɫɟʂɟʃɚ, ɞɚɧ ɞɨɜɪɲɟʃɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ, ɚɥɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ; - ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɪɟɤɬɧɨ, ɬʁ. ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ, ɧɨɪɦɚɦɚ ɢ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɟ ɬɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɢʄɢɦɚ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɢɦɚ, ɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɨ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɭ; ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ, ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɱɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ), ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨʁɚɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɭɤɭɩɚɧ ɢɡɥɚɡ (output) ɛɭɞɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɭɥɚɡɚ (inputa) ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɧɨɦɟ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ. ''[3]

3. ɋɉȿɐɂɎɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ȽɊȺȭȿȼɂɇɋɄɂɏ ɉɊɈȳȿɄȺɌȺ Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɭ ɞɨɫʂɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɢ ɢɡ ʃɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ, ɜɟʄ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɭʁɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ (ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ) ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ (ɨɞ ɧɢɫɤɨɝɪɚɞʃɟ - ɰɟɫɬɚ, ɠɟʂɟɡɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɥ., ɞɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ, ɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ: ɛɚɧɤɟ, ɛɨɥɧɢɰɟ, ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɤɟ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɟ, ɢɬɞ.). Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɨɩɪɟɞɚʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɤɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ, ɚɥɢ ʁɨɲ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɧɢʁɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɲ. Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɬɪɨɲɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ – ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɚ, ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ – ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɢ ɭɝɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɭ ɤɨɧɚɱɚɧ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ. 198

ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɧ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ. ɋɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ: - ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɭʇɛɢ, ɬʁ. ɡɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɤɭɩɰɚ, ɲɬɨ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɢ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ; - ɩɨɫɚɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɥɢɰɢɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɧɚɦɟʄɭ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɢɝɞʁɟ ɜɚɧ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɪɟɫɬɢ; - ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ; - ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ, ɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɥɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ; - ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɪɚɞ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɞɢɦɚɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɰɢʁɟɧɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ; - ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɜɚɧ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ, ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɜɚɧ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɢɦɚ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɝ ɨɞɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɭ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ; - ɩɪɟɬɟɠɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɡ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɚɬɚ, ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ, ɩɨɞɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɱɢɨɰɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɧɚɜɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɚ ɪɚɞɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ; - ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɚ, ʁɟɪ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɜɚʃɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ (ɢɧɮɥɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɤɚɥɚɪɧɟ ɤɚɦɚɬɟ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɝɭɛʂɟʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ, ɫɥɚɛʂɟʃɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɧɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ, ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɭ ɧɚɛɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɢ ɫɥ.; - ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ, ɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɰɚ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɪ. - ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɟɬɚɩɚɦɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɟɬɚɩɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɢɲɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ; - ɫɜɚɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɬ, ʁɟɪ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɨɛɥɢɤ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚʁɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɉɜɨ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɰɢʁɟɧɭ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɚ; - ɭɫɩʁɟɯ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɯ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ; - ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ. [5] Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɧ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ - ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢɯ, ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɰɢʂ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɧɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɟ. ɉɪɢ ɨɜɨɦ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɢʂɭ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɚʃɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ: ɨɞɪɢɰɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɛɨʂɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɛɨʂɟɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ.

199

4. ɍɉɊȺȼȴȺȵȿ ȽɊȺȭȿȼɂɇɋɄɂɆ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɂɆȺ 4.1 ɉɈȳȺɆ ɍɉɊȺȼȴȺȵȺ ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɪɭɻɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ. ɋɜɚɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɫɜɚɤɢ ɢɨɥɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɢʁɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ, ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɰɢʂɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɥɚ. ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ, ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚʁɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɱɤɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɥɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɲɭ. [6] ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɞɚɬɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɯ ɞɟʁɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ. 4.2 ɍɉɊȺȼȴȺȵȿ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈɆ Ɍɭɪɧɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚʃɚ ɭɬɪɨɲɤɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɞɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɱɢɥɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ, ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ, ɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ, ɜɪɲɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɭɫɤɥɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. [6] ȼɟɱɢɧɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ Manhattan Project (ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɚɬɨɦɫɤɟ ɛɨɦɛɟ) ɛɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɟ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ''ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ'' ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɬɪɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɲɬɚɨ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɟ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ (ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ 1946.) ɢɦɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɜɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɜɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ. ɇɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɋȺȾ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɪɜɨɡɧɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɪɨɲɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɬɚɞɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɚɧ ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚʁɭ ɨ ɬɪɨɲɟʃɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. 4.2 ɎȺɁȿ ɍɉɊȺȼȴȺȵȿ ɉɊɈȳȿɄɌɈɆ ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɢʁɥɨɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɬɢ. Ɍɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ, ɞɢʁɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ, ɲɬɨ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ: 1 - ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɟ, 2 - ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ, 3 - ɢɡɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɟ, 4 – ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɢ 5 – ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟʃɟ (ɫɥɢɤɚ 2).

3

I

1 4 200

2 5

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2 – ɂ -Ɏɚɡɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ

Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɮɚɡɚ, ɮɚɡɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚʃɚ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ. Ɉɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɞʁɭʁɟ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ (ɨɜɞʁɟ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɭ. Ɍɢɦ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤ. ɉɢɬɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ (ɞɚ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɚɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ?) ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɚ (ɞɚ ɥɢ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ?) ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ. Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɢɲɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢɯ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ. ɋɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɚ ʁɟ ɮɚɡɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɞɨ ɧɚʁɫɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɟɬɚʂɚ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬ ɫɟ ɪɚɲɱɥɚʃɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɟ, ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɪɚɞɚ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ) ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɪɟɞɨɫʂɟɞ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚ. Ⱦɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɰɚ, ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɚ. ɉɢɬɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɪɚʃɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɚ ɩɪɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɮɚɡɟ, ɮɚɡɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɛɭɞɧɢɦ ɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪɚ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɰɢʁɟɥɭ ɨɜɭ ɮɚɡɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢ ɬɢɦ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɫɟ, ɤɪɨɡ ɮɚɡɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚʃɚ, ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɚɬɢ, ɭɩɨɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ, ɜɪɲɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɤɨɪɟɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɛɢʂɟɠɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɥɧɟ ɮɚɡɟ, ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟʃɚ, ɧɚɝɥɚɫɚɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɨ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɬɢ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ. ɂɞɟɚɥɧɨ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ ɤɭɥɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɝɥɚɬɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɨɞ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ (ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ) ɞɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ (ɩɨɫɬɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ). ɇɚɪɭɱɢɥɚɰ ɬʁ. ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɨɜɭ ɮɚɡɭ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ (ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɬɢɦɚ) ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɨɤɨɧ ɝɚɫɢ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɢɚɤɨ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɦɟɧɚʇɟɪ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɚɞɚʂɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɟ, ɦɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɭ ɢ ɭɜɢɞɟ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ.

5. ɍɆȳȿɋɌɈ ɁȺɄȴɍɑɄȺ ɍ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ (ɚɧɤɟɬɟ, ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭɢ) ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 2010 – ɦɚʁ 2011. ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɥɨ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ. ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ 50 ɭɩɨɫɥɟɧɢɤɚ ɭɜɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɢ ɬɨ 45 % ɡɛɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɟ, ɚ 55 % ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɭʁɭ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɟɡ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɧɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɭ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟɧɢ ɭ 88,2 %, ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɧɢ ɞɨ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢ ɮɢɧɚɫɢʁɫɤɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʁɭ. ɍɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɪɨɤɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɫɭ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɭ 64,1 % ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ ɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɨʁ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 3. ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɪɨɤɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ.

201

promjene projektnog zadatka 6% investitora (bilo koji razlog) 20% 6%

4%

12%

izvoÿaþa radova 20%

6% 20%

promjene tokom izvoÿenja20% vremenskih uslova ili nepogoda 12%

12%

finasijskih sredstava 12%

20%

20%

nedostaci u projektnoj dokumentaciji 6% nedostatak struþnog kadra 4%

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3- Ɋɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɪɨɤɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɍ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɞɨ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 2009. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ 73,7% ɭɝɨɜɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɚ ɨɞ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2010.ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬ ɦɚʃɢ ɡɚ 6,5, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ 67,2% ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ. Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɧɬɨ ɭɡɪɨɰɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɞɚʂɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɭ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɭ, (ɫɥɢɤɚ 4.) ugovorene vrijednosti graÿevinskih radova u FBiH

100 90

32,8

26,3

80 70 nije realizovano

60 50 40

67,2

73,7

realizovano

30 20 10 0 do X 2009.

I-XI 2010.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4- Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɎȻɢɏ Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɟ Ȼɢɏ ɧɢɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɧɢ ɛɥɢɡɭ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɚ. Ⱥɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɦ ɟɞɭɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ȼɢɏ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɟ ʄɟ ɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɞ. 202

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ [1] A Guide to the Body of Knowledge/ Project Menagment Institute/ Third Edition, 2004., Pennsylvania, USA, [2] The AMA Handbook of Project Management/ , P.C. Dinsmore, J. Cabanis-Brewin, (eds)/ Second Edition/ AMACOM, 2006. [3] ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɦ/ Ɋ. ɏɚʇɢʄ/ Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, 2010., ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ [4] Organizing for Project Management/ Cable D. P., Adams J. R./ Project Management Institute, 1982., Drexel Hill [5] ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ/ ɉ. ȭɭɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ/ Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, 2005., ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ [6] ɍɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɦ/ ɉ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ/ ȼɢɫɨɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢ ɦɟɧɚʇɦɟɧɬ/ 2010, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

203

Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ ɋɢɧɻɢʄ-Ƚɪɟɛɨɜɢʄ1

ɋɌȿɉȿɇ ɉɊȿɌɏɈȾɇɈȽ ɇȺɉɊȿɁȺȵȺ ɄɈȾ ɉȺɊɐɂȳȺɅɇɈ ɉɊȿɌɏɈȾɇɈ ɇȺɉɊȿȽɇɍɌɂɏ ɇɈɋȺɑȺ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ. ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ȿɇ 1992-1-1. ɍ ɰɢʂɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɟɮɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ, ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɜɚɪɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧʂɢɜɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ, ɛɟɬɨɧ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ

PRESTRESS GIRDERS

DEGREE

OF

PARTIALLY

PRESTRESSED

Summary: This paper analyzes the prestress degree in partially prestressed girders and their influence on the total quantity of reinforcement in cross-section. The calculation is done according to the stipulations of EN 1992-1-1. In order to study the effects of application of high strength concrete in partially prestressed girders, comparative analysis for high and normal strength concrete is performed. The analysis is carried out using variations of the degree of prestressed. The results of the analysis are supposed to serve as indicators for determination of variables in optimization of partially prestressed elements). Key words: partially prestressing, high strength concrete, prestress degree

1

Ⱦɪ, ɞɨɰ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ, ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ

205

1 ɉɈȳȺɆ ɉȺɊɐɂȳȺɅɇɈȽ ɉɊȿɌɏɈȾɇɈȽ ɇȺɉɊȿɁȺȵȺ (ɉɉɇ) ɉɨɞʁɟɥɚ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɟɡ ɟɮɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɨɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ɉɨɱɟɬɧɚ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭʁɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɟ ɧɢ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ: ɤɚɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ ɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɧɚɩɨɧɢ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɚ ɧɢ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɧɚɩɨɧɚ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɚ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɭ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚʃɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɩɭʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ. ɉɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɫɤɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ, ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɞɢɨ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. ɍ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. ɉɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɟ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɭ ɩɨɞ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɦ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟɦ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɟɧɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ.

2 ɈɋɇɈȼȿ ɁȺ ɄɅȺɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂȳɍ ɉɉɇ ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ, ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɭʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɧɚɩɨɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ. ɉɨɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɨɧɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɟ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɱɢɧɢ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨɦ. ɍɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɪɚɱɭɧɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ, ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɟʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɧɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɟʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚɩɨɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ. ɂɡ ɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ. 206

2.1 ɋɌȿɉȿɇ ɉɊȿɌɏɈȾɇɈȽ ɇȺɉɊȿɁȺȵȺ ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɭ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɭɧɢʁɟɬɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɬɢ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɚɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ʁɟ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ [4,5], ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɞɢɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ ɧɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɨɧɢ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɚ, ɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɚɬɚ:

K

Md MG  MQ

(1)

ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ:

Md ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ, M G , M Q ɦɨɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧʂɢɜɨɝ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɡɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɨɦ (1) ɧɚʁʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɩɨɝɨɞɧɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ, ɩɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɞɢɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɫɩɨʂʃɟɝ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɡɢɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟɦ. 2.2 ɉɈȳȺɆ ȾȿɄɈɆɉɊȿɋɂȳȿ Ⱦɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɩɨɧɢ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟɧɢ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ 0. Ɋɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɜɥɚɤɧɨ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɩɨɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢ 0 ʁɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɜɥɚɤɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɧɨʁ ɢɜɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɥɢɠɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɭʁɭʄɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ, ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɚ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞɨɦ 2. ɉɨɞ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȿɇ 19921-1: 2004 ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɢ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢʁɚʃɚʁɭ ɫɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɰɢʁɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɤɚɛɥɨɜɟ, ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ 25 ɦɦ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɧɭɬɨɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɱɟɫɬɭ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨʁ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɟ ɚɧɭɥɢɪɚ ɧɚɩɨɧ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧ ɬɪɚʁɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɞɨʃɨʁ ɢɜɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ.

207

3 ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɇɈɋȺɑȺ 3.1 ɍɅȺɁɇɂ ɉɈȾȺɐɂ ɁȺ ɉɊɈɊȺɑɍɇ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɚ 25 ɦ, ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɭ ɞɚɬɢ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 1.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1 – ɉɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɝɪɟɞɟ (Cross-section of analyzed girder) Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1 – ɍɥɚɡɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ (Input data for design) Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁ. ɩɨɞɚɰɢ Ɉɩɬɟɪɟʄ. / ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ Ac 5060 cm2 G1 12 kN/m Ȼɟɬɨɧ ɑɟɥɢɤ Wc1 203084 cm3 G2 48 kN/m C50/60 C90/105 Za PN Wc2 223934 cm3 Q1 22 kN/m fck 50 MPa 90 MPa fpk 1860 MPa ap 20 cm MG1 937.5 kNm fctm 4.1 MPa 5.0 MPa fp01,k 1600 MPa as 5 cm MG2 3750 kNm Ecm 37 GPa 44 GPa Ɇɟɤɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ zcp 69.15 cm MQ 1719 kNm İcu2/3 3.5 ‰ 2.6 ‰ fys 500 MPa ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɧ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɜɚɪɢɪɚɧ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ ɱɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 2. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɱɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɦɟɤɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɟ. Ɂɚ ɛɟɬɨɧ C50/60 ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɨɝ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɚ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɚ – ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧ C90/105 ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɨɦ ɭɩɨɪɨɲʄɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɨɝ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ ȿɇ 1992-11:2004.

