Santo Remedio - Dr. Juan

 

EBIUS@QK EBI Abetbr Guki ]dvcrk

Ukitb rclcadb

 

Edcitbs ac rclcadbs ekscrbs ``cibs ac skmdaurìk y edciedk Khud`kr =

UÌHSCIBU CI

OCmbbns O`dmrbscicspkib` O`dmrbscicspkib` 5 K lds pkarcs, Ekrlci y Guki

 

Lkiuc`, qudcics lc ciscûkrbi k ciebitrkr `k fc`dedaka ci `k sbirdsk ac `bs quc lc rbacki… quc ib cxdstc lkybr sktdsfkeedõi quc `k ac klkr, rcspctkr y scrvdr k` prõgdlb. 1 Ditrbaueedõi Ib sä k edciedk edcrtk euëiab eklmdõ `k ketdtua ac lds pkedcitcs. @b edcrtb cs quc ac ui aìk pkrk btrb luejbs ac c``bs, sdi ebibecrlc mdci k÷i, eblcizkrbi k acedrlc7 ‐Abetbr, qudcrb quc scpk quc, diacpciadcitclcitc ac `bs rcsu`tkabs ac su cxklci, ib pdcisb tblkr lcadeklcitbs“. K` prdiedpdb lc ejbekmk7 crk dikuadtb quc ui pkedcitc lc adgcrk ac citrkak quc ib pciskmk schudr lds rceblciakedbics ci eukitb k `bs fërlkebs quc acmìk tblkr. ²[udiec kûbs cstuadkiab c` eucrpb julkib, su fuiedbikldcitb y `ks fbrlks ac eurkr`b pkrk tcrldikr rcectkiab ldc` pkrk `k tbs, mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb pkrk `k kedacz y tä ac lkrkeuyë pkrk abrldr2 ¡Adbs lìb! ²Citbiecs ld mdskmuc`k, ld kmuc`k y ld lkarc tklmdäi pbarìki fuihdr eblb abetbrks2 ]ceucrab quc ekak vcz quc tciìk hrdpc, c``ks lc kp`dekmki ci c` pcejb eukitb clp`kstb cxdstìk, y eukiab idûb lc ebrrctckmki pbr tbak `k eksk pkrk quc tblkrk uik euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac mkek`kb, quc sdclprc lc ichkmk k trkhkr pbr c` skmbr tki fcb quc tciìk. C` rclcadb quc lës rceucrab fuc `k eurk ‐difk`dm`c“ ac ld kmuc`k7 c``k lc gurõ quc sd lc kp`dekmk ci `k ekmczk tbaks `ks ibejcs `k mkmk ac `k p`kitk ac sëmd`k sc actciarìk `k ekìak ac` ekmc``b. T ksì `b jdec… Lc sblctì k kquc` rdtuk` tbaks `ks ibejcs quc jkeìk quc ld ekmczk b`dcrk k rktõi lucrtb, pcrb sb`b tdcics quc vcr ld fbtb pkrk ebibecr c` rcsu`tkab… Eukiab rcf`cxdbib sbmrc csc eklmdb ci c` pciskldcitb y scitdldcitb ac luejbs pkedcitcs, sc lc beurrci k`huiks pbsdm`cs ekusks pkredk`cs. @bs 3

 

eblcredk`cs ci tc`cvdsdõi sbmrc adfcrcitcs lcadeklcitbs crki ac cstc cstd`b7 ‐Ud qudcrc k`dvdkrsc ac su ab`br ac ekmczk, prch÷itc`c k su läadeb pbr dadbtrd` dadbtrd`.. Cstc k`dvdkrë sus sìitblks> sdi clmkrhb, pucac ekuskr ekìak ac` ekmc``b, rbiejks ci `k pdc`, adcitcs klkrd``bs, adkrrcks diebitrb`km`cs, disblidb y eëiecr ac euk`qudcr tdpb“. C` kiuiedb ldslb pucac ebivcrtdrsc ci uik tcrkpdk pkrk c` ab`br ac ekmczk, b sck, jkec quc c` ab`br sc sdcitk eblb ui prbm`clk lcibr ci eblpkrkedõi ebi c` rdcshb ac tblkr dadbtrd` dadbtrd`.. Lc pkrcec quc btrb aktb dlpbrtkitc, quc pkredk`lcitc cxp`dek c` eklmdb ci `k lkicrk ac pciskr ac luejbs pkedcitcs, cs c` ebstb ac `bs lcadeklcitbs. Qbabs jclbs `cìab jdstbrdks ac pcrsbiks ci Cstkabs Sidabs, c` pkìs ‐lës kvkizkab“ ac` luiab, quc ib pucaci pkhkr pbr sus lcadediks, quc tdcici quc csebhcr citrc pkhkr su eksk b pkhkr pbr sus tcrkpdks. Eukiab k`hudci tdcic ui ktkquc ac kslk b uik mrbiqudtds y `c prctciaci ebmrkr $5?? pbr ui dijk`kabr, cstby schurb ac quc prdlcrb vk k dijk`kr vkpbr y uitkrsc Vden V Vkpbrum kpbrum ci c` pcejb pkrk vcr sd ebi csb rcsuc`vc su prbm`clk. Fdik`lcitc, ercb quc k`hb acvkstkabr pkrk `k ercadmd`daka ac ibsbtrbs, `bs läadebs, ci Cstkabs Sidabs cs c` vb`ulci cxkhcrkab ac pkedcitcs quc `bs abetbrcs tdcici quc ktciacr adkrdklcitc ci su ebisu`tbrdb, y ercb quc cstb tklmdäi jk dif`udab pkrk quc luejbs sc rcsdstki k tblkr fërlkebs. Qc prchuitkrës ²quä adkm`bs tdcic quc vcr uik ebsk ebi `k btrk2 _ucs tdcic quc vcr mkstkitc. Ud yb tc ktdciab pbr ;? ldiutbs pbr ab`br ac pcejb, eksd ib tc acgb jkm`kr, cstby pciadcitc ac `k eblputkabrk, ib tc ldrb k `bs bgbs y ib tc cxkldib eblb sc acmc, ²quä vks k pciskr eukiab, `uchb ac csk csecik tki ebl÷i ci `k lcadedik ac Cstkabs Sidabs, tc aby uik rcectk pkrk quc tblcs ui lcadeklcitb2 Vks k auakr ac ld erdtcrdb.CiAcbtrks jcejb, jkstk pbarìks pciskr quc ld khciak cstkmk akrtc csc fërlkeb. pk`kmrks, `k acsebifdkizk ci ci c` prbecsb ac csk edtk läadek sc cxtdciac k uik acsebifdkizk tklmdäi jkedk c` lcadeklcitb. _br tbaks `ks rkzbics kitcrdbrcs, jkec kûbs eblprciaì quc sd qucrìk scrvdr 6 mdci k lds pkedcitcs crk icecskrdb quc kmrdcrk `k lcitc y cxp`brkrk, quc kprciadcrk lës sbmrc trktkldcitbs ikturk`cs quc puadcsci kyuakr`cs. Ac csk ebivdeedõi ikedõ ci =?;1 ld prbhrklk Lcadedik prbhrklk Lcadedik acsebibedak, acsebibedak, c` euk` lc pcrldtdõ vdkgkr k adfcrcitcs pkrtcs ac` luiab y kprciacr y cxpcrdlcitkr tcrkpdks lcibs ebivciedbik`cs. Ac csk cxpcrdciedk lc qucaõ luy e`krb quc k`huiks tcrkpdks ikturk`cs fuiedbiki y btrks ib. ²_crb ib cs edcrtb csb tklmdäi ac

 

luejks tcrkpdks fkrlkeb`õhdeks2 ²K`huik vcz ui abetbr tc jk rcectkab ui lcadeklcitb quc ib jk fuiedbikab2 _br btrb `kab, tklmdäi cs edcrtb quc c` jcejb ac quc uik tcrkpdk sck ikturk` ib sdhidfdek quc ib tcihk pbsdm`cs cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs. Jc kquì ld ebivdeedõi fuiaklcitk` sbmrc `k prëetdek ac `k lcadedik y c` puitb ac pkrtdak ac cstc `dmrb, Ukitb rclcadb7 rclcadb7 id `k lcadedik ikturk` id `k trkadedbik` sbi pcrfcetks> c` futurb ac `k lcadedik acmc fuiadr `b lcgbr ac klmks. Dhibrkr edcitbs ac kûbs ac divcstdhkedõi edcitìfdek acitrb ac `k lcadedik trkadedbik`, ci `bs euk`cs, pbr cgclp`b, sc jk divcitkab `k pcided`dik y `k vkeuik ebitrk `k pb`db, sc rcsuldrìk ebi ui sustkitdvb quc ebrrcspbiac k` vcrmb ebi quc sc didedk cstk brkedõi7 dhibrkiedk. Qklmdäi scrìk ac dhibrkitcs ib kecptkr quc cxdstci ‐rclcadbs ekscrbs“, pbr ``klkr`cs ac k`huik lkicrk, mkskabs ci prbauetbs prbvcidcitcs adrcetklcitc ac `k ikturk`czk, quc sbi ekpkecs ac k`dvdkr luejbs ac `bs sìitblks quc ibs kqucgki y jkstk, ci beksdbics, eurkr uik cifcrlcaka. Uby ui abetbr fbrlkab kekaäldeklcitc ac keucrab ebi `bs eëibics ac `k lcadedik trkadedbik`, pcrb ebi uikquc lcitc kmdcrtk y ui `k acscb ebitdiub acac lds kprciacr sbmrc tcrkpdks ikturk`cs pbarìki lcgbrkr ek`daka ac vdak pkedcitcs y lds tc`cvdacitcs. Kitcs ac quc ebldciecs k `ccr cstc `dmrb, lc hustkrìk quc tcihks e`krdaka ci eukitb k `bs sdhudcitcs trcs puitbs7 ;. Ib cxdstci rclcadbs skitbs. C` tìtu`b ac cstc `dmrb rcf`cgk csc adejb pbpu`kr ac iucstrks kmuc`dtks `ktdiks eukiab ibs akmki ui rclcadb ekscrb quc fuiedbikmk. ‐Ldgb, tc adgc quc csb crk skitb rclcadb“. @bs rclcadbs 8 ekscrbs quc jcedcitìfdeb csebhdabbpkrk cstc `dmrbfdsdb`õhdek sbi kquc``bs lc pkrcec qucKtdcici lës rcspk`ab cxp`dekedõi pkrkquc gustdfdekr su usb. k`huibs ac ustcacs `cs fuiedbikrëi y k btrbs ib> dhuk` quc euk`qudcr lcadeklcitb. =. Ib kebiscgb quc `ks lugcrcs clmkrkzkaks, `ks quc cstëi klklkitkiab b `bs diadvdaubs lcibrcs ac ;: kûbs utd`deci cstbs rclcadbs sdi ebisu`tkr ebi su abetbr ac ekmcecrk. 5. Ib acgcs ac utd`dzkr tus lcadeklcitbs k ekusk ac quc jkyks acedadab prbmkr uib ac `bs rclcadbs quc kpkrceci ci cstc `dmrb. Csb pbarìk rcsu`tkr pc`dhrbsb. Eblb tc adgc, ercb ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik` y jc sdab tcstdhb ac` mcicfdedb cibrlc ac luejbs lcadeklcitbs, tcrkpdks y vkeuiks. C` krtc sc cieucitrk ci

 

skmcr cxtrkcr `b lcgbr ac `bs rclcadbs ekscrbs b lcadedik eblp`clcitkrdk, y `bs lcadeklcitbs y tcrkpdks ebivciedbik`cs. Ukitb rclcadb cs uik vk`dakedõi ac tbaks csks kmuc`dtks quc ebi su klbr y cxpcrdciedk sc acadeki b sc acadekrbi k eudakribs. Eräclc quc c` klbr acpbsdtkab ci ekak uib ac csbs rclcadbs cs ci pkrtc `b quc `bs jkec skitbs. A]. GSKI : ]CLCADBU EKUC]BU 4 Kecdtc ac rdedib (ekstbr bd`)  ]dedius eblluids, eblluids, kecdtc ac ekstbr, pk`lk Ejrdstd, lkib ac Erdstb ✕ Clp`ckr eblb `kxkitc ikturk`  Kp`dekr pkrk c` eudakab ac `k pdc`

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 Fbrtk`cecr `ks pcstkûks

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@c ``klki `k lkib ac Erdstb pbrquc `k fbrlk ac `ks jbgks ac `k p`kitk quc ak `ks scld``ks pkrk erckr cstc kecdtc, prbvcidcitc ac Ëfrdek, sc ksclcgk k `k pk`lk ac Gcs÷s, y sbmrc tbab pbrquc cstc uihðcitb jk eurkab luejks ab`ciedks acsac tdclpbs rclbtbs. @bs prdlcrbs pkrk quc `b utd`dzkrbi fucrbibeu`krcs `bs chdpedbs lës ac euktrb ld` kûbs, cspcedk`lcitc trktkr drrdtkedbics y pkrkjkec prbtchcr, `dlpdkr y eudakr `k pdc`. @k Mdm`dk lciedbik quc Adbs jdzb ercecr uik p`kitk ac rdedib ci p`cib acsdcrtb pkrk ebmdgkr k` prbfctk Gbiës ldcitrks cspcrkmk sus diadekedbics. Jky cserdtbs quc rc`ktki sus usbs eurktdvbs aurkitc c` sdh`b ZVDD ci Curbpk y ci Klärdek, cspcedk`lcitc pkrk trktkr prbm`clks eutëicbs. C` tcrkpcutk cstkabuidacisc Cahkr Ekyec `k rcsk`tõ eblb uik ac `ks lkrkvd``ks ac `k ikturk`czk k fdics ac ;:??. @kxkitc ac rdedib pkrk `dlpdkr c` brhkidslb

 

; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac rdedib ; tkzk ac khuk ; euejkrkak ac guhb ac `dlõi Lcze`k luy mdci `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b ebi c` cstõlkhb vkeìb. Cspcrk k` lcibs uiks trcs b euktrb jbrks kitcs ac eblcr. Ac prcfcrciedk, quc csk prdlcrk ebldak sck guhb ac frutks ikturk`, sbpks b erclks ac vchctk`cs. @uchb ebldcizk k ;? eblcr ac lkicrk ibrlk`. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b _ucacs uskr`b uik vcz k` aìk, ebi c` cstõlkhb vkeìb, adkrdklcitc sd `b icecsdtks.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud ib tc lb`cstk c` skmbr, sdi ad`udr`b, pucacs tblkr uik euejkrkak ac kecdtc sb`b, ebi khuk y `dlõi, pbrmcmcr `k ibejc, ac kebstkrtc, pbrtbrbigk, ui lëxdlb ac bsdctc aìks ebisceutdvbs. _ucacs `uchbkitcs ui vksb ac guhb ac ikrkigk lkiakrdik pkrk kyuakrtc k acpurkr. Ib `b utd`decs aurkitc c` pcrdbab lcistruk`, b sd tdcics sìitblks ac kpciadedtds, bmstrueedõi b pcrfbrkedõi ditcstdik`. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci =??8, `k rcvdstk cspcedk`dzkak Ditcriktdbik` cspcedk`dzkak Ditcriktdbik` Gburik` bf Qbxdeb`bhy pum`deõ uik eblp`ctk rcvdsdõi ac cstuadbs quc prucmki sus prbpdcakacs y schurdaka, cspcedk`lcitc ci prbm`clks ac `k pdc` y eblb `kxkitc.

 

Cstë e`ksdfdekab pbr `k Kaldidstrkedõi ac K`dlcitbs y Lcadeklcitbs (FAK, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs), ksì eblb pbr c` Ebldtä ac Cxpcrtbs ci Kadtdvbs K`dlcitkrdbs ac `k Brhkidzkedõi pkrk `k Khrdeu`turk y `k K`dlcitkedõi Ebl÷i (FKB), pcrtcicedcitc k `k Brhkidzkedõi Luiadk` ac `k Uk`ua (BLU) eblb schurb y cfdekz eblb `kxkitc y cstdlu`kitc. Ebitdcic 4?% ac ëedabs hrksbs, eblb c` ëedab rdedib`cdeb. ]cprcscitk uik ac `ks lkybrcs ebiecitrkedbics ikturk`cs, `b euk` pucac cxp`dekr su pbacr eurktdvb. @uchb ac scr prbecskab ci c` ditcstdib ac`hkab, `ks cizdlks pkiercëtdeks `dmcrki h`decrb` y ëedab rdedib`cdeb, citrc btrks sustkiedks mcicfdedbsks pkrk c` brhkidslb. Cstë eblpucstb ac vdtkldik C, ldicrk`cs y prbtcìiks, y pbscc prbpdcakacs kitdmketcrdkiks. Qklmdäi cs kmuiakitc ci trdh`deärdabs, quc guitb k sus btrks prbpdcakacs `b ebivdcrtci ci ui khcitc cfcetdvb pkrk c` eudakab ac `k pdc`. K`huibs cstuadbs e`ìidebs lucstrki quc, pbr cgclp`b, `bs pkedcitcs ebi acrlktbsds beupkedbik` pucaci tcicr uik rckeedõi pbsdtdvk k` kecdtc ac rdedib b k` ëedab rdedib`cdeb. @ks divcstdhkedbics jki aclbstrkab quc c` ëedab rdedidb`cdeb cs cfdekz ci `k ;; prcvciedõi ac` ercedldcitb ac iulcrbsks cspcedcs ac vdrus, mketcrdks, `cvkaurks y lbjbs. Cstb jkec quc su usb tõpdeb kyuac k c`dldikr prbm`clks ac `k pdc`, eblb c` keiä. Adstditbs cstuadbs jki aclbstrkab kaclës quc cs ui c`clcitb schurb y cfdekz, pbr `b euk` cs klp`dklcitc utd`dzkab citrc `bs dihrcadcitcs ac prbauetbs ebslätdebs y lkqud``kgcs. ;= Kecdtc ac säsklb y sk`vkab ac krrbz (scsklc y rdec mrki cxtrket) Ucsklul diadeul, Ucsklul brdcitk`c, kgbigb`ì Cxtrketb ac sk`vkab ac krrbz, rdec mrki bd`  ]cauedr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

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 Lcgbrkr `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb`

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 Ibrlk`dzkr `bs idvc`cs ac h`uebsk ci `k

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skihrc @ks scld``ks ac säsklb eblcizkrbi k eu`tdvkrsc ci c` vk``c ac` Diab, k` ibrtc ac Diadk, jkec lës ac edieb ld` kûbs y fucrbi uik ac `ks prdlcrks ci scr prbecskaks pkrk ebivcrtdr`ks ci kecdtc. @bs chdpedbs `b uskmki pkrk trktkr adstditbs trkstbribs, cspcedk`lcitc edreu`ktbrdbs, ksì eblb pkrk k`ulmrkr `bs skreõfkhbs ci `ks pdrëldacs. Ci c` tcxtb kyurväadeb Uusjrutk Ukljdtk kpkrcec Ukljdtk kpkrcec eblb c` ‐lës rceblciakm`c“ ac `bs kecdtcs pkrk trktkr vkrdks cifcrlcakacs erõideks. C` kecdtc ac sk`vkab ac krrbz, ci tkitb, cs ebisdacrkab uib ac `bs hrkiacs scerctbs kitdcivcgcedldcitb ci Gkpõi, uib ac `bs pkìscs abiac jkmdtki luejks ac `ks pcrsbiks lës `bihcvks ac` luiab. Ac jcejb, `k lcgbr lkicrk ac c`bhdkr ebi ui muci eulp`dab k uik gkpbicsk cs adedäiab`c quc pbscc uik ‐mc``czk ac kecdtc ac sk`vkab ac krrbz“. Lcze`k ac kecdtcs pkrk usb ek`dcitc b frìb ° ac bizk ac kecdtc ac säsklb (b ° ac euejkrkak) ¹ ac bizk ac kecdtc ac sk`vkab ac krrbz (b ¹ ac euejkrkak) ;5 (_rbpbredõi7 =?% ac kecdtc ac säsklb y :?% ac kecdtc ac sk`vkab ac krrbz) Lcze`k mdci klmbs kecdtcs ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb. ×sk`b aurkitc c` aìk pkrk ebedikr euk`qudcr k`dlcitb. Ebisulc `k bizk eblp`ctk k` aìk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b

 

Adkrdklcitc, pbr k` lcibs abs lcscs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs K÷i ib cxdstc ci c` lcrekab uik lcze`k ac klmbs kecdtcs. Jkz `k lcze`k ci uik prbpbredõi ac =?% ac säsklb y :?% ac sk`vkab ac krrbz pkrk utd`dzkr`k ci ek`br b frìb. Jkz uik ekitdaka ebisdacrkm`c y huërak`k ci uik mbtc``k ac vdardb pkrk clp`ckr`k pbr vkrdbs aìks. Ud cstës tblkiab k`h÷i lcadeklcitb pkrk `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`, eb`cstcrb` b adkmctcs, ib `b acgcs k` trktkr cstk lcze`k. Std`ìzk`k eblb trktkldcitb eblp`clcitkrdb, sk`vb diadekedõi läadek. _br quä sì fuiedbik Divcstdhkedbics prcscitkaks ci =?;= ci `k rcuidõi ac `k Ksbedkedõi Klcrdekik ac` Ebrkzõi (KJK), ci Xksjdihtbi, A.E., aclbstrkrbi quc su ebisulb ebistkitc pucac lkitcicr mkgk `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`, rcauedr `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb` @A@ y c`cvkr `bs idvc`cs ac JA@. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Diadk, `k lcze`k rcaugb `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` eksd tkitb eblb ui fërlkeb utd`dzkab ebl÷ilcitc pkrk cstc prbpõsdtb (idfcadpdik). Ac keucrab ebi c` abetbr Acvkrkgki Ukinkr, L.A., _j.A., qudci cstkmk k ekrhb ac `k divcstdhkedõi, `k k`tk ebiecitrkedõi ac ëedabs hrksbs sk`uakm`cs, hrksks lbibdiskturkaks y pb`ddiskturkaks, `bs tdpbs lës sk`uakm`cs ac hrksks y kitdbxdakitcs, tk`cs eblb scskldik, scsklb`, scsklb`dik y brdzkib`, pucaci scr rcspbiskm`cs ac `bs rcsu`tkabs. C` kecdtc ac sk`vkab ac krrbz tdcic `k euk`daka ac pbacr scr utd`dzkab jkstk k 13?¿ Fkrcijcdt (b =5=¿ Ec`sdus) sdi pcracr sus prbpdcakacs, k adfcrciedk ac `k lkybrìk ac `bs kecdtcs, die`udab c` ac b`dvk. Kaclës, pbscc lës ac ;?? kitdbxdakitcs y ui k`tb ebitcidab ac fdmrk, `b euk` fked`dtk `k adsldiuedõi ac pcsb y `k bmtciedõi ac lksk luseu`kr. ;1 C` kecdtc ac säsklb ib pucac sbpbrtkr k`tks tclpcrkturks ac ebeedõi. Udi

 

clmkrhb, `k lcze`k utd`dzkak pkrk c` cstuadb (:?% ac sk`vkab ac krrbz y =?% ac säsklb) bmtdcic tbabs `bs mcicfdedbs ac klmbs, sdi pcracr`bs k` ek`citkr c` kecdtc. Ac keucrab ebi uik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Funubnk, ac Gkpõi, y c` Ebuied` bf Lcadek` ]csckrej ac Diadk, pum`dekak ci `k Klcrdeki `k Klcrdeki Gburik`  bf Lcadedic, Gburik` Lcadedic, `ks pcrsbiks quc `b ebisulci adkrdklcitc ibrlk`dzki sdhidfdektdvklcitc `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc. ;3 Kgb (hkr`de) ``dul sktdvul, sktdvul, kgbs, kgb m`kieb ✕ Mkgkr idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb`  Adsldiudr `bs trdh`deärdabs

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 ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Ebitrb`kr c` jìhkab hrksb

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 Mkgkr `k prcsdõi skihuìick

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 Adsldiudr c` rdcshb ac k`huibs tdpbs ac

 

eëiecr Cxdstci aktbs kecrek ac su usb ld`cikrdb ci `k lcadedik ejdik, kyurvcak, diadk y trkadedbik` curbpck eblb eurk y prcvciedõi pkrk adstditbs lk`cs. Uch÷i adstditks fucitcs, sus cfcetbs pucaci scr tki ebierctbs eblb c` ac eblmktdr `k vdruc`k, b tki fkitëstdebs eblb c` ac cspkitkr vklpdrbs. Jcrõabtb, jdstbrdkabr hrdchb, eucitk quc `ks pdrëldacs ac Chdptb puadcrbi scr `cvkitkaks hrkedks k` ebisulb ac cstc mu`mb, pucs `bs fkrkbics sc `b jkmrìki suldidstrkab k sus cse`kvbs pkrk kyuakr k lkitcicrsc fdrlcs kitc tk` csfucrzb fìsdeb. Qklmdäi jkmrìk sdab uskab pbr `ks ld`dedks hrdchk y rblkik pkrk lkitcicrsc sk`uakm`cs frcitc k `ks mktk``ks. Ksdldslb, Jdpõerktcs `b utd`dzõ eblb kpbyb ci adstditbs trktkldcitbs ebitrk uik vkrdcaka ac cifcrlcakacs, cspcedk`lcitc rcspdrktbrdks. Ketuk`lcitc, pucm`bs rclbtbs ac `bs Kiacs y c` Jdlk`kyk `b utd`dzki pkrk lcgbrkr su ekpkedaka ac bxdhcikedõi, eblb kitdmdõtdeb ikturk` y eblb fbrtk`cecabr ac `ks acfcisks. Guhb ac kgb y lkizkik ;6 = adcitcs ac kgb ; lkizkik ebrtkak ci trbzbs Guhb ac ui `dlõi ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc frcseb ⅕ ac tkzk ac lcitk frcsek

 

;? bizks ac khuk Utcvdk k` hustb @de÷k `bs dihrcadcitcs jkstk quc qucaci mdci adsuc`tbs. Mämc`b ac dilcadktb ci kyuiks. @k lkizkik, c` `dlõi, `k lcitk y c` gcihdmrc kyuaki k ktciukr y adsdpkr c` ditcisb b`br ac` kgb. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Adkrdklcitc, diebrpõrk`b k tu adctk b eblb sup`clcitb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs @k lcgbr fbrlk ac ebisuldr`b cs eruab7 ui adcitc eblp`ctb ci kyuiks. K` trdturkr`b sc ketdvki sus eblpucstbs eurktdvbs. _ucacs lkstdekr pcrcgd`, lcitk, scld``ks ac kiìs b cigukhkrtc `k mbek ebi guhb ac `dlõi pkrk adsldiudr c` b`br. Ib `b ebisulks pbr k` lcibs abs sclkiks prcvdks k uik edruhìk pkrk cvdtkr jclbrrkhdks y prbm`clks ac ebkhu`kedõi. _br quä sì fuiedbik _`kitks pcrtcicedcitcs k` häicrb K``dul häicrb K``dul (ecmb``k,  (ecmb``k, ecmb``ìi, pucrrb, kgb) jki sdab klp`dklcitc cstuadkaks, ci cspcedk` c` kgb, aclbstrëiabsc quc pbscci luejbs ac `bs mcicfdedbs lcadedik`cs quc sc `cs ktrdmuyci trkadedbik`lcitc. Uus prbpdcakacs kitdmketcrdkiks y kitdmdõtdeks cstëi luy mdci abeulcitkaks> cstks sc acmci k sus cxtrketbs y kecdtcs csciedk`cs, cspcedk`lcitc `k k`dedik. Cxdstci cstuadbs quc aclucstrki quc kyuak k rcauedr c` i÷lcrb ac rcsfrdkabs y hrdpcs, ksì eblb `k aurkedõi lcadk ac sus sìitblks.

 

Advcrsks divcstdhkedbics rck`dzkaks ci `ks uidvcrsdakacs Ikedbik` ac Qkdwëi y ]uthcrs ac Iucvk Gcrscy, Cstkabs Sidabs, aclbstrkrbi quc `k k`dedik rcauec `k keulu`kedõi ac hrksk, c` csträs bxdaktdvb y `k dif`klkedõi ac` jìhkab. Btrbs cstuadbs rcedcitcs rck`dzkabs pbr `k Cseuc`k ac Uk`ua _÷m`dek ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ;8 ac Edciedks Läadeks ac Drëi prbmkrbi quc `k fusdõi ac kgb y guhb ac `dlõi lcgbrk `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb` tbtk`, `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` sdstõ`dek y adkstõ`dek, y rcauec c` ìiadec ac lksk ebrpbrk`. Divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Sidvcrsdaka Cstktk` ac _cisd`vkidk tklmdäi ciebitrkrbi cvdaciedk ac quc rcauec `bs `ìpdabs ci `k skihrc, mkgkiab `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb` y trdh`deärdabs. Ac keucrab k vkrdbs cstuadbs pum`dekabs pbr c` Distdtutb Ikedbik` ac` Eëiecr ac Cstkabs Sidabs (IED, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs), ‐cxdstc uik rc`kedõi citrc c` kulcitb ac` ebisulb ac kgb y uik rcaueedõi ci c` rdcshb ac edcrtbs tdpbs ac eëiecr, eblb `bs eëiecrcs ac cstõlkhb, eb`bi, csõfkhb, pëiercks y scib (lklk)“. Cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci `k Sidvcrsdaka Cstktk` ac _cisd`vkidk lucstrki quc pucac kldibrkr jkstk ci ui 8?% c` i÷lcrb ac tulbrcs ci eëiecr ac lklk. ;: K`mkjkek (mksd`) Bedlul mksd`deul, mksd`deul, k`jëmchk, jb`y mksd`, tu`sd ✕

 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi hcicrk`  Qrktkr ab`brcs ci hcicrk`

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 Qrktkr ab`brcs cstblkek`cs

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 Acsditbxdekr

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 Eblmktdr lderbmdbs y vdrus

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 Lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi

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 Lcgbrkr c` cstkab kiìldeb

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@bs chdpedbs utd`dzkmki `k k`mkjkek ci sus rdtuk`cs rc`dhdbsbs, y cstk crk uib ac `bs dihrcadcitcs ebi quc lbldfdekmki k sus fkrkbics. @bs rblkibs, ci tkitb, `k uskmki ci `k ebedik y crk c` rchk`b pcrfcetb pkrk `ks lugcrcs ciklbrkaks7 ¡lës ebtdzkak quc ui rklb ac f`brcs! Ci c` Lcadcvb sc `c ktrdmuìk c` pbacr ac acfciacr ac` ldslìsdlb adkm`b k qudcics pbiìki rkldtbs ac csk p`kitk ci sus pucrtks y vcitkiks. _krk c` jdiaudslb, tu`sd tu`sd,, eblb ``klki k csk p`kitk, cs `k jdcrmk skhrkak y `k rcdik ac tbaks acsac jkec lës ac edieb ld` kûbs. @k lciedbiki ci `bs jdlibs y tcxtbs skhrkabs sëiserdtbs ebibedabs eblb ]dhvcak eblb ]dhvcak.. T ketuk`lcitc sc `c ebibec eblb `k jdcrmk ac `k fc`dedaka b `k quc kidlk k` cspìrdtu, pucs sch÷i `k trkadedõi mkstk b`cr`k pkrk ``cikrsc ac mucik cicrhìk, ek`lkr `k lcitc y k`cgkr `k trdstczk. _cstb jcejb ci eksk ; tkzk ac k`mkjkek frcsek = adcitcs ac kgb ; euejkrkak ac pdûbics (pdic iuts) ;4 ; euejkrkak ac iucecs ac `k Diadk (eksjcws) ; b = euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk _bi `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui prbecskabr y läze`k`bs jkstk bmtcicr uik erclk sukvc. Lcze`kacmdci y ÷sk`k pkrk keblpkûkr tus p`ktd``bs fkvbrdtbs. _bi c` rcstb ci ui rcedpdcitc vdardb y huërak`b ci `k icvcrk.

 

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Adkrdklcitc, k euk`qudcr jbrk. _ucacs diebrpbrkr`k k tu adctk rchu`kr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs khrchkr k`mkjkek frcsek k tu tä, khuk frìk b mktdab. _ucacs sclmrk`k ci uik lkectk y lkitcicr`k k lkib. @k k`mkjkek frcsek cs ebisdacrkak uik jdcrmk schurk. Uu kecdtc csciedk`, ci eklmdb, pucac beksdbikr drrdtkedõi ac `ks luebsks ci absds luy c`cvkaks. Ib sc kebiscgk ci eksb ac ÷`ecrks hkstrbaubacik`cs, cifcrlcaka ac Ejrbi, hkstrdtds, cifcrlcaka ac _krndisbi, citrc btrks. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ebitdcic kecdtcs csciedk`cs eblb cuhcib`, edtrbic`b` y `dik`bb`, `bs euk`cs kyuaki k adsldiudr `k dif`klkedõi, quc cs `k prdiedpk` ekusk ac `k lkybrìk ac `ks cifcrlcakacs, ci cspcedk` `ks ac tdpb rculktbdac. Uc utd`dzk ebitrk pkrësdtbs ditcstdik`cs y ebitrk mketcrdks, yk quc sus kecdtcs csciedk`cs kyuaki k dlpcadr c` acskrrb``b y ercedldcitb ac cstbs, rcspbiadciab lcgbr die`usb quc k`huibs kitdmdõtdebs trkadedbik`cs. Ksì sc prbmõ ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lcadedik ac @baz, _b`bidk, ci c` quc rcsu`tõ k`tklcitc cfdedcitc pkrk dijdmdr c` ercedldcitb ac `ks ecpks ac C. eb`d y btrks mketcrdks. Btrbs cstuadbs, eblb uib rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Kiiklk`kd, ci Diadk, y pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf Lcadedik` Fbba, Fbba, jki ciebitrkab quc su usb lcgbrk `k prbaueedõi ac cizdlks acsditbxdekitcs, c`cvk `ks acfcisks, rcauec `k keulu`kedõi ac hrksk ci c` jìhkab y rcstkurk `bs idvc`cs ac kedacz b pJ ac` eucrpb, citrc btrbs mcicfdedbs. Cs ebisdacrkak uik jdcrmk kakptõhcik ikturk`, yk quc pbscc prbpdcakacs pkrk eblmktdr c` csträs. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci c` Distdtutb ac Edciedks Läadeks ac =?

 

]bjtkn, Diadk, ebi ebicgbs ebi csträs diauedab lbstrõ uik adsldiuedõi ib sb`b ac` csträs bxdaktdvb, sdib tklmdäi ac btrbs cfcetbs rc`kedbikabs k cstc. _br cgclp`b, sc rcaugcrbi `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc y kulcitkrbi `k prbtceedõi ekradbvkseu`kr. Qklmdäi mcicfdedk `k fuiedõi ac` ecrcmrb, cstdlu`kiab `bs icurbtrkisldsbrcs quc rchu`ki iucstrb cstkab kiìldeb. L÷`tdp`cs cstuadbs edcitìfdebs jki ciebitrkab quc `k kaldidstrkedõi ac sup`clcitbs ac` kecdtc csciedk` ac k`mkjkek adsldiuyc `ks jbrlbiks ac` csträs, eblb `k ebrtdebstcrbik. =; K`ekejbfk (krtdejbnc) Eyikrk seb`ylus, seb`ylus, k`ekued`  Kpbykr `k iutrdedõi ac` jìhkab

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 Kyuakr k` sdstclk adhcstdvb, pkrk trktkr c`

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sìiarblc ac eb`bi drrdtkm`c  Adsldiudr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc

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 Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Adsldiudr `bs trdh`deärdabs

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 Lcgbrkr c` f`ugb skihuìicb ✕ ]cauedr `k dif`klkedõi ac` eucrpb  ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr

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@bs kitdhubs chdpedbs adsfrutkmki cstk scied``k p`kitk sd`vcstrc, k `k euk` ebisdacrkmki ui kfrbadsìkeb. @uchb, `bs rblkibs y hrdchbs sc ciekiad`krbi ebi su tcxturk, skmbr y prbpdcakacs eurktdvks. T aurkitc sdh`bs, cspcedk`lcitc ci Curbpk, fuc ui p`kecr acstdikab sb`b k `k rck`czk b k `k ä`dtc lës kekuak`kak.

 

Ci `k aäekak ac ;4=?, c` lkfdbsb icbybrqudib Edrb Qcrrkibvk qudsb kprbpdkrsc ac `bs acrcejbs ac adstrdmuedõi ci Cstkabs Sidabs. Sskiab sus lkûks, c` hrki scûbr ac `bs ichbedbs suedbs ac Jkr`cl sc kprbpdõ ac tbak `k prbaueedõi civdkak ac Ek`dfbridk k Iucvk Tbrn pkrk tcicr su lbibpb`db ci `k eduaka, vciadäiab`ks k prcedbs rdaìeu`klcitc k`tbs. _krk ebitrkrrcstkr`b, c` k`ek`ac ac `k eduaka aurkitc uik sclkik `k ace`krõ eblb ui prbauetb d`chk` ci `k eduaka, cejkiab kmkgb c` ichbedb ac qudci jkstk ;45? sc jkeìk ``klkr c` ]cy ac `k K`ekejbfk. == K`ekejbfks jcrvdaks = k`ekejbfks frcseks ebedaks k` vkpbr Uk` ; euejkrkadtk ac guhb ac `dlõi = euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk _rcpkrk uik vdikhrctk ebi `dlõi, kecdtc y sk`. Lcze`k luy mdci. [uìtk`c `ks jbgks y rclucvc ebi uik euejkrk ekak pu`pk ac cstks kajcrdak k` ebrkzõi ac `k k`ekejbfk. Acsprciac `bs pc`d``bs ac` ebrkzõi. _bi tbak `k pu`pk bmtcidak ci `k lcze`k. Adsfr÷tk`k sb`k b eblb keblpkûkitc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Diebrpõrk`k k tu adctk rchu`kr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

 

Kuiquc pbpu`krlcitc sc ebisulc sb`b c` ebrkzõi ac `k k`ekejbfk, `ks pu`pks kajcrdaks k cstc tklmdäi sc eblci, y `ks jbgks sc utd`dzki pkrk difusdbics. Ubi rdeks ci kitdbxdakitcs y fdtbiutrdcitcs. _ucacs jcrvdr`ks y `uchb kskr`ks `cvclcitc. _ucacs ebisuldr adkrdklcitc sup`clcitbs ac k`ekejbfk ci eëpsu`ks ac citrc 5=? k 61? lh, uik b abs tkm`ctks, ac uik k trcs vcecs k` aìk, lcadk jbrk kitcs ac `ks ebldaks fucrtcs (k`lucrzb y ecik). _br quä sì fuiedbik Uc jk eblprbmkab quc `k edikrdik quc pbscc cstdlu`k `bs prbecsbs adhcstdvbs y lctkmõ`debs, kulcitk c` f`ugb skihuìicb, ketdvk `k fuiedõi ac` pëiercks, ac `k vcsìeu`k md`dkr y ac` jìhkab, c dijdmc `k sìitcsds ac eb`cstcrb` @A@. Advcrsbs cstuadbs edcitìfdebs jki ebrrbmbrkab quc acspuäs ac ebisuldr`k lcgbrk `k scercedõi ac ëedab md`dkr, fked`dtkiab `k adhcstdõi ac `ks hrksks. Uc die`uyc ci adctks erckaks cspceìfdeklcitc pkrk iutrdr c` trketb adhcstdvb y rcstkurkr `k sk`ua ditcstdik`. Kyuak k rchu`kr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr c disu`dik ci `k skihrc y lkitcicr`bs cstkm`cs. Ksì sc eblprbmõ ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci c` @kmbrktbrdb ac Fkrlkeb`bhìk ac `k Fkeu`tka ac Lcadedik ac Ufkx, Q÷icz, aclbstrkiab quc acspuäs ac eblcr`ks, adsldiuyc c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc. =5 Ci cstuadbs ebi kidlk`cs, `bs cxtrketbs `ìqudabs ac `ks rkìecs y `ks jbgks jki lbstrkab uik hrki ekpkedaka pkrk prbtchcr c` jìhkab, kyuakiab k rchcicrkr `ks eä`u`ks. Cs uib ac `bs vchctk`cs lës eblp`ctbs. _bscc kitdbxdakitcs y fdtbiutrdcitcs quc eblmktci `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs y c` csträs bxdaktdvb ac iucstrb brhkidslb. Jky difdidaka ac cstuadbs quc aclucstrki c` pkpc` quc tdcici `bs kitdbxdakitcs eblb `k qucrectdik b c` ëedab hë`deb, prcscitcs ci `k k`ekejbfk, pkrk eblmktdr c` ercedldcitb ac tulbrcs ekiecrbsbs.

 

Sib ac `bs kitdbxdakitcs lës pbacrbsbs quc ebitdcic cs c` f`kvbibdac sd`ylkrdi, c` euk` prbtchc c` jìhkab. Btrbs cstuadbs tklmdäi jki aclbstrkab quc pucac k`dvdkr `bs sìitblks ksbedkabs ebi c` sìiarblc ac` ditcstdib drrdtkm`c (DMU, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs), uib ac `bs prdiedpk`cs trkstbribs adhcstdvbs, rcspbiskm`c ac sìitblks eblb ab`br cstblkek`, cstrcûdldcitb, adkrrck, lk`cstkr cstblkek`, dif`klkedõi, citrc btrbs. =1 K`fk`fk (k`fk`fk sprbuts)  Lcadekhb sktdvk, sktdvk, mrbtcs ac k`fk`fk, k`jb`vk, trcmb`d``b, `uecric  Lcgbrkr c` kpctdtb

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 Kulcitkr ac pcsb

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 Kpbykr `k sk`ua luseu`kr y õsck

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 Lcgbrkr edektrdzkedbics

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 C`dldikr `ìqudab

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 Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Adsldiudr c` kz÷ekr

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Brdhdikrdk ac` Eëueksb, y Udmcrdk, k`fk`fk jk sdab acsac `bs brìhcics ac `k Lcsbpbtkldk edvd`dzkedõi eblb fbrrkgc`kpkrk hkikab pbreu`tdvkak su jkmd`daka pkrk hcicrkr cicrhìk y kyuakr k kulcitkr ac pcsb. @bs pcrsks `k eu`tdvkrbi pbr prdlcrk vcz y cspkredcrbi su usb eukiab divkadcrbi btrks edvd`dzkedbics, eblb `k rblkik y `k hrdchk. _krk `bs ërkmcs, `k k`fk`fk crk c` ‐pkarc ac tbabs `bs k`dlcitbs“. @k lcadedik kyurväadek ac Diadk diebrpbrõ `ks scld``ks, sus mrbtcs, jbgks y tk``bs acsac sus didedbs. Cstk skmdaurìk ld`cikrdk kschurk quc `k p`kitk tdcic dlpbrtkitcs prbpdcakacs acrdvkaks ac su rkìz, quc k`ekizk lës ac ;= lctrbs y kmsbrmc `bs ldicrk`cs lës cvksdvbs> citrc cstbs, c` lës dlpbrtkitc cs c` lkihkicsb, vdtk` pkrk `k c`kmbrkedõi ac disu`dik. Qklmdäi `b ebisdacrk ui k`dlcitb k`ek`didzkitc, pcrfcetb pkrk keulu`kr mcicfdedbs ci c` eucrpb quc `c aci

 

uik vcgcz skik y vdhbrbsk. Mcmdak frìk ac k`fk`fk ⅕ ac tkzk ac k`fk`fk frcsek (yk `kvkak) b scek =3 ; ndwd Guhb ac ui `dlõi ; rbakgk ac `dlõi, ikrkigk b lkiakrdik : bizks ac khuk frìk Jdc`b (bpedbik`) ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc`, khkvc u btrb ciau`zkitc (bpedbik`) _bi `bs dihrcadcitcs (cxecptb `k rbakgk ac `dlõi b eìtrdeb) ci `k `deukabrk. _rbeäsk`bs y sìrvc`bs. Khrchk lës jdc`b, sd hustks, y `k rbakgk ac `dlõi, ikrkigk b lkiakrdik. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Diebrpõrk`k k tu t u adctk rchu`kr. K euk`qudcr jbrk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

 

_ucacs khrchkr k`fk`fk rchu`kr b sus mrbtcs k euk`qudcr cisk`kak, hudsb, sbpk, pkstk, cteätcrk. @ks scld``ks ac k`fk`fk ebitdcici `ks ldslks prbpdcakacs y sbi uik bpedõi scied``k pkrk diebrpbrkr`ks k `k adctk adkrdk eblb lcrdciak. _ucacs p`kitkr`k ci uik pcqucûk lkectk, k` dhuk` quc btrks jdcrmks, c die`usb hcrldikr`k. Qklmdäi `k pucacs kaqudrdr eblb sup`clcitb. Acmcs cvdtkr`k sd pkacecs ac `upus. _br quä sì fuiedbik C` @. ]. Distdtutc bf _jkrlkey ac Ub`ki, Jdlkejk` _rkacsj, ci Diadk, rck`dzõ ci =?;; uik rcvdsdõi eblp`ctk ac tbak `k `dtcrkturk edcitìfdek adspbidm`c pkrk vcrdfdekr c` pbtciedk` fkrlkeb`õhdeb ac `k k`fk`fk. Cstc kië`dsds rcvc`õ quc skpbidiks, f`kvbibdacs, fdtbcstrõhcibs, eulkrdiks, k`ek`bdacs, kldibëedabs, fdtbcstcrb`cs, vdtkldiks, cizdlks adhcstdvks y tcrpcibs ebistdtuyci e`kscs dlpbrtkitcs ac sus eblpucstbs ketdvbs. @bs difbrlcs fkrlkeb`õhdebs rcvc`krbi quc prbtchc c` sdstclk icrvdbsb, adsldiuyc c` eb`cstcrb`, fuiedbik eblb kitdbxdakitc, eblmktc lderbmdbs ci c` eucrpb, kulcitk c` cstrõhcib y fuiedbik eblb tcrkpdk eblp`clcitkrdk ci c` trktkldcitb ac `k cifcrlcaka ekraìkek, keedacitcs ecrcmrbvkseu`krcs, eëiecr, adkmctcs y, ci `ks lugcrcs, sìitblks lcibpëusdebs. Cs rcebibedab eblb uib ac `bs lcgbrcs adurätdebs ikturk`cs, yk quc ket÷k =6 sukvclcitc ci `bs rdûbics, eblmktdciab `k dif`klkedõi ac `k vcgdhk y `k rctciedõi ac `ìqudab ci c` eucrpb. Uch÷i c` Acpkrtklcitb ac Khrdeu`turk ac Cstkabs Sidabs, ebitdcic lës prbtcìiks quc c` trdhb y c` lkìz, pcrb sb`b `k ldtka ac `bs jdarktbs ac ekrmbib. Cs cxec`citc pkrk `bs idûbs quc ib pkrceci cstkr ercedciab `b sufdedcitc, b pkrk qudcics icecsdtki kulcitkr ac pcsb sk`uakm`clcitc, prbpbredbikiab uik kmuiakiedk ac iutrdcitcs ksdld`kabs ac lcgbr lkicrk.

 

@k vdtkldik N, ek`edb, jdcrrb, fõsfbrb y lkihkicsb quc ebitdcic kyuaki k prcvcidr c die`usb trktkr `k bstcbpbrbsds, `k dif`klkedõi y k lkitcicr `k sk`ua acitk`. @k vdtkldik N cs csciedk` pkrk `k ebkhu`kedõi ac jclbrrkhdks y `k edektrdzkedõi. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;3 ci Krkmdk Ukuadtk y Chdptb, pum`dekab ci c` adkrdb ac `ks edciedks fkrlkeäutdeks ac _kqudstëi, aclbstrõ su ekpkedaka pkrk mkgkr `bs idvc`cs ac h`uebsk ac `k skihrc. =8 K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k (k`bc vcrk) K`bc lkeu`ktk, sëmd`k, ë`bc ac Mkrmkabs, ë`bc ac Eurkzkb, `d`y ac` acsdcrtb  Qrktkr prbm`clks adhcstdvbs

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 Lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi  Clp`ckr eblb `kxkitc y acpurkabr

✕

 Std`dzkr eblb acsdifcetkitc

✕

 Eurkr quclkaurks, pdekaurks y btrbs

✕

prbm`clks eutëicbs  Jdarktkr `k pdc`

✕

Ac Brdcitc k Beedacitc, acsac `bs chdpedbs k `k ketuk`daka, c` k`bc vcrk jk sdab mkutdzkab eblb ‐p`kitk ac `k dilbrtk`daka“, ‐skikabrk sd`ciedbsk“, ‐fucitc ac `k uvcitua“, ‐jbrlbik ac `ks jcrdaks“, ‐p`kitk ac `bs edci kûbs“, ‐rclcadb krlõideb“, citrc ui sdifìi ac iblmrcs quc rcsk`tki sus lärdtbs. Jky cserdtbs ciebitrkabs ci tkm`ks ac kred``k ac `bs sulcrdbs quc actk``ki rcectks quc `k uski pkrk eurkr adstditks lb`cstdks y cifcrlcakacs, cspcedk`lcitc adhcstdvks. Ci c` _kpdrb c` _kpdrb Cmcrs ac` Cmcrs ac` kitdhub Chdptb, uib ac `bs abeulcitbs läadebs lës kitdhubs quc sc ebibec, kpkrcec lciedbikak pkrk trktkr diiulcrkm`cs kfceedbics.

 

Luejbs sdh`bs lës tkrac, sch÷i `k Mdm`dk erdstdkik, eukiab Gcs÷s lurdõ, Idebaclb jdzb `k ldslk lcze`k ac `bs chdpedbs y uitõ su eucrpb ebi k`bc y ldrrk kitcs ac civb`vcr`b ebi `dcizbs y acgkr`b ci c` scpu`erb, tk` eblb scûk`kmk `k trkadedõi guaìk. @deukab ac hc` ac k`bc vcrk pkrk prbm`clks cstblkek`cs y lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi =: ; pciek ac k`bc vcrk ; euejkrkak ac ldc` (sd ib tdcics adkmctcs b prcadkmctcs) ; `dlõi (guhb) : bizks ac khuk [udtk ebi uik euejkrk c` hc` ac` ditcrdbr y pbi`b ci uik `deukabrk. Khrchk c` khuk, `k ldc` y c` guhb ac ui `dlõi. @de÷k luy mdci y eukiab cstä `dstb, mämc`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eblb `deukab, ci kyuiks, k` lcibs 5? ldiutbs kitcs ac eblcr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs lkitcicr sdclprc uik pciek frcsek ci `k icvcrk pkrk uskr`k eukiab `k icecsdtcs. Kitcs ac kmrdr`k acmcs kschurkrtc ac `kvkr`k mdci y qudtkr`c `ks cspdiks ac `bs mbracs.

 

_ucacs ebihc`kr `ks eësekrks y utd`dzkr`ks eblb eblprcsks. Cxdstc uik prcvciedõi sbmrc c` usb ac k`bc vcrk eblb `kxkitc, acmdab k `k k`bìik quc ebitdcic `k eësekrk, quc pucac rcsu`tkr aclksdkab khrcsdvk pkrk c` trketb adhcstdvb. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uc skmc quc c` k`bc vcrk tdcic prbpdcakacs acsdifcetkitcs, edektrdzkitcs, kitdk`ärhdeks, kitddif`klktbrdks, jdarktkitcs y `kxkitcs, citrc btrks. Divcstdhkedbics rck`dzkaks ci ;453 pbr `bs abetbrcs E. C. Eb``dis y Ercstbi Eb``dis ci Lkry`kia, pum`dekaks ci Qjc Klcrdeki Gburik` bf ]bciahcib`bhy  ]kadul  Qjcrkpjy kia Iue`ckr Lcadedic,  ]kadul Lcadedic, aclbstrkrbi quc c` usb ac k`bc vcrk cs luy cfcetdvb pkrk trktkr `ks quclkaurks quc `bs rkybs Z prbaueìki tkitb ci pkedcitcs eblb ci c` pcrsbik` ciekrhkab ac uskr`bs. @k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ejdekhb jk rck`dzkab cstuadbs quc ebifdrlki `k cfcetdvdaka ac` k`bc vcrk pkrk trktkr quclkaurks ac prdlcr y schuiab hrkabs ac `k pdc`, acmdab k `k eblmdikedõi ac trcs fketbrcs7 ëedab kectd`sk`deì`deb, lkhicsdb y ui cspcetrb kitdlderbmdkib, quc jkeci quc pcictrc `bs tcgdabs akûkabs, rcauedciab c` ab`br y `k dif`klkedõi, ksì eblb prcvdidciab `k icerbsds y `k päradak ac tcgdab. Cxdstc cvdaciedk ac quc c` k`bc vcrk pucac lcgbrkr `k tcxturk y c` kspcetb ac `k pdc`, =4 rcauedciab c` cirbgcedldcitb y rctkrakiab c` civcgcedldcitb k` kulcitkr `k prbaueedõi ac eb`ëhcib y lcgbrkr `k c`kstdedaka. ]cvdstks eblb Adsebvcry eblb Adsebvcry AUk`ua jki AUk`ua jki pum`dekab `bs l÷`tdp`cs mcicfdedbs ac cstk p`kitk pkrk prcvcidr y kyuakr k adsldiudr kfceedbics muek`cs y fkrìihcks, c`dldikiab `k p`kek mketcrdkik ac `k mbek y cieìks. Ci tki sb`b euktrb aìks ac usb prbmõ scr dhuk`lcitc cfdekz quc cigukhucs quc ebitdcici e`brjcxdadik. C` Distdtutb ac Edciedk y Lcadedik @dius _ku`dih, ci Ek`dfbridk, acseumrdõ ci ;4:3 quc c` ebisulb jkmdtuk` ac k`bc vcrk lbstrkmk ui cfcetb mcicfdedbsb sbmrc c` kpkrktb adhcstdvb. K trkväs ac sus divcstdhkedbics fuc pbsdm`c prbmkr quc crk uik sustkiedk quc lcgbrkmk ebiadedbics eblb `k eb`dtds, `k kedacz cstblkek` y c`

 

eb`bi drrdtkm`c. 5? Krëiakibs khrdbs (erkimcrrdcs) Vkeedidul lkerbekrpbi, lkerbekrpbi, krëiakibs rbgbs, krëiakibs klcrdekibs, mkyks rbgks, mkyks hru``ks  Qrktkr y cvdtkr difceedbics urdikrdks

✕

 Qrktkr y cvdtkr cifcrlcakacs

✕

pcrdbabitk`cs (adcitcs y cieìks) Cstc frutb khrdb, pcqucûb y ac ui rbgb ditcisb jk tcidab luejbs iblmrcs, pcrb c` ac erkimcrry erkimcrry sc  sc `b acmc k `bs prdlcrbs eb`bibs k`clkics y jb`kiacscs quc ciebitrkrbi `ks f`brcs y tk``bs sdld`krcs k `k ekmczk ac `k hru``k, quc ci dih`äs cs erkic.. Guitb k `k uvk tdpb Ebiebra y k `bs krëiakibs kzu`cs, cs uik ac `ks trcs erkic frutks ebisdacrkaks ;??% cstkabuidaciscs. Luejb kitcs ac quc `bs eb`bidzkabrcs curbpcbs ``chkrki, `bs eurkiacrbs `bek`cs uskmki krëiakibs pkrk trktkr cifcrlcakacs adhcstdvks, jkecr ektkp`kslks y cxtrkcr c` vcicib ac `ks jcrdaks quc sc jkeìki ebi `ks f`cejks. @bs pcrchrdibs, ci tkitb, ekrhkmki sus mkrebs ebi krëiakibs pkrk prcvcidr c` csebrmutb, b acfdedciedk ac vdtkldik E. T k `bs iktdvbs Bakwk y Bgdmwc `cs acmclbs `k trkadedõi ac sk`sk ac krëiakibs ci iucstrks ec`cmrkedbics ac Qjkinshdvdih.. Qjkinshdvdih Guhb ac krëiakibs 1 tkzks ac khuk ; tkzk ac krëiakibs khrdbs frcsebs ;

 

rbakgk ac ikrkigk 5; _bi k jcrvdr `bs krëiakibs ci c` khuk. Aägk`bs jcrvdr pbr =? ldiutbs. @uchb, kpkhk y acgk quc rcpbsc uik jbrk, k` lcibs. _ucacs pbicr`b ci `k icvcrk sd tc hustk frìb b mcmcr`b k tclpcrkturk klmdcitc, b ek`dcitc. Khrchk `k rbakgk ac ikrkigk y mämc`b k `b `krhb ac` aìk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`bs Eukiab sdcitks lb`cstdks b ab`br k` brdikr, b eukiab tcihks diebitdiciedk urdikrdk beksdbik`. Eukiab tcihks lb`cstdks b dif`klkedõi ci `ks cieìks.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs ]cpdtc c` prbecsb pbr, k` lcibs, ;? aìks pkrk kschurkrtc ac quc `k difceedõi acskpkrczek (urdikrdk b acitk`). _krk prcvcidr difceedbics urdikrdks, tc rcebldciab mcmcr adkrdklcitc uib b abs vksbs ac guhb ac krëiakibs, `b lës purb pbsdm`c y, bgk`ë, sdi cau`ebrkitcs ac idih÷i tdpb. Ud tc pkrcec luy ëedab, pucacs lcze`kr`b ebi guhb ac lkizkik. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uch÷i ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf Khrdeu`turk` kia Fbba Ejcldstry, Ejcldstry, ac Cstkabs Sidabs, `bs krëiakibs khrdbs ebitdcici lës kitdbxdakitcs fciõ`debs quc `k lkybrìk ac `bs frutbs lës ebisuldabs k idvc` luiadk`. Kaclës, pbscci hrki ekitdaka ac fdtbiutrdcitcs quc fuiedbiki eblb kitdbxdakitcs, kitddif`klktbrdbs y kitdekiecrìhcibs. @ks difceedbics ac` trketb urdikrdb (SQD, sch÷i sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs> DQS, sch÷i sus sdh`ks ci cspkûb`) pucaci beurrdr ci euk`qudcr pkrtc ac` trketb urdikrdb. Ci

 

`ks lugcrcs, `k difceedõi pbr `b hcicrk` beurrc ci `k vcgdhk y cs prbvbekak pbr uik mketcrdk ``klkak Csejcrdejdk eb`d b C. eb`d, quc eukiab ktkek prbauec sìitblks eblb diebitdiciedk urdikrdk, ab`br kmabldik` y ab`br pkrk brdikr, citrc btrbs. @bs krëiakibs sbi uib ac `bs prbauetbs ikturk`cs lës utd`dzkabs ci c` trktkldcitb y prcvciedõi ac `ks SQD. Ac keucrab k adstditbs cstuadbs e`ìidebs, c` uhb ac krëiakib tdcic uik prbpdcaka kitdkajcrcitc quc dlpdac k actcrldikaks mketcrdks kajcrdrsc k `ks eä`u`ks ac` eucrpb julkib. Cstk euk`daka ib sb`b fuiedbik ebi `ks eä`u`ks rc`kedbikaks ebi c` trketb urdikrdb sdib tklmdäi ebi c` sdstclk adhcstdvb y k `k zbik muek`. Ci c` eksb ac `ks cifcrlcakacs pcrdbabitk`cs, ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci 5= Qjc Gburik` bf tjc Klcrdeki Acitk` Kssbedktdbi, c` guhb ac krëiakib tklmdäi jk aclbstrkab csk ekpkedaka pkrkacitk` `ks mketcrdks ci `bs adcitcs y ci `ks cieìks,tcicr rcauedciab ac cstkkitdkajcrcitc lkicrk `k p`kek y `ks difceedbics muek`cs. Beksdbik`lcitc, pucac hcicrkr prbm`clks eblb eë`eu`bs rcik`cs, b tcicr edcrtbs cfcetbs eb`ktcrk`cs ci ebiguitb ebi k`huiks lcadediks kitdebkhu`kitcs eblb Xkrfkrdi. 55 Krëiakibs md`mcrry (md`mcrry) Vkeedidul lyrtd``us, lyrtd``us, m`ckmcrry, kdrc``c  Kpbykr `k sk`ua beu`kr (vdsdõi, rctdik,

✕

cspcedk`lcitc pbr akûbs ekuskabs pbr `k adkmctcs)  Ebitrb`kr `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb`

✕

 Adsldiudr `k dif`klkedõi

✕

 

 Actcicr `k adkrrck

✕

 Lcgbrkr `k edreu`kedõi

✕

 Ebitrb`kr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr

✕

Cs fëed` ebifuiadr `bs krëiakibs md`mcrry ebi krëiakibs kzu`cs klcrdekibs, pcrb sbi lës pcqucûbs. Uu brdhci cstë ci Curbpk y tdcici uik lkybr ebiecitrkedõi ac eblpucstbs vdtk`cs. Qkitb `bs frutbs eblb `ks jbgks ac cstk p`kitk jki sdab utd`dzkabs acsac jkec sdh`bs pkrk fdics lcadedik`cs ci eksbs ac acfdedciedk ac vdtkldik E, eë`eu`bs rcik`cs c difceedbics. Ci Dih`ktcrrk, aurkitc c` rcdikab ac Dskmc` D sc ercõ ui gkrkmc ac md`mcrry y ldc` pkrk trktkr prbm`clks cstblkek`cs. @bs krëiakibs md`mcrry sc jkmìki uskab trkadedbik`lcitc pkrk trktkr prbm`clks ac `bs bgbs, cspcedk`lcitc ci pcrsbiks quc pkaceìki adkmctcs. _br csk rkzõi, aurkitc `k Uchuiak Hucrrk Luiadk`, `k Fucrzk Kärck mrdtëidek suldidstrkmk k sus pd`btbs lcrlc`kak ac cstbs krëiakibs pkrk lcgbrkr`cs `k vdsdõi ibeturik. Ac jcejb, ci Frkiedk, pbr cgclp`b, sc jki prcserdtb acsac ;413 pkrk `k rctdibpktìk adkmätdek, uik ac `ks prdiedpk`cs ekusks ac echucrk ci `bs adkmätdebs. 51 Ldc` frcsek ac krëiakibs md`mcrry ¼ tkzk ac krëiakibs ebihc`kabs b scebs ; tkzk ac khuk frìk b ek`dcitc Utcvdk, khkvc b ldc` ac rkìz ac lkiadbek (u btrb ciau`zkitc ikturk` ac mkgb ìiadec h`deäldeb) Ci uik tkzk ac khuk, rclbgk pbr uik jbrk `bs krëiakibs. Euä`k`bs y pbi`bs `uchb ci uik `deukabrk. Khrähk`cs c` ciau`zkitc y pkrtc ac` khuk. @de÷k. Qõlk`k ci eblmdikedõi ebi ybhur, kvcik, qudibk, cteätcrk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

 

Euëiab uskr`bs _ucacs die`udr`bs rchu`krlcitc k tu adctk, eblb c` rcstb ac mkyks.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs @bs pucacs khrchkr k euk`qudcr mktdab, lcrdciak, guhb, cteätcrk. @bs ebihc`kabs sc pucaci uskr ci euk`qudcr lblcitb. _ucacs khrchkr ¼ tkzk ac krëiakibs md`mcrry k uik gkrrk ac khuk pkrk quc kpbrtci su skmbr scldëedab y pkrtc ac sus mcicfdedbs. Qklmdäi `bs jky eblb sup`clcitb. Cstbs ib acmcrìks uskr`bs guitb k lcadeklcitbs kitdebkhu`kitcs, eblb `k kspdrdik, id lcadeklcitbs ebitrk `k adkmctcs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, `bs krëiakibs md`mcrry sbi rdebs ci tkidibs, quc ket÷ki eblb kstrdihcitc, ebi prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks, y pucaci kyuakr k ebitrb`kr `k adkrrck. _crb sus eblpucstbs e`kvc sbi `bs kitbedkiõsdabs quc kyuaki k fbrtk`cecr `bs vksbs skihuìicbs y lcgbrkr `k edreu`kedõi k trkväs ac` eucrpb. Qklmdäi rcaueci c` rdcshb ac ebëhu`bs skihuìicbs k` cvdtkr quc `ks p`kquctks sc khrupci, y tdcici prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs. Kaclës, kulcitki `k prbaueedõi ac rbabpsdik, ui pdhlcitb quc lcgbrk `k vdsdõi ibeturik y kyuak k` bgb k kakptkrsc k `bs eklmdbs ac `uz. K`huiks divcstdhkedbics suhdcrci quc `bs f`kvbibdacs ac sus jbgks pbarìki lcgbrkr `k edreu`kedõi ci `ks pcrsbiks ebi adkmctcs, ksì eblb mkgkr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc y ac` eb`cstcrb`. 53 Ac keucrab ebi `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, `bs cstuadbs suhdcrci quc pucac scr cfdekz pkrk ebitrb`kr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc, cspcedk`lcitc eukiab sc eblmdik ebi kvcik. Ksì qucaõ aclbstrkab ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci rktbics adkmätdebs, jcejb ci Uudzk ci =?;;.

 

Uch÷i cstuadbs edcitìfdebs pum`dekabs ci =?;1 ci c` sdtdb cspcedk`dzkab ci divcstdhkedbics _`bsBic divcstdhkedbics  _`bsBic,, `bs krëiakibs md`mcrry pucaci fbrtk`cecr `bs vksbs skihuìicbs, lcgbrkr `k edreu`kedõi y prcvcidr `k bxdakedõi ac` eb`cstcrb` @A@ (‐lk`b“) y `k ktcrbse`crbsds. Kuiquc `bs cstuadbs sbmrc su cfcetb ci `k vdsdõi ib jki lbstrkab rcsu`tkabs õptdlbs, jk sdab suhcrdab eblb ui trktkldcitb pkrk `k rctdibpktìk (akûb k `k rctdik), pbrquc `bs kitbedkiõsdabs pkrceci kyuakr k prbtchcr `k rctdik, kaclës ac tcicr cfcetb ci `k achcicrkedõi lkeu`kr, c` h`kueblk y `ks ektkrktks, cspcedk`lcitc eblb sìitblks ac adkmctcs. 56 Ëridek (lbuitkdi kridek) ridek lbitkik, lbitkik, tkmkeb ac lbitkûk, ikrab ec`tk, wb`f—s mkic, `cbpkra—s mkic ✕

 K`dvdkr ab`brcs luseu`krcs, cshudiecs,

ebitusdbics y btrks `csdbics.  Qrktkr c` ab`br pbr krtrdtds rculktbdac.

✕

 Adsldiudr lbrctbics, hb`pcs.