208

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2 – ɍɩɪɨɲʄɟɧɢ ɧɚɩɨɧɫɤɢ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ɡɚ C90/105 (Simplified concrete stress block used for C90/105 ) Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2 –ȼɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ C50/60 (Values of some parameters for cross-section C50/60) Ƚɭɛɢɰɢ ɫɢɥɟ Ap Md Pm0 Pm’ As As+p Vc1 k Ɉɡɧɚɤɚ (cm2) (kN) (kN) (cm2) (cm2) (kN/cm2) (kNm) t=0 t=’ 31N 46.5 6149.9 5263.8 8.2 14.4 20.5 67.0 2.83 5752.6 0.898 30N 45.0 5962.9 5128.1 8.0 14.0 23.5 68.5 2.76 5604.2 0.875 29N 43.5 5775.1 4990.5 7.8 13.6 26.7 70.2 2.69 5453.9 0.851 28N 42.0 5586.6 4851.0 7.6 13.2 29.7 71.7 2.61 5301.5 0.828 27N 40.5 5397.3 4709.7 7.4 12.7 32.9 73.4 2.53 5147.0 0.803 26N 39.0 5207.2 4566.3 7.3 12.3 36.1 75.1 2.46 4990.3 0.779 25N 37.5 5016.4 4421.0 7.1 11.9 39.4 76.9 2.38 4831.5 0.754 24N 36.0 4824.8 4273.7 6.9 11.4 42.7 78.7 2.30 4670.5 0.729 23N 34.5 4632.5 4124.2 6.8 11.0 46.0 80.5 2.22 4507.2 0.704 22N 33.0 4439.4 3972.7 6.6 10.5 49.3 82.3 2.14 4341.6 0.678 21N 31.5 4245.5 3819.0 6.4 10.0 52.7 84.2 2.06 4173.6 0.651 20N 30.0 4050.9 3663.1 6.2 9.6 56.2 86.2 1.97 4003.2 0.625 19N 28.5 3855.5 3504.9 6.1 9.1 59.7 88.2 1.89 3830.4 0.598 18N 27.0 3659.3 3344.5 5.9 8.6 63.2 90.2 1.80 3655.0 0.571 17N 25.5 3462.4 3181.7 5.7 8.1 66.9 92.4 1.71 3477.1 0.543 ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ: Ap – ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɱɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ, Pm0 – ɩɨɱɟɬɧɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ, Pm’ – ɤɪɚʁʃɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ, As – ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɦɟɤɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ, Vc1 – ɧɚɩɨɧ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ, Md – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ, k – ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. 209

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3 –ȼɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤ C90/105 (Values of some parameters for cross-section C90/105) Ƚɭɛɢɰɢ ɫɢɥɟ Ap Md Pm0 Pm’ As As+p Vc1 k Ɉɡɧɚɤɚ (cm2) (kN) (kN) (cm2) (cm2) (kN/cm2) (kNm) t=0 t=’ 31H 46.5 6199.5 5448.8 7.4 12.1 0.00 46.5 2.93 5954.7 0.929 30H 45.0 6009.0 5295.3 7.3 11.9 3.15 48.2 2.85 5786.9 0.903 29H 43.5 5818.0 5140.4 7.1 11.6 7.45 51.0 2.77 5617.7 0.877 28H 42.0 5626.3 4984.3 7.0 11.4 11.74 53.7 2.68 5447.1 0.850 27H 40.5 5433.9 4826.7 6.8 11.2 16.04 56.5 2.60 5274.9 0.823 26H 39.0 5240.9 4667.9 6.7 10.9 20.33 59.3 2.51 5101.3 0.796 25H 37.5 5047.3 4507.7 6.5 10.7 24.63 62.1 2.43 4926.2 0.769 24H 36.0 4853.0 4346.0 6.4 10.4 28.93 64.9 2.34 4749.6 0.741 23H 34.5 4658.1 4183.0 6.2 10.2 33.23 67.7 2.25 4571.4 0.714 22H 33.0 4462.6 4018.5 6.1 10.0 37.52 70.5 2.16 4391.7 0.686 21H 31.5 4266.4 3852.6 5.9 9.7 41.82 73.3 2.07 4210.4 0.657 20H 30.0 4069.6 3685.3 5.8 9.4 46.12 76.1 1.98 4027.5 0.629 19H 28.5 3872.1 3516.4 5.6 9.2 50.42 78.9 1.89 3842.9 0.600 18H 27.0 3674.0 3346.1 5.5 8.9 54.72 81.7 1.80 3656.8 0.571 17H 25.5 3475.3 3174.2 5.4 8.7 59.02 84.5 1.71 3469.0 0.541 Ɂɚ ɫɜɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɱɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɢ ɦɟɤɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ MRd=MEd=1.35MG+1.5MQ=8906.6 kNm. ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ C90/105 ɨɜɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɚ ɤɨɞ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ 31H, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɱɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɟʄɚ ɨɞ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚɧɟ, MRd= 8977.7 kNm. ɉɪɢɦɢʁɟɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɢ ɤɨɞ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ɨɞ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ C90/105 ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɞ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ C50/60, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ɩɨɲɥɨ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɢ. 3.2 ɊȿɁɍɅɌȺɌɂ ɉɊɈɊȺɑɍɇȺ 3.2.1 ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɦɟɤɚ ɢ ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɚɻɟɧ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɱɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɟ Ap ɦɢʁɟʃɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɚɤɨɦ ¨Ap=1.5 cɦ2. Ɍɚ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɤɚɛɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɂɆɋ – ɋɉȻ ɋɭɩɟɪ, 1Ø16, ɤɥɚɫɚ B Y1860S7. ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɨ ɫɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɨɫɚɱɢ ɨɞ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ C50/60 ɢ C90/105. ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɦɟɤɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ C90/105 ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɞ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɚɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɜɟʄɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɭ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨʁ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɢɫɬɟ, ɲɬɨ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɭ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ 210

ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ. ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɢ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ. Potrebna ukupna armatura C50/60 100 90

70

2

Ap, As (cm )

80

60 50 As

40

Ap

30

As+Ap

20 10 0 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

k

Potrebna ukupna armatura C90/105 90 80

2

Ap, As (cm )

70 60 50 40 30

As

20

Ap As+Ap

10 0 0.5

0.6

0.7

k

0.8

0.9

1.0

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3 – ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ (Effects of prestress degree on requɢred total reɢnforcement) ɇɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 4 . ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɧɢ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɦɟɤɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɩɚɞ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɦɟɤɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɞ ɝɪɟɞɚ ɨɞ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ C90/105.

211

Potrebna meka armatura 80 70

2

As (cm )

60

C90/105 C50/60

50 40 30 20 10 0 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

k

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4 – Potrebna meka armatura u presjeku (Required reinforcement in cross-section)

3.2.2 ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. Ɂɚ ɧɢɠɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɡɚ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɚɧ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ 31H. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ Pk,inf ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ȿɇ 1992-1-1: 2004 ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɦɟɤɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ. Moment pojave prsline 7000

Mcr (kNm)

6000

5000

C50/60 C90/105 MG+MQ

4000

3000 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

k

ɋɥɢɤɚ 5 – Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ (Cracking moment depending on prestress degree) 212

Napon pri pojavi prsline (C50/60)

Napon u betonu (zatezanje) (MPa)

10.0

0.0 0.5

fctm= -4.1

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

-10.0 Kvazi -stalna ýesta Karakteristiþna fctm

-20.0 k

Napon pri pojavi prsline (C90/105)

Napon u betonu (zatezanje) (MPa)

10.0

0.0 0.5 0.6 fctm = - 5.0

0.7

0.8

-10.0

0.9

1.0

Kvazi -stalna ýesta Karakteristiþna fctm

-20.0 k

ɋɥɢɤɚ 6 – ɇɚɩɨɧɢ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɨʁ ɢɜɢɰɢ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɟʁɫɬɚɜɚ (Stresses in concrete on tight edge of cross-section for different combination of actions ) ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɰɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɚ ɤɚɞ ɧɚɩɨɧ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɚ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɟ. ɇɚ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 6 ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɧɚ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɥɢɧɢʁɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɭ fctm, ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɫɚɤ, ɧɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɟ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɬɟɡɚʃɭ ɤɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.

213

4 ɁȺɄȴɍɑɐɂ ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɚɧ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɟ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ȿɇ 1992-1-1: 2004, ɦɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɜɟʄɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ɤɨɲɬɚʃɟ ɧɨɫɚɱɚ, ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɞɥɚɠɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨʁ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫʁɟɤɭ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɢ ɤɨɞ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɢɲɟɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɨɫɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɟ ɧɚ 2.6‰ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ C90/105. Ɍɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʄɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɫɥɢɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ.

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ

[1] [2] [3] [4]

[5]

[6]

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EN 1992-1-1:2004- Evrokod 2, ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ – Ⱦɟɨ 1-1 – Ɉɩɲɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 2006. ȿN 1990-1-1:2002- ȿvrokod 0, Ɉɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 2006. Limit state design and verification / J. Walraven // Workshop: “ Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Buildings”, Brussels, October 2011, p. 104. ɉɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ / Ɋ. Ɏɨɥɢʄ, Ȼ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, // ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ, Ɏɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ, 2008, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚ 212. Ⱦɢɦɟɧɡɢɨɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɨɝ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ / Ɇ. Ɂɥɚɬɚɪ // PACT STABILITY – DAAD Program, Universităt Stuttgart – Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, 2001, ɫɬɪɚɧɚ 24. Partially prestressed concrete beam optimization / V. Saouma, R. Murad // Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 3, March 1984, pp. 589-604.

ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ɋɚʁɚɤɨɜɢʄ1, ɂɥɢʁɚ Ȼɚɬɚɫ Ȼʁɟɥɢʄ2

ɋɆȺȵȿȵE ȿɆɂɋɂȳȺ ɋɈ2 ɍ ɋȿɄɌɈɊɍ ɁȽɊȺȾȺɊɋɌȼȺ ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɄȿ ɋɊȻɂȳȿ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2 ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɦɟɪɚɦɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɠɢɲɧɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɢɦɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɨɩɰɢʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢɬɢ ɦɟɪɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. ɍɤɭɩɚɧ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ 3.5 Ɇt ɋɈ2eq ɲɬɨ ɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢ ɟɮɟɤɬ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ . Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ:

ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ, ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ

CO2 REDUCTION IN SERBIAN RESIDENTAL SECTOR Summary: Energy policy measures or market mechanism may introduce positive financial effects based on CO2 emission reduction in Serbia. Possible measures are energy efficiency in residential sector and decrease in electrical heating. These measures may save 3.5 Ɇt ɋɈ2eq. Further saving potential in Serbia is energy efficiency and fuel substitution in electricity and heating production sector and transition towards renewable energy sources. Key words: energy policy, energy efficiency, residental sector.

1

ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ, ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ 73 11111 Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, [email protected] 2 ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɝ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ, ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ 73 11111 Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, [email protected]

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1 ɍȼɈȾ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɚ Ɉɤɜɢɪɧɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɍɇ ɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɢ Ʉʁɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ, ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ 2008-2012. ɚɥɢ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ (CDM) ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2. ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɜɚʃɚ ȿɍ. ɋɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɦɟɪɚɦɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɠɢɲɧɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɢɦɚ [1]. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɦ ɧɢɫɤɨɤɚɥɨɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɭɛɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɥɢɝɧɢɬɭ [2]. ɍɞɟɨ ɦɚɡɭɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɨɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɝɚɫɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɭɞɟɨ ɥɢɝɧɢɬɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɝɚɫɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɟɜɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤ [3]. Ɏɢɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ. ȿɦɢɫɢɨɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɨ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɢɧɤɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ [4] ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟɧɨɜɢɪɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɭɝʂɟɧ-ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ [5] ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɭ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɚ ɭɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɭ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɱɧɨ ɭ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɟɮɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɤɪɢɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ.

2 ɆȿɌɈȾ Ɂɚ ɫɢɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɚɧ, bottomup ɦɨɞɟɥ EnergyPLAN [6] ɩɨɝɨɞɚɧ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɚ. Ɂɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɭɥɚɡɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ, ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɧɚɞ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɢɜɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɨɪɧɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɟ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɭ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɋɈ2 ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɫɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢ: - ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, - ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɢ - ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɤɜɚɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɟɮɟɤɚɬɚ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɫɭ: - ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɭ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ (DHD), - ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ (FCO), ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ, - ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ (IHHD), ɮɢɧɚɥɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ, - ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ (EH) ɢ 216

- ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɋɈ2eq ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɟɧɟɪɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɭ [7] ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɚɬɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɤɪɢɜɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ. Ʉɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɫɤɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɮɨɫɢɥɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. 2.1 ɊȿɎȿɊȿɇɌɇɂ ɋɐȿɇȺɊɂɈ Ɋɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɢ (BAU) ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɨ ʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɡɚ 2009. ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. ɍɤɭɩɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ [8]. ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡ [9] ɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡ [10]. ɍɤɭɩɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ [3]. ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɟɥɟɤɬɚɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɢɡ [11]. Ʉɪɢɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ METEONORM [12]. ɍɫɪɟɞʃɟɧɟ ɫɚɬɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɢɯ, ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɭɦɩɧɨ-ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɯɢɞɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ [8] ɚ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɢ ɢɡ [10]. Ƚɪɭɩɢɫɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɟ ɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɟ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɛɢɥɚɧɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɞɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɭ Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ 1. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1 – ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. Efficiency of energy conversion in individual house heating sector. ȿɧɟɪɝɟɧɬ Ș

Ʌɢɝɧɢɬ 0,8

Ɇɚɡɭɬ 0,9

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɝɚɫ 0,8

Ⱦɪɜɨ 0,8

ȿɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ 1

ɍɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɝɪɟʁɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ʁɟ 70% ɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. ɍɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ, ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ 75% ɨɞ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɬɢɦ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɟ ɜɨɞɟ. ɍɫɜɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɤɨ 30% ɨɞ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. 2.2 ɉɈɌȿɇɐɂȳȺɅɂ ɍɒɌȿȾȿ ȿɆɂɋɂȳȺ ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɪɚ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɟɦɢɫɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ 10 €/tCO2 ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɲɬɟɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ. 217

2.2.1

Ɇɟɪɚɦɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ

ɉɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɟɦ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨ ɨɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɭ ɫɨɛɧɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɦɚʃɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɭ ɝɨɪɢɜɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɢɪɚ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟɦ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2. ɉɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢʄɟɦɨ ɬɪɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɚ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ: - ɋ1ɚ ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɡɚ 20% ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, - ɋ1ɛ ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɡɚ 40% ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, - ɋ1ɰ ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɡɚ 60% ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. 2.2.2

Ɇɟɪɟ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ

ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɨɪɢɜɨɦ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɭʁɟ ɢɫɬɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭɡ ɦɚʃɭ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɭ. ɍɲɬɟɞɚ ɭ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɋɈ2 ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɢɠɟɝ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɟɦɢɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɇɟɪɟ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɡ ɦɟɪɭ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɚ ɋ1ɰ. ɉɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢʄɟɦɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɚ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ: - ɋ2ɚ Ɂɚɦɟɧɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɧɚɬɚ, - ɋ2ɛ Ɂɚɦɟɧɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɢɜɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ

3 ɊȿɁɍɅɌȺɌɂ Ɂɚ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 155 TWh/a ɭɡ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɨɞ 46,7 ɆtCO2eq ɨɞ ɱɟɝɚ 34,9 ɆtCO2eq ɢɡ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2 –ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2 ɢ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɭ ɡɞɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Scenarios of potential ɋɈ2 emission reductions and savings in Serbian residental sector. DHD FCO IHHD EH CO2 TWh/a Ɇteq M€ BAU 9.56 7.69 9.11 2.73 46.7 449 S1a 8.22 6.53 7.74 2.32 46.1 443 S1b 6.88 5.38 4.81 1.9 45.5 437 S1c 5.54 4.22 4.97 1.5 44.9 432 S2a 5.54 5.96 4.97 0 43.5 426 S2b 5.54 6.05 4.97 0 43.2 422

218

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɭ ɋ1ɚ ɨɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɭ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ (DHD) ɡɚ 14% ɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ (FCO) ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɭ (ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ) ɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɡɚ 15%, ɲɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɭʁɟ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟɦ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2eq ɡɚ 0.6 Ɇt ɢ ɭɲɬɟɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɞ 6 M€. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɢɦɚ ɋ1ɛ ɢ ɋ1ɰ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɫɦɚʃɢɬɢ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɋɈ2eq ɡɚ 1.2 Ɇt ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 2.1 Ɇt ɭɡ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɨɞ 12 M€ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 17 M€. Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɟɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɨɦ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɭ ɋ2ɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2eq ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɯ 0.6 Ɇt ɭɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɭ ɭɲɬɟɞɭ ɨɞ 6 M€ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɨ ɋ1ɰ. Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɟɜɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɭ ɋ2ɛ ɭɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2eq ɡɚ 1 Ɇt ɲɬɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 10 M€ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɨ ɋ1ɰ.

4 ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2eq ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɦɟɪɚɦɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 3.5 Ɇt ɭɡ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɭ ɭɲɬɟɞɭ ɨɞ 27 M€. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɭɲɬɟɞɟ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɋɈ2eq ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɚʂɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ.

5 ɁȺɏȼȺɅɇɈɋɌ Ɉɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɛɪ. 42009.

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“ȿɉɋ Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɡɚ 2009. ɝɨɞɢɧɭ.,” 2010.

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South East Europe Consultants - SEEC, “Study on the Potential for Climate Change Combating in Power Generation in the Energy Community,” 2011.

[12]

“METEONORM – Global Meteorological Database for Engineers, Planners and Education.” [Online]. Available: http://meteonorm.com/home/. [Accessed: 2012].

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ɋɚʃɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɢʄ 1

ȻɊȿɇȾɂɊȺɇɂ ɏɈɌȿɅɂ ɄȺɈ ɇɈȼɈ “LIFESTYLE” ɂɋɄɍɋɌȼɈ ɇȺ ɉɊɂɆȳȿɊɂɆȺ ȺɊɆȺɇɂ ɏɈɌȿɅȺ ɍ ȾɍȻȺɂɍ ɂ ɆɂɅȺɇɍ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ɍɟɡɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɢɬɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɨɞʁɟʄɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ "ɥɢɮɟɫɬyɥɟ ɯɨɬɟɥ" ɦɨɞɟɥ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɚɧ "Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ" ɧɚɱɢɧ yɢɜɨɬɚ. ȿɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɚɧ ɥɭɤɫɭɡ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɭ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɟɝ ɦɨɞɧɨɝ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ ɤɪɨɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɚɧ ɢ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɚɧ ɞɢɡɚʁɧ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪɚ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɲɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ "ɥɢɮɟɫɬyɥɟ ɦɚɧɚɝɟɪ"-ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɝɨɫɬ ɬɪɟɛɚ "ɛɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ". Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥ, “lifestyle manager”, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ

BRANDED HOTELS AS A NEW "LIFESTYLE" EXPERIENCE WITH REFERENCE TO ARMANI HOTEL DUBAI AND ARMANI HOTEL MILANO Summary: Following the idea that the choice of a hotel is equally important as choice of clothing, branded hotels promote the model of a lifestyle hotel which implies the complete "Armani" lifestyle. Exclusive luxury follows the philosophy of the most famous fashion brand through a simple and harmonized interior design. These hotels are managed by the lifestyle managers who provide customer service through personalized programs following Armani's concept that staying at hotel is an emotional experience and that a guest should feel "at home away from home". Key words: branded hotel, "lifestyle manager", personalised programme

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ɦɪ ɋɚʃɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɢʄ, ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɝ.ɚɪɯɢɬ.,"ɂɇɄɈɉɊɈɆ"ɞ.ɨ.ɨ. Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ





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ɍȼɈȾ ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɨɦ 21. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɛɪɡɟ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɚɧ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪyɚɧ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɛɪɡɢɦ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜqɟɧ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɦɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚwɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɪyɢɲɬɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɨʄɧɢɯ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚwɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɪyɢɲɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɜɟɪɡɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨ ɬɪyɢɲɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ. ɉɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɞɟɫɬɢɧɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɚɰɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɫɚ ɜɟʄ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ. ɉɭɬɟɦ ɛɪɟɧɞɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɟɦɨ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɦɨ ɛɚɪɢʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ. Ȼɪɟɧɞɨɜɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɚɱɟ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɛɪɟɧɞ ɫɟ ɩɪɭyɚ ɧɟɩɨɧɨɜqɢɜ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚʁ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɫɬɢɥ. ɂɡɛɨɪ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɛɢɬɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɟ. ɉɪɜɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɚ ɦɨɞɧɢɦ ɦɚɪɤɚɦɚ Bulgari ɢ Versace. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ Ian Schrager ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ Phillipe Starck-ɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɨ 80-ɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɪɨɡ "design hotel"2 ɦɨɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɟ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɨɦ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬ-ɯɨɬɟɥ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɟɧɡɭɚɥɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ X. ɏɨɬɟɥ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɟɪɰɢɩɢɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɱɭɥɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɨ ɱɭɥɨ ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢʁɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɱɤɚ, ɦɢɪɢɫɧɚ, ɡɜɭɱɧɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɱɭɥɚ ɭɤɭɫɚ ɫɭ ɫɟɧɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɟɦɢɬɭʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɚɭɪɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɬɟ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢʁɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ "lifestyle"3 ɯɨɬɟɥɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚ ɝɨɫɬɭ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɧɨɜqɢɜ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚʁ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚʁɭ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɭ ɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢ ɥɚɧɚɰ.

1.0 ȺɊɆȺɇɂ ɄɈɇɐȿɉɌ, ɎɂɅɈɁɈɎɂȳȺ ɋɌɂɅȺ Ƚɨɢɪɝɢɨ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ʁɟ 1975. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɨ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɭ ɦɨɞɧɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɫɚ ɫʁɟɞɢɲɬɟɦ ɭ Ɇɢɥɚɧɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ wɟɝɨɜɚ ɦɨɞɧɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɩɪɟɫɬɢyɧɢʁɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɦɨɞɭ. Ȼɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚwɟɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞwɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢʁɨɦ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɟ ɦɨɞɧɟ ɨɞʁɟʄɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɡɦɟɬɢɤɟ, ɩɚɪɮɟɦɚ, ɫɚɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɢɬɚ. Wɟɝɨɜɚ ɦɨɞɧɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢʁɟ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ Ƚɢɨɪɝɢɨ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ, Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɢ ȿɦɩɨɪɢɨ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢʁɚ, Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ȳɟɚɧɫ, Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ȿxɰɯɚɧɝɟ ɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ȳɭɧɢɨɪ. Ɇɨyɟɦɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ wɟɝɨɜɢ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜqɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ ɦɨɞɧɟ ɩɢɫɬɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 1).

 2 "design hotel" ɯɨɬɟɥ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1990. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɢɡɚʁɧ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪɚ 3

"lifestyle" ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɫɬɢɥ yɢɜɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧɭ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬɟɥɭ

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ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɫɚ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢʁɚ, Fashion Week, Milano, 2012 Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɦɨɞɟ 2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɫɧɢɜɚ Armani Casu (ɋɥɢɤɚ 2) ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɲɬɚʁ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɤɭʄɭ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɭɜɨɞ ɭ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚ ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɭ, ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥ, ɩɨɫɭɻɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɚɪɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɤɭɩɚɬɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɭɯɢʃɟ, ɬɟ ɩɥɚɫɢɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ 35 ɡɟɦɚʂɚ. Ʉɪɨɡ Casu ɠɟɥɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢʃɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɚɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɛɢɪɚʁɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɨɞʁɟʄɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɚ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɥɢɧɢʁɟ. ɋɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɦɢɨ ʁɟ 14 Emporio Armani ɢ Armani Jeans cafҿ-a. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ Hong Kongu ɨɬɜɨɪɢɨ Armani Bar ɢ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ Nobu&Privҿ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. Armani Casa, Armani Fiori, Armani Dolci



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Ɉɞ 2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɛɚɜɟ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɦɨɞɟ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɯɨɬɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɦɨɞɧɢ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɢ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɢɫɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɭ ɪɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɢ ɛɪɟɧɞ ɧɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɨɞ ɬɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɭ "lifestyle" ɜɢɡɢʁɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɜɨɝ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɪɟɤɚɨ:”"ɀɟɥɢɦ ɩɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɬɟɤ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ, ɭɤɭɫɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɬ ʄɭ ɫɚɧ ɞɚ ɤɪɟɢɪɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɢ "lifestyle". Armani Hotels&Resort ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚɬ ʄɟ ɦɨʁɭ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɭ ɫɬɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɚ ɬɟ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɦɨɝ ɫɬɢɥɚ ɩɪɭyɠɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɢʁɢ "Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚʁ". Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɮɭɡɢʁɭ ɯɨɬɟɥɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɧɚɰɚ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɯ ɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɨ ɢɦɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɢ ɭɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɯɨɬɟɥɫɤɭ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ ɞɨɛɢɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɛɪɟɧɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨʁ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ ɯɨɬɟɥɢʁɟɪɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ʁɟɪ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɦɨɞɧɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɨɜɢ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɬɭ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ “ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ”4.

2.0 ȺɊɆȺɇɂ ɏɈɌȿɅ ȾɍȻȺɂ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ, ɤɨɝɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢɦ ɦɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɨɦ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢɰɟ, ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɜɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɨɬɜɚɪɚ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 2010. ɭ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ "Downtown Dubai-ju" (ɋɥɢɤɚ 3) ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ Burj Kalifa (ɋɥɢɤɚ 4) ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 818m. Ɉɛʁɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧ ɧɚ ɩʁɟɲɱɚɧɨɦ ɬɥɭ Ⱦɭɛɚɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ 160 ɫɩɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɤɨɧɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɂɞɟʁɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ʁɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬ Adrian Smith ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɫɤɚ ɤɭʄɚ Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ɢɡ ɑɢɤɚɝɚ. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥ ʁɟ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɨɫɚɦ ɫɩɪɚɬɨɜɚ, ɬɟ ɧɚ 38. ɢ 39. ɫɩɪɚɬɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɨɪʃɚ. ɇɚ ɜɪɯɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɢɤɨɜɚɰ, ɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ 57 ɥɢɮɬɨɜɚ. Ɏɚɫɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɨɞ 26 ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɚ. Ɉɛʁɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ ɤɨɲɬɚɨ ɨɤɨ 4.1 ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ. ɂɫɩɪɟɞ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɦɭɡɢɱɤɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 5) ɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɤɨʁɚ "ɩɥɟɲɟ" ɢ ɦɢʁɟʃɚ ɛɨʁɟ ɭ ɪɢɬɦɭ ɦɭɡɢɤɟ. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɢɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɢ ɭɥɚɡ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 6) ɩɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ. Ɇɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɟɪ Giorgio Armani ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɤɭɩɢɯ ɧɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɟ ʁɚɯɬɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɠɟɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɚ "lifestyle" ɡɜɢʁɟɡɞɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɯɨɬɟɥ. ɍ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɚ Emaar Properties ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ 2004. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɥɚɧɰɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ Armani Hotels & Resorts. Ɉɫɢɦ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɚɢʁɭ ɢ Ɇɢɥɚɧɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ 14 Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ, Ɍɨɤɢʁɭ, Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɭ, ȵɭʁɨɪɤɭ, ɒɚɧɝɚʁɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ Armani Resort ɭ Ɇɚɪɚɤɟɲɭ. ɂɡɛɨɪ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɦɨɞɭ.

 4

"brendirani hoteli" ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɨɦ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɚ, ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧɭ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬɟɥɭ

224 

Ɉɫɢɦ ɞɢɡʁɧɨɦ ɛɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɨɦ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɝɨɫɬɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ. ɉɨɦɚɥɨ ɡɚɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɟɧ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɝɨɫɬɚ. ȿɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɧɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɝɨɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɬɡɜ. ɥɢɱɧɨɝ "lifestyle manager-a"5 ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɨɞ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɨ ɨɞʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ. Ȼɚɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɩɭɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɫɚ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ "ɛɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ".

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3. Downtown Dubai

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4. Burj Kalifa

 5

"lifestyle manager " ɨɫɨɛɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ



225

ɋɥɢɤɚ 5. Ɇɭɡɢɱɤɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɚ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 6. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɭɥɚɡ

3.0 ȺɊɏɂɌȿɄɌɈɇɋɄȺ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɂ ȿɇɌȿɊɂȳȿɊ ɉɪɜɟ ɬɪɢ ɟɬɚɠɟ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ, ɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɨɫɦɨɝ ɫɩɪɚɬɚ ɬɟ 38. ɢ 39. ɫɩɪɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɡɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɚɜɚʃɟ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜ "ɧɟɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɢ ɥɭɤɫɭɡ" ɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɛɨʁɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɫɢɜɨɝ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɨ ɦɚɪɢɧɫɤɨ ɩɥɚɜɟ ɫɜɢɥɟɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɟʂɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪɚ. 3.1 ɍɅȺɁɇȺ ɁɈɇȺ, ɏɈɌȿɅɋɄɂ LOBBY ɏɨɬɟɥɫɤɢ lobby (ɋɥɢɤɚ 7) ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɢʁɭ, cafe-lobby bar, lounge ɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Mediterraneo. ɂɩɚɤ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ lobby-a ɧɚʁɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ ɫɭ ɭ "Armani Dolci" ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɭɞɟ ɫɥɚɬɤɢ ɫɭɜɟɧɢɪɢ, ɪɭɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɱɨɤɨɥɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɜɚɲɢɦ ɥɨɝɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɭɤɨɦ, Armani fiori, ɰɜʁɟʄɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɭɞɢ ɰɜʁɟɬɧɟ ɚɪɚɧɠɦɚɧɟ ɢ ɟɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɧɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢʁɭ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɜɚɡɚ ɢ "Armani Galleria" ɫɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɚɞɢɦɚ ɨɞʁɟʄɟ, ɫɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɧɚɤɢɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɮɟɦɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɨɦ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɤɪɟɚɬɨɪɚ. ɍɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɬɨɩɥɢɯ ɛɨʁɚ, ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɟ ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɟ, ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɦɩɢ ɢ ɜɪɯɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɦ ɯɨɬɟɥɭ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɚɧ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɢɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 8).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 7. Lobby 226 

ɋɥɢɤɚ 8. ɍɥɚɡɧɢ ɯɨɥ 3.2 ɁɈɇȺ ɁȺ ɋɉȺȼȺȵȿ Ɉɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɨɪʃɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɨɤɪɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɧɢɠɭ ɫɨɛɟ ɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɦ ʁɟɡɝɪɨɦ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 9). ɂɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɨɛɥɢɤ ʁɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɉɭɫɬɢʃɫɤɨɝ ɰɜɢʁɟɬɚ /Hymenocallis/. ɇɚ ɞɨʃɢɦ ɟɬɚɠɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɪʃɢɦ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɚɜɚʃɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 10).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 9. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ



ɋɥɢɤɚ 10. Ⱥɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɢ

227

Ʉɪɨɡ ɩɪɢɝɭɲɟɧɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɯɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɜɢʁɟɬʂɟɧɨɝ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɭ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɩɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɫɨɛɚ ɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 11). ɋɨɛɟ ɫɭ ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɟ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɦʁɟɲɬɚʁɟɦ ɫɚ king-size ɤɪɟɜɟɬɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɡɢɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɨɝɚɦɚ ɞɚʁɭ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 12). Ɂɚɨɛʂɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɟ, ɩɪɢɝɭɲɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɚ, ɩɪɨɮɢʃɟɧɟ ɧɢʁɚɧɫɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɦɢɫɬɟɪɢɨɡɧɭ ɢ ɨɩɭɲɬɚʁɭʄɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ. Ɉɛɥɟ ɥɢɧɢʁɟ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ, ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɟ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɟ ɢ ɬɚɬɚɦɢ ʁɚɩɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɤɟ ɫɭ ɞɢɨ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɨɝ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪɚ. ɋɨɛɟ ɧɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɦ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɢɦɚ flat-screen TV-e ɫɚ DVD ɩɥɟʁɟɪɨɦ, ɛɚɡɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ iPod ɢ ɫɟɮ ɡɚ ɥɚɩɬɨɩ. ɍ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɚɮɭ ɢ ɛɚɬɥɟɪ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɪɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɨɦ. Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɛɚ ɫɭ 45m², ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɢ ɩɨ 70m², ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 95-150m² ɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ Armani Suite ɢɦɚ 390m² ɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ 39 ɫɩɪɚɬɭ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ ɨɫɢɦ ɟɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɧɟ ɜɢɡɭɪɟ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɧɭ ɫɨɛɭ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɭ ɬɟɪɟɬɚɧɭ, ɬɪɩɟɡɚɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨ ɤɭɩɚɬɢɥɨ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 13). ɇɟɤɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɫɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ, ɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɟ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɟɧɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɚɢʁɚ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 11. ɏɨɞɧɢɤ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 12. ɋɨɛɚ ɫɚ king-size ɤɪɟɜɟɬɨɦ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 13. Armani suite ɫɚ ɤɭɩɚɬɢɥɨɦ 228 