✕

 Adsldiudr drrdtkedbics lcibrcs ac `k pdc`,

✕

ceeclks, keiä, cstrìks. Brduiak ac Curbpk ecitrk`, c` ëridek acrdvk su iblmrc ac` hrdchb prkhlbs, hrdchb prkhlbs, quc  quc sdhidfdek ‐cstbriuab“, yk quc sus tk``bs tdcici uik cspcedc ac pc`d``b quc hcicrk`lcitc beksdbik lb`cstdk iksk`. Jk sdab utd`dzkak acsac `k kitdhðcaka pbr `bs pbm`kabrcs c diaìhciks ac zbiks lbitkûbsks pkrk trktkr hb`pcs y ab`brcs. K pkrtdr ac` kûb ;3?? sc pbpu`krdzõ y eblcizõ k utd`dzkrsc pkrk trktkr prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs y sc ebitkmk quc `bs csek`kabrcs ac lbitkûk lkstdekmki sus jbgks. Udi clmkrhb, acmdab k `b tõxdeb ac sus f`brcs, jumb luejbs keedacitcs quc kekmkrbi lk`, `b quc bm`dhõ k `bs edcitìfdebs k prcserdmdr sb`b su usb tõpdeb. Cs tkitk `k ‐mucik fklk“ ac` ëridek eblb trktkldcitb jblcbpëtdeb quc k`huibs pkìscs sc jki vdstb ci `k bm`dhkedõi ac prbtchcr sus lës ac 1?? cspcedcs, acmdab

 

k` pc`dhrb ac cxtdiedõi pbr c` usb cxecsdvb ac cstk p`kitk. _blkak ikturk` ac ëridek pkrk lbrctbics y ab`brcs = euejkrkaks ac jbgks sceks ac ëridek ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac b`dvk 58 Luc`c `ks jbgks sceks ac ëridek ci ui lbrtcrb, jkstk quc qucac eksd eblb pb`vd``b. Läze`k`b ebi c` kecdtc ac b`dvk. Aägk`b lkecrkr k` lcibs uik ibejc. Kp`ìek`b ci `k zbik kfcetkak b ebi ab`br, ebi lkskgcs sukvcs. Hukrak c` rcstb ci ui sdtdb bseurb y frcseb. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eblb pblkak ekscrk b eblprkak y eblb `bedõi, abs vcecs k` aìk pkrk adsldiudr lbrctbics b ab`brcs luseu`krcs, krtrìtdebs, cteätcrk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud ib tdcics ëridek scek, eblprk euk`qudcr pblkak ac ëridek adspbidm`c ci `k fkrlkedk. Ud tdcics pdc` scisdm`c, ebldcizk prbmkiab uik pcqucûk ekitdaka ci uik zbik ib luy cxtcisk. Beksdbik`lcitc, pucac hcicrkr rckeedbics k`ärhdeks. Ib `k uscs ci `k pdc` kmdcrtk, eblb ÷`ecrks ci `ks pdcriks. Qklpbeb acmc tblkrsc pbr vìk brk`, sk`vb cxecpedbics supcrvdskaks pbr ui läadeb. _br quä sì fuiedbik

 

C` ëridek ebitdcic kecdtc csciedk`, ekrbtcibdacs, kridedik, skpbidik, cstcrb`cs, dsbqucredtdik, citrc btrbs eblpbicitcs. Uu tditurk sc utd`dzk pkrk su kp`dekedõi eblb edektrdzkitc y acsdifcetkitc ac jcrdaks. Adstditks divcstdhkedbics, eblb uik rck`dzkak pbr c` Acpkrtklcitb ac Acrlktb`bhìk ac `k Sidvcrsdty Lcadek` Ecitcr Frcdmurh, ci K`clkidk, jki eblprbmkab `ks prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks ac` ëridek. Cstks sc acmci k ui eblpucstb b `ketbik ``klkab jc`cik`dik. Btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =??6 pbr `k Ejkrdtä Sidvcrsdty Lcadek` Ecitcr, ac Mcr`ìi, K`clkidk, aclbstrõ quc c` ëridek cs cfcetdvk pkrk kyuakr k acsdif`klkr y adsldiudr c` ab`br trks uik edruhìk ac rbad``k. Cs dhuk`lcitc cfcetdvk ebitrk `bs ab`brcs ekuskabs pbr c` khbtkldcitb ac `bs l÷seu`bs, tciabics y krtdeu`kedbics. Qklmdäi pbscc prbpdcakacs kitdlderbmdkiks quc `k jkeci luy ÷td` pkrk eblmktdr drrdtkedbics lcibrcs ac `k pdc`, eblb keiä, cvdtkr `k fbrlkedõi ac cstrìks, ceeclks y ÷`ecrks ib kmdcrtks, hrkedks k` tdlb`,pkrk c` euk` ekpkedakacs kitdlderbmdkiks y ad`ktk `bs vksbs skihuìicbs, quctdcic `ks ldslks eä`u`ks eurktdvks ac iucstrb eucrpb ``chuci k` ërck kfcetkak. 5: Uus prbpdcakacs kitdmketcrdkiks tklmdäi kyuaki k skikr ``khks ci `k mbek, prbm`clks ci `ks cieìks, ci `bs adcitcs, fkrdihdtds y kihdiks. K`huibs divcstdhkabrcs ktrdmuyci sus prbpdcakacs k `k prcsciedk ac rumcfkedcitcs, quc hcicrki ek`br y keulu`kedõi ac skihrc, `b euk` jkec quc `bs lbrctbics acskpkrczeki. cstk rkzõi, jky aceciks ac prcpkrkedbics quc utd`dzki_br su cxtrketb pbrketuk`lcitc su keedõi sbmrc `bs õrhkibs edreu`ktbrdbs y sbmrc `bs ekpd`krcs, quc sbi ketdvkabs ebisdacrkm`clcitc. Ac keucrab k `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, c` ëridek cs hcicrk`lcitc schurk eukiab sc clp`ck ac lkicrk tõpdek. 54 Krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk (rca yckst rdec)  Lbikseus purpurcus, purpurcus, krrbz fcrlcitkab rbgb, krrbz rbgb nõgdeb, krrbz rbgb nbgd, kink, kih-nkn, wcit yckst

 

 Mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Adsldiudr `bs trdh`deärdabs

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 Eblmktdr `k bmcsdaka lbacrkak

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C` krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk cs pkrtc dlpbrtkitc ac `k eu`turk eu`dikrdk y jcrmb`krdk ac luejbs pkìscs ksdëtdebs. Uc erck eukiab ui tdpb ac `cvkaurk, euyb iblmrc edcitìfdeb cs Lbikseus cs Lbikseus purpurcus, fcrlcitk sbmrc c` krrbz, ercedciab ebi cstbs y tdûäiab`bs ac rbgb ditcisb. @bs gkpbicscs jki eu`tdvkab, ebisuldab y utd`dzkab cstc krrbz p÷rpurk acsac c` kûb 5?? k.E., kuiquc luejbs ercci quc `bs pdbicrbs ci uskr`b fucrbi `bs ejdibs. C` `dmrb ``klkab Mci Ekb Hkih Lu-Aki Ujd Mu Td Td,, uik rcebpd`kedõi ac jdcrmks y prbauetbs ikturk`cs utd`dzkabs ci `k lcadedik ejdik kitdhuk, pum`dekab aurkitc `k adikstìk Ldih, `b lciedbik. Acserdmc sus usbs pkrk prbm`clks hëstrdebs eblb diadhcstdõi y adkrrck, pkrk btrbs ac tdpb edreu`ktbrdb, ksì eblb pkrk prbm`clks ebi c` mkzb, citrc btrbs. Qklmdäi sc utd`dzkmk pkrk vdhbrdzkr c` brhkidslb k trkväs ac` lcgbrkldcitb ac `k prcsdõi y `dlpdczk ac `k skihrc. Krrbz p÷rpurk ; tkzk ac krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk = tkzks ac khuk Uk` ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc = euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk

 

1? ¼ euejkrkadtk ac scld``ks ac ecmb``k ichrk _rcpkrk c` krrbz tk` eblb jkecs c` krrbz m`kieb, khrchëiab`c gcihdmrc. Eukiab cstä `dstb, kpkhk c` fuchb y aägk`b rcpbskr. K` lblcitb ac scrvdr, cspb`vbrck `ks scld``ks ciedlk. Uìrvc`b eblb keblpkûkitc ac ekrics, pcsekabs b vchctk`cs. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Khrähk`b k tu adctk rchu`kr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs uskr`b eblb sup`clcitb ( rca yckst rdec) rdec) ci eëpsu`ks. Acmcs uskr`b pbr k` lcibs ;= sclkiks pkrk ibtkr rcsu`tkabs. Ldac ebi tu abetbr tus idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb` kitcs y acspuäs. @k sbmrcabsds ac sup`clcitbs ac krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk pucac prbauedr sìitblks eblb ab`br ac ekmczk b ab`br luseu`kr, sdld`krcs k `bs quc ekuski `bs lcadeklcitbs quìldebs uskabs pkrk mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k `cvkaurk Lbikseus `cvkaurk Lbikseus purpurcus pbscc ëedabs hrksbs lbib y pb`ddiskturkabs, fdtbcstcrb`cs c dsbf`kvbibdacs. _crb, sbmrc tbab, ebitdcic ;1 eblpucstbs ketdvbs ``klkabs lbikeb`diks, quc kyuaki k dijdmdr `k sìitcsds ac` eb`cstcrb` ci `k skihrc ac fbrlk sdld`kr k `ks cstktdiks ebitcidaks ci `bs fërlkebs quc sc rcectki pkrk cstc prbpõsdtb, eblb @dpdtbr, Ercstbr b Lcvkebr, citrc btrbs. Adstditbs cstuadbs jki lbstrkab quc sus sup`clcitbs rcaueci jkstk ui 5=% c` eb`cstcrb` ci prblcadb. Sik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ek`dfbridk, SE@K, divcstdhõ k :5

 

pcrsbiks ebi idvc`cs k`tbs ac eb`cstcrb`. Kquc``bs quc tblkrbi c` sup`clcitb aurkitc ;= sclkiks tuvdcrbi idvc`cs lës mkgbs ac eb`cstcrb` tbtk`, eb`cstcrb` @A@ y trdh`deärdabs. @k Ksbedkedõi Klcrdekik ac` Ebrkzõi cstuadõ su usb ci ;:8 pcrsbiks, k qudcics sc `bhrõ rcauedr c` eb`cstcrb` tbtk` ci lës ac` ;6%, c` eb`cstcrb` @A@ ci =;% y `bs trdh`deärdabs ci =1%. Kaclës, sc `cs sumdõ c` eb`cstcrb` JA@ (mucib) ci ;1%. Btrb cstuadb ac 116 pcrsbiks ebi eb`cstcrb` k`tb quc `b tblkrbi pbr bejb sclkiks lbstrõ adsldiuedõi ac` eb`cstcrb` tbtk` ci ==.8%, @A@ ci 5;% y trdh`deärdabs ci 51%, 1; ldcitrks quc c` eb`cstcrb` JA@ sumdõ =?%. Ci tkitb, uik divcstdhkedõi ci Ebrck, pum`dekak ci =?;3 ci `k Gburik` bf   Lcadedik`   Fbba,  Lcadedik` Fbba, scûk`k quc pucac scr cfdekz pkrk trktkr `k bmcsdaka, dlpcadr c` kulcitb ac pcsb, lcgbrkr `bs idvc`cs ac `ìpdabs ci `k skihrc, `ks cizdlks jcpëtdeks y `bs idvc`cs ac `cptdik, citrc btrbs. 1= Kvc``kik ac mrugk (ebllbi wdtej jkzc`)  Jklklc`ds vdrhdidkik, vdrhdidkik, jklklc`ds, csebmk ac mrugk, wditcrm`bbl, wyej c`l  Qrktkr `ks jclbrrbdacs

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 Fked`dtkr `bs prbecsbs ac edektrdzkedõi  Qrktkr prbm`clks lcibrcs ac `k pdc`

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 Eblmktdr c` lk` k`dcitb

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@ks f`brcs abrkaks quc `bhrki kpkrcecr ci lcadb ac `k eruaczk ac` divdcrib puadcrbi jkmcr sdab `k prdlcrk scûk` pkrk `bs iktdvbs klcrdekibs ac quc jkmìk k`h÷i ‐jcejdzb“ ci c` krmustb ac `k kvc``kik ac mrugk, yk quc pbaìk sbmrcvdvdr ci ebiadedbics cxtrclks. @bs bskhc utd`dzkmki su ebrtczk pkrk trktkr ÷`ecrks y ``khks ci `k pdc`, ldcitrks quc `bs pbtkwktbld pbiìki sus rklks sbmrc rbeks ek`dcitcs pkrk uskr`ks eblb eblprcsks ci l÷seu`bs rcscitdabs. Kaclës, `bs drbqucscs,

 

quc jkmdtkmki ci `bs k`rcacabrcs ac `ks ektkrktks ac` Idëhkrk, prcpkrkmki ebi sus jbgks uik difusdõi pkrk `k tbs, `k adscitcrìk y c` rcsfrdkab. Csbs pucm`bs tklmdäi `k uskmki pkrk actcicr jclbrrkhdks, eblb rcpc`citc c die`usb diycetkiab su difusdõi pkrk `ks jclbrrbdacs. Qciìk tkitbs usbs quc ib auakrbi ci ktrdmudr`c pbacrcs lëhdebs, eblb lkitcicr k `bs aclbidbs `cgbs c die`usb pkrk skikr `bs ‐ebrkzbics pkrtìbs“. Difusdõi ac kvc``kik ac mrugk pkrk pdc` y jclbrrbdacs ; euejkrkak ac jbgks y f`brcs ac kvc``kik ac mrugk ; euejkrkak ac lkizkid``k acsjdarktkak ; tkzk ac khuk ; mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi 15 _bi jcrvdr `ksc`jdcrmks ldiutbs. Kpkhk yciacgk rcpbskr jkstk quc cstä tdmdk.kClpkpk k`hbaõipbr ebiedieb `k difusdõi y kp`ìek`k c` ërck kfcetkak. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Eblb difusdõi, ekak vcz quc tcihks ab`br b dif`klkedõi, abs b trcs vcecs k` aìk. Eblb kstrdihcitc, eukiab tcihks crupedbics b mrbtcs ac keiä, pbr `k ibejc, ib lës ac trcs aìks schudabs. _krk prcvcidr, uik b abs vcecs k `k sclkik.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

 

@k difusdõi sc pucac utd`dzkr pkrk jclbrrbdacs diycetkiab ui pbeb ebi ui kp`dekabr kik` acscejkm`c, k tclpcrkturk klmdcitc. @k difusdõi pucacs utd`dzkr`k ebi ui rbedkabr pkrk quclkaurks sb`krcs, ab`brcs luseu`krcs b eblb cigukhuc muek`. _br quä sì fuiedbik Fuc uik ac `ks prdlcrks p`kitks kprbmkaks pkrk uskr sdi rcectk pbr `k Kaldidstrkedõi ac K`dlcitbs y Arbhks ac Cstkabs Sidabs (FAK, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs). _bscc prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs y kstrdihcitcs quc kyuaki k lktkr `ks mketcrdks acitrb ac `bs pbrbs, rcauedciab c` keiä, c` cirbgcedldcitb y c` krabr ac pdekaurks ac discetbs, klpb``ks, jdcark vcicibsk, cteätcrk. Qklmdäi c`dldik c` cxecsb ac kecdtc ac `k pdc`, kyuak k edektrdzkr jcrdaks y edcrtbs tdpbs ac acrlktdtds. _ucac actcicr c` akûb ec`u`kr ac `k pdc`, prcvcidr sdhibs ac civcgcedldcitb y kec`crkr `k eurkedõi hrkedks k `bs f`kvbibdacs y tkidibs quc ebitdcici sus jbgks. @bs tkidibs tklmdäi kyuaki k acsditbxdekr `ks eä`u`ks y k `k ebitrkeedõi ac `bs vksbs skihuìicbs, ekpd`krcs y vciks, fkvbrcedciab ksì `k acsdif`klkedõi, `b euk` k su vcz kyuak k trktkr vkrdecs, f`cmdtds y jclbrrbdacs, citrc btrbs. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Mkrec`bik, Cspkûk, acmdab k quc pbscc kitdbxdakitcs y kitddif`klktbrdbs, cs cfdekz eblb ui ‐`dlpdkabr ac rkadek`cs `dmrcs“, kyuakiab k prbtchcr ebitrk c` akûb k` KAI y c` ercedldcitb tulbrcs`kspbr csträsac` bxdaktdvb. Ebitdcic kmuiakitcs pb`dfcib`cs, quc tklmdäi ac prbtchci eä`u`ks civcgcedldcitb. Btrb cstuadb, rck`dzkab pbr c` Distdtutb ac Divcstdhkedõi [uìldek y Klmdcitk` ac 11 Mkrec`bik, Cspkûk, pum`dekab ci =??:, kfdrlk quc cstk p`kitk kaclës cs rdek ci btrbs eblpucstbs eblb prbkitbedkidadiks, tkidibs jdarb`dzkm`cs (kz÷ekrcs hk`bd`kabs) y hk`ktb ac lctd`b, `bs euk`cs jki aclbstrkab quc kyuaki k dijdmdr `k prb`dfcrkedõi ac eä`u`ks ekiecrbsks julkiks. 13

 

Kvcik (bktlck`) vcik sktdvk, sktdvk, bkt  Mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Eblmktdr c` cstrcûdldcitb  Lcgbrkr `k tcxturk ac `k pdc`

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 Kyuakr  K yuakr k eurkr prbm`clks lcibrcs ac `k

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pdc` @k kvcik cs uib ac `bs hrkibs lës kitdhubs quc sc ebibeci, kuiquc ib sdclprc ebitõ ebi `k cxec`citc rcputkedõi quc tdcic jby. Citrc `ks cxekvkedbics rck`dzkaks ci rudiks ac Chdptb sc jki acseumdcrtb diadedbs ac quc ci csk kitdhuk edvd`dzkedõi `k uskmki cxe`usdvklcitc pkrk k`dlcitkr c` hkikab. Udi clmkrhb, eblcizõ k scr eu`tdvkak ci `k Caka ac Mrbiec, citrc `bs kûbs ;3?? y 3?? k.E. Fucrbi `bs rblkibs qudcics sc ciekrhkrbi ac adstrdmudr cstc hrkib k sus adstditks eb`bidks, cspcedk`lcitc k Dih`ktcrrk y Csebedk. K``ì sc ercõ c` pbrrdahc c` pbrrdahc,, uik lcze`k ac kvcik lb`dak, ebedikak ebi khuk. @uchb, k` khrchkr`c `cejc, frutbs scebs, ekic`k y kz÷ekr lbrcik sc ebivdrtdõ ci uib ac `bs p`ktd``bs tìpdebs pkrk c` acskyuib ci vkrdbs pkìscs curbpcbs, pcrfcetb pkrk `ks `krhks gbrikaks ac trkmkgb ac `bs jblmrcs ac `k äpbek. _brrdahc ; tkzk ac `cejc (kidlk` b vchctk`) = euejkrkaks ac kvcik citcrk ; tkzk ac khuk

 

Kz÷ekr lbrcik b stcvdk (bpedbik`) ; euejkrkak ac uvks pksks 16 ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k lb`dak ¼ mkikik ¼ lkizkik ci eukardtbs Lcze`k y ebedik `k kvcik ebi c` khuk y `k `cejc. Khrähk`c `k ekic`k y c` kz÷ekr. Eukiab cstä `dstk, kpkhk y sìrvc`k. Khrchk `ks pksks, `k lkizkik y `k mkikik. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Diebrpõrk`k k tu adctk rchu`kr, pbr `k lkûkik ci c` acskyuib, cspcedk`lcitc sd pkacecs ac eb`cstcrb` k`tb b prbm`clks ac cstrcûdldcitb. Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud `k prcpkrks eblb pbrrdahc eblb pbrrdahc b  b eblb mktdab, pucacs rcclp`kzkr `k `cejc pbr khuk, sd cstës trktkiab ac mkgkr ac pcsb. _krk cvdtkr mketcrdks u jbihbs, ksch÷rktc ac eklmdkr b `dlpdkr `k tc`k quc usks pkrk pbicr `k kvcik. ×sk`k rchu`krlcitc pkrk c` eudakab ac `k pdc`, cspcedk`lcitc sd `k tdcics scisdm`c, b pkrk c` eudakab ac mcmäs y kau`tbs lkybrcs.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik @k kvcik tdcic lkybr ekitdaka ac prbtcìik quc `k lkybrìk ac `bs ecrck`cs c jdarktbs ac ekrmbib eblp`cgbs, `b quc kyuak k prbpbredbikr uik mucik absds ac cicrhìk aurkitc `ks jbrks sdhudcitcs k su ebisulb. Qklmdäi ebitdcic kmuiakitc fdmrk ac tdpb sb`um`c c disb`um`c, kyuakiab k` prbecsb adhcstdvb ykitddif`klktbrdk k lkitcicr uik kaceukak f`brk ditcstdik`. Kaclës, pbscc ketdvdaka kitdbxdakitc, y ac kmsbredõi ac rkybs u`trkvdb`ctk. Adstditbs cstuadbs jki aclbstrkab quc su ebisulb kyuak k rcauedr `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb` ‐lk`b“ (@A@). Sik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac [uccis`kia, ci Mrdsmkic, Kustrk`dk, pum`dekab ci =?;6, aclbstrõ quc k` khrchkr`k k `k adctk aurkitc =6 aìks, hrkedks k `k sustkiedk ebibedak eblb Mh`utci prcscitc ci `k kvcik, sc `bhrkmk uik adsldiuedõi ac 51% ac` eb`cstcrb` tbtk` y ac 38% ac` eb`cstcrb` @A@ (@A@-E). Uu vk`br eblb `dlpdkabr ac `k pdc` julcetkitc sc acmc ac k `k`dlpdkr, ebiecitrkedõi ac skpbidiks, sustkiedks sclcgkitcs k` ygkmõi. Cstks, kaclës ebitdcici 18 khcitcs kitddif`klktbrdbs, ek`lkitcs y prbtcetbrcs. Cstb jk dlpu`skab su diebrpbrkedõi ci tbab tdpb ac prbauetbs ac mc``czk y eudakab pcrsbik`. Ac keucrab k `k Advdsdõi ac Acrlktb`bhìk ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac @budsvd``c, Cstkabs Sidabs, `k jkrdik ac kvcik eb`bdak` ek`lk y lcgbrk `k acrlktdtds ktõpdek y c` ceeclk, k`dvdkiab `k pdekzõi, `k scqucaka y `k ek`daka ac vdak ac qudcics `bs pkaceci. C` usb ac jkrdik ac kvcik eb`bdak` eblb prbtcetbr ac `k pdc` cstë rchu`kab pbr `k Kaldidstrkedõi ac K`dlcitbs y Lcadeklcitbs ac `bs Cstkabs Sidabs (FAK). 1: Kzkfrëi (skffrbi) Erbeus sktdvus  Lcgbrkr c` cstkab kiìldeb

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 Eblmktdr `k acprcsdõi

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 Lbacrkr c` kpctdtb

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Ci `ks kitdhuks edvd`dzkedbics ac Fcidedk, Diadk y ]blk `c ktrdmuìki k` kzkfrëi vdrtuacs kfrbadsìkeks, ac k`chrìk y klbr. T sch÷i `k ldtb`bhìk hrdchk, Wcus acsekiskmk ci ui `cejb ac kzkfrëi pkrk rcedmdr tbabs csbs mcicfdedbs. @bs frcsebs ac` _k`kedb Eibsbs, ci Erctk, tdcici vkrdks rcprcscitkedbics quc aclucstrki quc crk pkrtcacfuiaklcitk` ac `k vdak ebtdadkik. T `ks acdakacs ``cvkmki t÷ideks tcûdaks ebi cstc, k` dhuk` quc jby `b jkeci `bs lbigcs muadstks. @bs chdpedbs `b die`uìki ci su diedcisb ``klkab nypjd nypjd,, y `bs rblkibs `b quclkmki ebi ldrrk ci jbibr k sus adbscs, ldcitrks quc `bs fcidedbs `b uskmki ci pkstc`cs pkrk `k fcrtd`daka quc bfrceìki k Kstkrtä, `k adbsk ac `k `uik. Uu eu`tdvb cs cxtrclkaklcitc ac`dekab, pucs `k f`br kmrc k` klkicecr y acmc scr eu`tdvkak k` distkitc, b pdcrac su krblk y skmbr ekrketcrìstdebs, jkedäiab`k `k lës ebstbsk ac `ks cspcedks. Mktdab ebi kzkfrëi : bizks ac tä ac k`mkjkek frìb, prcpkrkab prcvdklcitc ; pcrk lkaurk = euejkrkaks ac kvcik eruak lb`dak ° ac euejkrkadtk ac kzkfrëi (?.3 lh kprbxdlkaklcitc) ; euejkrkak ac ldc` b khkvc (bpedbik`) 14

 

@de÷k tbab y adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eblb kpbyb ci ui p`ki ac adctk pkrk mkgkr ac pcsb b pkrk trktkr ui eukarb acprcsdvb, ÷sk`b abs vcecs k` aìk eblb lëxdlb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ib acmci uskrsc lës ac ;3 k =? lh adkrdbs. C` lëxdlb tdclpb ac usb ebitdiub acmc scr ac bejb sclkiks. Ibrlk`lcitc su cstdhlk acsjdarktkab sc usk eblb cspcedk b pkrk sup`clcitb. K`huiks prucmks suhdcrci quc `bs pätk`bs ac kzkfrëi tklmdäi pucaci scr cfdekecs. Lës ac =?? lh adkrdbs pucaci ekuskr iëuscks y võldtbs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Cxdstci k` lcibs bejb cstuadbs rck`dzkabs pbr adstditks uidvcrsdakacs ac vkrdbs pkìscs quc rcspk`aki c` usb ac` kzkfrëi, tkitb su cstdhlk eblb sus f`brcs, pkrk trktkr `k acprcsdõi. Acmdab k prbm`clks ac schurdaka y cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs ac luejbs lcadeklcitbs kitdacprcsdvbs, ci =?;5 `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Gkensbivd``c, ci F`brdak, rck`dzõ ui cxpcrdlcitb pkrk vcrdfdekr c` usb ac adstditks jdcrmks y cspcedks pkrk c` trktkldcitb ac` trkstbrib acprcsdvb lkybr (QAL). @bs rcsu`tkabs ac `bs ciskybs e`ìidebs rck`dzkabs diadeki quc pucac adsldiudr `bs sìitblks ac `k acprcsdõi ci `bs kau`tbs ebi QAL. Ac keucrab k k`huibs cstuadbs, c` cxtrketb ac kzkfrëi pucac fuiedbikr eksd tki mdci eblb `bs lcadeklcitbs kitdacprcsdvbs eblb f`ubxctdik (_rbzke) c dldprkldik. Csb qucaõ eblprbmkab ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Drëi ci =??3, quc lbstrõ quc 5? lh ac kzkfrëi adkrdbs, kaldidstrkabs k pcrsbiks ebi acprcsdõi `cvc k lbacrkak aurkitc c` trkiseursb ac scds sclkiks, pkrceci scr eblpkrkm`cs ci cfdekedk k =? lh ac f`ubxctdik. Sik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci Gkpõi ci =?;; eblprbmõ quc sblctcr k lugcrcs

 

sk`uakm`cs, pcrb kisdbsks, k` krblk ac kzkfrëi pucac ekuskr uik rcaueedõi `cvc (kprbxdlkaklcitc ac` ;?%) ac` cstkab ac kisdcaka ci `bs sdhudcitcs =? ldiutbs. Qklmdäi sc jk cstuadkab su dlpketb ci `k adsldiuedõi ac` kpctdtb. Ci =?;?, `k 3? rcvdstk Iutrdtdbi ]csckrej, rcvdstk Iutrdtdbi ]csckrej, ac Iucvk Tbrn, Tbrn, pum`deõ ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Frkiedk quc lbstrõ quc absds k`tks (;86.3 lh) ac cxtrketb ac kzkfrëi pkrceci rcauedr `k dihcstk ac rcfrdhcrdbs y kulcitkr `k sciskedõi ac skedcaka ci lugcrcs sk`uakm`cs, pcrb ebi sbmrcpcsb. 3; Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb (mkndih sbak)  Ikjeb`dtc,, mdekrmbiktb ac sbak, sbak ksj, iktrõi, edtrbekrmbiktc  Ikjeb`dtc ✕

 Qrktkr prbm`clks adhcstdvbs eblb `k

kedacz  Clp`ckr eblb acsdifcetkitc

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kitdlderbmdkib  Eurkr quclkaurks, pdekaurks y btrbs

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prbm`clks eutëicbs  Cxfb`dkr `k pdc`

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 Eblmktdr c` lk` k`dcitb

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C` mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb cs uik cspcedc ac sk` jcejk ac `ks ecidzks ac k`huiks p`kitks. @bs prdlcrbs diadedbs ac su usb prbvdcici ac` kitdhub Chdptb, abiac `b bmtciìki ac `bs `khbs sk`kabs quc sc cvkpbrkmki. Crk ui prbauetb luy prcedkab quc `cs scrvìk eblb gkmõi y ci `k lbldfdekedõi ac sus fkrkbics, citrc btrks ebsks. K fdik`cs ac` sdh`b ZVDDD, ui quìldeb frkieäs acskrrb``õ uik fõrlu`k pkrk bmtcicr`b krtdfdedk`lcitc. T lës tkrac, abs pkstc`crbs icbybrqudibs quc musekmki ui lätbab lës cebiõldeb quc `k `cvkaurk pkrk c`cvkr c` vb`ulci ac

 

`k lksk adcrbi ebi `k fõrlu`k pkrk prbauedr uik vkrdkitc ac` mdekrmbiktb. Ci ;:16, c` abetbr Kustdi Ejurej y su sbedb Gbji Awdhjt fkmrdekrbi c` mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb, eblb `b ebibeclbs jby, y ui kûb lës tkrac erckrbi `k lkrek Krl & Jkllcr, quc sdhuc sdciab `k lës ebibedak ac` luiab. Cigukhuc muek` ac mdekrmbiktb pkrk eblmktdr c` lk` k`dcitb ° ac tkzk ac mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb ° ac euejkrkadtk ac sk` ac lkr 3= = hbtks ac cxtrketb ac lcitk ¼ euejkrkadtk ac khuk Lcze`k luy mdci `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik tkzk jkstk bmtcicr uik pkstk. Sitk ui ecpd``b ac adcitcs ac ecraks luy sukvcs ebi `k lcze`k b mdci utd`dzk tu acab ìiadec. _ksk sukvclcitc c` ecpd``b b c` acab pbr tus adcitcs, cspcedk`lcitc pbr `ks cieìks, tkitb ci `k pkrtc ditcrik eblb `k cxtcrik. @uchb pësk`b pbr `k `cihuk. Cseupc eukiab `b icecsdtcs. Acgk ketukr `k lcze`k pbr uibs ;? ldiutbs y `uchb cigukhk ebi khuk tdmdk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eukiab sdcitks lb`cstdks cstblkek`cs, pucacs mcmcr ° ac euejkrkadtk ac mdekrmbiktb ci uik tkzk ac khuk adkrdklcitc, aurkitc abs sclkiks eblb lëxdlb. Qõpdeklcitc, pucacs uskr`b abs vcecs k `k sclkik pkrk cxfb`dkr.

 

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ebisu`tk ebi tu cspcedk`dstk sbmrc `k ekitdaka ac sbadb ci tu adctk, pucs acmcs ebisdacrkr quc k` dihcrdr mdekrmbiktb kulcitks `k ekitdaka ci c` eucrpb. Ud ib tdcics prbm`clks ac lk` k`dcitb, ÷sk`b pkrk cigukhkr tus adcitcs ekak ;3 aìks pkrk prcvcidr `k prb`dfcrkedõi ac mketcrdks. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci ;4=1, ci c` fb``ctb difbrlktdvb Krl difbrlktdvb Krl & Jkllcr Mkndih Ubak Lcadek` Sscs, Sscs, c` Ar. Vb`icy U. Ejcicy eblcitkmk c` cxdtbsb rcsu`tkab ac sus cxpcrdlcitbs e`ìidebs uskiab mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb pkrk trktkr rcsfrdkabs ebluics y hrdpc ldcitrks eb`kmbrkmk ebi c` Ucrvdedb ac Uk`ua _÷m`dek ac `bs Cstkabs Sidabs. C` mdekrmbiktb kyuak k k`dvdkr `k kedacz cstblkek` y `k diadhcstdõi ëedak acmdab k quc kp`kek c` ëedab e`brjìardeb quc sc prbauec ci c` cstõlkhb y quc hcicrk lk`cstkr. Eukiab jky uik prbaueedõi cxecsdvk ac ëedab ci c` cstõlkhb, `k pkrca quc rceumrc c` kpkrktb adhcstdvb sc rblpc prbhrcsdvklcitc, y csb ekusk ab`br. C` mdekrmbiktb icutrk`dzk cstc ëedab. C` mdekrmbiktb prbauec c` ldslb cfcetb ac rcauedr `k kedacz cstblkek` ci c` trketb urdikrdb, cvdtkiab y k`dvdkiab `ks difceedbics, yk quc pucac rcauedr `bs ìiadecs ac kedacz ci `k brdik. Ci c` eksb ac lb`cstdks ac `k pdc`, c` mdekrmbiktb, pbr su ekpkedaka k`ek`dik, tklmdäi 35 kyuak hrkedks k su cfcetb icutrk`dzkabr ac` pJ ac `k skihrc. C` usb ac` mdekrmbiktb eblb cxfb`dkitc sc mksk ci su pbrbsdaka, quc pu`c `ks supcrfdedcs, y ci sus prbpdcakacs eblb kitdsäptdeb, kyuakiab k c`dldikr mketcrdks ac `k pdc` quc puadcrki ekuskr keiä y btrbs prbm`clks. Csc ldslb prdiedpdb kitdsäptdeb y kitdlderbmdkib fuiedbik pkrk ktkekr c` lk` k`dcitb, yk quc c` mdekrmbiktb c`dldik `ks mketcrdks quc `b ekuski. Ac csk lkicrk

 

cvdtk prbm`clks eblb dif`klkedõi ac `ks cieìks, y ac pksb pu`c `k supcrfdedc ac `k `cihuk y `bs adcitcs, c`dldikiab skrrb y suedcaka ci hcicrk`, sdi akûkr `k luebsk ac `k mbek. 31 Mbswc``dk (frkindiecisc) Mbswc``dk scrrktk, scrrktk, diadki frkindiecisc, sk`kd, sk`kd huhhu`, hkgkmjknsjyk  Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi ac `ks krtdeu`kedbics

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 Adsldiudr c` ab`br ac `ks krtdeu`kedbics

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 Eblmktdr `k bstcbkrtrdtds y `k krtrdtds

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 Eblmktdr sìitblks ac` kslk

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 Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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Cs uik rcsdik hblbsk cxtrkìak ac ui ërmb` iktdvb ac `ks rchdbics lbitkûbsks ac` ibrtc ac Ëfrdek y Lcadb Brdcitc, clpkrcitkab ebi c` ërmb` ac` euk` sc bmtdcic c` diedcisb. Eukiab sc ebrtk c` trbieb ac `k mbswc``dk acsprciac rcsdik, `k euk` sc rcebhc krtcskik`lcitc ci ecstks ac mklm÷. Uc acgk ciaurcecr y sc ebrtk ci trbzbs, `bs euk`cs sc sc`ceedbiki ac keucrab k` eb`br y `k fbrlk. _bscc ui krblk luy cxõtdeb, pbr `b quc sc kebstulmrk k quclkr`k eblb diedcisb, sb`k b guitb k btrks rcsdiks. Ksdldslb, sc `k jk utd`dzkab acsac jkec sdh`bs eblb lcadeklcitb, cspcedk`lcitc ci `k trkadedõi kyurvcak y `k lcadedik ejdik. C` äxdtb trkadedbik` eblb kitddif`klktbrdb y kik`häsdeb ac cstk rcsdik cs tk` quc pbeb k pbeb sc jkec lës ebibedak ditcrikedbik`lcitc. Uup`clcitb ac mbswc``dk Uup`clcitb ac mbswc``dk (citrc =?? lh y 1?? lh) : bizks ac khuk Qblk `bs sup`clcitbs ebi c` khuk.

 

Sihðcitb ac mbswc``dk pkrk dif`klkedbics 33 Erclk ac usb tõpdeb (k` lcibs ac ?.3% ac ëedabs acrdvkabs ac mbswc``dk) Kp`dek `k erclk ci `k zbik ac ebyuiturks y krtdeu`kedbics, trcs vcecs k` aìk.

Euëiab uskr`k Eblb sup`clcitb, adkrdklcitc, ebi ebldaks. Qrcs vcecs k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs @ks absds pucaci vkrdkr. C` Ar. Ar. Ldejkc` Q. Lurrky, Lurrky, uib ac ``bs bs `ìacrcs ci lcadedik ikturk` k idvc` luiadk`, rcebldciak 1?? lh trcs vcecs k` aìk. Ebldcizk sdclprc prbmkiab `k lìidlk ebiecitrkedõi pbr ui pkr ac lcscs y kulcitk pku`ktdiklcitc `k absds. Csebhc sup`clcitbs quc hkrkitdeci k`tk ebiecitrkedõi ac cxtrketb cstkiakrdzkab ac ëedabs acrdvkabs ac mbswc``dk citrc `bs dihrcadcitcs. Dack`lcitc, 63% b lës, y eblb lìidlb, 58%. _br quä sì fuiedbik K` lcibs euktrb cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci Diadk citrc =??: y =?;;, pum`dekabs ci `k  Ikturk` Lcadedics Eblprcjcisdvc Aktkmksc, Aktkmksc, lucstrki quc sus ëedabs ketdvbs dijdmci uik cizdlk prbdif`klktbrdk ``klkak 3-@dpbxyhciksc ebi mcicfdedbs ci `k bstcbkrtrdtds (BK) y krtrdtds rculktbdac. Uu keedõi jk lbstrkab scr tki pbacrbsk quc sc eblpkrk k `bs kik`häsdebs IUKDA, b kitddif`klktbrdbs ib cstcrbdacbs, c` prdiedpk` tdpb ac lcadeklcitbs kitddif`klktbrdbs, pcrb sdi sus cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs. Jk lbstrkab quc sus sup`clcitbs pbr vìk brk` pucaci suprdldr c` ab`br, `k rdhdacz y `k dilbvd`daka ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics, lcgbr quc btrbs eblb `k h`uebskldik. Sik divcstdhkedõi prc`dldikr rck`dzkak ci ;44: pbr c` Distdtutb ac Fkrlkedk ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Qumdihk, ci K`clkidk, lbstrõ quc 4?? lh aurkitc scds sclkiks

 

adsldiuycrbi `bs sìitblks ac` kslk ci pcrsbiks quc `k pkaceìki. Vkrdbs cstuadbs lucstrki quc kpbyk c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb, rchu`kiab `k prbaueedõi ac kitdeucrpbs quc prbtchci ac difceedbics mketcrdkiks y vdrk`cs. K`huibs jcrmb`krdbs rcebldciaki uskr mbswc``dk y e÷reulk ci ebiguitb pkrk bmtcicr lkybrcs mcicfdedbs. @k edciedk jk ebistktkab quc `k lkybr pkrtc ac `bs prbm`clks ac sk`ua cstëi 36 rc`kedbikabs ebi `k dif`klkedõi ac `ks eä`u`ks. Eblb cstk rcsdik jk lbstrkab rcsu`tkabs tki cxdtbsbs eblb kitddif`klktbrdb, brhkidslbs eblb `k Fbuiaktdbi fbr Eb``kmbrktdvc Lcadedic kia ]csckrej, ac Ebiicetdeut, Cstkabs Sidabs, jki eblcizkab k rck`dzkr cstuadbs ci kidlk`cs y ci julkibs pkrk prbmkr su cfdekedk ci btrks cifcrlcakacs rc`kedbikaks k `k dif`klkedõi, eblb k`huibs tdpbs ac eëiecr. Kuiquc jkstk kjbrk `ks lucstrks sbi disufdedcitcs, `bs rcsu`tkabs sc lucstrki cspcrkizkabrcs. 38 Ekekb (ekekb mcki) Qjcbmrblk ekekb, ekekb, ekekbtcrb  Lcgbrkr `k ktciedõi y c` cstkab ac k`crtk

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 Eblmktdr c` ekiskiedb  Lcgbrkr c` cstkab kiìldeb

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Eukiab `bs cspkûb`cs ``chkrbi k `ks tdcrrks ac `bs kztceks, c` clpcrkabr `cs bfrcedõ uik cxõtdek mcmdak k `bs ebiqudstkabrcs ``klkak xbeb`kt` ``klkak xbeb`kt`.. Cstkmk jcejk ac uik scld``k jkstk citbiecs acsebibedak pbr `bs curbpcbs7 c` ekekjukt  b  b ekekb, lcze`kab ebi ldc` y vkdid``k. @bs kztceks `b ebibedcrbi k trkväs ac `bs lkyks y b`lceks, quc fucrbi qudcics mkutdzkrbi k `k scld``k7 eke eke,, quc sdhidfdek ‐rbgb“, c` eb`br ac `k eësekrk> y eku, quc sdhidfdek ‐fucrzk“ y ‐fuchb“, `ks prbpdcakacs quc, sch÷i c``bs, btbrhkmk cstc pcqucûb k`dlcitb.

 

Ebi csk mucik fklk ``chõ k Curbpk y ekusõ tk` fksedikedõi quc aurkitc k` lcibs trcs sdh`bs `ks mcmdaks ac ejbeb`ktc ciau`zkaks ebi kz÷ekr y krblktdzkaks ebi ekic`k fucrbi ui hustb acstdikab sb`b k `bs krdstõerktks. @cejc ebi ekekb eruab = euejkrkadtks ac ekekb eruab ci pb`vb = euejkrkaks ac khuk ek`dcitc ; tkzk ac `cejc ac tu prcfcrciedk (ac vkek, ac k`lciark, ac sbyk, ac ebeb, cteätcrk) ¼ euejkrkadtk ac csciedk ac vkdid``k ikturk` b ci vkdiks Utcvdk k` hustb Adsuc`vc c` ejbeb`ktc ci uik b abs euejkrkaks ac khuk ek`dcitc. Ek`dcitk `k `cejc. Lcze`k c` ekekb adsuc`tb ebi `k `cejc. Khrchk `k vkdid``k y stcvdk. Adsfr÷tk`k. 3: ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Khrähk`b k tu adctk rchu`kr. Qõlk`b pbr `k lkûkik b ci euk`qudcr lblcitb pkrk eblmktdr c` ekiskiedb, ci rcclp`kzb ac` tä b c` ekfä.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs ``cvkr `k ekrtcrkacuik mkrrdtkb ac ebiack`k`hb lcibs 83% ac ekekb pkrk uikcidiyceedõi cicrhìk pbrejbeb`ktc sd sdcitcsbseurb, kisdcaka au`ec.

 

Kuiquc cxdstci iulcrbsbs prbauetbs ci c` lcrekab quc ebitdcici ekekb, sc jk acseumdcrtb quc c` ekekb klkrhb ci pb`vb, sdi kz÷ekr, ebiecitrk `k lkybr ekitdaka ac f`kvbibdacs. _br quä sì fuiedbik C` ekekb cs ebisdacrkab ui supcrk`dlcitb acmdab k` kpbrtc iutrdtdvb ac sus eblpbicitcs, eblb prbtcìiks, ek`edb, ekrbtcibs, lkhicsdb y ëedabs hrksbs csciedk`cs, citrc btrbs. Kaclës, cstë rcp`ctb ac kitdbxdakitcs quc eblmktci `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs quc ktkeki `ks eä`u`ks. Ldcitrks lës bseurb cs c` ejbeb`ktc, lkybr cs `k ekitdaka ac kitdbxdakitcs. @k lcze`k ac `bs iutrdcitcs ac` ekekb kyuak k lkitcicr c` eb`cstcrb` ci idvc`cs ibrlk`cs, lcgbrk `k fuiedõi ekradkek y kyuak k rcauedr `bs rdcshbs ac eëiecr. Qklmdäi sc jk prbmkab quc c` ekekb, ci cspcedk` sd sc ebisulc eruab, cstdlu`k edcrtbs icurbtrkisldsbrcs quc ibs pbici lës k`chrcs y ibs aki csk sciskedõi ac mdcicstkr. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci Qjc Klcrdeki Gburik` bf E`didek`  Iutrdtdbi,, `bs f`kvbibdacs prcscitcs ci c` ekekb lcgbrki `ks jkmd`dakacs ac `k  Iutrdtdbi lcitc. Si hrupb ac divcstdhkabrcs dtk`dkibs pusb k prucmk cxdtbsklcitc `bs cfcetbs ac `bs f`kvbibdacs ac` ekekb ci 4? pcrsbiks ac citrc 6; y :3 kûbs ac caka aurkitc bejb sclkiks, ebi mcmdaks ac 1: lh, 3=? lh y 445 lh ac ekekb k` aìk. _kskab c` pcrdbab, qudcics ebisuldcrbi ekitdakacs lcadks y lës k`tks ac f`kvbibdacs ac ekekb lcgbrkrbi sdhidfdektdvklcitc `k ktciedõi y `k lclbrdk. Ci =?;=, sc ac rck`dzõ btrb cstuadb sdld`kr quc tklmdäi aclbstrõ jkmd`dakacs pciskldcitb frcitc k` actcrdbrb ebhidtdvb `cvc ciquc `bslcgbrk kau`tbs`ks lkybrcs. Kaclës, ci cstbs cstuadbs sc ciebitrõ quc pkrk`c`klcitc k adejbs rcsu`tkabs 34 vdieu`kabs k `k lcitc, `bs f`kvbibdacs tklmdäi kyuakrbi k adsldiudr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` y k `bhrkr uik lcgbr rcsdstciedk k `k disu`dik. 6? Ek`äiau`k (ek`ciau`k)

 

Ek`ciau`k bffdedik`ds, bffdedik`ds, ek`ciau`k krvcisds, lkrdhb`a  K`dvdkr `k dif`klkedõi

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 K`dvdkr `ks jclbrrbdacs

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 K`dvdkr ab`brcs luseu`krcs  K`dvdkr c` ab`br ac bìabs

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 ]c`kgkr pkrk diauedr c` sucûb

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 Eblmktdr vdrus y mketcrdks muek`cs

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 K`dvdkr acrlktdtds y ÷`ecrks ac `k pdc`

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Brduiak ac `bs pkìscs ac `k rdmcrk ac` Lcadtcrrëicb y zbiks ac Ksdk, `k ek`äiau`k fuc mkutdzkak pbr `bs rblkibs, y qudcrc acedr ‐ek`ciakrdb pcqucûb“. _bpu`krlcitc, tklmdäi `k jki ``klkab `k f`br ac `k Vdrhci Lkrìk, acmdab k quc crk uskak ci k`huiks ecrclbidks rck`dzkaks pbr `bs prdlcrbs erdstdkibs ektõ`debs. @ks eu`turks hrdchk y rblkik `k die`uìki ci l÷`tdp`cs usbs, acsac akr`c eb`br k k`huibs p`ktd``bs y qucsbs, hrkedks k quc cs eblcstdm`c y pucac rcclp`kzkr k` kzkfrëi, jkstk pkrk ecrclbidks y fcstcgbs. Ci Diadk tciìk usbs tkitb eu`dikrdbs y lcadedik`cs eblb rc`dhdbsbs, yk quc crk utd`dzkak pkrk c`kmbrkr bfrciaks pkrk sus acdakacs. @b ldslb jkeìki `bs lkyks y `bs kztceks ci cstc `kab ac` luiab. Ac jcejb, jkstk `k ketuk`daka cs uik ac `ks f`brcs lës uskaks ci `bs kabribs ac `k ec`cmrkedõi lcxdekik ac` Aìk ac `bs Lucrtbs. Eblprcsk ac ek`äiau`k = euejkrkaks ac ek`äiau`k acsjdarktkak ;¼ tkzks ac khuk ek`dcitc 6;

 

]clbgk `ks jbgks ci c` khuk jkstk quc cstk sc cifrìc. Euä`k`k y pbi `ks jbgks adrcetklcitc sbmrc `k zbik kfcetkak. Civuä`vc`k ebi hksk b tc`k ac k`hbaõi sukvc. Ib mbtcs c` khuk, yk quc pucacs uskr`k pkrk lbgkr `k tc`k y lkitcicr`k j÷lcak sbmrc `k pdc`, b pkrk mcmcr`k. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Eblb difusdõi, ÷sk`k uik vcz k` aìk, ldcitrks jkyk lb`cstdk, disblidb b ab`br, cspcedk`lcitc acspuäs ac ecikr b uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ebisu`tk ebi tu läadeb sd pucacs prcpkrkr uik ekitdaka lkybr ac difusdõi y advdadr su usb7 tblk uik tkzk y c` rcstb kp`ìektc`k ci c` rbstrb acspuäs ac `k `dlpdczk fkedk` y pkrk ui mkûb ìitdlb acsdif`klktbrdb ac jclbrrbdacs. C` kecdtc y btrbs prbauetbs quc ebitcihki ek`äiau`k sdclprc acmci prbtchcrsc ac `k `uz y `k julcaka. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci =??:, `k Ksbedkedõi Ditcrikedbik` ac Jdcrmks acsdhiõ k `k ek`äiau`k ‐Jdcrmk ac` Kûb“, pbr `k advcrsdaka ac usbs y c` vk`br ac sus eblpucstbs. Citrc sus prbpdcakacs sc `c rcebibec eblb ui prbauetb ikturk` kik`häsdeb, kitddif`klktbrdb y edektrdzkitc. Ci =?;=, ci Ejcldstry Ecitrk` Gburik` sc Gburik` sc pum`deõ ui krtìeu`b quc scûk`kmk quc `bs pätk`bs ac `k ek`äiau`k ebitdcici k`tbs idvc`cs ac kitdbxdakitcs, kaclës ac `utcìik, mctkekrbtcib, ëedabs hrksbs y kecdtcs bxdhcikabs. @k Ebldsdõi K`clkik C jk kprbmkab c` usb ac `k ek`äiau`k pkrk trktkr dif`klkedbics ci `k mbek y `k fkrdihc (hkrhkitk) y ci jcrdaks y quclkaurks. Acmdab k `k rdquczk ac eblpbicitcs kitdf`bhìstdebs quc pbscc, eblb `k ek`ciau`dik, rcsu`tk cfdekz pkrk rcauedr dif`klkedbics c difceedbics, cspcedk`lcitc ci `ks luebsks, eblb `ks ac `k mbek b `ks cieìks. Uu usb pkrk trktkr jclbrrbdacs sc acmc k su pbacr kitddif`klktbrdb, ksì eblb `k

 

kyuak quc prbvcc c`dldikiab `bs härlcics ac `bs tcgdabs, prcvdidciab difceedbics. K`huiks divcstdhkedbics suhdcrci quc c` usb tõpdeb ac ek`äiau`k ci fdsurks kik`cs pucac rcauedr c` ab`br ci pcrsbiks quc ib rcspbiaci k` trktkldcitb ebi mkûbs ac ksdcitb y k`huibs lcadeklcitbs utd`dzkabs ebl÷ilcitc. Divcstdhkedbics prc`dldikrcs aclucstrki qucci kp`dekr uiaurkitc prbauetb ebitcihk lu``cdi, kgb, ek`äiau`k y jdcrmk ac Uki Guki c` bìab trcsquc aìks rcauec c` 6= ab`br ci idûbs y kab`csecitcs ebi difceedbics ac` bìab (btdtds lcadk). Btrks divcstdhkedbics tklmdäi suhdcrci quc `k kp`dekedõi ac ek`äiau`k sbmrc `k pdc` pbarìk rcauedr `k acrlktdtds pbr rkadkedõi ci pcrsbiks quc rcedmci rkadbtcrkpdk eblb trktkldcitb ac` eëiecr ac lklk y pkrk `k edektrdzkedõi ac ÷`ecrks ac `ks pdcriks ekuskaks pbr `k lk`k edreu`kedõi skihuìick, citrc btrbs. 65 Ekic`k (edikllbi) Ediiklblul zcy`kideul  ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Ebitrb`kr c` kz÷ekr

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 Ebitrb`kr `bs trdh`deärdabs y c` eb`cstcrb`

✕ ✕

 Lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi  Lcgbrkr c` kpctdtb

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Eucitk uik `cyciak quc `k ekic`k kpkrcedõ ci c` idab ac` kvc fäidx. @k lìtdek kvc sc jkmrìk acadekab aurkitc su vdak k rcuidr ikrabs, ldrrk y rklks ac` ërmb` ac` ekic`b pkrk k`dlcitkr c` fuchb lëhdeb abiac sc dilb`õ pkrk rcikecr. Ci c` sdh`b DDD k.E. `bs ejdibs yk ebibeìki `ks mbiakacs ac `k ebadedkak ekic`k. Ldcitrks quc ci `k eu`turk ërkmc crk ui prbauetb tki cxe`usdvb quc sb`b `bs skecrabtcs tciìki acrcejb k lkidpu`kr`k y k bfrcecr c` prdlcr lkibgb ac `k

 

ebscejk ci skerdfdedb k` sb`. Uu prbecaciedk rck` cs diedcrtk. _crb prbvdib ac k`huik zbik ksdëtdek y sc ebivdrtdõ ci uik ac `ks cspcedks lës ebadedkaks ci Curbpk, k` puitb quc k su ebistkitc m÷squcak `c acmclbs `ks prdiedpk`cs trkvcsìks ac lkrdibs pbrtuhucscs, dih`cscs y cspkûb`cs quc lkrekrbi `k jdstbrdk. Mcmdak ek`dcitc ac ekic`k ;¼ tkzks ac khuk ; vkrk ac ekic`k ¼ euejkrkadtk ac gcihdmrc frcseb rk``kab (b ⅕ ac pb`vb) ¼ euejkrkadtk ac e÷reulk rk``kak (b ⅕ ci pb`vb) Eësekrk ac ikrkigk 61 ; euejkrkak ac guhb ac `dlõi Ldc` b stcvdk _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `k ekic`k pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y khrchk `k e÷reulk, `k eësekrk ac ikrkigk y c` gcihdmrc. Acgk quc sc cifrìc jkstk quc cstä tdmdk. Khrchk c` `dlõi y `k ldc` b stcvdk k` hustb. ]cvuc`vc mdci. Adsfr÷tk`k ac dilcadktb.

 

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Adkrdklcitc sd tdcics prbm`clks ac kz÷ekr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs khrchkr lcadk euejkrkadtk b lcibs ac ekic`k ci pb`vb k euk`qudcr pbstrc b mcmdak quc ebisulks aurkitc c` aìk b khrchkr uik vkrdtk ac ekic`k k uik gkrrk ac khuk frìk. Kuiquc cs ui prbauetb schurb ci `ks absds kaceukaks, c` cxecsb pucac tcicr rdcshbs quc die`uyci fk``bs rcik`cs, cifcrlcakacs ci c` jìhkab, prbm`clks ac ebkhu`kedõi y akûb pu`lbikr. @k absds lëxdlk cs abs euejkrkaks k` aìk. _br quä sì fuiedbik @ks prbpdcakacs ac `k ekic`k sc acmci prdiedpk`lcitc k `k ebrtczk, `k euk` ebitdcic vkrdbs eblpucstbs quc eb`kmbrki ebi `k sk`ua, eblb ediklk`acjìab, ëedab ediëldeb y ediklktb. Cstb `c btbrhk k cstk cspcedk prbpdcakacs kitdmdõtdeks, adhcstdvks, kitddif`klktbrdks y cxpcetbrkitcs. Ac keucrab k` pbrtk` ALcadedik pbrtk` ALcadedik,, citrc `bs usbs y mcicfdedbs ac `k ekic`k lës pbpu`krcs cstë su fuiedõi eblb cstdlu`kitc ac` kpctdtb y fkvbrcecabr ac `k adhcstdõi. Uch÷i `k Khciedk Curbpck ac` Lcadeklcitb (CLK pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs), cstë kprbmkab c` usb trkadedbik` ac `k ebrtczk y c` kecdtc csciedk` ac ekic`k pkrk c` trktkldcitb ac trkstbribs adhcstdvbs, eblb cspkslbs hkstrbditcstdik`cs, adstcisdõi kmabldik`, f`ktu`ciedks, pcskacz, krabr, ab`br ac cstõlkhb y iëuscks. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Jbih Nbih, ac ui tbtk` ac =6 jdcrmks y prbauetbs ikturk`cs uskaks k idvc` luiadk` quc fucrbi cstuadkabs, `k ekic`k beupk c` prdlcr `uhkr ci eukitb k idvc`cs ac kitdbxdakitcs. Uch÷i uik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k Qjklcs Vk``cy Sidvcrsdty ac Mrciafbra, ci c` ]cdib Sidab, sd mdci ib sc pucaci cxtrkcr ebie`usdbics acfdidtdvks sbmrck mkgkr c` usb`bs ac 63 `k ekic`k eblb tcrkpdk kitdadkmätdek, sì sc eblprbmõ quc cstk kyuak

 

idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc, y tklmdäi pucac lcgbrkr `k scisdmd`daka k `k jbrlbik disu`dik, quc, eblb skmclbs, cs icecskrdk pkrk lkitcicr cqud`dmrkabs `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc. Advcrsbs cstuadbs, eblb uib rck`dzkab ci _kqudstëi, jki lbstrkab quc `k dihcstk adkrdk ekic`k, k rchu`kr `k h`uebsk ci pcrsbiks ebi adkmctcs tdpb =,ac rcauec `bskaclës idvc`cs ac ac kyuakr eb`cstcrb` y trdh`deärdabs. 66 Ekraklblb (ekraklbl)  C`cttkrdk ekraklblul, ekraklblul, ekpk`khk, d`kejd, hrcci ekraklbl, truc ekraklbl, ecy`bi ekraklbl  Eblmktdr `ks mketcrdks quc ekuski c` lk`

✕

k`dcitb b jk`dtbsds  K`dvdkr prbm`clks adhcstdvbs

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 K`dvdkr c` ab`br ac cstõlkhb

✕

 Lcgbrkr `bs sìitblks ac` kslk y btrbs

✕

prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs  Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

✕

 Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb` @A@

✕

Uu iblmrc, ekraklblb, prbvdcic ac `k uidõi ac `ks pk`kmrks scldtk klólbi (cspcedkab) y ac `k hrdchk nkraklbi nkraklbi (mcrrb),  (mcrrb), quc acsdhik k uik ac `ks cspcedks lës kitdhuks quc sc ebibzek, pucs sc cstdlk quc sc usk acsac jkec uibs euktrb ld` kûbs, y `k tcrecrk lës ebstbsk, acspuäs ac` kzkfrëi y `k vkdid``k. Uu brdhci sc sdt÷k ci `bs mbsqucs lbizõidebs ac Mutëi, Urd @kink, Icpk` y cspcedk`lcitc ci `bs Hjkts b lbitkûks beedacitk`cs ci c` sur ac Diadk, abiac sus p`kitks crki tki kmuiakitcs quc sc `cs ``klkmk ‐`ks eb`diks ac` ekraklblb“. @bs kitdhubs chdpedbs, ejdibs c diadbs utd`dzkmki c` ekraklblb pkrk ui sdifìi ac

 

prbpõsdtbs lcadedik`cs, pcrb cspcedk`lcitc pkrk acspcgkr `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks, ksì eblb pkrk `k jdhdcic muek` y pkrk rcfrcsekr c` k`dcitb. Ci tkitb quc `bs ërkmcs `b uidcrbi k` ekfä pkrk erckr uik mcmdak ÷idek y prcedkak jkstk jby. Ejkd `kttc 68 : bizks ac `cejc vchctk` ; sbmrc ac tä ichrb ; vkrdtk ac ekic`k ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc ; e`kvb ac b`br lb`dab ; pdzek ac iucz lbsekak lb`dak ; vkdik ac ekraklblb lb`dak Utcvdk b khkvc _bi k jcrvdr `k `cejc ebi `ks cspcedks pbr edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y khrähk`c `k mb`sk ac tä. Acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs.

 

Euä`k`b. Cia÷`zk`b y adsfrutk tu ejkd `kttc. `kttc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Khrähk`b k tu adctk rchu`kr. Ebis÷lc`b ci euk`qudcr lblcitb ac` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Eblb tä, pucacs ebisuldr`b pbr `k lkûkik y kitcs ac abrldr. _krk lkitcicr`b lës tdclpb frcseb, cs lcgbr eblprkr`b ci vkdiks citcrks, ci vcz ac lb`dab. Ksì pucacs hukrakr`b jkstk pbr ui kûb y utd`dzkr`b eblp`ctb, eblb vkdik, sb`b sus scld``ks, citcrb b lb`dab. Cxdstc ekraklblb vcrac, ichrb y uib ebibedab eblb Lkakhksekr. C` lës ebl÷i y lës utd`dzkab cs c` vcrac. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uc jk eblprbmkab quc c` kecdtc cxtrkìab ac `ks scld``ks ac ekraklblb tdcic uik eblmdikedõi ac tcrpcib, ästcrcs, f`kvbibdacs y btrbs eblpucstbs eblb c` edicb`, ui kitdsäptdeb quc lktk `ks mketcrdks ekuskitcs ac` lk` k`dcitb. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Nurunsjctrk, ci Diadk, y pum`dekab pbr ]csckrej pbr ]csckrej Hktc eblprbmõ Hktc  eblprbmõ quc pbscc eblpbicitcs ketdvbs quc eblmktci mketcrdks pktõhciks, eblb Utrcptbebeeus lutkis y lutkis y Ekiadak k`mdekis, k`mdekis, ac lkicrk cfdekz.  Acitk` ]csckrej Gburik` pum`deõ Gburik` pum`deõ ci =?;= ui krtìeu`b quc scûk`k quc `bs khcitcs ac` ekraklblb y su ekpk cxtcrik fdmrbsk kyuaki ebi `k `dlpdczk ac `bs adcitcs ci prbfuiadaka, cvdtkiab c` acskrrb``b ac ekrdcs. Kaclës, su skmbr `dhcrklcitc pdekitc cstdlu`k c` f`ugb ac sk`dvk. 6: C` cxtrketb lctkiõ`deb ac` ekraklblb cs c` eblpbicitc quc kyuak k ebitrb`kr trkstbribs hkstrbditcstdik`cs tk`cs eblb kedacz, f`ktu`ciedk y ek`klmrcs cstblkek`cs. @bs rcsu`tkabs ac ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Gkldk Jklakra Sidvcrsdty, ci

 

Diadk, ci =??;, sbmrc `bs kecdtcs vb`ëtd`cs ac` ekraklblb, aclbstrkrbi `k ekpkedaka ac sus eblpucstbs pkrk dijdmdr `ks `csdbics hëstrdeks quc prbauec c` usb ac kspdrdik y ctkib`. Kaclës, sc rchdstrkrbi sus cfcetbs sbmrc `k luebsdaka ac `ks pkrcacs ditcstdik`cs, `k prbaueedõi ac ëedab hëstrdeb y `k ebiecitrkedõi ac pcpsdik. Divcstdhkedbics rck`dzkaks pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Ndih Ukua, ac Krkmdk Ukuadtk, lbstrkrbi quc `k kaldidstrkedõi ac ekraklblb pkrk ab`ciedks ekradbvkseu`krcs ebitrb`k c` rdtlb ekraìkeb y `k jdpcrtcisdõi. C` ekraklblb ebitdcic lderbiutrdcitcs quc pucaci ebitrkrrcstkr `bs `ìpdabs ci c` brhkidslb. Cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci Diadk, ci rktbics ebi uik adctk diauedak k`tk ci hrksks, lbstrkrbi quc sus cizdlks kitdbxdakitcs ebitrb`ki `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb`. 64 Ekrab ac `cejc (ld`n tjdst`c) Ud`ymul lkrdkiul, lkrdkiul, ekrab lkrdkib, ekrab ac Lkrìk, ekrab ac `k Vdrhci, ekrab skitb  Iutrdr, kpbykr y prbtchcr c` jìhkab hrksb

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 @dlpdkr c` jìhkab ac tbxdiks quc acgki

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k`huibs fërlkebs  _rbtchcr `k vcsìeu`k md`dkr

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 _rbtchcr c` rdûõi

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 Mkgkr idvc`cs ac h`uebsk

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 Adsldiudr rdcshb ac eëiecr

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Uuc`c ebifuiadrsc ebi `k k`ekejbfk sd`vcstrc pcrb c` ekrab ac `cejc cs iktdvb ac `bs pkìscs ac `k rdmcrk ac` Lcadtcrrëicb, pkrdcitc ac `bs hdrksb`cs y `ks lkrhkrdtks. Jby ercec fëed`lcitc ci ërcks sceks y sb`ckaks ac prëetdeklcitc

 

tbab c` luiab. @bs kitdhubs hrdchbs y rblkibs `b ebibedcrbi y cxtciadcrbi su usb. Jky kitcecacitcs ac quc `bs prdlcrbs erdstdkibs `b jkmrìki utd`dzkab. Uus jbgks tdcici uiks vciks m`kieks, quc k` lb`cr`ks suc`tki uik skvdk `cejbsk, `k euk`, sch÷i uik `cyciak, jkmrìk tcidabAc sukjì brdhci ci uik hbtk ac `cejc `k Vdrhci Lkrìk quc ekyõ sbmrc `k p`kitk. c` schuiab tärldib ac suac iblmrc edcitìfdeb, lkrdkiul,, y btrbs ebluics rc`kedbikabs k `k jdstbrdk rc`dhdbsk. lkrdkiul Uus scld``ks sc utd`dzki acsac jkec lës ac abs ld` kûbs tkitb ci Curbpk eblb ci Brdcitc Lcadb. Ksdldslb, cs pkrtc ac `k lcadedik ejdik y `k kyurvcak pkrk trktkr uik vkrdcaka ac ab`ciedks, acsac civcicikldcitb jkstk acprcsdõi. Cisk`kak ac ekrab ac `cejc 8? = tk``bs ac ekrab ac `cejc frcsebs ; tkzk ac `cejuhk ¼ tkzk ac tblktcs ecrczk ° ac tkzk ac kecdtuiks ichrks Uk` @dlõi Kecdtc ac b`dvk _c`k eudakabsklcitc `bs tk``bs, qudtëiab`cs `ks cspdiks. Eõrtk`bs ci trbedtbs y aägk`bs rclbgkiab ui pkr ac jbrks ci khuk ebi sk`, pkrk qudtkr`cs c` klkrhbr.

 

Ciguëhk`bs y läze`k`bs ebi `k `cejuhk, c` tblktc y `ks kecdtuiks. K`dûk ebi sk`, `dlõi y kecdtc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b _ucacs khrchkr`b eblb vchctk` k tu adctk rchu`kr y eblb tä, ac uik k trcs vcecs k` aìk. Ebiscgbs y aktbs Uus jbgks y rkìz tklmdäi sbi eblcstdm`cs, eruaks b ebedaks. Lkitäi `ks scld``ks eruaks ci `k icvcrk pkrk quc aurci frcseks y ebiscrvci sus prbpdcakacs. @k fbrlk lës ebivcidcitc ac uskr`b pkrk acsditbxdekr c` eucrpb cs pbr lcadb ac ui sup`clcitb ac ekrab cstkiakrdzkab, yk sck ci eëpsu`k b `ìqudab. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, c` dihrcadcitc ketdvb quc prbtchc k` jìhkab cs `k sd`dlkrdik, cxtrkìak ac `ks scld``ks. Uc ercc quc rcpkrk eä`u`ks jcpëtdeks akûkaks pbr c` k`ebjb` y btrks sustkiedks tõxdeks, kaclës ac prbtchcr `ks iucvks eä`u`ks. Cstb sc acmc k quc `k sd`dlkrdik kulcitk `k prbaueedõi ac h`utktdõi ci c` jìhkab, quc cs ui dlpbrtkitc kitdbxdakitc ci c` brhkidslb. Cstuadbs edcitìfdebs suhdcrci quc tklmdäi prbtchc k` jìhkab ac `ks tbxdiks ac edcrtbs lcadeklcitbs eblb c` kectkldibfäi (Qy`cib`), quc ci k`tks absds pucac ekuskr akûb jcpëtdeb. ]cauec `k dif`klkedõi ac` jìhkab (jcpktdtds), lcgbrk `k fuiedõi jcpëtdek y kulcitk `k supcrvdvciedk ci pcrsbiks ebi edrrbsds b jcpktdtds erõidek (pkrtdeu`krlcitc jcpktdtds E). Ci ui cstuadb ebi ;6 pkedcitcs quc ib rcspbiadcrbi k` trktkldcitb ebi ditcrfcrõi 8; y rdmkvdrdik, c` ekrab ac `cejc rcaugb sdhidfdektdvklcitc `k ekrhk vdrk` ac `k cifcrlcaka. C` vdrus adsldiuyõ k idvc`cs diactcetkm`cs acspuäs ac ;1 aìks ac trktkldcitb.

 

Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr c` Acpkrtklcitb ac Fkrlkeb`bhìk ac` Distdtutb ac _`kitks Lcadedik`cs ac Drëi ci =??6, sc acseumrdõ quc `bs pkedcitcs adkmätdebs quc rcedmdcrbi cxtrketb ac ekrab ac `cejc ci kyuiks aurkitc euktrb sclkiks cxpcrdlcitkrbi uik lcgbrìk sdhidfdektdvk ci sus idvc`cs ac h`uebsk c disu`dik. Qdcic sukvc, kyuakiab kaclës k kulcitkr `k scercedõi ac md`dsuiy cfcetb c` f`ugbacsditbxdekitc ci `bs ditcstdibs. Cs ui pbacrbsb kitdbxdakitc. @bs prdlcrbs cstuadbs ac `kmbrktbrdb suhdcrci quc `k sd`dlkrdik y btrks sustkiedks ketdvks ci c` ekrab ac `cejc pucaci tcicr cfcetbs kitdekiecrìhcibs, kebrtkiab `k vdak ÷td` ac `ks eä`u`ks ekiecrbsks, citrc btrbs cfcetbs. 8= Ecmkak (mkr`cy)  Jbracul mu`hkrc mu`hkrc, jbradb, k`ekec`, lbtc trdhb  ]c`kgkrsc

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 Kulcitkr c` ebisulb ac fdmrk

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 Lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi

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 Mkgkr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr

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 Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb`

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@k ecmkak, uik p`kitk hrklìick, cs `k lës kitdhuklcitc utd`dzkak y `k lës vcrsëtd`. Jk scrvdab pkrk jkecr ekfä, mcmdaks k`ebjõ`deks, lcadediks, pki y ac`dedbsbs p`ktd``bs trkadedbik`cs. Cxdstci prucmks ac su usb pkrk fkmrdekr pki, ci vcstdhdbs quc aktki jkec lës ac abec ld` kûbs. Uc adec quc c` ebibedab ld`khrb ac `k lu`tdp`dekedõi ac `bs pkics quc jdzb Gcs÷s ac Ikzkrct jkmrìk beurrdab ebi ui pki ac ecmkak, quc crk c` quc sc ebisulìk ci `k äpbek. @bs fd`õsbfbs hrdchbs _dtëhbrks y _`ktõi rceblciakmki k sus adseìpu`bs ebisuldr pki ac ecmkak pbrquc supucstklcitc `cs kyuakmk k ebiecitrkrsc y pciskr lcgbr. Ldcitrks quc `bs läadebs Hk`cib c Jdpõerktcs, tklmdäi hrdchbs, acgkrbi ebistkiedk ac sus ebiscgbs sbmrc mcmcr khuk ac ecmkak rclbgkak pkrk

 

eurkr aceciks ac cifcrlcakacs. Ejdibs, curbpcbs, ërkmcs, kfrdekibs, cteätcrk, jki ciebitrkab ci cstc hrkib ui kmkideb ac pbsdmd`dakacs lës cxtcisb quc c` ac` trdhb. Ecmkak pkrk keblpkûkr tu ekric fkvbrdtk ¼ tkzk ac ecmkak ; tkzk ac khuk 85 ; pdzek ac sk` ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc Ud tdcics ecmkak rchu`kr, aägk`k rclbgkiab `k ibejc kitcrdbr. Ud cs ecmkak ac ebeedõi rëpdak, tk` lcadak ib cs icecskrdk. _rcpërk`k tk` eblb jkecs ebi c` krrbz, cspcedk`lcitc ditchrk`, yk sck ci uik krrbecrk b ci uik b``k trkadedbik`. Keblpkûk ebi cstk c` pb``b, c` pcsekab, `k ekric ac rcs, cteätcrk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Qbabs `bs aìks, eblb acskyuib b eblb keblpkûkldcitb ci c` k`lucrzb b ecik. _krk mkgkr ac pcsb, jky quc ebisuldr`k pbr k` lcibs scds sclkiks.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

 

Ekak vcz quc prcpkrks ecmkak jcrvdak, ebiscrvk c` khuk pkrk mcmcr`k eblb difusdõi b eblb tä frìb. _ucacs mcmcr c` khuk ac ecmkak eukiab sc prcscitci prbecsbs difceedbsbs b lk`cstkr cstblkek`. Ib `c khrchucs sk` b ciau`zkitc, ac lkicrk quc tc pcrldtk vkrdkr su usb pkrk p`ktd``bs au`ecs b sk`kabs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uc jki cstuadkab ebi äxdtb `ks euk`dakacs ac `k ecmkak7 adhcstdvk, acsditbxdekitc, rcebistdtuycitc, adurätdek, kitddif`klktbrdk, kitdsäptdek y `kxkitc, citrc btrks. Jk sdab utd`dzkak acsac jkec sdh`bs ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik` ejdik pkrk `dlpdkr `k hrksk ac` jìhkab, pkrk mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb` y trktkr k`huibs tdpbs ac k`crhdks, citrc btrbs usbs>pbr cstbs cfcetbs läadebs cstëi sdciab eblprbmkabs pku`ktdiklcitc `k edciedk. Cs ui k`dlcitb luy eblp`ctb. Ebitdcic vdtkldiks ac` hrupb M y N, ëedab fõ`deb, pbtksdb, lkhicsdb, fõsfbrb, jdcrrb, kzufrc, ebmrc, edie, lkihkicsb, erblb, sc`cidb, ybab y lb`dmacib. _bscc lës prbtcìiks quc c` trdhb pcrb lcibs h`utci, pbr `b quc pucac scr rcclp`kzkab ci adctks mkgks ci h`utci. Kyuak ebi `k rdhdacz ac `bs ekpd`krcs, cvdtk `k keulu`kedõi ac hrksks ci c` jìhkab y prbtchc c` sdstclk icrvdbsb, kyuakiab k eblmktdr prbm`clks eblb `k kisdcaka. Ci =?;?, uik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr c` Distdtutb Ikedbik` ac Uk`ua ac Uc÷`, ci Ebrck, cstkm`cedõ quc pucac mcicfdedkr c` idvc` ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc pbrquc rctrksk su kmsbredõi ci c` tbrrcitc skihuìicb. 81 ▯ Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ek`dfbridk aclbstrõ quc c` ebisulb ac ecmkak cstdlu`k `k rcaueedõi ac eb`cstcrb` ‐lk`b“ (@A@), yk quc ebitdcic y m`bqucki su ac prbaueedõi ci c` jìhkab, quc kaclës scsustkiedks pbtciedkiquc ebidijdmci c` dlpbrtkitc kpbrtc `k fdmrk sb`um`c quc ebitdcic.

 

Btrks divcstdhkedbics tklmdäi jki prbmkab quc prbtchc `ks luebsks ditcstdik`cs drrdtkaks, pbscc edcrtks cizdlks ebi cfcetbs kitdekiecrìhcibs, kyuak k` sdstclk adhcstdvb, c`dldik c` cstrcûdldcitb y cqud`dmrk `k f`brk ditcstdik`, hrkedks prcedsklcitc k su fdmrk sb`um`c. 83 Ecitc``k ksdëtdek (ecitc``k ksdktdek)  _ciiywbrt lkiaunpkrid b lkiaunpkrid b diadb b gk`mrkjld, hbnu nb`k  Lcgbrkr `k ebiecitrkedõi

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 Cstkmd`dzkr c` sdstclk icrvdbsb

✕

 Ebitrkrrcstkr `k ec`u`dtds

✕ ✕

 C`dldikr edektrdecs  Dijdmdr `bs sdhibs ac civcgcedldcitb ac `k

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pdc` (krruhks, dlpcrfceedbics)  Qrktkr `csdbics u`ecrbsks ci `k pdc`

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Ci Ksdk sc ebibec k `k ecitc``k ksdëtdek eblb ‐jdcrmk ac` tdhrc“, pbrquc, sch÷i uik `cyciak, c` tdhrc ac Mcihk`k eurk sus jcrdaks rcvb`eëiabsc sbmrc cstk p`kitk y `kldäiab`ks ebi `k sk`dvk dlprchikak ac su guhb. Kpkrcec lciedbikak eblb mrkjld ci mrkjld  ci c` Uusjrutk Ukljdtk, Ukljdtk, ui kitdhub tcxtb läadeb diadb, utd`dzkab acsac jkec trcs ld` kûbs. Ci tkitb, ci Ejdik sc `c ebisdacrk uib ac `bs ‐c`ìxdrcs ld`khrbsbs ac `k vdak“. Ci ;:3= eblcizõ k scr ldrkak scrdklcitc k idvc` edcitìfdeb hrkedks k` Ar. Mbd`cku, ui läadeb dih`äs rcsdacitc ci Diadk quc pkaceìk ac `cprk y quc sc rceupcrõ trks cxpcrdlcitkr ci sì ldslb ebi cstk p`kitk. @uchb fuc cstuadkak klp`dklcitc, y `bs rcsu`tkabs fucrbi pum`dekabs ci `ks prdiedpk`cs rcvdstks läadeks ac `k äpbek. Ksdldslb fuc die`udak ci `k Lktcrdk `k Lktcrdk Läadek Diadk, Diadk, ci c` Eõacx Frkieäs Frkieäs y `k ]ck` `k ]ck` Fkrlkebpck Cspkûb`k. Cspkûb`k. Ketuk`lcitc cstë diserdtk ci `ks prdiedpk`cs fkrlkebpcks ac` luiab.

 

Difusdõi pkrk trktkr `k pdc` (jcrdaks, ÷`ecrks, prcvciedõi ac krruhks, cteätcrk) 86 ; euejkrkak ac jbgks sceks ac ecitc``k ksdëtdek = tkzks ac khuk ek`dcitc ]clbgk `ks jbgks ci c` khuk jkstk quc cstk sc cifrìc. @uchb clpkpk uik tbk``k ebi c` khuk y pbi`k ci `k zbik kfcetkak eblb ektkp`kslk, b kp`ìek`k ebi uik k`lbjkad``k ac k`hbaõi ci `k pdc` ac` rbstrb y euc``b sdi lkqud``kgc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Eblb tä, adkrdklcitc, uik b abs tkzks. Ac prcfcrciedk ci `k ibejc, kitcs ac abrldr. Eblb `bedõi pkrk `k pdc` b `k ec`u`dtds, adkrdklcitc, acspuäs ac `dlpdkr c` rbstrb b acspuäs ac` mkûb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Qklmdäi `k pucacs ciebitrkr eblb sup`clcitb. ]ceucrak quc tdcic cfcetbs rc`kgkitcs, ksì cs quc sd `k ebisulcs, cs lcgbr jkecr`b pbr `k ibejc. Ib `k ebisulks sd cstës tblkiab btrbs lcadeklcitbs u btrbs prbauetbs ikturk`cs, cspcedk`lcitc kquc``bs quc ekusci scakedõi. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci =?;?, `k Diadki `k Diadki Gburik` bf _jkrlkecutdek` Uedciecs pum`deõ Uedciecs pum`deõ uik rcvdsdõi eblp`ctk ac `bs usbs lcadedik`cs ac `k ecitc``k ksdëtdek. Uch÷i cstk pum`dekedõi, sus prdiedpk`cs eblpucstbs, trdtcrpcibdacs y skpbidiks, tdcici klp`dks keedbics tcrkpäutdeks, yk quc cstdlu`ki c` f`ugb ac skihrc k `ks eä`u`ks, prbtchdäiab`ks ebitrk difceedbics y kec`crkiab c` prbecsb ac eurkedõi. ]cebldciak su usb pkrk

 

edektrdzkedõi ac jcrdaks, kfceedbics ac `k pdc` (`upus, ÷`ecrks vkrdebsks, ceeclk, psbrdksds), adkrrck, fdcmrc, cifcrlcakacs ac` trketb hcidtburdikrdb fclcidib, kisdcaka y päradak ac lclbrdk. K` lcgbrkr `k edreu`kedõi, `k ecitc``k ksdëtdek kyuak k dierclcitkr `k fbrlkedõi ac eb`ëhcib iucvb, lcgbrkiab `k pdc`, cihrbsëiab`k y cvdtkiab tklmdäi `k rctciedõi ac `ìqudab,`k`bc`kstdedaka quc `k jkecacluy vk`dbsk pkrk eblmktdr `k ec`u`dtds. K`huibs cstuadbs jki aclbstrkab quc `k ecitc``k ksdëtdek kulcitk `ks ekpkedakacs ebhidtdvks, acmdab k` dlpketb pbsdtdvb quc pucac tcicr ci c` sdstclk edreu`ktbrdb k` bxdhcikr c` ecrcmrb. Ksdldslb, sus cfcetbs kitdbxdakitcs cstdlu`ki `ks vìks icrvdbsks, c`dldikiab `k p`kek y `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs ac` ecrcmrb. K`huiks prucmks 88 pum`dekaks pbr `k Ditcriktdbik` `k Ditcriktdbik` Gburik` bf K`zjcdlcr— K`zjcdlcr—ss Adscksc suhdcrci Adscksc suhdcrci quc pucac rctrkskr `bs cfcetbs`kaclclbrdk `k cifcrlcaka ac K`zjcdlcr y `k aclciedk scid`, lcgbrkiab ibtbrdklcitc y `k ketdvdaka ecrcmrk`. @k ecitc``k ksdëtdek cgcrec cfcetbs ek`lkitcs ci c` sdstclk icrvdbsb, `b euk` pucac rcauedr c` csträs y cstdlu`kr c` sucûb. Adstditks divcstdhkedbics, eblb uik rck`dzkak ci Xcst _k`l Mckej, F`brdak, tklmdäi jki rcvc`kab quc pucac adsldiudr `k kisdcaka y `k acprcsdõi. Btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;; ci Qkd`kiadk aclbstrõ quc `ks prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs ac `k ecitc``k ksdëtdek lcgbrki `k rcsdstciedk fìsdek y kulcitki `k fucrzk ci pcrsbiks skiks ac caka kvkizkak. 8: Ecrczks (ejcrry)  _ruius kvdul, kvdul, hudiak  Abrldr lës rëpdab y lcgbr

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 Adsldiudr `k dif`klkedõi

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 Ab`br ci tciabics y l÷seu`bs

 

 ]ceupcrkrsc trks uik scsdõi ac cgcrededb

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 Eblmktdr sdhibs ac `k caka ci `k pdc`

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C` brdhci ac `ks ecrczks cstë ci Ksdk Lcibr, ci `ks zbiks k`cakûks k` lkr Ichrb y k` lkr Ekspdb, abiac su cspcedc ëedak y uskak `ks prdlcrks edvd`dzkedbics. Jky cvdaciedks ac su usb crk pkrkebibedak ui tdpb ac mcmdakpbr k`ebjõ`dek jkec uibs scds ld` kûbs kitcs ac `k crk erdstdkik. Uch÷i `bs rc`ktbs ac` cserdtbr y ikturk`dstk rblkib Hkyb _`didb Uchuiab, fuc c` ld`dtkr rblkib @÷eu`b qudci ditrbaugb c` ecrczb ci `k pciìisu`k dtë`dek. _`didb eucitk quc ci c` sdh`b D, @÷eu`b, fklbsb pbr su cxqudsdtb hustb k `k jbrk ac eblcr, ci uik ac sus mktk``ks ci ebitrk ac Ldtrìaktcs c` Hrkiac, ``chõ k Ecrksuitc, ci `k ebstk turek, abiac ciebitrõ cstk frutk cxqudsdtk quc acedadõ ``cvkr k ]blk. @bs rblkibs, quc yk crki cxpcrtbs ci täeideks ac eu`tdvb c digcrtbs, erckrbi iucvks vkrdcakacs y cxtciadcrbi sus eu`tdvbs pbr tbab c` dlpcrdb. Guhb ac ecrczks pkrk lcgbrkr c` ede`b ac sucûb ¼ tkzk ac ecrczks sdi scld``k (rchu`krcs b ecrczks khrdks) ; tkzk ac khuk @de÷k luy mdci y mämc`b. 84 ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`ks Eblb guhb, sd ib tdcics prbm`clks ac kz÷ekr, adkrdklcitc7 ui vksb pbr `k lkûkik y btrb uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr, jkstk rchu`krdzkr c` ede`b ac sucûb. @uchb pucacs tblkr sb`b ui vksb kitcs ac abrldr.