3.3 ɁɈɇȺ ɋɈɐɂȳȺɅɂɁȺɐɂȳȿ ɄɊɈɁ ɍȽɈɋɌɂɌȿQɋɄȿ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊȿ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ lounge ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ lobby-ɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɨɧɭ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɠɟʃɟ ɢ "bussines" ɭɡ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɚɩɟɪɢɬɢɜ ɢ "light" ɤɭɯɢʃɭ ɫɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɚɢʁɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 14). Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Mediteraneo ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɚɧ "casual style" ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɨɪɭɱɤɨɦ ɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ "a la carte" ɩɨɧɭɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɤɭɯɚɪɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɨɱɢɦɚ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɢɬɟɬɢ ɦɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɭɯɢʃɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 15). Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ lobby-a ɢ ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɝɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ ɤɭɯɢʃɚ ɫɟɪɜɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɢɥɨɦ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 16). Ȼɨɝɚɬɚ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɭɞɢ ɭ 8 ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ, ɦɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɫɤɟ, ɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɟ ɢ ʁɚɩɚɧɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɯɢʃɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ɉɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɞɨɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɱɢɧɢ. ɋɥɭɠɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɚ ɭ ɟɧɨɬɟɰɢ ʁɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɧɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɢʁɟ Ɍɨɫɤɚɧɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 17). ɋɜɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɧɟ ɨɛɥɨɝɟ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɟɫɰɚʁɝ, ɩɨɫɭɻɟ ɢ ɱɚɲɟ ʁɟ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚɨ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 5 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 18).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 14. Lounge

ɋɥɢɤɚ 15. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Mediteraneo

ɋɥɢɤɚ 16. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ



229

ɋɥɢɤɚ 17. ȼɢɧɨɬɟɤɚ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 18. Ⱦɟɤɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɨɥɚ

ɍ ɟɝɡɨɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧɬɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ Ⱥɦɚɥ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɟ ɢɧɨɜɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɢɬɟɬɢ ɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɭɯɢʃɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 19). ɏɪɚɧɭ ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɱɢɧɢ ɬɟ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɢʄɚ ɢ ɱɚʁɟɜɢ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 20). Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɟʄɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ ɫɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɟ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 19. ɂɧɞɢʁɫɤɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Ⱥɦɚɥ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 20. ȿɝɡɨɬɢɱɧɢ ɡɚɱɢɧɢ

ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɰɪɧɨ-ɛɢʁɟɥɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Peck ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɨɫɢ 125 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɢyɧɨɝ ɦɢɥɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ Peck Ⱦɟɥɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 21). Ɉɫɢɦ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɭɞɟ ɨɛɪɨɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɧɢʁɟɬɢ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɡɟɦqɭ ɢ ɨɫɢɦ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɭɞɟ ɨɛɪɨɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɧɢʁɟɬɢ. ȳɚɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Hashi ɧɭɞɢ ɧɚʁɫɜʁɟɠɢʁɭ ɪɢɛɭ ɢɡ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɢ ʁɚɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɭɲɢ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 22). ȳɟɞɧɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ ʁɚɩɚɧɫɤɚ ɤɭɯɢʃɚ. ɉɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɟ. ɉɨɧɭɞɭ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚɧ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɩɢɰɚ. ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɦɟɧɚxɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɢ ɯɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɩɢʄɟ.

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 21. ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Peck

ɋɥɢɤɚ 22. ȳɚɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Hashi

3.4 ɁɈɇȺ ɁȺ ɂȼȿɇɌȿ Armani Prive je VIP lounge, ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɭɡɛɭɞʂɢɜɢ ɧɨʄɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɝɞʁɟ ɦɭɡɢɤɭ ɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ DJ-ɟɜɢ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 23). Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɞɨɩɭʃɭʁɟ ɢ ɦɢʁɟʃɚ RGB led ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɚ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 23. Armani Prive Ɉɜɚɤɜɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚ, ɛɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɨɞ 3000ɦ² ɫɚ ɮɨɚʁɟɨɦ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 24). ɋɜɟ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɟ ɞɜɨɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɥɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ ɫ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɜɲɢ ɨɞ ɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɡɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɫɜɚɞɛɟɧɢɯ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɬɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ ɧɭɞɟʄɢ “tailor-made”6 ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ Ballroom ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ 450 ɦʁɟɫɬɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 25). ȿɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪ ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɰɪɧɢ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɧɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɢ, ɟɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɢ ɫɢɜɢ ɩɨɞɨɜɢ, ɭɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɨɩɥɭ ɢ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ.

 6

" tailor-made " ɩɨʁɚɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ, ɭɪɚɻɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɦʁɟɪɢ



231

ɋɥɢɤɚ 24. Foaje

ɋɥɢɤɚ 25. Ballroom Armani Pavilion ʁɟ ɜɚʃɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ 350 ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɧɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɚɢʁɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 26). ȳɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɚɧ ɢ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɬɚɧ ɦɨɛɢɥɢʁɚɪ, ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɚ ɤɭɯɢʃɚ ɢ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɚɞɭɬɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ.

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 26. Armani Pavilion Al Majlis ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɧɢɜɨɭ lobby-ɚ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɚɪɚɩɫɤɚ ɫɨɛɚ ɡɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɟ. Ɉɜɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Armani bussines ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ʁɟ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚɧ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ(ɋɥɢɤɚ 27). .

ɋɥɢɤɚ 27. ɋɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟ Armani oasi ʁɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɡɭɪɨɦ ɧɚ Downtown Dubai ɫɚ ɜɚʃɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 28,29).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 28. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ Ɉɚɡɚ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 29. ȼɚwɫɤɚ ɬɟɪɚɫɚ

Armani Galleria ʁɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɦɨɞɧɢ ɞɨɞɚɰɢ, ɰɜɢʁɟʄɟ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɱɨɤɨɥɚɞɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ. ɇɭɞɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɭɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɨɦ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 30). Ʉɪɟɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɟɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɟɤɫɬɪɚɜɚɝɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɰɜɢʁɟɬɧɢɦ ɚɪɚɧyɦɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɫɬɟ ɢɡ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɚɧɚ Armani/Dolci ʁɟ ɞɢɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ. (ɋɥɢɤɚ 31).



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ɋɥɢɤɚ 30.– Armani Galleria

ɋɥɢɤɚ 31. Armani Fiori

3.5 SPA ZONA Armani Spa ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɭɞɢ Spa ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɟ ɢ Spa-kuhiwu, ɥɢɱɧɨɝ fitness ɬɪɟɧɟɪɚ ɧɚ 1300m² ɭɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 32). Fitness ɫɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɢɨ Spa ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 33). ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭ ɬɟɪɚɩɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɯɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɢ ɨɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 34). Armani Spa ʁɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɢɡɚ ɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ɞɚɧ. ɋɜɚ ɤɨɡɦɟɬɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɢʁɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɭ Spa ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ʁɟ ɫ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜɢɦ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɨɦ. ɋɚɭɧɚ, ɩɚɪɧɨ ɤɭɩɚɬɢɥɨ, ɛɚɡɟɧ ɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɦɚɫɚɠɧɟ ɤɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 35).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 32. Spa ɰɟɧɬɚɪ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 34. Relax ɡɨɧɚ

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 33. Fitness

ɋɥɢɤɚ 35. Hidromasayni ɛɚɡɟɧ

4.0 ȺɊɆȺɇɂ ɏɈɌȿɅ ɆɂɅȺɇɈ ɏɨɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɩɚɜɚɨɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ, ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɞɚɧɚɲwɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɬɪɚyɟ ʁɟ ɩɭɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɬ ʄɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɚ Conrad-a Hilton-a ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɢyɧɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɥɚɧɰɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ "Hilton" ɤɨʁɢ ɤɚɠɟ: "ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɬɟɥɭ, ɝɨɫɬɢ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɧɚʄɢ ɨɧɨ ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɚʃɚʁɭ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ". ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɥɭɡɢʁɟ. ɋɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨʁ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɰɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɭ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʁɭʄɟ. Ȼɢɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɫɭ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɚɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɜɢɲɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɦɨɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɭ. Ɉɞ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ spa ɰɟɧɬɪɢɦɚ. ɍ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 2011. ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɫɭɩɟɪɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɭ shopping ɡɨɧɢ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɢyɧɟ via Montenapoleone ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɢ ɛɭɬɢɰɢ ɧɚʁɟɥɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɧɢɯ ɛɪɟɧɞɨɜɚ. ɍ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɧɭɞɢ ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨʁ ɟɥɢɬɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɭ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɭ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɰɢʁɢ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɭ ɢ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɫɬɢɥ. ɏɨɬɟɥ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɭ ɢɡ 1937. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɥɭɤɫɭɡ ɩɪɨɮɢʃɟɧɢʁɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɚɢʁɭ. ɉɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ʁɟ ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɚɧ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɤɟ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɤɭ ɨɧ ɤɚɠɟ:” "Ɇɨɪɚɬɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɬɟ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ, ɧɟʄɟɬɟ ɠɟʂɟɬɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɭɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɦɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ. ȿɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɛɟɡɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɬɚʁɧɚ ". Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɠɟɥɢɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɚɩɚɦʄɟɧ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɨɞʁɟʄɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɤɪɟɢɪɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɜɚʁ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɥɭɤɫɭɡ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɞɚɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɢy ɝɪɚɞɭ. ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɚɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ⱥ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 36). ɇɨɜɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɤɪɨɡ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɟ ɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ. ɉɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɦɨɞɭ, ɝɥɚɦɭɪ ɢ ɥɭɤɫɭɡ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 37).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 36. Ʌɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ



ɋɥɢɤɚ 37. Milano fashion week 2012 235

5.0 ȺɊɏɂɌȿɄɌɈɇɋɄȺ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɂ ȿɇɌȿɊɂȳȿɊ ɇɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɞɨɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɭɱɟɧɟ ɟɬɚɠɟ ɭ ɫɬɚɤɥɭ ɫɚ ɛɚɦɛɭɫɨɜɢɦ ɜɪɬɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɪɭɛɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 38,39). ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟɧɚ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɢɦ ɤɭɛɭɫɨɦ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɟ ɟɬɚɠɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɟ ɡɚ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɦɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɢ lounge ɛɚɪ ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɨɦ Spa ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɡɚ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢʁɭ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢyɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 38. ɏɨɬɟɥ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ Ɇɢɥɚɧɨ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 39. Ȼɚɦɛɭɫɨɜ ɜɪɬ

5.1 ɍɅȺɁɇȺ ɁɈɇȺ, ɏɈɌȿɅɋɄɂ LOBBY ɍ ɩɪɢɡɟɦʂɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɪyɚɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɛɭɬɢɤ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 40). ɍ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɤʃɢɠɚɪɚ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɭɥɚɡ ɭ ɯɨɬɟɥ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ⱥ, ɪɟɰɟɩɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɡɟɦʂɭ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɛɭɬɢɤ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 41,42). ɍ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɤʃɢɠɚɪɚ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 40. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɛɭɬɢɤ

236 

Slika 41. Glavni ulaz

ɋɥɢɤɚ 42. Lobby

5.2 ɁɈɇȺ ɁȺ ɋɉȺȼȺȵȿ ɏɨɬɟɥ ɢɦɚ 95 ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɢɯ ɫɨɛɚ ɢ deluxe ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɨ 45ɦ² ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ ɨɞ 200ɦ², ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɟ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢɡ Armani Casa ɩɨɧɭɞɟ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 43,44). Ʌɭɤɫɭɡ, ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢʁɚ ɢ ʂɟɩɨɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɞɟɬɚʂɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɛɨʁɭ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ. ɉɪɢɝɭɲɟɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɚ, ɛɟɠ ɢ ɫɢɜɚ ɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɛɨʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɭ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪɭ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 45,46). ɉɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɟ ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɟ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɥɢɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ ɤɭɩɚɬɢɥɢɦɚ ɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɦɟɪɦɟɪ ɛɨʁɟ ɩɢʁɟɫɤɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 47). Ɉɫʁɟʄɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɫɬ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɨɝ ɞɨɦɚ. ɇɟɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɢ ɝɥɚɦɭɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ɤɪɨɡ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɭ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɰɢʁɭ. ɇɚʁɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɜɨɟɬɚɠɧɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 48).



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ɋɥɢɤɚ 43. Ɂɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɚɜɚwɟ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 44. Ɂɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɞ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 45. Ⱥɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 46. Ⱦɟɝɚɠɦɚɧ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 47. Ʉɭɩɚɬɢɥɨ

238 

ɋɥɢɤɚ 48. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧ 5.3 ɁɈɇȺ ɋɈɐɂȳȺɅɂɁȺɐɂȳȿ ɄɊɈɁ ɍȽɈɋɌɂɌȿȴɋɄȿ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊȿ Lounge ɢ Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧɬɭ ɫɚ ɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɨɦ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɟ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɫɬɪɨɩɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 49,50). Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɧɭɞɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɭ ɤɭɯɢʃɭ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɭ ɡɚ ɡɨɧɭ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ. ɍ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ Enoteca ɫɚ ɟɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɜɢɧɚ. ɂɧɨɜɚɬɢɜɧɚ je "lifestyle" ɭɫɥɭɝɚ ɭ ɬɡɜ. ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨʁ ɬɪɩɟɡɚɪɢʁɢ. Lounge ɛɚɪ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɦɢɥɚɧɫɤɢ ɚɩɟɪɢɬɢɜ. ɉɪɨɡɨɪɢ ɞɭɩɥɟ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɛɪɢɫɨɥɟʁɢɦɚ ɩɪɭyɚʁɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɨɤɧɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ ɧɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɡɢɞ ɨɞ ɨɧɢx ɩɚɧɟɥɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɩɨ ɞɨɛɪɨʁ ɦɭɡɢɰɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɚɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 49. Lounge bar



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ɋɥɢɤɚ 50. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ 5.4 ɁɈɇȺ ɁȺ ɂȼȿɇɌȿ ɋɜɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚwɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ "lifestyle" iskustvo ɤɪɨɡ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɭɞɢ ɦɭɥɬɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɫɚɥɭ ɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɦɨɦ ɡɚ ɚɭɞɢɨ ɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɟ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɭ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜɨɦ ɚɩɚɪɬɦɚɧɭ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 51).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 51. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ suite 5.5 ɋɉȺ ɁɈɇȺ ɇɚʁɚɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɢʁɢ ɫɚɞɪyɚʁ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɟɬɚɠɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ʁɟ "ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬy" ɛɚɡɟɧ ɫɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɤɨɡɦɟɬɢɱɤɟ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɫɚɭɧɟ. ɐɢʁɟɥɢ ɨɫɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ʁɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢʁɢ, ɧɚ 1200ɦ² ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ spɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɜɟ ɬɟɪɚɩɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʁɭ "ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɟ"7. Fitness ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɭɡ ɫɜɟ ɧɚʁɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɟ ɧɭɞɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɨ-ɜɚɫɤɭɥɚɪɧɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɬɟ ɜʁɟɠɛɚʃɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɬɪɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ "lifestyle" menaxera. ȼɢɫɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɚɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɜɢɡɭɪɚ ɫɭ ɚɞɭɬɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ (ɋɥɢɤɚ 52,53,54).

 7

" personalizovan program" ɩɨʁɚɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɟ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɟ

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 52. Bazen infinity

ɋɥɢɤɚ 53. Relax ɡɨɧɚ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 54. Fitness ɡɨɧɚ



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ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ ɉɪɢɦɚɪɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɢɯ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜɢɯ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɦɨɞɭ, ɥɭɤɫɭɡ ɢ ɝɥɚɦɭɪ. Ⱦɭɛɚɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢʁɢɯ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɬɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ, ɚ Burj Kalifa, ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɬɨɪɚʃ ɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧ ɩɪɜɢ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜ ɯɨɬɟɥ. Ɇɢɥɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɨɞɟ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɟɦɨɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɰɢ. ɂ ɫɜɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɥɨɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ jet-ɫɟɬɟɪɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɭ ɦɨɞɧɭ ɨɞʁɟʄɭ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɦɨɞɧɨɝ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ ɭ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ Armani Casa, Armani Fiori, Armani Dolci. Ɉɞ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃwɚ ɨɞʁɟʄɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɭ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢʁɟɜɨɝ ɫɬɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɭʄɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɫɬ, ɭɞɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɨɮɢɫɬɢɰɢɪɚɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɛɨʁɚ ɢ ɧɢʁɚɧɫɢ. ɋɜɢ ɨɜɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɭɡ led ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬɭ ɢ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɥɚɦɩɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɢɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɚɜɚɧɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚ ɱɭɥɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɛɟɡɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɦ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ Design ɯɨɬɟɥ-ɚ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɧ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɚɧ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ. ɏɨɬɟɥ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɛɪɟɧɞ. ȿɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɢɯ lifestyle ɯɨɬɟɥɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɧɢɜɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɫɬɢɥ ɬɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɜɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɧɨɜɢ ɢɧɨɜɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɝ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ. Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɧɨɫɢ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ design ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɟɧɚɬ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ. ɋɬɜɚɪɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɝɨɫɬ-ɯɨɬɟɥ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɭ ɩɨɧɭɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɬɡɜ. lifestyle manager-ɢ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɬɪɟɧɟɪɢ. Ȼɪɟɧɞ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɥɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɟ "Ⱥɪɦɚɧɢ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚʁ". Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɦɨyɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɨɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɤɚɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ. ɏɨɬɟɥɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ lobby-e, lounge ɛɚɪɨɜɟ, ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɢɧɨɜɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ menú-em, ɩɨɥɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ bussines ɡɨɧɟ ɢ spa ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɫɚ ɯɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ. ɂɧɬɢɦɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɚɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɨɦ high-tech ɨɩɪɟɦɨɦ. ɐɢʂ ɢɫɬɪɚyɢɜɚwɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɭ ɯɨɬɟɥɢʁɟɪɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɞɢɡɚʁɧɚ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚʁɚ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɢɧɨɜɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɟɜɢɞʁɟɬɢ ɧɢ ɨɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɭɩɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɲɬɨ ɨɜɚɤɜɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɲɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɥɢʁɟɧɬɟɥɭ. ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɛɪɟɧɞɨɜɚ ɢ lifestyle-a ɤɨʁɢ ɬɟ ɛɪɟɧɞɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɬɢ. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɬɪyɢɲɬɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɛʂɭʁɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɯ ɢ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɢɪɚɧɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢyɧɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɭɛɟ ɟɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢ ɠɢɯɨɜɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ.

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7. 8.

Otto Riewoldt, (2002, Logos, Modena) "Albergi contemporanei" Gay Dittrich, (2007, Te Neues, Kempen) "Fashion Hotels " Graham Vickers, (2005, Laurence King Publishing, London) "21st century Hotel " Soledad Lorenzo, (2005, Architectural design) "Design Hotels " Daniela Freund de Klumbis, (2002, ESADE Escuela Universitaria de Turismo Sant Ignasi, Ramón Llull University ( Barcelona) Seeking the " Ultimate hotel experience " Paco Asensio, (2002, Logos, Modena) " Alberghi and design " Montse Borras, (2008,"Loft Publications", Barcelona,) "Hotel Spaces"

9.

Carles Broto, (2010,"Links", Barcelona,) "Stylish hotel design"

4. 5. 6.

IZVORI ILUSTRACIJA www. burjkalifa.ae www. giorgioarmani.com www. armanihotels.com



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Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɢɪ Ȼɪʃɨɲ1

ɇɈȼɂ ɉɊɂɋɌɍɉ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɈȾ ɉɈɉɅȺȼȺ ɍ ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɐɂ ɋɊɉɋɄɈȳ " ɀɂȼȳȿɌɂ ɋȺ ɉɈɉɅȺȼȺɆȺ " - ɂɁȺɁɈȼ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɍ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɭɡ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. ȼɢʁɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟʃɢɜɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ "ɛɨɪɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ" ɦɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɢʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ "ɠɢɜʁɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ", ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. ɋɜɪɯɚ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚʃɚ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɨɝ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ, ɨɞɪɠɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ.

A NEW APPROACH TO FLOOD PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA „ LIVING WITH THE FLOODS ” CHALLENGE Summary: In the future the concept of flood protection in the Republic of Srpska has to be based on contemporary world's trends, with respect to present conditions of flood protection system and the economic potentials of society. For centuries the concept of „fighting against floods“ was applied and has to be replaced by the concept of „living with floods“, i.e. a new integrated principle of flood protection. The purpose of the work is to introduce experts into complex issues of integrated control of floods related to aspects of environmental protection with the aim to ensure long term sustainable development. Key words: flood, integrated management, sustainable development.

. 1

Ɇɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɢɪ Ȼɪʃɨɲ, ɞɢɩɥ.ɢɧɠ.ɝɪɚɻ, „ɏɢɞɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ɍɪɟɛɢɲʃɢɰɢ“ Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɟ

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1. ɍȼɈȾ ɉɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ʂɭɞɫɤe ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰe. Ⱦɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɬɧɨ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɥɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɚʃɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ. ɇɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚʃɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɫɥɢɜɨɜɚ, ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɩɪɢɬɢɫak ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɢɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɜɢʁɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ "ɛɨɪɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ" ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ "ɠɢɜʁɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ". Ȼɨɪɛɭ ɫɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢɦɚ ( Integrated Water Resources Management – IWRM ). ɐɢʂ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɤɥɚɩɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɚɥɢ ɭɡ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɞɚɬ ʁɟ ɤɪɚɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɦɨɝɭʄɟɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ (Ɋɋ), ɧɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɭɡ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ. ɇɨɜɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɝ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɨɞ ɩɥɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɧɟɢɡɛʁɟɠɚɧ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ „ɠɢɜʁɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ“ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɮɪɚɡɚ, ɜɟʄ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɫɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɫɬɟ ɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧɚ ɨ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɨ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɢɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ.

2. ɋȺȾȺɒȵȿ ɋɌȺȵȿ ɍ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɈȾ ɉɈɉɅȺȼȺ Ɋɋ ɍ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɲɬɟɬɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ. Ɉɞ ɧɟɢɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ: ɯɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ, ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɫɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɞɭɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɧɭɧɞɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɚ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɧɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɚ Ɉɤɜɢɪɧɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɨ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ (WFD) ɢ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɨ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɲɬɟɬɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɚ. Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ: ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɛɪɞɫɤɢɯ ɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɛɭʁɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ. Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ, ɲɭɦɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ „Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ“. ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɞɚɬ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɋɥɢɰɢ 1.

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 1- ɉɨɩɥɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɭ Ɋɋ [1] Ʉɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɭ ɉɨɫɚɜɢɧɢ, ɋɟɦɛɟɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɭ 2011. ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɭʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɭɡ ɪɢʁɟɤɭ ɋɚɜɭ, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ, ɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɭɦɩɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɚ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ. ɍ ɞɨɥɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɉɨɫɚɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɋɟɦɛɟɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɜɨɞʃɢ ɋɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɞɭɠɟɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɩɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɢʁɟɞɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɢ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɋɚɜɟ ɩɨɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɭ ɫɚ ɛɪɠɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɬɚɥɚɫɚ ɢ ɤɪɚʄɟɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ [2]. ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɚ ɢ Ⱥɤɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɨɦ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɥɢɜɭ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ, 2008. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɉɥɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ. Ⱦɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɨɦ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɨɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɭ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ Ⱥɝɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɢɜɨɜɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɋɚɜɟ ɢ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ Ɍɪɟɛɢɲʃɢɰɟ.

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3. ɋɌɊȺɌȿȽɂȳȺ ɊȺɁȼɈȳȺ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɈȾ ɉɈɉɅȺȼȺ ɍ Ɋɋ 3.1. ɇȿȾɈɋɌȺɐɂ ɉɈɋɌɈȳȿȶȿȽ ɉɊɂɋɌɍɉȺ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɈȾ ɉɈɉɅȺȼȺ ɍ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɬɧɨ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɥɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɚʃɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɚʃɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧe ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɝ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɥɟɠɢ ɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɛɪɢɝɭ ɨ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɢ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭɨɱɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɨ ɭ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢʁɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɥɟ ɧɚʁɫɥɨɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɤɭɩʂɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɢɝɪɚʁɭ ɤʂɭɱɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɥɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ɢ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɫɥɢɜɚ. ɋʁɟɱɚ ɲɭɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ (ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ) ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɚ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ. ɉɪɨɰʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 85% ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ɋɋ ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɫɥɢɜɭ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 94% ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ ɞɨɫɩɢʁɭ ɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɟ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɧɟɫɭ ɧɚɧɨɫ. Ⱦɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɞɟɩɨɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɧɨɫɚ, ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɞɧɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɢɜɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ. ɉɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɬɟɠɚɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ. ɇɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɢɜɭ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɤɨ 2,3ɯ106 ɦ3/ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɨɞɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɨɤɨ 1,5ɯ 106 ɦ3/ɝɨɞ. ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɛɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɟɪɨɡɢɨɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɲɭɦʂɚɜɚʃɟ, ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɧɚɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɜɭ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚɧɨɫ ɭ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɭ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. Ɍɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɟ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɟ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ ɞɭɠ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɬɨɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɲɬɨ ɭɡɪɨɤɭʁɟ ɫɭɲɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɚɥɧɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢʁɟ, ɪɭɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɚɥɚ, ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ, ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɥɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɲɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɚɤɜɚɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚɤ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɜɟʄ ɭɡɪɨɤɭʁɭ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ, ɤɪɟɢɪɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɚ, ɬɚɥɨɠɟ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɢɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɯɪɚʃɢɜɚ, ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɜɥɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɭ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɥɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɭ ɧɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɢʁɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɬɢ ɩɥɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢɡ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. ɇɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɤɚɦɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ. 3.2. ɇɈȼɂ ɂɇɌȿȽɊȺɅɇɂ ɉɊɂɋɌɍɉ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɈȾ ɉɈɉɅȺȼȺ ɇɨɜɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɫ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢɦɚ ɭɡ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ 248

ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ (Barrett, 1999). ɋɜʁɟɬɫɤɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɧɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɨɦ “Associated Programme on Flood Mangement” ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɥɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ (Integrated Flood Management) ɤɚɨ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. ɋɭɲɬɢɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʃɭ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ, ɚɥɢ ɭɡ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɚɧ ɨɞɪɠɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ [3]. ɍ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɢɡɛʁɟʄɢ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɫɦɚʃɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɢɡɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. ɍɫɩʁɟɯ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɰɢʂɭ, ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ʁɟ 2007. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɲɢɪɨɦ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɨ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ (2007/60/ȿC). Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɝɭɛɢɰɢɦɚ, ɚ ɦɚɩɟ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɚɩɟ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɩɥɚɜʂɟʃɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɢʁɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɭɲɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɜɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ, ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɏɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ, ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɟɮɟɤɚɬ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. ɍ ɰɢʂɭ ɧɚɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɭ, ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɚʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ (EC) ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɫɭ: FLOODAWARE, FRIMAR ɢ AFORISM. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɭ ɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɪɚɧɝɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. 3.3. ɄɈɇɐȿɉɌ ȻɍȾɍȶȿȽ ɊȺɁȼɈȳȺ ɁȺɒɌɂɌȿ ɈȾ ɉɈɉɅȺȼȺ ɍ Ɋɋ 3.3.1. ɇɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɜɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɥɢɜɚ. ɍ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ʄɟ ɧɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɤɚɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ, ɢɦɚɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ, ɚɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɡɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɚ. ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɭ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ, ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɨɜɨɝ IWRM ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɭɥɚɠɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɨɞɜɢʁɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ. ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɟ ɟɬɚɩɟ: - ɉɪɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ - ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ; - Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ - ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ; - ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ - ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɫɪɭɲɟɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɪɟɯɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢʁɚ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ 249

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɜɚɤ. ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɟɬɚɩɟ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɟ: - ɋɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɩɥɚɜʂɟʃɚ; - Ɉɞɫɬɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɧɞɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɦɟɬʃɭ ɩɪɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜɚ; - ɂɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ (ɧɚɫɢɩɢ, ɛɪɚɧɟ, ɨɞɜɨɞɧɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ...), ɤɨʁɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɢ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟ; - ɉɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɫɥɢɜɭ; - Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɧɨɝ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ; - Ɂɨɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ; - Ⱦɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ; - Ɉɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ; - Ɉɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɭɛɥɚɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɫɭ: - ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɬɚɥɚɫɚ (ɪɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɦ); - Ɉɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɡɛɭʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ; - Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. Ɍɪɟʄɨɦ ɟɬɚɩɨɦ, ɩɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɟ : - ɉɨɦɨʄ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɟʃɟ ɭɪɝɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ (ɜɨɞɚ, ɯɪɚɧɚ, ɫɦʁɟɲɬɚʁ ɢ ɫɥ.); - Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ; - Ɉɛɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ; - Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢ ɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ; - ɋɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. 3.3.2. ɂɡɪɚɞɚ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɇɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɪɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ: „ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ?“, „ɐɢʁɟɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ?“ ɢ „ɉɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ?“. Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɱɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɨɜɟ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜe ɨ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ (2007/60/ȿC). ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɮɚɡɟ, ɢ ɬɨ: - ɂɡɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɥɢɦɢɧɚɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ; - ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ; - ɂɡɪɚɞɚ ɦɚɩɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ; - ɂɡɪɚɞɚ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ. Ⱦɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɉɥɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɡɚ ɰɢʁɟɥɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ, ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɞɚɛɢɪ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɟ ɭ Ɋɋ ɫɚ WFD, ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɨ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɩɨɥɚɡɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɨ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɉɥɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ.