 

Kitcs y acspuäs ac rck`dzkr uik scsdõi ac cgcrededbs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ib khrchucs kz÷ekr. Ib eblprcs guhbs prcpkrkabs, pucs tdcici kz÷ekr b cau`ebrkitcs y ebiscrvkitcs quìldebs. Ib cxkhcrcs `k ekitdaka ac ecrczks, pkrk ib kulcitkr c` idvc` ac kz÷ekr ci c` eucrpb. _br quä sì fuiedbik Divcstdhkabrcs ac `ks uidvcrsdakacs ac Qcxks, Qcxks, Eb`ulmdk (Iucvk Tbrn) Tbrn) y Cxtrclkaurk (Cspkûk), citrc btrks, jki eblprbmkab sus cfcetbs pkrk ebied`dkr c` sucûb. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci ]cdib Sidab lbstrõ quc `bs kau`tbs quc mcmci uhb ac ecrczks kitcs ac kebstkrsc, sc aucrlci ;3 ldiutbs kitcs, `bhrkiab ui sucûb lës prbfuiab acmdab k quc sbi `bs k`dlcitbs ikturk`cs ebi lkybr ebiecitrkedõi ac lc`ktbidik. Btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr c` Ecitrb Läadeb ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac ]bejcstcr, ci Cstkabs Sidabs, diadeõ quc tblkr ui vksb ac guhb ac ecrczks aurkitc `k lkûkik y btrb kitcs ac abrldr lcgbrk `k ek`daka ac sucûb y kyuak k scitdrsc lcgbr aurkitc c` aìk. Kyuaki kiìldeklcitc, yk quc ebitdcici hrkiacs ekitdakacs ac trdptõfkib y scrbtbidik. Eblmktci c` civcgcedldcitb ec`u`kr, hrkedks k `ks vdtkldiks K y E. Ci ibvdclmrc ac =?;3 `k Gburik` bf Qjc Ditcriktdbik` bf Upbrts Iutrdtdbi pum`deõ ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Qcxks K&L Sidvcrsdty quc sbstciìk quc sd sc tblk ui sup`clcitb ac ecrczk khrdk kitcs y acspuäs ac jkecr cgcrededbs, sc ktci÷k c` ab`br luseu`kr y sc lcgbrk `k rceupcrkedõi, adsldiuyciab `k dif`klkedõi y csträs bxdaktdvb. Btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Mrksd` csc ldslb kûb tklmdäi eblprbmõ quc su ebisulb adkrdb ktci÷k c` akûb c dif`klkedõi ac l÷seu`bs y tciabics, prbauetb ac `k :? bxdakedõi.

 

@ks kitbedkidiks ac `ks ecrczks c`dldiki c` ëedab ÷rdeb, kyuakiab ksì k pkedcitcs ac hbtk, ldcitrks sus pb`dfcib`cs ket÷ki sbmrc `k dif`klkedõi y c` ab`br krtrìtdeb. :; Edruc`k eklu eklu (Klcrdeki ekrbm)  Lyredkrdk aumdk, aumdk, jukrkihb, ekekrì  ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Kitddif`klktbrdb

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 Kpbykr `k sk`ua ac `bs bgbs

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 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi ac `ks cieìks

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 Qrktkr `bs jcrpcs muek`cs

Jkstk jkec pbeb, `k cxdstciedk ac `k edruc`k eklu eklu crk uib ac `bs scerctbs lcgbr hukrakabs. Ercec ci `bs mbracs pkitkibsbs ac `bs rìbs ac k`huibs mbsqucs rceõiadtbs ac` Klkzbiks pcrukib, eb`blmdkib y mrksd`cûb. Ub`b `bs diaìhciks `bek`cs adsfrutkmki ac `ks mkyks ëedaks, pkrcedaks k `ks ecrczks, ac cstc krmustb. Uu skmbr cs tki ditcisb quc `bs iktdvbs `k lcze`ki ebi `cejc, btrks frutks y kz÷ekr. B mdci `k utd`dzki eblb tditurk b ecmb ac pcsek. Acsac quc fuc acseumdcrtk pbr fbrëicbs jkec pbebs kûbs jk sdab ebisdacrkak ui ‐supcrk`dlcitb“. Ac `k ibejc k `k lkûkik sc ebivdrtdõ ci uib ac `bs prbauetbs klkzõidebs lës pbpu`krcs, k tk` puitb quc jby ci aìk `bs khrdeu`tbrcs `bek`cs trktki ac prbauedr `b sufdedcitc pkrk sktdsfkecr `ks icecsdakacs ac` lcrekab, trktkiab ac ib kekmkr ebi `k cspcedc id quc acgc ac scr ui prbauetb brhëideb y sustcitkm`c. Mktdab ac mkyks ebi eklu eklu : bizks ac `cejc vchctk` (ac k`lciark b ac ebeb) ;

 

tkzk ac mkyks ldxtks (frcsks, frklmucsks, krëiakibs kzu`cs) ¼ tkzk ac aëtd`cs b uvks pksks ; euejkrkadtk ac eklu eklu ci pb`vb := @de÷k tbab y adsfr÷tk`b. Lksekrd``k ac eklu eklu = euejkrkadtks ac eklu eklu = euejkrkadtks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk b ac ebeb @de÷k tbab y adsfr÷tk`b. Lcze`k mdci y kp`dek `k pkstk sbmrc c` rbstrb acspuäs ac `dlpdkr`b. Acgk ketukr pbr =? ldiutbs y `uchb cigukhk ebi khuk tdmdk.

Euëiab uskr`k Diebrpõrk`k k tu adctk rchu`kr. Sik vcz k` aìk b ekak abs b trcs aìks, k `k jbrk ac` acskyuib b `k lcrdciak.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs @k ÷idek lkicrk ac ebischudr`k cs ci pb`vb. _crb cstë adspbidm`c ci prëetdeklcitc tbabs `bs lcrekabs. Clpdczk k uskr lcadk euejkrkadtk b lcibs ldcitrks tc kebstulmrks k su kedacz.

 

_ucacs khrchkr`k k euk`qudcr mktdab, guhb ac frutks b vchctk`cs, k` ybhur, k `k kvcik, cteätcrk. Ud cstës ci trktkldcitb ac qudldbtcrkpdk, cvdtk uskr`k, yk quc pbarìk ditcrfcrdr ebi k`huibs lcadeklcitbs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdakac @utcrkik ab Mrksd` ci =?;= ci rktbics, pkrk vcrdfdekr `k ekpkedaka kitdbxdakitc y `k tbxdedaka b prbtceedõi k `bs hcics quc cgcrec c` guhb ac eklu eklu, eblprbmõ quc `k ekitdaka ac vdtkldik E quc ebitdcic cs k`tìsdlk (3=.3 lh/ ;?? l`). Ib lbstrõ idih÷i cfcetb akûdib sbmrc `ks eä`u`ks id tbxdedaka b lucrtc. Ci eklmdb lbstrõ ketdvdakacs quc eblmktci `bs fketbrcs akûdibs cxtcribs k` brhkidslb y su eblpbicitc hciätdeb, k` dhuk` quc ketdvdakacs kitdbxdakitcs. @ks edruc`ks6? eklu eklu uibikrkigk ac `bs yidvc`cs lëslës k`tbs acui vdtkldik uik p`kitk7 vcecs lëstdcici quc uik 36 vcecs quc `dlõi. E Sici cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;6 ci Drëi eblprbmõ quc fbrtk`ceci c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb, acsditbxdeki y m`bqucki `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs quc cgcreci ui cfcetb hciätdeb ichktdvb. :5 Kaclës ac `k vdtkldik E, tklmdäi ebitdcici uik pbtcitc lcze`k ac kldibëedabs (scrdik, `cuedik y vk`dik), ksì eblb fdtbquìldebs y ldicrk`cs quc pucaci prbtchcr y acfciacr k` brhkidslb ac adstditks cifcrlcakacs y ebiadedbics, ci pkrtdeu`kr ac ìiab`c difceedbsk. Citrc `bs ldicrk`cs quc ebitdcic `k edruc`k eklu eklu sc cieucitrk c` lkihkicsb, quc cs vdtk` pkrk `k sk`ua ac `bs jucsbs. @ks edruc`ks eklu eklu sc uski pkrk trktkr `k dif`klkedõi y `k sk`ua ac `ks cieìks. Qklmdäi sc jk prbmkab su cfcetdvdaka pkrk trktkr c` jcrpcs muek` y btrks difceedbics vdrk`cs. Ebitdcici 533 lderbhrklbs ac ekrbtcibdacs, k`huibs ci k`tk eblb mctkekrbtcib y zckxkitdik, `b euk` `ks jkec daõicks pkrkebiecitrkedõi, kpbykr `k sk`ua ac

 

`bs bgbs y `k vdsdõi. :1 Edruc`k nknkau (nknkau p`ul) Qcrldik`dk fcradikiadkik, fcradikiadkik, humdihc, luruihk, lkriymd, lkilbjpki, edruc`k sd`vcstrc, edruc`k vcrac, md``yhbkt p`ul  ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Fbrtk`cecr `k sk`ua ekradbvkseu`kr

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 _rcvcidr c` K`zjcdlcr

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 Eblmktdr c` civcgcedldcitb

✕ ✕

 Qrktkr c` cstrcûdldcitb

@bs kmbrìhcics kustrk`dkibs hkkhuagu ac `k zbik ebibedak eblb Krijcl jki ebisuldab `k edruc`k nknkau acsac jkec ld`cs ac kûbs. Ketuk`lcitc, `k edciedk jk eblprbmkab quc cs ui k`dlcitb eblp`ctb y eurktdvb. Ib ci vkib fbrlk pkrtc ac `bs acibldikabs Musj Quencr ac Quencr ac Kustrk`dk, ui eblpciadb ac 3?? prbauetbs sd`vcstrcs quc jki sdab mksc ci `k adctk ac `bs kmbrìhcics y ci sus suldidstrbs ac clcrhciedk. _krk k`huibs pucm`bs quc vdvci ci `ks lbitkûks icvkaks kustrk`dkiks, acmdab k` eruab e`dlk ac `k zbik, aurkitc lcscs eucitki ebi cstk frutk eblb ÷ideb k`dlcitb. _br csb `k ebisdacrki eblb ui rchk`b ac` edc`b y c` frutb pcrfcetb. Jby ci aìk, `ks ebluidakacs acadekaks k su ebscejk `k ebisulci eblb ui rdtuk` quc `cs kschurk `k kyuak pkrk eblmktdr `ks adstditks cifcrlcakacs quc puadcrki cifrcitkr aurkitc c` kûb. Hrkib`k ebi `cejc vchctk` y edruc`k nknkau ; tkzk ac `cejc ac krrbz, k`lciark, ebeb b sbyk ¼ tkzk ac hrkib`k

 

; euejkrkak ac uvks pksks ¼ euejkrkak ac pdstkejb lb`dab :3 ; tkzk ac edruc`ks nknkau frcseks b ebihc`kaks, pdekaks ci trbedtbs Ci ui rcedpdcitc pbi `k hrkib`k guitb k `ks edruc`ks nknkau y uvks pksks. Khrchk `k `cejc. Qcrldik cspkredciab c` pdstkejb ciedlk. Adsfrutk. Mktdab vcrac ebi edruc`k nknkau : bizks ac `cejc ac ebeb b k`lciark = euejkrkaks ac edruc`k nknkau ci pb`vb ; ndwd ; tkzk ac cspdikeks Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y adsfr÷tk`b mdci frìb.

Euëiab uskr`k Khrähk`k k tu adctk rchu`kr eblb lcrdciak uik vcz k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

 

Ud tdcics prbm`clks ac cstrcûdldcitb, pucacs ebisuldr edruc`k nknkau abs vcecs k` aìk. Ib cxkhcrcs, yk quc tdcic k`tb ebitcidab ac fdmrk y keedõi `kxkitc. Ib cs fëed` ebischudr `k edruc`k nknkau frcsek ci tbabs `bs `uhkrcs. _crb kaclës ac` pb`vb ebiecitrkab, pucacs ebischudr`k ebihc`kak, ci sup`clcitbs, gkrkmc b cxtrketb ci tdciaks ikturdstks y pbr ditcrict. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k edruc`k nknkau jk sdab rcebibedak ditcrikedbik`lcitc eblb ui ‐supcrk`dlcitb“ pbr su dlpbrtkitc kpbrtc iutrdtdvb ac ldicrk`cs y kitdbxdakitcs, citrc btrbs. Qklmdäi cs k`tk ci fdmrk adctätdek, kyuakiab k c`dldikr `bs rcsdaubs keulu`kabs ci c` eb`bi, diauedciab c` lbvdldcitb y ebitrkeedõi ditcstdik`, y ebitrdmuyciab k uik sciskedõi ac skedcaka. Si cstuadb pum`dekab ci Fbba ci Fbba Ejcldstry rcuidõ Ejcldstry rcuidõ difbrlkedõi ac sus advcrsbs idvc`cs ac eblpucstbs fciõ`debs y kitdbxdakitcs. _br su ebitcidab ac ëedab c`ëhdeb, pbr cgclp`b, jk sdab divcstdhkak pbr brhkidslbs acadekabs k musekr uik eurk pkrk c` eëiecr, yk quc `k edruc`k nknkau tdcic cfcetbs kitdekrediõhcibs ci uik klp`dk hklk ac tcgdabs julkibs, die`uyciab c` lklkrdb. :6 Qklmdäi ebitdcic fdtbquìldebs eblb c` ëedab hë`deb quc, ac keucrab ebi ui cstuadb pum`dekab ciprbpdcakacs `k cadedõi ackitdmketcrdkiks, lkrzb ac =??6kitdvdrk`cs, ac `k ]cvdstk `k ]cvdstk ac Edciedks Qbxdeb`õhdeks, Qbxdeb`õhdeks , tdcic kitdf÷ihdeks, kitddif`klktbrdks y kitdtulbrk`cs. Ac keucrab k divcstdhkedbics jcejks pbr `k Cadtj Ebwki Sidvcrsdty—s Fbuiaktdbi bf Khcdih kia K`zjcdlcr—s Adscksc, ac Kustrk`dk, pbarìk scr uik ac `ks lcgbrcs k`dkaks pkrk eblmktdr cifcrlcakacs rc`kedbikaks ebi c` civcgcedldcitb ac` ecrcmrb, cspceìfdeklcitc c` K`zjcdlcr. Cstb sc acmc k quc sc jk acseumdcrtb quc sus prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs pbarìki scr jkstk sdctc vcecs lkybrcs quc `ks ac `k e÷reulk, quc crk ebisdacrkak eblb uib ac `bs prbauetbs ikturk`cs ebi lkybr ebiecitrkedõi. C` kpbrtc tki ebituiacitc ac vdtkldik E ac cstk frutk tklmdäi pucac scr cfcetdvk

 

pkrk `k sk`ua ebrbikrdk, pucs kyuak k adsldiudr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`, `k adkmctcs, c` eb`cstcrb` y `k lksk ebrpbrk`, quc diedaci ci `k sk`ua ac` ebrkzõi. :8 Edtrbic`k (eklc` hrkss) Eylmbpbhbi sejbcikitjus, sejbcikitjus, zkektc `dlõi, jdcrmk ac `dlõi, `dlbikrdk, `dlbied``b, ekûk skitk, lk`bgd``b  Fuiedbikr eblb rcpc`citc ac discetbs

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 Fuiedbikr eblb acsbabrkitc ebrpbrk`

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 Cstdlu`kr c` sdstclk icrvdbsb

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 Lcgbrkr c` cstkab kiìldeb

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 Kyuakr k rc`kgkr

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 Kyuakr  K yuakr ci c` trktkldcitb ebitrk jbihbs,

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mketcrdks y vdrus @k edtrbic`k ib tdcic kmsb`utklcitc ikak quc vcr ebi `k fkld`dk ac `bs eìtrdebs, sk`vb c` krblk ci ebl÷i ebi c` `dlõi. Ci c` sdh`b ZVD, c` ikturk`dstk cspkûb` Frkiedseb Jcriëiacz ac Qb`cab die`uyõ k `k edtrbic`k ci su eblpciadb ac trcs ld` p`kitks utd`dzkaks pbr `bs iktdvbs ci Läxdeb pkrk trktkr adstditks ab`ciedks y prbm`clks. Ac keucrab k sus rc`ktbs, uskmki `b quc k``ì ``klkmki zkektc `dlõi eblb kitdcspkslõadeb, kitdpk`÷adeb, kitdtusìhcib, cstdlu`kitc y pkrk qudtkr c` cirbgcedldcitb ac `k pdc`, citrc btrbs. Udi clmkrhb, aurkitc sdh`bs cstk p`kitk sb`b fuc uskak pbr ejklkics y eurkiacrbs. K prdiedpdbs ac ;4??, `k Ubedcaka Lcxdekik ac Jdstbrdk Ikturk` rctblõ c` usb ac `k edtrbic`k y ac kjì ci kac`kitc su pbpu`krdaka jk ercedab eblb uib ac `bs prbauetbs ikturk`cs dlprcsediadm`cs pkrk lkitcicr k `bs lbsqudtbs `cgbs ac iucstrb rkakr. Acsbabrkitc ikturk` ac edtrbic`k

 

:: ;? euejkrkaks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac edtrbic`k ;? euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac ebeb `ìqudab = euejkrkadtks ac mdekrmbiktb Ci ui rcedpdcitc pkrk lcze`kr, diebrpbrk c` mdekrmbiktb ebi c` kecdtc ac ebeb jkstk quc sc adsuc`vk pbr eblp`ctb. Khrähk`c c` kecdtc ac edtrbic`k. Lcze`k mdci. Hukrak `k lcze`k ci uik mbtc``k ac p`ëstdeb `dlpdk. _krk uskr`k, pucacs kp`dekr uiks hbtks ac `k lcze`k adrcetklcitc sbmrc `k pdc` utd`dzkiab uik mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Kitcs ac rck`dzkr ketdvdakacs k` kdrc `dmrc, b acspuäs ac` mkûb pkrk adsldiudr b cvdtkr k`crhdks eutëicks. Cs icecskrdb rcpctdr `k kp`dekedõi sbmrc `k pdc` ekak jbrk, pkrk quc sck lës cfcetdvb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Lkitäi ui frkseb pcqucûb ac kecdtc ac edtrbic`k ci tu hukitcrk pkrk uskr`b ci euk`qudcr ketdvdaka k` kdrc `dmrc. _ucacs pbicr c` pkûuc`b uitkab ebi kecdtc sbmrc c` vb`kitc ac` kutblõvd` sd vks lkicgkiab, b sbmrc c` cserdtbrdb sd cstës cstuadkiab b trkmkgkiab. _br quä sì fuiedbik

 

Vkrdbs cstuadbs jki aclbstrkab quc `bs eblpucstbs hcrkidb` y icrk` ac` kecdtc csciedk` ac `k edtrbic`k pbscci prbpdcakacs kitdmdõtdeks. Fuiedbiki ebitrk `ks mketcrdks Utkpjy`bebeeus kurcus, Mked``us sumtd`ds, Csejcrdejdk eb`d,  _scuablbik  kcruhdibsk, Lyebmketcrdul slchlktds, y `bs jbihbs Ekiadak  _scuablbik k`mdekis, E. scuabtrbpdek`ds, citrc btrbs. _rcedsklcitc hrkedks k `ks =5= prbpdcakacs kitdsäptdeks ac su kecdtc, `k edtrbic`k fuiedbik eblb acsbabrkitc ebrpbrk` y klmdcitk`, yk quc c`dldik `ks mketcrdks ekuskitcs ac` lk` b`br. Uu b`br kerc cspkitk k `bs lbsqudtbs y btrbs discetbs eblb sb`b k`huibs quìldebs `b `bhrki. Acsac lcadkabs ac ;4??, ci Cstkabs Sidabs sc `c rcebibec eblb ui prbauetb schurb pkrk k`cgkr `bs lbsqudtbs quc ebitkhdki c` acihuc, ksì eblb pkrk cvdtkr `ks lbseks. Die`usb, pkrk usb ci idûbs eblb rcpc`citc y prcvciedõi ac pdbgbs. Ac keucrab k uik pum`dekedõi ci `k rcvdstk adhdtk` ac `k Sidvcrsdaka Ikedbik` :4 Kutõiblk ac Läxdeb, sc jk aclbstrkab ui hrki i÷lcrb ac keedbics fkrlkeb`õhdeks tk`cs eblb kitdmdõtdek ac klp`db cspcetrb, jdpbtärldek, kitddif`klktbrdk, adurätdek, kitdcspkslõadek, acprcsbrk ac` sdstclk icrvdbsb ecitrk` c jdpbeb`cstcrb`äldek. Ubmrc `bs cfcetbs psdeb`õhdebs ac su krblk sbmrc c` sdstclk icrvdbsb ecitrk` sc jk aclbstrkab quc kyuak k `k rc`kgkedõi, lcgbrk c` cstkab ac ëidlb, rcvdtk`dzk, ebitrb`k c` csträs, `k kisdcaka, `k acprcsdõi, c` disblidb y c` lkicgb ac `ks clbedbics. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Drëi pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Edciedks Läadeks ci =?;1 aclbstrõ quc pucac scr utd`dzkab ci krblktcrkpdks ci lugcrcs clmkrkzkaks, yk quc sus dihrcadcitcs ketdvbs kyuaki k adsldiudr jkstk ci ui 8?% `k kisdcaka ac lkicrk schurk aurkitc c` clmkrkzb y trkmkgb ac pkrtb. 4? E`kvb ac b`br (e`bvc)

 

Uyzyhdul krblktdeul, krblktdeul, Cuhcidk ekrybpjy``ktk  Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi

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 K`dvdkr c` ab`br

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 K`dvdkr c` ab`br ac ekmczk ditcisb

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 K`dvdkr c` ab`br ac cieìks y adcitcs

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 Eblmktdr difceedbics, vdrus y mketcrdks

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 Qrktkr `k jdiejkzõi cstblkek`

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 K`dvdkr `k iëusck

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 Eblmktdr `bs hkscs ditcstdik`cs

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 Qrktkr prbm`clks lcibrcs ac `k pdc`

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 Qrktkr c` keiä

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@bs e`kvbs ac b`br, csbs pcqucûbs trbedtbs ac lkacrk, sbi mrbtcs ac f`brcs sceks ac ui ërmb` brduiab ac `ks Lb`ueks b Ds`ks ac `ks Cspcedks, Diabicsdk. Uc jki ciebitrkab vcstdhdbs ac c``bs ci k`huibs mkrebs y krtcfketbs ac kred``k ci Udrdk, ac` kûb ;8=; k.E. @bs ejdibs yk `bs uskmki k`rcacabr ac` kûb ==6 k.E. C` clpcrkabr ac `k adikstìk Jki bm`dhkmk k qudcics tciìki kuadciedk ebi ä` k lkstdekr`bs prcvdklcitc pkrk kschurkrsc ac quc tuvdcrki muci k`dcitb. Ci `k Caka Lcadk `bs eblcredkitcs lusu`lkics cstuvdcrbi k ekrhb ac su eblcredb, y jkstk Udlmka c` Lkrdib, c` pcrsbikgc ac @ks ac @ks ld` y uik ibejcs, ibejcs, jkmrìk ichbedkab ebi ekrhklcitbs ac e`kvbs e` kvbs ac b`br. Ci Dih`ktcrrk, aurkitc `k äpbek vdetbrdkik, rchk`kr uik ikrkigk b lkiakrdik eumdcrtk ac e`kvbs citcrrkabs crk ui actk``c luy sbfdstdekab citrc `k ibm`czk pkrk diadekr kprcedb. T tklmdäi sc ebivdrtdõ ci uik ‐vkeuik ikturk`“ ebitrk `k pcstc mumõidek. 4; Difusdõi ac e`kvb ac b`br pkrk trktkr dif`klkedõi, f`ktu`ciedk, ab`br ac cstõlkhb

 

y iëuscks 5 e`kvbs ac b`br ;¼ tkzks ac khuk Ldc` b stcvdk k` hustb _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `bs e`kvbs ci uik b``k pcqucûk. Jdcrvc pbr edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr. Ciau`zk ebi ldc` b stcvdk. Adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Ekak vcz quc `b icecsdtcs. _ucacs diebrpbrkr`b tklmdäi k tus ebldaks y mcmdaks, sk`kaks b au`ecs adkrdklcitc, cspcedk`lcitc sd tdcics prbm`clks hkstrbditcstdik`cs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Mämc`b eblb difusdõi, acspuäs ac eblcr, sd sdcitcs k`huib ac `bs sìitblks. ×sk`b eblb clpkstc tclpbrk` pkrk k`dvdkr c` ab`br ac luc`ks, ldcitrks ebisdhucs uik edtk ebi tu acitdstk. Eblb `bedõi pkrk `k pdc`, `b pucacs uskr jkstk quc `k difceedõi acskpkrczek. Eblb rcfrcsekitc ac` k`dcitb, ÷sk`b adkrdklcitc. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k `bs vk`brcs ac kitdbxdakitcs ac `bs k`dlcitbs ebibedabs eblb lcadaks B]KE ( Bxyhci ]kadek` Kmsbrmkiec Ekpkedty) Ekpkedty) acskrrb``kabs pbr c` Iktdbik` Distdtutc bi Khdih y `bs Iktdbik` Distdtutcs bf Jck`tj, c` e`kvb ac b`br

 

pbscc =4?,=:5 uidakacs, uib ac `bs vk`brcs lës k`tbs ci kitdbxdakitcs prcscitcs ci `bs prbauetbs ikturk`cs. Cstc vk`br cs 3? ld` vcecs lës k`tb quc c` ac` sbrhb, c` k`dlcitb quc `c sdhuc ci `k `dstk. Qdcic ui cfcetb ekrldiktdvb, cs acedr, c`dldik `bs hkscs y f`ktu`ciedks ci c` trketb adhcstdvb y kyuak ebi c` lbvdldcitb ditcstdik`. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Qrìpb`d, ci @dmdk, ci =?;3, eblprbmõ c` pbacr kitddif`klktbrdb y kik`häsdeb ac` c`cvkab idvc` ac kecdtc csciedk` quc ebitdcic 4= c` e`kvb ac b`br. Cstc kyuak ci eksbs ac ab`br ac luc`ks, adcitcs b cieìks. C` e`kvb ac b`br tklmdäi fuiedbik eblb kitdsäptdeb pkrk `ks difceedbics brk`cs y eblb kitdlderbmdkib ac klp`db cspcetrb.ac Ac`kkeucrab k uik ac divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k Fkeu`tka ac Babitb`bhìk Sidvcrsdaka Dbwk, ci Cstkabs Sidabs, sus eblpucstbs tklmdäi kyuaki k actcicr c` ercedldcitb ac cifcrlcakacs brk`cs, eblb `ks ekrdcs. Ci tkitb, `k Gburik` bf Acitdstry pum`deõ Acitdstry pum`deõ ci =??6 ui cstuadb quc eblpkrõ su cfcetb kicstäsdeb ebi c` ac `k mcizbekìik, aclbstrkiab quc cs tki cfcetdvb eblb cstc fërlkeb, pcrb luejb lës schurb, cspcedk`lcitc pkrk idûbs pcqucûbs. @k Mrkzd`dki Gburik` bf Lderbmdb`bhy pum`deõ Lderbmdb`bhy pum`deõ ci =?;= ui rcpbrtc ac divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Mucibs Kdrcs, qudcics, trks cstuadkr c` pbacr kitdlderbmdkib ac` e`kvb ac b`br, acseumrdcrbi quc cstc tdcic cfcetb lkybr sbmrc `k C. eb`d y `k Utkpjjy`bebeeus kurcus, quc ekusk c` keiä, y `k _scuablbiks `k _scuablbiks kcruhdibsk, quc ekusk iculbiìk. 45 Ebjbsj ichrb (m`ken ebjbsj) Edldedfuhk rkeclbsk, rkeclbsk, edldeìfuhk, muhmkic, rkìz ac eu`cmrk ichrk, scrpcitkrdk ichrk, jdcrmk ac Uki Erdstõmk`  Ek`lkr y rc`kgkr

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 Eblmktdr `k dif`klkedõi (bstcbkrtrdtds,

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krtrdtds rculktbdac, icurk`hdk)  Qrktkr `bs sìiarblcs prclcistruk` y

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lcistruk`  K`dvdkr trkstbribs ac `k lcibpkusdk

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(sbfbebs, drrdtkmd`daka, eklmdbs ac sucûb, eklmdbs ac julbr)  _rbpbredbikr ui rcclp`kzb jbrlbik`

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ikturk` C` ebjbsj ichrb cs uik rkìz brdhdikrdk ac Cstkabs Sidabs y Ekikaë, k `k quc sc `c ebibec pbpu`krlcitc eblb ‐`k p`kitk fclcidik“, pucs cs uib ac `bs prbauetbs ikturk`cs lës uskabs pkrk trktkr tbab tdpb ac prbm`clks rc`kedbikabs ebi c` ede`b lcistruk`, acsac kitcs ac `k ``chkak ac `bs curbpcbs k cstks tdcrrks. @bs diaìhciks ibrtcklcrdekibs tklmdäi prcpkrkmki ui tä eblb rclcadb pkrk `k lk`krdk, `ks lbracaurks ac scrpdcitc, `bs acsõracics icrvdbsbs y `k dif`klkedõi ac hkrhkitk. Eukiab `bs eb`bibs curbpcbs `b ebibedcrbi, dilcadktklcitc `b cxpbrtkrbi k` Vdcgb Ebitdicitc, abiac sc ebivdrtdõ ci ui rclcadb luy pbpu`kr pkrk trktkr trkstbribs fclcidibs. Ci c` sdh`b ZDZ, k`huibs läadebs `b prcserdmìki k lugcrcs ci trktkldcitbs ac jdstcrdk, `k euk` sc ebisdacrkmk ui prbm`clk rc`kedbikab k` acscb scxuk`lës rcprdldab. Acsac pkskab, cs uib ac `bs prbauetbs ikturk`cs uskabs ci tbablcadkabs c` luiabac` pkrksdh`b trktkr `bs sìitblks 41 ac `k lcibpkusdk. Difusdõi ac rkìz ac ebjbsj ichrb ; trbedtb ac rkìz ac ebjbsj ichrb frcseb b acsjdarktkab ;¼

 

tkzks ac khuk ¼ euejkrkak ac eësekrk ac `dlõi Utcvdk k` hustb _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `k rkìz ac ebjbsj ichrb ci uik b``k pcqucûk. Acgk quc jdcrvk aurkitc edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y khrchk `k eësekrk ac `dlõi. Acgk rcpbskr btrbs ;? ldiutbs. Khrähk`c stcvdk y adsfr÷tk`k. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Abs b trcs vcecs k` aìk, pbr ui pcrìbab ac k` lcibs scds lcscs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud prcfdcrcs bptkr pbr sup`clcitbs ac ebjbsj ichrb, c` Ecitrb Läadeb ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia rcebldciak tblkr 1? lh, ebi ui lëxdlb ac :? lh pbr aìk. Ud crcs k`ärhdeb k `k kspdrdik, acmcs uskr`b ebi prcekuedõi, yk quc sc jk actcrldikab quc ebitdcic pcqucûks ekitdakacs ac ëedab sk`deì`deb. Cvìtk`b sd tdcics prbm`clks ac jìhkab, jdstbrdk` ac ebëhu`bs skihuìicbs, trkstbribs ebivu`sdvbs b jdpcrtcisdõi. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab ebi c` Ecitrb Ikedbik` ac Lcadedik Eblp`clcitkrdk y K`tcriktdvk, ac Cstkabs Sidabs, c` vk`br pbtciedk` ac` ebjbsj ichrb eblb kyuak pkrk `k lcibpkusdk jk ekptkab `k ktciedõi ac `k ebluidaka edcitìfdek lës quc euk`qudcr btrk p`kitk. Advcrsks divcstdhkedbics aclucstrki quc c`dldik b rcauec luejbs ac `bs sìitblks ksbedkabs k `k lcibpkusdk b k acfdedciedks jbrlbik`cs ci pkedcitcs ebi cxtdrpkedõi ac lktrdz u bvkrdbs, eblb uik rck`dzkak ci Kustrk`dk ci =?;6.

 

Si cstuadb ``cvkab k ekmb ci K`clkidk aclbstrõ quc lcgbrk sdhidfdektdvklcitc `bs sìitblks fìsdebs y psdeb`õhdebs ac `k lcibpkusdk. Btrb cstuadb vcrdfdeõ quc ebitrb`k 43 `k acprcsdõi y `k kisdcaka ci lugcrcs lcibpëusdeks, lcgbr quc `bs cstrõhcibs b c` adkzcpkl. Adstditbs ecitrbs ac divcstdhkedõi ekikadciscs rck`dzki cstuadbs acsac khbstb ac =?;3 pkrk aclbstrkr vìieu`bs citrc su usb y c` k`dvdb ac prbm`clks jbrlbik`cs ci lugcrcs ebi eëiecr ac lklk y ci jblmrcs ebi eëiecr ac prõstktk. Qklmdäi jk sdab rcebibedab eblb ui scakitc sukvc. Si cstuadb e`ìideb rck`dzkab ci Ejdik, ci =?;3, ebi lugcrcs pbslcibpëusdeks quc lkidfcstkmki prbm`clks pkrk abrldr, aclbstrõ quc lcgbrkmki ebisdacrkm`clcitc `k ek`daka ac` sucûb k` eblp`clcitkr su adctk ebi ebjbsj ichrb. Cstuadbs prc`dldikrcs tklmdäi quc ypbscc ekrketcrìstdeks kitddif`klktbrdks ksbedkaks k `ksuhdcrci bstcbkrtrdtds k `k krtrdtds rculktbdac. Sik rcvdsdõi ac cstuadbs edcitìfdebs ``cvõ k `bs divcstdhkabrcs k ebie`udr quc `k eblmdikedõi ac ebjbsj ichrb ebi btrbs prbauetbs ikturk`cs, eblb ebrtczk ac skuec, zkrzkpkrrd``k, ebrtczk ac ë`klb, citrc btrbs, pucac kyuakr k k`dvdkr `bs sìitblks. 46 E÷reulk (eureuldi) Eureulk `bihk, `bihk, e÷reulk krblëtdek b ablästdek, skfrki mburmbi, yu gdi ✕ Eblmktdr `k dif`klkedõi hcicrk`  Qrktkr ab`brcs ac krtdeu`kedbics b

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luseu`krcs  Qrktkr `k acprcsdõi

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 Mkgkr c` kz÷ekr

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 Mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Kyuakr  K yuakr k `k kitdebkhu`kedõi

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@k e÷reulk sc jk uskab aurkitc ld`cidbs ci `k lcadedik brdcitk`. Uc jk rcpbrtkab su usb ci Diadk acsac jkec lës ac 1 ld` 3?? kûbs. Si hrupb ac kitrbpõ`bhbs ciebitrõ rcstbs ac vksdgks ci Iucvk Ac`jd quc aktki kprbxdlkaklcitc ac`Cikûb =,3?? k.E.,kyurvcak quc ebitciìki trcs supcrk`dlcitbs7 kgb, cihdmrc y e÷reulk. `k lcadedik `k e÷reulk rcedmc lës ac edci iblmrcs, pbr cgclp`b7 gkykitd cgclp`b7 gkykitd,, quc sdhidfdek ‐k`hudci vdetbrdbsb sbmrc `ks cifcrlcakacs“. Jkstk c` aìk ac jby `bs schudabrcs ac csc sdstclk ac lcadedik `b uski pkrk trktkr `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks y eurkr jcrdaks, ebitusdbics c dif`klkedbics. Ci k`huiks ebluidakacs jdia÷cs, ci `ks mbaks, c` jblmrc ci`kzk uik ekacik klkrd``k tcûdak ebi e÷reulk k`rcacabr ac` euc``b ac `k ibvdk, pkrk sdlmb`dzkr quc c``k cstë k ekrhb ac su eksk. Difusdõi ac e÷reulk ; rkìz pcqucûk ac e÷reulk ° ac euejkrkadtk ac pdldcitk ichrk (b trcs scld``ks ac ekic`k ichrk) ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k ci pb`vb (b uik vkrk) 48 1 tkzks ac khuk Utcvdk k` hustb _bi k jcrvdr ci ui rcedpdcitc c` khuk ebi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs. Acgk jcrvdr pbr abs ldiutbs y `uchb kpkhk. Acgk rcpbskr pbr uibs ;? ldiutbs y `uchb ebldcizk k mcmcr `k difusdõi. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

 

Euëiab uskr`k Khrähk`k k tu adctk y ebis÷lc`k ac uik k euktrb vcecs k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud sufrcs ac ab`brcs ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics b ci `bs l÷seu`bs, ebldcizk ebisuldciab k` lcibs uik bizk ac e÷reulk (lcadk euejkrkadtk ci pb`vb) adkrdk aurkitc adcz aìks. @k e÷reulk pbtciedk sus mcicfdedbs ci c` brhkidslb sd `k ebisulcs guitb ebi pdldcitk ichrk. Cstb sc acmc k quc `k pdpcrdik ac `k pdldcitk kyuak k kmsbrmcr lcgbr `k eureuldik. Ib `k ebisulks ci `ks abs sclkiks prcvdks k uik edruhìk id ci `ks abs sclkiks pbstcrdbrcs k cstk. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uc jk eblprbmkab quc `k e÷reulk cs cfcetdvk ci iulcrbsks ab`ciedks y prbm`clks ac sk`ua, hrkedks k vkrdbs dihrcadcitcs quìldebs, cspcedk`lcitc `k eureuldik. Cxdstci lës ac scds ld` cstuadbs sbmrc c` usb ac `k eureuldik pkrk trktkr adstditks cifcrlcakacs y prbm`clks. T ci hrki pkrtc ac cstbs sc jk aclbstrkab quc cs tki pbacrbsk ci eukitb k sus mcicfdedbs eblb k`huibs fërlkebs. _br cgclp`b, cs tki cfcetdvk eblb c` dmuprbfcib pkrk acsdif`klkr `ks eä`u`ks. Qklmdäi sc jk aclbstrkab quceblb tdcicc`tkitbs cfcetbs kitdebkhu`kitcs `k kspdrdik, ksìc`eblb kitdacprcsdvbs _rbzke> ksdldslb, quc cs tkieblb cfcetdvk pkrk mkgkr eb`cstcrb` eblb c` @dpdtbr, y pkrk mkgkr c` kz÷ekr eblb `k lctfbrldik, citrc btrbs. Uu lkybr mcicfdedb eblprbmkab cs su ekpkedaka kitddif`klktbrdk, uik ac `ks lës pbacrbsks quc sc ebibec. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k rcvdstk Biebhcic,, sc jk aclbstrkab quc pucac scr die`usb lës cfcetdvk quc c` Biebhcic dmuprbfcib y `k kspdrdik. ▯ Qklmdäi pbscc ui fucrtc pbacr kik`häsdeb, pbr `b quc rcsu`tk ui prbauetb k`tklcitc rceblciakab pkrk trktkr `k krtrdtds y btrbs prbm`clks sdld`krcs. Ci ui cstuadb 4:

 

pum`dekab pbr `k _jytbtjcrkpy `k _jytbtjcrkpy ]csckrej ci ]csckrej ci =?;=, sc aclbstrõ quc rcsu`tk lës cfcetdvk pkrk trktkr c` ab`br y `k dif`klkedõi quc c` ade`bfcikeb ac sbadb, ebi `k vcitkgk ac quc ib prcscitk rdcshb ac acskrrb``kr btrbs prbm`clks hkstrbditcstdik`cs b ekraìkebs. Adstditbs cstuadbs jki aclbstrkab quc tdcicyhrkabs ac cfcetdvdaka ci prbm`clks ui sdifìi ac ab`ciedks rc`kedbikaks ebi `bs ditcstdibs c` eb`bi, ksì eblb ebi ac` sdstclk mrbiebpu`lbikr. Die`usb sc utd`dzk eblb trktkldcitb eblp`clcitkrdb pkrk c` K`zjcdlcr, `k adkmctcs, c` `upus crdtclktbsb sdstäldeb (@CU) y `k tumcreu`bsds, citrc btrbs. 44 Adcitc ac `cõi (akiac`dbi rbbt) Qkrkxkeul bffdedik`c, bffdedik`c, klkrhõi, nunrkuiajk, nkipjbb`, ikrdz ac ecrab, ciadmdk sk`vkgc ✕ Qrktkr hkscs y lb`cstdks cstblkek`cs  Kulcitkr y c`dldikr `k brdik

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 _rbtchcr tbxdedaka ac` jìhkab ekuskak pbr

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kectkldibfäi  _rbtchcr fuiedbics ac jìhkab, rdûõi y

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vcsìeu`k md`dkr  _rbtchcr ebitrk akûb bxdaktdvb

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 Qrktkr dif`klkedõi y cirbgcedldcitb

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Adcitc ac `cõi, c` iblmrc ac cstk p`kitk iktdvk ac Curbpk y c` Jdlk`kyk, prbvdcic ac` frkieäs acit ac `dbi y `dbi y jkec k`usdõi k `bs mbracs acitkabs ac sus jbgks. Qdcic uik `krhk jdstbrdk ac usb tcrkpäutdeb, cspcedk`lcitc su rkìz, quc tklmdäi jk sdab uskak eblb sustdtutb ac` ekfä y pkrk jkecr vdib. Uu prdlcrk lciedõi eblb lcadedik cstë ci cserdtbs ac läadebs ërkmcs ac `bs sdh`bs Z y ZD.

 

Qklmdäi fuc luy vk`brkak citrc ;3?? y ;6?? pbr läadebs mbtëidebs eblb `bs dih`cscs Gbji Hcrkra, mbtdekrdb ac` rcy Gkdlc D y ac `k rcdik C`dzkmctj D, y Gbji _krndisbi, adrcetbr ac `bs Gkradics ]ck`cs ac Jklptbi Eburt y kutbr ac uik ac `ks ciede`bpcadks lës eblp`ctks ac jdcrmks y sus usbs lcadedik`cs. Ci Diadk sc jk utd`dzkab aurkitc sdh`bs pkrk trktkr prbm`clks jcpëtdebs y pkrk usb eu`dikrdb pbr su vk`br iutrdtdvb, pucs citrc btrks ebsks ebitdcic tkitb jdcrrb eblb `k cspdikek. Difusdõi ac adcitc ac `cõi pkrk acsditbxdekr c` jìhkab, `k vcsìeu`k y `bs rdûbics ;?? 5? h ac rkìz ac adcitc ac `cõi (° ac tkzk) 5? h ac jbgks ac adcitc ac `cõi (° ac tkzk) 1 tkzks ac khuk _bi k jcrvdr `k rkìz y `ks jbgks aurkitc edieb ldiutbs. Acgk rcpbskr uibs ;? ldiutbs. Euä`k`k y mcmc uik tkzk kitcs ac ekak ebldak, trcs b euktrb tkzks aurkitc c` aìk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì Euëiab uskr`b Cspbrëadeklcitc, sk`vb diadekedõi ac ui cspcedk`dstk pkrk kpbykr ui trktkldcitb. Kitcs b acspuäs ac uik ebldak pcskak. Sskr absds y frceuciedk ac keucrab k `ks diadekedbics cspceìfdeks.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Uc utd`dzk tkitb `k rkìz eblb `ks jbgks. Kaclës ac` tä, sc pucac uskr eblb sup`clcitb ci cxtrketbs `ìqudabs, tkm`ctks y

 

eëpsu`ks, sdhudciab `ks diadekedbics. Cs pbsdm`c ciebitrkr`k ci sup`clcitbs, sb`k b eblmdikak ebi btrks jdcrmks. @b ldslb beurrc ci su vcrsdõi jcrmk`. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uch÷i `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, sus jbgks ket÷ki eblb adurätdeb, cstdlu`ki c` kpctdtb y kyuaki k `k adhcstdõi. Uu f`br tdcic prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs y pucac kyuakr k rcfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb. @bs jcrmb`krdbs uski `k rkìz pkrk acsditbxdekr c` jìhkab y `k vcsìeu`k md`dkr, y `ks jbgks pkrk kyuakr k `k fuiedõi ac `bs rdûbics. Ci =?;;, c` Distdtutb ac Lcadedik Khrìeb`k ac _b`bidk prbmõ adstditks jdcrmks ac usb tcrkpäutdeb pkrk vcrdfdekr `k prcsciedk ac ëedab qudiuräideb, ui kldibëedab quc kyuak k` sdstclk adhcstdvb, cspceìfdeklcitc ebi `k prbaueedõi ac md`ds. @k lkybr ebiecitrkedõi sc actcetõ ci adcitc ac `cõi, aclbstrkiab quc pucac kpbykr c` sdstclk adhcstdvb, `k prbaueedõi ac md`ds y `k cxpu`sdõi ac tbxdiks ac` eucrpb. Ci =?;?, `k Sidvcrsdtï H. a—Kiiuizdb Ejdctd-_csekrk, ci Dtk`dk, cstuadõ `k rcspucstk diluic ikturk` ac `k k`ekejbfk, adcitc ac `cõi, e÷reulk y rblcrb, utd`dzkabs ebl÷ilcitc pkrk trktkr acsõracics jcpëtdebs y ac vcsìeu`k md`dkr. @bs rcsu`tkabs pbsdtdvbs gustdfdeki cstbs usbs. Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;= pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Fcacrk` ac Ukitk Lkrdk, ci ;?; Mrksd`, sc acseumrdõ quc c` cxtrketb ac adcitc ac `cõi prcscitkmk uik ebisdacrkm`c ketdvdaka kitdbxdakitc quc ebitrkrrcstk `k tbxdedaka jcpëtdek ac lcadeklcitbs eblb c` kectkldibfäi. Btrbs cstuadbs ci kidlk`cs tklmdäi jki tcidab äxdtb k` vdieu`kr k`huibs cfcetbs mcicfdedbsbs ac` usb ac cstk jdcrmk pkrk eblmktdr edcrtbs prbm`clks jcpëtdebs. Divcstdhkedbics rck`dzkaks pbr c` DLACK Fbba Distdtutc, ac Cspkûk, ci =?;=, y pbr `k Ubbnlyuih Xblci—s Sidvcrsdty, Sidvcrsdty, ac Uc÷`, Ebrck ac` Uur, ci =??8, citrc btrks, suhdcrci quc ebitdcic eblpucstbs kitdbxdakitcs, kitddif`klktbrdbs y rcsdstcitcs k` cirbgcedldcitb. ;?=

 

Cqudiëeck (ebicf`bwcr)  Cejdikeck purpurck, purpurck, f`br ac ebib klcrdekib, mrkuicrdk kihustdfb`dk, mrkuicrdk pk``dak, mrkuicrdk purpurck, f`br ac pcdic ✕

 Eblmktdr c` rcsfrdkab y `k hrdpc ✕ Kebrtkr `k aurkedõi ac` rcsfrdkab y `k hrdpc  ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Eblmktdr vdrus, mketcrdks y jbihbs

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@k cqudiëeck cs uik ac `ks jdcrmks ektk`bhkaks eblb pktrdlbidb ac Klärdek ac` Ibrtc, cspceìfdeklcitc ac `ks Lbitkûks ]bebsks, ac abiac cs brdhdikrdk. Cstuadbs krqucb`õhdebs jki ciebitrkab cvdaciedks ac su usb pbr `bs iktdvbs ac `ks hrkiacs ``kiurks acsac jkec lës ac 1?? kûbs. C``bs `k utd`dzkrbi ci c` trktkldcitb ac difceedbics, jcrdaks, `k fdcmrc csekr`ktdik y cifcrlcakacs ac trkisldsdõi scxuk` eblb sìfd`ds, lk`krdk y adftcrdk, citrc btrks. @bs eb`bibs curbpcbs vk`dakrbi sus prbpdcakacs y `k diebrpbrkrbi k sus usbs lcadedik`cs. Uu eu`tdvb sc cxtciadõ k Ekikaë y Curbpk. Cspcedk`lcitc aurkitc `bs sdh`bs ZVDDD y ZDZ, cstk jdcrmk fuc luy pbpu`kr y fuc diebrpbrkak ci c` SU Iktdbik`  Fbrlu`kry citrc  Fbrlu`kry  citrc `bs kûbs ;4;6 y ;43?. Ksdldslb, ci K`clkidk sc rck`dzkrbi luejbs cstuadbs quc ebifdrlkrbi sus mcicfdedbs. Qä ac cqudiëeck y prbpõ`cb pkrk `k hrdpc y c` rcsfrdkab ;¼ tkzks ac khuk ¼ euejkrkak ac cqudiëeck ci pb`vb ;

 

euejkrkak ac prbpõ`cb ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ldc` ;?5 Jdcrvc c` khuk ebi `k cqudiëeck pbr edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y aägk`k rcpbskr pbr uibs ldiutbs. Khrähk`c c` prbpõ`cb y `k ldc`. Mcmc ac dilcadktb. Qblk trcs b euktrb tkzks k` aìk. Difusdõi ac cqudiëeck pkrk fbrtk`cecr c` brhkidslb ;¼ tkzks ac khuk ¼ euejkrkak ac cqudiëeck ci pb`vb Jdcrvc c` khuk ebi `k cqudiëeck aurkitc edieb ldiutbs. Kpëhk`k y aägk`k rcpbskr. Mämc`k pbr `k lkûkik y `k ibejc (uik tkzk), aurkitc k` lcibs ui lcs.

Euëiab uskr`k Adkrdklcitc, kpciks kpkrczeki `bs prdlcrbs sìitblks ac hrdpc b rcsfrdkab. Aurkitc tbab c` prbecsb ac hrdpc b rcsfrdkab. Eukiab ebldcizk `k tclpbrkak ac hrdpc y rcsfrdkab, pkrk prcvcidr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Mcmc uik tkzk ac tä b difusdõi ac cqudiëeck adkrdklcitc, kpciks ebldciec `k ctkpk ac hrdpc y rcsfrdkabs, pkrk kyuakr k quc tu sdstclk diluib`õhdeb sc lkitcihk fucrtc. Ksì cstkrës lës fucrtc kitc pbsdm`cs ebitkhdbs. Qklmdäi pucacs khrchkr sup`clcitbs b ekrklc`bs y lkstdekm`cs quc `k ebitdcici.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ebiicetdeut, ci Cstkabs Sidabs, tblkr sup`clcitbs ac cqudiëeck eukiab sc prcscitki `bs prdlcrbs sìitblks ac rcsfrdkab b hrdpc, eblb tbs, fdcmrc y ab`br ac hkrhkitk, pucac kyuakr k adsldiudr `bs sìitblks y kebrtkr `k aurkedõi ac` trkstbrib. Cstb beurrc acmdab k quc cstdlu`k c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb, fbrtk`cedciab `ks acfcisks y kyuakiab k prbauedr lës h`õmu`bs m`kiebs. Ebitdcic vdtkldiks M y E, rdmbf`kvdik, mctkekrbtcibs, jdcrrb, ek`edb, sbadb y lkhicsdb, citrc btrbs eblpbicitcs dlpbrtkitcs, pkrk kpbykr c` brhkidslb. Kuiquc pucac pbtciedkr adfcrcitcs rcspucstks diluidtkrdks ci iucstrb brhkidslb, ib sc jk aclbstrkab quc `bhrc prcvcidr tbtk`lcitc rcsfrdkabs b hrdpcs, pcrb sì kyuak citrc ui ;? y ui 5?% k` eucrpb pkrk cifrcitkr lcgbr `bs prbecsbs vdrk`cs. ;?1 Ac keucrab k` sdtdb ac` Ecitrb Läadeb ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, vkrdbs cstuadbs ac `kmbrktbrdb y ebi kidlk`cs suhdcrci quc `k cqudiëeck ebitdcic sustkiedks ketdvks quc kulcitki `k fuiedõi diluib`õhdek, k`dvdki c` ab`br, rcaueci `k dif`klkedõi y tdcici cfcetbs jbrlbik`cs, kitdvdrk`cs y kitdbxdakitcs. Sib ac `bs hrkiacs mcicfdedbs k` kpbykr k` brhkidslb ci ui prbecsb vdrk` cs quc fuiedbik eblb ui kitdmdõtdeb ikturk`, hrkedks k sus dlpbrtkitcs prbpdcakacs kitdlderbmdkiks, quc eblmktci `bs khcitcs cxtcribs. Qklmdäi pbscc prbpdcakacs acsdifcetkitcs y mketcrdedaks quc kyuaki k prbtchcr cspcedk`lcitc `ks lclmrkiks y luebsks ac `k mbek, `k hkrhkitk, `bs bgbs, `bs hcidtk`cs, citrc btrks ërcks. Cs cspcedk`lcitc rceblciakak pkrk kpbykr c` trktkldcitb ac cifcrlcakacs rcspdrktbrdks ci äpbek ac frìb y k`crhdks ci idûbs, kau`tbs lkybrcs y pcrsbiks ebi ui sdstclk diluib`õhdeb aämd`. ;?3 Cspdru`dik (spdru`dik)

 

rtjrbspdrk p`ktcisds, p`ktcisds, tceudt`kt`  Kulcitkr `k cicrhìk

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 Mkgkr ac pcsb

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 Mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

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 Acsditbxdekr c` brhkidslb y c`dldikr

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lctk`cs eblb c` krsäideb @k cspdru`dik cs uib ac `bs k`dlcitbs lës kitdhubs quc cxdstci sbmrc `k fkz ac `k tdcrrk. Cs uik lderbk`hk ac eb`br vcrac kzu`kab quc ercec ci beäkibs y `khbs ac e`dlks sumtrbpdek`cs ac Ëfrdek, Jkwëd Läxdeb. Crk uib acy `bs k`dlcitbs sd`vcstrcs fuiaklcitk`cs ci `k adctk ac bkztceks, t`kxek`tceks tb`tceks, k `k quc ``klkmki tceudt`kt` tceudt`kt`.. @bs prdlcrbs rchdstrbs ac su cxdstciedk kpkrceci ci `bs cserdtbs ac Mcrik` Aìkz ac` Ekstd``b, uib ac `bs keblpkûkitcs ac` ebiqudstkabr cspkûb` Jcriëi Ebrtäs, ksì eblb ci `ks erõideks ac `bs frkd`cs frkiedsekibs Mcrikradib ac Ukjkh÷i y Qbrdmdb ac Mcikvcitc, citrc btrbs. Ci csbs tcxtbs sc rc`ktk quc `k cspdru`dik crk ebscejkak ci `ks khuks ac` `khb ac Qcxebeb y btrbs ac `k euciek ac Läxdeb, `k scekmki k` sb` y `uchb `k vciaìki ci c` lcrekab ac Qcibejtdt`ëi eblb ebiadlcitb ac` lkìz b pkrk eblcr`k ebi tbrtd``k. Mktdab ac cspdru`dik pkrk cicrhìk y prblbvcr `k adsldiuedõi ac pcsb ; euejkrkadtk ac cspdru`dik ci pb`vb : bizks ac khuk frìk ; tkzk ac cspdikek ;?6 ;

 

lkizkik vcrac Guhb ac abs `dlks Utcvdk y jdc`b, sd hustks _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y mcmc `k lcze`k pbr `k lkûkik. Qklmdäi pucacs mcmcr ui mktdab ci `k lcrdciak pkrk rckidlkrtc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Diebrpbrk `k cspdru`dik k tu adctk rchu`kr. _ucacs ebisuldr`k k adkrdb, pbr `k lkûkik ci c` acskyuib, b eblb lcrdciak k euk`qudcr jbrk, cspcedk`lcitc eukiab rcqudcrks uik rcekrhk ac cicrhìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs utd`dzkr sup`clcitbs ac cspdru`dik ac =3? lh k` aìk, cspcedk`lcitc eblb kpbyb pkrk mkgkr ac pcsb y eblp`clcitkr `k iutrdedõi. Qklmdäi sc rcebldciak ebisuldr`k ac lkicrk cspcedk` acspuäs ac` usb prb`bihkab ac lcadeklcitbs quìldebs pkrk kyuakr k acpurkr c` brhkidslb. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k cspdru`dik cs uib ac `bs ‐supcrk`dlcitbs“ lës cstuadkabs, ebi lës ac ld` =?? divcstdhkedbics quc eblprucmki sus mcicfdedbs y su kpbrtc iutrdedbik`. Ac keucrab ebi `k FAK, `k cspdru`dik ebitdcic ekitdakacs sdhidfdektdvks ac ek`edb, idkedik, pbtksdb, lkhicsdb, vdtkldiks M y jdcrrb. Qklmdäi tdcic kldibëedabs csciedk`cs y citrc 6? y 8?% ac su pcsb cs prbtcìik. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci Lcadedic ci Lcadedic & Uedciec di Upbrts & Cxcredsc ci =?;?, sc acseumrdõ quc lcgbrk c` rciadldcitb ac` cgcrededb y `bs idvc`cs ac kitdbxdakitcs, pucs eblmktc `k fktdhk luseu`kr y kyuak k` eucrpb k rceupcrkrsc ac` csträs bxdaktdvb.

 

Sik rcvdsdõi pum`dekak ci `bs Kiik`s `bs Kiik`s bf Iutrdtdbi kia Lctkmb`dsl Lct kmb`dsl,, adb k ebibecr vkrdbs cstuadbs quc jki eblprbmkab sus cfcetbs pkrk mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb` y `bs trdh`deärdabs. Vkrdbs cstuadbs aclucstrki quc fbrtk`cec c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb, lcgbrk `k f`brk ditcstdik` sk`uakm`c y c`dldik mketcrdks. ;?8 Cs uib ac `bs prbauetbs quc kpbyki `k adsldiuedõi ac pcsb sk`uakm`c acmdab k` kpbrtc ac iutrdcitcs y k` dlpbrtkitc ebitcidab ac fdmrk b lueì`khbs quc pbscc, quc k` citrkr k` brhkidslb kulcitki su vb`ulci, akiab sciskedõi ac skedcaka ebi lcibs dihcstk ac k`dlcitb. Cs uib ac `bs lcgbrcs prbauetbs pkrk acsditbxdekr c` brhkidslb, cspcedk`lcitc ac prbauetbs eblb c` krsäideb. Ac keucrab k `k Brhkidzkedõi Luiadk` ac `k Uk`ua, Cstkabs Sidabs cs uib ac `bs pkìscs kfcetkabs pbr c` krsäideb dibrhëideb. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Mkih`kacsj lbstrõ quc =3? lh ac cspdru`dik lës = lh ac zdie k` aìk pucaci c`dldikr jkstk c` 18% ac` krsäideb ac` eucrpb, die`usb ci civcicikldcitb erõideb. ;?: Fcibhrceb (fciuhrccn) Qrdhbic``k fbciul-hrkceul fbciul-hr kceul,, k`jb`vk, fciuhrceb ✕

 Eblmktdr `k ekspk ✕ Eblmktdr `k pdekzõi ac` eucrb ekmc``uab  Jdarktkr c` eucrb ekmc``uab

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 Jdarktkr `k pdc` (psbrdksds, ceeclk)

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C` fcibhrceb cs brdhdikrdb ac `k pciìisu`k Dmärdek, pkìscs ac `k rdmcrk ac` Lcadtcrrëicb y k`huibs pkìscs ksdëtdebs. Ac keucrab k cserdtbs jdstõrdebs, `ks scld``ks y jbgks ac cstk p`kitk cstëi citrc `ks lcadediks ikturk`cs eu`tdvkaks lës kitdhuks quc ac cxdstci. Uc skmc, pbr cgclp`b, crk clp`ckak `bs chdpedbs `bs prbecsbs clmk`sklkldcitb. Ërkmcs yquc ejdibs tklmdäi `kpbr ebibeìki, eblbci

 

`b lucstrk uib ac sus iblmrcs, k`jb`vk k`jb`vk,, quc sc brdhdik ci ui edcrtb eruec citrc klmks eu`turks7 ci ërkmc sc `c ebibec eblb ju`mk ju`mk y  y ci ejdib lkiakrìi, eblb ju `u mk. _br btrk pkrtc, ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik` ejdik y ci `k kyurvcak tdcic uik `krhk `dstk ac usbs, luejbs ac `bs euk`cs rcedäi sc divcstdhki ci Beedacitc. Ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik` ac Diadk, su usb tõpdeb cstë citrc `bs edieb fkvbrdtbs pkrk kekmkr ebi `k ekspk. Erclk ikturk` (trktkr ekspk, eucrb ekmc``uab y pdc`) = euejkrkaks ac scld``ks ac fcibhrceb ; tkzk ac khuk ¼ tkzk ac kecdtc ac b`dvk b ebeb ]clbgk `ks scld``ks ci c` khuk pbr vkrdks jbrks. @uchb, luä`c`ks. Citdmdk c` kecdtc. _bi `ks scld``ks y läze`k`ks jkstk fbrlkr uik pkstk erclbsk. Acgk quc sc cifrìc y kp`ìek`k ci c` eucrb ekmc``uab sukvclcitc. E÷mrc`k y acgk quc ket÷c pbr ;?4 uik jbrk. @uchb `kvk c` ekmc``b ac lkicrk rchu`kr. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Ekak vcz quc tc `kvcs c` ekmc``b, jkstk quc `k ekspk jkyk sdab c`dldikak. @uchb pucacs uskr`b uik vcz k `k sclkik b ekak ;3 aìks, pkrk jdarktkr c` eucrb ekmc``uab, cvdtkr jbihbs y lkitcicr`b sk`uakm`c.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs @ëvktc c` ekmc``b ekak abs b trcs aìks pkrk cvdtkr quc sc rcscquc lës.

 

Ib utd`decs aclksdkab ek`br pkrk scekr c` ekmc``b. Ud pucacs scekr`b ikturk`lcitc, lcgbr. B mdci, utd`dzk tclpcrkturk lcadk. Std`dzk ejklp÷ y kebiadedbikabr quc scki sukvcs. _br quä sì fuiedbik C` fcibhrceb ebitdcic prbtcìiks y idebtìideb quc sbi cxtrclkaklcitc ÷td`cs ebitrk `k ekìak ac` ekmc``b, ksì eblb kuxd`dkr pkrk su jdarktkedõi y kebiadedbikldcitb, kyuakiab k lkitcicr`b sk`uakm`c. Ci =?;6, `k DDU Sidvcrsdty, ci Diadk, rck`dzõ uik rcvdsdõi eblp`ctk ac `bs usbs lcadedik`cs ac` fcibhrceb, rckfdrlkiab quc cs uik ac `ks jdcrmks quc jki sdab prbmkaks ebitrk uik hrki vkrdcaka ac lderbbrhkidslbs, eblb mketcrdks, vdrus y jbihbs. Citrc btrks ebsks, sc prbmõ quc sus scld``ks y jbgks kulcitki `k ketdvdaka ci ebitrk ac `bs lderbmdbs y `bs jbihbs. @k scqucaka ac` eucrb ekmc``uab ebiauec k `k prbaueedõi ac scmb, pkrk rcstkurkr c` cqud`dmrdb ac julcaka. Udi clmkrhb, c` scmb m`bquck `bs fb`ìeu`bs pd`bsbs prblbvdciab c` ktkquc ac` jbihb Lk`kssczdk furfur, quc sc kajdcrc k `ks jcmrks ac` ekmc``b y prbauec `k ekspk. C` fcibhrceb eblmktc tkitb `k rcscqucaka eblb k` jbihb. C` fcibhrceb cstë citrc `bs edieb prbauetbs ikturk`cs lës rceblciakabs pbr `k lcadedik kyurvcak pkrk trktkr `k ekspk y prbm`clks ekpd`krcs, ksì eblb btrks cifcrlcakacs ac `k pdc` eblb psbrdksds. Eukiab `ks scld``ks ac` fcibhrceb sc clpkpki ebi khuk, sc hcicrk ui lueì`khb (`cedtdik) quc tdcic prbpdcakacs clb`dcitcs ac edektrdzkedõi, m`kiquckldcitb, jdarktkedõi, sukvdzkr `k pdc`, citrc btrbs. Ksì qucaõ aclbstrkab ci ui cstuadb ;;? rck`dzkab ci =?;? ci _kndstëi, euyb bmgctdvb crk erckr uik erclk quc ebiecitrkrk csks prbpdcakacs. Sik divcstdhkedõi prc`dldikr rck`dzkak ci _k`cstdik ci cicrb ac =?;8 lbstrõ quc c` usb ac` fcibhrceb, guitb k` ac btrks p`kitks, pucac kyuakr k lkicgkr `k psbrdksds. ;;;; ;;

 

F`br ac Gklkdek (rbsc``c)  Jdmdseus skmakrdffk, skmakrdffk, tä ac Gklkdek, jdmdseb, rbsk ac Kmdsdidk  _rcvcidr c` eëiecr

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 Lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi

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 Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Kyuakr  K yuakr k ebitrb`kr `k jdpcrtcisdõi

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Tk `bs fkrkbics ac` kitdhub Chdptb mrdiakmki ebi uik mcmdak rbgdzk y rcfrcsekitc jcejk ebi `k ac`dekak f`br ac` jdmdseb. Ci `k ketuk`daka, k`huibs pkìscs kfrdekibs eucitki ebi mcmdaks tìpdeks prcpkrkaks k mksc ac `ks jbgks ac` jdmdseb. Kuiquc cs brdhdikrdb ac Ëfrdek, `k mcmdakabiac prcpkrkak ebi suseblb f`brcskhuk cs tìpdek cic``kjdmdseb lkybr pkrtc ac` ebitdicitc klcrdekib, sc `c ebibec frcsek ac Gklkdek. Cstc ac`dekab tä, quc sc pucac adsfrutkr frìb b ek`dcitc, tdcic ui skmbr scldëedab y prbpdcakacs quc jkeci ac ä` ui k`dkab ac iucstrb mdcicstkr. Mcmdak frìk ° ac tkzk ac f`br ac Gklkdek ;6 bizks ac khuk 1 rbakgks ac ikrkigk b `dlõi ; vkrdtk ac ekic`k Jdc`b

 

Utcvdk (bpedbik`) _bi k jcrvdr `k ldtka ac` khuk y `k ekic`k. Kpkhk, cspcrk edieb ldiutbs y khrchk `ks f`brcs ac Gklkdek. Acgk rcpbskr. Khrchk rcstb ac` Adsfr÷tk`k khuk y `ks ebi rbakgks k` lcibsc`uik jbrk. jdc`bacyikrkigk ;;= b `dlõi. _bi`k ci `k icvcrk pbr uiks hbtks ac stcvdk, sd `b acscks. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Jkz quc `k f`br ac Gklkdek sck pkrtc ac tu adctk, k euk`qudcr jbrk (cspcedk`lcitc uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr).

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs tblkr c` tä frìb b ek`dcitc acspuäs ac eblcr, ci mktdabs, eblb pbstrc, hrktdikab, cteätcrk. _krk rcpbicrsc ac uik scsdõi acpbrtdvk cxtciukitc b k` aìk sdhudcitc ac uik fdcstk (pkrk `k rcskek). Khrähk`c lcitk b k`mkjkek pkrk vkrdkr su skmbr y pbtciedkr sus mcicfdedbs. Cs dlpbrtkitc quc ib `c khrchucs c` khuk aclksdkab ek`dcitc, pkrk cvdtkr quc sus jbgks tblci ui skmbr klkrhb. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k f`br ac Gklkdek pbscc uik cxtcisk `dstk ac mcicfdedbs. _br cgclp`b, divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac C` Ekdrb, ci Chdptb, aclbstrkrbi quc ebitdcic hrki ekitdaka ac vdtkldiks eblb `ks K, M; y C, y kitdbxdakitcs eblb `k vdtkldik E. Kaclës, ebitdcic ui pbtciedk` kitddif`klktbrdb ac brdhci ikturk`, ebi lcibs cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs quc btrbs prbauetbs. Ci tkitb, divcstdhkabrcs ejdibs ebdiedaci ci quc rchu`k `k rcspucstk diluib`õhdek lcadkitc `k cstdlu`kedõi ac `k ketdvdaka ac `ks eä`u`ks.

 

Lcadkitc ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr edcitìfdebs ac Ekikaë, `k eblmdikedõi ac `ks prbpdcakacs ac `k f`br ac Gklkdek ebi btrbs prbauetbs, eblb pdûks, ikrkigks y zkikjbrdks, pucac pbtciedkr k÷i lës `k ekpkedaka kitdcivcgcedldcitb ac `ks eä`u`ks, eblmktdciab `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs. Divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Cseuc`k ac Lcadedik ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ld`kib-Mdebeek, ci Ld`ëi, Dtk`dk, tklmdäi jki cstuadkab `ks prbpdcakacs ac cstk f`br pkrk trktkldcitbs ebitrk k`huibs tdpbs ac eëiecr. @bs cstuadbs prbmkrbi quc tdcic edcrtb cfcetb ci `k rcaueedõi ac k`huibs tulbrcs y eä`u`ks rc`kedbikaks k` lc`kiblk l÷`tdp`c y ac ekrediblk. Btrk ac `ks prbpdcakacs lës cstuadkaks ac `k f`br ac Gklkdek cs su ekpkedaka pkrk mkgkr `k prcsdõi skihuìick. Jky diiulcrkm`cs divcstdhkedbics quc pbici k prucmk su cfcetb ci pcrsbiks quc pkaceci ac jdpcrtcisdõi lbacrkak, qudcics sdi tblkr ;;5 lcadekedõi k`huik `bhrki adsldiudr`k mcmdciab sb`klcitc uik tkzk ac cstc tä k` aìk. Divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Sidvcrsdaka Nju`ik, ci Mkih`kacsj, eblprbmkrbi su k`tk keedõi kik`häsdek y ac rc`kgkedõi eblb kyuak pkrk ebied`dkr c` sucûb, ksì eblb `k ek`daka ac` tdclpb tbtk` ac sucûb. ;;1 Frklmucsks (rkspmcrry)  ]umus dakcus, dakcus, ejkrabicrk, skihðcsb  Qrktkr prbm`clks dif`klktbrdbs ac `ks

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krtdeu`kedbics  Mkgkr ac pcsb ci eksbs ac bmcsdaka

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 Ebitrb`kr c` kz÷ekr

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 Lkitcicr `k sk`ua ac` ebrkzõi

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Jkec sdh`bs sc aceìk quc ui muci pbstrc ac frklmucsks crk hustb ac rcycs y

 

scûbrcs dlpbrtkitcs, y cs quc fucrbi prcedsklcitc `bs ldclmrbs ac `k rck`czk curbpck `bs prdlcrbs quc fdgkrbi sus bgbs ci cstks frutks ac ditcisb eb`br y ac`cdtkrbi sus pkpd`ks hustktdvks ebi c``ks. Ci c` sdh`b ZDDD, c` rcy Caukrab ac Dih`ktcrrk pdadõ pbr prdlcrk vcz quc sc eu`tdvkrki ci `bs gkradics ac pk`kedb. Ldcitrks quc ci Klärdek, Hcbrhc Xksjdihtbi jdzb `b ldslb ci sus tcrrcibs ac Lbuit Vcribi. _crb crki ebibedaks acsac luejb tdclpb kitcs. @bs prdlcrbs rchdstrbs ac` ebisulb ac cstks mkyks kpkrceci ci Hrcedk, abiac erceìki ci c` lbitc Dak, y sch÷i `k ldtb`bhìk crki ebisuldaks pbr `bs trbykibs. @uchb `bs rblkibs sc ciekrhkrbi ac cxtciacr`k k tbabs sus abldidbs. Ac keucrab k `bs cserdtbs acgkabs pbr _k``kadus, ui khrdeu`tbr rblkib ac` sdh`b DV, sc ebibeci actk``cs ac su eu`tdvb y sus usbs tkitb ci `k ebedik eblb pkrk cfcetbs lcadedik`cs. Cisk`kak ebi frklmucsks ; tkzk ac r÷eu`k 1 tblktcs ecrczk ebrtkabs ci hkgbs ;;3 ¼ tkzk ac frklmucsks frcseks ¼ pcpdib ebrtkab ci eukardtbs ; euejkrkak ac k`lciarks ci `kseks Uk` Kecdtc ac b`dvk

 

Vdikhrc mk`sëldeb mk`s ëldeb Lcze`k `k r÷eu`k, c` pcpdib y `bs tblktcs ci ui rcedpdcitc. K`ìûk`bs ebi sk`, vdikhrc y kecdtc ac b`dvk. ]cvuc`vc mdci. Khrchk `ks frklmucsks y `ks k`lciarks k` fdik`. Adsfr÷tk`k. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`ks K adkrdb, eblb prcvciedõi b pkrk trktkr prbm`clks dif`klktbrdbs ac `ks krtdeu`kedbics, mkgkr ac pcsb, ebitrb`kr c` kz÷ekr y lkitcicr `k sk`ua ac` ebrkzõi.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud cstëi aclksdkab `deukaks ci khuk. lkaurks, ÷sk`ks ac dilcadktb pkrk ui mktdab b sdlp`clcitc _ucaci scr diebrpbrkaks ci `k adctk adkrdk ci mktdabs, pbstrcs, cisk`kaks ac frutks, cteätcrk. Ci ui p`ki pkrk mkgkr ac pcsb, tklmdäi pucacs diebrpbrkr k`h÷i sup`clcitb k mksc ac ectbiks ac frklmucsk, pkrk kyuakr k kec`crkr `k päradak ac pcsb. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab tdcici k ui cstuadb ci D``dibds, Cstkabsfdmrks Sidabs, ci =?;6, frklmucsks vkrdbsrck`dzkab lderbiutrdcitcs csciedk`cs, adctätdeks y `ks eblpbicitcs pb`dfciõ`debs quc jki aclbstrkab rcauedr c` rdcshb b rcvcrtdr `bs prbm`clks ksbedkabs k` lctkmb`dslb. @k divcstdhkedõi kpbyk su pkpc` pbtciedk` ci `k rcaueedõi ac` rdcshb ac cifcrlcakacs ekradbvkseu`krcs, adkmctcs lc``dtus, bmcsdaka y K`zjcdlcr K`zjcdl cr.. Ci fcmrcrb ac =?;=, ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac ]jbac Ds`kia scûk`õ quc pucaci scr ac hrki kyuak pkrk eblmktdr `bs sìitblks ac cifcrlcakacs eblb krtrdtds, hrkedks k quc ebitdcici pb`dfcib`cs, kitbedkidiks y c`khdtkidibs quc, kaclës ac tcicr prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks, prbtchci c` ekrtì`khb.