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ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɨ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɥɢɦɢɧɚɪɧɭ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ, ɡɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɟ ɫɥɢɜɨɜɟ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɋɚɜɟ ɢ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ Ɍɪɟɛɢɲʃɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ : - Ɇɚɩɭ ɜɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɫɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ; - Ɉɩɢɫ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɫʂɟɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɨɰʁɟʃɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɚ: ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɟ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɢ ʂɭɞɫɤɨɝ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɥɢɦɢɧɚɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɪɢɡɢɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. ɂɡɪɚɞɚ ɦɚɩɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ: - ɏɢɞɪɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɬɚɥɚɫɚ; - ɏɢɞɪɚɭɥɢɱɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɦɚ; - Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɬɚɥɚɫɢɦɚ; - ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ; - ɉɪɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɦɚɩɚɦɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɲɬɟɬɧɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɝɨɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ : - Ɉɤɜɢɪɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ; - ȼɪɫɬɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ; - ɉɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ ; - Ɉɫɬɚɥɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ (ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɟɪɨɡɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɛɭʁɢɰɚɦɚ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ, ɢ ɫɥ.). ɉɨɲɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟ ɨɞ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɬɚɥɚɫɚ, ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɯɢɞɪɚɭɥɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɨɦ (ɦɨɞɟɥɨɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɱɟʃɚ). ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɭ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɭ ɲɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ Ƚɂɋ-ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨ ɫɨɮɬɜɟɪɫɤɨ ɨɤɪɭɠʃɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɟ (ɯɢɞɪɨɥɨɲɤɟ, ɯɢɞɪɚɭɥɢɱɤɟ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ, ɩɥɚɧɟɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɥ.), ( ɋɥɢɤɚ 2 ).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2 - Ƚɂɋ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ [1] 251

ɉɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɧɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢ ɡɨɧɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟɦ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ. Ɍɨ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɲɬɟɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɭɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ. Ʉɚɪɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ, ɫɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɭ 10, 50 ɢ 100 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ: „ɜɢɫɨɤ“, „ɭɦʁɟɪɟɧ“ ɢ „ɧɢɡɚɤ“ ( ɋɥɢɤɚ 3 ).

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3 - Ɂɨɧɟ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ Ɂɨɧɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɧɨ ɩɥɚɜɧɟ ɡɨɧɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɡɨɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɡɨɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɲɬɟɬɚ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɨɦ, ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɜɭ, ɭɡ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɢɜɨɜɚ Ɋɋ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɫɦʁɟɪɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ ( ɋɥɢɤɚ 4 ). ɄɊȺɌɄɈɊɈɑɇɈ ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɩɢɪɚʃɚ Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ "ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ" ɢ ɚɥɚɬɢ ɦɚɩɢɪɚʃɚ ɇɚɰɪɬ ɫɦʁɟɪɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ

ɋɊȿȾȵȿɊɈɑɇɈ ɂɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɦʁɟɪɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɤɪɟɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɦɚɩɢɪɚʃɟ

ȾɍȽɈɊɈɑɇɈ ɉɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɜɢɲɟ ɚɝɟɧɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɉɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ

ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɰɢ ʁɟ

ɋɥɢɤɚ 4 - ɏɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ [1]

4. ɉɊȿɉɈɊɍɄȿ ɁȺ ȾȺȴȿ ȺɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɢʁɟɞɢɨ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɡɚ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ 252

ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ (ɟɞɭɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɚʃɟ, ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɟ, ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɫɥ.). Ⱦɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɚʂɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ, ɧɟɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɦɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɦɢʁɟʃɚɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭɡ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɫɚɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ. ɇɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɨɦ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɲɬɟɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɢʁɟɧɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɜɨɫɬ ɭɥɚɝɚʃɚ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɢɡɦʁɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞʁɟɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɡɨɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞʁɟɬɢ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɩɥɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ, ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɛʁɟʄɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɡɨɧɚɦɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɭ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɬɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɨɦ „ do nothing “ (ɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ). Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ „The Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development“ 2, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ. ɋɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɧɨɝ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɧɚɢɥɚɫɤɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɭ ɲɬɟɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ, ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɭ “disaster manager” ɭ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ.

5. ɁȺȼɊɒɇȺ ɊȺɁɆȺɌɊȺȵȺ Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɝɞʁɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɭɡ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫʂɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ "ɛɨɪɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ" ʁɟ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧ ɭɡ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ "ɠɢɜʁɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ". Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɢ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɤɥɚɩɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ, ɚ ɬɟɠɢ ɭɫɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ "ɯɭɦɚɧɟ" ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ (ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ ɢ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ) ɢ "ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɟ" ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ (ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ). Ⱥɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɢʁɟɞɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɚ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɥɢɜɚ. Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɚʂɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɪɢʁɟɤɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫe 2

Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ Ɉɍɇ, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ „Our Common Future“. 253

ɛɚɡɢɪɚ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ. ɍ ɰɢʂɭ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɚ ɪɢɡɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ, ɨɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚ (ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɞɚ ɦɚɩɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚʃɟɦ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɟ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɥɢɜɚ. ɍ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ȿC ɭɡ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɜɨɜɚ, ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɚɜɚ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥ.

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ [1] ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦ ȿɍ IPA 2007 (2011) ɉɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɜɨɞɧɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɭ Ȼɢɏ .“Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ“. [2] Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɭ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ (2010) ɂɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁ ɨ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ. [3] Bonacci (2007) ȼɢɞɨɜɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɲɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚɦɚ.ɉɪɟɞɚɜɚʃɚ.

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Ɇɪ ɉɟɬɚɪ Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ.1, Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɂɜɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ. 1

ɏɂȾɊɈȽȿɈɅɈɒɄȿ ɉɊȿȾɂɋɉɈɁɂɐɂȳȿ ɍ ɎɍɇɄɐɂȳɂ ȽɊȺȭȿȵȺ Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ƚɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɨʂɟɦ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɞɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɭ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɭ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɩɨɩɭɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɩɨɧɢɪɚɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɬɧɨɲʄɭ ɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɠɚ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɭ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɭ ɬʁ. ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɚɥɭ ɨɫɰɢɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɡɢɦɟ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɩɭɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɞ 0°C, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 12°C, ɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɦɩɢ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ, ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ, ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɨɫɬ

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

PREDISPOSITION

IN

FUNCTION

OF

Summary: Construction, as an equivalent of the standard of a state and its citizens, is reflected in a better exploitation of the terrain as a construciton medium. Besides the geotechnical conditions for preparing projects and the construciton itself, the hydrogeologic characteristics can contribute to a minimization of the construction cost, as well as to a more cost effective exploitation of a construction. Hydrogeologic limitations of a terrain, such as the high level of ground waters, can be predisposed by an adequate hight of a construction - with or without the underground levels. The temperature of ground waters represents a mineral resource. The temperature of ground waters has a minimal oscilation throughout the year, so that in the winter period, when the outside temperature falls under 0°C, the ground water temperature remains at about 12°C, thus representing a resource which can be exploited for the airconditioning of the construction with the use of a heat pump. Key words: Hydrogeological predisposition, hydrogeotermal energy, sustainability and renewability

1

IBIS-INŽENJERING d.o.o., Ɉɦɥɚɞɢɧɫɤɚ 28, 78000 Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ; www.ibis.ba 255

ɍȼɈȾ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɥɢɲɬɟ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɪɩɚɧ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨɫɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɠɚ. ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢɝɪɚʁɭ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɍɡ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɟ ɰɢʁɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɦɚʃɢɬɢ, ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ. ɍ ɮɚɡɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɭ ɤɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 1. ɞɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɲɟɦɚɬɫɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɪɟʁɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɠɟɝ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ. ɇa ɫɥɢɰɢ 1. ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɪɟʁɨɧɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɨʁ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɢ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɢɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɟɬɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ. ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɨɛɪɚɞɭ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. 1.

ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂȳȺ ɂɁȼɈȭȿȵȺ ɏɂȾɊɈȽȿɈɅɈɒɄɂɏ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȺ

ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 1 ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɚɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ (Metodology of ground water investigation in function of constractions)

2. ɏɂȾɊɈȽȿɈɅɈɒɄȺ ɄɈɌɅɂɇȿ

ɉɊȿȾɂɋɉɈɁɂɐɂȳȺ

ȻȺȵȺɅɍɑɄȿ

ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ: ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɩɥɢɬɚɤ ɧɢɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɬɟɦɟʂɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. Ƚɪɚɞʃɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɠɚ ɭ ɡɚɫɢʄɟɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɚ ɩɭɦɩɚʃɚ ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɰɢʁɟɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ. b) Ɍɟɦɟʂɟʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɡɚɫɢʄɟɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɬɚɥɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɢ ɬɨ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ. Ƚɪɚɞʃɚ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ ʁɚɱɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɫɤɭɩʂɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ. c) ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɲɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɪɚʃɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɨɞ ɡɨɧɚ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ.

a)

257

d) ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɞ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɧɟ ɬɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ ɝɭɛɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ. e) ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɢɬɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. ɂ ɫɚɦɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɧɮɢɥɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɞɪɟɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚɦɚ ɨɤɨ ɬɟɦɟʂɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɭɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ ɱɢɧɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɡɞɚɲɧɢɦ. ɍ ɡɚɞʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɭ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɢɫɤɟ ɟɧɬɚɥɩɢʁɟ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɚ ɤɨɬɥɢɧɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɤɟ ɟɧɬɚɥɩɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨɝ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɪɢʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɦɩɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɭɧɢʁɢ ɫɤɨɤɨɦ ɰɢʁɟɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɩɚɪ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɭɧɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2015-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɚɧ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɪɢʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɨʁ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɢ (ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɦ ɩɭɦɩɚɦɚ). x

ȿɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ

Ʉɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɦɩɢ ʁɟ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ʁɟɪ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚ ɧɭɥɬɭ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɝɚɫɨɜɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɨɦ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɯɢɞɪɨ ɢɥɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɞ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɱɢɫɬ. ɂɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɝɪɢʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɦ ɩɭɦɩɚɦɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɟ, ɞɚɥɟɤɨɜɨɞɢ) ɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɮɨɫɢɥɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɜɚ. ɋɜɟ ɨɜɨ ɜɨɞɢ ɤɚ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ, ɧɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ, ɧɚ ɲɬɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ, ɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨʁ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɚɭɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟ, ɩɥɚʄɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɫɚ.

258

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. ɒɟɦɚɬɫɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ (m) ɞɨ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ 07.10.1974 (Map of min. depth of ground water level on 07.10.1974) 259

x

ȿɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɦɩɢ

ɒɬɟɞʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɦɩɢ, ɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɭɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɬɪɟʄɢɧɭ ɩɪɟʃɟɬɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. Ɍɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɧɢɫɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ (ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ) ɦɨɠɟ ɭ ɝɪɢʁɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭɛɚɰɢɬɢ 20ɤWɯ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɢ ɫɚɦɨ 3-5ɤWɯ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɞ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɟ ɩɭɦɩɟ. ɍɲɬɟɞɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɧɚ, ɬɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɞɨ 80%. ȿɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɦɩɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɭɱɢɧɤɚ (COP). Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɭ, ɡɚ ɝɪɢʁɚʃɟ. ɍɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɒɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɜɢɲɢ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɨʂɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ɂɚɤɨ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɝɪɢʁɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ. ɋ ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɱɢɦɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯɜɨɞɚ, ɬɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɲɟɧɚɦʁɟɧɤɨɝ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚɧɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɤɟ ɟɧɬɚɥɩɢʁɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ ɜɨɞɚ-ɜɨɞɚ ʁɟɪ ɢɫɞɚɲɧɨɫɬ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɩɪɟʄɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɭ ɡɟɦʂɚ-ɜɨɞɚ.

3. ɉɊɂɆȳȿɊɂ ɄɈɊɂɒȶȿȵȺ ɉɈȾɁȿɆɇɂɏ ɌȿɊɂɌɈɊɂȳɂ ȽɊȺȾȺ ȻȺȵȺ ɅɍɄȿ

ȼɈȾȺ

ɇȺ

Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɟ. ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɡɚ: x ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ (ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ, ɚɭɬɨɩɪɚɨɧɢɰɟ, ɪɢɛʃɚɰɢ ɢɬɞ) x ɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɧɚɜɨɞʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ x ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɦɩɢ (ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ Ɋɟɛɪɨɜɰɭ, Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ ɢɬɞ)

4. ɁȺɄȴɍɑɐɂ ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ:

260

x x

x x

ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ; ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɪɢʁɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɚɤɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɤɟ ɟɧɬɚɥɩɢʁɟ. ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬʁ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɮɬɢɧɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɬʁ ɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɫɬ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɪɟʁɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ

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ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ x x x

ɂɥɢʄ ɐ ɢ ɞɪ. , 1974: ɂɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɟ, 1:10000, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ

x

Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ Ⱦ ɢ ɞɪ., 2009: Ƚɟɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɞɢɨɧɚ, Ƚɟɨɡɚɜɨɞ, Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ Ɇɨʁɢɱɟɜɢʄ Ɇ, ȼɢɥɨɜɫɤɢ ɋ, Ɍɨɦɢʄ Ȼ, 1976: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɥɢɫɬ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ Ɋ 1:100000., ɋɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɋɎɊȳ

x x x

Ɇɨʁɢɱɟɜɢʄ Ɇ, ȼɢɥɨɜɫɤɢ ɋ, Ɍɨɦɢʄ Ȼ, 1976: Ɍɭɦɚɱ ɡɚ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɥɢɫɬ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ Ɋ 1:100000, ɋɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɋɎɊȳ Ɍɨɦɢʄ Ɇ ɢ ɞɪ.,1971: ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɜɨɞɨɰɪɩɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɫɟɥɢʁɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɧɢɯ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɝɚʄɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢ, Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ

x

Ɍɨɦɢʄ Ɇ ɢ ɞɪ.,1972: ɋɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɚʃɚ ɥɭɤɚ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ

x

Ɍɪɤɭʂɚ Ⱦ ɢ Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ ɉ, 2008: ɂɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɭ, Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ, Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ. Ɍɪɤɭʂɚ Ⱦ, 1999: ɂɧɞɭɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɚɧɟ Ȼɨɱɚɰ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ.

x x x x

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Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ ɉ, 2009: ɏɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɢɧɟ, Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ ɨ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɧɨɦ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ 40. ɝɨɞɢɧɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ. Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ, ɫɬɪ 247-256. ɂɛɪɚɯɢɦɩɚɲɢʄ ɏ ɢ ɞɪ., 2008: Ƚɟɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɬɪɠɧɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ Ⱦɟɥɬɚ, Ƚɟɨɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ, Ɍɭɡɥɚ

ɏɪɤɚɥɨɜɢʄ ɍ ɢ ɞɪ., 2006: ɏɢɞɪɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ȼɪɛɚɫ, Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɭ ɞ.ɨ.ɨ., Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ ɑɢɱɢʄ ɋ ɢ Ɇɢɨɲɢʄ ɇ, 1986: Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, Ƚɟɨɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɢɧɝ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ ɂɜɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ Ȼ, Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ ɉ, 2009: Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɟ ɪɟɝɢʁɟ

Ⱦɭɲɤɨ ɋɭɧɚɪɢʄ1, ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ 2, Ɇɢɨɞɪɚɝ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ3

ɇȿɄɂ ȺɋɉȿɄɌɂ ɆȺɄɊɈɋȿɂɁɆɂɑɄɈȽ ɂɁɍɑȺȼȺȵȺ ɄɊȺȴȿȼȺɑɄɈȽ ɁȿɆȴɈɌɊȿɋȺ ɈȾ 3.11.2010. Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɉɪɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɨɦ ɨɛɢɥɚɫɤɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɥɟɢɫɬɨɫɟɢɫɬɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ, ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɭ ɞɟɥɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ, ɞoɤ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɝɪɭ ɨɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɨɱɟɧɟ. ȿɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɜɚɥɨɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟɟɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚɧɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɱɟɤɚɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ. ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɞʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɥɟɢɫɬɨɫɟɢɫɬɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɦɚɤɪɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫ, ɦɚɤɪɨɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ, ɫɟɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ

SOME ASPECTS OF MACROSEISMIC STUDY OF KRALJEVO EARTHQUAKE (3/11/2010) Summary: According to the macroseismic field investigation of the earthquake pleistoseist, seismic field deformations were reported in the poorly urbanized parts, without deformations in the city center. Unfortunately, possible valorization of inelastic field behavior in the urbanized parts of the investigated field was not conducted. Hence, we should wait for several years for another earthquake in order to valorize the soil behavior. In this paper we present characteristics of field vulnerability in Kraljevo earthquake pleistoseist, and we analyze the relations among macroseismic and instrumental data. Key words: earthquake, macroseismic investigation, seismic deformations.

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ɉɪɨɮ. Ⱦɪ Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɤɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ - Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ Ɇɪ , ɞɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɝɟɨɥ. ''Ƚɟɨ ɂɧ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ'' Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ Ⱦɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɝɟɨɥ. ''Ƚɟɨ ɂɧ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ'' Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

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1. ɍȼɈȾ ȳɚɤɢ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɭ ɱɟɫɬɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. ɇɨ, ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ ʁɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɟ (ɯɢɩɨɰɟɧɬɚɪ) ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɚ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɨɦ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ 1963., Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɰɢ 1969. ɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɭ ɨɞ 03 ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2010. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɇɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɩɥɟɢɫɬɨɫɟɢɫɬɚ ʁɚɤɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ Ƚɍɉ-ɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɭ (ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ) ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧ (ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ), ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɭʁɟ. Ɍɟɤ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɬɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ, ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɂɚ ɝɨɪʃɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɤɨɦ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɭ. ɇɚɢɦɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ (ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ) ɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɨɜɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɥɟ. Ȼɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ''ɟɤɫɩɟɪɚɬɚ'', ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɛɪɡɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɭ. ɒɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɨɜɨɝ Ƚɍɉ-ɚ, ɬɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɭ ɫɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɥɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ (ɛɟɡ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɟɫɩɚɥɬɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ''ɉɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ Ƚɍɉ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɞɨ 2020.ɝɨɞ.''). Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɪɨɤɭ ɭɩɪɢɥɢɱɟɧ (2.ʁɭɧ 2011.), ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ ''ɂɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɭɤɟ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɭ ɨɞ 3.11-2010. ɝɨɞ.'', ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɧɚ 22 ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɚɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɬɟɪɟɧ (ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɟ ɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɪɟɞʂɢɜɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɧɢɦ ɨɩɬɟɪʄɟʃɢɦɚ). Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ, ɞɚ „ɥɢɱɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ“ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ʁɚɤɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ: ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞɟ (ɦɢɤɪɨ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ), ɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚɬɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ (ɦɚɤɪɨ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ). ɋɜɢ ɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɢɡɨɫɟɢɫɬɚ ɞɚɬɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ʁɚɱɢɧɭ (ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬ) ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɢɤɪɨ ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɜɟɡɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɪɟɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɦɚ. Ɂɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɬɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɢ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫ ɫɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞɨɦ ɨɞ 5,4 ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ Ɋɢɯɬɟɪɨɜɟ ɫɤɚɥɟ, ʁɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɚɧ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɭ ɩɪɟɜɟɬɢɜɭ. ɇɚɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ƚɍɉ-ɚ, 1975. ɝɨɞ. ɫɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɨɛɢɦɧɚ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɜɨɦ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɭ ɫɭ ɧɟɡɧɚɬɧɨ, ɢɥɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɢ. Ɉɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɱɢʁɢ ɜɟɤ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɬɟɤɚɨ (ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɟ 60 ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɨɞ.), ɢɥɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɥɨɦ ɬɥɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɞɡɢɻɢɜɚɧɢ ɬɨɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ʁɚɜɚɲɥɭɤɚ. Ɍɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ, ɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɧɢɫɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ. ɉɚ ɤɚɞ ''ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢ'' ɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟɦɨ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɫɭ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɭ Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɰɭ (1972. ), Ɍɪɫɬɟɧɢɤɭ (1978.) ɢ Ɇɢɨɧɢɰɢ (1998.). ɇɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ. ɋɜɪɯɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ ʁɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɞɚ ɚɧɢɦɢɪɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ 264

ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɞʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɬɪɟɞɢɧɟ (ɬɟɪɟɧɚ) ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ʁɚɤɢɯ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ. ɂ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɭ, ɭ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɡɨɧɢ, ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ, ɩɪɢ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ʁɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ. ɍɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɥɚɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɭɪɚɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɟ, ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚ (ɢ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ), ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɜɚɥɨɪɢɡɭʁɭ. ɍ ɨɜɨ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ, ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɚ, ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɟɤɢɩɚ ɋɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɐɂɉ ɢɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɨɞ 04. – 07.11.2010.ɝɨɞ., ɤɚɨ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ.

2. ɈɋɇɈȼɇȺ ɋȼɈȳɋɌȼȺ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ Ƚɪɚɞ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɭɨɱʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ Ƚɍɉ-ɨɦ: 1974. ɝɨɞ. ɨɤɨ 35km2, ɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɨ 2020. ɝɨɞ. ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɤɨ 74km2. ɋɦɟɲɬɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ ɂɛɪɚ ɭ Ɂ. Ɇɨɪɚɜɭ. Ⱦɨɥɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɚ (ɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɨ-ɮɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɨ-ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɚ) ʁɟɪ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɚ ɤɨɬɥɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɧɟɨɝɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɟ ʁɟɡɟɪɢɦɚ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɑɚɱɤɚɧɫɤɨ-ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɢɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɨɪɚɜɫɤɢɦ ɛɚɫɟɧɨɦ ɫɚ ɞɢɧɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɟɦ. ɇɚɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɟɞɚʃɟɦ ɞɭɠ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɛɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɟɞɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɭɡɞɭɠɧɢɯ, ɱɢʁɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ. ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɨɪɚɜɫɤɢ ɞɭɛɢɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɟɞ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ ɋɁ-ȳɂ, ɞɭɠ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɪɢɥɨ ɛɚɫɟɧɚ ɫɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ɨɤɨ 700m. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɫɟɞ ʁɟ ɦɪɱɚʁɟɜɫɤɨɥɚɻɟɜɚɱɤɢ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɫɟɞɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɞɢʁɚɝɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɪɚɫɟɞɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɛɚɫɟɧ ɢɡɞɟʂɟɧ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɛɚɫɟɧ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɢɨɰɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɪɧɢɦ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɨ 2000m. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɮɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɚɞɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɚɞɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɪɠɭʂɤɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɪɟʂɟɮɚ: - ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɪɟɤɚ ɂɛɪɚ, Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ ɢ Ɋɢɛɧɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ, ɫɭ ɫɭɛɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɟ, ɫɚ ɤɨɬɚɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 192 ɢ 210mnv; - ɪɟɱɧɟ ɬɟɪɚɫɟ (ɞɜɚ ɧɢɜɨɚ) ɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɤɚ ɢ - ɩɚɞɢɧɫɤɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɞɨɥɢɧɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɤɚ, ɤɨɫɟ ɢ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ. Ⱦɨɥɢɧɟ ɂɛɪɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɝɪɟɛɟɧ (ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɥɧɢɰɚ) Ƚɪɞɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɬɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɨɤɨ 230mnv. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ (ɫɥ.1.), ɢɞɭʄɢ ɨɞ ɞɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ, ɬɟɪɟɧ ɱɢɧɟ: -ɩɚɥɟɨɪɟʂɟɮ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ƚɍɉ-ɚ, ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ, ɱɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɰɢʁɚɪɧɢ (ɦɢɨɰɟɧɫɤɨ ɩɥɢɰɟɧɫɤɢ) ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɝɥɢɧɨɜɢɬɨ-ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɢ-ɲʂɭɧɤɨɜɢɬɢ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɝɥɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɭʂɟɦ ɢ ɛɚɡɚɥɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɢɦɚ) ɢ ɩɢɪɨɤɥɚɫɬɢɬɢ, ɞɚɰɢɬɨ-ɚɧɞɟɡɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɩɟɧɬɢɧɢɬɢ. 265

-ɤɜɚɪɬɚɪɧɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɧɞɪɚɬɧɨ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɨɞɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɪɚɫɧɢɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɨ – ɲʂɭɧɤɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɚɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɨ-ɲʂɭɧɤɨɜɢɬɢɦ, ɞɟɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɝɥɢɧɨɜɢɬɨɦ ɞɪɨɛɢɧɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɚ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1- Ƚɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ: ɭ ɩɥɟɢɫɬɨɫɟɢɫɬɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢ: Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɪ- ɩɥɟɢɫɬɨɰɟɧ: al, t1 – t3, pr, jQ; ɇɟɨɝɟɧ: M,Pl; M1, ;M2,3 ɤɥɚɫɬɢɬɢ, ɤɪɟɱʃɚɰɢ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɭɝʂɟɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɬɢ (ĮĮq, Įla) ɢ ɩɢɪɨɤɥɚɫɬɢɬɢ(Įșq, șĮla); Ⱦɨʃɚ ɤɪɟɞɚ:Ʉ13,4; Ʉ14 ; ɉɚɥɟɨɡɨɢɤ: Se - ɫɟɪɩɟɧɬɢɧɢɬɢ (ɢɫɟɱɚɤ ɢɡ ɈȽɄ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨ 1:100000) Figure 1 - Geological map of wider zone of Kraljevo: the area of earthquake pleistoseist is mainly built of: Quaternary – Pleistocene: al, t1-t3, pr, jQ; Neogene: M, Pl; M1; M2,3 clastics, limestones and clays with coal, as well as volcanic rocks (ĮĮq, Įla) and pyroclastic rocks (Įșq, șĮla); lower Cretacious: K13,4; K14; Paleozoic: Se – serpentinitines (part of the Bsic geological map, section Kraljevo 1:100 000) ɇɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ƚɍɉ-ɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɟ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɧɟɨɝɟɧɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʁɭ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɟɞɢ, ɞɭɠ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɨɥɢɧɟ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɬɚɥɨɠɟɧɢ ʁɟɡɟɪɫɤɢ ɦɢɨɰɟɧɫɤɨ-ɩɥɢɨɰɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢ. Ɉɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɫɭ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɪɚɫɟɞɢ ɞɭɠ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɨɝɟɧɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɦɚɝɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɦɨɪɚɜɫɤɨ-ɢɛɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɪɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɪɚɫɟɞɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ, ɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɧɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ.

3. ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɉɈȳȺȼȿ ɁȿɆȴɈɌɊȿɋȺ ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɚ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɞɭɛɢɧɨɦ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɡɢɬɟɬɨɦ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ 266

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɡɨɜɟɦɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɦ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɞɨɝɨɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ɇɚ ɫɥ. 1. ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɫɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1893 – 1969. ɝɨɞ. ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɡɢɬɟɬɨɦ I0 t 30 Ɇɐɋ. ɋɚ ɨɜɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨ ɭɝɪɠɚɜɚɧ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɛɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ, ɞɨɤ ɭ ɦɨɪɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɫɟɞɢ ɨɤɨ Ʉɨɬɥɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ʁɭɠɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ. ɂɛɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɨʂɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ 19. 04. 1987. ɝɨɞ., ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞɟ 4,7 ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ Ɋɢɯɬɟɪɨɜɟ ɫɤɚɥɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʁɚɱɢɧɟ I=6,50 Ɇɐɋ ɫɤɚɥɟ. ȿɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɜɟɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɭ Ƚɨɱ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɬɪɟɫ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɭ 5 ɫɚɬɢ ɢ 55 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɥɚɲɢɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɨ ɧɟɤɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ. Ɍɚʁ ɩɨɬɪɟɫ ʁɟ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɭ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɦɭɥɚ ɬɭɬʃɚɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɬɪɟɫ ɜɪɥɨ ʁɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚɨ ɢ ȼɪʃɚɱɤɭ Ȼɚʃɭ ɢ Ɍɪɫɬɟɧɢɤ. ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɫɟɬɢɨ ɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɞɟɫɧɟ ɨɛɚɥɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ, 2.05.1987. ɝɨɞ. ɞɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞɟ 4,1 ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ Ɋɢɯɬɟɪɨɜɟ ɫɤɚɥɟ. Ⱦɨɝɚɻɚʃɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɨɞ 03.11. 2010. ɝɨɞ. ɫɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞɨɦ ɨɞ 5,4 ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ Ɋɢɯɬɟɪɨɜɟ ɫɤɚɥɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɭɠɢɥɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɧɭ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɨɜɟɦɨ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɉɨɦɨɪɚɜʂɟ ɢ ɀɭɩɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɨɫɜɪɬ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɑɚɱɤɚɧɫɤɨ-ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɬɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ.

Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨ Kraljevo

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2- Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1893 – 1969. ɝɨɞ. 267

Figure 2 – Epicentral map of the wider area of Kraljevo for the period 1893-1969. (detailed explanation in text) ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɨɞ 03.11.2010. ɝɨɞ. ɩɨɤɭɲɚʄɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɟɦɨ. ɉɪɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (ɋɁɋ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ) ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɥɨ ȼɢɬɚɧɨɜɚɰ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɥɨ ɋɢɪɱɭ ɬʁ. 4km ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ. ɍ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɢ ɋɁɋ ɨ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɨʁ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɞɨ 18.11.2010. ɝɨɞ., ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɚʁɬɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɚɮɬɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɥ.3. ɋɚ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɝɪɭɩɢɫɚʃɟ ɚɮɬɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɨɧɰɢɦɚ Ʉɨɬɥɟɧɢɤɚ, ɭ ɞɟɥɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɢɪɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ Ɇɨɪɚɜɢ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 3- Ɋɚɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ (ɡɜɟɡɞɢɰɟ) ɞɨ 18.11.2010 (ɋɁɋ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ) Figure 3 – Distribution of aftershocks (stars) until 18/11/2010 (Seismological Survey of Serbia) ɍ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɋɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ Ɂɚɜɨɞɚ ɨɞ 17. 11. 2010. ɝɨɞ. ɞɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɢɯ ɭɞɚɪɚ. ɇɚ ʃɨʁ ʁɟ ɰɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɛɨʁɨɦ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ, ɚ ɠɭɬɨɦ ɧɚʁɚɱɟɝ ɚɮɬɟɪɲɨɤɚ. Ʉɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɰɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɠɭɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɨɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɋɁɋ, ɪɚɫɟɞɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɢ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɢ. ɉɥɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɰɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɛɨʁɨɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɢ (ɫɥ.4). ɍ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɢɡɨɫɟɢɫɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 5.

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 4- Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɫɚ ɚɮɬɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɨ 17. 11.2010. (ɋɁɋ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ), ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ: ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ

ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ; ɠɭɬɢɦ ɧɚʁɚɱɟɝ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨɝ ɭɞɚɪɚ, ɩɥɚɜɨɦ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɢɯ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ, ɰɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɛɨʁɨɦ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɢ ɞɨɝɨɻɟɧɢ 16.11,. ɚ ɥɢɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɪɚɫɟɞɢ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɢ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɢ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɢ. Figure 4 – Epicentral map of main shock with aftershocks until 17/11/2010 (Seismological Survey of Serbia), epicenters are marked as circles: red circle – epicenter of the main shock; yellow circle – epicenter of the strongest aftershock; blue circle – epicenters of the all aftershocks; red circle – earthquakes occurred on 16/11/2010, red lines – fault along with these earthquakes occurred. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ, ɭɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚʁɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ (ɨɞ 4.-7.11.2010.) ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɟɤɢɩɚ ɐɂɉ-ɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɭ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɭ, ɫɚɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɩɪɟɥɢɦɢɧɚɪɧɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ. Ⱦɨɝɚɻɚʃɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ Ʉɨɬɥɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɛɥɨɤɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɰɟɩɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɟɥɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɬɨɤɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ: (ɤɚ ɥɟɜɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ) ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɋɢɪɱɚ – Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɲɬɟ (ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ) ɋɢɪɱɚ – Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɨ ɩɨʂɟ – ɭɲʄɟ Ɋɢɛɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɂɛɚɪ. ɋɚɦɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɰɟɩɚʃɚ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɟʃɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ 5 ɞɨ 10km, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɥ.5.