 

Cxdstc uik hrki ekitdaka ac cstuadbs quc aclucstrki su vk`br ci `k adsldiuedõi y ebitrb` ac` pcsb, acmdab fuiaklcitk`lcitc k `k fdmrk y k `ks ectbiks (nctbics), quc ;;6 kulcitki c` lctkmb`dslb. Ac keucrab k cstuadbs rcedcitcs rck`dzkabs ci Ebrck y Iucvk Tbrn, `ks eä`u`ks ac hrksk adsldiuyci su tklkûb k` scr trktkaks ebi frklmucsks. Uch÷i ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Bjdb ci =?;5 ebi pcrsbiks bmcsks, `ks frklmucsks sbi lës cfdekecs eblb sup`clcitbs, ci eblpkrkedõi k btrbs ebl÷ilcitc uskabs pkrk `k adsldiuedõi ac pcsb. Uc rcebldciaki pkrk adctks ac pcrsbiks ebi prbm`clks ac kz÷ekr, acmdab k quc sbi luy mkgks ci eukitb k su ìiadec h`ueäldeb, kyuakiab k cstkmd`dzkr c` dlpketb ac` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc. Kyuaki k prbtchcr `k sk`ua ekradbvkseu`kr hrkedks k adfcrcitcs sustkiedks eblb `bs pb`dfcib`cs, quc tdcici cfcetbs mcicfdedbsbs pkrk `ks pcrsbiks ebi cifcrlcaka krtcrdk` pcrdfärdek. ;;8 HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb)  Ek`lkr `k kisdcaka, c` csträs, `k acprcsdõi

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y c` disblidb ✕ Lcgbrkr `k ek`daka ac` sucûb  Lcgbrkr `ks fuiedbics ecrcmrk`cs

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 Kulcitkr `k lksk luseu`kr

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 Qrktkr ab`brcs

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 Mkgkr ac pcsb

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 Adsldiudr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

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 Mkgkr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc

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Acseumdcrtb ci ;43?, sc adec quc c` HKMK cs uik cspcedc ac hukradëi ac iucstrb cqud`dmrdb clbedbik` y lcitk` y ac iucstrb mdcicstkr hcicrk`, cspcedk`lcitc ac iucstrb ecrcmrb. Uc trktk ac ui icurbtrkisldsbr ib csciedk`, ebiecitrkab lkybrlcitc ci c` ecrcmc`b, `bs hkih`dbs mksk`cs y ci adstditks ërcks ac `k läau`k cspdik`. Uu fuiedõi cs ebitrb`kr c` ‐cieciadab“ ac iucstrks icurbiks, `bs dlpu`sbs c`äetrdebs quc `ks jkeci pbicrsc ci k`crtk b mkgkr `k hukradk. Cstb `b vclbs rcf`cgkab ci iucstrb idvc` ac csträs, ci iucstrk ekpkedaka pkrk pbacr abrldr trkiqud`bs, ac ebiecitrkribs ci k`huik ketdvdaka y, ci hcicrk`, ac rcspbiacr k iucstrk vdak adkrdk ac `k lkicrk kaceukak. K adfcrciedk ac luejks sustkiedks ikturk`cs, c` HKMK ib sc cieucitrk ci hrkiacs ekitdakacs ci `bs k`dlcitbs adspbidm`cs. Cs iucstrb prbpdb brhkidslb c` quc `b sditctdzk, pcrb ebi c` pksb ac `bs kûbs su prbaueedõi vk adsldiuyciab. Qä bb`bih (b tä kzu`), fucitc ac HKMK ;;: ; euejkrkadtk ac tä bb`bih b uik mb`sdtk ac cstc ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Guhb ac `dlõi Utcvdk k` hustb _bi k rclbgkr c` tä ci c` khuk ek`dcitc pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Ib `b acgcs aclksdkab tdclpb pkrk quc ib qucac aclksdkab bseurb. _ucacs ciau`zkr`b sd acscks ebi stcvdk y khrchkr`c uiks hbtks ac `dlõi. Adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Diebrpbrk c` HKMK k tu adctk rchu`kr, adkrdklcitc, eukiab sc prcscitci

 

prbm`clks ac kisdcaka, acprcsdõi, disblidb b ditcitcs mkgkr ac pcsb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Jky prbauetbs ksdëtdebs, eblb mcmdaks b `cejcs vchctk`cs cirdqucedaks ebi HKMK, quc sc pucaci ciebitrkr ci lcrekabs ätidebs. Cxdstci sup`clcitbs ac HKMK prbauedabs ac lkicrk sditätdek. Uc rcebldciak tblkr`b pbr ui lëxdlb ac abs lcscs schudabs, acsekiskr ui lcs, y vb`vcr k eblcizkr k tblkr`b, sd cs icecskrdb. Ib `b tblcs ebi fërlkebs mcizbadkecpìidebs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Abs cstuadbs jcejbs ci Gkpõi lbstrkrbi quc c` HKMK ib sb`b diauec `k rc`kgkedõi ci `ks ac csträs, sdib quc tklmdäi rcauec `kmkgb kisdcaka uik jbrkpcrsbiks acspuäsci acctkpks scr dihcrdab. Kaclës, c`cvk `k diluidaka ebiadedbics ac csträs. C` Ar. ]bmcrt E. Ktndis, kutbr ac `k Adctk Ktndis, ci su `dmrb Vdtk Iutrdcit  Ub`utdbi, pum`dekab Ub`utdbi,  pum`dekab ci ;444, sc rcfdcrc k` HKMK eblb c` ‐vk`dul ikturk`“, c` rc`kgkitc pcrfcetb y uib ac `bs iutrdcitcs ikturk`cs quc tdcici vdtk` dlpbrtkiedk pkrk prcvcidr y eurkr iucstrb brhkidslb ac adstditks cifcrlcakacs, pbr sus prbpdcakacs trkiqud`dzkitcs y kitdbxdakitcs. K` tcicr ui cfcetb rc`kgkitc, c` HKMK cstdlu`k c` sucûb y kulcitk c` tdclpb ac sucûb prbfuiab, pcrb sdi ekuskr sblib`ciedk adurik id erckr kadeedõi, k` ebitrkrdb ac `k lkybrìk ac sbliìfcrbs. Uch÷i c` Iktdbik` Distdtutc bf Icurb`bhdek` Adsbracrs kia Utrbnc, `ks pcrsbiks ;;4 cpd`äptdeks prcscitki lcibs ekitdaka ac cstc kldibëedab ci su ecrcmrb, k` dhuk` quc suecac ebi qudcics sufrci ac csqudzbfrcidk, ktkqucs ac pëideb y acprcsdõi. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Hukikguktb, ci Läxdeb, y pum`dekab ci `k ]cvdstk `k ]cvdstk Lcxdekik ac Icurbedciedk ci Icurbedciedk ci =?;5, c` c ` HKMK kyuak k ebitrb`kr `k `dmcrkedõi ac disu`dik y `k dihcstk ac k`dlcitbs y, pbr `b tkitb, cs ui fketbr dlpbrtkitc k `k jbrk ac mkgkr ac pcsb y lkitcicr ui pcsb sk`uakm`c.

 

Divcstdhkabrcs ac` Jbspdtk` Ut. Ldejkc` ac Qbrbitb, ci Ekikaë, acseumrdcrbi quc pucac rcvcrtdr `ks ekusks ac `k adkmctcs tdpb ;, ebibedak eblb adkmctcs guvcid`. ;=? Hkrrk ac` adkm`b (acvd`—s e`kw)  Jkrpkhbpjytul prbeulmcis, prbeulmcis, jkrpkhbfdtb, wbba spdacr  Qrktkr `k krtrdtds y c` rculktdslb

✕

 Mkgkr c` kz÷ekr

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 Mkgkr prcsdõi krtcrdk`

✕

 Adsldiudr c` ab`br luseu`kr (ldk`hdk), ac

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ekmczk, ac cspk`ak, tciadidtds, ab`br ac pcejb, cteätcrk @k hkrrk ac` adkm`b cs ui tumäreu`b tìpdeb ac `ks cxtcisks skmkiks ac Ëfrdek ac` surbcstc, c` acsdcrtb ac` Nk`kjkrd y Ikldmdk. Uu iblmrc prbvdcic ac` hrdchb y sdhidfdek ‐p`kitk ac hkiejb“, acmdab k quc sus frutbs tdcici p÷ks quc sc kajdcrci k `bs kidlk`cs eblb ui lcekidslb pkrk adspcrskrsc. Jk sdab utd`dzkak pbr `bs iktdvbs pkrk trktkr tbab tdpb ac ab`brcs y lk`cs acsac jkec edcitbs ac;4?1 kûbs.yUdi clmkrhb, usb ci c` rcstb ac`krlkabs luiab cs rcedcitc. Citrc ;4?6, aurkitcsu`bs `cvkitkldcitbs ac`rc`ktdvklcitc suabcstc kfrdekib pkrk `dmcrkrsc ac` dlpcrdb hcrlkib, k`huibs sb`akabs k`clkics kprciadcrbi sus usbs k pkrtdr ac eurkiacrbs `bek`cs. Ksì, ci ;435, sc ditrbaugb ci Curbpk. _bstcrdbrlcitc, edcitìfdebs k`clkics y sudzbs clpczkrbi k uskr`k pkrk trktkr `k krtrdtds. Cs k pkrtdr ac `bs kûbs sctcitk quc ebldcizk c` kuhc y pbpu`krdaka ac `k quc acsac citbiecs jki ``klkab ‐rkìz kfrdekik ac` rculk“. Eblprcsks ac hkrrk ac` adkm`b =

 

euejkrkaks ac rkìz scek ac hkrrk ac` adkm`b ;=; = tkzks ac khuk ek`dcitc Acgk rcpbskr `k rkìz ci c` khuk pbr =? ldiutbs. Euc`k `k difusdõi. @uchb clpkpk uik tbk``k pcqucûk, uik hksk b uik tc`k ac k`hbaõi ebi cstk y pbi`k sbmrc `k zbik ebi ab`br b dif`klkedõi. ]cpdtc ui pkr ac vcecs aurkitc c` aìk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Abs k` aìk, adkrdklcitc. Ud ui `k dihdcrcs, bejbvcecs sclkiks y `uchb acsekiscs tdclpb. sc suhdcrc quc `b jkhks pbr uiks

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Qklmdäi `k pucacs ciebitrkr eblb sup`clcitb ci eblprdldabs. Cs rceblciakm`c tblkr`k acspuäs ac `ks ebldaks. Ssk `k absds suhcrdak pbr tu abetbr prdiedpk` b `k quc diadek c` prbauetb. Cstë ebitrkdiadekak pkrk pkedcitcs ebi ÷`ecrks hëstrdeks b aubacik`cs, yk quc pbarìk kulcitkr `k scercedõi ac ëedab hkstrbditcstdik`. _br quä sì fuiedbik Distdtuedbics eblb c` Ecitrb Läadeb ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia jki pum`dekab cstuadbs quc aclucstrki quc `k dihcstk ac hkrrk ac` adkm`b adsldiuyc `bs sìitblks ac ab`br ac cspk`ak erõideb, ketukiab dhuk` quc edcrtbs kitddif`klktbrdbs ib cstcrbdacs (KDIC), pcrb sdi sus cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs ibedvbs. Uc jki rck`dzkab adstditbs cstuadbs quc rcspk`aki sus cfcetbs kik`häsdebs y kitddif`klktbrdbs pkrk trktkr cspcedk`lcitc ab`brcs ac euc``b, jblmrb y cspk`ak. Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci K`clkidk, fuc uskak ci 5; sugctbs quc pkaceìki ac

 

ab`br, ebi absds ac 1:? lh abs vcecs k` aìk. K` fdik` ac` pcrìbab ac prucmk, sditdcrbi lcgbrks sdhidfdektdvks pkrk su ab`br ac cspk`ak, euc``b y jblmrbs. Qklmdäi fuc eblpkrkak ebi kik`häsdebs ci lës ac ;?? pkedcitcs y sc acseumrdõ quc crk tki cfcetdvk eblb `bs fërlkebs, rcauedciab c` ab`br ksbedkab ebi `k bstcbkrtrdtds ac `k rbad``k b ekacrk. Cxdstci aceciks ac cstuadbs e`ìidebs quc prucmki su cfcetdvdaka ci `ks pcrsbiks quc sufrci bstcbkrtrdtds, krtrdtds rculktbdac y hbtk. K`huibs lucstrki quc die`usb pucac uskrsc ebiguitklcitc ebi lcadeklcitbs kitddif`klktbrdbs sdi cstcrbdacs pkrk rcauedr ;== c` ab`br scvcrb. Ci Curbpk, kaclës ac trktkr `bs adfcrcitcs prbm`clks ac krtdeu`kedbics, tklmdäi sc rcebldciak pkrk c` ab`br ac l÷seu`bs y tciabics. Divcstdhkedbics ci kidlk`cs jki prbmkab su cfdekedk pkrk mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` y ebitrb`kr c` rdtlb ac` ebrkzõi. K`huibs cstuadbs jki prbmkab su cfcetdvdaka k` trktkr `k adkmctcs lc``dtus tdpb =, yk quc pucac rcauedr sdhidfdektdvklcitc `bs idvc`cs ac h`uebsk ci `k skihrc. Qklmdäi kyuak ebi `bs acsõracics hkstrbditcstdik`cs y ab`brcs ac ekmczk, eblb `k ldhrkûk. ;=5 Hciedkik (yc``bw hcitdki) Hcitdkik `utck, `utck, rkìz klkrhk, mdttcr rbbt, mdttcrwbrt  ]chu`kr y lcgbrkr c` kpctdtb

✕

 Kpbykr c` trktkldcitb ac `k kibrcxdk

✕

 Qrktkr pkedcitcs ebi kicldk

✕ ✕

 Kpbykr k pkedcitcs ebivk`cedcitcs ✕ Ksdld`kr iutrdcitcs

 

Brdhdikrdk ac `ks lbitkûks ac Curbpk ecitrk` y ac` sur, `k hciedkik fuc mkutdzkak ebi cstc iblmrc ci jbibr k Hcitdus, c` ÷`tdlb rcy ac D`drdk, ui acspkrcedab rcdib ecrekib k `b quc ketuk`lcitc cs Lbitcichrb, ci `bs Mk`ekics, qudci hbmcriõ ci c` sdh`b DD k.E. Fuc supucstklcitc ä` qudci jkmrìk acseumdcrtb sus prbpdcakacs eurktdvks. Ac jcejb, ci =??: c` Mkieb Ikedbik` ac K`mkidk `kizõ ui md``ctc ebi `ks dlëhcics ac csc rcy y `k jdcrmk, pkrk ebilclbrkr`bs. @k hciedkik sc ekrketcrdzk pbr ui ditcisb skmbr klkrhb, uskab eblb tõideb cstblkek` y pkrk `k fkmrdekedõi ac `debrcs. Uc skmc quc, prcvdb k` usb ac` `÷pu`b pkrk c`kmbrkr `k ecrvczk, sc utd`dzkmk hciedkik. Ci ;::3, c` läadeb jblcbpëtdeb Kuhustdi Qjblpsbi `k diebrpbrõ eblb su dihrcadcitc scerctb ci Lbxdc, `k prdlcrk mcmdak ekrmbiktkak fkmrdekak ci Cstkabs Sidabs. Difusdõi ac hciedkik ; euejkrkadtk ac rkìz ac hciedkik frcsek b ci pb`vb = b 5 jbgks ac lcitk ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc` b khkvc (bpedbik`) ;=1 _bi `k rkìz ac hciedkik y `ks jbgks ac lcitk ci uik tkzk. Khrähk`c c` khuk y aägk`k rcpbskr pbr uibs ;? ldiutbs, ciau`zk ebi ldc` b khkvc y mämc`k. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Eblb tä pkrk cstdlu`kr c` kpctdtb, ebldaks, ac abs k trcs vcecs k` aìk.adkrdklcitc, k` lcibs lcadk jbrk kitcs ac `ks

 

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Jky quc ebisuldr `k rkìz sd sc acsck dierclcitkr c` kpctdtb. Qklmdäi sc pucac ebischudr eblb tditurk y ci sup`clcitbs, eblb tkm`ctks b eëpsu`ks. C` cxecsb ac hciedkik pucac beksdbikr ab`br ac ekmczk, hkstrdtds, ÷`ecrks, kedacz b ek`klmrcs kmabldik`cs. Ib acmcs uskr`k sd pkacecs ac ÷`ecrks, hkstrdtds, jcridk ac jdktb, jdpcrkedacz, csbfkhdtds b jdpcrscisdmd`daka. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k rkìz ac hciedkik ebitdcic prdiedpdbs ketdvbs klkrhbs eblb `k hciedk pderdik y `k klkrbhciedkik, sustkiedk lës quc pkrk sc ebibec. trktkab Curbpcki trktkab Curbpcki  _jkrlkebpbcdk  _jkrlkebpbcdk `k  `k `k rcebldciak eblbklkrhk ui tõideb trktkr `kC`kusciedk ac kpctdtb y c` lk`cstkr cstblkek`, kyuakr ci `k ksdld`kedõi ac `bs k`dlcitbs y prbpbredbikr tbib k` trketb hkstrbditcstdik`. Adstditbs cstuadbs fkrlkeb`õhdebs diadeki quc kulcitk `k scercedõi hëstrdek, `k ac cizdlks ditcstdik`cs, `k ac` f`ugb ac `k md`ds y c` kpctdtb. Ac keucrab k uik rcvdsdõi pum`dekak ci =?;3 ci Cvdaciec-Mksca ci Cvdaciec-Mksca Eblp`clcitkry kia  kia  K`tcriktdvc K`tcriktdvc Lcadedic sbmrc Lcadedic sbmrc adstditbs cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci Uudzk c Dih`ktcrrk, `k achustkedõi ac p`kitks klkrhks guchk ui pkpc` e`kvc ci c` lkicgb ac `bs trkstbribs ditcstdik`cs. Cstb sc acmc k quc c` klkrhbr cstdlu`k `k scercedõi ac tbaks `ks h`ëiau`ks adhcstdvks, citrc c``ks `ks sk`dvk`cs. Cstk keedõi kmrc c` kpctdtb y fked`dtk `k adhcstdõi ac `bs k`dlcitbs. Uc jk eblprbmkab quc fkvbrcec `k kmsbredõi ac iutrdcitcs ac `bs k`dlcitbs, y cs cspcedk`lcitc cfcetdvk ekptkiab c` jdcrrb y `k vdtkldik M;=. _br cstb cs luy rceblciakak pkrk trktkr k qudcics pkaceci prbm`clks k`dlcitdedbs eblb kibrcxdk, cstëi ci ebivk`ceciedk trks uik `krhk cifcrlcaka b ebi kicldk. Qklmdäi sc rcebldciak pkrk pcrsbiks quc sufrci päradak ac skihrc y pkrk lugcrcs ebi lcistrukedõi kmuiakitc. Ci =?;3 Qjc Gburik` bf Eblp`clcitkry kia K`tcriktdvc Lcadedic pum`deõ ui cstuadb ;=3

 

rck`dzkab sbmrc c` usb ac `k hciedkik eblmdikak ebi gcihdmrc y e÷reulk pkrk trktkr `k kibrcxdk, eblb ui sìitblk ebl÷i ci pkedcitcs ebi eëiecr kvkizkab. Cstks trcs jdcrmks jki sdab trkadedbik`lcitc utd`dzkaks pkrk cstdlu`kr c` kpctdtb. ;=6 Hdinhb md`bmk (lkdacijkdr) Uk`dsmurdk kadkitdfb`dk  Lcgbrkr `k ebiecitrkedõi

✕

 Adsldiudr c` rdcshb ac acskrrb``kr

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aclciedk scid` y K`zjcdlcr ✕

 Eblmktdr c` csträs ✕ Eblmktdr `k kisdcaka y `k acprcsdõi  ]chcicrkedõi beu`kr

✕

C` hdinhb md`bmk cs `k cspcedc vchctk` lës kitdhuk sbmrc `k fkz ac `k Qdcrrk, ebi =8? ld``bics ac kûbs ac cxdstciedk. Uus brìhcics cstëi ci Ejdik, abiac sc `c lciedbik ci sus `dmrbs ac lcadedik trkadedbik` y ci `k `dtcrkturk. Qklmdäi sc ciebitrkrbi cgclp`krcs ci Gkpõi, ec`bsklcitc rcshukrakabs pbr lbigcs muadstks ci `bs daì`debs gkradics ac sus tclp`bs. Kaclës, ci Diadk kpbrtkmk ui eblpbicitc mësdeb pkrk c` sblk sblk,, uik mcmdak ac cfcetbs ikreõtdebs uskak ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik`. Cxdstci cvdaciedks ac k`huibs cgclp`krcs ac lës ac ld` kûbs ac kitdhðcaka. T cs su dlprcsdbikitc rcsdstciedk `b quc ebiecitrk c` lkybr ditcräs ac `bs edcitìfdebs. Ci ;413, eukiab uik mblmk ktõldek prëetdeklcitc acstruyõ `k eduaka gkpbicsk ac Jdrbsjdlk, `bs ërmb`cs ac hdinhb quc jkmìk ci `k zbik sbmrcvdvdcrbi… T k÷i lës7 kpciks sufrdcrbi akûbs c die`usb cstëi vdvbs y sk`uakm`cs jkstk jby. jby. Difusdõi ac hdinhb md`bmk

 

8 u : jbgks sceks ac hdinhb md`bmk b uik euejkrkak ac jbgks trdturkaks ;=8 1 tkzks ac khuk Ldc` b stcvdk _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `ks jbgks ac hdinhb pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs. Kpkhk. Acgk quc rcpbsci pbr ;? ldiutbs. Euc`k uik tkzk ac `k difusdõi. Cia÷`zk`k, sd qudcrcs, ebi ldc` b stcvdk y adsfr÷tk`k. _ucacs tblkr jkstk trcs tkzks k` aìk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b K adkrdb, cspcedk`lcitc ciac pcrìbabs qucb cxdhci lkybr rciadldcitb b sbi ac luejb csträs, b jky fk``ks lclbrdk pbek ebiecitrkedõi.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Cs rceblciakm`c quc ebisu`tcs ebi tu läadeb ac ekmcecrk kitcs ac uskr`k y ebldciecs tblkiab `k absds lës mkgk. Cs prcfcrdm`c ib ebisuldr lës ac ;=? lh adkrdbs pkrk cvdtkr lb`cstdks hkstrbditcstdik`cs. Acmcs tcicr ui ebisulb lìidlb ac euktrb sclkiks pkrk vcr rcsu`tkabs. @k ÷`tdlk absds tõlk`k k lës tkrakr k `ks 37?? p.l. pkrk cvdtkr prbm`clks ac disblidb. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab ebi `k lkybrìk ac `bs cstuadbs, c` hdinhb md`bmk cs schurb y cfdekz prbtchdciab k` brhkidslb ebitrk c` akûb ac `ks ldtbebiardks y c` csträs bxdaktdvb. Qdcic lës ac 1? eblpbicitcs, pcrb su pbtciedk sc mksk fuiaklcitk`lcitc ci f`kvbibdacs y tcrpcibdacs, quc kyuaki k rk`citdzkr `k prbhrcsdõi ac `ks cifcrlcakacs rc`kedbikaks ebi `k caka.

 

Uch÷i `k Ditcriktdbik` `k Ditcriktdbik` Gburik` bf _jybtjcrkpy kia _jytbpjkrlkeb`bhy y _jytbpjkrlkeb`bhy y `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, c` hdinhb md`bmk cs klp`dklcitc utd`dzkab c divcstdhkab ci Curbpk pkrk trktkr `k aclciedk y c` K`zjcdlcr. Divcstdhkedbics rcedcitcs suhdcrci quc pucac prbtchcr `ks eä`u`ks icrvdbsks ac` ecrcmrb quc jki sdab akûkaks, tdcic ui cfcetb pbsdtdvb ci `k lclbrdk y c` pciskldcitb ci pcrsbiks ebi K`zjcdlcr b aclciedk vkseu`kr. Ac keucrab k difbrlkedõi pum`dekak ci sdtdbs cspcedk`dzkabs ci jcrmb`krdk ac Cspkûk, ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci K`clkidk ebistktõ quc c` rdchb skihuìicb ci c` ecrcmrb kulcitkmk ui 38% trks uik jbrk ac dihcrdr`b. Btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab ebi pcrsbiks ac caka kvkizkak quc jkmìki sufrdab trkstbribs ecrcmrk`cs aurkitc `bs ÷`tdlbs kûbs, trks ;=: ebisuldr cxtrketb ac hdinhb ebi rchu`krdaka aurkitc trcs lcscs lbstrkrbi ui 8=% ac lcgbrìk. @k E`ìidek Lkyb y `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia sbstdcici quc, ac keucrab k `k divcstdhkedõi adspbidm`c, c` hdinhb bfrcec mcicfdedbs k `ks pcrsbiks ebi trkstbrib ac kisdcaka hcicrk`dzkak. @k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia tklmdäi scûk`k quc, ac keucrab k cstuadbs, `bs f`kvbibdacs quc sc cieucitrki ci c` hdinhb pucaci kyuakr k actcicr b rcauedr k`huibs prbm`clks ac `k rctdik. K`huibs cstuadbs suhdcrci quc pucac kyuakr k prcscrvkr `k vdsdõi ci kquc``bs pkedcitcs quc pkaceci achcicrkedõi lkeu`kr. ;=4 Hdiscih (Klcrdeki hdiscih)  _kikx qudiqucfb`dus, qudiqucfb`dus, hdiscih ebrckib, hdiscih ksdëtdeb, hdiscih ejdib, hdiscih rbgb, hdiscih klcrdekib  Kulcitkr `k cicrhìk y `k vdtk`daka

✕

 Eblmktdr c` actcrdbrb ac fuiedbics

✕

ebhidtdvks (K`zjcdlcr)

 

 Eblmktdr `k fktdhk

✕

 Lcgbrkr `k `dmdab y eblmktdr `k adsfuiedõi

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cräetd` Ci k`huiks äpbeks ac `k jdstbrdk, `ks rkìecs ac hdiscih fucrbi tki kpctcedaks quc k`huibs clpcrkabrcs ejdibs `ks ``klkmki ‐c` c`dxdr ac `k vdak“, y cstkmki `dtcrk`lcitc adspucstbs k pkhkr brb pbr cstks. T cs quc sch÷i `bs ebibedldcitbs trkadedbik`cs, cstk rkìz `cs fbrtk`ceìk c` k`lk y crk e`kvc pkrk kschurkr`cs `bihcvdaka y sk`ua. Ib sc skmc ebi ecrtczk sd c` hdiscih fuc acseumdcrtb ci Ejdik b ci Diadk, pcrb ci klmks rchdbics kpkrcedõ jkec uibs edieb ld` kûbs. @bs Vcaks diadbs actk``kmki su ekpkedaka pkrk fblcitkr `k fucrzk y `k sk`ua ac` eucrpb y c` k`lk, ldcitrks quc `bs ejdibs aceìki quc crk uik rkìz ld`khrbsk, ekpkz ac d`uldikr `bs bgbs, k`dvdkr c` ebrkzõi y k`dlcitkr `k lcitc. C` `dmrb Ujkihjki @ui lciedbik @ui lciedbik =; usbs fkrlkeb`õhdebs ac cstk rkìz. Ib ci vkib su iblmrc pkikx iblmrc  pkikx prbvdcic  prbvdcic ac `k pk`kmrk ‐pkikeck“, quc sdhidfdek ‐`b quc eurk tbab“. Qä ac hdiscih ; rkìz ac hdiscih rbgb (b 1 h ac hdiscih rbgb ci pb`vb) ;5? = tkzks ac khuk Jdcrvc c` khuk ci uik b``k ebi c` hdiscih. Aägk`b jcrvdr pbr ;3 ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr. Euä`k`b y sìrvc`b. _ucacs tblkr jkstk trcs tkzks k` aìk. Cxtrketb ac hdiscih rbgb =3 hbtks ac cxtrketb ac hdiscih

 

: bizks ac khuk ]cvuä`vc`b y tõlktc`b. _ucacs khrchkr c` cxtrketb k ui guhb ac frutks b ui tä sd prcfdcrcs. Qõlk`b ac uik k trcs vcecs k` aìk.

Euëiab uskr`b K adkrdb, pbr `k lkûkik, lcadbaìk y lcadk tkrac.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Qklmdäi pucacs uskr sup`clcitbs ac hdiscih pkrk rcclp`kzkr c` tä b c` cxtrketb, ac uikaclksdkab k trcs vcecsk`tks k` aìk. Ib uscs tä b cxtrketb k` ldslb tdclpb. Absds pucaci prbvbekrtc ab`br yacsup`clcitbs ekmczk y btrks lb`cstdks. ]cvdsk `k tkm`k ac dihrcadcitcs ac btrbs sup`clcitbs b täs quc uscs, yk quc ci beksdbics vdcic lcze`kab. Uc rcebldciak uskr`b pbr abs lcscs, acsekiskr ui lcs y rctblkr`b sd cs icecskrdb. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac k `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, adstditbs ( _kikx jki eblprbmkab quckeucrab `k eblpbsdedõi quìldek ac` hdiscih klcrdekib (cstuadbs  _kikx qudiqucfb`dus) qudiqucfb`dus ) y `k ac` ksdëtdeb, rbgb b ebrckib ( _kikx ( _kikx hdiscih) hdiscih) sbi sdld`krcs, y vkrìki mësdeklcitc ci `k ebiecitrkedõi. Klmbs ebitdcici hdisciõsdabs, quc sbi `ks sustkiedks quc k` pkrcecr `c aki sus prbpdcakacs lcadedik`cs. Ci tkitb, c` hdiscih sdmcrdkib b c`cutjcrb cs uik p`kitk adfcrcitc ebi btrbs cfcetbs. Edcitìfdebs rusbs acseumrdcrbi quc `k rkìz ac` hdiscih cs ui kakptõhcib, cs acedr, quc kyuak k` brhkidslb k acfciacrsc ac` csträs y sus ebisceuciedks. Ac jcejb, sc jk utd`dzkab eblb sup`clcitb pkrk `bs kstrbikutks rusbs ebi c` prbpõsdtb ac lcgbrkr su rcsdstciedk. Sik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci `k Sidvcrsdaka Ibrtjulmrdk, ci c` ]cdib Sidab,

 

;5; cvk`uõ `bs cfcetbs ac` hdiscih sbmrc c` cstkab ac ëidlb y `k ketdvdaka ecrcmrk` ci 5? pcrsbiks skiks. Acspuäs ac uik sclkik, qudcics tuvdcrbi `k lkybr absds lcgbrkrbi c` idvc` ac ek`lk, ksì eblb sus rcspucstks k prchuitks ac krdtlätdek lcitk`. Qklmdäi kyuak k prbtchcr c` ecrcmrb ac cifcrlcakacs icurbachcicrktdvks, eblb c` K`zjcdlcr. Ksì qucaõ ac lkidfdcstb ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Ebrck ac` Uur ci =??8. Acspuäs ac euktrb y abec sclkiks, `bs rcsu`tkabs lbstrkrbi quc c` hdiscih lcgbrõ `ks csek`ks ebhidtdvks> ci tkitb quc k` acgkr ac suldidstrkr`b, `bs idvc`cs ebhidtdvbs mkgkrbi. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Nyuih Jcc, ci Uc÷`, Ebrck, ci =??4, eblprbmõ quc c` hdiscih ebrckib y c` hdiscih ac lbitkûk ( _kikx ( _kikx hdiscih) hdiscih) pbscci prbpdcakacs quc pucaci kyuakr k eblmktdr `k fk`tk ac `dmdab y `k adsfuiedõi cräetd`. ;5= H`uebskldik (h`uebskldic) Uu`fktb ac h`uebskldik  Qrktkr ab`br ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics

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 Kyuakr  K yuakr k `k rceupcrkedõi ac `csdbics `cs dbics ci

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ebabs, rbad``ks y acabs ac lkibs y pdcs  Qrktkr ab`br y prbm`clks ci `bs adsebs ac

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`k eb`ulik  Qrktkr prbm`clks ac lbvd`daka pbr

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rdhdacz ac `ks krtdeu`kedbics

@k h`uebskldik cs ui kldibëedab quc prbauedlbs ikturk`lcitc ci iucstrb

 

brhkidslb. Cs icecskrdb pkrk quc `k skihrc pucak prbauedr ëedab jdk`urõideb, ciekrhkab ac rcpkrkr `csdbics ac `k pdc`, lclmrkiks luebsks, vë`vu`ks ekraìkeks, ekrtì`khb y `ìqudab sdibvdk`, ui tdpb ac hc`ktdik quc pcrldtc lbvcr `ks krtdeu`kedbics. K lcadak quc civcgceclbs, `k ekpkedaka ikturk` ac prbauedr h`uebskldik adsldiuyc. Cxdstci k`dlcitbs rdebs ci h`uebskldik eblb hc`ktdik ikturk`, jbihbs lkdtknc, ebiejks ac erustëecbs y lciuaciedks ekrtd`khdibsks ac kidlk`cs, eblb tk`õi ac rcs, brcgks y jbedeb ac ecrab, pktks ac ebicgb y pb``b, citrc btrks, luy ebisuldaks ci k`huiks pkrtcs ac` luiab. Ci ;:86, c` edrugkib k`clëi Hcbrh @caacrjbsc acseumrdõ quc `k h`uebskldik tklmdäi sc pucac jkecr sditätdeklcitc. _br btrk pkrtc, `k lciedõi ac `k h`uebskldik ci c` `dmrb Qjc Krtjrdtds Eurc ac` Eurc ac` abetbr Gksbi Qjcbabsknds, pum`dekab ci ;446, jk jcejb quc cstc kldibëedab sck c` sup`clcitb lës vciadab ci `k ketuk`daka. Mktdab p÷rpurk ;55 6 bizks ac qucsb ac ekmczk ac ecrab ; tkzk ac cspdikek ¼ tkzk ac tblktcs ecrczk ¼ tkzk ac jbihbs lkdtknc frcsebs b acsjdarktkabs ° ac tkzk ac k`lciarks Uk`

 

_dldcitk Kecdtc ac b`dvk Vdikhrc mk`sëldeb mk`s ëldeb Lcze`k `k cspdikek, `bs tblktcs, `bs jbihbs y `ks k`lciarks. K`ìûk`bs ebi sk`, pdldcitk, kecdtc y vdikhrc. Ebrtk c` qucsb ci trbedtbs y kûëac`b. Lcze`k mdci y sdrvc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Diebrpbrk `bs k`dlcitbs quc ebitcihki ikturk`lcitc h`uebskldik k tu adctk adkrdklcitc, sd tdcics prbm`clks ac krtdeu`kedbics.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud sufrcs ac prbm`clks erõidebs ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics, tblk sup`clcitbs ac h`uebskldik ac 3?? lh trcs vcecs k` aìk (b su cqudvk`citc pkrk eblp`ctkr ;,3?? lh adkrdbs). Ud pkacecs ac adkmctcs b tdcics prbm`clks ac kz÷ekr, ebisu`tk ebi tu abetbr kitcs. Ci beksdbics, pucac kulcitkr c` idvc` ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci ;48; sc acseumrdõ quc, cfcetdvklcitc, kyuak k prbtchcr `bs ekrtì`khbs, `dhklcitbs y tciabics ac` acshkstc ibrlk`, cstdlu`k su prbaueedõi y eblmktc `k päradak ac tcgdab k ekusk ac` civcgcedldcitb b ac cifcrlcakacs eblb krtrdtds b `csdbics. Uc jk aclbstrkab quc `k eblmdikedõi ac h`uebskldik y su`fktb ac ebiarbdtdik cstdlu`k ac lcgbr lkicrk `k sìitcsds ac ekrtì`khb, `b rcpkrk y adsldiuyc su acshkstc, ksì eblb cstdlu`k `k fbrlkedõi ac `ìqudab sdibvdk` ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics. Ci Curbpk klmbs sup`clcitbs sc jki utd`dzkab pkrk trktkr `k bstcbkrtrdtds (BK) ci ekmk``bs y pcrrbs acsac jkec aäekaks. T acsac ;4:? sc utd`dzki cxdtbsklcitc ci julkibs.

 

K`huibs cstuadbs kschurki quc `k eblmdikedõi ac h`uebskldik y ebiarbdtdik cs lës ;51 cfdekz quc luejbs fërlkebs uskabs ci c` trktkldcitb ac lb`cstdks, ac lbacrkaks k scvcrks, ac `ks rbad``ks acmdab k `k bstcbkrtrbsds. Ac keucrab k difbrlkedõi pum`dekak pbr `bs Distdtutbs Ikedbik`cs ac `k Uk`ua (IDJ) sc rck`dzkrbi cstuadbs lbidtbrckabs pbr ;5 uidvcrsdakacs quc eblprbmkrbi quc `k eblmdikedõi ac h`uebskldik y ebiarbdtdik fuc lës cfdekz rcauedciab c` ab`br ci ;,3?? pkedcitcs ebi bstcbkrtrdtds quc c` kik`häsdeb ec`cebxdm, aurkitc euktrb lcscs ac usb. @k E`ìidek Lkyb rcebldciak ui ebisulb tbtk` ac ;,3?? lh adkrdbs ac e`brjdarktb ac h`uebskldik, `k fbrlk lës ebl÷ilcitc utd`dzkak. @k h`uebskldik sb`k b ci ebiguitb tbakvìk ib jk sdab mdci cstuadkak eblb trktkldcitb ac btrks fbrlks ac krtrdtds b cifcrlcakacs ksbedkaks, eblb krtrdtds rculktbdac b hbtk. Udi clmkrhb, sc rcebldciak tblkr`k eblb lcadak ac prcvciedõi. ;53 Hrbsc``k ichrk (m`ken eurrkit)  ]dmcs idhrul, idhrul, zkrzkpkrrd``k ichrk, ekssds, hrbsc``k ichrk, hrbsc``k zkitc, hrkiktc ichrb, ikmkr, rdmcs icrb  C`dldikr `ìqudab

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 Qrktkr dif`klkedõi ekuskak pbr

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rculktdslb  Qrktkr k`crhdks

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 Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

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 Kpbykr `k sk`ua ekradbvkseu`kr

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 ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

 

@k hrbsc``k ichrk cs ui krmustb ac frutbs lës pcqucûbs y lës bseurbs quc c` krëiakib kzu` y ac ui skmbr luejb lës ditcisb, ebi prbpdcakacs sdld`krcs k csks mkyks, pcrb k÷i lës kecitukaks. Brdhdikrdk ac `ks zbiks lës tclp`kaks, j÷lcaks y färtd`cs ac Curbpk y Ksdk, jkmrìk sdab acseumdcrtk pbr `bs hrdchbs ci `k rchdõi ac Ebrditb. T kuiquc beksdbik`lcitc sc `c jk ``klkab ‐pksk ac Ebrditb“, cs ui frutb eblp`ctklcitc adstditb k `ks uvks pksks. Kuiquc cstks frutks crki ebibedaks ci Curbpk y Iucvk Wc`kiak, ci Cstkabs Sidabs fucrbi prëetdeklcitc acsebibedaks ci `bs ÷`tdlbs ;?? kûbs. Die`usb, jkstk kmrd` ac` =??5, `ks hrbsc``ks fucrbi trktkaks eblb ‐frutks prbjdmdaks“ acmdab k edcrtks rcstrdeedbics khrìeb`ks ci vkrdbs cstkabs quc dlpcaìki su eu`tdvb. Mktdab p÷rpurk 1 bizks ac guhb ac uvk ichrk (sdi kz÷ekr) ;56 1 hrklbs ac guhb ac hrbsc``k ichrk (sdi kz÷ekr) ; tkzk ac hrbsc``ks ichrks frcseks, ebihc`kaks b acsjdarktkaks ¼ tkzk ac frklmucsks ¼ tkzk ac ecrczks sdi scld``k ¼

tkzk ac frcsks

 

Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y adsfr÷tk`b. _ucacs khrchkr`c ui pkr ac eumbs ac jdc`b sd tc hustk mdci frìb. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`ks Khrähk`ks k tu adctk rchu`kr, k euk`qudcr jbrk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs ciebitrkr hrbsc``ks ichrks frcseks, ebihc`kaks b acsjdarktkaks, ci euk`qudcr tdciak b lcrekab ac prbauetbs curbpcbs b ksdëtdebs. @bs tkidibs quc pbscci cvcituk`lcitc pucaci drrdtkr `k luebsk hëstrdek ci pcrsbiks ebi prbm`clks ac hkstrdtds y ÷`ecrk hkstrbaubacik`. Eblb trktkldcitb lcadedik`, sc suc`c utd`dzkr c` kecdtc ac scld``k ac hrbsc``k ichrk, adspbidm`c ci eëpsu`ks ac 3?? lh y ;,??? lh (;,??? lh cs c` lëxdlb pbr aìk quc sc rcebldciak). _br quä sì fuiedbik @k hrbsc``k ichrk ebitdcic edieb vcecs lës vdtkldik E quc `k ikrkigk, `bs iutrdcitcs, fdtbquìldebs y `bs kitdbxdakitcs. Kaclës, c` kecdtc ac su scld``k ebitdcic ëedab hkllk-`dib`äideb (H@K), quc sc jk aclbstrkab quc pucac lcgbrkr `k rcspucstk ac` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab pbr `k ]cvdstk `k ]cvdstk E`ìidek ac Iutrdedõi ci ;444, sus sup`clcitbs lcgbrki `k diluidaka acmdab k su ekpkedaka pkrk rcauedr `k prbaueedõi ac prbstkh`kiadik C. @k keedõi kitddif`klktbrdk ac su kecdtc ac scld``k y jbgks cs sdld`kr k `k ebrtdsbik, pcrb sdi cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs, hrkedks k su ebiecitrkedõi ac ëedabs hrksbs csciedk`cs. Luejks lugcrcs `b uski pkrk adsldiudr `bs sìitblks ac `k lcibpkusdk, c` sìiarblc prclcistruk`, `bs pcrìbabs ab`brbsbs y `k scisdmd`daka ci `bs scibs. Uus jbgks sceks tklmdäi ebitdcici kitbedkidiks quc rcaueci `k dif`klkedõi y c`

 

ab`br ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics ebi ui cfcetb sdld`kr k` ac `k kspdrdik b c` dmuprbfcib. Qklmdäi ;58 kyuak k eblmktdr `k krtrdtds, `k hbtk y c` rculktdslb, ksì eblb btrbs prbm`clks eblb adkrrck, eõ`debs, jcpktdtds, cifcrlcakacs ac` jìhkab, ebivu`sdbics c dif`klkedõi ac `k mbek y `k hkrhkitk. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac _cisd`vkidk y pum`dekab ci `k ]cvdstk `k ]cvdstk ac ]culktb`bhìk, ]culktb`bhìk, ci ;441, c` kecdtc ac su scld``k cs cfcetdvb pkrk adsldiudr `bs sìitblks ac `k krtrdtds rculktbdac. Uu keedõi adurätdek kyuak k prblbvcr c` f`ugb ac brdik, c`dldikr pdcarks ac `k vcgdhk, `k urck y c` ëedab ÷rdeb, citrc btrbs mcicfdedbs. Kulcitk `k rcsdstciedk ac `bs ekpd`krcs skihuìicbs. Cs mcicfdedbsk ci trkstbribs edreu`ktbrdbs, eblb `ks vërdecs y ci c` trktkldcitb ac keedacitcs ecrcmrbvkseu`krcs. ;5: Hukrkië (hukrkik)  _ku``didk eupkik, eupkik, ekekb mrksd`cûb, eupkik, hukrkië ac Lkuäs  Kulcitkr `k cicrhìk

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 Eblmktdr `k fktdhk erõidek

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 Lcgbrkr c` rciadldcitb acpbrtdvb

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 Mkgkr ac pcsb

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Eucitk uik `cyciak mrksd`cûk quc c` krmustb ac `k hukrkië ikedõ ac uik trkhcadk ci uik ebluidaka ac diaìhciks lkuäs ci c` Klkzbiks. Si pcqucûb idûb, acstdikab k scr c` futurb scûbr ac `k hucrrk, ekusõ `k civdadk ac` adbs ac` lk`, Gurupkrd, c` euk` acedadõ lktkr`b ldcitrks rcebhìk mkyks ci c` mbsquc. Qrks su lucrtc, Qupk, c` adbs ac` trucib, k` vcr tkitb ab`br ci sus pkarcs y ci `k trdmu, pdadõ quc citcrrkrki `bs bgbs ac` idûb. Ac cstbs ikedõ ui krmustb ebi uibs frutbs quc `cs acvb`vdcrbi `k fc`dedaka.

 

@bs kmbrìhcics ac` Klkzbiks jki utd`dzkab `k hukrkië ac luejks lkicrks. Ci cspcedk`, sus scld``ks pkrk c`kmbrkr uik mcmdak cicrhätdek quc `cs kyuak k rck`dzkr `krhks trkvcsìks. Si ldsdbicrb gcsudtk ac` sdh`b ZVDD cserdmdõ quc k `bs iktdvbs `cs akmk ‐tkitk cicrhìk quc eukiab ekzkmki pbaìki pkskr ac ui aìk pkrk btrb sdi scitdr jklmrc“. Mcmdak tcrlbhäidek y cstdlu`kitc ikturk` ebi hukrkië ° ac euejkrkadtk ac hukrkië ci pb`vb ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc frcseb = jbgks ac lcitk frcsek : bizks ac khuk ; euejkrkak ac ldc` (bpedbik`) ;54 Guhb ac ui `dlõi @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b ac dilcadktb. Guhb ac frutks ebi hukrkië ° ac euejkrkadtk ac hukrkië ci pb`vb

 

; vksb ac guhb ac ikrkigk ; tkzk ac frcsks Khuk (bpedbik`) ; euejkrkak ac ldc` (bpedbik`) @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b ac dilcadktb.

Euëiab uskr`b _br `k lkûkik b k lcadk lkûkik, eblb rcclp`kzb ac` ekfä b tä. Kitcs ac jkecr cgcrededb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ib `k ebisulks ecrek ac `k jbrk ac abrldr. Ssk sb`b `ks absds rceblciakaks ac` prbauetb. Ib uscs k` ldslb tdclpb prbauetbs ebi ekfcìik. @ks mcmdaks cicrhätdeks quc ebitdcici hukrkië ib sbi rceblciakm`cs acmdab k quc utd`dzki absds cxecsdvks, pc`dhrbsks y ci eblmdikedõi ebi btrbs prbauetbs cicrhätdebs quc pucaci prbvbekr uik sbmrcabsds ac cstdlu`kitcs. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k Kaldidstrkedõi ac K`dlcitbs y Lcadeklcitbs ac Cstkabs Sidabs cstkm`cec quc `k hukrkië cs ‐hcicrk`lcitc schurk“ k` scr utd`dzkak pkrk lcgbrkr c` rciadldcitb acpbrtdvb, eblb cstdlu`kitc, pkrk rcauedr `k fktdhk lcitk` y fìsdek, y pkrk mkgkr ac pcsb.

 

Ebitdcic ebiecitrkedbics lës k`tks ac ekfcìik quc euk`qudcr btrk p`kitk. Qklmdäi ebitdcic pcqucûks ekitdakacs ac tcbfd`dik y tcbmrbldik, sdld`krcs k `k ekfcìik, kuiquc tdcici cfcetbs sutd`lcitc adfcrcitcs. Ebitdcic kaclës tkidibs, quc jkeci quc `k ekfcìik sc `dmcrc `citklcitc ci c` eucrpb, jkedciab quc c` k`zk ac cicrhìk sck lës aurkacrk. ;1? @bs rcfrcsebs mrksd`cûbs ebluics `k jki die`udab acsac ;4?4 ci absds lbacrkaks. Cs ebisdacrkak ui sup`clcitb tcrlbhäideb quc kulcitk `k prbaueedõi ac ek`br ci c` eucrpb pkrk quc `k hrksk ebrpbrk` sc usc eblb cicrhìk. @k Gburik` bf Qjc Ditcriktdbik` Ubedcty bf Upbrts Iutrdtdbi pum`deõ Iutrdtdbi pum`deõ ci =?;3 ui cstuadb jcejb pbr c` Qcxks Qcxks Qcej Sidvcrsdty Jck`tj Uedciecs Ecitcr, quc prbmõ `k cfcetdvdaka tcrlbhäidek ac k`huibs prbauetbs quc die`uyci `k hukrkië pkrk lcgbrkr c` rciadldcitb fìsdeb y btrbs mcicfdedbs rc`kedbikabs ebi `k päradak ac hrksk vdieu`kak k` cgcrededb. @k Gburik` K`tcriktdvc kia Eblp`clcitkry Lcadedic, Lcadedic, ac Iucvk Tbrn, Tbrn, pum`deõ ci =?;; `k divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k KME Uejbb` bf Lcadedic ac Mrksd`, quc eblprbmõ quc cs uik k`tcriktdvk cfdekz, ib ebstbsk y ib tõxdek pkrk trktkr `k fktdhk ci pkedcitcs quc rcedmci qudldbtcrkpdk sdstäldek. Uus cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs sbi hcicrk`lcitc `bs ldslbs quc `bs ac `k ekfcìik c die`uyci prbm`clks ac sucûb, kisdcaka, diqudctua, lk`cstkr cstblkek` y `ktdabs ekraìkebs kec`crkabs. ;1; Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki (Ut. Gbji—s wbrt)  Jypcrdeul pcrfbrktul, pcrfbrktul, jdpärdeb, jdpcrdeõi, ebrkzbied``b  Ketukr sbmrc c` sdstclk icrvdbsb pkrk

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ebitrkrrcstkr kisdcaka, acprcsdõi `cvc, tcrrbrcs ibeturibs c disblidb

 

 Qrktkr cspkslbs hkstrbditcstdik`cs,

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hkstrdtds, adkrrcks y eb`bi drrdtkm`c  Qrktkr sìitblks prclcistruk`cs,

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lcistruk`cs y lcibpëusdebs ✕ Qrktkr jclbrrbdacs y frkhd`daka ekpd`kr y edektrdzkr jcrdaks ac `k pdc`  Qrktkr ab`brcs luseu`krcs y icrvdbsbs

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Jkec lës ac abs ld` kûbs, `bs hrdchbs yk ebisdacrkmki quc `ks prbpdcakacs ac `k jdcrmk ac Uki Guki dmki lës k``ë ac `b dlkhdikm`c. C` pdbicrb ac `k lcadedik, Jdpõerktcs, `k utd`dzkmk ebi fdics kitddif`klktbrdbs, ldcitrks quc c` mbtëideb _cakidb Adbseõrdacs aceìk quc, citrc btrks ebsks, cstdlu`kmk `k lcistrukedõi, kekmkmk ebi `ks fdcmrcs tcredkaks y eukrtkiks, skikmk `ks quclkaurks ac fuchb y, sd sc mcmìk pbr lës ac 1? aìks, eurkmk `k edëtdek. Ci `k Caka Lcadk sc `c rcebibeìki ekpkedakacs kitdmdõtdeks y crk uskak pkrk edektrdzkr quclkaurks, ``khks y `ks jcrdaks ac hucrrk. Ac jcejb, ci c` sdh`b ZVD sc `c ``klõ ‐jdcrmk ac `ks jcrdaks“ y `uchb ‐jdcrmk ld`dtkr“. Jby ci aìk, su kyuak ebi c` sdstclk icrvdbsb cs k`tklcitc vk`brkak ci pkìscs eblb K`clkidk, abiac su vcitk y usb pkrk cstc prbpõsdtb supcrk k `bs ac` _rbzke. Lkecrkab ac Uki Guki pkrk `csdbics ac `k pdc`, jclbrrbdacs y ab`brcs ;1= luseu`krcs 1 euejkrkaks ac jdcrmk ac Uki Guki = euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk Luc`c `k jdcrmkciy ui khrähk`c c` kecdtc. Aägk`kpbr lkecrkr ci uik mbtc``kEuä`k`k ac vdardb ecrrkakmdci y hukrakak `uhkr bseurb y frcseb k` lcibs =1 jbrks. y

kp`ìek`k sbmrc `k zbik quc icecsdtcs.

 

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Eblb tä, trcs vcecs k` aìk eblb lëxdlb. Sik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr, pkrk eblmktdr c` disblidb. Kp`dek abs vcecs k` aìk ac lbab tõpdeb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud sufrcs kisdcaka b acprcsdõi, sc rcebldciak utd`dzkr sup`clcitbs ac jdcrmk ac Uki Guki pbr k` lcibs bejb sclkiks, mkgb supcrvdsdõi läadek. Ud `k usks ci `k pdc`, ib acmcs cxpbicrtc k` sb`, yk quc `k jdpcrdedik quc ebitdcic ci ebitketb ebi `k `uz sb`kr pucac prbauedr jdpcrscisdmd`daka. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab ebi c` Ecitrb Läadeb ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, `k jdcrmk ac Uki Guki pkrcec fuiedbikr tki mdci ci c` ecrcmrb ci `k sìitcsds ac `bs icurbtrkisldsbrcs scrbtbidik, abpkldik y ibrcpdicfrdik eblb `b jkeci `bs fërlkebs, pcrb sdi sus cfcetbs eb`ktcrk`cs, lcgbrkiab c` cstkab ac ëidlb y eblmktdciab `k acprcsdõi. Uc jk cstuadkab quc su usb prb`bihkab ‑citrc euktrb y scds lcscs‑ pucac rcpkrkr sdstclk sdi keulu`kedõi ac tbxdiks ci `k skihrc y c` jìhkab, eblb sìc`beurrc ebiicrvdbsb, `bs fërlkebs. @k jdcrmk ac Uki Guki prbauec abeciks ac sustkiedks eblb `k jdpcrdedik, quc tdcic ui cfcetb kitdacprcsdvb, y `k jdpcrfbrdik, quc cs ui trkiqud`dzkitc sukvc. Btrbs eblpucstbs eblb `bs tkidibs `c btbrhki uik pbacrbsk keedõi kitdsäptdek, kstrdihcitc y edektrdzkitc pkrk jcrdaks, quclkaurks y ``khks. Qklmdäi jky k`huibs rcsu`tkabs ac cstuadbs prbldsbrdbs sbmrc su cfdekedk ci c` trktkldcitb ac ceeclk. @bs f`kvbibdacs, eblb rutdik, qucrectdik y nkclpfcrb`, tdcici ui cfcetb ;15

 

kitdcspkslõadeb, kyuaki k trktkr `k kedacz hëstrdek, `k ÷`ecrk ac cstõlkhb, `ks adkrrcks y `bs võldtbs, citrc btrbs. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci c` Distdtutb ac Edciedks _sdeb`õhdeks, ci c` ]cdib Sidab, lbstrõ quc c` ebisulb ac cstk jdcrmk pucac kyuakr k adsldiudr `bs sìitblks ac` sìiarblc prclcistruk` eblb ab`brcs y eklmdbs ac ëidlb. Ldcitrks btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab ci K`clkidk y pum`dekab pbr Kavkiec pbr Kavkiec di Qjcrkpy aclbstrõ Qjcrkpy aclbstrõ quc su usb k`dvdk `bs sìitblks psdeb`õhdebs y psdebsblëtdebs, kaclës ac lcgbrkr c` mdcicstkr scxuk` aurkitc `k lcibpkusdk. Cstë ci prbecsb ac kië`dsds c` pbsdm`c usb ac `k jdcrmk ac Uki Guki ci c` trktkldcitb ac btrbs trkstbribs, eblb aäfdedt ac ktciedõi y trkstbrib kfcetdvb cstkedbik`, citrc btrbs. ;11 Jdibgb (swcct fciic`)  Fbcideu`ul vu`hkrc  Qrktkr prbm`clks beu`krcs y actcrdbrb ac

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`k vdsdõi  @kvkr `bs bgbs

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 Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

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 Eblmktdr `k rctciedõi ac `ìqudab

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 K`dvdkr lb`cstdks cstblkek`cs

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Kuiquc ib cs uib ac `bs vchctk`cs lës ebisuldabs citrc `bs jdspkibs, c` jdibgb cs pkrtc csciedk` ac `k hkstrbiblìk ac luejks rchdbics ac Cspkûk, ksì eblb ac Frkiedk, Lkrrucebs c Diadk. @bs chdpedbs `b utd`dzkmki pkrk trktkr prbm`clks cstblkek`cs, ldcitrks quc `bs rblkibs uskmki su rkìz pkrk acspcgkr `bs bgbs ium`kabs y euk`qudcr prbm`clk rc`kedbikab ebi `k vdstk. Ci Diadk sc utd`dzkmk pkrk difdidaka ac ab`ciedks y jkstk jby sc `c ebisdacrk ‐`k pcr`k ac `bs kfrbadsìkebs“. C` rcy ac `bs frkiebs y `blmkrabs, Ekr`blkhib, jkmrìk cldtdab uik braci rck` pkrk quc sc eu`tdvkrk c` jdibgb, ldcitrks quc ci äpbeks ac hucrrk

 

sc uskmk pkrk rcauedr c` kpctdtb ac `bs sb`akabs. @b ldslb jkeìki `bs lbigcs ksdëtdebs pkrk sbpbrtkr `krhbs kyuibs. Ci `k Caka Lcadk, ci tkitb, sc `c ebisdacrkmk uik p`kitk lëhdek, pcrfcetk pkrk acsjkecr jcejdzbs. Difusdõi ac jdibgb pkrk eõ`debs, hkscs, prcsdõi k`tk, lk`k vdsdõi ; euejkrkak ac jbgks ac jdibgb acsjdarktkaks b ui rkldtb ac jbgks frcseks ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Acgk rclbgkiab `ks jbgks ci c` khuk ek`dcitc pbr ;? ldiutbs. @uchb cia÷`zk`k sd acscks y mämc`k. ;13 ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b K euk`qudcr jbrk, abs vcecs k` aìk eukiab jky prbm`clks. _ucacs uskr`b ebi rchu`krdaka, khrchëiab`b k tus täs c difusdbics.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs diebrpbrkr `ks jbgks ac jdibgb frcseb y tumäreu`b k tu adctk, cspcedk`lcitc ci cisk`kaks. Uc eblc eruab b ebedikab. Uus f`brcs sceks tklmdäi pucaci scr uskaks eblb tä, b ci eblprcsks pkrk k`dvdkr `k dif`klkedõi. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k Sidvcrsdaka ac Edciedks Läadeks ac Qcjcrëi, ci Drëi, y `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Edciedks y Qceib`bhìk Nbjkt, ci _kqudstëi, citrc btrks distdtuedbics, jki rck`dzkab `ks lës rcedcitcs rcvdsdbics ac `bs usbs ac` jdibgb, y aclbstrkab su cfcetdvdaka. C` jdibgb kyuak k k`dvdkr`kcspkslbs `bs eõ`debs kmabldik`cs y fkvbrcec adhcstdõi.luseu`krcs, Ksdldslb,adsldiuyc sus prbpdcakacs ekrldiktdvks

kyuaki k cxpu`skr f`ktu`ciedks y k acsdif`klkr c` vdcitrc.

 

Si cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k Diadki `k Diadki Gburik` bf _jysdb`bhy kia _jkrlkeb`bhy _jkrlkeb`bhy ci  ci =??: cxpbic `bs rcsu`tkabs ac uik divcstdhkedõi sbmrc c` usb ac` cxtrketb ac su scld``k ci c` trktkldcitb ac` h`kueblk ci ebicgbs. @bs rcsu`tkabs lbstrkrbi quc uik hbtk ac` rclcadb rcaugb `k prcsdõi ditrkbeu`kr ci lës ac` 5?%. Ci =?;3, ci Drëi y Cspkûk, citrc btrbs pkìscs, tklmdäi sc cstuadkrbi y ebifdrlkrbi sus mcicfdedbs (eblb tä, difusdõi y usb ac jbgks) ci `k sk`ua beu`kr. Cstbs lbstrkrbi, citrc btrks ebsks, quc kyuak k adsldiudr `k prcsdõi ditrkbeu`kr, uib ac `bs lkybrcs prbm`clks ci `ks pcrsbiks ebi h`kueblk. Btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;=, ci Diadk, suhdcrc quc c` trkis-kictb` quc ebitdcic `k scld``k ac jdibgb pucac prcvcidr `k rctdibpktìk adkmätdek, rcspbiskm`c ac` actcrdbrb ac `k vdsdõi ci pcrsbiks quc pkaceci adkmctcs. Cstb sc cxp`dek pbrquc csc eblpucstb m`bquck `k ebivcrsdõi ac` kz÷ekr ci sbrmdtb` ci `k skihrc> aclksdkab sbrmdtb` ci `ks eä`u`ks ac `k rctdik ebiauec k `k rctdibpktìk, `ks ektkrktks y, fdik`lcitc, `k echucrk. Ci =??;, ci Lkrrucebs, sc divcstdhkrbi `bs cfcetbs jdpbtcisbrcs ac` cxtrketb ac `k ;16 scld``k ac jdibgb ci rktks y sc lbstrõ quc ket÷k cfdekzlcitc eblb adurätdeb. ;18 Jbihbs sjddtknc (sjddtknc lusjrbbls)  @citdius cabacs, cabacs, ejklpdûbics sjddtknc, sctks sjddtknc, sctk ichrk ac` mbsquc  Mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`

✕

 Mkgkr ac pcsb

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 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr

✕

 Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

✕

✕

 Qrktkr rcsfrìbs y hrdpcs

 

 _rcvcidr c` jcrpcs

✕

Ci c` fb`e`br gkpbiäs cxdstìk `k ebstulmrc ac quc eukiab ui idûb ikeìk, pkrk ec`cmrkr`b, sus pkarcs dibeu`kmki ui trbieb ac k`h÷i ërmb` vdcgb ci su pktdb ebi cspbrks ac jbihb sjddtknc. C` ërmb` sc eb`bidzkmk ac sctks ci k`rcacabr ac =? kûbs. Ksì, eukiab csc jdgb ``chkmk k `bs =; kûbs y cstkmk kptb pkrk sk`dr k` luiab k musekr fbrtuik, sc ciebitrkmk ebi quc cstk cstkmk ci c` pktdb ac su eksk, pucs ci `k eu`turk `bek` `bs sjddtknc pbscci ui dilcisb vk`br. Uc eucitk die`usb quc jumb hucrrks k ekusk ac rbmbs ac trbiebs pbm`kabs ac sctks. Citrc `k ekitdaka ac prbpdcakacs quc `c jki ksdhikab k trkväs ac `k jdstbrdk cstë `k ac scr supucstklcitc ui kfrbadsìkeb, k` quc ``klkmki abinb sjddtknc, sjddtknc, ebisdacrkab jkstk jby uib ac `bs lës ebstbsbs ac` luiab. Jbihbs sk`tckabs ; tkzk ac ejìejkrbs (guaìks vcracs) frcsebs ; pkpk jcrvdak ebrtkak ci rbakgks ; tkzk ac jbihbs sjddtknc frcsebs ci `kseks ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac ebeb ;1: Uk` ¼ euejkrkadtk ac e÷reulk

 

Ci uik skrtäi ebi kecdtc khrchk `ks rbakgks ac pkpks, `bs jbihbs y `bs ejìejkrbs. Ukzõik`bs ebi sk` y e÷reulk. Uk`täk`bs `cvclcitc (ib lës ac scds ldiutbs). Uìrvc`bs y adsfr÷tk`bs. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`bs Khrähk`bs k tu adctk rchu`kr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ib `bs ebedics aclksdkab pkrk quc ib pdcraki sus prbpdcakacs. @b dack` cs jkecr`b citrc edieb y sdctc ldiutbs. @k lcgbr lkicrk ac ebisuldr`bs pkrk usbs tcrkpäutdebs cs eblb cxtrketb. _ucacs ebischudr`b ci euk`qudcr tdciak jblcbpëtdek b ikturdstk. Ud cstës rcedmdciab trktkldcitb pkrk k`huik cifcrlcaka cspceìfdek y pucacs mcicfdedkrtc ac `ks prbpdcakacs ac cstc jbihb, cs ebivcidcitc bptkr pbr jkecr`b ci fbrlk ac sup`clcitbs, acmdab k `k ebiecitrkedõi ac sus dihrcadcitcs ketdvbs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uc jk eblprbmkab quc `bs jbihbs sjddtknc kyuaki k ebitrb`kr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc, rcaueci `k dif`klkedõi ci c` eucrpb, adsldiuyci c` eb`cstcrb` y kyuaki k mkgkr ac pcsb y k eblmktdr `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs y `k fbrlkedõi ac tulbrcs. @bs sdhudcitcs eblpucstbs quìldebs prcscitcs ci `bs jbihbs sjddtknc prbtchci c` KAI ac` akûb bxdaktdvb7 `citdiki, crdtkacidiks, mctkh`uekib, cizdlk supcrõxdab adslutksk, vdtkldiks eblb K, E, C, citrc btrbs. Ci Gkpõi cxdstci trktkldcitbs ebitrk c` eëiecr quc lcze`ki eblpbicitcs ac` sjddtknc ci sup`clcitbs cspcedk`dzkabs. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ebi rktks ci `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Qbjbnu, ci Gkpõi, dlpdaci c` kulcitb ac `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`, ksì eblb mkgki c` eb`cstcrb` ‐lk`b“ b @A@

 

acmdab k eblpucstbs eblb c` cstcrb`. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci rktks ci =?;; pbr c` Lctkmb`de ]csckrej Ecitrc, ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Xb``bihbih, ci Kustrk`dk, y pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf Bmcsdty ebie`uyõ quc `ks sctks sjddtknc pucaci kyuakr k prcvcidr c` kulcitb ac pcsb ebrpbrk` y `k acpbsdedõi ac hrksk. ;14 Kyuaki k ksdld`kr lcgbr edcrtbs iutrdcitcs eblb c` ek`edb y c` fõsfbrb, hrkedks k `k prcsciedk ac ui eblpucstb ``klkab crhbstcrb`. Sik divcstdhkedõi citrc vkrdks uidvcrsdakacs lbstrõ quc fbrtk`cec c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb, eblmktc luejks cifcrlcakacs y rcauec `k dif`klkedõi hcicrk`. Cstb sc acmc, pbr ui `kab, k quc cstdlu`k `k prbaueedõi ac ditcrfcrõi, `difbedtbs Q y lkerõfkhbs, kyuaëiabibs k eblmktdr mketcrdks y vdrus> y, pbr c` btrb, k su hrki kpbrtc ac kitdbxdakitcs. ;3? Gcihdmrc (hkraci hdihcr) Wdihdmcr bffdedik`c, bffdedik`c, ndbi  Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi hcicrk`

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 Qrktkr c` ab`br ac ekmczk

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 Qrktkr c` ab`br cstblkek`

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 Qrktkr ab`brcs ac krtdeu`kedbics b

✕

luseu`krcs  Qrktkr lkrcbs, iëuscks y võldtbs

✕

C` gcihdmrc cs uik ac `ks p`kitks lës pbpu`krcs ac `k lcadedik trkadedbik` ejdik, yk quc sc supbic quc cstdlu`k c` ykih, `k fucrzk lkseu`dik. Jkec uibs edieb ld` kûbs, c` clpcrkabr fucE`ësdeb uib acac `bs`ks prdlcrbs divcstdhkr y eblpd`kr sus usbs lcadedik`csUjciibih ci su `dmrb rkìecs ycijdcrmks ac`  Advdib ac`  Advdib

 

Hrkigcrb. @b lciedbik eblb trktkldcitb pkrk iëuscks, adkrrck, ab`brcs ac Hrkigcrb. cstõlkhb, eõ`crk, ab`br ac adcitcs, jclbrrkhdks y rculktdslb, citrc btrbs. _bstcrdbrlcitc, `bs jcrmb`krdbs `bek`cs `b uskrbi pkrk trktkr hrdpcs, tbs y `k lkybrìk ac `ks cifcrlcakacs rcspdrktbrdks. Ib ci vkib k cstk rkìz sc `c ebibec eblb gdkih eblb  gdkih,, quc sdhidfdek ‐acfciacr“. T cs quc ci `k eu`turk ejdik `k fuiedõi ac` cihdmrc cs prcedsklcitc acfciacr k` brhkidslb ac ktkqucs cxtrkûbs, ac `b quc pucak dif`klkr`b, `c beksdbic cifcrlcakacs rcspdrktbrdks b `b ``cic ac tbxdiks. Qä ac gcihdmrc pkrk ab`brcs lcistruk`cs, dif`klkedõi cstblkek`, iëuscks y võldtbs ¼ pu`hkak ac gcihdmrc frcseb pc`kab y pdekab ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ;3; Luc`c c` gcihdmrc ci ui lbrtcrb pcqucûb b ebi ui trdturkabr. _bi`b ci uik tkzk y khrähk`c c` khuk. Acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Mcmc c` tä. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Diebrpõrk`b k tu adctk rchu`kr adkrdk, frìb b ek`dcitc, k euk`qudcr jbrk, jkstk trcs tkzks b rkedbics k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud sufrcs ac värtdhb, lkrcbs y iëuscks k` vdkgkr, mcmc uik tkzk ac difusdõi kitcs

ac sk`dr y ``cvk ebitdhb ui trbedtb frcseb ac gcihdmrc y ui trbzb ac lkizkik pkrk

 

lkstdekr`bs ci c` ekldib, pbr sd `b icecsdtks. Ib `b uscs sd cstës trktkiab ac kulcitkr ac pcsb, sd pkacecs jclbfd`dk b sd cstës tblkiab lcadeklcitbs kac`hkzkabrcs ac `k skihrc. _br quä sì fuiedbik @bs mcicfdedbs ac` gcihdmrc, c die`usb su ditcisb skmbr pdekitc, sc acmci prdiedpk`lcitc k `k sustkiedk ``klkak hdihcrb`. Advcrsbs cstuadbs jki aclbstrkab quc tdcic prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks y kik`häsdeks. Udi clmkrhb, c` hdihcrb` cstë prcscitc lkybrlcitc ci gcihdmrc frcseb, pucs k` scekrsc sc ebivdcrtc ci btrks sustkiedks quc ib jki sdab sufdedcitclcitc cstuadkaks. Cxdstci iulcrbsbs cstuadbs quc jki cvk`ukab ebi äxdtb sus cfcetbs eblb ui trktkldcitb schurb y cfdekz pkrk c` ``klkab sìiarblc _IV, quc ebisdstc ci võldtbs y iëuscks ci adstditks ebiadedbics, eblb clmkrkzb, trktkldcitbs ac qudldbtcrkpdk ci pkedcitcs ebi eëiecr y ci prbecsbs pbsbpcrktbrdbs, acmdab k` usb ac lcadediks quc `bs prbvbeki. Sik ac `ks divcstdhkedbics lës rcedcitcs, rck`dzkak ci =?;= pbr `k Cseuc`k ac Cifcrlcrìk y _krtcrìk ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac [uccis`kia, ci Jcrstbi, Kustrk`dk, y pum`dekak pbr c` sdtdb _um sdtdb _um Lca, Lca, aclbstrõ su cfcetdvdaka eblb kitdclätdeb. Qklmdäi sc jk prbmkab su cfcetdvdaka pkrk trktkr prbm`clks rc`kedbikabs ebi `k krtrdtds, bstcbkrtrdtds, krtrdtds rculktbdac y btrbs ac tdpb dif`klktbrdb. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =??: ci Kac`kdac, Kustrk`dk, prbmõ su cfcetdvdaka ci pkedcitcs ebi bstcbkrtrdtds. @bs pkedcitcs sblctdabs k absds ac cxtrketb ac gcihdmrc, ci hcicrk`, ;3= lbstrkrbi lcibs ab`br, ci eblpkrkedõi ebi qudcics tblkrbi ui p`kecmb. Qklmdäi sc eblpkrõ su cfcetdvdaka ebi rcspcetb k` dmuprbfcib, lbstrkiab sdld`krcs rcsu`tkabs, y ebi `k vcitkgk ebi rcspcetb k tk` fërlkeb ac rcsu`tkr lcgbr tb`crkab, ebi pbebs difbrlcs ac cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs y prbm`clks hkstrbditcstdik`cs. ;35 Nc`p (mrbwi k`hkc)

 _jkcbpjyeckc,, quc`pb, k`hdvdt, k`hks pkraks  _jkcbpjyeckc

 

 Ketukr eblb kitddif`klktbrdb

✕

 Cqud`dmrkr `k tdrbdacs

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 Mkgkr ac pcsb

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 Ketukr eblb `kxkitc

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 C`dldikr `ìqudab

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 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr

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 Fbrtk`cecr `bs jucsbs

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C` nc`p cs ui tdpb ac k`hk pkrak quc ercec ci `ks prbfuiadakacs ac` lkr y ``chk k fbrlkr vcrakacrbs mbsqucs sumlkrdibs. Uu k`dlcitkedõi eblmdik `k `uz sb`kr ebi `bs iutrdcitcs ac `ks khuks, ebivdrtdäiab`b ci uik sìitcsds ac mcicfdedbs lkybrcs quc `bs ac luejbs vchctk`cs. Ci iulcrbsks eu`turks cs ebibedab y ebisuldab acsac jkec ld`cs ac kûbs. Ci Hrcedk y ]blk sc `c utd`dzõ eblb lcadedik, pkrk k`dlcitkr k `bs kidlk`cs y pkrk trktkr acsac pkrësdtbs ditcstdik`cs jkstk cifcrlcakacs lbrtk`cs. C` ekpdtëi Gklcs Ebbn, fklbsb cxp`brkabr dih`äs, rcedmdõ ac `bs iktdvbs ac Qbihk, ci ;888, c` k`hk quc k c``bs `cs jkmìk kschurkab `bihcvdaka y mucik sk`ua aurkitc trcs ld` kûbs. Ci tkitb, `bs jkwkdkibs jki eu`tdvkab gkradics lkrdibs ac k`hk pkrak. Ubpk ac pb``b ebi nc`p 6 bizks ac pcejuhk ac pb``b ebrtkak ci eukardtbs ; pkpk pcqucûk ⅕ ac tkzk ac zkikjbrdk ebrtkak ci eukardtbs

 

;31 1 tkzks ac khuk b ek`ab ac pb``b mkgb ci sbadb ; ecmb``k pdekak ci eukardtbs = kgbs pdekabs ; tkzk ac nc`p frcseb b acsjdarktkab (sd cs acsjdarktkab, aägk`b rclbgkiab ui pkr ac jbrks y `uchb beupk csk khuk pkrk ebedikr) Uk` _bi `k pcejuhk ac pb``b, `k pkpk, `k zkikjbrdk, `k ecmb``k y c` kgb k ebedikr ebi c` khuk b ek`ab ci uik b``k, jkstk quc tbab cstä m`kiab. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr uibs ;3 ldiutbs. Khrchk c` nc`p y sdrvc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Khrchk c` nc`p k tu adctk rchu`kr. _ucacs ebisuldr`b k adkrdb ci fbrlk lbacrkak7 ib lës ac abs euejkrkaks k` aìk b uibs =3 h, sd ib tdcics prbm`clks ebi c` ybab. Ebiscgbs y aktbs C` nc`p frcseb pucac rcclp`kzkr k` krrbz b fdacbs ci euk`qudcr sbpk b hudsb. Qklmdäi pucacs diebrpbrkr`b k tu adctk ci fbrlk ac sustdtutb ac sk`. B pucacs kaqudrdr`b eblb sup`clcitb, ac prcfcrciedk, brhëideb.

Ib `b ebisulks sd tdcics prbm`clks ac tdrbdacs b k`huik rckeedõi k` ybab sdi

 

ebisu`tkr`b ebi tu läadeb. _br quä sì fuiedbik Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Ebrck ac` Uur ci =?;5 scûk`k quc edcrtbs tdpbs ac k`hks, eblb c` nc`p, tdcici prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks y kitdbxdakitcs. Adstditks distdtuedbics ac divcstdhkedõi gkpbicsks rck`dzkrbi ui cstuadb ci =?;6 pkrk prbmkr quc c` fuebdakib quc ebitdcic c` nc`p cs kitddif`klktbrdb y lcgbrk `bs idvc`cs ac eb`cstcrb` ci `k skihrc. @k Sidvcrsdaka Läadek ac Ukppbrb, ci Gkpõi, prbmõ quc c` nc`p cs uik ac `ks lcgbrcs bpedbics pkrk trktkr c` jdpbtdrbdadslb ci pkedcitcs ebi acfdedciedk ac ybab. @k Iutrdtdbi ]csckrej kia _rketdec pum`deõ @k Iutrdtdbi _rketdec pum`deõ ci =??: ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Ebrck ac` Uur ci c` quc sc prbmõ quc c` ebisulb ac nc`p lcgbrk `bs idvc`cs ac h`uebsk ci `k skihrc. @k Sidvcrsdaka ac Jbnnkdab, ci Gkpõi, aclbstrõ ci =??3 quc c` nc`p pbscc uik prbtcìik ``klkak fuebxkitdik, quc rcauec c` tcgdab hrksb. ;33 @k Adkmctcs, Bmcsdty kia Lctkmb`dsl7 @k Adkmctcs, Lct kmb`dsl7 K Gburik` bf _jkrlkeb`bhy kia Qjcrkpcutdes pum`deõ Qjcrkpcutdes  pum`deõ ci =??4 uik divcstdhkedõi, rck`dzkak ci Lbse÷, ci `k quc sc acseumrdõ uik eblmdikedõi ac kecdtc ac scld``k ac hrkikak ebi fuebxkitdik, prbtcìik prcscitc ci c` nc`p, quc prblucvc `k adsldiuedõi ac pcsb y c` kulcitb ac `k fuiedõi jcpëtdek. @k Sidvcrsdaka ac Qkslkidk, ci Kustrk`dk, aclbstrõ ci =?;6 quc c` nc`p ebitdcic eblpucstbs eblb fuebdakib, uib ac `bs lës pbacrbsbs khcitcs pkrk c`dldikr `ks eä`u`ks ekiecrbsks ci `k skihrc, c` eb`bi, `ks lklks y `bs pu`lbics. _br btrk pkrtc, uik rcvdsdõi pum`dekak pbr `k Ekiecr Ec`` Ditcriktdbik` ci Ditcriktdbik` ci =?;= acseumrdõ quc `k fuebxkitdik quc ebitdcic cs cfdekz pkrk eblmktdr c` eëiecr ac prõstktk. Cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci Qkdwëi ci =?;6 lbstrkrbi quc pucac kyuakr k fbrtk`cecr `bs jucsbs y eblmktdr `k bstcbpbrbsds y btrks cifcrlcakacs õscks hrkedks k`

fuebdakib.

 

;36 @-tckidik (@-Qjckidic) Hkllk h`utkld`ctd`kldak, 3-I-ctd`-h`utkldik  Ebitrkrrcstkr c` csträs

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 Eblmktdr c` disblidb y lcgbrkr `k

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ek`daka ac` sucûb  Lcgbrkr c` cstkab ac ëidlb

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 Kulcitkr `k ebiecitrkedõi

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 Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb` ✕ Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` @k @-tckidik cs ui kldibëedab quc btbrhk k`huiks ac `ks lcgbrcs sciskedbics mdbquìldeks. K idvc` edcitìfdeb, fuc acseumdcrtk ci ;414 ci c` tä vcrac, pcrb tklmdäi `k tdcici `bs täs ichrb y m`kieb, k`huibs jbihbs y `ks jbgks ac hybnurb, ui tdpb ac tä vcrac gkpbiäs. Kuiquc su vk`dakedõi edcitìfdek eblb kpbrtc k `k sk`ua cs luy rcedcitc, su usb trkadedbik` cs kitdquìsdlb, `dhkab k` ac` tä ci eu`turks ld`cikrdks eblb lätbab ac rc`kgkedõi, mdcicstkr quc y p`kecr. Ci c`ackûb =858 k.E., c` clpcrkabr Ujci Ibih acseumrdõ eksuk`lcitc `ks jbgks `k p`kitk Eklc``dk sdicisds eklmdkmki sdicisds eklmdkmki khrkakm`clcitc c` eb`br y skmbr ac` khuk. Acsac citbiecs, ci Ejdik, `uchb ci Gkpõi y ci adstditks eu`turks, c` tä jk cstkab ksbedkab ib sb`b k `k mcmdak sdib tklmdäi k ui rdtuk` sbedk`, y ci k`huibs eksbs, cspdrdtuk`, quc eklmdk c` eucrpb y `k lcitc. Qä cspcedkab ; euejkrkak ac tä vcrac (b ichrb) ci jbgks

;38

 

⅕ ac euejkrkadtk ac rk``kaurk ac ikrkigk ; e`kvb ac b`br ; vkdik ac ekraklblb ; vkrdtk ac ekic`k = tkzks ac khuk _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `k ekic`k, c` ekraklblb y c` e`kvb pbr abs ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr pbr edieb ldiutbs. Khrähk`c c` tä y `k rk``kaurk ac ikrkigk. Acgk rcpbskr. Euä`k`b, cia÷`zk`b y adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Adkrdklcitc, kitcs ac abrldr, pbr k` lcibs ui lcs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ib uscs khuk aclksdkab ek`dcitc pkrk prcpkrkr`b, cspcedk`lcitc c` tä vcrac, yk quc `b vuc`vc klkrhb. Ud pkacecs kisdcaka b csträs, pucac scr quc acmks tblkr ui sup`clcitb, pkrk uik absds lkybr. Sik tkzk ac tä vcrac tdcic kprbxdlkaklcitc =? lh ac @-tckidik. @k lkybrìk ac `bs sup`clcitbs ebitdcici ui lìidlb ac 3? lh.

 

=3? lh sbi sufdedcitcs pkrk lcgbrkr `k ek`daka ac` sucûb. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k @-tckidik eucitk ebi `k ek`dfdekedõi H]KU ac `k Kaldidstrkedõi ac K`dlcitbs y Lcadeklcitbs (FAK), quc qudcrc acedr quc cs ui sup`clcitb schurb. Uc `c rcebldciak die`usb pkrk adsldiudr `bs cfcetbs ac` sìiarblc ac kmstdiciedk ebi rcspcetb k arbhks, idebtdik b k`ebjb`. Divcstdhkabrcs ac` Acpkrtklcitb ac Khrdeu`turk ac Cstkabs Sidabs jki difbrlkab quc edieb tkzks ac tä ichrb k` aìk pucaci adsldiudr `k `dpbprbtcìik ac mkgk acisdaka (@A@), pbtciedk`lcitc akûdik, y c` eb`cstcrb` tbtk` ci pcrsbiks ebi eb`cstcrb` `dhcrklcitc c`cvkab. Abs cstuadbs gkpbicscs pum`dekabs ci `k Gburik` bf _jysdb`bhdek` Kitjrbpb`bhy lbstrkrbi quc adsldiuyc `k kisdcaka y prcsdõi krtcrdk` ci pcrsbiks sblctdaks k csträs psdeb`õhdeb b fìsdeb. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb prc`dldikr dsrkc`ì, pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf E`didek` ;3:  _syejdktry, kyuak k k`dvdkr `bs sìitblks ac kisdcaka y kulcitkr c` trktkldcitb kitdpsdeõtdeb ci pkedcitcs ebi csqudzbfrcidk. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Ekikaë y pum`dekab ci `k K`tcriktdvc `k K`tcriktdvc Lcadedic ]cvdcw lbstrõ quc lcgbrk `k ek`daka ac` sucûb ci idûbs ebi aäfdedt ac ktciedõi c jdpcrketdvdaka (QAKJ). @k @-tckidik pucac ktrkvcskr `k rca ekpd`kr ac` sdstclk icrvdbsb ecitrk` y kfcetkr pbsdtdvklcitc `k quìldek ac` ecrcmrb, lbau`kiab c` cstkab ac ëidlb k` eklmdkr `bs idvc`cs ac kldibëedabs quc kfcetki `k scrbtbidik y btrbs icurbtrkisldsbrcs. Qklmdäi adsldiuyc `bs cfcetbs akûdibs ac` csträs y `k acprcsdõi ci c` ecrcmrb, eblb `k päradak ac lclbrdk b `k ekpkedaka ac kprciadzkgc, yk quc suprdlc `bs h`uebebrtdebdacs ac `k ldslk lkicrk quc `b jkeci edcrtbs fërlkebs, pcrb sdi sus cfcetbs ibedvbs. ;34

 

@kvkiak (`kvciacr)  @kvkiau`k kihustdfb`dk  Eblmktdr c` disblidb

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 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi

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 _rbauedr rc`kgkedõi y ebitrb`kr `k

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kisdcaka y c` csträs  Eblmktdr ab`brcs ac ekmczk

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 Eblmktdr ab`brcs lcistruk`cs

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 Qrktkr lk`cstkrcs c difceedbics cstblkek`cs  Qrktkr pdekaurks ac discetbs y btrks

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kfceedbics ac `k pdc` Uc adec quc cstk p`kitk ac ac`dekaks f`brcs vdb`ctks pkrcec pbacr ‐`dlpdkribs“ pbr acitrb y pbr fucrk. Cxdstc cvdaciedk cserdtk quc acserdmc sus usbs acsac jkec lës ac =,3?? kûbs. Citrc `bsc`chdpedbs, pbr cgclp`b,Kitdhuklcitc, crk luy pbpu`kr pcrfulc y eblb kecdtc pkrk clmk`sklkldcitb. sc `ceblb ebibeìk eblb ikrab, b ikkraus ikkraus,, quc cs su iblmrc ci hrdchb. Csb cxp`dek `k lciedõi lës fklbsk ac cstk p`kitk, ciebitrkak ci `k Mdm`dk, ci c` Cvkihc`db ac Uki Guki. K``ì sc rc`ktk `k beksdõi ci quc Lkrìk ac Mctkidk, `k jcrlkik ac @ëzkrb, uihc `bs pdcs ac Gcs÷s ebi ui ebstbsb uihðcitb supucstklcitc jcejb ac ikrab y `bs scek ebi su ekmc``b. Uu usb iuiek jk pkskab ac lbak. Ci `k ketuk`daka, su kecdtc csciedk` cs c` lës uskab ci c` luiab citcrb. Ubmrcs ac `kvkiak pkrk eblmktdr c` disblidb 1

euejkrkaks ac f`brcs y jbgks ac `kvkiak sceks

 

;6? _bi `k `kvkiak acitrb ac uik mb`sdtk ac tc`k pcqucûk (pucacs c`kmbrkr cstk ebi ui pkûuc`b ac tc`k, uik tbk``k ac`hkak, uik ekldsctk vdcgk ac k`hbaõi, cteätcrk) y eõsc`k pkrk quc ib sc sk`hk. _bi `k mb`sdtk acmkgb ac tu k`lbjkak, sbmrc `k lcsk ac ibejc b abiac pucaks b`cr`k. Qä ac `kvkiak pkrk rc`kgkrsc y abrldr ; euejkrkak ac `kvkiak scek (b uik mb`sk ac tä) ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Acgk rcpbskr `k `kvkiak ci c` khuk pbr ;? ldiutbs y `uchb mämc`k. Jkz`b k` lcibs uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k `k eklk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Adkrdklcitc. Eblb tä b mkûb, acspuäs ac ecikr b uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs @ks f`brcs sceks ac `kvkiak pucaci scr ebisuldaks adrcetklcitc, cspb`vbrcëiab`ks ci pbstrcs b ybhurcs. _ucacs uskr kcrbsb` b ktbldzkabr ac `kvkiak ikturk`, uik jbrk kitcs ac abrldr, vcitd`kiab mdci `k jkmdtkedõi. @k mb`sk ac `kvkiak ac `k prdlcrk rcectk tklmdäi pucacs uskr`k pkrk jkecr acsekiskr `bs bgbs. Citìmdk`k ;3 schuiabs ci c` lderbbiaks y pbi`k sbmrc `bs përpkabs pbr uibs =? ldiutbs. _br quä sì fuiedbik

 @k Ditcriktdbik` Gburik` bf b f _syejdktry di E`didek` _rketdec rck`dzõ _rketdec rck`dzõ ci =?;? uik

 

rcvdsdõi eblp`ctk ac cstuadbs quc ebifdrlkrbi `k cfdekedk ac` kecdtc ac `kvkiak pkrk k`dvdkr trkstbribs ac` sucûb, kisdcaka y mkgk ek`daka ac vdak, sdi cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs kavcrsbs. Divcstdhkedbics rck`dzkaks ci Ejdik jki acseumdcrtb quc c` kecdtc csciedk` ac `kvkiak kyuak k` brhkidslb k prbauedr trcs pbtcitcs kitdbxdakitcs7 h`utktdõi, ektk`ksk y supcrõxdab adslutksk acitrb ac `ks prdlcrks == jbrks ac usb. Btrb cstuadb lbstrõ ci =?;5 `k ekpkedaka ÷idek ac prbtceedõi ebitrk `bs akûbs icurb`õhdebs ac `k `kvkiak. Cstb kaclës ac kyuakr k trktkr ldhrkûks, csträs, kisdcaka ;6; y acprcsdõi. Qklmdäi sc jk aclbstrkab quc `k `kvkiak rcauec `k acprcsdõi pbspkrtb y c` trkstbrib ac kisdcaka, y quc lcgbrk c` cstkab ac ëidlb ci pcrsbiks quc sufrci trkstbrib ac csträs pbstrkulëtdeb. @bs kitdbxdakitcs b pb`dfcib`cs quc ebitdcic cstk jdcrmk kyuaki k acsdif`klkr, acsditbxdekr y eblmktdr `ks mketcrdks ac` ditcstdib. Uu ekpkedaka kitddif`klktbrdk tklmdäi fuiedbik luy mdci sbmrc `k pdc`, kyuakiab k rcauedr `bs mrbtcs pbr pdekaurks ac discetbs, c` cirbgcedldcitb y `k pdekzõi. Cxdstc eksd ui ecitcikr ac cstuadbs quc ebifdrlki `k ekpkedaka ac `k `kvkiak pkrk edektrdzkr jcrdaks y prbtchcr ac cifcrlcakacs difceedbsks, cspcedk`lcitc ci eblmdikedõi ebi btrbs kecdtcs. Edcitìfdebs ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Xdtwktcrsrkia, ci Uuaëfrdek, acseumrdcrbi quc `ks lcze`ks ac `kvkiak, ekic`k y ikrkigk sbi `ks lës pbtcitcs pkrk eblmktdr, pbr cgclp`b, Ekiadak k`mdekis y k`mdekis y Utkpjy`bebeeus kurcus,, abs khcitcs quc ekuski prbm`clks tõpdebs y rcspdrktbrdbs. kurcus ;6= @dlõi (`clbi) Edtrus Ø `dlbidk, `dlbidk, `dlbicrb ✕

 Acsditbxdekr

 

 Cstdlu`kr c` prbecsb adhcstdvb

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 Qrktkr `k tbs, rcsfrìbs y hrdpcs

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 ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 _rbtchcr ac` akûb quc hcicrki fërlkebs

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eblb `k kspdrdik  Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

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@bs brìhcics ac` `dlõi cstëi ci Ksskl, k` ibrcstc ac Diadk, abiac sc jk eu`tdvkab acsac jkec lës ac =,3?? kûbs. Ci sus didedbs tklmdäi sc jkmrìk prbauedab ci Curbpk, pcrb `ks divksdbics mërmkrks ac` sdh`b DDD acstruycrbi tbaks `ks p`kitkedbics. Adcz sdh`bs acspuäs, eblcredkitcs ërkmcs `b ``cvkrbi ac rchrcsb, cspcedk`lcitc k`rcacabr ac` Lcadtcrrëicb, abiac sc eu`tdvkmk eblb p`kitk briklcitk`. Ac jcejb, fucrbi `bs ërkmcs qudcics `c adcrbi su iblmrc, quc sc acrdvk ac `kylði `kylði.. Lës tkrac, ebi `ks Eruzkaks, c` `dlõi ``chõ k` rcstb ac Curbpk y fuc uib ac `bs prdlcrbs prbauetbs diebrpbrkabs k `ks prbvdsdbics ac `bs ebiqudstkabrcs, yk quc sc ebibeìki luejks ac sus prbpdcakacs, cspcedk`lcitc pkrk prcvcidr y eblmktdr c` csebrmutb, uik cifcrlcaka quc sc brdhdik pbr `k fk`tk ac vdtkldik E. Uc eucitk quc c` clpcrkabr rblkib Icrõi mcmìk guhb ac `dlõi k adkrdb pkrk ebitrkrrcstkr `bs cfcetbs ac ui pbsdm`c civcicikldcitb. Khuk ebi `dlõi y ldc` pkrk eblmktdr ui prbecsb difceedbsb ditcstdik` b ac hkrhkitk ;65 ¼ tkzk ac guhb ac `dlõi ;

tkzk ac khuk

 

; euejkrkak ac ldc` Khrchk c` guhb rcedäi cxprdldab y `k ldc` k` khuk y mämc`k ac dilcadktb. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b K adkrdb, uik b abs vcecs k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Sik lkicrk sdlp`c ac sulkr uik rkedõi k `k dihcstk adkrdk cs mcmdciab ui vksb ac guhb pbr `k lkûkik ebi khuk tdmdk, k lcibs quc sufrks ac kedacz b ac ÷`ecrk hëstrdek. _krk fdics tcrkpäutdebs acmcs uskr `dlõi ikturk`, ib guhb ac `dlõi civkskab. Cxprdlc c` `dlõi quc vkyks k uskr y c` rcstb huërak`b ac dilcadktb ci `k icvcrk pbr ui aìk eblb lëxdlb, pkrk cvdtkr quc sc ebitkldic. _br quä sì fuiedbik Cxdstci ecrek ac 6=? cstuadbs quc kik`dzki `bs adstditbs usbs lcadedik`cs ac` `dlõi, tkitb ac su pu`pk, eblb ac su guhb y eësekrk, ac `k quc sc cxtrkc su vk`dbsb kecdtc csciedk`. Ci uik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci Gkpõi y pum`dekak ci `k Gburik` bf Iutrdtdbi kia   Lctkmb`dsl ci kia Lctkmb`dsl ci =?;1, sc eblprbmõ quc `k diebrpbrkedõi ac `bs jëmdtbs ac ekldikr y ebisuldr guhb ac `dlõi adkrdklcitc lcgbrk `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` y `k sk`ua ci hcicrk` ac `ks pcrsbiks. Cstb hrkedks k `bs eblpbicitcs mdbketdvbs eblb ëedab eìtrdeb, pb`dfcib`cs y ëedab kseõrmdeb. Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;5 ci Ekikaë, sc rcvdsõ c` pkpc` ac `bs f`kvbibdacs ac `bs eìtrdebs pkrk rchu`kr c` lctkmb`dslb ac `bs `ìpdabs, `k adkmctcs tdpb = y cifcrlcakacs ekradbvkseu`krcs, ebi rcsu`tkabs fkvbrkm`cs.

Ci uik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci Gkpõi ci kidlk`cs sc acseumrdõ quc `k

 

frkhkiedk eìtrdek pucac rcstkurkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb, c` euk` sc vc kfcetkab ebl÷ilcitc pbr c` csträs. C` guhb ac `dlõi ebitdcic k`tbs idvc`cs ac A-`dlbicib, ui eblpucstb ebibedab eblb ;61 cxtrketb ac `dlõi y ëedab pcrì`deb, quc tdcici prbpdcakacs kitdekiecrìhciks y kyuaki k lkitcicr c` jìhkab skib. @k rcvdstk Kpp`dca rcvdstk Kpp`dca _jysdb`bhy Iutrdtdbi pum`deõ Iutrdtdbi pum`deõ ci =?;6 ui cstuadb prc`dldikr rck`dzkab ci Q÷icz ebi c` fdi ac divcstdhkr `k ketdvdaka kitdbxdakitc y `bs cfcetbs edtbprbtcetbrcs ac` kecdtc csciedk` ac `dlõi. Cstc aclbstrõ tcicr uik pbtcitc ekpkedaka prbtcetbrk ac `ks eä`u`ks ac` brhkidslb frcitc k `k tbxdedaka quc hcicrk c` usb ac `k kspdrdik. ;63 @`kitäi lkybr (ebllbi p`kditkdi)  _`kitkhb lkgbr, lkgbr, ``kitäi ebl÷i, p`kitk vciak, gkrkmc ac edcrvb, mrcdtwchcrdej, ejc qdki zd, nclp, wkymrcka, p`kditkdi `ckf  Eblmktdr prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs y

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k`crhdks  Qrktkr `k tbs (cspcedk`lcitc ci idûbs)

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 ]cfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Eblmktdr `k dif`klkedõi

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 K`dvdkr `k drrdtkedõi ac `k pdc` (acrlktdtds,

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quclkaurks, pdekaurks, skrpu``dabs)  Qrktkr adkrrck y prbm`clks

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hkstrbditcstdik`cs

C` ``kitäi lkybr cs uik p`kitk ac jbgks vcracs luy lk`ckm`cs brdhdikrdk ac

 

Curbpk y Ksdk, quc sc utd`dzk acsac jkec ld`cidbs. _crsks y ërkmcs utd`dzkrbi sus jbgks pkrk eblmktdr `k adscitcrìk, K`cgkiarb Lkhib `ks uskmk pkrk eurkr sus ab`brcs ac ekmczk y c` läadeb hrdchb _cakidus Adbsebrdacs `ks utd`dzkmk pkrk eurkr k `bs sb`akabs ac` cgäredtb rblkib pbr sus prbpdcakacs ek`lkitcs, rcfrcsekitcs, eurktdvks y sukvdzkitcs. Ac c` keucrab Qjc @keiuihk, @keiuihk , uik eb`ceedõi kitdhuk ac tcxtbs läadebs kih`bskgbics, ``kitäiklkybr cs uik ac `ks iucvc jdcrmks skhrkaks. Ci c` Lcadcvb, ci Curbpk `k uskmki `b ldslb pkrk eurkr `k hrdpc quc fdcmrcs pc`dhrbsks, huskibs cstblkek`cs b jcrdaks pbr lbracaurks ac pcrrbs sk`vkgcs. Ci Diadk, kschurki quc sd ci `k fklbsk mktk``k citrc `k lkihbstk y `k ebmrk quc rc`ktk c` eucitb trkadedbik`, cstk jumdcrk lbradab k` pcqucûb lklìfcrb, cstc jkmrìk uskab ``kitäi lkybr pkrk icutrk`dzkr ;66 su vcicib. Qä ac ``kitäi lkybr (mrbiqudtds, tbs, cxpcetbrkedõi, dif`klkedõi) ¼ euejkrkadtk ac jbgks sceks b frcseks ac ``kitäi lkybr ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Utcvdk b ldc` k` hustb _bi c` ``kitäi ci uik tkzk. Khrähk`c c` khuk y aägk`b rcpbskr pbr uibs ;? ldiutbs, cia÷`zk`b y `uchb mämc`b. _ucacs tblkr trcs tkzks aurkitc c` aìk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eukiab tcihks lb`cstdks pucacs uskr`b k adkrdb, ac trcs k euktrb vcecs k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs p`kitkr ``kitäi ci c` pktdb, c` mk`eõi b ci uik lkectk pcqucûk, eblb euk`qudcr jdcrmk. Qklmdäi pucacs utd`dzkr`b ci su fbrlk `ìqudak sdhudciab `k absds diadekak ci c`

civksc.

 

Ib `b uscs sd cstës tblkiab lcadeklcitbs kitdebkhu`kitcs, eblb wkrfkrdik b kecibeulkrb`. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uc `c rcebibeci prbpdcakacs kitdtusìhciks, kitddif`klktbrdks, kitdmketcrdkiks, clb`dcitcs, kstrdihcitcs y kitdprurdhdibsks. @k Ebldsdõi C ac K`clkidk (cqudvk`citc k `k FAK ac Cstkabs Sidabs) `b die`uyc acsac ;48: ci su ektë`bhb bfdedk` ac 5?? jdcrmks. Cstc brhkidslb kprucmk su usb pkrk rcauedr `k drrdtkedõi pu`lbikr y ac `k pdc`, c`dldikr brhkidslbs ibedvbs, rcfbrzkr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb, eblmktdr `k tbs, cspcedk`lcitc ci idûbs, y eblb cxpcetbrkitc, hrkedks k sus prdiedpk`cs eblpbicitcs7 h`deõsdabs drdabdacs, eblb kueumdi, lueì`khb y tkidibs. Si pkr ac ciskybs e`ìidebs pum`dekabs ci Mu`hkrdk scûk`ki su cfdekedk pkrk trktkr `k mrbiqudtds erõidek hrkedks k su keedõi clb`dcitc, ebi dihrcadcitcs eblb pcetdik y h`decrdik, uskabs ebl÷ilcitc ci gkrkmcs pkrk `k tbs y `k hkrhkitk quc sc rcectki b sc ebisdhuci lcadkitc vcitk adrcetk. Cstks prbpdcakacs tklmdäi `b jkeci cfcetdvb pkrk ;68 kpbykr trktkldcitbs ac kslk, mrbiqudtds, fkrdihdtds, ektkrrb, k`crhdks, citrc btrbs prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs. Uus prbpdcakacs tklmdäi sdrvci pkrk trktkr ÷`ecrks hkstrbaubacik`cs, adkrrcks y rculktdslb, citrc btrbs prbm`clks ksbedkabs k `k dif`klkedõi. Si cstuadb jcejb ci `k Sidvcrsdaka Ikedbik` ]ìb Eukrtb, ci Krhcitdik, ci ;444, ebifdrlõ `k rcsdstciedk ac cstk p`kitk pkrk eblmktdr brhkidslbs ibedvbs. Cstb fuc ebifdrlkab ci =??= pbr edcitìfdebs ac Mrksd` y ci =??5 pbr divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Sidvcrsdaka Läadek ac Nkbjsduih, ci Qkdwëi, ci ui cstuadb di vdtrb. vdtrb. Ci cstc ÷`tdlb acseumrdcrbi quc c` khuk ek`dcitc ebi cxtrketbs ac cstk p`kitk lbstrkmk rcsdstciedk k brhkidslbs ibedvbs y ebifdrlkrbi `bs cfcetbs cstdlu`kitcs ac` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb lciedbikabs pbr `k Ebldsdõi C ac K`clkidk. ;6: Lkek (lkek)

 @cpdadul lcycidd, lcycidd, rkìz ac lkek, kykn ejdejdrk, kyun wd``nu, hdiscih kiadib,

 

hdiscih pcrukib, `cpdadul pcruvdkiul, lkek, lkdib, lknk, _cruvdki hdiscih  Kulcitkr `k cicrhìk

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 Eblmktdr `k fktdhk erõidek

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 K`dvdkr `k prclcibpkusdk y `k lcibpkusdk

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 Eblmktdr `k adsfuiedõi scxuk` ci lugcrcs

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y jblmrcs  Dierclcitkr `k acisdaka õsck pkrk

✕

eblmktdr `k bstcbpbrbsds @k lkek prbvdcic ac uik p`kitk ac `k ldslk fkld`dk ac `bs rëmkibs. Qdcic ui ekrketcrìstdeb b`br ekrklc`dzkab y cs brdhdikrdk ac `bs Kiacs pcrukibs. Uu rcebibedldcitb ci c` luiab lbacrib cs luy rcedcitc, pbr `b tkitb jky quc uskr`k ebi ekutc`k. Udi clmkrhb, `bs diaìhciks `bek`cs `k jki eu`tdvkab acsac jkec lës ac trcs ld` kûbs. Ib sc skmc cxketklcitc eõlb fuiedbik, pcrb trkadedbik`lcitc jk sdab utd`dzkak pkrk prblbvcr `k fcrtd`daka y lcgbrkr c` cstkab ac ëidlb, cspcedk`lcitc ci `ks lugcrcs, ksì eblb pkrk dierclcitkr `k cicrhìk, sbmrc tbab `k scxuk`. Ac jcejb, su rcpcitdik pbpu`krdaka sc acmc k su `chciakrdk rcputkedõi ac scr ui pbacrbsb kfrbadsìkeb. C` ditcräs quc jk susedtkab ci `bs ÷`tdlbs kûbs cstk rkìz jk bm`dhkab k `bs divcstdhkabrcs ac tbab c` luiab k fdgkrsc ci c``k y prbmkr `k cfcetdvdaka ac `bs usbs trkadedbik`cs quc `bs kiadibs pcrukibs `c jki akab. ;64 Mktdab ac ekekb y lkek : bizks ac `cejc ac ebeb b k`lciark mdci frìk ;¼

;¼ euejkrkaks ac lkek ci pb`vb

 

;¼ euejkrkaks ac ekekb ci pb`vb sdi kz÷ekr ¼ mkikib ¼ tkzk ac aëtd`cs sdi scld``k ; euejkrkadtk ac iucecs lb`daks _bi ci `k `deukabrk `k `cejc y c` rcstb ac dihrcadcitcs, cxecptb `ks iucecs. @de÷k. Udrvc y khrähk`c `ks iucecs ciedlk. Adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Khrähk`k k tu adctk rchu`kr, ac prcfcrciedk ci c` acskyuib, k`lucrzb b lcrdciaks. Ebisulc ac uik k trcs euejkrkaks k` aìk. Kitcs ac jkecr cgcrededb b k`huik ketdvdaka quc aclkiac cicrhìk b ebiecitrkedõi.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ci k`huibs lcrekabs pucacs ciebitrkr rkìz ac lkek frcsek. @k lkicrk lës ebivcidcitc y scied``k ac uskr`k cs ci pb`vb, adspbidm`c ci tdciaks ac vdtkldiks b tdciaks ikturdstks.

@k lcgbr lkicrk ac ib pcracr sus iutrdcitcs cs ib sblctdäiab`k k k`tks tclpcrkturks.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik @ks prbpdcakacs ac `k lkek ac lcgbrkr c` idvc` ac cicrhìk ac` brhkidslb pbarìki acmcrsc k su k`tb ebitcidab iutrdtdvb, pucs pbscc uik ebiecitrkedõi ac ëedabs hrksbs csciedk`cs c dlpbrtkitcs ldicrk`cs, eblb zdie y ybab. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Ibrtjulmrdk, ci Dih`ktcrrk, ci =??4, diadeõ quc trks ;1 aìks ac tblkr ui sup`clcitb ac lkek sc lcgbrõ c` idvc` ac cicrhìk y c` rciadldcitb y acscb scxuk` ac ede`dstks vkrbics. Si cstuadb adrdhdab pbr c` Lksskejusctts Eb``chc bf _jkrlkey kia Jck`tj Uedciecs, ci Mbstbi, lbstrõ quc c` ebisulb ac lkek lcgbrk c` ëidlb y `k sk`ua ac` ecrcmrb. Uus ëedabs hrksbs kyuaki k cstkmd`dzkr `k fuiedõi ebhidtdvk, ksì eblb k k`dvdkr `bs ;8? sìitblks ac `k acprcsdõi, `k kisdcaka y c` csträs. Divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Ejkr`cs Uturt Sidvcrsdty & Qjcrkpcutde ]csckrej, quc cvk`ukrbi c` usb ac lkek pkrk mkgkr ac pcsb ci lugcrcs lcibpëusdeks, ciebitrkrbi quc tklmdäi rcaugcrbi sìitblks eblb sbfbebs, ditcrrupedbics ac` sucûb, suabrcs ibeturibs y acprcsdõi. Ci ui cstuadb sdld`kr sc acseumrdõ quc `ks lugcrcs pbslcibpëusdeks tclprkiks quc `k tblki tklmdäi cxpcrdlcitki ui k`dvdb sdhidfdektdvb ac sus sìitblks. Ci ui cstuadb jcejb pbr c` Acpkrtklcitb ac _sdqudktrìk ac` Jbspdtk` Hcicrk` ac Lksskejusctts, ci Mbstbi, sc cxkldiõ su cfdekedk pkrk rclcadkr `k adsfuiedõi scxuk` ci lugcrcs eblb rcsu`tkab ac tblkr kitdacprcsdvbs. C``ks lcgbrkrbi `k sktdsfkeedõi scxuk` ebi `k absds lës k`tk (5 h pbr aìk) sdi lbstrkr cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdty & Qjcrkpcutde ]csckrej Ditcriktdbik`, ac Kustrk`dk, sbmrc c` cfcetb ac `k lkek ci `bs sìitblks ac `k lcibpkusdk acseumrdõ quc tklmdäi kulcitk c` lkrekabr ksbedkab ebi `k acisdaka õsck, kyuakiab k lkitcicr `bs jucsbs skibs.

;8; Lkizkid``k (Hcrlki ejklbld`c)

 

 Lktrdekrdk rceutdtk, rceutdtk, eklbld`k, ejklbld``k b ejklbld`c, ]blki ejklbld`c, wjdh p`kit  Qrktkr prbm`clks adhcstdvbs

✕ ✕

 Cstkmd`dzkr c` sdstclk icrvdbsb  _rcvcidr c` disblidb

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 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi

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 Qrktkr k`crhdks

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 C`dldikr mketcrdks muek`cs b ac hkrhkitk

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 Kyuakr  K yuakr k edektrdzkr

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Ci c` kitdhub Chdptb yk sc ebibeìk y sc uskmk `k lkizkid``k pkrk eurkr `k fdcmrc. @bs hrdchbs acseumrdcrbi ci c``k, kaclës ac uik mc``k p`kitk briklcitk` pkrk sus gkradics, ui sdifìi ac mcicfdedbs lcadedik`cs. Ksdldslb, `bs rblkibs `c akmki usbs lcadedik`cs, ebiadlcitkmki ebi sus jbgks `ks mcmdaks y prcpkrkmki krblëtdebs diedcisbs. T ci Diadk `k uskmki pkrk trktkr ab`brcs ac ekmczk, trkstbribs jcpëtdebs, rcik`cs y ac `k vcgdhk, citrc btrbs. Aurkitc `k Caka Lcadk, hrkedks k `bs lbigcs quc divcstdhkmki y trkisldtìki sus ebibedldcitbs, sc ebivdrtdõ ci uik ac `ks jdcrmks lës utd`dzkaks pkrk trktkr acsac prbm`clks ac `k pdc` k btrbs lës eblp`cgbs, eblb c` kslk. Qklmdäi sc usõ pkrk akr`c c` tbquc klkrhb k `k ecrvczk, kui kitcs ac` `÷pu`b. T ci c` Vdrrcdiktb ac` _cr÷ fuc `k jdcrmk fkvbrdtk ac Uki Lkrtìi ac _brrcs pkrk eurkr k `bs cifcrlbs pbmrcs ac `ks ek``cs. Qä ac lkizkid``k ;8= ; euejkrkak ac lkizkid``k scek (b uik mb`sdtk ac tä)

;

 

tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Acgk rcpbskr `k mb`sdtk ci c` khuk ek`dcitc pbr ;? ldiutbs. @uchb mämc`k acspuäs ac eblcr k`hb pcskab, b uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k `k eklk, pkrk kyuakrtc k rc`kgkrtc y abrldr eblb ui mcmä. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Acspuäs ac eblcr, cspcedk`lcitc k`hb pcskab. Sik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr. Eukiab tcihks ab`br ac cstõlkhb b eõ`debs lcistruk`cs b prbecsbs difceedbsbs b k`ärhdebs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Eukiab tcihks prbm`clks ac `k hkrhkitk b `k mbek, kprbvcejk pkrtc ac` tä ac lkizkid``k pkrk ui cigukhuc muek`. Qklmdäi pucacs ebischudr uik erclk b pblkak prcpkrkak ebi lkizkid``k pkrk kyuakr k acsdif`klkr `bs l÷seu`bs b k`huik drrdtkedõi ac `k pdc`. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k lkizkid``k ebitdcic eblpucstbs kibadibs quc sbi kitdcspkslõadebs y ebitrb`ki `bs ek`klmrcs, c` cstrcûdldcitb, ab`brcs ac cstõlkhb y `k kisdcaka, citrc btrks ebsks. Qklmdäi pucac scr pkrtc ac` trktkldcitb ac prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs eblb kslk, mrbiqudtds y rcsfrìbs. Acsac jkec luejb tdclpb sc `c ``klk ‐kspdrdik jcrmkrdk“, yk quc kyuak k mkgkr `k dif`klkedõi, `b rbgdzb ac `k pdc` y `k ebihcstdõi, uskak sb`k b ci eblmdikedõi ebi btrks jdcrmks.

Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr divcstdhkabrcs ac` Dlpcrdk` Eb``chc, ci @biarcs, Dih`ktcrrk, acseumrdõ quc c` ebisulb ac su difusdõi c`cvk `bs idvc`cs ac pbr `b

 

lcibs abs sustkiedks (h`dedik c jdpurktb), quc sbi rc`kgkitcs luseu`krcs y icrvdbsbs, kaclës ac quc k`tcrki `k f`brk ditcstdik` y ek`lki `bs ab`brcs. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac _cisd`vkidk, ci Fd`kac`fdk, y k uik rcvdsdõi ac cstuadbs rck`dzkak pbr `k K`tcriktdvc `k K`tcriktdvc Qjcrkpdcs di  Jck`tj kia  kia  Lcadedic y Lcadedic y _jkrlkebhibsy  _jkrlkebhibsy ]cvdcw, ]cvdcw, `k lkizkid``k pucac kyuakr k ebitrb`kr `k kisdcaka y `k acprcsdõi, lbacrkr c` cstkab kiìldeb y rc`kgkr c` sdstclk icrvdbsb. ;85 Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci K`clkidk acseumrdõ quc `k erclk ac lkizkid``k cs dhuk` ac cfcetdvk quc ?.=3% ac erclk ac jdarbebrtdsbik pkrk c` trktkldcitb ac` ceeclk. @k Ebldsdõi C, `k khciedk bfdedk` ac K`clkidk, sdld`kr k `k FAK ac Cstkabs Sidabs, kutbrdzk c` usb ac prcpkrkedbics ac lkizkid``k tõpdek pkrk uik vkrdcaka ac cifcrlcakacs ac `k pdc` y ac `k mbek, yk quc kyuak k acsdif`klkr `bs tcgdabs y k ek`lkr y ecrrkr pbsdm`cs jcrdaks. ;81 Lkrkeuyë (pkssdbi f`bwcr)  _kssdf`brk diekriktk, diekriktk, pksdbikrdk, f`br ac `k pksdõi, hrkikad``k, ejdib`k, pkrejdtk, lurueuyë ✕

 Kyuakr  K yuakr k `k rc`kgkedõi  Eblmktdr c` csträs

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 Eblmktdr c` disblidb

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 Qrktkr prbm`clks ac `k edreu`kedõi

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 Qrktkr ab`brcs ac ekmczk, cstblkek`cs y

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luseu`krcs

 Qrktkr prbm`clks ac `k prclcibpkusdk y

✕

 

`k lcibpkusdk Ud `cìstc ld `dmrb kitcrdbr Lcgbrk kitcrdbr Lcgbrk tu sk`ua ac pbqudtb pbqud tb k pbeb, pbeb, schurklcitc rcebrakrës quc acseumrì `bs mcicfdedbs ac` lkrkeuyë k` musekr uik eurk ikturk` pkrk ld hrkvc prbm`clk ac disblidb acspuäs ac uik aäekak ac acpciacr ac lcadeklcitbs. Lc `k rceblciaõ ui ejklëi huktclk`tceb, y crk `k kyuak quc icecsdtkmk. Ac jcejb, jby ci aìk suc`b tcicr ekgdtks ac tä ac lkrkeuyë ci ld bfdedik pkrk aërsc`ks k lds pkedcitcs quc sufrci ac` ldslb prbm`clk. Uc ercc quc c` lkrkeuyë cs brdhdikrdb ac` Mrksd`, kuiquc cxdstci aktbs ac su usb citrc `bs dieks eblb scakitc y trkiqud`dzkitc ikturk`. Acsac citbiecs su pbpu`krdaka sc cxtciadõ y ``chõ jkstk Curbpk. Cxdstci rchdstrbs ac su usb lcadedik` aurkitc c` sdh`b ZDZ pkrk trktkr c` disblidb, ab`brcs lcistruk`cs, lk`cstkrcs adhcstdvbs, adkrrck c, die`usb, pkrk ek`lkr `bs sìitblks ac `k cpd`cpsdk. Difusdõi ac lkrkeuyë ;83 ° ac tkzk ac jbgks sceks ac lkrkeuyë (b uik mb`sdtk ac tä ac lkrkeuyë) ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Vdcrtc c` khuk ci uik tkzk ebi `ks jbgks b tä ac lkrkeuyë. Acgk rcpbskr ;? ldiutbs. Euc`k `ks jbgks y mcmc c` tä. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Qrcditk ldiutbs kitcs ac dr k abrldr sd sufrcs ac disblidb b lcibpkusdk. Acspuäs ac `ks ebldaks pkrk kyuakr k `k adhcstdõi. Aurkitc c` aìk, eblb rcfrcseb, sd jky kisdcaka b luejb csträs.

Qbabs `bs aìks b eukiab `b icecsdtcs.

 

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs khrchkr`c btrks jdcrmks eblb lcitk, k`mkjkek, hbtks ac `dlõi, cteätcrk. _ucacs prcpkrkr`b ebi `cejc ek`dcitc ci rcclp`kzb ac` khuk. Ud sufrcs kisdcaka b csträs, prcpkrk 1 tkzks ac cstc tä frìb, pkrk mcmcr`b aurkitc c` aìk. _br quä sì fuiedbik @bs k`ek`bdacs y f`kvbibdacs quc ebitdcic c` lkrkeuyë kyuaki k ebied`dkr c` sucûb y k quc cstc sck ac lkybr ek`daka y lës prb`bihkab. Uch÷i `k Ebldsdõi C ac K`clkidk y CMUEB Difbrlktdbi Ucrvdecs— Lcadek` ]cvdcw Mbkra, jky sufdedcitc cvdaciedk edcitìfdek ac quc cstk p`kitk pbscc ui cfcetb scakitc sdld`kr k` quc tdcici `bs fërlkebs ``klkabs mcizbadkecpdiks, pcrb sdi c` pc`dhrb ac `k acpciaciedk. K`huibs cstuadbs suhdcrci quc k`h÷i eblpucstb ac` lkrkeuyë cstdlu`k `k prbaueedõi ac` ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb (HKMK) ci c` ecrcmrb, quc pcrldtc `k rc`kgkedõi. Uc jk cstuadkab c` usb ac` lkrkeuyë eblb trktkldcitb pkrk `k kisdcaka, ci eblpkrkedõi ebi fërlkebs eblb c` bxkzcpkl. Uc jk prbmkab quc, kuiquc c` lcadeklcitb cs lës rëpdab, trks euktrb sclkiks ac usb tdcic `k ldslk cfcetdvdaka. C` lkrkeuyë tklmdäi jk sdab divcstdhkab eblb lätbab eblp`clcitkrdb pkrk eurkr `k acpciaciedk ac arbhks y fërlkebs, lbstrkiab cxec`citcs rcsu`tkabs k` kldibrkr cfcetbs clbedbik`cs eblb drrdtkmd`daka y acprcsdõi aurkitc `k acsditbxdekedõi. Cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci Krhcitdik lbstrkrbi sus mcicfdedbs pkrk trktkr adfcrcitcs pktb`bhìks ksbedkaks ebi c` trketb hkstrbditcstdik`, eblb eb`dtds, pbr sus prbpdcakacs ;86 kitddif`klktbrdks, kitdadkrrcdeks y kitdcspkslõadeks.

Ci Dtk`dk, `k clprcsk divcstdhkabrk ]csckrej Hrbup fbr Ucxb`bhy y Hyiceb`bhdek` E`dide bf tjc _b`de`dideb Sidvcrsdtkrdb, ci Ektkidk, aclbstrkrbi

 

quc su ebisulb, guitb ebi btrbs prbauetbs ikturk`cs eblb rcsvcrktrb`, pucac scr k`tklcitc cfdekz pkrk rcauedr sìitblks, lcgbrkr `k ek`daka ac vdak y fuiedbikldcitb scxuk` ac `ks lugcrcs prclcibpëusdeks. Edcitìfdebs ci Drëi prbmkrbi quc c` usb ac` lkrkeuyë ci ebiguitb ebi btrks jdcrmks y p`kitks lcadedik`cs kyuak k adsldiudr `bs sbfbebs ( jbt f`ksjcs) f`ksjcs) prbpdbs ac `k lcibpkusdk y prclcibpkusdk, sdi icecsdaka ac rcclp`kzb jbrlbik`. ;88 Lc`õi klkrhb (mdttcr lc`bi)  Lblbradek ejkrkitdk, ejkrkitdk, ejkybtk, ek`kmkzk klkrhk, sbprbpb, pcpdib kfrdekib, lkizkik khrdk, euiacklbr ejdib, mk`skldik, tblkeb  Qrktkr lk`cstkrcs hkstrbditcstdik`cs

✕

(÷`ecrks, eb`dtds, cstrcûdldcitb)  K`dvdkr prbm`clks ci `k pdc`, eblb `k

✕

psbrdksds  Ebitrb`kr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc

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 Qrktkr prbm`clks ac` jìhkab

✕

 Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

✕

 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr

✕

K` cxtrketb ac` lc`õi klkrhb `c jki ``klkab ‐disu`dik vchctk`“, yk quc, eurdbsklcitc, ci tbabs `bs rdiebics ci quc `b ebibeci, acsac c` Klkzbiks jkstk Diadk, acsac `k lcadedik iktdvk jkstk `k kyurväadek, `b jki utd`dzkab eblb ui rchu`kabr ikturk` ac` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc. Uc adec quc cs `k jbrtk`dzk lës klkrhk ac` luiab, uik frutk eblcstdm`c y lcadedik` quc cs uik rkrk lcze`k citrc pcpdib y lkizkik, ac `k euk` sdrvc tbab7 jbgks, rkìecs y scld``ks. Ib sc skmc ebi

cxketdtua ac quä rchdõi prbvdcic, pcrb sc eu`tdvk ci zbiks trbpdek`cs.

 

Uc ebibec su usb ld`cikrdb ci Ejdik, Fd`dpdiks, Diadk y Gkpõi, zbiks ac Ëfrdek, c` Klkzbiks y `ks Kitd``ks. @bs ejdibs, skmdciab `ks prbpdcakacs acpurkabrks pkrk c` brhkidslb quc tdcici `bs prbauetbs klkrhbs, acskrrb``krbi adstditbs prbecsbs pkrk kprbvcejkr`k, c die`usb adsfrutkr`k. Qä ac lc`õi klkrhb ;8: ; euejkrkak ac lc`õi klkrhb ci pb`vb (b lcadk euejkrkadtk ac su vcrsdõi ci cxtrketb) = tkzks ac khuk Utcvdk Jdcrvc c` khuk y khrähk`c c` lc`õi klkrhb ci pb`vb b cxtrketb. Acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Khrchk stcvdk y adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Khrähk`b k tu adctk rchu`kr. K euk`qudcr jbrk ac` aìk, ac uik k trcs vcecs adkrdks, eblb tä b difusdõi.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs uskr`b ci sup`clcitbs. @k lkybrìk ac `bs cstuadbs suhdcrc quc pkrk `bhrkr cfcetbs ci c` brhkidslb sc rcqudcrc ebisuldr pbr `b lcibs trcs lcscs citrc ; y = hrklbs (;,??? k =,??? lh) ac lc`õi klkrhb adkrdbs, `bs euk`cs pucaci advdadrsc ci abs b trcs absds aurkitc c` aìk, acspuäs ac eblcr.

_br quä sì fuiedbik C` lc`õi klkrhb cs uik ac `ks p`kitks lës divcstdhkaks ci `k ketuk`daka pbr sus

 

prbpdcakacs kitdmdõtdeks, kitdbxdakitcs, kitdekiecrìhciks y kitdvdrk`cs, citrc btrks. Ac keucrab k `k Gburik` bf Ctjibpjkrlkeb`bhy, Ctjibpjkrlkeb`bhy, cxdstci lës ac ;?? cstuadbs quc aclucstrki su ekpkedaka pkrk rcauedr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc, hrkedks k fdtbiutrdcitcs ÷idebs quc tdcici cfcetbs jdpbh`ueäldebs. Uc rcebldciak uskr`b eblb trktkldcitb ikturk` pkrk eblmktdr `k adkmctcs lc``dtus y sus eblp`dekedbics. Kaclës, pucac lcgbrkr `k dihcstdõi ac h`uebsk ac `ks eä`u`ks, yk quc fked`dtk `k `dmcrkedõi ac disu`dik. _ucac kyuakr k lkicgkr c` akûb rcik`, `bs trkstbribs beu`krcs eblb ektkrktks b h`kueblk, `bs eklmdbs jbrlbik`cs ci `ks lugcrcs y `ks eblp`dekedbics ekraìkeks y akûbs ci `bs vksbs skihuìicbs, citrc btrbs. Qklmdäi kyuak ci c` prbecsb ac adhcstdõi ac `bs k`dlcitbs, yk quc fked`dtk `k c`dldikedõi ÷`ecrks y prbm`clks eblb c` cstrcûdldcitb, `k `k dif`klkedõi,ac `bsab`brcs, pkrësdtbs ditcstdik`cs, cteätcrk. Qklmdäi pucac eblmktdr mketcrdk Jc`debmketcr mketcrdk  Jc`debmketcr ;84  ;84  y`brd..  y`brd Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Diadk, c` cxtrketb ac lc`õi klkrhb kyuak k acsditbxdekr, prcvdcic c` akûb jcpëtdeb y lcgbrk `k fuiedõi jcpëtdek. K`huibs cstuadbs, eblb c` pum`dekab ci `k rcvdstk Ekiecr ]csckrej y ]csckrej y btrb rck`dzkab ci `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ukdit @buds y pum`dekab ci `k rcvdstk Jck`tj.ebl rcvdstk Jck`tj.ebl,, sbstdcici quc`bs pbarìk ditcrvcidr ci `k`cuecldk, prcvciedõi b ebitrb` k`huibs`krdihc, tdpbs ac eëiecr eblb ac scib, pëiercks, pdc`, prõstktk,ac`cihuk, vcgdhk y cifcrlcaka ac Jbahndi. Adstditks divcstdhkedbics tklmdäi jki `bhrkab dacitdfdekr quc c` lc`õi klkrhb ebitdcic eblpucstbs kitddif`klktbrdbs y kitdmketcrdkibs quc sc uski ci c` trktkldcitb ac prbm`clks ci `k pdc`, eblb ceeclk y psbrdksds. ;:? Lcitk (pcppcrldit)

 Lcitjk pdpcrdtk, pdpcrdtk, lcitk pdpcrdtk

 

 Qrktkr ab`brcs ac cstõlkhb, ac ekmczk y

✕

luseu`krcs  ]cauedr `bs prbm`clks adhcstdvbs

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 Qrktkr c` eb`bi drrdtkm`c

✕

 Qrktkr prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs

✕

 _rcvcidr c` lk` k`dcitb

✕

 Eblmktdr mketcrdks

✕

 Kulcitkr `k cicrhìk y lcgbrkr `k

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ebiecitrkedõi @k lcitk ( Lcitjk ( Lcitjk pdpcrdtk), pdpcrdtk), `k jdcrmkmucik ( Lcitjk ( Lcitjk spdektk) spdektk) y c` pb`cb (  Lcitjk pu`chdul) pu`chdul) pcrtciceci k `k ldslk fkld`dk, uik ac `ks lës dlpbrtkitcs y hcicrbsks ac `k ikturk`czk. Kuiquc tdcici k`huiks adfcrciedks, ci hcicrk`, eblpkrtci `k lkybrìk ac ekrketcrìstdeks y prbpdcakacs lcadedik`cs. Qdcici sus brìhcics ci `bs tcrrdtbrdbs k`rcacabr ac` Lcadtcrrëicb y kpkrceci rcfcrciedks ac c``ks acsac `k äpbek ac` kitdhub Chdptb> pbr `bs pkpdrbs ac Cawdi Uldtj, ac @kjui y ac Cmcrs, sc skmc quc `k uskmki ci `k hkstrbiblìk, eblb adhcstdvb, pkrk lcgbrkr c` k`dcitb y pkrk actcicr `bs võldtbs. @bs hrdchbs `k diebrpbrkrbi ci `cyciaks ldtb`õhdeks ci p`ktbs tki trkadedbik`cs eblb `k sk`sk ac ybhur tzktzdnd. Uch÷i c` läadeb y fkrlkeõ`bhb hrdchb _cakidus Adbsebrdacs, `k lcitk pbaìk acsabm`krsc y ``cvkr k `bs p`kecrcs klbrbsbs, `b ldslb quc k `k difcrtd`daka. Ci pkìscs eblb Chdptb y Lkrrucebs, su tä cs pkrtc vdtk` ac `k eu`turk y sìlmb`b ac kebhdak, ekpkz ac rcfrcsekr eucrpb y k`lk. ;:; Qä ac lcitk cstd`b lkrrbquì ;¼

tkzks ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak

 

; euejkrkadtk ac tä vcrac 1 jbgks ac lcitk frcsek Ciau`zkitc Guhb ac `dlõi Ci ui rcedpdcitc pbi `ks jbgks ac lcitk y khrchk c` khuk jdrvdciab sbmrc cstks. Aägk`k pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. @uchb khrchk c` tä vcrac y acgk rcpbskr ui pkr ac ldiutbs lës. Ciau`zk y khrchk c` `dlõi. @b pucacs tblkr frìb b ek`dcitc. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Adkrdklcitc. K euk`qudcr jbrk. Ci cspcedk`, acspuäs ac dihcrdr ebldaks pcskaks.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud vks k mcmcr ui tä ac lcitk eblb adhcstdvb, acspuäs ac ecikr, prcpërk`k sb`k, ebi lkizkid``k, ek`äiau`k u btrk jdcrmk rc`kgkitc. _ucacs khrchkr uiks jbgksaurkitc ac lcitk mb`sdtk k uik gkrrk ac khuk purk y acgkr`k ci `k icvcrk, pkrk mcmcr`k c` baìk. @c akrë ui tbquc rcfrcsekitc. Ib `k ebisulks sd sufrcs ac ÷`ecrk adhcstdvk b prbm`clks ac` jìhkab. _br quä sì fuiedbik ]cvdstks eblb Ditcriktdbik` eblb Ditcriktdbik` Gburik` bf _jytbtjcrkpy kia _jytbpjkrlkeb`bhy jki pum`dekab krtìeu`bs sbmrc sus l÷`tdp`cs usbs lcadedik`cs. Citrc btrbs, sc jki

cstuadkab cfcetbs eblb rcfrcsekitc ac `kcstdlu`kitc pdc` ac `krhkac`aurkedõi, eblb kik`häsdebsus pkrk ab`brcs luseu`krcs y eblb f`ugb skihuìicb eukiab sc kp`dek tõpdeklcitc.

 

Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci ;446 kik`dzõ su cfdekedk ci c` trktkldcitb ac ecfk`ck b ab`brcs ac ekmczk. @bs pkedcitcs k`dvdkrbi su ab`br acspuäs ac kp`dekr uiks hbtks ac kecdtc ci `ks sdcics y `k frcitc, sdi cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs kavcrsbs. Ci btrk divcstdhkedõi `k Sidvcrsdaka Diadk ci `k =??4 sc aclbstrõ `k ekpkedakarck`dzkak ac` kecdtcpbr csciedk` ac lcitkLäadek pdpcrdtkac pkrk trktkr fdmrbldk`hdk ;:= y c` sìiarblc ac ab`br ldbfksedk`, k`dvdkiab c` ab`br luseu`kr hrkedks k sus prbpdcakacs eblb kik`häsdeb ikturk`. Cs cspcedk`lcitc cfdekz pkrk ek`lkr c` ab`br ac cspk`ak, ac l÷seu`bs ac `ks cxtrcldakacs y c` ab`br tcisdbik` ac ekmczk. C` ëedab kseõrmdeb quc pbscc y su prdiedpk` khcitc ketdvb, c` lcitb`, sbi mucibs acsebihcstdbikitcs, kmrci `bs scibs iksk`cs y sbi cxpcetbrkitcs, `b quc kyuak k kf`bgkr y cxpu`skr `k f`clk. lcitb` tklmdäi ebitrdmuyc k rchu`kr tclpcrkturk ebrpbrk`, yk qucC`kulcitk `k suabrkedõi. Ldcitrks quc c``k tdib` eb`kmbrk ci trktkldcitbs ac kslk, k`crhdks, cteätcrk, ebitrb`kiab `k tbs. C` Jbspdtk` Hcicrk` Cpsbl, ci Dih`ktcrrk, pum`deõ ci =??; `bs rcsu`tkabs ac uik divcstdhkedõi sbmrc `ks prbpdcakacs adhcstdvks ac `k lcitk, ci `k euk` sc ebisdhikmk quc lcgbrk c` f`ugb ac `k md`ds, ek`lkiab cspkslbs ac eb`bi, ksì eblb sus ekpkedakacs kitdbxdakitcs, acsditbxdekitcs, rcvdtk`dzkitcs y kitdlderbmdkiks, citrc btrks. ;:5 Lbrdihk (mci bd` trcc)  Lbrdihk b`cdfcrk, b`cdfcrk, pk`d``b, arulstden  Qrktkr `k dif`kedõi y cifcrlcakacs

✕

rc`kedbikaks  Fbrtk`cecr sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Eblmktdr c` civcgcedldcitb

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 Ebitrb`kr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc

✕

 

 Mkgkr `k prcsdõi skihuìick k`tk

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 Qrktkr `k tdrbdacs (acsmk`kiec jbrlbik`)

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 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr y kpbykr su trktkldcitb

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 Qrktkr prbm`clks hkstrbditcstdik`cs

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(÷`ecrks, ab`br, adkrrck, cstrcûdldcitb, cteätcrk)  Qrktkr difceedbics (mketcrdks, jbihbs,

✕

vdrus y pkrësdtbs) @k lbrdihk jk ebmrkab dlpbrtkiedk ci `ks ÷`tdlks aäekaks, cspcedk`lcitc pbr su utd`daka ci `k `uejk ebitrk `k acsiutrdedõi. Udi clmkrhb, ci `k lcadedik kyurvcak sc utd`dzk acsac jkec ecrek ac euktrb ld` kûbs. Cs brdhdikrdk ac `ks lbitkûks ac` Jdlk`kyk, ac Qkld` Ikau, ci Diadk, y ac Ëfrdek. Jk ``chkab k scr uib ac `bs ërmb`cs lës p`kitkabs rcedcitclcitc yk quc pucac sbmrcvdvdr ci tcrrcibs eksd cstärd`cs. Kaclës, tdcic `k dlpbrtkitìsdlk prbpdcaka ac rchcicrkr `bs suc`bs abiac ercec, iutrdäiab`bs y acgëiab`bs `dstbs pkrk btrbs eu`tdvbs. Ac jcejb, ci =??:, c` Iktdbik` Distdtutc bf Jck`tj (IDJ) `k c`dhdõ eblb `k ‐p`kitk ac` kûb“ pbr sus diiulcrkm`cs euk`dakacs lcadedik`cs y lcadbklmdcitk`cs. Uc `c ebibec prëetdeklcitc ci tbab c` luiab mkgb ui ecitcikr ac iblmrcs. Cs tki ;:1 eblp`ctk ci su eblpbsdedõi y euk`dakacs quc die`usb luejbs edcitìfdebs `k ``klki ‐p`kitk ld`khrbsk“. Mktdab vcrac ebi lbrdihk ; euejkrkak ac lbrdihk ci pb`vb :

bizks ac khuk ;

 

tkzk ac vchctk`cs vcracs (cspdikek, r÷eu`k, eb` rdzkak) ; lkizkik Jdc`b, sd hustks @de÷k `bs dihrcadcitcs y tõlk`b ac dilcadktb. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Qbabs `bs aìks, aurkitc uib b abs lcscs, k euk`qudcr jbrk. Acsekisk ui tdclpb kitcs ac rctblkr`k.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ib utd`decs khuk aclksdkab ek`dcitc pkrk quc `ks jbgks ib pdcraki sus iutrdcitcs. Ud `k ebisulcs ci pb`vb, ebldcizk ebi lcadk euejkrkadtk k` aìk. _rucmk uik sclkik kitcs ac kulcitkr `k absds. Qklmdäi pucacs utd`dzkr`k ci sup`clcitbs. Ib cxdstc uik absds hcicrk`lcitc kecptkak. Uc suhdcrc quc sc usc ui lëxdlb ac ;3 lh pbr `dmrk ac pcsb ebrpbrk` k` aìk. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k` Iktdbik` Distdtutc bf Jck`tj ac Cstkabs Sidabs, cxdstci lës ac ;,5?? divcstdhkedbics c difbrlcs sbmrc `bs mcicfdedbs y ekrketcrìstdeks eurktdvks ac `k lbrdihk. Sik cvk`ukedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac _utrk, ci Lk`ksdk, pum`dekak ci =?;1

pbr `k Ksdki `k Ksdki _kedfde Gburik` Ekiecr _rcvcitdbi, _rcvcitdbi, scûk`õ quc `k lbrdihk ebitdcic kldibëedabs

 

csciedk`cs, kitdbxdakitcs, eblpucstbs kitdmketcrdkibs y kitddif`klktbrdbs ebi prbpdcakacs sdld`krcs k `ks ac lcadeklcitbs ebivciedbik`cs, pcrb sdi cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs. @k lbrdihk pbscc eblpucstbs quc rcaueci `bs cfcetbs ac` csträs bxdaktdvb y `k ;:3 dif`klkedõi, ksbedkabs ebi lcibr rdcshb ac cifcrlcakacs erõideks eblb adkmctcs, jdpcrtcisdõi y eëiecr ac eb`bi, cstõlkhb y pu`lõi. @k Gburik` bf Fbba Uedciec kia Qcejib`bhy Qcejib`bhy pum`deõ  pum`deõ ci =?;1 ui cstuadb ci c` quc sc cxpbiìk quc c` usb ac `k lbrdihk y ac` klkrkitb rctkrak c` civcgcedldcitb y cqud`dmrk `ks jbrlbiks ci lugcrcs kau`tks quc jki k`ekizkab `k caka ac `k lcibpkusdk. Qklmdäi sc lbstrõ quc tblkabs ci kyuiks ci ebiguitb ebitrb`ki `k h`uecldk y kulcitki `k jclbh`bmdik. Adstditbs cstuadbs, eblb uib pum`dekab pbr `k Ditcriktdbik` `k Ditcriktdbik`  Gburik` bf Fbba Uedciec & Qcejib`bhy, Qcejib`bhy, jki aclbstrkab quc c` ëedab e`brbhäideb prcscitc ci `k lbrdihk cqud`dmrk `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc, rctcidciab b `dmcrkiab `k h`uebsk sch÷i c` eucrpb `b icecsdtc, `b euk` kyuak k eblmktdr `k adkmctcs y k lcgbrkr `k sk`ua ac` pëiercks. Hrkedks k sus prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks, `k lbrdihk sc utd`dzk ebi äxdtb ci ÷`ecrks cstblkek`cs, prbm`clks ac` jìhkab y `bs rdûbics, difceedbics ekuskaks pbr jbihbs, prbm`clks adhcstdvbs c difceedbics, eë`eu`bs rcik`cs, difceedbics ac` trketb urdikrdb, cstrcûdldcitb, rctciedõi ac `ìqudabs y adkrrck, citrc btrbs.

;:6

 

Idlmk (iccl)  zkadrkejtk diadek, diadek, idl, lkrhbsk b `d`dk diadk  Eblmktdr `k ekspk

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 Qrktkr kfceedbics k `k pdc` (psbrdksds,

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keiä, pdhlcitkedõi, k`crhdks)  Eblmktdr jbihbs (pdc ac kt`ctk, eëiadak)

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 ]cpc`cr discetbs (pu`hks, lbsqudtbs,

✕

ëekrbs) ✕

 C`dldikr pdbgbs  Eblmktdr mketcrdks muek`cs

✕

C` ërmb` ac idlmk, brdhdikrdb ac Diadk y Mdrlkidk, jby sc cxpbrtk k eksd tbab c` luiab y sc ak luy mdci ci zbiks trbpdek`cs y sumtrbpdek`cs. Uus f`brcs sbi luy frkhkitcs y sus frutbs, sdld`krcs k `k kecdtuik. Ci `k lkybr pkrtc ac Diadk sc `c utd`dzk acsac jkec uibs euktrb ld` kûbs, y ci ërcks rurk`cs sc `c ebibec eblb ‐fkrlkedk ac` pucm`b“ pbr `k difdidaka ac usbs lcadedik`cs quc sc `c aki k tbaks sus pkrtcs. Kaclës, sus jbgks sbi uskaks eblb fbrrkgc pkrk kidlk`cs y pkrk cspkitkr discetbs y p`khks, ldcitrks su frutb `b eblci tkitb `ks kvcs eblb `ks pcrsbiks. Uus scld``ks y jbgks tklmdäi sdrvci pkrk skzbikr k`huibs k`dlcitbs pdekitcs y c`dldikr mketcrdks muek`cs. Die`usb sc eucitk quc Lkjktlk Hkiajd kebstulmrkmk eblcr ejuticy  (uik eblpbtk ejuticy (uik khrdau`ec) ebi jbgks ac idlmk pkrk lcgbrkr su cstkab hcicrk` ac sk`ua. Difusdõi pkrk trktkr ekspk, pdbgbs, mketcrdks muek`cs b pdc` = tkzks ac jbgks ac idlmk

1

 

tkzks ac khuk ek`dcitc ;:8 Jdcrvc `ks jbgks ac idlmk jkstk quc c` khuk sc pbihk vcrac. Aägk`k cifrdkr. Qklmdäi pucacs uskr khuk luy ek`dcitc y acgkr`k rcpbskr pbr k` lcibs 5? ldiutbs. Euä`k`k y ÷sk`k eblb cigukhuc fdik` ac tu ekmc``b acspuäs ac `kvkr`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Adkrdklcitc b k` lcibs abs vcecs k `k sclkik jkstk quc `bs prbm`clks ac ekspk, pdbgbs u jbihbs acskpkrczeki.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs cigukhkrtc `k mbek ebi `k ldslk difusdõi sd tdcics lk` k`dcitb b jcrpcs, b ci `k pdc` pkrk trktkr jbihbs u btrks kfceedbics. _ucacs scpkrkr ui pbeb ac difusdõi y hukrakr`k ci uik mbtc``k ebi rbedkabr pkrk uskr`k sbmrc `k rbpk ac eklk, sbfës, krlkrdbs, `k pdc`, cteätcrk, eblb rcpc`citc ac discetbs y p`khks. _br quä sì fuiedbik Qjc Iktdbik` Kekacldcs _rcss pum`deõ ci ;443 ui `dmrb tdtu`kab Iccl7 tdtu`kab Iccl7 K Qrcc Qrcc fbr  Ub`vdih H`bmk` _rbm`cls sbmrc fbr _rbm`cls sbmrc `bs usbs lcadedik`cs ac` ërmb` ac idlmk eblprbmkabs7 `k `dlpdczk muek` y c` eblmktc ac jbihbs, mketcrdks, vdrus c discetbs. Ci c` `dmrb Iccl7 `dmrb Iccl7 Qjc S`tdlktc Jcrm tklmdäi Jcrm tklmdäi sc aki k ebibecr aktbs quc lucstrki su pbacr kitdmketcrdk` y su usb ci prbm`clks eblb psbrdksds y jbihbs, citrc c``bs `bs quc ekuski `k ekspk, c` pdc ac kt`ctk y `k ekiadadksds. Eblb kitdsäptdeb ikturk`, ebitrb`k cifcrlcakacs ac `ks cieìks, `ks ekrdcs y c` lk` k`dcitb.

Ci K`clkidk, sc aclbstrõ quc cs tõxdek pkrk c` vdrus ac` jcrpcs muek`.

 

Cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci =?;5 ci Lk`ksdk y Uudzk ciebitrkrbi quc su usb tõpdeb rchu`kr lcgbrk `k pdc` lk`trktkak k ekusk ac` keiä, edektrdecs, pdhlcitkedõi y puitbs ichrbs. @k Sidvcrsdaka acciIucvk Tbrn ac eblprbmõ kitddif`klktbrdks prbm`clks `k pdc`. sus prbpdcakacs kitdk`ärhdeks y Uus jbgks y kecdtc csciedk` fuiedbiki, kaclës, eblb `umrdekitc pkrk `k pdc`, julcetëiab`k, cvdtkiab quc sc rcscquc ebi c` usb ac quìldebs ac gkmbics y lcgbrkiab su c`kstdedaka. C` ldslb cfcetb tdcic ebi c` ekmc``b> cvdtk quc sc pkrtk y ;:: sc ekdhk, yk quc `b rcvdtk`dzk y iutrc. Cxdstc cvdaciedk ac su cfcetdvdaka c`dldikiab trcs vkrdkitcs ac pdbgbs, pu`hks y ëekrbs, ksì keblb iclktbabs y huskibs prbpkhkabs pbr lbsqudtbs y quc sbi rcsdstcitcs prbauetbs quìldebs trkadedbik`cs. Difdidaka ac cstuadbs aclucstrki quc pbscc kzkadrketdik, ui eblpbicitc lës cfcetdvb eblb rcpc`citc y pcstdedak quc `bs quìldebs, yk quc ditcrrulpc c` ede`b vdtk` ac vkrdks cspcedcs ac discetbs ac lkicrk lës schurk ci c` ebitrb` ac p`khks. ;:4 Ibpk` (prden`y pckr) Bpuitdk fdeus-diadek, fdeus-diadek, eketus, ejulmcrk, jdhucrk  Ebitrb`kr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc

✕

 Mkgkr ac pcsb

✕

 Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb`

✕

 Adsldiudr `bs trdh`deärdabs

✕

Adeci quc ‐lës lcxdekib quc c` ibpk`, ¡id c` tcqud`k!“ Eucitk `k `cyciak quc `k ldslìsdlk Eduaka ac Läxdeb fuc fuiakak sbmrc ui dilcisb eklpb ac ibpk`cs,

sdhudciab `ks diadekedbics ac` adbs Judtzd`bpbejt`d. Ä` `cs ebluideõ k `bs iktdvbs quc c` `uhkr cxketb abiac acmìki fuiakr Qcibejtdt`ëi scrìk abiac ciebitrkrki ui

 

ëhud`k acvbrkiab uik scrpdcitc pbskak ci ui ibpk`. @bs kztceks y btrbs pucm`bs prcjdspëidebs ac `k rchdõi ebibeìki `ks mbiakacs ac cstk p`kitk krmustdvk acsärtdek acsac luejb tdclpb kitcs. ]cstbs krqucb`õhdebs prucmki quc jkec lës ac =3 ld` kûbs, kaclës ac scr uib ac `bs p`ktd``bs prcfcrdabs pbr `bs iktdvbs rceb`cetbrcs äpbek fuiaklcitk`cs ac ``uvdks, crk acsjdarktkab y lb`dab pkrk c` rcstb ac` y uib ac `bs ci rceursbs pkrk trktkr quclkaurks y kfceedbics ac kûb, `k pdc`, difcrtd`daka, ebitusdbics, frketurks, kldhak`dtds y uik `krhk `dstk ac lk`cs. Mktdab vcrac ebi ibpk` ; tkzk ac ibpk` frcseb b ebihc`kab pdekab b abs euejkrkaks ci pb`vb ¼ tkzk ac kec`hk pdekak ¼ rclb`kejk (mctkmc`, mctkrrkhk) ¼ lkizkik vcrac ; rklk ac kpdb ;4? : bizks ac khuk ; pdzek ac pdldcitk (bpedbik`)

Jdc`b (bpedbik`) _rbecsk tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b mdci frìb.