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ɋɥɢɤɚ 5- Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɢɡɨɫɟɢɫɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚ (ɋɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ) Figure 5 – Map of isoseists of the main shock (Seismological Survey of Serbia)

4.ȾȿɎɈɊɆȺɐɂȳȿ ɌȿɊȿɇȺ ɉɊɂ ɁȿɆȴɈɌɊȿɋɍ ɉɪɢ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ I•70 ȿɆɋ-98, ɬɟɪɟɧ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɧɟ ɩɨɧɚɲɚ ɤɚɨ ɟɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ (ɏɭɤɨɜɨ ɬɟɥɨ), ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɬɪɚʁɧɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ. Ɍɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɜɢɲɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰɚ: ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɚ (ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ ɨɬɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ), ɯɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɭ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢ ɬɚɥɚɫɢ ɨɞ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɞɨ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ, ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ, ɚ ɭ ɤɪɚʁʃɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɪɭɲɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɭɡ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ, ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɭɪɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨʃɟʃɚ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɢɥɧɢ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɢ, ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɬɤɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ, ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɟ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ. ɋɟɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ I•60 EMS98 (ɪɟɬɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɠɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɭ). Ⱦɟɥɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ:

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- ɋɟɢɡɦɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɪɚɫɟɞɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ (ɫɚ ɫɤɨɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɢɦɚ). Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ. - ɋɟɢɡɦɨɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɢɧɚɦɚ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ: ɨɞɪɨɧɢ, ɤɥɢɡɢɲɬɚ, ɬɟɰɢɲɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɜɨɦ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɭ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɨɞɪɨɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɢɧɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ ɩɟɫɤɚ. - ɋɟɢɡɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɫɭɛɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨɦ (ɪɚɜɧɨɦ) ɬɟɪɟ-ɧɭ ɢ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ‘’ɜɨɞɨɫɤɨɰɢɦɚ’’, ɬɢɤɫɨɬɪɨɩɧɢɦ ɩɨʁɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ ɝɥɢɧɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɫɢʄɟɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɥɢɤɜɟɮɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɟɫɤɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɫɢʄɟɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚɦɚ. Ɉɜɢɯ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɚ ʄɟ ɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɟ. ɇɚ ɫɥ. 6. ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɚ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɚ ɋɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ Ɂɚɜɨɞɚ ɨɞ 17. 11. 2010. ɝɨɞ., ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ (''ɥɢɤɜɟɮɚɤɰɢʁɟ'') ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɢɡɨɫɟɢɫɬɨɦ. ɉɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁe ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɥɢɤɜɟɮɚɤɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɧɚɜɟɥɢ, ɜɟʄ ɩɪɟ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɭɤɨɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɥɨɦɚ ɬɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟɦ. Ɉɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ʁɚɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɢɦɚ, ʁɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɢɦɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɡɪɧɨɝ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɧ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɯɢɞɪɚɭɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɦ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɂɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɋɁɋ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɚɥɭɜɢɨɧɭ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɫɥɢɤɨɦ.

ɋɥɢɤɚ 6- ɉɨʁɚɜɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɪɜɟ ɢɡɨɫɟɢɫɬɟ (ɋɁɋ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ) Figure 6 – Seismic field deformations in the area of the first isoseist (Seismological Survey of Serbia)

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Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɚɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɡʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɜɨɦ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɭ. ɇɚɢɦɟ ɬɥɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɤɜɟɮɚɤɰɢʁɢ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜɚɠɟʄɟ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɟ, ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ, ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɟ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɨʁɚɜɢ. Ɍɢɦ ɩɪɟ ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɧɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɑɚɱɤɚɧɫɤɨ-ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɢɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ʁɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞɟ ɢ 6 ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ Ɋɢɯɬɟɪɨɜɟ ɫɤɚɥɟ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ Ɋɭɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɢ Ʉɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɚ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɲɬɟɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɢɡɜɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɨɭɤɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɨɦ, ʃɢɯɨɜ ɨɛɢɦ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɭ ɦɟɪɭ. ɋɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɞɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɮɥɭɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɪɚɫɧɢɦ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɪɟɞʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɭɬɜɨ ɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɩɪɜɟ ɢɡɨɫɟɢɫɬɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ.

5. ɁȺɄȴɍɑɇȺ ɊȺɁɆȺɌɊȺȵȺ ɋɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ, ɧɢɫɭ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɠɚɪɢɲɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɪɚɡʁɚɫɧɢɥɚ ɜɟɡɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɨɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ʁɚɤɢɯ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɰɟɥɢɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢʄɢ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɟɩɟɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɞɨɝɨɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɭ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɫɤɚ, ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ, ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɫɤɨɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɤɨɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚ-ɬɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɪɟɞʂɢɜɨɲʄɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ (ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ). Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ, ɚ ʁɚɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɬɤɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɟ ɟɤɢɩɟ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɟ ɞɚ ɛɪɡɨ ɨɞɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɞɨɝɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɬɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɫɭ ɧɟɫɩɪɟɦɧɟ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɫɤɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɩɪɬɢɫɬɭɩ ɨɜɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ɂɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ ɨ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ.

6. ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ: ȼɢɲɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ: ɂɡɜɟɲɬɚʁ ɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɟɢɡɦɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɟɦʂɨɬɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɞ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɚ 03.11.2010 ɭ 01:56, ɋɁɋ- Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 01.12.2010. Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄ Ȼ.: ɉɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ, ɂɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɛɪ5-6 (ɫɬɪ. 339-342) Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011. Zbornik radova V nauþno-struþnog skupa ‘’Iskustva i pouke steþene nakon zemljotresa u Kraljevu 3.11.2010., (u elektronskoj formi) Izgradnja Beograd 2011. 272

Ɂɥɚɬɤɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ1, ɇɟɧɚɞ Ɏɪɢɰ2, ȳɟɥɟɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɢʄ3

ɋɉȿɐɂɎɂɑɇɂ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɂ ɄɈɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂȳȺ ȼȿɌɊɈɉȺɊɄɈȼȺ

ɄɈȾ

ɑȿɅɂɑɇɂɏ

Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: ɋɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɢɯ 870 ɌW, ɜɟɬɚɪ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢɡɚ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɟ, ɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɞɪɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ 2008. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɜɟɬɪɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ 27 GW ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɨɤɨ 1,35 ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɟɜɪɚ ɩɨ ɆW. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɬɨɪʃɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɤɨ 15-20% ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢʁɟ ɩɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɟ. ɐɢʂ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɩɨɡɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɨɪʃɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɜɟɬɪɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɢ,ɱɟɥɢɱɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ,ɧɚɫɬɚɜɰɢ,ɢɡɛɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ,ɡɚɦɨɪ

SPECIFIC PROBLEMS STRUCTURES

OF

WIND

TOWER

STEEL

Summary: Today, wind power is second largest available renewable resource of energy, after sun and before geothermal and hidrologic energy resources. According to data from 2008. for expected bulding of wind farms with capacity 27 GW it is required to pay 1,35 million euro per MW. The construction of steel tower is about 15-20% of total investment so construction of wind farms is great opportunity for development of civil engineering industry. The aim of this paper is to introduce civil engineers with the specific problems of design of steel towers for wind turbines. Key words: wind farms, steel structures, joints, buckling, fatigue

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Ⱦɪ, ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ Ⱦɢɩɥ. ɢɧɠ. ɝɪɚɻ., ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ Ɇɪ, ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ, Ƚɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

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1 ɍȼɈȾ ȼɟɬɚɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɟɢɫɰɪɩɚɧ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɱɢʁɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɡɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ – ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɭ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɤɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɯɢɞɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɪɡɨ ɩɚɥɟ ɭ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɢʁɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɪɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ, ɜɟɬɪɨɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɝɪɚɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɛɪɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɜɟɬɪɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɭ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɢɡɜeɲɬɚʁɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɜɟɬɪɚ (EWEA) ɭ ɬɨɤɭ 2011. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ (ɛɟɡ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ) ɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ 10281 ɆW, ɚ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ 9616 ɆW ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɭɧɢʁɢ (ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ 2010. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɨ 9648 ɆW). ɍ ɬɨɤɭ 2011. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɚɧɨ 12,6 ɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɞɢ ɟɜɪɚ ɭ ɜɟɬɪɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɭɧɢʁɢ. Ɉɞ 2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, 28,2% ɨɞ ɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɜɟɬɪɚ, 47,8% ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɚ ɱɚɤ 90,8% ɨɛɧɨɜʂɢɜɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɝɚɫ. ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ ʁɟ ɥɢɞɟɪ ɫɚ 2100 ɆW ɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɜɟɬɪɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ ɭ 2011. ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. Ɉɞɦɚɯ ɢɡɚ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ (ɨɤɨ 1300 ɆW), ɒɩɚɧɢʁɚ (1050 ɆW), ɚ ɫɥɟɞɟ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ (950 ɆW), Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ (830 ɆW), ɒɜɟɞɫɤɚ (763 ɆW) ɢ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɚ (520 ɆW). ȳɚɫɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɭɧɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɧ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɫɤɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɭɞɚʂɢ ɨɞ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɦɚɡɭɬɚ, ɭɝʂɚ ɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɭɡ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɝɚɫɚ, ɫɨɥɚɪɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ. ɍ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢjaɥɧɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɜɟɬɪɨɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɫɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢ ɜɟɧɰɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɚ, ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɟ ɡɚɪɚɜɧɢ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ, ɋɚɜɟ ɢ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɫɭ ɢɞɟɚɥɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɜɟɬɪɨ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ɩɪɨɫɟɱɧɚ ɛɪɡɢɧɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ 6 m/s, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ (ɏɨɥɚɧɞɢʁɚ, ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ, ɒɩɚɧɢʁɚ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥ, ɢɬɞ.) ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɟ ɜɟʄ ɞɭɠɟ ɨɞ 20 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɲʄɭ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɜɟɬɪɟʃɚɱɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɫɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɪɨɬɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨʁ ɪɚɜɧɢ. Ɇɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɛɪɨʁ ɥɨɩɚɬɢɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɜɟʄɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɥɨɩɚɬɢɰɟ ʁɟɪ ɞɚʁɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ. ɉɪɟɱɧɢɤ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɢ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɞ 30 m ɞɨ 115 m. ȼɟɬɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɯ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɟ ɧɨɫɟʄɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ (ɫɬɭɛɚ) ɤɨʁɚ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ 100 m. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɨɫɟʄɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɜɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢ (ɫɥɢɤɚ 1). ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ:  ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ (Inneo Torres),  ɱɟɥɢɱɧɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚɫɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ (Ruukki),  ɱɟɥɢɱɧɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ (Vestas, GE, Hitachi),  ɯɢɛɪɢɞɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ (ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɬɭɛɚ). Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɢ ɜɢɬɤɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɨɧɡɨɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɡɚɬɟɡɧɢɯ ɭɠɚɞɢ (ʁɚɪɛɨɥɢ).

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Ɂɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ (ȿɜɪɨɤɨɞ) ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ:  ɍɪɟɞɛɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ (1988, Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ),  IEC 61400-1: ȼɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ - Ⱦɟɨ 1: Ɂɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ (1999, Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ) [1],  NEN 6096 (1988, ɏɨɥɚɧɞɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ),  DS 472 (1992, Ⱦɚɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ). Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɡɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ, IEC 61400-1 [1], ɡɚ ɱɚɤ 17 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɢ 5 ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɡɚɦɨɪɚ, ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɟʄɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɟ, ɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɚɞ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ.

ɚ) ɛ) ɜ) ɋɥɢɤɚ 1 – Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ: ɚ) ɛɟɬɨɧɫɤɢ, ɛ) ɱɟɥɢɱɧɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚɫɬɢ, ɜ) ɱɟɥɢɱɧɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɢ Figure 1 – Different types of wind towers: a) concrete, b) steel lattice, v) steel cylindric ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɞɚɬ ɤɪɚɬɚɤ ɨɫɜɪɬ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɟʄɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɭ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɬɢɩ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɢɡɛɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɰɢɪɢɧɞɪɢɱɧɢɯ ʂɭɫɤɢ, ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɡɚɦɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ.

2 ɈɉɌȿɊȿȶȿȵȺ Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɢɡ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ, ɭ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨɞ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ. ɋɜɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɟɥɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ:

275

 ɚɟɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ (ɫɬɚɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɫɬɪɭʁɚʃɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ),  ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ,  ɢɧɟɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ (ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɟɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɨɫɰɢɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ),  ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ (ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ ɤɨɱɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ). Ɉɜɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɪɫɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ:  ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ (ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ) ɢ  ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ (ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ), ɍ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢɯ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɚ ɬɨɪʃɚ, ɚɟɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɟ ɛɪɡɢɧɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɪɨɬɨɪ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɛɪɡɢɧɨɦ. Ⱦɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢɡɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɦɚɫɚɦɚ ɤɪɚɤɚ ɟɥɢɫɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɇɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ (ɫɥɢɤɚ 2, >9@):  ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɧ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɧɟɭɧɢɮɨɪɦɚɧ ɨɤɨ ɤɪɚɤɚ ɟɥɢɫɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɪʄɟ: ɚ) ɧɟɭɧɢɮɨɪɦɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɫɬɭɛɚ; ɛ) ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟ ɞɟɥɭʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ; ɰ) ɚɟɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɨɫɰɢɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɭɛɚ (ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɮɪɟɤɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɭɛɚ),  ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɪɚɫɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɭɬ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɨɬɨɪ ɨɤɪɟɧɟ: ɞ) ɧɟɭɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟɧɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɢɰɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɛɪɡɢɨɧɨɦ; ɟ) ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɬɨɪɡɢɨɧɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɭɛ,  ɧɟɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ: ɮ) ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɧɟɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɬɪɚ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɟɱɧɟ ɛɪɡɢɧɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɡɨɧɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ, ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɛɪɡɢɧɟ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ, ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɚɟɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ.

ɚ)

ɛ)

ɰ) ɞ) ɟ) ɋɥɢɤɚ 2 – Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ Figure 2 – Different types of wind actions

ɮ)

Ɂɛɨɝ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɚɥɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɭɫɬɢɧɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ, ɡɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚʃɟ ɟɧɟɝɪɢʁɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɭ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ 276

ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɜɟɬɪɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɟ. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1 ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɨɝ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɟɥɢɫɟ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɡɢɧɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɨɞ 15 m/s, ɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɡɢɧɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɨɞ 20-25 m/s. Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1 – ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɟɥɢɫɟ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ Table 1 – Rotor size and maximum power output ɉɪɟɱɧɢɤ ɟɥɢɫɟ [m] 10 17 27 33 40 44 48 54 64 72 80

Ʉɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ [kW] 25 100 225 300 500 600 750 1000 1500 2000 2500

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɜɢ ɤɨɪɚɤ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ. ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢɦ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɟ, ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ. ɋɜɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɭɡɦɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ: - ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, - ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɤɜɚɪɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ - ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɨɝ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ 3 ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɞɢʁɚɝɪɚɦɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ(ɚ), ɝɞɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɬɪɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ, ɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɟɬɪɟɧɨʁ ɢ ɛɨɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɫɢɫɚʃɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ (ɛ) ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɢɡɛɨɱɚɜɚʃɚ (ɜ). ɍ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ 2 ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɭ IEC 61400-1 [1], ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɧɨɫɢɜɨɫɬɢ.

277

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2 – ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɚ Table 2 – Design load cases ɉɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ

1) ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ

ɉɋɈ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ

1.1 1.2 1.3

4.1 4.2

NTM Vin