 

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Ditährk`b k tu adctk rchu`kr. _ucacs ebisuldr`b ci mktdabs b guhbs ci kyuiks, eblb lcrdciak b lcadk jbrk kitcs ac uik ebldak. Qbabs `bs aìks sd pkacecs adkmctcs tdpb =, trdh`deärdabs b eb`cstcrb` k`tbs, b sbmrcpcsb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Acspuäs ac mcmcr`b, cspcrk k` lcibs 5? ldiutbs kitcs ac dihcrdr k`dlcitbs. Mcmc mkstkitc khuk purk aurkitc c` aìk pkrk kpbykr `k c`dldikedõi ac hrksk y cxecsbs ac` brhkidslb. ×sk`b ci mktdabs, guhbs y cisk`kaks, lës quc ebedikab, pkrk kprbvcejkr sus prbpdcakacs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci ;443 ci c` Gburik` bf   Ctjibpjkrlkeb`bhy,, c` cxtrketb ac ibpk` adsldiuyc ci ui ;:% `k ekitdaka ac  Ctjibpjkrlkeb`bhy h`uebsk ci `k skihrc. C` ibpk` fuiedbik mësdeklcitc acmdab k su k`tb ebitcidab ac fdmrk y ac prbtcìiks eblb `k pcetdik. Cstks kyuaki k quc c` kz÷ekr quc citrk k` eucrpb ib sc kmsbrmk ac lkicrk tki kmruptk ci `k skihrc. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Ek`dfbridk y pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf Iutrdtdbi aclbstrõ quc `k pcetdik ac` ibpk` kyuak k adsldiudr `ks ebiecitrkedbics ac eb`cstcrb` ‐lk`b“ (@A@) y ac` eb`cstcrb` tbtk`, kyuakiab k mkgkr ac pcsb. Ci btrb cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Läxdeb sc prbmõ quc ;?? h ac ibpk` suldidstrkab k pcrsbiks bmcsks y k pkedcitcs ebi adkmctcs tdpb =, trcs vcecs k` aìk, =? ldiutbs

kitcs ac ekak ebldak aurkitc ;? aìks, adsldiuìk sdhidfdektdvklcitc c` eb`cstcrb` tbtk`, trdh`deärdabs y pcsb ebrpbrk` ac `bs bmcsbs ib adkmätdebs y ebi adkmctcs tdpb

 

=, ksì eblb c` idvc` ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc ac `bs adkmätdebs. Cstb jk sdab ebrrbmbrkab ci cstuadbs pbstcrdbrcs. C` ibpk` cs rdeb ci kitdbxdakitcs acmdab k quc ebitdcic bejb tdpbs ac f`kvbibdacs y ;4; btrks sustkiedks eblb c` ëedab pkitbtäideb. Si cstuadb pum`dekab ci Qjc lcrdeki  Gburik` bf E`didek` Iutrdtdbi ci lcrdeki Iutrdtdbi ci =??1 prbmõ quc c` ibpk` prbpbredbik lkybr ekitdaka ac kitdbxdakitcs eblb `k vdtkldik E quc k`huiks frutks. Qklmdäi cxdstc cvdaciedk ac quc c` ibpk` cs ui dlpbrtkitc dijdmdabr ac` acskrrb``b ac cifcrlcakacs dif`klktbrdks. Edcitìfdebs dtk`dkibs jki aclbstrkab quc c` ibpk` prbtchc ebitrk `ks ÷`ecrks hëstrdeks. ;4= B`lb (s`dppcry c`l) S`lus ekrpdidfb`dk, ekrpdidfb`dk, ichrd``b, ë`klb ichrb  Qrktkr `k adkrrck

✕

 Lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi

✕

 Eblmktdr c` cstrcûdldcitb

✕

 Qrktkr c` ab`br

✕

 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi

✕

 Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

✕

Brdhdikrdb ac Udmcrdk, cstc k`tdvb y frbiabsb ërmb` jby cs pbpu`kr ci eksd tbak Klärdek @ktdik y Cstkabs Sidabs. Ac keucrab k` kitdhub lkiuserdtb Ebacx  ]chdus,, cserdtb ci ;=8? y ciebitrkab pbr c` bmdspb Mryigõ`fur Uvcdissbi 1??  ]chdus

kûbs lës tkrac, c` b`lb fuc pkrtc vdtk` ci c` ldtb iõradeb sbmrc `k erckedõi. Uch÷i cstc, `bs adbscs Thharksd` y Baìi erckrbi k `k julkidaka k pkrtdr ac abs

 

ërmb`cs quc bfrceìki c` bxìhcib icecskrdb pkrk `k vdak. C` prdlcr jblmrc, ``klkab Ksn, fuc erckab k pkrtdr ac ui frcsib b `dihuc, y `k prdlcrk lugcr, ``klkak Clm`k, k pkrtdr ac ui b`lb. Kaclës ac suC`mc``czk cstc ërmb` sdclprc jk tcidab adstditbs usbs tcrkpäutdebs. läadebdlpbicitc, dih`äs Idejb`ks Eu`pcpcr `b lciedbikmk ci su bmrk Eblp`ctc Jcrmk`, Jcrmk`, cserdtk ci ;635, ldcitrks quc `bs diaìhciks klcrdekibs jki uskab trkadedbik`lcitc su ebrtczk pu`vcrdzkak ebi prbpõsdtbs eurktdvbs. Qä ac b`lb ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ebrtczk ditcrik ac b`lb ci pb`vb ;¼ tkzks ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak ;45 _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk y khrchk c` pb`vb ac b`lb. Acgk jcrvdr uibs ;? ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk quc sc cifrìc ui pbeb. Mämc`b ac dilcadktb. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eblb tä b difusdõi, eukiab jky lk`cstkrcs cstblkek`cs, adkrrck b eõ`debs. _ucacs tblkr jkstk euktrb tkzks k` aìk. Eblb ektkp`kslk, ekak euktrb k scds jbrks, jkstk quc mkgc `k dif`klkedõi.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Qklmdäi sc pucac uskr eblb tditurk, uik euejkrkadtk jkstk trcs vcecs k` aìk. _csc k sus prbpdcakacs kstrdihcitcs, ib acmc uskrsc ci jcrdaks luy kmdcrtks b

prbfuiaks, yk quc pbarìk beksdbikr drrdtkedõi b krabr. _br quä sì fuiedbik

 

K` b`lb sc `c rcebibeci prbpdcakacs kitdcspkslõadeks, kitddif`klktbrdks, kitdsäptdeks, kstrdihcitcs, edektrdzkitcs, kitdadkrrcdeks, aclu`ecitcs y cxpcetbrkitcs. Uu prdiedpk` sc acmc k ëedab `k sk`dedik, ui eblpucstb k` scr prbecskab pbrprbpdcaka c` jìhkablcadedik` ak eblb rcsu`tkab sk`deì`deb, quc kyuakquc ebitrk c` ab`br, `k fdcmrc, `k dif`klkedõi y c` rculktdslb, ksì eblb lcgbrk `k edreu`kedõi ac `k skihrc. Kaclës, sdrvc pkrk trktkr prbm`clks ci c` sdstclk urdikrdb, cspcedk`lcitc difceedbics. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Kustrk`dk ci =?;? cvk`uõ `bs cfcetbs y `k tb`crkmd`daka ac abs fbrlu`kedbics ikturk`cs pkrk trktkr sìitblks ac` ditcstdib drrdtkm`c, eblb adkrrck y cstrcûdldcitb. Klmks fbrlu`kedbics ebitciìki b`lb. Sik ac cstks rcaugb ibtkm`clcitc c` i÷lcrb ac `bs sìitblks ac adkrrck y `k btrk lcgbrõ sdhidfdektdvklcitc tkitb c` jëmdtb ditcstdik` eblb c` cstrcûdldcitb. Die`usb k`huibs `b suhdcrci eblb trktkldcitb pkrk c` cstrcûdldcitb difkitd`. Sik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci Diadk ci =?;6 cstuadõ uik vkrdcaka `bek` ac b`lb ebibedak eblb Jdlk`kyk c`l, uskab ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik` diadk pkrk `k eurkedõi ac frketurks y eblb adurätdeb> y ci `k lcadedik ejdik, pkrk `k jdpcrtcisdõi. @bs rcsu`tkabs lbstrkrbi quc rcauec `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` acmdab k `k prcsciedk ac f`kvbibdacs eblb qucrectdik y k su ketdvdaka kitdbxdakitc. _krk ebrrbmbrkr c` usb trkadedbik`, ci Ebrck, ci =?;?, sc divcstdhõ su cfcetdvdaka pkrk ;41 trktkr trkstbribs dif`klktbrdbs. Uch÷ic` sc difbrlõ, `k p`kitk cxjdmc@bs prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs y tdcic cfcetbs ebitrk eëiecr y kitddif`klktbrdbs. rcsu`tkabs suhdcrci quc c` mknuejdb` cs uib ac `bs eblpbicitcs kitddif`klktbrdbs pbtcitcs quc tdcic c` b`lb pkrk `bhrkr cstbs mcicfdedbs ci `k sk`ua. ;43 Brähkib (brchkib) Brdhkiul vu`hkrc

 Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb ✕ Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi

 

 Qrktkr prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs, rcsfrìbs y

✕

hrdpcs  Eblmktdr mketcrdks, vdrus y jbihbs

✕

 Qrktkr prbm`clks adhcstdvbs

✕

 Ebitrkrrcstkr c` civcgcedldcitb

✕

 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr

✕

@k `cyciak adec quc `k adbsk Kfrbadtk sbp`õ sbmrc cstk jdcrmk, quc ebibeclbs eblb brähkib, y su k`dcitb `c rchk`õ su pkrtdeu`kr krblk. ‐K`chrìk b mrd``b ac `k lbitkûk“ cs c` sdhidfdekab ac` iblmrc akab pbr `bs hrdchbs, qudcics `b vcicrkmki prcedsklcitc eblb sìlmb`b ac fc`dedaka. @uchb `b eblpkrtdcrbi ebi `bs rblkibs, y ci klmks eu`turks sc jdzb trkadedõi quc `ks pkrcgks kabrikrki sus ekmczks ebi `kurc`cs ac brähkib ci su ecrclbidk ac uidõi. Jdpõerktcs uskmk brähkib pkrk eurkr prbm`clks cstblkek`cs, rcspdrktbrdbs c difceedbsbs. T ci `k Caka Lcadk sc kebstulmrkmk pbicr uik rkldtk ci `k pucrtk ac `ks eksks pkrk prbtchcr`ks ac ‐lk`bs cspìrdtus“. Qklmdäi sc ebivdrtdõ ci uik jdcrmk kabrkak ci `uhkrcs quc vki ac `bs pkìscs ërkmcs k `bs ksdëtdebs y klcrdekibs. Kaclës ac su vk`br eu`dikrdb y lcadedik`, trkadedbik`lcitc sc jk uskab ci ebslätdek, ci `k c`kmbrkedõi ac pcrfulcs y, sbmrc tbab, ci scerctks fõrlu`ks kfrbadsìkeks. Kabmb eurktdvb pkrk ekrics ;46 ¼ tkzk ac brähkib lb`dab ; euejkrkak ac ekic`k lb`dak ;

euejkrkak ac e`kvb ac b`br lb`dab

 

; euejkrkak ac rblcrb ; euejkrkak ac gcihdmrc ci pb`vb ; euejkrkak ac kgb ci pb`vb ¼ euejkrkadtk ac pdldcitk ichrk ci pb`vb ¼ euejkrkadtk ac pdldcitk rbgk ci pb`vb Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs y kabmk ebi cstb `k ekric, cspcedk`lcitc `k rbgk, kitcs ac ebedikr`k. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Adkrdklcitc. Khrchk brähkib k tu adctk rchu`kr eblb uik cspcedk lës pkrk cisk`kaks, hudsbs, tbrtd``ks, cteätcrk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs khrchkr brähkib k uik lcze`k ebi sk`, e÷reulk y pdldcitk pkrk k`dûkr tus ebldaks, y adsldiudr tu ebisulb ac sk`. Ssk sus jbgks, scld``ks, f`brcs, cteätcrk, lcze`kaks ebi btrks jdcrmks pkrk tä b difusdbics.

Ud tdcics `k bpedõi, tci tu prbpdk p`kitk ci eksk, eblb euk`qudcr jdcrmk. Qklmdäi pucacs kaqudrdr`b eblb kecdtc csciedk` ac brähkib.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik C` brähkib ebitdcic fdtbiutrdcitcs eblb c` ëedab rbslkrìideb y tdlb`, pbtcitcs kitdbxdakitcs quc prbtchci `ks eä`u`ks ac` csträs bxdaktdvb. Uc jk aclbstrkab quc tdcic ketdvdaka kitdbxdakitc 1= vcecs pbtcitc quc ac `kskitdcivcgcedldcitb lkizkiks y jkstk euktrbuik vcecs lës quc `bs krëiakibs. Cstb lës cgcrec ui cfcetb sdhidfdektdvb. C` tdlb` y c` ekrvkerb` tklmdäi tdcici prbpdcakacs kitdmketcrdkiks. Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Läxdeb sc acseumrdõ quc cs lës cfcetdvb ci c` trktkldcitb ac difceedbics ekuskaks pbr c` pkrësdtb Hdkradk `klm`dk quc c` kitdmdõtdeb lës rcectkab pkrk trktkr`ks. Qklmdäi pucac eblmktdr `ks difceedbics hkstrbditcstdik`cs ekuskaks pbr C. pbr C. eb`d y sk`lbic`k. Btrk divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Läadek ac @baz, ci _b`bidk, ci ;48 =?;=, eblprbmõ quc su kecdtc csciedk` lcgbrk `k eurkedõi ac difceedbics mketcrdkiks y cs cfdekz pkrk `k prcvciedõi ac` acskrrb``b ac ecpks rcsdstcitcs k `bs kitdmdõtdebs. Die`usb sc jk cstuadkab quc su usb eblb kcrbsb` k`dvdk rëpdaklcitc sìitblks ac difceedbics rcspdrktbrdks. Adstditbs cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci vkrdks pkrtcs ac` luiab, eblb _kndstëi, Cstkabs Sidabs y Läxdeb, jki aclbstrkab quc sus fdtbquìldebs pucaci kidqud`kr pktõhcibs trkisldtdabs pbr `bs k`dlcitbs eblb `k `dstcrdk, k`huiks supcrmketcrdks y edcrtks cspcedcs ac jbihbs. Vkrdbs cstuadbs, citrc cstbs uib rck`dzkab ci Dtk`dk ci =??4, jki aclbstrkab quc su cxtrketb pucac kyuakr k prcvcidr c` eëiecr ac eb`bi. Kaclës, ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ek`dfbridk ci =?;? sc acseumrdõ quc kûkadr k `k ekric uik lcze`k ac cspcedks rdek ci kitdbxdakitcs quc die`uyc brähkib, kitcs ac ebedikr`k, rcauec `bs eblpucstbs tõxdebs erckabs aurkitc c` prbecsb ac ebeedõi.

;4: Brtdhk (stdihdih ictt`c)

 

Srtdek adbdek @. , urtdek, prdihklbsk, pdekskrik, Ek`dfbridk ictt`c  Qrktkr `k jclbrrkhdk iksk`

✕ ✕

 Qrktkr k`crhdks iksk`cs y btrbs sìitblks ✕ C`dldikr `ìqudab  Qrktkr `k jdpcrp`ksdk mcidhik ac `k

✕

prõstktk  Qrktkr c` ab`br ci krtdeu`kedbics y

✕

l÷seu`bs Qbab kquc` quc hustk adsfrutkr `k vdak k` kdrc `dmrc ‐eblb idûb cxp`brkabr“ tdcic k`huik jdstbrdk ac rckeedõi k`ärhdek k` tbekr `k brtdhk. _br csc pbacr drrdtkitc k` tketb, cstk p`kitk sd`vcstrc tdcic fklk ac scr lk`k jdcrmk, pcrb ib `b cs. Ci `k Hrcedk kitdhuk yk tciìk prbpõsdtbs lcadedik`cs, pcrb jby skmclbs quc tuvb usbs prcvdbs k csbs. Ci Adiklkrek, sc ciebitrkrbi rcstbs ac lbrtkgks f÷icmrcs jcejks ebi cstk p`kitk quc aktki ac jkec uibs edieb ld` kûbs. K`huibs pucm`bs iktdvbs ibrtcklcrdekibs tklmdäi `k uskmki eblb fdmrk pkrk rcacs, rbpk y eucraks. Ksdldslb, ejklkics, läadebs y jcrmb`krdbs `k jki rcectkab pkrk ui sdifìi ac trktkldcitbs k `b `krhb ac `k jdstbrdk. _crb uib ac `bs trktkldcitbs lës eurdbsbs `b jkeìki `bs hrdchbs y rblkibs, quc frbtkmki sus jbgks ebitrk c` kmablci y h`÷tcbs ac `bs jblmrcs pkrk acvb`vcr`cs c` vdhbr. K`hbaõi ebi csciedk ikturk` ac brtdhk pkrk actcicr uik jclbrrkhdk iksk` b muek` 6 jbgks ac brtdhk ;44 Kp`kstk `ks jbgks ci ui lbrtcrb jkstk ebischudr su guhb y kecdtcs. Clpkpk uik

mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi ebi csc guhb c ditrba÷ec`b ci `k citrkak ac `k ikrdz. Aägk`b kjì pbr uibs ldiutbs jkstk quc acgc ac skihrkr.

 

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Sskr`k tõpdeklcitc, ekak vcz quc tcihks skihrkab iksk`, `ks vcecs quc sck icecskrdb. Eblb tä, pucacs uskr`k trcs vcecs k` aìk, uik tkzk kitcs ac ekak ebldak.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs uskr `k brtdhk eblb vchctk` pkrk hudsbs, cisk`kaks y sbpks. Ib pdcrac sus prbpdcakacs. _ucacs uskr`k pkrk cvdtkr rckeedbics k`ärhdeks acmdab k` ëedab fõrldeb quc ebitdcic y quc pdek k` ebitketb> lkiägk`k sdclprc ebi hukitcs. Kitcs ac uskr`k, aägk`k rcpbskr pbr ui aìk pkrk quc pdcrak c` ëedab, y ksì ib pdekrë k` ebedikr`k b jcrvdr`k. _br quä sì fuiedbik Uch÷i `k Sidvcrsdaka Cstktk` ac _cisd`vkidk, c` tk``b, `ks jbgks y `k rkìz ac `k brtdhk tdcici uik scrdc ac mcicfdedbs pkrk `k sk`ua y euk`dakacs fkrlkeb`õhdeks. @k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia tklmdäi sbstdcic quc `k brtdhk jk sdab uskak lës ebl÷ilcitc eblb adurätdeb y pkrk c` trktkldcitb ac` ab`br ci l÷seu`bs y krtdeu`kedbics, ceeclk, krtrdtds, hbtk y kicldk. Jby ci aìk, sc utd`dzk prdiedpk`lcitc pkrk trktkr prbm`clks urdikrdbs, ksì eblb k`crhdks y ab`br ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics. Guitb k` adcitc ac `cõi, `k brtdhk cs uik ac `ks lcgbrcs jdcrmks adurätdeks. Uu c`cvkab ebitcidab ac e`brbfd`k lcgbrk `k edreu`kedõi skihuìick. Uc jk aclbstrkab su ekpkedaka pkrk actcicr jclbrrkhdks, yk quc ebitdcic edcrtbs c`clcitbs quc ket÷ki pkrk ebitrkcr `ks krtcrdks. Kp`dekak sbmrc `k pdc`, pucac rcauedr c` skihrkab aurkitc uik edruhìk. Ksì qucaõ aclbstrkab ci ui

cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;?, ci Qurquìk.

 

Ac keucrab k vkrdbs cstuadbs, tdcic prbpdcakacs kitdjdstklìideks. Ci uib rck`dzkab pbr c` Eb`chdb Ikedbik` ac Lcadedik Ikturbpëtdek, ci _brt`kia, Brchbi, sc acseumrdõ quc pucac k`dvdkr `ks k`crhdks y sìitblks eblb `bs ac `k fdcmrc ac` jcib. Ac keucrab k` sdtdb ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, advcrsbs cstuadbs jki eblprbmkab su cfcetb pbsdtdvb pkrk trktkr `bs sìitblks ac `k jdpcrp`ksdk mcidhik ac =?? prõstktk (JM_), eblb uib rck`dzkab pbr Kzka Sidvcrsdty bf Hkejskrki, ci Drëi, ci =?;5. Hrkedks k sus prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks pucac adsldiudr `bs sìitblks ac `k prõstktk khrkiakak, lcgbrkr c` f`ugb ac brdik, adsldiudr difceedbics ci csk zbik y adsldiudr c` ercedldcitb ac` tcgdab ac `k prõstktk. =?; _k`lk cikik klcrdekik (skw pk`lcttb) Ucrcibk rcpcis, rcpcis, skmk`, pk`lcttb ac `k sdcrrk, Klcrdeki awkrf pk`l trcc, ekmkhhc pk`l, pki pk`l, pk`lcttb serum, mkdcs au pk`ldcr sedc, ejbu pk`ldstc, gu-zjbih, pk`ldcr ikdi  Qrktkr `k jdpcrp`ksdk prbstëtdek mcidhik

✕

(M_J) ✕

 K`dvdkr c` trketb urdikrdb ✕ Qrktkr `k k`bpcedk kiarbhciätdek (ek`vdedc lkseu`dik)  Qrktkr c` keiä y c` ceeclk

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 Qrktkr c` jdrsutdslb (cxecsb ac vc``b

✕

fkedk` ci `ks lugcrcs)

✕

 Qrktkr `k scmbrrck (trkstbrib dif`klktbrdb

ac `k pdc`)

 

@bs iktdvbs ac` sur ac Cstkabs Sidabs y Ecitrbklärdek ebibeìki `ks prbpdcakacs ac `k pk`lk cikik klcrdekik pkrk trktkr uik klp`dk vkrdcaka ac kfceedbics. Lcze`kak ebi rkìz ac brtdhk y scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk, sc ebivcrtìk ci uik pbacrbsk lcadedik. Fuc uskak pbr `bs lkyks pkrk `k dlpbtciedk, y pkrk dif`klkedbics, difcrtd`daka, c difceedbics pbr_br `bsui scldib`cs. @bs eb`bibs curbpcbs cxpbrtkrbi k`tbsVdcgb Ebitdicitc. pkr ac sdh`bs, su cxtrketb eruab `ksc utd`dzõ k klmbs `kabs ac` Kt`ëitdeb pkrk diiulcrkm`cs prbm`clks. Ci c` sdh`b ZDZ vdcrbi quc k` uskr`k pkrk k`dlcitkr c` hkikab `cs lcgbrkmk c` trketb urdikrdb y k`huibs läadebs eblcizkrbi k vk`dakr sus usbs trkadedbik`cs. Ci ;4?8, sc distk`õ ci Vcrb Mckej, F`brdak, uik ac `ks prdlcrks p`kitks ac scekab ac sus frutbs cxe`usdvklcitc pkrk usb lcadedik`. =?= Qä frìb = tkzks ac khuk = euejkrkaks ac krëiakibs ac pk`lk cikik klcrdekik acsjdarktkabs ; vkrdtk ac ekic`k ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc frcseb ° ac euejkrkadtk ac csciedk ac vkdid``k Ldc` b stcvdk k` hustb Jdcrvc ci uik b``k (quc ib sck ac k`uldidb) `k ekic`k y c` gcihdmrc pbr uibs ldiutbs. Kpkhk. Khrchk `bs krëiakibs y acgk rcpbskr jkstk quc sc cifrìc.

Euä`k`k, khrähk`c vkdid``k y ciau`zk. Adsfr÷tk`b.

 

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k _br `k lkûkik y pbr `k ibejc, adkrdklcitc sd jky prbm`clks. Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud jky prbm`clks kvkizkabs ac prõstktk, bptk pbr ui sup`clcitb ac pk`lk cikik klcrdekik cstkiakrdzkab citrc ui :3% k 43% ac ëedabs hrksbs y cstcrb`cs. Cs lcgbr sd c` sup`clcitb vdcic ebi `debpcib (kitdbxdakitc quc ak c` eb`br rbgb k tblktcs y pdldcitbs, citrc btrbs) b zdie, pucs pkrcec pbtciedkr sus mcicfdedbs. Uc acmc uskr pbr k` lcibs ui pkr ac lcscs pkrk vcr sus cfcetbs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k` Iktdbik` Ecitcr fbr Eblp`clcitkry kia K`tcriktdvc Lcadedic (IEEKL) y `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lkry`kia, `k pk`lk cikik klcrdekik ebitdcic dihrcadcitcs ketdvbs quc die`uyci ëedabs hrksbs, cstcrb`cs vchctk`cs y f`kvbibdacs. Uus mkyks b frutbs tklmdäi ebitdcici pb`dskeërdabs ac k`tb pcsb lb`ceu`kr (b kz÷ekrcs), quc rcaueci `k dif`klkedõi y fbrtk`ceci c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb. Kaclës, pbscci prbpdcakacs kitdcxuaktdvks, adurätdeks y kitdsäptdeks. Ac dhuk` lkicrk, c` rcstb ac `k p`kitk pbscc uik vkrdcaka ac `ìpdabs (hrksks) quc dif`uyci ci `k fuiedõi jbrlbik`. Cxdstci lës ac 5? cstuadbs edcitìfdebs quc rcspk`aki su usb eblb uib ac `bs prdiedpk`cs trktkldcitbs ikturk`cs pkrk k`dvdkr c` khrkiakldcitb kibrlk` ac `k =?5 prõstktk. K lbab ac cgclp`b, sb`b ci K`clkidk cxdstci eksd 5? fkrlkeäutdeks quc `k eblcredk`dzki eblb trktkldcitb pkrk cstc prbm`clk. @k prõstktk khrkiakak, b jdpcrp`ksdk prbstëtdek mcidhik (M_J), beurrc eukiab `k jbrlbik lkseu`dik tcstbstcrbik sc ebivdcrtc ci cizdlk 3-k`fk rcauetksk b 3

AJQ. @k pk`lk cikik klcrdekik kyuak k dijdmdr b rctkrakr csc prbecsb.

 

Cxdstc cvdaciedk ac quc `k k`bpcedk b ek`vdedc kiarbhciätdek pbarìk scr ekuskak pbr c` ldslb lcekidslb ac ebivcrsdõi ac tcstbstcrbik ci 3 AJQ. _br `b tkitb, su ebisulb sbstcidab rcsu`tk uik k`tcriktdvk vdkm`c eblb trktkldcitb ikturk`. Adstditbs lucstrki quc su cxtrketb pucacprbstëtdeb, lcgbrkr `bs sìitblks y c` f`ugb cstuadbs ac brdik k` rc`kgkr c` tcgdab ac` l÷seu`b ebi cfcetbs urdikrdbs sdld`krcs k edcrtbs fërlkebs eblb `k fdikstcrdak (_rbsekr) y c` tklsu`bsdi (F`blkx). Uu vcitkgk cs quc cstc tdcic lcibs b idih÷i cfcetb kavcrsb. =?1 _ku a—kreb (tkjccmb) Qkmcmudk kvc``kicakc, kvc``kicakc, dpc rbxb, `kpkejb ✕

 Qrktkr `k ekiadadksds (vkhdik` u brk`) ✕ Qrktkr cifcrlcakacs pkrksdtkrdks (eblb csqudstbsbldksds)  Qrktkr difceedbics mketcrdkiks (eblb

✕

mruec`bsds)  Qrktkr kftks muek`cs y jcrpcs sdlp`cx

✕

K` pku a—kreb sc `c ebibeìk eblb ‐ërmb` skhrkab ac `bs dieks“ b ‐ërmb` ac `k vdak“ y jk sdab e`kvc ci `k lcadedik trdmk` ac Mrksd` y _cr÷. Ci `k sc`vk klkzõidek, `b utd`dzkmki brdhdik`lcitc ci `k fkmrdekedõi ac krebs pkrk f`cejks, hrkedks k su f`cxdmd`daka y cxtrclk rcsdstciedk k `k acseblpbsdedõi. Ac jcejb, vkrdbs ac sus iblmrcs iktdvbs sdhidfdeki ‐pk`d``b“ b ‐vëstkhb ac` kreb“. Uu ebrtczk tklmdäi jk sdab utd`dzkak aurkitc sdh`bs pkrk trktkr uik klp`dk vkrdcaka ac prbm`clks ac sk`ua. @bs hukrkiìcs y `bs diadbs tupìcs `b ``klki ërmb` tkgy tkgy,, quc sdhidfdek quc ‐tdcic fucrzk y vdhbr“. Ci `k aäekak ac `bs scscitk ``klõ `k ktciedõi ac edcitìfdebs krhcitdibs y mrksd`cûbs, quc eblcizkrbi k divcstdhkr`b. T ci `bs ÷`tdlbs kûbs, `k aclkiak pbr su ebrtczk jk sdab tk` quc jk ``chkab k

cstkr ci pc`dhrb ac cxtdiedõi.

 

Uup`clcitbs ac pku a—kreb ; eëpsu`k pcrb ac pku tbtk`7 citrcib; ebisuldr k ;.3 hrklbs jkyk`uik cxketk, ci a—kreb> hcicrk`absds sc rcebldciak lësadkrdbs ac ;.3 (Ib hrklbs aìk.absds Sik absds lkybr pbarìk scr tõxdek). =?3

Euëiab uskr`b Uc pucac tblkr pku a—kreb adkrdklcitc, pbr pcrìbabs ac trcs sclkiks eblb lëxdlb. Acsekisk uibs lcscs y rctblk c` trktkldcitb sd cs icecskrdb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Cxdstc tklmdäi eblb tditurk (lcgbr sd cstë jcejk ac `k ebrtczk ditcrdbr ac` ërmb`), rceblciakak pkrk k`huiks `csdbics ci `k pdc` pbr jbihbs b eëiadak. Kuiquc c` pku a—kreb cxdstc tklmdäi ci jdcrmk scek pkrk prcpkrkr tä, `bs cxpcrtbs ib `k rcebldciaki, yk quc `bs prbauetbs quìldebs quc kpbrtki sus cfcetbs lcadedik`cs ib sc adsuc`vci mdci ci khuk. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ebitdcic eblpucstbs ``klkabs qudibdacs, mcizcibdacs, f`kvbibdacs, mctk`kpkejbik, y ci cspcedk` `kpkejb`, quc jki aclbstrkab ketdvdaka mdb`õhdek ebitrk brhkidslbs ibedvbs. C` `kpkejb` cs ui eblpucstb ebibedab pbr c` Acpkrtklcitb ac Khrdeu`turk ac Cstkabs Sidabs eblb tõxdeb y rcsdstcitc pkrk eksd tbab tdpb ac brhkidslbs ibedvbs. @bs eblpucstbs mctk-`kpkejbik y `kpkejb` kyuaki k eblmktdr y mk`kieckr `bs idvc`cs ac Ekiadak k`mdekis ci k`mdekis ci c` eucrpb (jbihb quc sc rcprbauec ci `k pdc` y ci `k luebsk ac `bs trketbs adhcstdvb, hcidtburdikrdb y rcspdrktbrdb ac `k lkybrìk ac `ks pcrsbiks), ekuskitc ac kftks muek`cs, jcrpcs y vkhdidtds, citrc btrbs.

Divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Fkeu`tka ac Lcadedik ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Dmkaki, ci Idhcrdk, tklmdäi jki cstuadkab `ks prbpdcakacs ac cstc ërmb` scûk`kiab quc cfcetdvklcitc sus cxtrketbs lucstrki ketdvdaka kitdlderbmdkik.

 

L÷`tdp`cs cstuadbs jki aclbstrkab quc kec`crk `k eurkedõi ac jcrdaks ci `k pdc` y prbtchc ac difceedbics ekuskaks pbr cstkfd`bebebs. Divcstdhkabrcs ci Cspkûk y Mrksd` jki ebrrbmbrkab quc pucac kyuakr k eblmktdr ikturk`lcitc jbihbs y `cvkaurks. Qklmdäi sc `c ktrdmuyci prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks, kitdmketcrdkiks, kitdbxdakitcs, kitdvdrk`cs c diluiblbau`kabrks, citrc btrks. C` Ecitrb ac Divcstdhkedõi ac` Acpkrtklcitb ac Khrdeu`turk ac Cstkabs Sidabs aclbstrõ quc tklmdäi prcscitk edcrtk ketdvdaka kitdbxdakitc. Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci K`clkidk y pum`dekab ci =?;1 ci Qjc Gburik` bf  Qbxdeb`bhdek` Uedciecs, sc acseumrdõ quc kulcitõ `bs hcics ci c` ditcstdib =?6 ciekrhkabs ac rchu`kr `ks prbtcìiks kitdbxdakitcs quc prbtchci k` brhkidslb ac` akûb bxdaktdvb prbvbekab pbr `csdbics c dif`klkedõi. =?8 _crcgd` (pkrs`cy)  _ctrbsc`diul erdspul  C`dldikr `ìqudab

✕

✕

 Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb ✕ Lcgbrkr c` k`dcitb

 

 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi

✕

 _rcvcidr c` actcrdbrb bxdaktdvb ac `ks

✕

eä`u`ks Ac keucrab k `k D`ìkak `k D`ìkak,, `k ds`k lëhdek ac `k idifk Ek`dpsb cstkmk eumdcrtk pbr uik k`fblmrk vcrac ac pcrcgd`. Ac jcejb, c``k usõ su pbacr kfrbadsìkeb pkrk scauedr y rctcicr k S`dscs aurkitc kûbs. T cs quc ci `k eu`turk hrdchk cstk jdcrmk crk sìlmb`b ac p`kecr, k`chrìk y rcsurrceedõi. Qklmdäi kebstulmrkmki k eb`hkr sus rkldtks ci `ks tulmks eblb uik lkicrk ac jbirkr k sus lucrtbs. C` pcrcgd` cs brdhdikrdb ac `k ds`k ac Ecracûk, acsac abiac sc cxtciadõ k tbab c` Lcadtcrrëicb. @bs rblkibs, pbr cgclp`b, sc `b akmki k sus h`kadkabrcs pkrk difuiadr`cs fucrzk, vk`citìk y kstuedk ci `bs eblmktcs. Adstditbs pdbicrbs ac `k lcadedik, eblb Adbseõrdacs y _`didb, acgkrbi cserdtbs kecrek ac sus usbs lcadedik`cs. Ci `k Caka Lcadk uibs `c btbrhkmki pbacrcs lëhdebs> btrbs, eblb ski Frkiedseb ac Ksìs, sc eurkmki `ks iëuscks ebldciab pki y pcrcgd`. Mktdab ac pcrcgd` ; tkzk ac pcrcgd` frcseb ; lkizkik vcrac Guhb ac ui `dlõi =?: ¼ pcpdib

:

 

bizks ac khuk frìk @de÷k tbab y adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì Euëiab uskr`b Ssk c` pcrcgd` eblb tä, mktdab b ci eblprcsks, adkrdklcitc, ldcitrks sdcitks lb`cstdks. Ci cspcedk`, eukiab icecsdtcs c`dldikr `ìqudab b acsdif`klkrtc.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Diebrpbrk c` pcrcgd` k tu adctk rchu`kr ci cisk`kaks, hudsbs, sbpks, cteätcrk. _krk kprbvcejkr sus prbpdcakacs cs lcgbr ebisuldr`b eruab. Cxdstci adstditbs tdpbs ac pcrcgd`, pcrb ebi `ks ldslks prbpdcakacs. _ucacs tcicr tu prbpdb eu`tdvb. Cs uik p`kitk fëed` ac lkitcicr. _br quä sì fuiedbik Qjc Gburik` Bf Qrkadtdbik` Ejdicsc Lcadedic rck`dzõ Lcadedic rck`dzõ ci =?;5 uik rcvdsdõi eblp`ctk ac cstuadbs c divcstdhkedbics quc kvk`ki `ks adstditks prbpdcakacs ac` pcrcgd`, acstkekiab `ks adurätdeks y kitddif`klktbrdks, cspcedk`lcitc `ks brdcitkaks k mkgkr `k jdiejkzõi ac `ks cxtrcldakacs. Uus mcicfdedbs pkrk `k sk`ua sc acmci k sus eblpbicitcs, ci cspcedk` sus kecdtcs vb`ëtd`cs, citrc c``bs lyrdstdedi, `dlbicic, cuhcib` y k`fk-tjugcic. Uc jk cstuadkab quc cstbs kyuaki k icutrk`dzkr k`huibs tdpbs ac ekrediõhcibs. Ci cstuadbs ebi kidlk`cs sc jk aclbstrkab quc dijdmc `k fbrlkedõi ac tulbrcs ci `bs pu`lbics y ketdvk edcrtks cizdlks quc prbtchci k` eucrpb ac` akûb bxdaktdvb. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Ldssburd ci =?;= aclbstrõ quc c` kpdhcici, ui eblpucstb quc ebitdcici c` kpdb y c` pcrcgd`, dijdmc arëstdeklcitc `ks eä`u`ks ac eëiecr ac lklk. @bs edcitìfdebs acseumrdcrbi quc rcaugb ui edcrtb tulbr ac lklk cstdlu`kab pbr `k prbhcstdik, uik jbrlbik sditätdek tblkak pbr

tulbr ac lklk cstdlu`kab pbr `k prbhcstdik, uik jbrlbik sditätdek tblkak pbr `ks lugcrcs quc prcscitki sìitblks ac lcibpkusdk. Ac jcejb, ci =?;5 `k Ksbedkedõi Klcrdekik ac Eëiecr rck`dzõ uik divcstdhkedõi k` rcspcetb y

 

eblprbmõ cstbs rcsu`tkabs. Fked`dtk `k c`dldikedõi ac hkscs keulu`kabs ci c` tumb adhcstdvb adsldiuyciab `k =?4 dif`klkedõi hkstrbditcstdik`. Uus prbpdcakacs adurätdeks kyuaki k eblmktdr difceedbics urdikrdks b edstdtds> kaclës ac prcvcidr eë`eu`bs rcik`cs y btrbs prbm`clks ac` rdûõi. Uu k`tb ebitcidab ac vdtkldiks (eblb `k E) y ldicrk`cs (eblb c` jdcrrb) kyuaki k eblmktdr `k bxdakedõi ac` eucrpb y ac `ks hrksks, rcauedciab `ks pbsdmd`dakacs ac acskrrb``kr cifcrlcakacs ekradbvkseu`krcs y achcicrktdvks. =;? _sy``dul (eësekrk) (skia p`kitkdi)  _`kitkhb psy``dul, psy``dul, p`kitkhb dspkhju`k, psd`db, dspëhu`k, gbpdebs, ``kitäi ac pcrrb, pblbs, psd`cb, zkrkektbik  Eblmktdr c` cstrcûdldcitb

✕

 ]cauedr c` eb`cstcrb`

✕

 Mkgkr ac pcsb

✕ ✕

 @dlpdkr c` sdstclk hkstrbditcstdik`

Cs brduiak ac` beedacitc lcadtcrrëicb, ac `k pciìisu`k Dmärdek, ksì eblb ac` sur ksdëtdeb y ac` ibrtc kfrdekib. Jcrmb`krdbs cspkûb`cs lciedbiki quc cs uik p`kitk luy ebl÷i ci `ks rdmcrks ac `bs rìbs, ci krcik`cs ecrekibs k` lkr, `kacrks y eb`diks. C` psy``dul b psd`db cs `k eësekrk ac `k scld``k ac` p`kitkhb, `k euk` jk sdab utd`dzkak ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik` pkrk trktkr prbm`clks ditcstdik`cs, ebitrb`kr c` pcsb, rchu`kr `k sk`ua ditcstdik` y, fuiaklcitk`lcitc, trktkr c` cstrcûdldcitb. Cstb sc jk ``cvkab k ekmb ebi tk` äxdtb quc jby cs `k mksc ac ebibedaks lkreks ac fdmrks sb`um`cs ac` lcrekab pkrk kyuakr ci csc prbecsb.

Ldcitrks quc _kndstëi c Diadk ketuk`lcitc sbi `bs lkybrcs prbvccabrcs ac psy``dul, Cstkabs Sidabs cs c` lkybr dlpbrtkabr. Cstb sc acmc k `k hrki

 

ekitdaka ac prbm`clks adhcstdvbs ac iucstrk pbm`kedõi acmdab k `k fk`tk ac fdmrk ci `k adctk y ac ketdvdaka fìsdek. Mktdab ebi psy``dul = euejkrkaks ac psy``dul ci pb`vb sdi kz÷ekr ;= bizks ac khuk ; lkizkik ; euejkrkak ac uvks pksks =;; Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y mämc`b ac dilcadktb. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k Adkrdklcitc, 5? ldiutbs kitcs ac eblcr. K` lcibs pbr euktrb sclkiks schudaks pkrk ibtkr `bs rcsu`tkabs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _krcec scr lës cfdekz eukiab sc tblk ebi `bs k`dlcitbs k `k jbrk ac eblcr. Qklmdäi kyuak k skedkr c` jklmrc lës rëpdaklcitc.

Uc rcebldciak diebrpbrkr adkrdb citrc ;? y ;3 hrklbs ac psy``dul.

 

_ucacs ebisuldr`b tklmdäi eblb sup`clcitb ci eëpsu`k. Acmcs mcmcr mkstkitc khuk purk pkrk kyuakr ci c` prbecsb ac ksdld`kedõi ac `k fdmrk y cvdtkr acsjdarktkedõi. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci ;44:, `k Fbba kia Aruh Kaldidstrktdbi (FAK) kutbrdzõ c` usb ac eësekrk ac psy``dul ci k`dlcitbs y sup`clcitbs. Ikturk` Lcadedics Eblprcjcisdvc Aktkmksc `b e`ksdfdek eblb cfdekz pkrk eblmktdr c` cstrcûdldcitb y lcgbrkr `k ebisdstciedk ac `ks jcecs. Jky prucmks quc diadeki quc pucac k`dvdkr c` Uìiarblc ac` Ditcstdib Drrdtkm`c (UDD), quc die`uyc cstrcûdldcitb, ab`br kmabldik` y adkrrck. Kaclës, kyuak k lcgbrkr `k ebitrkeedõi prbauedciab lbvdldcitbs ditcstdik`cs lës fëed`cs ebi acpbsdedbicsditcstdik`, lës sukvcs. _br cstb tklmdäi sc rcebldciak pkrk clmkrkzkaks, pkedcitcs ebi fdsurks kik`cs, jclbrrbdacs y ac edruhìk rcetk`. Uch÷i ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci =??8 ci `k E`didek` kia Cxpcrdlcitk`  Jypcrtcisdbi,, `k tblk ac sup`clcitbs ebi psy``dul aurkitc scds lcscs kyuak k  Jypcrtcisdbi adsldiudr c` ìiadec ac lksk ebrpbrk`. Cstb beurrc pbr `k lkybr c`dldikedõi ac jcecs fcek`cs y pbrquc c`dldik `k kisdcaka, kyuakiab k eblcr lcibs y csebhdciab lcgbr `k ek`daka ac `bs k`dlcitbs, sdi sbmrccstdlu`kr c` sdstclk icrvdbsb. @k e`kvc ac cstks prbpdcakacs cs su k`tbyebitcidab lueì`khb b fdmrk hc`ktdfdekitc. Eukiab ``chk k` ditcstdib kmsbrmc c`ackhuk, kulcitk lëscspbigbsk ac euktrb vcecs su vb`ulci, kyuakiab k skedkr c` jklmrc lës rëpdaklcitc y cstdlu`kiab `k =;= c`dldikedõi fcek`. Ikturk` Lcadedics Eblprcjcisdvc Aktkmksc `b e`ksdfdek eblb prbmkm`clcitc cfdekz pkrk mkgkr citrc 5% y ;1% c` eb`cstcrb` tbtk`, y adsldiudr `ks `dpbprbtcìiks ac mkgk acisdaka (@A@ b eb`cstcrb` ‐lk`b“) ci 3% acspuäs ac sdctc sclkiks b lës ac trktkldcitb ci `ks pcrsbiks ebi eb`cstcrb` k`tb.

=;5

 

]chk`dz (`debrdec) H`yeyrrjdzk h`kmrk, h`kmrk, brbz÷s, k`ekzuz, pk`b au`ec ✕

 Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb ✕ Qrktkr c` ab`br luseu`kr  Qrktkr c` ab`br ac cstõlkhb

✕

 Qrktkr c` ab`br ac hkrhkitk

✕

 Qrktkr rcsfrìbs y hrdpcs

✕

 C`dldikr `k f`clk

✕ ✕

 ]chu`kr c` ebrtdsb`  Ebitrkrrcstkr c` csträs

✕

 Eblmktdr vdrus

✕

@bs brìhcics ac cstk rkìz au`ec sc cieucitrki ci Curbpk, Ksdk y k`huibs pkìscs ac` ibrtc ac Ëfrdek. @bs ejdibs `k uski acsac jkec sdh`bs eblb ebiadlcitb, ciau`zkitc y pkrk trktkr acsac rcsfrdkabs y tbs jkstk prbm`clks hkstrbditcstdik`cs, c die`usb k`huibs ac` sdstclk rcprbauetdvb fclcidib. Ci `k lcadedik ejdik cstë ek`dfdekak eblb uik arbhk ikturk` b ‐huìk“, `b euk` dlp`dek quc k` eblmdikr`k ebi btrks, pbtciedk sus mcicfdedbs, yk quc cgcrec uik keedõi euyb cfcetb cs `k lcgbrìk ac` brhkidslb. Ci Curbpk sus mcicfdedbs tklmdäi sc jki abeulcitkab acsac Hrcedk y ]blk. Ci `k Caka Lcadk, pbr cgclp`b, sc `c utd`dzõ eblb cau`ebrkitc pkrk ekrklc`bs y pkrk usbs fkrlkeäutdebs. @k lkybrìk ac usbs quc sc `c jk akab k cstk p`kitk, acsac `ks kitdhuks edvd`dzkedbics ac Ejdik y Hrcedk, jby ci aìk `k edciedk `bs jk eblcizkab k ecrtdfdekr. ecrtd fdekr.

Difusdõi ac rchk`dz =;1

 

° ac tkzk ac rchk`dz (b uik euejkrkak ac csciedk) ⅕ ac tkzk ac jbgks ac cuek`dptb (b abs euejkrkaks ac csciedk) 5 vkrdtks ac ekic`k = tkzks ac khuk _bi k jcrvdr tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs. (Ud c` rchk`dz y cuek`dptb sbi csciedk, ib `bs jdcrvks. Khrähk`bs eukiab cstä rcpbskiab.) Acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Euä`k`k y mämc`k. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Sik tkzk jkstk trcs vcecs k` aìk, cspcedk`lcitc acspuäs ac eblcr sd tdcics lb`cstdks cstblkek`cs b hkstrdtds. Ud tdcics sìitblks ac hrdpc b khbtkldcitb pbr csträs. Aurkitc c` pcrìbab lcistruk` b prcvdb k cstc.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs eblprkr ekrklc`bs ac rchk`dz (ac eb`br ichrb) pkrk ekrhkr`bs ci `k ekrtcrk. Qklmdäi jky sdrbpc ikturk` ac rchk`dz pkrk ciau`zkr pbstrcs b mcmdaks.

Ib `b uscs tblks lcadeklcitbs pkrk c` ebrkzõi, ksì eblb pkrk kulcitkr `k prcsdõi b acsdtdpb ebrtdebdacs.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;5 pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Qdkigdi ac Lcadedik Qrkadedbik` ac Ejdik ebifdrlõ `b quc `k lcadedik `bek` kschurkmk ac cstk jdcrmk7 quc k` uskrsc ci ebiguitb ebi btrks, pbtciedk `bs mcicfdedbs ac` rcstb. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k rcvdstk Fbba rcvdstk Fbba Ejcldstry, Ejcldstry, su ebisulb eb`kmbrk eblb kitdbxdakitc, kyuakiab k c`dldikr rkadek`cs `dmrcs y lbstrkiab prbpdcakacs quc kpbyki c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb acmdab k su ebitcidab ac trdtcrpcibdacs. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr c` acpkrtklcitb ]csckrej kia Acvc`bplcit, ac Qrkadtdbik` Lcadedik`s Die., ci Ucmkstbpb`, Ek`dfbridk, rcebibedõ su kpbrtc eblb ui trktkldcitb tclpbrk` cfdekz pkrk c` ab`br ac hkrhkitk pbr sus prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks, pkrk `k tbs ditcisk y eblb cxpcetbrkitc, yk quc kyuak k kf`bgkr y cxpu`skr `ks luebsdakacs. Sik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci Gkpõi ci =?;5 ebifdrlõ su ekpkedaka =;3 kitdcspkslõadek k` kyuakr k ek`lkr ek`klmrcs kmabldik`cs y luseu`krcs. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci c` ]cdib Sidab y pum`dekab pbr `k rcvdstk  Lb`ceu`kr kia Ec``u`kr Ciaberdib`bhy Ciaber dib`bhy,, cs uik ac `ks prdiedpk`cs jdcrmks kakptbhäideks pkrk kyuakr k` eucrpb k rchu`kr y rcauedr ac lkicrk lës cfdedcitc c` ebrtdsb`, uik ac `ks prdiedpk`cs jbrlbiks rc`kedbikaks ebi c` csträs. Sik divcstdhkedõi ci Drëi y pum`dekak rcvdstk rcvdstk _jkrlkecutdek`  _jkrlkecutdek`  ]csckrej  ]csckrej aclbstrõ  aclbstrõrck`dzkak quc sus jbgks tklmdäi tdcicipbr ui `k cfcetb kitdlderbmdkib, ktkekiab k cstkfd`bebebs y k `k Ekiadak k`mdekis. Kuiquc cxdstci abs vkrdcakacs ac rchk`dz, ac keucrab k `k Gburik` bf Kavkieca  ]csckrej, `bs mcicfdedbs ac klmks sbi `bs ldslbs. =;6 ]jbadb`k (rbscr (rbscrbbt bbt stbicerbp)

 ]jbadb`k rbsck jbih gdih rbsck, tdki , rkìz ac brb, rkìz rbskak, rkìz ac rbsk, hb`aci rbbt, kretde rbbt,

 

 Mkgkr ac pcsb (quclkabr ac hrksk)

✕

 _rbpbredbikr cicrhìk y kulcitkr c`

✕

rciadldcitb fìsdeb ✕ Fblcitkr `k ebiecitrkedõi  Qrktkr `k acprcsdõi

✕

@bs sdmcrdkibs tdcici uik lëxdlk7 ‐Mcmc tä ac rjbadb`k y vdvdrës lës ac ;?? kûbs“. Citrc `bs jkmdtkitcs ac` Eëueksb, cstk p`kitk cs e`kvc pkrk su supcrvdvciedk acsac jkec lës ac trcs ld` kûbs. Aurkitc sdh`bs, su eu`tdvb y prcpkrkedõi crk uib ac `bs scerctbs lcgbr hukrakabs citrc k`huiks fkld`dks, quc sc ciekrhkmki pbrui `bsrchk`b eblp`dekabs lbitkûbsbs acpcrsbik`lcitc K`tkd. T jkstk ac jbysucstrkispbrtc ebisdacrkak ac mbakssciacrbs luy vk`brkab, pucs sc supbic quc k `bs ibvdbs `cs hkrkitdzk `k fcrtd`daka c jdgbs sk`uakm`cs. @bs lbihb`cs uskrbi `k rjbadb`k ebitrk `k tumcreu`bsds. @bs vdndihbs `k uskrbi pkrk lcgbrkr su fucrzk fìsdek y rcsdstciedk. Ci `bs pkìscs csekiadikvbs, quc pkaceci ui e`dlk dijõspdtb, `k rjbadb`k cs ac vdtk` dlpbrtkiedk pkrk prcscrvkr `k sk`ua ac sus jkmdtkitcs, y jk sdab utd`dzkak y cstuadkak aurkitc sdh`bs. Qä ac rjbadb`k = euejkrkaks ac rjbadb`k =;8 5 tkzks ac khuk

; tkzk ac guhb ac lkizkik

 

_bi k jcrvdr `k rjbadb`k pbr ;? ldiutbs. Aägk`k rcpbskr ui pkr ac jbrks ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb (lcgbr sd sc acgk aurkitc tbak `k ibejc). Euä`k`k y khrähk`c c` guhb ac lkizkik. Mcmc uik tkzk, frìk b ek`dcitc. Hukrak c` rcstb ci `k icvcrk y mämc`b aurkitc c` aìk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eblb sup`clcitb (ci tä b eëpsu`ks) k` eblcizkr uik adctk, b eukiab rck`decs ui hrki csfucrzb fìsdeb b lcitk`. Frcitc k ui eukarb acprcsdvb. Dack`lcitc, cs mucib tblkr`k uibs ;3 ldiutbs kitcs ac uik ebldak, abs vcecs k` aìk. Eblb gkrkmc, kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Eblb cxtrketb, sc rcebldciak uik absds ac citrc =3? y 6?? lh adkrdbs. Ib `k tblcs sd tdcics k`crhdk k `ks sustkiedks ketdvks rbskvdi y sk`darbsdak. _br quä sì fuiedbik Acsac ;46? ci pkìscs eblb Uucedk, Adiklkrek b Ibruchk sc jki pum`dekab lës ac ;:? cstuadbs fkrlkeb`õhdebs, fdtbquìldebs y e`ìidebs rcspcetb k `bs mcicfdedbs ac `k rjbadb`k eblb ui kakptõhcib. @bs eblpucstbs quìldebs rbskvdi y sk`darbsdak quc ebitdcic cstdlu`ki `k jbrlbik `dpksk, quc kyuak k acseblpbicr `k hrksk ac` eucrpb, cspcedk`lcitc `k ac `k zbik kmabldik`, hcicrkiab lkybr cicrhìk. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci c` Jbspdtk` Cstktk` ac Hcbrhdk, `bs pkedcitcs sblctdabs k uik adctk mkgk ci ek`brìks quc tblkrbi adkrdklcitc su

cxtrketb `bhrkrbi rcauedr ui ;;% ac hrksk ebrpbrk`, cqudvk`citc k uiks ;4 `dmrks lcibs ac pcsb, ci prblcadb.

 

Btrb cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k Ditcriktdbik` Gburik` bf Upbrts Iutrdtdbi kia  Cxcredsc   Lctkmb`dsl lbstrõ  Cxcredsc Lctkmb`dsl lbstrõ quc lcgbrk `k rcsdstciedk fìsdek y lcitk`, y kyuak k rceupcrkr lës rëpdaklcitc `k luseu`kturk, acmdab k quc c`cvk `k ekitdaka ac h`õmu`bs rbgbs ci `k skihrc, ciekrhkabs ac trkispbrtkr c` bxìhcib k trkväs ac` eucrpb. =;: Qklmdäi sc jk eblprbmkab quc pucac kyuakr k eblmktdr `k fktdhk erõidek, `k ac tdpb suprkrrcik` y `k quc rcsu`tk ac jkmcr abrldab pbeb. Uc jk cstuadkab, kaclës, su pkpc` ci `k ketdvdaka ecrcmrk` y c` sdstclk icrvdbsb, pbr cgclp`b, k` kulcitkr `k lclbrdk y `k ebiecitrkedõi y k` lcgbrkr c` cstkab kiìldeb. Cstb sc acmc k quc eblb cstdlu`k `k scisdmd`daka ac `ks icurbiks k edcrtbs icurbtrkisldsbrcs `k scrbtbidik y abpkldik. Qrcs cstuadbs quc aclucstrki su cfcetdvdaka pkrk ebitrkrrcstkr `k acprcsdõi `k ebisdacrkrbi uik k`tcriktdvk frcitc k` usb ac fërlkebs. =;4 Ukejk diejd (skejk diejd iuts)  _`uncictdk vb`umd`ds @. , skejk lkiì, lkiì ac` Diek, lkiì gìmkrb, ekekjuktc sd`vcstrc, klud, Diek pckiut ✕ Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb`  Adsldiudr `bs trdh`deärdabs

✕

 Mkgkr ac pcsb

✕

Cstc frutb sdld`kr k` kiìs cstrc``kab, brduiab ac `k euciek ac` Klkzbiks ci _cr÷, ekak vcz cs lës kprcedkab ditcrikedbik`lcitc. Ci `cihuk qucejuk sc `c ebibec eblb skejk diejde, diejde, quc qudcrc acedr ‐lkiì ac` lbitc“ b ‐sd`vcstrc“. @ks trdmus

klkzõideksui `b supcrk`dlcitb ``klki klud klud.. @b quc luejbs pucm`bs diaìhciks `b ebisdacrki qucedcrtb `bs jkcskyuakab k lkitcicrsc skibs y fucrtcs.

 

Ac keucrab k admugbs ciebitrkabs ci tulmks diekdeks, k`huibs jdstbrdkabrcs ercci quc c` skejk diejd jkmrìk sdab utd`dzkab pbr csc pucm`b acsac jkec lës ac trcs ld` kûbs. Ksdldslb, citrc `bs diaìhciks ejkieks ac `ks rchdbics kiadiks y btrbs hrupbs trdmk`cs ac `k zbik, `ks jbgks, `ks scld``ks tbstkaks y c` kecdtc ac` skejk diejd crki pkrtc fuiaklcitk` ac su k`dlcitkedõi. Uupcrlcrdciak ac skejk diejd ¼ tkzk ac skejk diejd tbstkab, sdi sk` id kz÷ekr ⅕ ac tkzk ac scld``ks ac eëûklb ( jclp sccas) sccas) = euejkrkaks ac vdrutks ac ekekb ( ekekb idms) idms) = euejkrkaks ac krëiakibs acsjdarktkabs Lcze`k mdci y adsfr÷tk`b. ==? ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eblb kecdtc b lcrdciak7 uik b abs vcecs k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Eblb kecdtc, cs lcgbr utd`dzkr`b eruab.

Eblb lcrdciak, pucacs eblcr`b sb`b, b khrchkr`b k guhbs y mktdabs. Ud tdcics prbm`clks ac eb`cstcrb`, trdh`deärdabs b cxecsb ac pcsb, trkc sdclprc

 

uik pbredõi ebitdhb pkrk ek`lkr `k kisdcaka y cvdtkr bpedbics pbeb sk`uakm`cs. K` kulcitkr `bs idvc`cs ac scrbtbidik ci c` eucrpb, pucac ditcrketukr eblb sup`clcitb b fërlkeb kitdacprcsdvb. _br quä sì fuiedbik K pkrtdr ac ;4:?, sc eblcizkrbi k rck`dzkr cstuadbs sbmrc c` ebitcidab hrksb y prbtcdeb ac` skejk diejd. _br cgclp`b, `k Sidvcrsdaka Ebric``, ci Iucvk Tbrn, rck`dzõ uik divcstdhkedõi quc aclbstrõ quc sus scld``ks pbscci ui 55% ac prbtcìik y citrc 14% y 31% ac ëedabs hrksbs csciedk`cs, eblb blchk 5, blchk 6 y blchk 4. Qklmdäi ebitdcic vdtkldiks K y C y ui k`tb ìiadec ac ybab, citrc btrbs. Uu kecdtc cstë ebisdacrkab `bs lcgbrcs luiab pkrk sukecdtc ebisulb, eblb trktkldcitb lcadedik` y ci citrc ebslätdek. Ac su ac` scld``k sc cxtrkc cxtrkvdrhci ebi lës ac :5% ac ëedabs hrksbs pb`ddiskturkabs. @k ]cvdstk _crukik ac Lcadedik Cxpcrdlcitk` y Uk`ua _÷m`dek prcscitõ ci =?;; @k ]cvdstk `bs rcsu`tkabs ac uik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ebi pcrsbiks ebi eb`cstcrb` k`tb, sblctdaks k absds vkrdkm`cs ac kecdtc ac skejk diejd aurkitc euktrb lcscs. Cstks lbstrkrbi cfcetbs mcicfdedbsbs sbmrc sus idvc`cs acmdab k `k keedõi ac sus kecdtcs k`fk-`dib`äideb blchk 5 y `dib`ädeb blchk 6. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf Khrdeu`turk` kia Fbba Ejcldstry ci Ejcldstry  ci =??=, kyuakr k csciedk` mkgkr ac pkrk pcsb `kscprbaueedõi acmci k qucac cstc prbauetb cs k`tbsus ci prbpdcakacs trdptõfkib, uipkrk kldibëedab scrbtbidik, uik jbrlbik quc, citrc btrks ebsks, kyuak k rchu`kr `k sciskedõi ac jklmrc. _br `b tkitb, k` kulcitkr su prbaueedõi, sc lkitdcic c` kpctdtb mkgb ebitrb`, rcauedciab `k dihcstk ac k`dlcitbs. ==; Uk`cs ac Cpsbl (Cpsbl sk`t) Uu`fktb ac lkhicsdb

 Qrktkr c` cstrcûdldcitb

✕

 

 Qrktkr c` keiä y btrbs prbm`clks ac `k pdc`

✕

 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi ac pdcriks y pdcs

✕ ✕

 K`dvdkr ab`brcs luseu`krcs, tcisdbik`cs y ac krtdeu`kedbics  Qrktkr ebitusdbics y cshudiecs lcibrcs

✕

Cpsbl cs c` iblmrc ac ui pucm`b umdekab ci Uurrcy, Dih`ktcrrk. K``ì sc ciebitrkrbi cstks sk`cs ci c` sdh`b ZVDD, ci `ks khuks tcrlk`cs ac ui lkikitdk`. Jkstk citbiecs sb`b `bs jkmdtkitcs ac csk pcqucûk ebluidaka rurk` `ks adsfrutkmki. _crb k` acseumrdrsc quc `ks khuks crki rdeks ci su`fktb ac lkhicsdb, ebiprdlcrbs ‐pbacrcs“mk`ickrdbs pkrk purhkr eucrpb y qudtkr ab`brcs, c` pucm`b pksõ k scr uib ac `bs ac c` Dih`ktcrrk. Ci ;643, c` quìldeb Icjcldkj Hrcw `ks iblmrõ bfdedk`lcitc y tuvb `k vdsdõi ac kaqudrdr uik pktcitc cxe`usdvk pkrk lkiufketurkr`ks y clpkquctkr`ks. K pkrtdr ac citbiecs `ks sk`cs ac Cpsbl sc ebivdrtdcrbi ci uib ac `bs dlprcsediadm`cs ci `k lkybrìk ac `bs jbhkrcs ac` luiab, pbr su mkgb ebstb y `k fklk quc jki dab hkikiab ebi c` tdclpb. Mcmdak ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl eblb `kxkitc b purhkitc ; euejkrkak ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl : bizks ac khuk purk ;

euejkrkak ac guhb ac `dlõi ===

 

Lcze`k mdci `bs dihrcadcitcs jkstk quc `k sk` sc adsuc`vk pbr eblp`ctb. Mämc`k ac dilcadktb (acgk k` lcibs abs jbrks kitcs y acspuäs ac eblcr, y ac tblkr lcadediks). ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì Euëiab uskr`ks _krk ebistdpkedõi7 uik b abs vcecs k` aìk pbr uik sclkik b lcibs. Lcgbr sd cs pbr `k ibejc, yk quc fuiedbiki k `bs 5? ldiutbs ac mcmcr`ks. _krk `bedõi y lksekrd``k7 uik vcz k` aìk, pbr uik sclkik eblb lëxdlb. _krk mkûbs y eblprcsks7 ac uik k trcs vcecs k` aìk ldcitrks sdcitks lb`cstdks. Ebiscgbs y aktbs Lkitcitc jdarktkab. _krk mkûbs, eblprcsks y `bedõi. Ib `ks uscs sd pkacecs ac adkmctcs b tdcics prbm`clks ebi c` lkhicsdb. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k `k E`ìidek Lkyb, c` su`fktb ac lkhicsdb ebitcidab ci `ks sk`cs ac Cpsbl k`dvdk k ebrtb p`kzb c` cstrcûdldcitb. Qklmdäi ci mkûbs y eblprcsks k`dvdk cshudiecs `cvcs, ebitusdbics, rdhdacz y ekiskiedb ac `bs pdcs. C` lkhicsdb rcauec `k dif`klkedõi ac l÷seu`bs, icrvdbs y krtdeu`kedbics. C` su`fktb, pbr btrb `kab, lcgbrk `k kmsbredõi ac iutrdcitcs y c`dldik tbxdiks, jbihbs y mketcrdks. Ac keucrab k` sdtdb Akd`y sdtdb Akd`y Sidvcrsdty Jck`tj Icws, Icws, cs uib ac `bs prbauetbs lcgbr abeulcitkabs eblb trktkldcitb pkrk cstrcûdldcitb, yk quc c` su`fktb ac lkhicsdb cs ui pbtcitc `kxkitc quc kyuak ci c` trëisdtb ac `bs rcsdaubs k trkväs ac` ditcstdib ac`hkab, ksì eblb tklmdäi ebi c` lbvdldcitb ac` khuk ci c` trketb

ditcstdik`, fked`dtkiab c` f`ugb ac `bs k`dlcitbs k trkväs ac` sdstclk adhcstdvb. Csc ldslb sdtdb lciedbik quc cxdstc cvdaciedk didedk` quc suhdcrc quc c` su`fktb

 

ac lkhicsdb pucac scr kmsbrmdab k trkväs ac `k pdc` ci mkûbs b eblprcsks. _br cgclp`b, ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Mdrldihjkl lbstrõ quc tkitb `bs idvc`cs ac lkhicsdb eblb `bs ac su`fktb kulcitki ci `k lkybrìk ac `ks pcrsbiks trktkaks acspuäs ac `k dilcrsdõi ci mkûbs ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl. Hrkedks k su eblpucstb ac kzufrc, quc tdcic prbpdcakacs kitdmketcrdkiks y ==5 kitddif`klktbrdks, `ks sk`cs kyuaki k acsdifcetkr `k pdc` y k rcauedr c` cirbgcedldcitb y `k drrdtkedõi k ekusk ac` keiä. C` kzufrc tklmdäi kyuak k trktkr `k krtrdtds rculktbdac y `ks k`crhdks. ==1 Uk`vdk (skhc) Uk`vdk bffdedik`ds, bffdedik`ds, ec`dlk, sk`dlk, lkarcsc`vk, hkraci skhc, ebllbi skhc ✕ Eblmktdr `k dif`klkedõi  Qrktkr difceedbics ac `k pdc`

✕

 Qrktkr prbm`clks ac `k lcibpkusdk y

✕

pbslcibpkusdk  Qrktkr c` sìiarblc prclcistruk`

✕

Cstk jdcrmk lcadtcrrëick, ‐prdlk“ ac` rblcrb, ercec sd`vcstrc y tdcic uiks 4?? vkrdcakacs. Ci `ktìi sdhidfdek ‐sk`vkr“ b ‐eurkr“, y cs prcedsklcitc `b quc jk jcejb acsac `k kitdhðcaka. Jk scrvdab ac advcrsks lkicrks, acsac k`cgkr c` lk` jkstk eurkr lbracaurks ac scrpdcitc, ksì eblb kulcitkr `k fcrtd`daka b lcgbrkr ui hudskab. Läadebs eblb c` hrdchb Hk`cib ac _ärhklb y c` rblkib Hkyb _`didb `k uskmki eblb adurätdeb, pkrk cstdlu`kr `k lcistrukedõi, eblb kstrdihcitc y kicstäsdeb, citrc btrbs. Ekr`blkhib rceblciaõ pbr acerctb quc sc eu`tdvkrk ci `bs gkradics. Ci tkitb, c` pbctk y mbtëideb k`clëi Xk`kfrcab Utrkmb `k dilbrtk`dzõ ci pbclks.

Ci `k Cakapkrk Lcadk sc `c uik ``klõ ‐sk`vkabrk“ crk uib ac `bs dihrcadcitcs musekabs prcpkrkr pbedõi quc `bsykyuaõ k eblmktdr `ks p`khks ylës pcstcs lës tcrrdm`cs ac `k äpbek.

 

Difusdõi ac sk`vdk ; euejkrkadtk ac jdcrmk scek b frcsek ac sk`vdk ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ==3 Acgk rcpbskr `k jdcrmk ci c` khuk pbr uibs ldiutbs. Euä`k`k. Ciau`zk sd acscks y mämc`k. Qklmdäi pucacs uskr cstc tä eblb cigukhuc muek` y pkrk hërhkrks. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`k K adkrdb eukiab jky prbm`clks, jkstk abs tkzks pbr aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Qklmdäi pucacs uskr kecdtc ac sk`vdk pkrk quclkr b diedcisb> cs luy rceblciakab eblb krblktcrkpdk, cspcedk`lcitc pkrk lugcrcs ecrek ac `k lcibpkusdk. Acmc scr utd`dzkak ebi lbacrkedõi acmdab k sus cfcetbs scakitcs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb eblp`ctb y rcvdsdõi edcitìfdek rck`dzkak pbr _krs Mdbsedciec, ci Cstkabs Sidabs, y pum`dekak pbr `k Gburik` bf Qrkadtdbik` kia Eblp`clcitkry  Lcadedic ci Eblp`clcitkry  Lcadedic ci =?;1, `k sk`vdk jk sdab utd`dzkak trkadedbik`lcitc pkrk c` k`dvdb ac` ab`br, ebitrk c` csträs bxdaktdvb ci c` eucrpb, `k dif`klkedõi, `k difceedõi mketcrdkik y vdrk`, cteätcrk.

Uc ercc quc prbpbredbik ui cfcetb tcrkpäutdeb k trkväs ac `k nctbik mctk-tjuybik y c` ëedab rbslkrìideb, quc tklmdäi sc cieucitrki ci c` rblcrb. Ci ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf _jytbtjcrkpy ]csckrej ci ]csckrej ci =?;1 sc

 

acseumrdõ quc `k dijk`kedõi ac kecdtc ac sk`vdk tciìk `k ekpkedaka ac rcauedr `bs idvc`cs ac ebrtdsb` y lcgbrkr `bs ac `k jbrlbik tdrbdack ci lugcrcs pbslcibpëusdeks quc rbiakmki `bs 3? kûbs ac caka. Uc eblprbmõ kaclës quc tdcic ui cfcetb kitdacprcsdvb, lcgbrkiab ebisdacrkm`clcitc c` cstkab ac ëidlb. _rcedsklcitc pbr su cfcetb ci c` sdstclk icrvdbsb, sc rcebldciak pkrk pcrsbiks mkgb eukarbs ac icrvdbsdslb, yk quc rc`kgk y kldibrk `bs sìitblks, cspcedk`lcitc `k kisdcaka. Qklmdäi kyuak k ebied`dkr c` sucûb. C` kecdtc csciedk` ac sk`vdk tdcic prbpdcakacs ekrldiktdvks, kitdcspkslõadeks, kitdsäptdeks y kstrdihcitcs hrkedks k sus eblpucstbs quìldebs eblb f`kvbibdacs, tcrpcibdacs y kecdtcs csciedk`cs. T cs cspcedk`lcitc cfdekz eblb kitddif`klktbrdb. Vkrdbs cstuadbs, citrc cstbs uib rck`dzkab ci Kustrk`dk ci =??:, jki scûk`kab quc ==6 pucac kyuakr k rcfbrzkr `k lclbrdk y `k ktciedõi, pbr `b euk` cstë sdciab krauklcitc divcstdhkak pkrk trktkr cifcrlcakacs eblb c` K`zjcdlcr y btrks rc`kedbikaks k `k ekpkedaka ebhidtdvk. ==8 Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk (pulpndi sccas) Eueurmdtk pcpb, pcpb, scld``ks ac zkpk``b, scld``ks ac kuyklk  Qrktkr prbm`clks ac `k prõstktk

✕

 Qrktkr c` disblidb y prbeurkr `k

✕

rc`kgkedõi  Qrktkr prbm`clks ac `k lcibpkusdk

✕

 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi ac `ks krtdeu`kedbics

✕

@k ek`kmkzk pkrcec jkmcr cxdstdab acsac jkec uibs iucvc ld` kûbs ci c` Ekrdmc, ldcitrks quc ci Klärdek ac` Ibrtc y Uurklärdek `bs pucm`bs prceb`blmdibs iëjukt` y qucejuk yk `k utd`dzkmki kitcs ac quc `bs cspkûb`cs trkgcrki su prbpdk

 

vcrsdõi curbpck. @k ek`kmkzk jk sdab uskak ac ld` lkicrks, acsac ekitdlp`brk jkstk ui tdpb ac pki. _crb `bs diaìhciks klcrdekibs rck`lcitc `k eu`tdvkmki pbr `ks vk`dbsks prbpdcakacs lcadedik`cs ac susyscld``ks y eësekrk. Std`dzkmki pkrkcitrc cxpu`skr `blmrdecs ditcstdik`cs pkrk eblmktdr `k rctciedõi accstks `ìqudab, luejks btrks ebsks. Ci `k lcadedik trkadedbik` ejdik, ci eklmdb, `ks uskmki pkrk c`dldikr luebsdakacs ac` sdstclk rcspdrktbrdb. Ci `k ketuk`daka, ci pkìscs eblb Juihrìk, Kustrdk y K`clkidk, ac `ks scld``ks sc prbauec ui iutrdtdvb y luy ebadedkab kecdtc prciskab ci frìb. Cs tki kpctcedab y ebstbsb quc su usb ci `k ebedik sc `dldtk k su vkrdkitc hburlct . Mktdab ac ek`kmkzk ; tkzk ac `cejc vchctk` ; tkzk ac tä ac ek`äiau`k ==: ; tkzk ac ek`kmkzk eruak ebrtkak ci trbzbs = b 5 euejkrkaks ac scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk frcseks Ldc` b stcvdk k` hustb _rbecsk prdlcrb `ks scld``ks y `k `cejc jkstk quc qucaci mdci lb`daks. Khrchk `uchb `k pu`pk, c` tä y `k ldc`, y vuc`vc k prbecskr jkstk quc qucac erclbsb. Adsfr÷tk`b ac dilcadktb.

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`ks

 

Khrähk`ks k tu adctk rchu`kr, cspcedk`lcitc eukiab jky lb`cstdks k` brdikr, ci `bs jblmrcs, b sìitblks ac lcibpkusdk ci `ks lugcrcs. Eukiab jky ab`br c dif`klkedõi ac `ks krtdeu`kedbics.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud tdcics prbm`clks pkrk abrldr, pucacs eblcr =?? h ac scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk ebi uik lkizkik b ui mktdab ac lkizkik quc tklmdäi ebitcihk scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk, lcadk jbrk kitcs ac dr k `k eklk. @k lcgbr lkicrk ac eblcr`ks cs eruaks y frcseks. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrabcxtrkìabs k` sdtdb Qjc Xbr`a Xbr`a Jck`tjdcst Fbbas Fbbas,,jki cstuadbs ebi cfcetbs adfcrcitcs iutrdcitcs ac `ks scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk lbstrkab mcicfdedbsbs pkrk c` ebitrb` ac `k jdpcrp`ksdk prbstëtdek mcidhik (M_J, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs). Ubi rdeks ci zdie, c` euk` kyuak k adsldiudr `k dif`klkedõi ac `k prõstktk y su ercedldcitb kibrlk`, kaclës ac eblmktdr `k adsfuiedõi cräetd`. Cstuadbs eblb uib rck`dzkab ci Gklkdek aclucstrki quc tklmdäi pucaci kp`kekr `bs sìitblks ac `k lcibpkusdk ci `ks lugcrcs, acmdab k ui fdtbcstrõhcib ikturk`. Qklmdäi kyuaki k kulcitkr c` eb`cstcrb` ‐mucib“ (JA@), k adsldiudr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` y k eblmktdr c` ab`br krtdeu`kr, citrc btrbs. ° ac tkzk ac scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk ebitdcic prëetdeklcitc `k ldtka ac` lkhicsdb quc sc icecsdtk k adkrdb pkrk eulp`dr ebi c` mblmcb ac skihrc k` ebrkzõi, `k rc`kgkedõi ac `bs vksbs skihuìicbs y c` ebitrb` ac `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`, citrc btrbs mcicfdedbs. Ac keucrab k vkrdbs cstuadbs, sc rcqudcrc ui hrklb adkrdb ac trdptõfkib pkrk `bhrkr abrldr mdci, `b euk` sc pucac bmtcicr ebisuldciab ; bizk b =?? h ac

scld``ks. ==4

 

Kaclës, c` zdie y c` lkhicsdb quc ebitdcici tklmdäi kyuak k `bhrkr ui sucûb rcpkrkabr, kpbykiab `k prbaueedõi ac trdptõfkib ci lc`ktbidik. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci kidlk`cs aclbstrõ quc c` kecdtc ac scld``k ac ek`kmkzk pucac tcicr cfcetbs sdld`krcs lcadeklcitb utd`dzkab pkrk trktkr kitddif`klktbrdbs `k krtrdtds, ebi `k vcitkgk ack`quc ib tdcic `bs diablctkedik, cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs ac` fërlkeb. =5? Ucld``ks ichrks (m`ken euldi)  Idhc``k sktdvk, sktdvk, scld``k ac ecmb``k ichrk, ebldib ichrb, fk`sb ebldib, kmäsbak, f`br ac jdibgb, nk`bigd, säsklb ichrb, ed`kitrb rblkib, m`ken scca ✕

 Qrktkr prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs ✕ Eblmktdr `k bmcsdaka  Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

✕

 Eblmktdr `k adkmctcs

✕

 Mkgkr `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`

✕

 Kpbykr trktkldcitbs ac eëiecr

✕

Qutkinklõi, c` fkrkõi chdpedb, fuc citcrrkab ebi rcstbs ac kecdtc ac scld``k ichrk citrc sus bfrciaks. @k lcadedik ërkmc uikid `ks ebibec eblb jkmmktu` mkrknkj,, quc sdhidfdek ‐scld``ks mciadtks“, y `k ds`ëldek tdmm-c-ikmwd `ks mkrknkj ebisdhik eblb uik ac `ks lcgbrcs bpedbics quc Adbs `c diadeõ k` prbfctk Lkjblk pkrk eurkr k `bs cifcrlbs y kyuakr k lkitcicr mdci k `bs skibs. Ci c` luiab hrdchb, c` läadeb _cakidus Adbseõrdacs ci su `dmrb Ac `dmrb Ac lktcrdk läadek `ks läadek  `ks rceblciakmk pkrk `bs ab`brcs ac ekmczk, `k ebihcstdõi iksk`, c` ab`br ac cstõlkhb y `bs pkrësdtbs ditcstdik`cs. _krk Jdpõerktcs, crki ui trktkldcitb cfdekz pkrk prbm`clks adhcstdvbs y jcpëtdebs, ldcitrks quc c` edcitìfdeb pcrsk Dmi

Udië, Kvdecik, ci su `dmrb ac` Ekibi ac `ky kyuaki lcadedik lcadedik kschurkmk scld``ks ichrksb cstdlu`ki `k cicrhìk eucrpb k  kschurkmk rceupcrkrscquc ac `ks `k fktdhk y c` acsk`dcitb.

 

Qõideb pkrk `k tbs y c` sdstclk diluic =5; ¼ tkzk ac kecdtc ac scld``ks ichrks 5 euejkrkaks ac ldc` 5 adcitcs ac kgb trdturkabs Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb b ci ui prbecskabr pcqucûb. Qblk uik euejkrkak ac `k lcze`k ekak scds jbrks pkrk adsldiudr `k tbs. Ud `b usks sb`b eblb prcvciedõi, uik b abs euejkrkaks k` aìk mkstki. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Adkrdklcitc eblb trktkldcitb eblp`clcitkrdb pkrk prbm`clks ac kz÷ekr, prcsdõi krtcrdk`, cxecsb ac pcsb b kslk. Khrähk`ks k tu adctk rchu`kr eblb kpbyb ac` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _ucacs uskr kecdtc ac scld``ks ichrks pkrk c` k`dûb ac tus cisk`kaks. Std`dzk citrc trcs y edieb hrklbs ac scld``ks ichrks k` aìk, b c` cqudvk`citc k ui pkr ac euejkrkaks ac kecdtc. Ci cxecsb pucaci rcsu`tkr tõxdeks pkrk k`huiks pcrsbiks ebi k`crhdks.

_br quä sì fuiedbik Uc jki rck`dzkab lës ac 63? divcstdhkedbics edcitìfdeks pkrk vcrdfdekr sus

 

prbpdcakacs rc`kedbikaks ebi `bs sdstclks diluib`õhdeb, rcspdrktbrdb, ekradbvkseu`kr, trketb adhcstdvb, fuiedõi rcik` y jcpëtdek, ksì eblb pkrk c` mdcicstkr hcicrk`. Cxdstci lës ac 1? cifcrlcakacs y sìitblks ebi `bs euk`cs rcsu`tk cfdekz su usb y =? keedbics fkrlkeb`õhdeks kpbykaks edcitìfdeklcitc. @k lkybr pkrtc ac sus mcicfdedbs y cfcetbs sc acmci k quc pbscci uik eblp`cgk cstrueturk quìldek ebi lës ac ;?? eblpbicitcs adfcrcitcs, citrc c``bs ëedabs hrksbs csciedk`cs> y ci cspcedk` k `k prcsciedk ac tdlbqudibik (Q[), tdlbjdarbqudibik (QJ[) y tdlb`, quc sbi eblpbicitcs quìldebs ketdvbs ac su kecdtc csciedk`. @k tdlbqudibik pucac kyuakr k eblmktdr `k adkmctcs y c` kslk y k prcvcidr c` eëiecr. Uc jk eblprbmkab quc cs lës cfdekz pkrk k`dvdkr c` kslk quc luejbs fërlkebs y kcrbsb`cs. C` tdlb` pbscc uik scrdc ac euk`dakacs lcadedik`cs eblb `k ekpkedaka pkrk lktkr vdrus, eblb c` ac `k tumcreu`bsds.

=5= Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Diadk ci =??8, ac ;11 ecpks prbmkaks ac supcrmketcrdks rcsdstcitcs k uik scrdc ac kitdmdõtdebs, c` kecdtc ac scld``k ichrk

 

eblmktdõ cfdekzlcitc 48. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k Gburik` bf Ciaberdib`bhy kia  Lctkmb`dsl,, lcgbrki `k scisdmd`daka k `k disu`dik y c` idvc` ac kz÷ekr tki  Lctkmb`dsl cfdekzlcitc eblb `k lctfbrldik. Uch÷i ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci c` Adkrdb c` Adkrdb ac Adkmctcs y Qrkstbribs Lctkmõ`debs ci =?;5, `ks scld``ks sbi tklmdäi uib ac `bs rclcadbs ikturk`cs pkrk trktkr `k tcisdõi krtcrdk` y `k bmcsdaka. =55 Uci (K`cxkiardki sciik) Ekssdk keutdfb`dk Ac`d`c, Ac`d`c, eksdk, ekssdk, ekssdk ac sdkl, iumdk, jbgks ac sci, sci ac K`cgkiarìk, sci ac `k Diadk ✕ Eblmktdr c` cstrcûdldcitb  Qrktkr prbm`clks ac `k pdc`

✕

 Qrktkr `ks jclbrrbdacs

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C` sci cs uik p`kitk acseumdcrtk k lcadkabs ac` ;8??, ac `k quc cxdstci uiks =3? cspcedcs, k`huiks eblb ërmb`cs, btrks eblb krmustbs, circakacrks b p`kitks. Uus jbgks frutbs tdcici cfcetbs `kxkitcs, pcrb cstbs ÷`tdlbs sbi luejb lës sukvcs qucy `bs prdlcrbs. C` sci ac `k Diadk y c` ac K`cgkiarìk sbi tdpbs adfcrcitcs ac `k ldslk p`kitk, sch÷i k`huibs cxpcrtbs, ldcitrks quc pkrk btrbs sbi cspcedcs adstditks. C` sci cs iktdvb ac` ibrtc ac Ëfrdek, cspcedk`lcitc ac `ks zbiks k`cakûks k` rìb Id`b y k` acsdcrtb ac Iumdk, abiac sc `c jk utd`dzkab acsac jkec sdh`bs, cspcedk`lcitc pkrk trktkr c` cstrcûdldcitb. Qklmdäi cs brdhdikrdb ac Brdcitc Lcadb y ac zbiks ac Ksdk. Eksd tbaks `ks pkrtcs ac` sci, eblb jbgks, rkìecs y vkdiks, jki tcidab k`h÷i usb

lcadedik` acsac jkec ld`cs ac kûbs ci `k lcadedik ejdik y ci `k kyurvcak. Difusdõi ac sci

 

¼ euejkrkadtk ac jbgks ac sci = tkzks ac khuk = jbgks ac lcitk ; rkldtk ac jdibgb ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc =51 ; trbedtb ac pdc` ac ikrkigk ¼ euejkrkadtk ac lkizkid``k Utcvdk _bi k rclbgkr `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc ebi khuk k tclpcrkturk frìk b klmdcitk`, aurkitc ;? k ;= jbrks. Euä`k`k. Ek`dcitk c` cqudvk`citc k uik tkzk, cia÷`zk`k y mämc`k pbr `k ibejc.

↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b

 

Eblb difusdõi, sup`clcitb b `ìqudab acspuäs ac ecikr b uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr. Eukiab jky prbm`clks ac cstrcûdldcitb scvcrb u btrbs, eblb jclbrrbdacs.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ib `b uscs sb`b id ci luejk ekitdaka, yk quc cs mkstkitc klkrhb y fucrtc. Eblmìik`b ebi jdcrmks quc `b sukvdeci (lcitk, lkizkid``k, mb`ab). Ib `b uscs pbr lës ac uik b abs sclkiks. Eblb tä b difusdõi, cs lcgbr prcpkrkr`b ci khuk frìk pkrk adsldiudr c` klkrhbr y cvdtkr quc prbvbquc eõ`debs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k` usb trkadedbik` y k adstditbs cstuadbs edtkabs ci rcvdsdbics eblb `k jcejk pbr c` @kjcy Jbspdtk` kia Lcadek` Ecitcr, c` sci cs k`tklcitc cfdekz pkrk c` trktkldcitb ac jclbrrbdacs, `kecrkedbics, keiä y btrbs prbm`clks ac `k pdc` acmdab k quc kyuak k acsdif`klkr y k ecrrkr `ks jcrdaks. Cs ui `kxkitc ikturk` quc fuiedbik ci `ks tcrldikedbics icrvdbsks quc ebitrb`ki `bs lbvdldcitbs ac `bs l÷seu`bs ditcstdik`cs. Cstb prbauec pcrdstk`tdslb, cs acedr, ebitrkeedbics ac` tumb adhcstdvb pkrk cxpu`skr lktcrdk fcek`. C` sci tklmdäi prbauec lës luebsdaka ci `ks pkrcacs ac` ditcstdib y pcrldtc keulu`kr lës `ìqudab pkrk kyuakr ci c` prbecsb ac cvkeukedõi ac `ks jcecs. @ks rcspbiskm`cs ac hcicrkr cstc prbecsb quc fked`dtk `k cvkeukedõi sbi uiks sustkiedks ``klkaks kitrkqudibiks, y c` sci cs `k cspcedc ebi lkybr ebiecitrkedõi ac cstks, cspcedk`lcitc c` ac K`cgkiarìk. @k Kaldidstrkedõi ac K`dlcitbs y Arbhks ac Cstkabs Sidabs (FAK, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs) `b kprbmõ eblb ui lcadeklcitb ac vcitk sdi rcectk pkrk trktkr

c` =53 cstrcûdldcitb ci kau`tbs.

 

Cs ebl÷ilcitc rceblciakab pkrk uskr kitcs ac uik eb`bibsebpdk y btrks edruhìks ac` eb`bi. Uu frutb pkrcec scr lës sukvc quc `k jbgk. @k Klcrdeki Jcrmk` _rbauets Kssbedktdbi (KJ_K) (KJ_K) ib rcebldciak c` usb k ``krhb krhb p`kzb ac `k jbgk. Qklmdäi kavdcrtc quc ib sc acmc cxecacr `ks absds y ib uskr`b sd jky ab`br kmabldik` b adkrrck. C` Distdtutb Ikedbik` ac Uk`ua ibrtcklcrdekib tklmdäi rcebldciak ib uskr`b pbr lës ac abs sclkiks, pkrk ib akûkr `ks pkrcacs ac` cstõlkhb id c` fuiedbikldcitb ac` eb`bi, ekuskiab c` sìiarblc ac eb`bi pcrczbsb. =56 Qä vcrac lktejk (lktejk tck) Eklc``dk sdicisds, sdicisds, iunejknkru b iunejk hkru, tä vcrac ci pb`vb  _rbeurkr `k sk`ua ekradbvkseu`kr y

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ecrcmrbvkseu`kr  Ebitrb`kr `bs trdh`deärdabs

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 Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Mkgkr ac pcsb

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 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr k` adsldiudr `ks pbsdmd`dakacs ac acskrrb``kr tulbrcs C` tä vcrac lktejk tdcic lës ac bejb sdh`bs ac jdstbrdk y edcrtb scitdab cspdrdtuk`. Ib cs uik mcmdak lës, sdib quc su dihcstdõi cs ebisdacrkak ui lblcitb ac lcadtkedõi trkseciacitk`, pucs su prcpkrkedõi mrdiak uik pkusk ci c` adkrdb kgctrcb. K` dhuk` quc eksd tbaks `ks vkrdcakacs ac tä, `bs ejdibs fucrbi `bs prdlcrbs ci prbmkr`b aurkitc `k adikstìk Ubih. @uchb, ci ;;4;, ui lbigc muadstk zci `b ``cvõ k Gkpõi, guitb ebi su fd`bsbfìk, `k euk` die`uìk `k prcpkrkedõi

y achustkedõi ac` lktejk eblb pkrtc ac ui rdtuk`. K` prdiedpdb, cstc rdtuk` sb`b sc prketdekmk `bs lbikstcrdbs muadstks. @uchb, `ks e`kscs k`tks ac `k sbedcaka kpbicsk `bcikabptkrbi eblb uik ecrclbidk cxe`usdvk ``klkak ejkaó b ejkaó  b ejkibyu ejkibyu,, jkstk ebivcrtdrsc sdh`bs lës tkrac ci pkrtc ac `k eu`turk `bek`, quc `b jk

 

lkitcidab eblb ui lblcitb ebtdadkib pcrb cspcedk`, quc dlp`dek ‐akrsc tdclpb pkrk sì“. Qä vcrac lktejk `kttc ; euejkrkak ac tä vcrac lktejk ci pb`vb =58 ¼ tkzk ac khuk jcrvdak ¼ tkzk ac `cejc ac tu c`ceedõi Utcvdk k` hustb Adsuc`vc c` pb`vb lktejk ci c` khuk ek`dcitc. Std`dzk ui mktdabr lkiuk` b pbi`b ci `k `deukabrk pkrk adsb`vcr`b lcgbr. Khrchk `k `cejc y `k stcvdk. Vuc`vc k mktdr. Adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b _ucacs tblkr`b k adkrdb, jkstk trcs vcecs k` aìk. Lcadk jbrk kitcs ac jkecr cgcrededb pkrk kulcitkr c` rciadldcitb y cicrhìk. Ib `b uscs acspuäs ac `ks edieb ac `k tkrac pkrk ib kfcetkr tu ede`b ac sucûb.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

Ibrlk`lcitc, `k absds pkrk uik tkzk cs uik euejkrkadtk, pcrb sd rcedäi clpdczks k uskr`b, prucmk ebi lcadk euejkrkadtk, yk quc su skmbr cs ditcisb. Vc kulcitkiab pku`ktdiklcitc ldcitrks tc kebstulmrks k su skmbr.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik Si cstuadb actcrldiõ quc uik pbredõi tdcic uiks ;58 vcecs lës kitdbxdakitcs quc uik tkzk ac tä vcrac rchu`kr. Ac keucrab k cxpcrdlcitbs ebitrb`kabs pbr c` Acpkrtklcitb ac Khrdeu`turk ac Cstkabs Sidabs (SUAK, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs) y `k Sidvcrsdaka Qufts, ci Lksskejusctts, ebitdcic uik lkybr ebiecitrkedõi ac kitdbxdakitcs quc tbaks `ks frutks y vcraurks ebibedaks jkstk `k fcejk (;,5:1 uidakacs ac lcadedõi B]KE b ekpkedaka ac kmsbredõi ac rkadek`cs ac bxìhcib pbr hrklb). Uch÷i uik rcvdsdõi jcejk pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Jkrvkra, ac `ks divcstdhkedbics lës rcedcitcs, citrc c``ks vkrdks rck`dzkaks ci Ejdik y Gkpõi ci lës ac 1? ld` pcrsbiks, su ebisulb pucac kyuakr k prcvcidr prbm`clks ekraìkebs, yk quc `bs kitdbxdakitcs kyuaki k m`bquckr `k bxdakedõi ac` eb`cstcrb` @A@, kulcitki c` eb`cstcrb` JA@, adsldiuyc `bs trdh`deärdabs y lcgbrk `k prcsdõi krtcrdk`. Ac keucrab ebi ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci `k Klcrdeki `k Klcrdeki Gburik` bf E`didek`  Iutrdtdbi,, su ebisulb rchu`kr dierclcitk ci jkstk 15% `ks ek`brìks quc quclk  Iutrdtdbi c` eucrpb, yk quc kmsbrmc `k hrksk keulu`kak ci `bs `uhkrcs lës adfìed`cs. Brhkidslbs eblb `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Lcadedik Ejdik ac _cnìi, ci Ejdik, c` Ecitrb =5: Ikedbik` ac Divcstdhkedõi ci Lcadedik Eblp`clcitkrdk y K`tcriktdvk ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Qrblsb, ci Ibruchk, y `k Sidvcrsdaka ]LDQ, ci Kustrk`dk, kik`dzkrbi ci =??: ecrek ac 3? cstuadbs cpdacldb`õhdebs, ciskybs k`cktbrdbs y lctkië`dsds (kië`dsds cstkaìstdeb ac rcsu`tkabs bmtcidabs ci adfcrcitcs ciskybs e`ìidebs) ac `bs cfcetbs ac` tä vcrac sbmrc adstditbs tdpbs ac eëiecr. K`huiks prucmks suhdcrci quc tdcic cfcetbs mcicfdedbsbs cspcedk`lcitc sbmrc `bs eëiecrcs hkstrbditcstdik`cs, eëiecr ac vcgdhk, lklk y eb`brrcetk`. =54 Qd`b (td`dk) Qd`dk sy`vcstrds, sy`vcstrds , td`dk, f`brcs ac `dlk, `diaci f`bwcr, `dlc trcc, mksswbba, td`dk

klcrdekik  Eblmktdr prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs

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 Qrktkr c` ab`br ac ekmczk y ac

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cxtrcldakacs (rculktdslb) ✕

 ]cauedr `k fdcmrc ✕ Qrktkr `k tbs  Cxpu`skr `k f`clk

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Ci `k ldtb`bhìk hrdchk, `k idifk _jd`yrk sc trkisfbrlõ ci ui td`b acspuäs ac pcadr k `bs adbscs quc ib `k acgkrki citrc `bs lbrtk`cs. Acsac citbiecs, sc adec quc cstc ërmb` hdhkitcseb y ld`cikrdb, iktdvb ac Curbpk, k`lkecik `bs rkybs ac` sb` ci sus f`brcs ac ldc`. _br csb, eukiab sc mcmc eblb tä, difuiac c` sb` ci c` eucrpb. Jky jdstbrdks ac deõidebs cgclp`krcs ci Uudzk, Ibruchk, K`clkidk y Cs`bvcidk, citrc btrbs, ebi lës ac ld` kûbs ac kitdhðcaka. Uc adec, pbr cgclp`b, quc ui cgclp`kr umdekab ci c` pktdb ac` ekstd``b ac Iurclmcrh, K`clkidk, k ebldcizbs ac ;4??, jkmrìk sdab p`kitkab pbr `k clpcrktrdz Euichuiak, cspbsk ac Cirdquc DD, k`rcacabr ac` kûb ;???. @bs cs`bvcibs tdcici ui cgclp`kr ci ekak pucm`b y lkreki ebi ä` c` `uhkr abiac `k ebluidaka sc rcuidõ ci sus brìhcics pkrk ec`cmrkr y tblkr acedsdbics ac ditcräs ebl÷i. Qä ac td`b =1? ; euejkrkak ac jdcrmk ac td`b scek ;

tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak _bi `k jdcrmk ci uik tkzk y khrchk c` khuk. Acgk rcpbskr pbr uibs ;3 ldiutbs y `uchb mämc`b, sbrmb k sbrmb.

 

Mkûb ac td`b pkrk rc`kgkrsc y acsekiskr `bs pdcs ; tkzk ac f`brcs ac td`b : tkzks ac khuk jdrvdciab _bi `ks f`brcs ci ui rcedpdcitc abiac pucaks pbicr `bs pdcs b ci `k mkûcrk. Khrähk`c c` khuk y aägk`k rcpbskr uibs ;3 ldiutbs, jkstk quc sc citdmdc. _bi `bs pdcs kacitrb b khrchk lës khuk y tblk ui mkûb ac eucrpb citcrb.

Euëiab uskr`b Kpciks ebldciec c` cstkab fcmrd` b `k hrdpc. K euk`qudcr jbrk ac` aìk. Ac abs k euktrb tkzks ac tä. Eukiab icecsdtcs rc`kgkrtc pkrk acsekiskr, tblk uik tkzk uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k `k eklk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Ud tdcics fdcmrc pbr ciedlk ac ;?= ¿F, tblk ui mkûb tdmdb quc tc kyuac k idvc`kr `k tclpcrkturk ebrpbrk` ebi `k ac` khuk. Eukiab sk`hks ac` mkûb, tblk btrk tkzk ac tä. Cs rceblciakm`c quc `k prcpkrcs kitcs ac mkûkrtc, ksì `b pucacs tblkr kpciks tcrldics. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k pum`dekedbics eblb `k Ikturk` `k Ikturk` Jck`dih Hudac, Hudac, eurkiacrbs ac adstditbs pkìscs curbpcbs uskmki c` td`b acsac jkec sdh`bs pkrk mkgkr `k fdcmrc ac sus pkedcitcs acmdab k quc diecitdvk k` eucrpb k suakr, clpugkiab k quc sc

cifrìc lës rëpdab. Ac jcejb, trkadedbik`lcitc sc `c ebibec eblb c` ‐tä ac `k fdcmrc“. Kaclës, pbscc prbpdcakacs adurätdeks, quc tklmdäi kyuaki k c`dldikr c` cxecsb ac ek`br y `ks difceedbics quc beksdbiki `k fdcmrc, k trkväs ac `k brdik.

 

_bscc eblpbicitcs, eblb c` lueì`khb, quc diedtki `k suabrkedõi y btrks prbpdcakacs läadeks. Cstdlu`k c` jdpbtë`klb, ebitrb`kiab ac lcgbr lkicrk `k tclpcrkturk ebrpbrk`. @k Ebldsdõi C k`clkik `b die`uyc tklmdäi pkrk trktkr c` rcsfrdkab ebl÷i y ci prcpkrkedbics kitdtusdvks, lcadeklcitbs urb`õhdebs y scaktdvbs. =1; Ci ui prbecsb ac hrdpc y rcsfrìb eb`kmbrk tklmdäi rcfbrzkiab `ks acfcisks ac` brhkidslb, kyuaëiab`b k rceupcrkrsc lës rëpdab. Uc jk eblprbmkab quc, pbr cgclp`b, kyuak k rcebmrkr c` kpctdtb y k lcgbrkr c` cstkab ac ëidlb. Hrkedks k sus prbpdcakacs rc`kgkitcs, tklmdäi cs ui muci k`dkab pkrk prbecsbs difceedbsbs, yk quc pcrldtc quc c` tdclpb ac acsekisb sck lcgbr kprbvcejkab ebi ui sucûb rcpkrkabr quc rcfucrzk c` sdstclk diluic. Si cstuadb sbmrc `ks lclmrkiks muek`cs aclbstrõ quc tklmdäi pucac rcauedr `k ebihcstdõi iksk`, k`dvdkr `k drrdtkedõi ac `k hkrhkitk y adsldiudr `k tbs. Ci ui cstuadb ac `kmbrktbrdb ebi rktbics sc lbstrõ quc pbscc abs f`kvbibdacs prdiedpk`cs, nkclpfcrb` y qucrectdik, quc tdcici uik pbtcitc ketdvdaka kitddif`klktbrdk, cspcedk`lcitc ci eksbs ac rculktdslb. =1= Qbld``b (tjylc) Qjylus vu`hkrds, vu`hkrds, tjylus  Qrktkr `k sdiusdtds, `k mrbiqudtds, `k

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tbsfcrdik, c` ab`br ac hkrhkitk, `k rbiqucrk (`krdihdtds), `ks klìhak`ks jdiejkaks

(kldhak`dtds)  K`dvdkr c` ab`br ci `k mbek

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 Eblmktdr c` lk` k`dcitb

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 Qrktkr `k difceedõi ac bìabs

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 Lcgbrkr c` cstkab ac ëidlb

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@bs hrdchbs `c adcrbi c` iblmrc cstk jdcrmk diercìm`clcitc Uu iblmrc sdhidfdek ‐fuldhkr“, pucsk acseumrdcrbi quc kaclës ackrblëtdek. sus prbpdcakacs eu`dikrdks y lcadedik`cs, uskak eblb diedcisb pbaìk `dlpdkr acsac `k cicrhìk ac `bs tclp`bs skhrkabs jkstk `ks l÷`tdp`cs p`khks ek``cgcrks. @bs chdpedbs `k utd`dzkmki, guitb k btrbs dihrcadcitcs, pkrk clmk`sklkr k `bs fkrkbics, ldcitrks quc `bs rblkibs `k khrchkrbi pkrk lcgbrkr sus k`dlcitbs, krblktdzkr sus eksks y kekmkr ebi `k lc`kieb`ìk. Ci `ks kitdhuks Hrcedk y ]blk y ci `k Curbpk lcadcvk` ci hcicrk`, c` tbld``b crk ebisdacrkab ui sìlmb`b ac vk`br y ac kaldrkedõi. Qcicr ‐c` b`br ac` tbld``b“ crk tbab ui eulp`dab rcscrvkab sb`b k `bs vk`dcitcs. Ac jcejb, cxdstìk c` rdtuk` ac quc, kitcs ac pkrtdr k uik mktk``k, `bs ekmk``crbs rcedmdcrki ac sus lugcrcs uik mufkiak mbrakak ebi uik kmcgk y uik rkldtk ac tbld``b quc `cs acgkmk skmcr euëitb `bs kaldrkmki. Gkrkmc ikturk` ac tbld``b pkrk `k hkrhkitk =15 ¼ tkzk ac jdcrmk frcsek ac tbld``b ¼ tkzk ac ldc` Luc`c `k jdcrmk ci ui lbrtcrb pkrk cxtrkcr sus kecdtcs y guhbs. Euä`k`b y lcze`k csc `ìqudab ebi `k ldc`. Qblk uik euejkrkadtk ac gkrkmc trcs vcecs k` aìk. Hukrak c` rcstb ci ui `uhkr bseurb, ci ui frkseb ac vdardb mdci sc``kab. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b

K euk`qudcr aurkitc ui eukarb ac rcsfrìb, sdiusdtds, kldhak`dtds, cteätcrk. Qrcs vcecs k`jbrk, aìk eblb lëxdlb.

 

Ebiscgbs y aktbs _krk ui k`dvdb rëpdab, sdlp`clcitc pucacs frbtkr uiks jbgks ac tbld``b citrc `ks lkibs y b`cr c` kecdtc csciedk` quc acsprciac, y pkskr `uchb `ks lkibs pbr c` ërck kfcetkak. Ud pucacs, tci uik p`kitk ac tbld``b ci eksk. Udlp`clcitc, acgk uiks rkldtks ecrek pkrk quc pucaks b`cr`ks> tc kyuakrë k adsldiudr `bs lk`cstkrcs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci K`clkidk ci =??6 sc aclbstrõ `k cfcetdvdaka ac` tbld``b pkrk ebitrb`kr `k tbs. @bs divcstdhkabrcs utd`dzkrbi kecdtc csciedk` ac tbld``b, bmtcidab ac sus jbgks, pkrk k`dvdkr `bs sìitblks ac mrbiqudtds khuak. Ebitdcic sustkiedks quìldeks eblb ekrvkerb`, mbricb`, kitdlderbmdkiks, hcrkidb` y, c` lës dlpbrtkitc, tdlb`, quc tdcici prbpdcakacs kitdsäptdeks, kitdmketcrdkiks y fuihdedaks. Uu ekpkedaka kitdsäptdek tklmdäi kyuak k adsldiudr k`huiks ebisceuciedks, eblb `k fdcmrc, ac `bs härlcics y mketcrdks. Si cstuadb ac `kmbrktbrdb rck`dzkab pbr `k @ccas Lctrbpb`dtki Sidvcrsdty, ci Dih`ktcrrk, y prcscitkab ci =?;= ci `k ebifcrciedk kiuk` ac `k Ubedcty fbr Hcicrk` Lderbmdb`bhy, lbstrõ quc `k tditurk ac tbld``b tdcic rcsu`tkabs dlprcsdbikitcs7 kidqud`k `ks mketcrdks ac` keiä, supcrkiab k `bs prbauetbs kitdkeiä quc die`uyci pcrõxdab ac mcizbd`b. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Erbkedk ci =??8, pum`dekab pbr @cttcrs pbr @cttcrs di Kpp`dca  Lderbmdb`bhy,, cstkm`cec quc su kecdtc kyuak k eblmktdr mketcrdks, vdrus y lbjb.  Lderbmdb`bhy C` tdlb` quc ebitdcic cstk jdcrmk cs uib ac `bs eblpbicitcs csciedk`cs ac` ebibedab =11 Vden Vkpbrum.

Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci =?;5 sc aclbstrõ quc ebitdcic ekrvkerb`, c` euk` kfcetk `k ketdvdaka icurbiks, kulcitkiab `bstrktkldcitbs scitdldcitbsacackrblktcrkpdk. mdcicstkr y lcgbrkiab c` cstkabacac`ksëidlb eukiab sc utd`dzk ci

 

Ebitdcic vkrdbs eblpucstbs quc kpbyki c` sdstclk icrvdbsb ecitrk` y c` ecrcmrb> pbr cgclp`b, ikrdihcidik, ui f`kvbibdac quc fkvbrcec `k edreu`kedõi, y idkedik, quc suldidstrk h`uebsk k` ecrcmrb, kyuakiab tklmdäi k` rdchb skihuìicb ecrcmrk`. =13 Qrdpjk`k Qrdpjk`k ejurik ejur ik,, trdpjk`k ejbbrikl, pjk`k trdnk, trdfk`k  Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi ac ebyuiturks y

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krtdeu`kedbics (krtrdtds) ✕

 K`dvdkr prbm`clks adhcstdvbs ✕ Lcgbrkr `k adhcstdõi  Adsldiudr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 Mkgkr ac pcsb

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 Acsditbxdekr

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 Adsldiudr c` rdcshb ac edcrtbs tdpbs ac

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eëiecr Ci `k lcadedik kyurväadek sc adec quc c` trdpjk`k kyuak k cqud`dmrkr iucstrbs absjks ( absjks  ( vktk vktk,, pdttk  pdttk,, nkpjk nkpjk)) b ‐kdrcs vdtk`cs“, k`hb quc trkauedab k` `cihukgc lës edcitìfdeb scrìk iucstrb tclpcrklcitb b eblpbsdedõi lctkmõ`dek. Uu iblmrc sdhidfdek ‐trcs frutks“ y prcedsklcitc cs csb. Uc trktk ac `k fõrlu`k ac jdcrmks quc rc÷ic trcs frutks iktdvks ac Diadk7 klk`knd, mdmjdtknd y mdmjdtknd y jkrdtknd jkrdtknd,, quc, sch÷i `k lcadedik trkadedbik`, tdcici ui cfcetb sdiärhdeb quc rcfucrzk adstditbs

sdstclks ac` eucrpb. Uch÷i `k lcadedik kyurvcak, c` scitdab ac` hustb pcrldtc bmtcicr difbrlkedõi k trkväs ac `k `cihuk, quc cstë rc`kedbikak ebi iucstrks clbedbics y ebi c` p`kslk b rksk ajktu. ajktu. _krk ui p`kslk skib, sc acmc tcicr ci pcrfcetk sditbiìk `k

 

ekpkedaka ac achustkedõi, y vdecvcrsk. T pkrk quc cstc ede`b sc rck`dec õptdlklcitc, `k trdpjk`k scrìk e`kvc, pucs rclucvc y skik tbab `b icecskrdb pkrk `bhrkr`b. =16 Qä ac trdpjk`k ¼ euejkrkadtk ac trdpjk`k ci pb`vb b 5? hbtks ac csciedk `ìqudak ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Utcvdk Lcze`k luy mdci `k trdpjk`k ci c` khuk. Khrchk stcvdk sd acscks y mämc`k. Guhb ebi trdpjk`k ¼ euejkrkadtk ac trdpjk`k ci pb`vb b 5? hbtks ac csciedk `ìqudak : bizks ac tu guhb fkvbrdtb Lcze`k y adsfrutk.

Euëiab uskr`b Adkrdklcitc, ac uik k trcs vcecs k` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs Cs lcgbr ebisuldr trdpjk`k ebi c` cstõlkhb vkeìb y k` lcibs abs jbrks kitcs ac uik ebldak.

@k trdpjk`k tdcic cfcetbs `kxkitcs. _rucmk aurkitc uibs aìks sb`b uik rkedõi adkrdk, pbr `k ibejc. Qklmdäi pucacs uskr sup`clcitbs ac trdpjk`k uik b abs vcecs k` aìk, b eblb

 

diadquc c` prbauetb. Ib jky ditcrkeedbics ebibedaks, pcrb k`huibs cstuadbs kebiscgki prcekuedõi ci pcrsbiks quc tblki lcadeklcitbs kitdebkhu`kitcs. _br quä sì fuiedbik Advcrsbs cstuadbs aclucstrki quc su k`tb ebitcidab ac kitdbxdakitcs y pb`dfcib`cs kyuak k eblmktdr `k dif`klkedõi y btrbs sìitblks ac `k krtrdtds. Sib ac cstbs cstuadbs rck`dzkab ci Diadk ci =?;3 lbstrõ quc, kaclës, lcgbrk `k päradak ac acisdaka ac `bs jucsbs y ekrtì`khbs. _um`dekedbics cspcedk`dzkaks eblb `k Ditcriktdbik` `k Ditcriktdbik`  Gburik` bf _jkrlkebhibsy jki rcscûkab `bs pbacrbsbs kitdbxdakitcs eblb c` ëedab hë`deb, ëedab c`ëhdeb y ëedab ejcmu`ìideb ac cstk fõrlu`k ikturk`, quc prbtchc k `ks eä`u`ks ac` akûb ac `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs. =18 K`huibs cstuadbs pum`dekabs ci sdtdbs eblb Ikturk` eblb Ikturk` Lcadedics jki aclbstrkab quc kpbyk c` sdstclk hkstrbditcstdik` y rcfucrzk `bs sdstclks diluib`õhdeb y ekradbvkseu`kr. Abs ac sus hrkiacs mcicfdedbs sbi, pbr ui `kab, kyuakr k acsditbxdekr c` brhkidslb, y pbr btrb, k quc cstc `uchb kmsbrmk lcgbr `bs iutrdcitcs ac `bs k`dlcitbs. Si cstuadb ac =?;= rck`dzkab ci Diadk sbmrc sus cfcetbs ci `k bmcsdaka diauedak pbr `k adctk ci rktbics, lbstrõ rcaueedbics sdhidfdektdvks ci c` pcsb ebrpbrk` y ci c` pbrecitkgc ac hrksk ebrpbrk`. Cstb beurrc, citrc btrks ebsks, acmdab k quc lcgbrk `k adhcstdõi, cvdtk c` cstrcûdldcitb y fblcitk `k ebrrcetk cxpu`sdõi ac acscejbs ac` eucrpb. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Cstktk` ac _cisd`vkidk ci =?;3, actdcic c` ercedldcitb ac `ks eä`u`ks ekiecrbsks y cstdlu`k `k lucrtc ac `ks eä`u`ks ekiecrbsks ac` eëiecr ac eb`bi. Btrk divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci =?;; ci

Qk``kjksscc, F`brdak, aclbstrõ quc pucac kyuakr ebitrk c` eëiecr ac prõstktk. =1:

 

Vcrmcik ac `dlõi (`clbi vcrmcik) `bysdk edtrbabrk, edtrbabrk, ecarõi, jdcrmk `udsk, vcrmcik, edrbabrk-`dlõi pcrfulkab, vcrvcdic edtrbiic``c, `clbi mccmrusj  Qrktkr prbm`clks hkstrbditcstdik`cs

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(diadhcstdõi, hkscs y eõ`debs)  Adsldiudr cspkslbs luseu`krcs

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 K`dvdkr ek`klmrcs lcistruk`cs

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 Eblmktdr `k Ekiadak, vdrus y mketcrdks

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 Mkgkr `k fdcmrc ✕ Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi y c` ab`br y rcauedr c` tdclpb ac rceupcrkedõi ac `csdbics ci krtdeu`kedbics  Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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Ci ;8:?, c` mbtëideb frkieäs Gbscpj Ablmcy fuc civdkab k` _cr÷ pkrk musekr cspcedcs quc puadcrki ikturk`dzkrsc ci c` Vdcgb Luiab. K su rchrcsb, su vk`dbsk ekrhk fuc ebifdsekak ci Eëadz y luejks p`kitks lurdcrbi trks scr k`lkecikaks ci uik mbachk. @k vcrmcik ac `dlõi fuc `k ÷idek cspcedc quc sbmrcvdvdõ. Cstk p`kitk jk sdab ``klkak ac advcrsks lkicrks. Ci Cspkûk, pbr cgclp`b, `k iblmrkrbi ycrmk `udsk ci jbibr ac Lkrìk @udsk Qcrcsk ac _krlk, qudci sc ebivdrtdõ ci rcdik. Uu krblk `k jk jcejb fklbsk y pkrtc ac `k eu`turk pbpu`kr. Ci `k pc`ìeu`k Hbic Xdtj tjc Xdia, Xdia, quc sc mksk ci `k ibvc`k ac Lkrhkrct Ldtejc`` ebi c` ldslb tìtu`b, Uekr`ctt B—Jkrk ace`krk quc `k vcrmcik ac `dlõi cs su ‐krblk k lkarc“ fkvbrdtb. Ksdldslb, fuc uib ac `bs krblks f`brk`cs

csebhdabs pbr Hdvciejy pkrk uik ac sus frkhkiedks pkrk lugcr lës vciadaks, y kui `k die`uyc citrc sus dihrcadcitcs. =14

 

Qä ac vcrmcik ac `dlõi ° ac tkzk ac jbgks ac vcrmcik ac `dlõi ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ¼ euejkrkadtk ac guhb ac `dlõi (bpedbik`) Ciau`zkitc (bpedbik`) _bi `ks jbgks ci ui rcedpdcitc rcsdstcitc k` ek`br. Khrchk c` khuk ek`dcitc. Acgk rcpbskr pbr edieb ldiutbs. Khrchk c` ciau`zkitc y `dlõi, sd hustks. Adsfr÷tk`k. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b K adkrdb, sd hustks, eblb tä, ci cspcedk` acspuäs ac uik ebldak pcskak b uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs C` tä ac vcrmcik ac `dlõi pucacs lcze`kr`b ebi btrks jdcrmks eblb lcitk, jdmdseb, cteätcrk, pkrk vkrdkr su skmbr, kuiquc sb`k cs uik ac `ks lës khrkakm`cs ci krblk y skmbr. Qklmdäi pucacs khrchkr uiks jbgks k` khuk ci quc ebediks pkstk, sbpks, krrbz, ecmkak, kvcik, cteätcrk. Kuiquc `ks jbgks sbi ëspcrks, sc pucaci eblcr.

_br quä sì fuiedbik @k vcrmcik ac `dlõi tdcic prbpdcakacs kitdcspkslõadeks y kitdlderbmdkiks. Sik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci =??3 pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Cstktk` ac Eklpdiks, Mrksd`,

 

lbstrõ quc kidqud`k `k Ekiadak k`mdekis y k`mdekis y pucac lktkr ëekrbs y mketcrdks. Ebitdcic prbauetbs quìldebs brhëidebs eblb tcrpcibdacs, kecdtcs vb`ëtd`cs, f`kvbibdacs, mdbf`kvbibdacs y ëedabs fciõ`debs. @k `utcb`dik (f`kvbibdac), pbr cgclp`b, tdcic prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs, kitddif`klktbrdks, kitdtulbrk`cs y cs ui pbacrbsb `dlpdkabr ac rkadek`cs `dmrcs. Uus prbpdcakacs kitdcspkslõadeks kyuaki k ek`lkr c` ab`br ac cstõlkhb y c`dldikr ek`klmrcs y `k jdiejkzõi. Si cstuadb pum`dekab ci kmrd` ac =?;; pbr `k Curbpcki `k Curbpcki Gburik` bf Kpp`dca  _jysdb`bhy actk``k  _jysdb`bhy  actk``k `k keedõi kitdbxdakitc quc pbscc ebitrk c` akûb bxdaktdvb, adsldiuyciab `bs sdhibs ac akûb luseu`kr pbr cgcrededb erõideb, pbr cgclp`b. =3? Si cstuadb rck`dzkab citrc vkrdks uidvcrsdakacs cspkûb`ks ci =??4 y btrb pum`dekab ci `k Uekiadikvdki Gburik` bf Lcadedic & Uedciec di Upbrts ci Upbrts ci =?;? lucstrki quc sus prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs prblucvci uik lcgbr sk`ua hcicrk` ac` eucrpb, ebi cvdaciedk ci ui kulcitb acedsdvb ci `bs h`õmu`bs m`kiebs, `k prdlcrk `ìick ac acfcisk ac iucstrb sdstclk diluib`õhdeb. Uu usb sc jk rc`kedbikab adrcetklcitc ebi `k rcaueedõi ac` ab`br ci `ks krtdeu`kedbics y ebi lcibr tdclpb ac rceupcrkedõi ac `csdbics krtdeu`krcs y cifcrlcakacs dif`klktbrdks. Kyuak k acsdif`klkr ditcriklcitc `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks, kyuakiab k ek`lkr `k tbs y `k ebihcstdõi ci eukarbs hrdpk`cs, pbr cgclp`b. Kaclës, cstdlu`k `k suabrkedõi, y pbr `b tkitb kyuak k trktkr `k fdcmrc. =3; Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik Kpp`c edacr, vdichkr

 Mkgkr `bs idvc`cs ac kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc

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 Qrktkr `k dif`klkedõi ac `bs pdcs

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 C`dldikr jbihbs y mketcrdks

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 Qrktkr c` keiä

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Jdpõerktcs yk lciedbikmk `ks euk`dakacs ac` ‐vdib khrdb“ fcrlcitkab pkrk `dlpdkr y eurkr jcrdaks ci c` kûb 1=? k.E. Absedcitbs kûbs lës tkrac, c` cstrktchk ld`dtkr Kiìmk` ac Ekrtkhb `b utd`dzkmk pkrk adsb`vcr `ks rbeks quc sb`ìki m`bquckr `bs ekldibs pbr abiac acmìk kvkizkr ebi su cgäredtb. Ci tkitb, ci c` sdh`b Z, Uuih Qsc, qudci cs ebisdacrkab ui pdbicrb ci lcadedik fbrcisc, ci sus `dmrbs eblcitkmk quc kitcs ac tbekr `bs eucrpbs pkrk `ks kutbpsdks acmìk `kvkr sus lkibs ebi kzufrc y vdikhrc pkrk cvdtkr ebitkldikr`bs. Ci Cstkabs Sidabs, yk k fdics ac` sdh`b ZVDDD `bs läadebs lciedbikmki su usb pkrk iulcrbsbs prbm`clks, acsac ab`br ac cstõlkhb k kfceedbics ac `k pdc` pbr `k jdcark vcicibsk. T kitcs ac quc sc eblcizkrk k eblcredk`dzkr fërlkebs pkrk trktkr `k adkmctcs, sb`ìk rcectkrsc c` vdikhrc pkrk trktkr`k. Vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik pkrk rchu`kr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc ; euejkrkak ac vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik ¼ tkzk ac khuk Ad`uyc c` vdikhrc ci c` khuk y mämc`k. Qõlk`b abs vcecs k` aìk, 5? ldiutbs kitcs ac eblcr. =3= ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eblb mcmdak, abs vcecs k` aìk, lcadk jbrk kitcs ac eblcr.

_krkcrupedbics, `k pdc`, kp`ìek`b eblb `bedõi kstrdihcitc jky difceedbics, lk` b`br, cteätcrk.b ci `kvkabs ekak abs b trcs aìks sd

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

 

Ib ebisulks c` vdikhrc purb, sdclprc acmcs ad`udr`b ci khuk. Eblb `bedõi kstrdihcitc, acgk pkskr uib b abs aìks citrc kp`dekedbics pkrk cvdtkr quc `k pdc` sc rcscquc. Ib `b utd`decs tõpdeklcitc sdi ad`udr, pucs pucac quclkrtc `k pdc` b prbvbekr drrdtkedõi. _br quä sì fuiedbik @k lkybrìk ac `ks divcstdhkedbics ebifdrlki `bs cfcetbs ac` vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik pkrk cstkmd`dzkr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc. Cstb sc acmc k quc c` ëedab keätdeb quc pbscc tdcic prbpdcakacs kitdh`ueäldeks. Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka Cstktk` ac Krdzbik, sc divcstdhõ ci pkedcitcs ebi rcsdstciedk k `k disu`dik quc mcmdcrbi =? hrklbs ac vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik ad`udab ci khuk ebi ekak ebldak. Qbabs lbstrkrbi quc `k h`uebsk pbsprkiadk` (pbstcrdbr k `ks ebldaks) jkmìk mkgkab ui 51%. Ac keucrab k `bs divcstdhkabrcs, c` vdikhrc kulcitk `k scisdmd`daka k `k disu`dik ac lkicrk sdld`kr k `k lctfbrldik. Divcstdhkedbics edcitìfdeks rcedcitcs ebieucraki ebi quc pbscc prbpdcakacs kitdlderbmdkiks, cspcedk`lcitc rc`kedbikaks k `k prcpkrkedõi ac k`dlcitbs, yk quc dijdmc c` ercedldcitb ac mketcrdks eblb C. eblb C. eb`d. eb`d. @bs cxpcrtbs kschurki quc sdi ad`udr sc pucac utd`dzkr, pbr cgclp`b, pkrk `dlpdkr acitkaurks pbstdzks ac lkicrk schurk, yk quc k adfcrciedk ac btrbs prbauetbs quìldebs, ib akûk `k luebsk ac `k mbek. Ci `uhkrcs k`cgkabs y ebi rceursbs `dldtkabs, eblb ci `k sc`vk klkzõidek, läadebs `bek`cs y pkrtcrks utd`dzki sb`uedbics ac vdikhrc pkrk cxkldikr k lugcrcs y actcetkr pbsdm`cs mrbtcs ac pkpd`blk julkib. K` ebitketb ebi c` vdikhrc, `ks vcrruhks sc k`tcrki, pcrldtdciab uik actceedõi lës rëpdak. Cstc ldslb lätbab pkrk actcetkr `csdbics ac eëiecr ecrvdek` jk sdab cstuadkab pbr divcstdhkabrcs ci Ejdik y pum`dekab pbr `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Tbrn. =35

Cstë eblprbmkab quc acsketdvk `bs iclktbedstbs, quc sbi `ks p÷ks quc utd`dzki `ks lcausks pkrk diycetkr c` vcicib. =31

 

Tkeõi (ykebi syrup) Ulk``kitjus sbiejdfb`dus, sbiejdfb`dus, yknui, yknulk, krdeblk, krdzbik, ``kegõi, gkeõi, ``klõi, krmb`beb, rkeõi, pb`keb, eb``k syrup  Mkgkr c` kz÷ekr ci `k skihrc

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 Eblmktdr `k bmcsdaka (cspcedk`lcitc ci

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lugcrcs prclcibpëusdeks ebi rcsdstciedk k `k disu`dik)  Qrktkr prbm`clks ditcstdik`cs

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 Lcgbrkr `k kmsbredõi ac ek`edb ci `bs jucsbs (cspcedk`lcitc ci prc y pbslcibpëusdeks)  Qrktkr eblp`clcitkrdklcitc c` eëiecr

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Kuiquc sc `c suc`c ebifuiadr ebi `k gìeklk, c` ykeõi cs ui tumäreu`b adstditb, ac skmbr au`ec, brdhdikrdb ac `ks zbiks lës tclp`kaks ac `k ebrad``crk ac `bs Kiacs. Uu iblmrc sc acrdvk ac` qucejuk ykeu qucejuk ykeu,, quc sdhidfdek ‐khuk“, pucs cs uik frutk rcebibedak pbr scr guhbsk y au`ec acsac `k äpbek ac `bs dieks y btrbs pucm`bs ac `k k`tdp`kidedc. _br c` kûb ;635, c` pkarc gcsudtk y erbidstk cspkûb` Mcrikmä Ebmb y _crk`tk eucitk ci su Jdstbrdk su Jdstbrdk ac` Iucvb Luiab quc Luiab quc `bs iktdvbs ac` _cr÷ ebisulìki ykeõi eruab pkrk k`dvdkr `k sca y rcebmrkr `k cicrhìk ci sus `krhbs trkycetbs. @b ``klkmki ``knjui ``knjui y  y sb`ìki ebrtkr`b ci rbakgks quc eb`hkmki ci sus editurks pkrk eblcr`b fëed`lcitc aurkitc sus ekldiktks. @b lcgbr ac tbab cs quc, ldcitrks lës aìks pkskmk `k frutk mkgb c` sb`, lës au`ec sc pbiìk.

Gkrkmc ac ykeõi eblb ciau`zkitc =33 ;

 

euejkrkak ac gkrkmc ac ykeõi Qä k tu c`ceedõi ; tkzk ac khuk jcrvdak _rcpkrk c` tä eblb ac ebstulmrc y cia÷`zk`b ebi c` gkrkmc ac ykeõi. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b U÷lk`b k tu adctk rchu`kr. Adkrdklcitc, k euk`qudcr jbrk ac` aìk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs C` ykeõi sc pucac ebisuldr eblb frutk, eruak, b ci euk`qudcr prcpkrkedõi eu`dikrdk, rcclp`kzkiab k `k pktktk rchu`kr b pktktk au`ec, pbr cgclp`b. Qklmdäi pucacs kaqudrdr sup`clcitbs ac rkìz ac ykeõi ci eëpsu`ks. Qblk uik adkrdk ac 3?? lh b abs absds ac =3? lh ekak uik. _br quä sì fuiedbik C` ykeõi cs rdeb ci fruetbb`dhbskeërdabs (FBU), ui eblpucstb ac fruetbsk quc, k adfcrciedk ac `k lkybrìk ac `bs kz÷ekrcs, pksk k trkväs ac `k pkrtc supcrdbr ac` trketb hkstrbditcstdik`, pcrb ib sc ksdld`k. Uus prbpdcakacs prcmdõtdeks `b ebivdcrtci ci ui cxec`citc k`dkab pkrk `k diluidaka, yk quc kyuaki k cstdlu`kr c` ercedldcitb ac mketcrdks muciks quc kulcitki `k rcsdstciedk ikturk` k pktõhcibs cxtcribs. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb ebi lugcrcs prclcibpëusdeks bmcsks, rck`dzkab ci Krhcitdik y pum`dekab ci =??4 ci `k rcvdstk E`didek` Iutrdtdbi, Iutrdtdbi, `k dihcstk adkrdk

ac` ykeõi adsldiuyõ sdhidfdektdvklcitc c` pcsb ebrpbrk`, `k edreuifcrciedk ac `k editurk y c` ebrpbrk`. Kaclës,ebi adsldiuyõ su idvc` acsciskedõi disu`dik ciac `k skihrc ciìiadec kyuiksacy lksk kulcitõ `k frceuciedk quc acfcekmki y `k skedcaka.

 

Ac keucrab k uik divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci Mrksd` y pum`dekak ci `k Gburik` bf   Lcadedik` Fbba, Fbba, pucac kulcitkr `k ebiecitrkedõi ac ldicrk`cs eblb c` ek`edb y c` lkhicsdb ci `bs jucsbs, kyuakiab k fbrtk`cecr`bs. Qklmdäi rcfucrzk `bs prbecsbs jbrlbik`cs ci `bs jblmrcs, lkitcidciab `k =36 prbaueedõi ac tcstbstcrbik. Ci ui cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Gkpõi y pum`dekab ci =?;; ci `k rcvdstk Fdtbtcrkpdk rcvdstk Fdtbtcrkpdk,, sus eblpucstbs dijdmdcrbi c` ercedldcitb y `k rcprbaueedõi ac `ks eä`u`ks ekiecrbsks ac euc``b utcrdib. Btrk divcstdhkedõi rck`dzkak ci Mrksd`, pum`dekak ci Ejcldstry & Mdbadvcrsdty, Mdbadvcrsdty, aclbstrõ quc ui jbihb quc ercec ci `ks rkìecs y jbgks ac` ykeõi pucac eblmktdr tcgdabs ekiecrbsbs ci eëiecrcs ac pdc`, eb`bi, ecrcmrb y skihrc. =38 Wkikjbrdk (ekrrbt)  Akueus ekrbtk, ekrbtk, sktdvus, ekrbttc, eciburk, akihhcui, hkgkr, hc`mc rumc, jbihakihlu, ju `ub mb, nkrbttc, lbjrc, lbjrrumc, idigdi  Eblmktdr `k acfdedciedk ac vdtkldiks K,

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E, A y C  _btciedkr `k vdsdõi y cvdtkr akûbs beu`krcs

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 Qrktkr `k adkrrck

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 Mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`

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 _rcvcidr c` eëiecr

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 Kyuakr k eblmktdr c` pksb ac` tdclpb ci

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`k pdc` Uc adec quc `ks prdlcrks zkikjbrdks tciìki pbeb b ikak ac csc eb`br ikrkigk ditcisb quc ebibeclbs. Crki lës mdci p÷rpurks pbr fucrk y `cvclcitc

 

kikrkigkaks pbr acitrb. _crb csb pbeb dlpbrtkmk, pucs ci sus brìhcics ac usb  ‑jkec uibs trcs ld` kûbs kitcs ac `k crk erdstdkik, erd stdkik, ci `k kitdhuk _crsdk, ketuk` Drëi, y ci Kfhkidstëi‑ `b quc rck`lcitc sc uskmk ac cstc tumäreu`b crki sus krblëtdeks jbgks y sus scld``ks. C` rcstb, csk rkìz tki vcrsëtd` y skmrbsk, crk sdlp`clcitc acscejkab. Ebi c` pksb ac `bs sdh`bs, `ks rutks ac `k scak y `ks cspcedks, ksì eblb `ks hucrrks y ebiqudstks ac tcrrdtbrdbs, fucrbi fketbrcs quc prbpdedkrbi `k adstrdmuedõi ac cstc tumäreu`b pbr c` luiab. Jky cserdtbs quc jkm`ki ac` usb ac su rkìz eblb k`dlcitb ci `ks kitdhuks Hrcedk y ]blk, abiac crk luy pbpu`kr ebi prbpõsdtbs lcadedik`cs y cspcedk`lcitc vk`brkak eblb kfrbadsìkeb. Ubpk ac zkikjbrdk =3: ; `dmrk ac zkikjbrdks sdi pdc` y rk``kak 1 tkzks ac khuk Uk` Kecdtc ac b`dvk Ebedik `k zkikjbrdk ci `k ldtka ac` khuk pbr ib lës ac ;3 k =? ldiutbs. Ib icecsdtk cstkr aclksdkab m`kiak. Eukiab cstä `dstk, prbeäsk`k y khrähk`c c` rcstb ac` khuk prcvdklcitc jcrvdak y sk` jkstk eblp`ctkr ui `dtrb. _ucacs adsfrutkr`k ebi uiks hbtks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b K adkrdb, eblb pkrtc ac tu adctk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

 

Kuiquc pucac ebisuldrsc eruak b ebedikak, k`huibs ac sus iutrdcitcs sbi sb`um`cs ci khuk y pbr `b tkitb sc ad`uyci. K`huibs cxpcrdlcitbs jki aclbstrkab quc k` jcrvdr`ks citcrks b k` ebedikr`ks k` vkpbr sc pdcrac sb`b c` 5?% ac sus iutrdcitcs, ci eblpkrkedõi k` 6?% quc sc pdcrac k` ebrtkr`ks prcvdklcitc. Btrbs cxpcrdlcitbs jki aclbstrkab quc eblcr zkikjbrdks `dhcrklcitc ebedikaks cs luejb lës mcicfdedbsb quc eblcr`ks eruaks. _br quä sì fuiedbik Acsac ;4?8, `ks rcvdstks ac pcadktrìk ac Cstkabs Sidabs `k prblucvci pkrk rceupcrkr c` sdstclk adhcstdvb ci idûbs quc jki sufrdab ui eukarb hrkvc ac adkrrck. Cstuadbs cxpcrdlcitk`cs lbstrkrbi cxec`citcs rcsu`tkabs trks =1 jbrks ac trktkldcitb sb`b ebi uik sbpk ac zkikjbrdk ebedikak ci khuk ebi sk`. Uu ebisulb rchu`kr prcvdcic `k fbrlkedõi ac ÷`ecrk hëstrdek y btrbs trkstbribs adhcstdvbs. Divcstdhkedbics rck`dzkaks ci `k Sidvcrsdaka Qufts, ci Lksskejusctts, aclucstrki quc c` mctkekrbtcib, k` citrkr ci c` eucrpb julkib, pucac ebivcrtdrsc ci uik sustkiedk ``klkak ëedab rctdibdeb, quc cs klp`dklcitc utd`dzkak pkrk trktkr adfcrcitcs tdpbs ac eëiecr. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab ci Uucedk ebi lugcrcs ac 3? kûbs b lës aclbstrõ quc qudcics ebisulìki kprbxdlkaklcitc `k ldtka ac uik zkikjbrdk k` aìk tciìki abs tcredbs =34 lcibs rdcshb ac eëiecr ac lklk. _br btrb `kab, uik adctk rdek ci `debpcib, prcscitc ci `k zkikjbrdk, prbtchc ebitrk c` eëiecr ac prõstktk ci `bs jblmrcs. Advcrsbs cstuadbs lucstrki quc `k vdtkldik K y `bs kitdbxdakitcs `utcìik y zckxkitdik prbtchci `bs bgbs ac `k achcicrkedõi lkeu`kr, uik ac `ks prdiedpk`cs fucitcs ac echucrk ci `bs kiedkibs, ksì eblb ac prbm`clks ci `k rctdik, citrc

btrbs. C` Acpkrtklcitb ac Khrdeu`turk ac Cstkabs Sidabs suhdcrc quc abs zkikjbrdks k` aìk pucaci rcauedr c` eb`cstcrb` ci ui ;? k =? pbr edcitb.

 

Ebisuldr zkikjbrdks adkrdklcitc kyuak k `k kmsbredõi ac vdtkldik A y k lkitcicr uik pdc` `bzkik, eblmktdciab `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs y rctrkskiab ksì su civcgcedldcitb. =6? Wdie Edie, zdin  Fbrtk`cecr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb

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 Kyuakr  K yuakr ci c` ercedldcitb

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 _rbauedr adstditks cizdlks

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 _rbauedr edcrtks jbrlbiks eblb `k

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tcstbstcrbik  _rbpbredbikr ui kitdbxdakitc

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²[uä rc`kedõi pucac tcicr cstc lctk` ebi `k sk`ua2 Mucib, `k eblprcisdõi sbmrc su kpbrtc k `k sk`ua ac` scr julkib cs luejìsdlb lës rcedcitc quc su usb lksdvb. Jkec ecrek ac lcadb sdh`b quc sc acseumrdõ `b quc sc ``klk ‐acfdedciedk ac zdie“,Ucy trktk kuiquc `b ercks, kfcetk k ui tcredb ac `kac pbm`kedõi pkìscs ci acskrrb``b. ac ib k`tcrkedbics ci c` fuiedbikldcitb edcrtbs ci õrhkibs acmdab k `k ekrciedk ac cstc c`clcitb quìldeb. Uu disufdedciedk ditcrvdcic ci c` acskrrb``b ac` eucrpb, ci prbm`clks ac kprciadzkgc, kibrcxdk, k`bpcedk, k`tcrkedbics diluidtkrdks y kfceedbics eutëicks, citrc btrks. Ac `k adctk kidlk` sc bmtdcic c` ;?% y ac `bs vchctk`cs ib sc kmsbrmc tkitb, acmdab k quc `k fdmrk quc ebitdcici `b c`dldik. _br cstk rkzõi, cvcituk`lcitc sc rcqudcrc k`h÷i sup`clcitb pkrk cqudpkrkr `ks icecsdakacs ac` brhkidslb pkrk su muci fuiedbikldcitb.

Bstrks rdeks ci zdie 6

 

bstdbics eruabs b ci `ktk ¼ ecmb``k pdekak fdiklcitc ; euejkrkak ac pcrcgd` pdekab =6; Guhb ac ui `dlõi Uk` k` hustb ¼ pki pdtk Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs y adsfr÷tk`bs sbmrc c` pki pdtk k `k jbrk ac k`lucrzb b `k ecik. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì

Euëiab uskr`b Eukiab jky acmd`daka b mkgk ac acfcisks, ui pcrìbab ac sbmrcekrhk b csträs fìsdeb. Eukiab ebldcizk `k tclpbrkak ac hrdpcs y rcsfrdkabs. Eukiab sc prcscitk ui eukarb ac kicldk.

Ebiscgbs y aktbs

Kaclës ac ebisuldr k`dlcitbs rdebs ci zdie, prchuitk k tu läadeb quä sup`clcitb pucacs tblkr ac keucrab k tu caka, ebiadedbics y icecsdakacs cspceìfdeks. Cxdstc ui hrkab ac tbxdedaka ac` zdie sd sc dihdcrc ci cxecsb. @ks absds, ci

 

hcicrk`, ib acmci supcrkr `bs ;5 lh adkrdbs. _br quä sì fuiedbik C` zdie acsclpcûk ui pkpc` dlpbrtkitc ci `ks fuiedbics diluics ac `ks eä`u`ks y c` csträs bxdaktdvb ac cstks, cs acedr, c` prbecsb ac acshkstc y civcgcedldcitb. _br cstk rkzõi, cxdstci vkrdks cifcrlcakacs y trkstbribs quc pkrceci rcspbiacr k su acfdedciedk, yk quc k` tcicr eä`u`ks actcrdbrkaks, c` cstkab diluib`õhdeb adsldiuyc, kulcitk c` csträs bxdaktdvb y `k hcicrkedõi ac edtbqudiks dif`klktbrdks, tbaks cstks ekusks ac cifcrlcakacs. Kyuak k ebitrb`kr lës ac =?? cizdlks ci c` brhkidslb, ksì eblb k`huiks jbrlbiks. Citrc cstks ÷`tdlks sc cieucitrk `k tcstbstcrbik, quc ditcrvdcic ci c` ercedldcitb y c` acskrrb``b lkseu`dib. Cs icecskrdb pkrk ui ercedldcitb ibrlk`, acsac `ks uûks jkstk c` pc`b. Uus mcicfdedbs sc rcf`cgki ci uik sìitcsds cizdlëtdek y jbrlbik`, ebi `k kaceukak rchcicrkedõi ac `k pdc`, ebi lcibs prbecsbs dif`klktbrdbs, citrc btrbs. Ac keucrab k adstditbs cstuadbs ‑citrc cstbs, uib rck`dzkab ci Diadk‑, tklmdäi tdcic prbpdcakacs kitdvdrk`cs, fkvbrcec c` sdstclk diluidtkrdb prblbvdciab c` fuiedbikldcitb kaceukab ac `ks acfcisks ci iucstrb brhkidslb, pbr `b quc =6= ebistdtuyc uik mucik kyuak ebitrk rcsfrdkabs y hrdpcs. @ks divcstdhkedbics ebieucraki ci quc dihcrdr sup`clcitbs ac zdie ci `ks =1 jbrks trks `k kpkrdedõi ac `bs prdlcrbs sìitblks pucac kec`crkr `k rceupcrkedõi y adsldiudr `k hrkvcaka ac `bs sìitblks. Ld rceblciakedõi cs quc uscs `ks pkstd``dtks ac zdie ac ejupkr, pkrk quc c` cfcetb sck adrcetb ci `k hkrhkitk, ci abiac luejks vcecs sc k`bgki `bs vdrus ac `ks vìks kärcks rcspdrktbrdks supcrdbrcs. =65

UCE]CQBU _K]K QCIC] K LKIB =61

 

K`hbaõi ebi k`ebjb`  Cvdtkr iëuscks y võldtbs

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C` võldtb b clcsds cs c` rcf`cgb ac cxpu`skr vdb`citklcitc y ebi cspkslbs `b quc sc ekrhk ci c` cstõlkhb. @b quc kekmklbs ac eblcr (kuiquc sck sb`b khuk) sumc k trkväs ac` csõfkhb pkrk scr `kizkab jkedk c` cxtcrdbr. T `ks iëuscks b krekaks sbi `k rckeedõi prcvdk quc sc prbauec y quc, ac k`huik lkicrk, ibs kvdski quc k`hb kiak lk` y qudcrc sk`dr ac iucstrb brhkidslb. _ucac scr pkrtc ac ui prbecsb difceedbsb quc iucstrb eucrpb cstë eblmktdciab, b k`hb quc ebldlbs ci lk` cstkab, b quc sdlp`clcitc ibs rcsu`tk acskhrkakm`c. Qklmdäi cs ebl÷i quc vbldtclbs eukiab sc jk dihcrdab uik lcadedik aclksdkab fucrtc b eblb sìitblk kavcrsb ac qudldbtcrkpdk, trks uik edruhìk, acmdab k `k kicstcsdk, b pbr clmkrkzb. Qkitb `ks iëuscks eblb c` võldtb ib sbi khrkakm`cs, ibs acgki khbtkabs y ebi uik sciskedõi ac acmd`daka tclpbrk`.

CUQC CU C@ ]CLCADB7 B`cr k`hbaõi ebi k`ebjb` Cs tki sdlp`c eblb pbicr uik mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi ebi k`ebjb` dsbprbpì`deb (c` ldslb quc tciclbs ci eksk pkrk `ks jcrdaks) frcitc k `ks fbsks iksk`cs. ]cspdrk uiks trcs vcecs ac lkicrk prbfuiak y `uchb quìtk`k. Cspcrk k` lcibs uibs ;3 ldiutbs kitcs ac rcpctdr`b, kuiquc schurklcitc ib vks k icecsdtkr jkecr`b. =63 _br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k `bs Kik`cs ac Lcadedik ac Clcrhciedk, ui cstuadb rcedcitc aclbstrõ quc `bs pkedcitcs ac urhciedks quc dijk`krbi `bs k`hbabics ebi k`ebjb` dsbprbpì`deb rcaugcrbi ci 3?% `ks iëuscks, ci eblpkrkedõi ebi `bs pkedcitcs quc

b`dcrbi uik sb`uedõi sk`dik. Btrbs scds cstuadbs, pum`dekabs ci =?;= pbr c` sdtdb ac cstuadbs edcitìfdebs Ebejrkic @dmrkry, ci `bs quc sc utd`dzõ k`ebjb` dsbprbpì`deb, lbstrkrbi quc pucac tcicr k`h÷i cfcetb ci `k rcaueedõi ac `ks iëuscks y võldtbs pbstbpcrktbrdbs. @k lkybrìk ac `bs cstuadbs jki ciebitrkab quc sc icecsdtk lcibs ac ;? ldiutbs pkrk su cfcetb.

 

C` lcekidslb ac keedõi ib cstë luy e`krb. C` võldtb y `ks iëuscks sc prbaueci pbr `k ketdvkedõi ac uik scrdc ac icrvdbs, ci `k ebrtczk ecrcmrk` y c` kpkrktb vcstdmu`kr. Qbab diadek quc k` dijk`kr c` vkpbr ac k`ebjb` ci pcqucûks ekitdakacs, cstbs sc rc`kgki y sc acsketdvki. Cs dlpbrtkitc quc ib sc jkhki lës ac trcs b euktrb dijk`kedbics. Cspcedk`lcitc `ks lugcrcs clmkrkzkaks ib acmci cxecacrsc, y cs lcgbr sd pucaci sustdtudr cstks dijk`kedbics ebi btrbs rclcadbs ekscrbs, eblb eblcr jdc`b pdekab. Ci beksdbics c` vkpbr ac k`ebjb` pucac beksdbikr ab`br ac ekmczk b ekuskr ditb`crkiedk pbr c` krblk. =66 K`hbaõi y vdikhrc  Actcicr uik jclbrrkhdk iksk` b cpdstkxds

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²Jkmrë k`huik pcrsbik quc ib jkyk sufrdab ac ui skihrkab ac ikrdz2 Uchurklcitc tc suecadõ lës ac uik vcz, cspcedk`lcitc aurkitc tu difkiedk. T cs quc `ks jclbrrkhdks iksk`cs sbi k`hb ebl÷i, y ci hcicrk` sc acmci k drrdtkedbics lcibrcs k ekusk ac hrdpc, cxecsb ac frìb y rcscqucaka, usb ac kcrbsb`cs, cstbriuabs luy vdb`citbs, cteätcrk, quc rblpci k`huibs vksbs skihuìicbs ac `k ikrdz. C` kdrc quc citrk y sk`c pbr `ks fbsks ci beksdbics rcscek `ks lclmrkiks quc `ks prbtchci. _br cgclp`b, cs ebl÷i quc aurkitc `k äpbek ac frìb, `k ek`cfkeedõi rcscquc `k ikrdz y cstk clpdcec k skihrkr, cspcedk`lcitc acspuäs ac pkacecr k`h÷i prbecsb vdrk`, eblb uik hrdpc. Kjbrk, quc sck k`hb ebl÷i ib sdhidfdek quc beurrk pcrlkicitclcitc, pucs sd cs ksì, acmcs keuadr k tu läadeb pkrk acsekrtkr btrb prbm`clk lkybr, eblb kicldk, prbm`clks ci `k ebkhu`kedõi b ac prcsdõi krtcrdk`.

CUQC CU C@ ]CLCADB7 Eblprcsdõi y ekutcrdzkedõi ikturk` ac `bs vksbs ; hksk

 

; mb`dtk b pätk`b ac k`hbaõi ¼ euejkrkadtk ac vdikhrc m`kieb =68 Ebldcizk pbr utd`dzkr uik hksk y kp`dek prcsdõi ebi tu lkib ci `k puitk ac `k ikrdz pbr `b lcibs pbr edieb ldiutbs. @uchb clpkpk c` k`hbaõi ebi vdikhrc. Qõlk`b citrc tus acabs y ebi eudakab ditrba÷ec`b ci tu ikrdz ldcitrks rcspdrks pbr `k mbek. Uëek`b ebi eudakab `uchb ac ;? ldiutbs. _crlkicec scitkab aurkitc c` prbecsb. Ib acsekiscs `k ekmczk jkedk ktrës. Luejk hcitc pdcisk quc sd keucstk `k ekmczk sc actdcic `k jclbrrkhdk. Csb ib kyuak y `b ÷ideb quc jkec cs quc `k skihrc ebrrk k `k hkrhkitk. _br quä sì fuiedbik K` kprctkr didedk`lcitc `k puitk ac `k ikrdz, prblucvc `k ebkhu`kedõi ikturk` ac `k skihrc. C` k`hbaõi ebi vdikhrc, kaclës ac kmsbrmcr `k skihrc, ekutcrdzk `bs vksbs skihuìicbs hrkedks k su kedacz, y pbarìk actcicr c` skihrkab. C` acsebihcstdbikitc iksk` ekusk quc c` ekpd`kr kfcetkab sc ebitrkdhk, `bhrkiab ksì actcicr c` skihrkab. Qklmdäi kyuak c` mkgkr `k tclpcrkturk ebrpbrk`, cspcedk`lcitc ac `k ekrk, pcrb ib cifrìk `k ikrdz. Ejupkr jdc`b b mcmcr khuk luy frìk cs uik lcadak cfdekz. Ud ib tdcics vdikhrc, pucacs uskr uiks hbtks ac guhb ac `dlõi, b die`usb uib ac `bs acsebihcstdbikitcs ci kcrbsb` quc sc vciac sdi rcectk. =6: Mb`sk ac pkpc`  Eblmktdr ui ktkquc ac pëideb

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 Ek`lkrsc

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Ud ib `b skmìks, k `b `krhb ac ld vdak jc sdab uik vìetdlk ebifcsk ac `bs ktkqucs ac pëideb. Jc pkskab lës ac ui lk` rktb vdkgkiab ci kvdbics, supcrkiab pciks

 

ac klbr y ci adstditks ctkpks ac ld vdak, pbr eu`pk ac cstbs lb`cstbs c dicspcrkabs krrkiqucs ac kisdcaka y sbmrcsk`tb quc pkrcec quc ib tuvdcrki scitdab. Uc cstdlk quc trcs ac ekak ;? pcrsbiks ci c` luiab pkaceci uib ci actcrldikab lblcitb ac sus vdaks. Die`usb, luejbs `b ebifuiaci ebi ktkqucs ekraìkebs, pucs k` lblcitb ci quc `k erdsds cs lkybr, pucac prcscitkr sìitblks sdld`krcs k cstc, eblb `k fk`tk ac kdrc, pk`pdtkedbics y jkstk ab`br ci c` pcejb. ]cedäi ci `k aäekak ac `bs bejcitk `k Brhkidzkedõi Luiadk` ac `k Uk`ua (BLU) `b e`ksdfdeõ citrc `bs trkstbribs ac kisdcaka. T pkrk luejbs cxpcrtbs, sc trktk ac ui lk` prbpdb ac` csträs y cstd`b ac vdak lbacrib.

CUQC CU C@ ]CLCADB7 ]cspdrkr acitrb ac uik mb`sk ; mb`sk ac pkpc` Eumrc tu ikrdz y mbek ebi `k kmcrturk ac `k mb`sk ac pkpc`. Dijk`k pbr `k ikrdz y cxjk`k kdrc pbr `k mbek ebitkiab jkstk ;?, acitrb ac `k mb`sk. [udtk `k mb`sk y rcspdrk ibrlk`lcitc btrks ;? vcecs kfucrk ac `k mb`sk y rcpdtc c` prbecsb eblp`ctb jkstk quc tc jkyks ek`lkab. =64 _br quä sì fuiedbik Sib ac `bs sìitblks lës eblp`cgbs ac` ktkquc ac pëideb cs `k fk`tk ac kdrc, b adsick, y `k jdpcrvcitd`kedõi, quc ebisdstc ci c` kec`crkldcitb ac `k rcspdrkedõi pbr `k khdtkedõi ac` lblcitb. Eukiab cstklbs ci uik sdtukedõi ibrlk` ac rcspdrkedõi, c` bxìhcib pksk ac `bs pu`lbics k `k skihrc. Eukiab cstklbs jdpcrvcitd`kabs, ci eklmdb, c` bxìhcib ib k`ekizk k ``chkr k `k skihrc, pbr lës rëpdab quc rcspdrclbs. C` jcejb ac ib tcicr sufdedcitc bxìhcib prbvbek quc clpceclbs k scitdr ek`klmrcs, tclm`brcs, jbrldhucb y quc, pbr `b tkitb, ibs pbihklbs lës kisdbsbs.

K` rcspdrkr ebi `k mb`sk sc ebrrdhc c` acsidvc` ac bxìhcib quc pkaceclbs y eblcizklbs k rc`kgkribs, rctbrikiab pbeb k pbeb k `k ibrlk`daka. Ud pkacecs ac ktkqucs ebi frceuciedk, ekrhk sdclprc uik mb`sk ac pkpc` ci tu ekrtcrk b ci tu vcjìeu`b. Qklmdäi tci k lkib uik ci eksk. Dack`lcitc, cs mucib

 

quc scks t÷ ldslb qudci sc pbihk `k mb`sk ci c` rbstrb pkrk quc ib tc acsebitrb`cs k÷i lës. =8? Mrõeb`d eruab Mrõeb`, mrbeeb`d  Kyuakr  K yuakr k lkitcicr `bs adcitcs skibs, s kibs,

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`dlpdbs y m`kiebs Kiktb`dk, c` @ìmkib y Udrdk fucrbi `bs prdlcrbs sdtdbs quc ebibedcrbi `ks vcitkgks ac cstc vchctk` tki rcejkzkab pbr `k lkybrìk. Udi clmkrhb, `bs rblkibs sc jdedcrbi fkiëtdebs suybs kpciks `b ebibedcrbi. @b ``klkmki ‐`bs edieb acabs vcracs ac G÷pdtcr“. Ac jcejb, ci c` sdh`b D c` hkstrõiblb Lkreb Hkvdb Kpdedb `b die`uyõ ci sus rcectkrdbs, ci tbaks `ks fbrlks7 eruab, jcrvdab, ebi kecdtc ac b`dvk b ci purä. @uchb fuc ``cvkab k `k pciìisu`k dtë`dek, abiac tklmdäi su usb eu`dikrdb sc jdzb mkstkitc pbpu`kr. Ci `k Caka Lcadk, ci k`huibs `uhkrcs ac Curbpk, crk uik trkadedõi rchk`kr k `ks pkrcgks ac rcedäi ekskabs uik sbpk ac mrõeb`d pkrk kschurkr`cs `k acseciaciedk. Ksì ikedõ `k `cyciak ac quc `bs idûbs ikeìki ac uik p`kitk ac cstc vchctk` b ac `k eb`. Cisk`kak ac mrõeb`d eruab ; tkzk ac f`brcs ac mrõeb`d scpkrkaks ¼ euejkrkadtk ac guhb ac `dlõi Uk` Kecdtc ac b`dvk

Ukzbik `ks f`brcs ac mrõeb`d ebi kecdtc, `dlõi y sk`. _ucacs lcze`kr`ks ebi btrbs vchctk`cs sd hustks. =8;

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb jcejb pbr `bs divcstdhkabrcs ac `k Cseuc`k ac Babitb`bhìk ac Mkuru, ci Mrksd`, pum`dekab ci `k Curbpcki `k Curbpcki Gburik` bf Acitdstry, Acitdstry, c` jdcrrb prcscitc ci c` mrõeb`d pucac fbrlkr ui rcvcstdldcitb rcsdstcitc k `bs ëedabs ci `k supcrfdedc ac `bs adcitcs. Cstk ekpk rcauec c` ebitketb citrc `k kedacz ac `bs k`dlcitbs ëedabs y sustkiedks, eblb `k sbak ac k`huiks mcmdaks ekrmbiktkaks, ebi c` cslk`tc ac `bs adcitcs. Kaclës, `k ebisdstciedk ac` mrõeb`d eruab kyuak k pu`dr `bs adcitcs k` ebitketb. Cstc vchctk` cs ui k`dlcitb schurb y k`tklcitc iutrdtdvb, ebi prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs. Udrvc ac kpbyb ci `k prcvciedõi ac` eëiecr y pkrk mkgkr c` eb`cstcrb`. Ud pkacecs ac jdpbtdrbdadslb, acmcs ebisu`tkr ebi tu läadeb sd pucacs ebisuldr`b, ci quä ekitdaka y ebi euëitk frceuciedk. =8= Ekfä K`ek`bdac, ekfä, ebffcc  Eblmktdr ktkqucs ac kslk

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@k pk`kmrk ekfä (b ebffcc ebffcc,, ci dih`äs) prbvdcic ac` ërkmc qkjwkj qkjwkj y  y sdhidfdek ‐cicrhìk“ b ‐vdhbr“. Cs tklmdäi c` iblmrc ac `k zbik ctìbpc ac Nkffk, acsac abiac `k p`kitk ac ekfä sc adstrdmuyõ pbr c` luiab. Eucitk `k `cyciak quc ui pkstbr ac Ctdbpìk `c ebitõ k uibs lbigcs eõlb pbr eksuk`daka acseumrdõ quc sus bvcgks, eukiab eblìki `ks scld``ks ac uibs krmustbs, sk`tkmki ac ui `kab k btrb pbr `ks ibejcs. @bs lbigcs, luy eurdbsbs, tblkrbi uik difusdõi ac `ks ldslks scld``ks y puadcrbi pkskr `ks `krhks ibejcs brkiab. @k ibtdedk sc rchõ eblb `k cspulk, y acsac citbiecs `bs lcrekacrcs lës kstutbs eblcizkrbi k skekr`c pkrtdab, ebivdrtdciab k` ekfä ci uib ac `bs prbauetbs lës kpctcedabs. Jby ci aìk, cs c` schuiab mdci lës eblcredk`dzkab ci c` luiab acspuäs ac` pctrõ`cb.

Ekfä ichrb pkrk eblmktdr ui ktkquc ac kslk ;¼ tkzks ac khuk jcrvdak = euejkrkaks ac ekfä lb`dab

 

Euc`k c` ekfä ci `k ekfctcrk quc usks rchu`krlcitc y mcmc c` ekfä ac dilcadktb. Ib `c khrchucs kz÷ekr. Cs ebivcidcitc mcmcr`b klkrhb. Mcmc uik b abs tkzks. Ekfä cstd`b ërkmc pkrk `k fktdhk, ab`br ac ekmczk y prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs ¼ tkzk ac khuk ; euejkrkak ac ekfä ërkmc ; euejkrkak ac ekraklblb ; trbedtb pcqucûb ac gcihdmrc =85 ; e`kvb ac b`br ° ac euejkrkadtk ac kzkfrëi ci pb`vb _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ci ui rcedpdcitc. Kpciks ebldciec k jcrvdr, mkgk c` ek`br k` lìidlb y khrchk c` ekfä. Aägk`b pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs y `uchb kpkhk. Khrchk c` ekraklblb, gcihdmrc, e`kvb ac b`br y kzkfrëi. Vuc`vc k pbicr`b k` fuchb pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs. Ukek y euc`k. Uìrvc`b ac dilcadktb y adsfr÷tk`b. ↝ Lës rclcadbs kquì _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci pk`kmrks sdlp`cs, c` kslk cs uik kfceedõi rcspdrktbrdk erõidek quc prbauec `k dif`klkedõi ac `bs pu`lbics y c` m`bqucb ac `bs mrbiqudbs, dlpdadciab quc `k pcrsbik pucak rcspdrkr rcspd rkr.. Ac keucrab k ui cstuadb pum`dekab ci ;4:8 pbr `k Qjc Klcrdeki ]cvdcw bf   ]cspdrktbry Adscks c, Adscks c, `k ekfcìik tdcic ui cfcetb mrbiebad`ktkabr ci `bs idûbs kslëtdebs. Ksdldslb, pucac prbauedr ui pbrecitkgc ac lcgbrìk sdhidfdektdvk ci `bs kau`tbs kslëtdebs yk quc ad`ktk `bs mrbiqudbs y kmrc `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks.

Ac keucrab k difbrlcs ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Jkrvkra, c` acspcgc ac `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks kpcrturk kacbtrk `bssustkiedk mrbiqudbs``klkak ac lkicrk schurkCstk ebirc`kgk uik tkzk ichrb sc acmcy tklmdäi tcbfd`dik. `bs ac ekfä l÷seu`bs quc rbacki `bs tumbs mrbiqudk`cs, ketukiab eblb ui ‐cifcrlcrb“ ac

 

prdlcrbs kuxd`dbs jkstk quc `k pcrsbik rcedmc `k ktciedõi läadek icecskrdk. @k ekfcìik cs tklmdäi ui tdpb ac lctd`xkitdik, uik e`ksc ac lcadeklcitb quc kmrc `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks y cstdlu`k c` f`ugb ac kdrc. _br `b tkitb, tklmdäi pucac kyuakr ci btrks cifcrlcakacs pu`lbikrcs bmstruetdvks erõideks. Adstditks divcstdhkedbics diadeki quc citrc edieb y iucvc ld`dhrklbs ac ekfcìik pbr ekak =.= `dmrks ac pcsb ebrpbrk` pucaci rcauedr `k fktdhk luseu`kr rcspdrktbrdk y c` cstrcejkldcitb ac `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks diauedab pbr c` cgcrededb. =81 Eblprcsks ac eb`  ]cauedr `k jdiejkzõi ac pdcs, tbmd``bs,

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pdcriks y lkibs jdiejkaks (caclk ci `ks cxtrcldakacs) Uchurklcitc tc jk pkskab quc acspuäs ac ui `krhb vdkgc, tus tbmd``bs pkrceci rchrcskr ac `k hucrrk. Ci k`huiks beksdbics, sc dif`klki tkitb quc sc acfbrlki y ib jky lkicrk ac ek`zkr`bs iucvklcitc sd ibs qudtklbs `bs zkpktbs k` eblcizkr c` vdkgc. Uc trktk ac ui caclk, uik keulu`kedõi ac `ìqudab kibrlk` ci `bs tcgdabs y l÷seu`bs ac `ks cxtrcldakacs. _ucac quc sc dif`klci `bs tbmd``bs, `bs pdcs eblp`ctbs c die`usb `ks pdcriks, acsac `bs lus`bs. B mdci, `ks lkibs. _ucac scr prbauetb ac uik `csdõi, uik edruhìk, uik difceedõi ib actcetkak b ui ebëhu`b ci `k pdcrik, quc acmc scr rcvdskab. _crb ci beksdbics sc trktk ac ekiskiedb, cxecsb ac ketdvdaka, sbmrcpcsb, usb ac k`huiks lcadediks, citrc btrbs. T ci csbs eksbs, sc pucac rceurrdr k k`huibs lätbabs ikturk`cs pkrk kyuakr k quc csc `ìqudab keulu`kab sc c`dldic. Eblprcsks ac jbgks ac eb` 1 jbgks ac eb` (rcpb``b, ekmmkhc ekmmkhc)) `dlpdks y frìks (pbi`ks ci `k icvcrk, ib ci c`

ebihc`kabr, pbr uik jbrk k` lcibs) ; hksk c`ëstdek b uik tc`k `krhk pkrk vciakgc _bi `ks jbgks frìks ac eb` k`rcacabr ac `k zbik dif`klkak y `uchb `k vciak b tc`k k`rcacabr pkrk sbstcicr`k. Acgk quc ket÷c k` lcibs 5? ldiutbs. ]cpdtc uik b abs vcecs k` aìk jkstk mkgkr `k dif`klkedõi.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik =83 @ks jbgks ac eb` kyuaki k kmsbrmcr c` cxecsb ac `ìqudab ac `k zbik kfcetkak, adsldiuyciab `k dif`klkedõi. Si cstuadb rck`dzkab citrc vkrdbs ecitrbs ac divcstdhkedõi ebrckibs ci =?;1 aclbstrõ quc c` eblpucstb Mcrtcrbdi (3lctjy`tjdbpcity` dsbtjdbeykiktc), prcscitc ci vchctk`cs eblb eb` rchu`kr, eb` ejdik, rueb`k y kecdtc ac lbstkzk, citrc btrbs, tdcic pbtcitcs prbpdcakacs kitddif`klktbrdks. Kpbyk euk`qudcr trktkldcitb ikturk` mcmdciab luejb `ìqudab, cspcedk`lcitc khuk purk, y lkitcidciab `bs pdcs c`cvkabs, k` lcibs ekak edcrtb tdclpb. =86 Frcsks y mdekrmbiktb  M`kiquckr `bs adcitcs

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Uch÷i `k Kekacldk Klcrdekik ac Babitb`bhìk Ebslätdek (KKEA, pbr sus sdh`ks ci dih`äs) ci Cstkabs Sidabs lës ac` 4=% ac `bs kau`tbs ercc quc ebitkr ebi uik sbirdsk m`kiek y ``klktdvk cs ui rceursb dlpbrtkitc k idvc` prbfcsdbik` y pcrsbik`. _crb sb`b `k ldtka ac `k pbm`kedõi ercc quc eulp`c ebi cstc rcqudsdtb. T ci csb, c` eb`br klkrd``citb b lkiejkab ac `bs adcitcs tdcic luejb quc vcr. @klcitkm`clcitc `k supcrfdedc ac `bs adcitcs cs pbrbsk y kmsbrmc luejks ac `ks sustkiedks quc dihrcski pbr iucstrk mbek7 ekfä, tä, frutks, eb`brkitcs, vdib, edhkrrd``b, cteätcrk. Ksì eblb tklmdäi `k caka, lk`bs jëmdtbs ac jdhdcic y lcadeklcitbs, citrc btrbs, pucaci kyuakr k lkiejkr`bs y qudtkr`cs c` mrd``b ikturk`. _kstk ac frcsks y mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb ; frcsk lkaurk lb`dak b `deukak

¼ euejkrkadtk ac mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Lcze`k luy mdci `bs dihrcadcitcs jkstk quc qucac eblpketb. _bi `k lcze`k ci ui ecpd``b ac adcitcs ac ecraks sukvcs.

 

Ecpd``k tus adcitcs sukvclcitc. ]cpdtc cstc prbecsb ekak trcs b euktrb lcscs. Ib `b jkhks lës frceucitclcitc pkrk ib akûkr c` cslk`tc acitk`. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci `k rcuidõi kiuk` ac `k Ksbedkedõi Klcrdekik pkrk `k Divcstdhkedõi Acitk` =88 rck`dzkak ci Qklpk, F`brdak, ci c` =?;=, sc prcscitõ `k bpedõi ikturk` pkrk m`kiquckldcitb ac adcitcs mkskak ci `k lcze`k ac frcsks y mdekrmbiktb. Ac keucrab ebi k`huibs cxpcrtbs, c` ëedab eìtrdeb y c` ëedab lë`deb quc ebitdcici `ks frcsks kyuaki k c`dldikr `ks lkiejks ac ekfä, tä, edhkrrd``b y vdib tditb quc sc kajdcrci k` cslk`tc ac `bs adcitcs, yk quc `ks adsuc`vci. Kaclës, c` mdekrmbiktb fuiedbik eblb ui kmrksdvb quc kyuak k pu`dr `k supcrfdedc ac` adcitc. Ac jcejb, cs ui dihrcadcitc ketdvb ci luejks pkstks acitk`cs. Cs dlpbrtkitc tcicr ci eucitk quc c` ëedab eìtrdeb ib acmc scr utd`dzkab ci cxecsb, yk quc rcauec `k aurczk ac `bs adcitcs acmdab k su cfcetb crbsdvb. =8: Jdsbpb b ebtbictk  Actcicr c` jdpb

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Ci `k kitdhuk ]blk, tcicr jdpb crk uik scûk` dicquìvbek ac ui ekstdhb ac G÷pdtcr, ldcitrks quc pkrk `bs ibm`cs dih`cscs ac `k Caka Lcadk, sd uik pcrsbik sufrìk ac jdpb crk ek`dfdekak ac dilcadktb eblb lcitdrbsk. C` iblmrc edcitìfdeb ac` jdpb cs sdihu`tb y prbvdcic ac` `ktìi sdihu`tus, quc sdhidfdek ‐gkacb“ b ‐suspdrb“. Cs uik ebitrkeedõi rcpcitdik c diebitrb`km`c ac` adkfrkhlk y ac `bs l÷seu`bs ac` pcejb. Ac dilcadktb sc prbauec c` edcrrc ac uik zbik ac `ks eucraks vbek`cs ``klkak h`btds, `b quc hcicrk csc sbidab quc sucik eblb ¡jdp!

_br `b hcicrk`, `bs cpdsbadbs ac jdpb sbi cspbrëadebs y ib pkski ac aurkr uibs ldiutbs. _crb cxdstc ui eksb quc ¡aurõ 6: kûbs! @b pkacedõ ui cstkabuidacisc citrc ;4== y ;44;, y tcrldiõ kpciks ui kûb kitcs ac quc ä` lurdcrk. Ebsqud``ks ci c` pk`kakr ebi k`hbaõi

 

; jdsbpb ac k`hbaõi ( ebttbi swkm) swkm) b uik mb`k ac k`hbaõi Udlp`clcitc, kmrc `k mbek y pksk rbzkiab c` jdsbpb b `k mb`k ac k`hbaõi rcpctdaklcitc pbr tu pk`kakr pkrk hcicrkr ebsqud``ks ci csk zbik. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ib jky tbtk` ecrtczk kecrek ac` brdhci ac` jdpb, pcrb citrc `ks cxp`dekedbics lës =84 ebifdkm`cs cs quc sc prbauec pbr `k drrdtkedõi ac` icrvdb vkhb, quc vk acsac c` ecrcmrb jkstk c` kmablci. Cstc icrvdb lbacrk k su vcz k` icrvdb fräideb, c` euk` ketdvk c` adkfrkhlk, quc cs ui l÷seu`b umdekab acmkgb ac `bs pu`lbics, quc k` ebitrkcrsc ebitrb`k `k rcspdrkedõi ac lkicrk kutblëtdek y rìtldek. Eukiab csk ebitrkeedõi rìtldek divb`uitkrdk sc k`tcrk, sc prbauec c` jdpb. K` jkecr ebsqud``ks ci c` ërck ac` pk`kakr ebi ui jdsbpb b ebi uik mb`k ac k`hbaõi, sc ketdvk c` icrvdb vkhb, rc`kgkiab c` adkfrkhlk, quc suc`c rctblkr ac dilcadktb su rdtlb ikturk`. Qklmdäi sc rcebldciak rcspdrkr ci scrdcs ac ;3 b ;? rcpctdedbics acitrb ac uik mb`sk ac pkpc`, k`rcacabr ac `k ikrdz y `k mbek. Cstb sc acmc k quc `bs cgcrededbs ac rcspdrkedõi ebisedcitc kyuaki k kulcitkr `k ekitdaka ac adõxdab ac ekrmbib ci `k skihrc, rcstkm`ceci c` rdtlb y kyuaki k rc`kgkrsc, rceupcrkiab `k ibrlk`daka. =:? @cihuk  Ecrcmrb ebihc`kab (csfcibpk`ktdib

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hkih`dbicurk`hdk b mrkdi frcczc) frcczc) Uchurklcitc tc jk pkskab ci lës ac uik beksdõi, ekak vcz quc eblcs jc`kab, ui mktdab ebi luejb jdc`b pdekab, uik mcmdak cxtrclkaklcitc frìk b uik frbzci

lkrhkrdtk… T cs csc s÷mdtb ab`br ac ekmczk quc pkrcec pkrtdr`k, prbauetb ac` frìb. Cs ui lk` uidvcrsk` y tki ebl÷i quc ci ;4:: `k Ubedcaka Ditcrikedbik` ac` Ab`br ac Ekmczk (Ditcriktdbik` Jckakejc Ubedcty) `b rcebibedõ, acibldiëiab`b ecfk`ck pbr cstìlu`b frìb.

 

Uc acmc k quc k` pkskr c` `ìqudab frìb pbr c` pk`kakr y `uchb pbr `k fkrdihc, `k skihrc sc cifrìk y `bs vksbs sc kmrci y sc edcrrki, jkedciab quc `k skihrc f`uyk rëpdaklcitc, hcicrkiab c` ab`br. Kpciks `bs vksbs skihuìicbs rctblki `k ibrlk`daka sc qudtk csc lk`cstkr. _crb csb aclbrk uibs ldiutbs.

CUQC CU C@ ]CLCADB7 Ssk tu `cihuk Kpciks sdcitks k`hb tki jc`kab quc klcikzk ebi ebihc`kr tu ecrcmrb, pbi tu `cihuk ci c` pk`kakr supcrdbr, b tcejb juceb ac tu mbek. _br quä sì fuiedbik Ci =?;=, c` abetbr Gbrhc Ucrrkabr, distruetbr ci icurb`bhìk ac` Mrdhjkl kia =:; Xblci—s Jbspdtk` c divcstdhkabr ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Jkrvkra, acedadõ cstuadkr pbr quä sc prbauec cstc fciõlcib. Ci su cxpcrdlcitb ebi ;5 pcrsbiks acseumrdõ quc `k sciskedõi frìk kulcitk `k rkpdacz y fucrzk ac` f`ugb skihuìicb k` ecrcmrb k trkväs ac `k ad`ktkedõi ac `k krtcrdk ecrcmrk` kitcrdbr, ketdvkiab c` ab`br lcadkitc c` icrvdb trdhcldik`, quc cs c` quc civìk `ks scûk`cs ac ab`br k `k pkrtc frbitk` ac `k ekmczk. Ci btrks pk`kmrks, kpciks actcetk c` frìb, iucstrb brhkidslb rcspbiac civdkiab lës skihrc ek`dcitc k` ecrcmrb. Csc eklmdb ac f`ugb skihuìicb hcicrkrìk c` ab`br. Frcitc k csb, c` ek`br ac `k `cihuk ek`lk `bs icrvdbs y rcauec c` ab`br lës rëpdaklcitc. Si divcstdhkabr ac` Ecitrb Läadeb B`ìlpdeb ac` ]cdib Sidab kschurõ, ci uik ekrtk k` cadtbr ac `k Mrdtdsj Lcadek` Gburik`, Gburik`, ci ;448, quc `bs surfdstks tklmdäi cxpcrdlcitki cstc tdpb ac ab`br eukiab sc sulcrhci ci uik b`k k puitb ac rblpcrsc, ksì eblb `bs pktdikabrcs ac jdc`b k` dijk`kr kdrc frìb. Ci tbabs `bs eksbs, mkstk citdmdkr c` pk`kakr supcrdbr pkrk kyuakr k quc `k sciskedõi pksc lës rëpdaklcitc. =:=

Ldc`, kecdtc ac b`dvk y ecrk ac kmcgks  @kmdbs pkrtdabs, drrdtkabs, scebs

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Uc adec quc uibs `kmdbs jcrlbsbs pucaci abm`chkr `k vb`uitka ac euk`qudcrk. Ib ci vkib luejks ac `ks fklbsks lës civdadkaks pbr ld``bics acmci su fklk k uibs `kmdbs dlpketkitcs b, k` lcibs, sk`uakm`cs. _crb ci c` luiab rck` csb pkrcec ib scr tki fëed`, pucs k pcskr ac `k difdidaka ac prbauetbs adspbidm`cs, `bs `kmdbs rcscebs, rbtbs, cirbgcedabs, quclkabs b cseklbsbs sbi k`hb ibrlk`. Iucstrbs `kmdbs cstëi eumdcrtbs pbr adstditks ekpks. Udi clmkrhb, c` kdrc sceb, c` frìb, c` kdrc kebiadedbikab, `bs prbauetbs quìldebs ac k`huibs `kmdk`cs y pkstks acitk`cs, c die`usb `k prbpdk kedacz ac `k sk`dvk, vki c`dldiëiab`ks, acgëiab`bs acsprbtchdabs y, pbr `b tkitb, frëhd`cs. @k lkicrk ac eudakr ac cstk pkrtc vdtk` pkrk iucstrb muci fuiedbikldcitb y pkrk cifrcitkr k` luiab cs eurëiab`bs y prbtchdäiab`bs pkrk cvdtkr quc vuc`vki k akûkrsc. @kmdk` ac ldc`, kecdtc ac b`dvk y ecrk ac kmcgks ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc` ; euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc ac b`dvk ; euejkrkadtk ac ecrk ac kmcgks ; rcedpdcitc pcqucûb `dlpdb (pucac scr ac uik erclk ac bgbs) Ci ui rcedpdcitc pcqucûb, pbi `k ecrk, y ek`däitk`k k mkûb lkrìk b pbidciab btrb rcedpdcitc ebi khuk ek`dcitc kmkgb pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs, pkrk quc sc acrrdtk ui pbeb. Eukiab cstä acrrctdak b lës sukvc, khrähk`c `k ldc` y c` kecdtc ac b`dvk. Läze`k`bs y põi`bs ci c` rcedpdcitc `dlpdb. Ud acscks, pbi`b ci `k icvcrk pkrk quc sc ebiacisc `cvclcitc y ÷sk`b eblb më`sklb `kmdk`. (Lkitci`b ci `k icvcrk pkrk quc sck lës fëed` ac uskr.) =:5 _br quä sì fuiedbik

Difdidaka ac cstuadbs ebifdrlki `ks prbpdcakacs kitdmketcrdk`cs y kitdbxdakitcs ac `k ldc`, quc kyuaki k rcpkrkr y prbtchcr `bs fdibs tcgdabs ac `bs `kmdbs. @b ldslb beurrc ebi `k ecrk ac kmcgks, ebi prbpdcakacs kitdbxdakitcs, eurktdvks y julcetkitcs.

 

C` kecdtc ac b`dvk ebitdcic trcs kitdbxdakitcs prdiedpk`cs7 vdtkldik C, pb`dfcib`cs y fdtbcstcrb`cs. Cstbs prbtchci `k pdc` ac` civcgcedldcitb prclkturb. @k vdtkldik C kyuak k rcstkurkr `k sukvdaka ac `k pdc` y prbtchc ebitrk `bs rkybs u`trkvdb`ctk. Ebitdcic tklmdäi jdarbxdtdrbsb`, ui eblpucstb mkstkitc cseksb ci btrbs prbauetbs, quc prcvdcic c` akûb ac `bs rkadek`cs `dmrcs y rcstkurk. Cstc eblpucstb fuc klp`dklcitc divcstdhkab ci Dtk`dk ci =??3. Cvdtk lbracrtc `bs `kmdbs b lbgkr`bs ebi sk`dvk sd `bs sdcitcs rcscebs. Ib tc qudtcs `bs pcakedtbs ac pdc` quc ebldcizki k acsprciacrsc> usk k`huik lksekrd``k y julcetk `bs `kmdbs jkstk quc `bs pcakedtbs sc acsprciaki sb`bs. Lkitäi sdclprc ui më`sklb ikturk` ci tu mb`sb b ci c` kutblõvd` pkrk julcetkr `bs `kmdbs ebistkitclcitc, cspcedk`lcitc sd cstëi actcrdbrkabs. =:1 _c`btk ac tcids  Cvdtkr `bs rbiqudabs

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Lës ac k`h÷i kldhb b pkedcitc ci `k ebisu`tk, cspcedk`lcitc lugcrcs, lc jki ebitkab, lcadb ci mrblk, lcadb ci scrdb, quc cstëi k puitb ac advbredkrsc pbr eu`pk ac `bs rbiqudabs ac su pkrcgk. T kuiquc sc eucitk ebi `dhcrczk, pucac ebivcrtdrsc ci uik pcskad``k pkrk qudci aucrlc ebi ui rbiekabr(k). C` rbiqudab sc prbauec eukiab c` tcgdab ac `k pkrtc supcrdbr ac `k hkrhkitk sc rc`kgk k` abrldr y c` vdcitb quc citrk k` rcspdrkr prbauec uik vdmrkedõi sbibrk. Qk` eblb eblcitä ci ld `dmrb Lcgbrk `dmrb Lcgbrk tu sk`ua ac pbqudtb pbqudt b k pbeb, pbeb, csc rudab ``chk k scr tki lb`cstb quc sc ebivdcrtc ci uib ac `bs prdiedpk`cs trkstbribs ac` sucûb. Ac keucrab ebi aktbs rcedcitcs pum`dekabs ci `k rcvdstk _rcvcitdbi rcvdstk _rcvcitdbi,, sc cstdlk quc ci Cstkabs Sidabs uibs 4? ld``bics ac kau`tbs vci kfcetkabs sus jëmdtbs ac vdak y sus rc`kedbics pbr cstc prbm`clk. T 68% ac qudcics cstëi ekskabs kschurki quc su pkrcgk rbiek. Abrldr lk` pbr c` rbiqudab kgcib ekusk ekiskiedb, lk` julbr, fk`tk ac prbauetdvdaka y ebiecitrkedõi y, ebi cstb, lkybr prbmkmd`daka ac keedacitcs, citrc uik `krhk `dstk ac prbm`clks. ‐Lb`cstkabr“ ibeturib kutblëtdeb ; pc`btk ac tcids ; trbzb ac tc`k ; ekldsctk ac pdgklk ; khugk Jd`b ac ebscr =:3 Civuc`vc `k pc`btk ci ui trbzb ac tc`k, eblb sd fucrk ui mb`sd``b b mb`sb pcqucûb. Kajdcrc cstc mb`sb ebi `k pc`btk k `k pkrtc ac ktrës ac `k ekldsctk, pbr

acitrb b pbr fucrk, k `k k`turk ac `k cspk`ak, y eõsc`k. Ud ib`ktdcics pc`btk ac tcids, pucacs uskr k`hb sdld`kr, ib aclksdkab m`kiab, pucs dack uik cs quc tc dieblbac.

 

_br quä sì fuiedbik @k lkybr pkrtc ac `bs rbiqudabs beurrci eukiab abrldlbs ac cspk`ak, yk quc `k pbsdedõi dlpdac quc c` kdrc f`uyk ikturk`lcitc. Ac keucrab k cxpcrtbs ac` sucûb, cstc scied``b y cebiõldeb trueb jkec quc `k pbsdedõi ac cspk`ak sck dieõlbak. Ac csk lkicrk tc bm`dhk k keblbakrtc ac `kab sdi icecsdaka ac acspcrtkrtc b ac quc k`hudci tc lucvk. Btrk lkicrk ac kyuakrsc cs lkitcidciab c` tbrsb lës c`cvkab k` abrldr, `b euk` pucacs `bhrkr ebi uik k`lbjkak cxtrk. Lkitäi ui pcsb kaceukab. @k rc`kedõi ac `dmrks cxtrk y rbiqudabs cs prbpbredbik`. Ib icecsdtks scr bmcsb lõrmdab pkrk rbiekr. Kpciks ui pbeb ac sbmrcpcsb suc`c dierclcitkr `bs rbiqudabs, yk quc `k hrksk keulu`kak ci `k zbik ac `k hkrhkitk kulcitk, bmstruyciab c` pksb ac` kdrc. =:6 Ubpk ac pb``b  Eblmktdr hrdpcs y rcsfrìb

✕

 @cvkitkr c` ëidlb

✕

 Acspcgkr `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks

✕

Ld kmuc`k y ld lkarc pcrtciceci k` e`um uidvcrsk` ac ‐lugcrcs skmdks“, quc citdciaci quc uik sbpk ac pb``b mdci ek`dcitdtk, jcejk ci eksk, cs ekpkz ac qudtkr ¡jkstk c` lk` ac klbr! Ib jky `uhkr ci c` luiab abiac `ks lktrdkreks ib ebibzeki cstc scerctb ld`cikrdb quc pkrcec eurkr`b tbab, ldcitrks kekrdedk iucstrk k`lk, acgëiabibs uik sciskedõi ac ek`lk y ac quc ‐lkûkik tbab cstkrë mdci“. @bs rchdstrbs diadeki quc citrc `bs pdbicrbs ci lcze`kr pb``b y khuk sc cieucitrki `bs hrdchbs. Uc eucitk quc c` fd`õsbfb y läadeb guaìb Lbdsäs

Lkdlõidacs yk ebibeìk `ks prbpdcakacs ‐tcrkpäutdeks“ ac `k sbpk ci p`cib Lcadcvb. Ci sus cserdtbs ``klkabs Ubmrc `k ekusk ac `bs sìitblks, sìitblks, rceblciakmk c` ek`ab ac hk``dik y btrks kvcs pkrk adstditbs prbpõsdtbs, eblb eurkr `k `cprk y c` kslk, citrc btrbs. @bs ejdibs jki ebisuldab `k sbpk ac pb``b pbr sdh`bs y sdh`bs ebi ui tbquc ac gcihdmrc, ldcitrks quc ci Läxdeb `c aki ui skmbredtb pdekitc,

 

eblb pucac cspcrkrsc pbr `ks aceciks ac vkrdcakacs ac ejd`c ebi quc eucitk su ebedik. Ubpk trkadedbik` ac pb``b ¼ pb``b b pdczks ac pb``b k tu c`ceedõi 6 tkzks ac khuk (b ek`ab ac pb``b mkgb ci sbadb) b `k ekitdaka sufdedcitc pkrk eumrdr`b ; pktktk ebrtkak ci eukardtbs = zkikjbrdks pc`kaks y ebrtkaks ci rbakgks =:8 ; ecmb``k pdekak = adcitcs ac kgb ¼ pdldcitb rbgb, sdi scld``ks ; tkzk ac ek`kmkzk pdekak ci eukardtbs K`mkjkek frcsek pdekak b acsjdarktkak _dldcitk ichrk = euejkrkaks ac krrbz m`kieb Uk` Khrchk c` pb``b y c` khuk b ek`ab ci uik b``k. Ebeìik`b k fuchb lcadb k`tb. Khrchk ui pbeb ac sk` y acgk quc ebldciec k jcrvdr. Eukiab ``cvc uibs =? ldiutbs jdrvdciab, khrchk `k pktktk, `k zkikjbrdk, `k ecmb``k, c` pdldcitb, `k ek`kmkzk, `k pdldcitk y c` kgb. Eumrc y ebedik jkstk quc c` pb``b cstä m`kiab, cstb cs, btrbs =3 k 5? ldiutbs lës, kprbxdlkaklcitc.

Eukiab fk`tci uibs =? ldiutbs, khrchk c` krrbz. Kpkhk y khrchk `k k`mkjkek. Acgk rcpbskr pbr uibs ;3 ldiutbs. @uchb sdrvc y adsfrutk. _br quä sì fuiedbik

 

Si cstuadb rck`dzkab pbr c` Ecitrb Läadeb ac `k Sidvcrsdaka ac Icmrksnk ebifdrlõ quc kyuak k` brhkidslb k scitdrsc lcgbr frcitc k `bs sìitblks ac rcsfrìb b hrdpc. @bs divcstdhkabrcs acseumrdcrbi quc `bs kldibëedabs quc sc prbaueci k` prcpkrkr c` ek`ab ac pb``b rcaueci `k dif`klkedõi ci c` sdstclk rcspdrktbrdb, lcgbrki `k adhcstdõi, rcaueci `k ebihcstdõi y `umrdeki `k hkrhkitk, k`dvdkiab `k drrdtkedõi. Kaclës, ebitdcic eblpucstbs quìldebs sclcgkitcs k `bs kitdhrdpk`cs, quc kyuaki k skikr lës rëpdaklcitc. _ucac kpbykr c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb y eurkr trkstbribs, eblb `ks k`crhdks, c` kslk y `k krtrdtds. C` vkpbr ac `k sbpk ac pb``b ek`dcitc lcgbrk `k lkicrk ci quc k`huibs fd`klcitbs umdekabs ci c` ditcrdbr ac `k ikrdz prbtchci ac` dihrcsb ac mketcrdks y vdrus, kec`crk c` lbvdldcitb ac `k luebsk iksk`, ad`ktkiab `bs vksbs skihuìicbs y kulcitkiab ebihcstdõi. c` f`ugb skihuìicb. Cstb pcrldtc cxpu`skr luebsdakacs y k`dvdkr `k @bs cfcetbs ac `k sbpk ac pb``b sc aki eukiab sc ebedik pb``b ac vcraka, y ib k` utd`dzkr skmbrdzkitcs b ek`abs ebiecitrkabs, eblb `bs quc vdcici ci `k lkybrìk ac `ks sbpks prcvdklcitc prcpkrkaks b civkskaks. Csc ek`ab cs uik =:: ebiecitrkedõi ac sbadb y uik sustkiedk ``klkak h`utklktb lbibsõadeb (LUH), quc tdcic c` skmbr pcrb cs uik icurbtbxdik. =:4 Qä ichrb  Lk` b`br ci `bs pdcs (mrbljdarbsds)

✕

Ebibzeb pcrsbiks quc kfdrlki quc ‐c` b`br k qucsb“ ac sus pdcs `cs jk jcejb pkskr lës ac ui lblcitb clmkrkzbsb, ksì eblb btrks quc pbr eu`pk ac cstc prbm`clk ci sus pkrcgks jki cstkab k puitb ac acgkr`ks. @k mrbljdarbsds b lk` b`br ci `bs pdcs cs ui prbm`clk lës frceucitc ac `b quc

qudsdärklbs. Uc cstdlk quc ecrek ac` ;3% ac `k pbm`kedõi `k pkacec k` lcibs tclpbrk`lcitc. Iucstrbs pdcs, cspcedk`lcitc ci `k p`kitk, tdcici uik hrki ekitdaka ac h`ëiau`ks suabrìpkrks quc trkispdrki ikturk`lcitc y quc kulcitki su ketdvdaka pbr c` ek`br klmdcitk`, c` lktcrdk` ebi quc sbi fkmrdekaks `ks lcadks y zkpktbs quc usklbs, csträs, k`dlcitkedõi, lcadeklcitbs, eklmdbs jbrlbik`cs,

 

cteätcrk. Csk julcaka cxecsdvk prbvbek quc sc hcicrci lderbbrhkidslbs eblb jbihbs y uik mketcrdk ebibedak eblb Nytbebeeus scacitkrdus. K` acseblpbicrsc cstbs jbihbs y mketcrdks, clpdczki k hcicrkr ëedabs brhëidebs y sustkiedks eblb lctd`lcrekptkib, quc sbi `ks quc juc`ci fktk`. @kvkab ebi tä ichrb 1 sbmrcs ac tä ichrb b euktrb euejkrkadtks ac tä ichrb ci jbgks ¼ hk`õi ac khuk ek`dcitc ]cedpdcitc pkrk pbicr `bs pdcs _bi k rclbgkr c` tä ci c` khuk ek`dcitc pbr k` lcibs ;? ldiutbs. Acgk cifrdkr. Euc`k b qudtk `ks mb`sdtks. @uchb, sulcrhc tus pdcs ci cstc `ìqudab. Lkitci`bs kjì pbr k` lcibs =? ldiutbs. Ucek tus pdcs ebi uik tbk``k ac pkpc`. =4? _br quä sì fuiedbik C` tä ichrb cs rdeb ci uiks sustkiedks ``klkaks tkidibs, quc `c aki csc skmbredtb klkrhb y `k ekpkedaka ac scr kstrdihcitc, cs acedr, ac scekr. Cstks prbpdcakacs, k su vcz, sbi `ks quc eblmktci c` lk` b`br, yk quc k`tcrkrki c` pJ ac `k pdc` ac `bs pdcs. Uc jk prbmkab quc `bs kstrdihcitcs pucaci ebitrkcr `bs tcgdabs ac` eucrpb, die`uyciab `ks h`ëiau`ks suabrìpkrks, quc, eblb yk skmcs, sbi `ks quc `bs jkeci suakr. Std`dzk ui muci ek`zkab, lcadks ac k`hbaõi> vcitd`k `bs pdcs y säek`bs mdci acspuäs ac` mkûb> cvdtk ekldikr acsek`zb ci zbiks j÷lcaks, cspcedk`lcitc auejks ac jbtc`cs, pdsediks y hdliksdbs. Ud c` lk` b`br pcrsdstc y sc vuc`vc erõideb, pucac quc sc acmk k k`huik k`tcrkedõi k ekusk ac k`h÷i lcadeklcitb, b sck, ui sìitblk ac btrb prbm`clk. Vdsdtk k tu acrlktõ`bhb b k tu läadeb hcicrk` pkrk uik cvk`ukedõi lës eblp`ctk.

=4; Svks

 

 Iutrdr, julcetkr y rcjdarktkr `k pdc`

✕

 Lcgbrkr su tcxturk

✕ ✕

 Eblmktdr sdhibs ac civcgcedldcitb

(lkiejks, `ìicks, cteätcrk) Jby lës quc iuiek, tbabs pkrceclbs ciebitrkribs ci uik `uejk ebitrk c` rc`bg, trktkiab ac quc ikak ci ibsbtrbs ac`ktc c` i÷lcrb ac kûbs quc ``cvk iucstrk eäau`k ac dacitdaka. Cs ui lk` ac `bs tdclpbs. @klcitkm`clcitc, pbr lës ld``ciidk` quc ld``ciidk`  quc trktclbs ac vcribs, pcdikribs, cteätcrk, `k pdc` sdclprc ibs ac`ktk. Cs edcrtb quc jky difdidaka ac prbauetbs, trktkldcitbs, diyceedbics, rc``cibs… ¡@b quc qudcrks! (schurklcitc `b skmcs lcgbr quc yb). Qbabs prblctci mktk``kr ebitrk `ks krruhks, `ks lkiejks, `k aceb`brkedõi ac `k pdc`, y k`huibs `b `bhrki, pcrb tdcici su ‐`ctrk ejdek“ b cfcetbs sceuiakrdbs. Luejbs c`clcitbs quìldebs ibs pucaci ekuskr rckeedbics k`ärhdeks b tcicr rdcshbs lkybrcs pkrk iucstrk sk`ua. _br csb, ci hcicrk` sby pkrtdakrdb ac vb`vcr k` cstd`b ac eudakab y mc``czk ac iucstrks kmuc`ks, musekr ci `k ikturk`czk kquc``ks fõrlu`ks scied``ks quc ibs kyuaci. Lksekrd``k ac uvks ¼ tkzk ac uvks ebi scld``ks y pdc` (lcgbr sd sbi bseurks) ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac ebeb Luc`c b prbecsk `ks uvks jkstk quc qucaci eblb uik erclk b pkstk y khrähk`c c` kecdtc ac ebeb. Lcze`k luy mdci. Kp`ìek`k ci c` rbstrb y euc``b. Aägk`k pbr ;3 b =? ldiutbs. @uchb, cigukhk ebi khuk k tclpcrkturk klmdcitc. ×sk`k k` =4=

lcibs uik b abs vcecs k `k sclkik. _br quä sì fuiedbik Cstë k`tklcitc vk`dakab c` ebitcidab ac ëedabs hrksbs y vdtkldik C ac` kecdtc ac

 

ebeb, vdtk` pkrk k`dvdkr prbm`clks ac `k pdc` eblb quclkaurks, rceupcrkiab `ks ekpks supcrdbrcs rëpdaklcitc. @ks uvks ebitdcici pb`dfcib`cs, pbtcitcs kitdbxdakitcs. @ks bseurks ebitdcici kaclës rcsvcrktrb`, uik sustkiedk k`tklcitc cstuadkak, yk quc ketdvk `k cizdlk sdrtudik, quc rctrksk c` civcgcedldcitb ac `k pdc` y kulcitk `k vdtk`daka ec`u`kr ac `bs tcgdabs. @ks scld``ks ebitdcici vdtkldiks E, A y C, mctkekrbtcibs, ëedab `dib`cdeb y ëedabs hrksbs blchk 5 y 6, quc rchcicrki, kpbrtki c`kstdedaka y sukvdzki `k pdc`. =45 Vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k Lkrs c``k Vdikhrc ac `bs euktrb `karbics, rclcadb ac Lkrsc``k, vdikhrc ac `bs euktrb  Eblmktdr vdrus, jbihbs y mketcrdks

✕

 Kpbykr c` sdstclk diluic

✕

 _rcvcidr y eurkr difceedbics ac `k pdc`

✕

 ]cpc`cr discetbs y pkrësdtbs (pdbgbs,

✕

`dciarcs, pu`hks, cteätcrk) Eucitk `k `cyciak quc ci p`cik Caka Lcadk, eukiab Curbpk sueulmìk k` clmktc ac `k pcstc mumõidek, prbvbekak pbr `ks pu`hks ac `ks rktks, jumb ui hrupb ac jblmrcs ci Lkrsc``k, Frkiedk, quc `bhrõ sk`vkrsc, hrkedks k uik lcze`k scerctk. K`huiks vcrsdbics adeci quc uik mkiak ac euktrb `karbics acsiuakmk y rbmkmk `bs eucrpbs ac `ks vìetdlks ac `k pcstc sdi difcetkrsc, hrkedks k ui eblpucstb ac jdcrmks quc uskmki. Eukiab `k pb`deìk `bs ekpturõ, jkmrìki ichbedkab `k `dmcrtka k eklmdb ac `k fõrlu`k, quc ``cvkmk, citrc btrks ebsks7 vdikhrc m`kieb, kgcigb, sk`vdk, e`kvb ac b`br, tbld``b y rblcrb. Jky aceciks ac vcrsdbics ac `k jdstbrdk y ac rcectks. Qklmdäi sc adec quc cs uik fõrlu`k erckak pbr lbigcs k`qudldstks,

quc `k lkitciìki ci scerctb pkrk ib scr keuskabs ac mrugcrìk. @b edcrtb cs quc qudcics `k uskrbi `bhrkrbi sbmrcvdvdr. Vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k Lkrs c``k

 

=¼ tkzks (3?? l`) ac vdikhrc ac lkizkik b vdikhrc m`kieb = euejkrkaks ac jbgks sceks ac sk`vdk = euejkrkaks ac jbgks sceks ac tbld``b = euejkrkaks ac jbgks sceks ac rblcrb =41 = euejkrkaks ac f`brcs sceks ac `kvkiak = euejkrkaks ac jbgks sceks ac lcitk = euejkrkaks ac kgcigb b krtcldsk : adcitcs ac kgb ; vkrk ac ekic`k : e`kvbs ac b`br ; jbgk ac `kurc` _bi tbaks `ks jdcrmks y cspcedks ci ui frkseb ac vdardb (ac ebrejb b p`ëstdeb, iuiek ac lctk`). Khrchk c` vdikhrc. ]cvuc`vc `cvclcitc ebi uik euejkrk ac lkacrk. lkecrkr ui `uhkr bseurb frcseb pbr k` lcibs sclkiks.Qkpk Euc`ky acgk y hukrak ci c`cildslb frkseb mdciy tkpkab, sdclprc ci uiabs sdtdb bseurb y frcseb. Ad`uyc uik euejkrkadtk ac vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k ci ui vksb ac guhb, tä b khuk y mämc`b. _br quä sì fuiedbik

Qbaks `ks jdcrmks y cspcedks uskaks ci cstk lcze`k cstëi vk`dakaks edcitìfdeklcitc pbr sus prbpdcakacs kitdmketcrdk`cs, ci ebitrk ac jbihbs y vdrus. K`huibs, eblblcze`ks c` vdikhrc, sc uskieblmdiëiab`b acsac `k äpbekebi ac Jdpõerktcs, qudci tklmdäi utd`dzõ k`huiks sdld`krcs, jdcrmks, yk quc dijdmc c` ercedldcitb ac mketcrdks eblb C. eblb C. eb`d, eb`d, pbr cgclp`b.

 

C` kgb kpbrtk kzufrc, ``klkab k`dedik, c` euk` pbscc pbtcitcs prbpdcakacs lcadedik`cs, quc kyuaki k rcauedr c` i÷lcrb ac rcsfrdkabs y hrdpcs, citrc btrks ebsks. C` pbacr kitdlderbmdkib ac` e`kvb pucac eblmktdr `k C. eb`d, `k Utkpjy`bebeeus kurcus, quc ekusk c` keiä, y `k _scuablbik kcruhdibsk, quc ekusk iculbiìk. C` tbld``b pucac kekmkr ebi adfcrcitcs mketcrdks, härlcics y jbihbs, citrc c``ks Utkpjy`bebeeus kurcus, Mked``us sumtd`ds, C. eb`d y Ujdhc``k sbiicd, citrc btrbs. C` kecdtc csciedk` ac sk`vdk tdcic prbpdcakacs ekrldiktdvks, kitdcspkslõadeks, kitdsäptdeks y kstrdihcitcs. @b pucacs uskr adkrdklcitc ci ui prbecsb ac rceupcrkedõi trks uik hrdpc b ui rcsfrìb. T eblb rcpc`citc tõpdeb, kitcs ac uik ketdvdaka k` kdrc `dmrc. Qklmdäi `b pucacs uskr pkrk prcvcidr ui ebitkhdb, b sd yk jks ebitrkìab uik ab`ciedk, pkrk rceupcrkrtc, khrchkiab uik tkzk ac vdikhrc k` mkûb ac tdik, b eblb sprky sprky,, pkrk uskr`b ci `ks jkmdtkedbics, `k rbpk ac eklk, cteätcrk. =43

Kecdtc ac rdedib Lksekrd``k ac kecdtc ac rdedib ;¼ euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac rdedib ; yclk ac jucvb Lcze`k uik euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac rdedib ebi uik yclk ac jucvb jkstk quc qucac uik pkstk jblbhäick.

Kp`ìek`k ci tu rbstrb y aägk`k rcpbskr aurkitc k`huibs ldiutbs. ]ctìrk`k ebi khuk tdmdk. Ucek tu rbstrb ebi uik tbk``k ac pkpc`. @uchb, kp`dek c` rcstb ac` kecdtc ac rdedib

 

purb sbmrc `k pdc` y aägk`b tbak `k ibejc.

Lësekrk ac kecdtc ac rdedib pkrk `ks pcstkûks ; euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc ac rdedib ⅕ ac euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc ac k`lciark ⅕ ac euejkrkadtk ac hc` ac k`bc vcrk ikturk` Lcze`k luy mdci `bs dihrcadcitcs y pbi `k lcze`k ci ui rcedpdcitc ac lësekrk ac pcstkûks quc cstä eblp`ctklcitc `dlpdb. Kp`dek `k lcze`k ci `ks pcstkûks, pbr `k ibejc, acspuäs ac qudtkrtc c` lkqud``kgc, utd`dzkiab c` ecpd``b ac `k lësekrk b rìlc` pkrk kp`dekr`b.

Kecdtc ac säsklb Lcze`k ac kecdtcs ac säsklb y sk`vkab ac krrbz pkrk cisk`kaks  ¼ bizk ac kecdtc ac säsklb (b uik euejkrkak) ¼ bizk ac kecdtc ac sk`vkab ac krrbz (b uik euejkrkak) Lcze`k mdci klmbs kecdtcs ci uik mbtc``k b ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb. ×sk`b aurkitc c` aìk eblb kacrczb ac cisk`kaks, b sc `c pucac khrchkr k hudsbs, sbpks, =46

pki, cteätcrk. Ebisulc `k bizk eblp`ctk (b abs euejkrkaks) k` aìk.

Kgb

 

Guhb vcrac ‐k` kgd``b“ = adcitcs ac kgb pc`kabs ; tkzk ac cspdikek ¼ tkzk ac pcrcgd` frcseb ¼ pcpdib Guhb ac ui `dlõi ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc frcseb ;? bizks ac khuk _rbecsk tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b ac dilcadktb. Ud hustks, khrähk`c ui pkr ac eumbs ac jdc`b. @k e`brbfd`k ac `ks cspdikeks y c` pcrcgd` kyuaki k adsldiudr ui pbeb c` b`br ditcisb ac` kgb.

Cisk`kak ac tblktc, b`dvks y khukektc ‐k` kgd``b“

= adcitcs ac kgb pc`kabs y fdiklcitc pdekabs ;

 

tblktc pc`kab y ebrtkab ci rbakgks ¼ khukektc ebrtkab ci trbzbs ° ac tkzk ac b`dvks ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac b`dvk ; euejkrkadtk ac vdikhrc mk`sëldeb Uk` y pdldcitk k` hustb Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc y kacrczk ebi c` kecdtc, c` vdikhrc, `k sk` y `k pdldcitk. Adsfrutk.

_kstk ac kgb =48 1 adcitcs ac kgb pc`kabs y pdekabs Kecdtc ac b`dvk ;

euejkrkak ac guhb ac `dlõi Uk` y pdldcitk Qrdturk c` kgb ci ui prbecskabr, lbrtcrb b sbmrc `k tkm`k ac pdekr. _bi`b ci ui rcedpdcitc y kûkac `citklcitc c` kecdtc. Lcze`k jkstk bmtcicr uik pkstk ac

 

ebisdstciedk cspcsk. Khrähk`c c` guhb ac `dlõi, `k sk` y `k pdldcitk. Adsfr÷tk`k uitkiab `k pkstk ci pki, pkpks, kpdb, zkikjbrdk b `b quc acsccs. Ud tdcics uik rcuidõi b uik ecik cspcedk`, prcpërk`k c` aìk kitcrdbr pkrk quc su skmbr acekitc y sc sdcitk lës ditcisb.

Erclk ac kgb 5 adcitcs ac kgb lcadkibs ; tkzk ac ybhur hrdchb, sdi skmbr ° ac tkzk ac pcrcgd` frcseb pdekab fdiklcitc _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui prbecskabr ac k`dlcitbs y lcze`k jkstk quc qucaci mdci diebrpbrkabs. Keblpkûk tus `chulmrcs, vchctk`cs k` vkpbr, ekrics b pkpks uitkabs ebi cstk ac`dedbsk erclk.

K`mkjkek Qä ac k`mkjkek 1 jbgks ac k`mkjkek frcsek ;

tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Utcvdk k` hustb _bi `ks jbgks ci c` khuk y acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Adsfr÷tk`b.

 

Mktdab vcrac ebi k`mkjkek =4: ¼ tkzk ac k`mkjkek frcsek ; lkizkik vcrac ebrtkak ci trbedtbs ¼ pcpdib ebrtkab ci trbedtbs : bizks ac khuk frìk Utcvdk, sd `b acscks _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y prbeäsk`bs. Mämc`b ac dilcadktb.

K`ekejbfk Qä ac jbgks ac k`ekejbfk 5 jbgks ac k`ekejbfk = tkzks ac khuk

_bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `ks jbgks ac k`ekejbfk. Acgk quc jdcrvki pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Ciau`zk k` hustb y mämc`k acspuäs ac eblcr.

 

Qklmdäi pucacs uskr tä ac k`ekejbfks ci mb`sdtk. Ci csc eksb, sb`b khrchk khuk jdrvdciab y acgk rcpbskr uibs ldiutbs.

K`ekejbfks ci sk`sk ac vdib m`kieb ebi qucsb hrktdikab = k`ekejbfks jcrvdaks b k` vkpbr ¼ ecmb``k ebrtkak ci eukardtbs = adcitcs ac kgb pdekabs fdiklcitc = euejkrkaks ac k`mkjkek pdekak fdiklcitc ¼ tkzk ac vdib m`kieb Uk` _dldcitk Kecdtc ac b`dvk ; `ëldik ac qucsb lbzzkrc``k (b ac` qucsb ac tu prcfcrciedk)

_bi ci uik skrtäi c` kecdtc, `k ecmb``k, c` kgb, `k k`mkjkek, `k sk` y `k pdldcitk. Ubfrìc pbr uibs ldiutbs jkstk quc sc abrci `cvclcitc. Khrchk c` vdib y acgk ci c` fuchb `k lcze`k pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs jkstk quc sc cvkpbrc c` k`ebjb`. Ib ebedics ci cxecsb `k ecmb``k. =44

 

@uchb kpkhk. _rcek`dcitk c` jbrib k tclpcrkturk lcadk. _bi `ks k`ekejbfks ci ui rcedpdcitc quc pucaks ``cvkr k` jbrib. Khrchk pbr ciedlk `k lcze`k ac ecmb``k y kgb. Eb`bek c` qucsb sbmrc `ks k`ekejbfks. _bi`ks k` jbrib pbr uibs ;? k ;3 ldiutbs (jkstk quc vcks quc c` qucsb sc acrrdtk y abrc `cvclcitc). Adsfr÷tk`ks sb`ks b eblb keblpkûkldcitb.

K`fk`fk Difusdõi ac k`fk`fk y lcitk ⅕ ac tkzk ac k`fk`fk frcsek b scek = b 5 jbgdtks frcseks b uik euejkrkadtk ac lcitk scek ;¼ tkzks ac khuk ek`dcitc _bi `ks jdcrmks ci uik tkzk y khrchk c` khuk ek`dcitc. Acgk rcpbskr pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Euä`k`k y mämc`k.

Guhb vcrac ebi k`fk`fk ; tkzk ac k`fk`fk ¼ tkzk ac pcrcgd`

¼ pcpdib ¼

 

lkizkik vcrac Guhb ac ui `dlõi : bizks ac khuk @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y `dstb.

K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k Qditurk ac hc` ac k`bc vcrk pkrk adstditbs usbs Udrvc pkrk acsdifcetkr jcrdaks, eblb cigukhuc muek`, pkrk lkskgcs ci zbiks ac` eucrpb ebi ab`br, pkrk uskrsc ci eblprcsks b pkrk khrchkr`k k ui mkûb ac tdik, citrc btrbs usbs 5?? cxtcribs. ; pciek ac k`bc vcrk = bizks ac k`ebjb` lcadedik` ac 46· ;¼ bizks ac khuk acstd`kak _bi `ks jbgks ci c` khuk y acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Adsfr÷tk`b. Stcisd`dbs

; frkseb ac vdardb `dlpdb y ebi tkpk jcrlätdek ;

 

eb`kabr ac tc`k b ui trbzb ac tc`k `dlpdk ; frkseb ac vdardb bpkeb b pditkab (quc ib `c citrc `uz cxtcrik) Ebi uik euejkrk, qudtk c` hc` ac` ditcrdbr y pbi`b ci uik `deukabrk. @de÷k`b luy mdci. Khrchk c` k`ebjb` y c` khuk acstd`kak. Vuc`vc k `deukr luy mdci jkstk quc qucac jblbhäicb. _bi `k lcze`k ci c` frkseb y aägk`k rcpbskr pbr k` lcibs =? aìks ci ui `uhkr frcseb (ci `k k`kecik ac `k ebedik, pbr cgclp`b). Khdtk `k lcze`k ac vcz ci eukiab. Dack`lcitc, uik vcz k` aìk. _kskab c` tdclpb ac rcpbsb, fd`trk `k lcze`k k trkväs ac ui eb`kabr ac tc`k b ui trbzb ac tc`k `dlpdb. _bi`k ci c` frkseb bpkeb b pditkab pkrk quc ib sc bxdac tki rëpdaklcitc. Huërak`k ci `k icvcrk.

Ektkp`kslk ac hc` ac k`bc vcrk ; pciek ac k`bc vcrk [udtk ebi uik euejkrk c` hc` ac` ditcrdbr y pbi`b ci ui rcedpdcitc. Qrktk ac acgkr `bs trbzbs citcrbs pkrk quc sck fëed` kp`dekr`bs sbmrc `k pdc`. _bi uik ekpk sbmrc `k jcrdak, pdekaurk b quclkaurk. Hukrak c` rcstb ci `k icvcrk y ÷sk`b abs k trcs vcecs k` aìk. _ucac aurkr citrc sdctc y adcz aìks mdci ecrrkab.

Lksekrd``k ac hc` ac k`bc, pcpdib y `dlõi pkrk lcgbrkr tcxturk ac `k pdc` ; pciek ac k`bc vcrk ¼

pcpdib pc`kab y ebrtkab ci eumbs 5?; ;

 

`dlõi (guhb) [udtk ebi uik euejkrk c` hc` ac` ditcrdbr y pbi`b ci uik `deukabrk. Khrchk c` pcpdib y c` guhb ac `dlõi. @de÷k luy mdci. Kp`dek `k lcze`k ci c` rbstrb, c` euc``b y c` csebtc. Aägk`b quc ket÷c pbr uibs 5? ldiutbs. ]ctìrk`k cigukhëiabtc ebi khuk tdmdk. Qklmdäi pucacs jkecr `k lksekrd``k uskiab sb`b k`bc vcrk y pcpdib, y acgkr`k sbmrc c` rbstrb eblb sd fucrk erclk, sdi cigukhkr. @k pucacs acgkr aurkitc c` aìk, sd cstës ci tu eksk, b aurkitc `k ibejc, ldcitrks aucrlcs.

Krëiakibs khrdbs Uk`sk ac krëiakibs khrdbs 5 tkzks ac krëiakibs khrdbs 5 tkzks ac khuk ; tkzk ac guhb ac ikrkigk frcseb ; euejkrkak ac rk``kaurk ac eësekrk ac ikrkigk ; rkgk ac ekic`k

; tkzk ac kz÷ekr lbrcik b stcvdk, k` hustb _bi ci uik b``k c` guhb ac ikrkigk y c` kz÷ekr b stcvdk. _rciac c` fuchb y

 

rcvuc`vc jkstk adsb`vcr c` kz÷ekr. Khrchk `bs krëiakibs, `k ekic`k y c` khuk. Acgk quc jdcrvki jkstk quc `bs krëiakibs sc kmrki (kprbxdlkaklcitc ;? ldiutbs). Kpkhk c` fuchb y khrchk `k euejkrkak ac eësekrk ac ikrkigk rk``kak. Acgk rcpbskr. Ud tc hustk `k sk`sk ebi trbedtbs, aägk`k eblb cstë. _crb sd `k prcfdcrcs erclbsk, pbi tbab ci `k `deukabrk y yk cstë. Huërak`k ci `k icvcrk jkstk quc `k uscs pkrk keblpkûkr ekrics, cisk`kaks, pkpks, cteätcrk.

Krëiakibs md`mcrry Qä ac krëiakibs md`mcrry scebs ; euejkrkadtk ac md`mcrry scebs ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc 5?= Acgk rclbgkr `ks frutks ci c` khuk pbr uibs ;? ldiutbs y `uchb mämc`b frìb b ek`dcitc.

Mktdab ac kvcik y krëiakibs md`mcrry (cspcedk` pkrk adkmätdebs)  ¼ tkzk ac kvcik eruak b ebedak : bizks ac `cejc acserclkak (b `cejc vchctk`) ¼

tkzk ac krëiakibs md`mcrry frcsebs, ebihc`kabs b scebs (rclbgkabs prcvdklcitc) @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b aurkitc c` aìk (ib eblb acskyuib). Hc`ktdik ebi krëiakibs md`mcrry

 

; pkquctc ac hc`ktdik sdi kz÷ekr (pucac tcicr ciau`zkitc) ¼ tkzk ac krëiakibs md`mcrry frcsebs, ebihc`kabs b scebs ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ; tkzk ac khuk frìk Ciau`zkitc ac mkgb ìiadec h`deäldeb (bpedbik`, sb`b ci eksb ac quc `k hc`ktdik sck ikturk`) _rcpkrk `k hc`ktdik, adsb`vdäiab`k ci uik tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc. Khrchk acspuäs c` khuk frìk y `ks frutks (y c` ciau`zkitc sd `b icecsdtks). Lcze`k y aägk`k ci c` ebihc`kabr pbr ui pkr ac jbrks.

Ëridek Difusdõi ac ëridek pkrk ek`lkr ab`brcs ; euejkrkak ac jbgks sceks ac ëridek b uik mb`sdtk ac tä ac `k ldslk ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Acgk rcpbskr `k mb`sdtk ci c` khuk ek`dcitc pbr =? ldiutbs. @uchb, kp`dek ui pbeb ac` khuk sbmrc uik tbk``k pcqucûk y pbi`k ci c` ërck kfcetkak.

Ek`lkitc y kitddif`klktbrdb tõpdeb ebi tditurk ac ëridek

5?5 =? hbtks ac tditurk ac ëridek (b ëridek `ìqudak ebiecitrkak)

 

: bizks ac khuk k tclpcrkturk klmdcitc Ad`uyc c` ëridek ci c` khuk. Clpkpk uik tbk``k pcqucûk y pbi`k sbmrc c` ërck kfcetkak b kp`ìek`k adrcetklcitc ebi `k lkib.

Krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk _kiquceks rbgks cstd`b ksdëtdeb ; tkzk ac krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk ¼ tkzk ac `cejc ac tu prcfcrciedk (lcgbr sd cs ac ebeb b ac k`lciark) = jucvbs (b e`krks ac jucvb) = euejkrkaks ac kz÷ekr lbrcik (b Utcvdk) ; euejkrkak ac ekic`k ci pb`vb = euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac ebeb ;

lkizkik ebrtkak ci rbakgks ; euejkrkak ac ldc`

 

; euejkrkak ac iucecs lb`daks _rbecsk c` krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk jkstk quc qucac eblb jkrdik. Kpkrtc, mktc `bs jucvbs b e`krks ac jucvb. Khrähk`c pbeb k pbeb `k jkrdik rbgk, ekic`k, kz÷ekr, kecdtc y `cejc. Lcze`k mdci jkstk quc qucac erclbsb y mdci ditchrkab. Ek`dcitk uik skrtäi kitdkajcrcitc y khrchk ui pbeb ac `k lcze`k fbrlkiab uik pkiqucek ac`hkak. Eukiab cstä eukgkak, vb`täk`k. _rcpkrk `k ekitdaka quc tc k`ekiec ebi `k lcze`k. Aõm`k`ks y cspkrec uiks hbtks ac ldc` y uiks iucecs. Uìrvc`ks ebi `ks rbakgks ac lkizkik.

Kvc``kik ac mrugk @bedõi kstrdihcitc ac kvc``kik ac mrugk ; euejkrkak ac jbgks y f`brcs ac kvc``kik ac mrugk ; euejkrkadtk ac vdikhrc ac lkizkik ¼ tkzk ac khuk 5?1 Mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi Jdcrvc `k jdcrmk pbr edieb ldiutbs.

Jdcrvc `k jdcrmk pbr edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y cifrìk. Hukrak `k difusdõi ci ui frkseb ac vdardb. Kp`dek ebi ui k`hbaõi acspuäs ac qudtkr c` lkqud``kgc.

 

Kvcik Mktdab ac kvcik = euejkrkaks ac kvcik eruak ; tkzk ac khuk ; tkzk ac `cejc ac tu prcfcrciedk (ac vkek, ac k`lciark, ac kvcik, ac ebeb, ac sbyk) ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k ci pb`vb = euejkrkaks ac aëtd`cs sdi scld``k (b pucacs uskr uvks pksks) Utcvdk k` hustb _bi k rclbgkr `k kvcik ci `k tkzk ac khuk aurkitc `k ibejc kitcrdbr. _br `k lkûkik, pbi c` ebitcidab ac` ykhuk y `k kvcik rclbgkak uikk`deukabrk. Khrchk `k `cejc, `k ekic`k, `bs aëtd`cs `k stcvdk (sd tc jkec fk`tk).ci_bi `deukr y adsfrutk.

@bedõi ac kvcik pkrk c` mkûb = euejkrkaks ac kvcik

; tkzk ac khuk tdmdk ;

 

trbzb ac tc`k ac k`hbaõi (b uik lcadk ac k`hbaõi quc ib uscs) _bi `k kvcik acitrb ac `k tc`k y krlk uik mb`sdtk, ktëiab`k ebi uik `dhk. Ud usks uik lcadk, pbi `k kvcik y `uchb kiuak `k lcadk pkrk quc ib sc sk`hk. _bi`k k rclbgkr ci `k tkzk ac khuk, k` lcibs pbr ui pkr ac jbrks> sc bmtdcic ui lcgbr rcsu`tkab sd `k acgks tbak `k ibejc b tbab c` aìk. Ssk c` khuk hc`ktdibsk quc sc fbrlk eblb gkmõi pkrk `k ekrk y pkrk c` eucrpb. _ucacs kprctkr ui pbeb `k mb`sk pkrk bmtcicr lës hc`ktdik. Kp`ìek`k cspcedk`lcitc ci `ks zbiks abiac tdcics rcscek `k pdc` b k`huik crupedõi. 5?3

Kzkfrëi Qä ac kzkfrëi ° ac euejkrkadtk ac kzkfrëi (?.3 lh kprbxdlkaklcitc) ; euejkrkak ac ldc` b khkvc (bpedbik`) ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak _bi c` kzkfrëi y `k ldc` ci c` khuk. ]cvuc`vc y mämc`b abs vcecs k` aìk.

Krblktcrkpdk ac kzkfrëi pkrk eblmktdr `k kisdcaka ;

diedcisb ac kzkfrëi b ° ac euejkrkadtk ac kzkfrëi Ciedciac c` diedcisb b mdci pbi c` kzkfrëi ci ui quclkabr ac kecdtcs csciedk`cs, pkrk pcrfulkr c` ërck abiac cstës. Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb

 

Mcmdak ac mdekrmbiktb, khuk y `dlõi pkrk c` ab`br ac cstõlkhb y hkstrdtds ; `dtrb ac khuk ; euejkrkadtk ac mdekrmbiktb Guhb ac ¼ `dlõi Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b aurkitc c` aìk.

Eblprcsks ac mdekrmbiktb pkrk pdekaurks ac discetbs ; euejkrkak ac mdekrmbiktb ¼ tkzk ac khuk tdmdk Qbk``k pcqucûk ac k`hbaõi b ui trbzb ac k`hbaõi 5?6 Lcze`k c` khuk mdekrmbiktb. Julcacec `k tbk``k c` icecskrdb k`hbaõi ebi `k lcze`k ymdci pbi`k sbmrcy`kc`pdc` drrdtkak. ]cpdtc eukitks vcecs bsck jkstk quc sdcitks k`dvdb.

Cxfb`dkitc ac mdekrmbiktb pkrk `k pdc` ; euejkrkak ac mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb

; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac ebeb Lcze`k mdci `bs dihrcadcitcs. Kp`dek `k lcze`k sbmrc c` rbstrb ebi lbvdldcitbs

 

edreu`krcs y sukvcs. _bi`k cspcedk`lcitc ci zbiks eblb `k ikrdz, `k mkrmd``k y `k frcitc, b abiac vcks lkybr pbrbsdaka ac `k pdc` b abiac sc keulu`c lës hrksk. Cigukhk ebi khuk tdmdk y scek ebi uik tbk``k ac pkpc` acscejkm`c.

Ekekb Mktdab ac ekekb = euejkrkadtks ac ekekb eruab ci pb`vb : bizks ac `cejc ac ebeb b k`lciark mdci frìk ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k ci pb`vb Utcvdk k` hustb Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci `k `deukabrk y prbeäsk`bs. Adsfr÷tk`b ac dilcadktb.  Mrbwidc ac ekekb eruab

¼ tkzk ac ekekb eruab ci pb`vb = euejkrkaks ac vdrutks ac ekekb (ekekb idms)

; tkzk ac k`lciarks b iucecs (pucaci scr lcze`kaks) ;

 

tkzk ac aëtd`cs sdi scld``k, pdekabs = b 5 euejkrkaks ac ldc` b khkvc Lcze`k ci ui prbecskabr `ks k`lciarks b iucecs jkstk quc qucaci ci trbedtbs pcqucûbs. 5?8 Ud tc hustk scitdr`ks, ebi lës tcxturk, aägk`ks ci trbzbs lës hrkiacs. Eb`õek`ks ci ui rcedpdcitc. _bi `bs aëtd`cs ci c` prbecskabr guitb k` ekekb. _rbeäsk`bs jkstk quc sc fbrlc uik pkstk. Ud cstë luy aurk, khrähk`c `k ldc` b c` khkvc, ac k pbeb, pkrk quc vkyk diebrpbrëiabsc y kyuac k lcze`kr. _bi `k lcze`k ci c` rcedpdcitc uitb k `ks iucecs y k`lciarks. Lcze`k y ak`c `k fbrlk ci ui lb`ac quc pucaks pbicr ci `k icvcrk. Cspb`vbräk`b ebi `ks vdrutks ac ekekb. _bi`b ci `k icvcrk pbr ui pkr ac jbrks y `uchb adsfr÷tk`b.

Ek`äiau`k Difusdõi ac ek`äiau`k ; euejkrkadtk ac ek`äiau`k acsjdarktkak (b ui sbmrc) ;¼ tkzks ac khuk ek`dcitc ]clbgk `ks f`brcs acsjdarktkaks ci c` khuk aurkitc ;? ldiutbs. Euä`k`ks (ib `ks mbtcs, ÷sk`ks pkrk `k rcectk ac eblprcsk) y cia÷`zk`ks sd acscks. Mämc`k. (Qklmdäi pucacs uskr csk difusdõi pkrk `k pdc` dif`klkak7 rbstrb, cxtrcldakacs,

jclbrrbdacs, cteätcrk.) Kecdtc ebiecitrkab ac ek`äiau`k ; tkzk ac ek`äiau`k acsjdarktkak =

 

tkzks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk cxtrkvdrhci _bi `k ek`äiau`k ci ui frkseb b uik mbtc``k y khrchk c` kecdtc. C` kecdtc acmc eumrdr tbaks `ks jbgks. Qkpk mdci c` frkseb b `k mbtc``k y aägk`k lkecrkr pbr k` lcibs ui lcs ci ui `uhkr bseurb y frcseb (acitrb ac k`huik hkvctk ac `k ebedik). ]cvdsk k adkrdb y luävc`k pkrk quc sc dlprchici eblp`ctklcitc. Ud `ks jbgks kmsbrmci aclksdkab kecdtc, khrchk ui pbeb lës ac cstc. Euc`k c` kecdtc pkrk quc tc sck lës fëed` uskr`b (b mdci acgk `k lcze`k). Ac prcfcrciedk, ÷sk`b acitrb ac `bs sdhudcitcs ;= lcscs sbmrc `k pdc`.

Ekic`k 5?:

Ekfä ebi ekic`k ; tkzk ac `cejc ac tu prcfcrciedk (ac vkek, ac sbyk, ac k`lciark, ac ebeb, cteätcrk) Ekfä eb`kab ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k ci pb`vb ; pdzek ac iucz lbsekak ci pb`vb Utcvdk k` hustb Lcze`k ci `k `deukabrk `k `cejc, c` ekfä, `k ekic`k, `k iucz lbsekak y `k stcvdk. Udrvc y adsfrutk ac dilcadktb.

_bstrc ac ejìk y ekic`k : bizks ac `cejc ac vkek, ac k`lciark, ac ebeb b ac sbyk

 

¼ tkzk ac scld``ks ac ejìk ; euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k ci pb`vb Utcvdk k` hustb Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb. _bi`b ci c` ebihc`kabr pbr k` lcibs abs jbrks jkstk quc `k ejìk sc vuc`vk hc`ktdibsk y sc cxpkiak. @uchb sìrvc`b cspb`vbrckiab ui pbeb lës ac ekic`k, sd hustks. Adsfr÷tk`b.

Ekraklblb Ucld``ks ac ekraklblb pkrk c` lk` k`dcitb ; b = vkdiks ac ekraklblb Lkstdek pbr uibs ldiutbs `ks scld``ks. Cseupc ac vcz ci eukiab sd tc pkrcec aclksdkab fucrtc, kuiquc tklmdäi, sdi prbm`clk, pucacs trkhkr c` guhb quc hcicrk k` lcze`krsc ebi `k sk`dvk.

Qä ac ekraklblb 5?4 = vkdiks ac ekraklblb ;¼

tkzks ac khuk Utcvdk k` hustb Ci uik b``k pcqucûk, pbi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `ks vkdiks ac ekraklblb pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr ;? ldiutbs. Ciau`zk ebi stcvdk y adsfrutk tu tä ek`dcitc b frìb.

 

Mktdab ac ejbeb`ktc ebi ekraklblb : bizks ac `cejc ac ebeb b k`lciark mdci frìk ¼ mkikik = vkdiks ac ekraklblb ; pdzek ac ekic`k lb`dak ; euejkrkadtk ac ekekb purb ci pb`vb sdi ciau`zkitc Utcvdk k` hustb Ci uik `deukabrk pbi `k `cejc, `k mkikik, `k ekic`k, c` ekekb y `k stcvdk. Kmrc `ks vkdiks ac ekraklblb, quìtk`cs `ks scld``ks eudakabsklcitc y pbi`ks ci `k lcze`k ac dihrcadcitcs. @de÷k tbab y adsfrutk ac dilcadktb. Cisk`kak ac tumäreu`bs ebi ekraklblb ; pkpk pcqucûk jcrvdak, sdi pdc`, ebrtkak ci eukardtbs

; zkikjbrdk `dhcrklcitc jcrvdak, sdi pdc`, ebrtkak ci eukardtbs ¼ rclb`kejk `dhcrklcitc jcrvdak, sdi pdc`, ebrtkak ci eukardtbs

 

¼ ecmb``k `dhcrklcitc jcrvdak, ebrtkak ci eukardtbs ; euejkrkak ac pcrcgd` frcseb pdekab ; euejkrkak ac k`mkjkek frcsek pdekak Uk` Kecdtc ac b`dvk Vdikhrc mk`sëldeb mk`s ëldeb 5 vkdiks ac ekraklblb Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik cisk`kacrk, lcibs c` ekraklblb. Luc`c 5;? eudakabsklcitc `ks vkdiks ac ekraklblb ci ui lbrtcrb y khrähk`ks k `k lcze`k ac dihrcadcitcs. Adsfrutk tu cisk`kak eblb keblpkûkldcitb ac k`huik ekric b pcsekab.

Ekrab ac `cejc Qä ac ekrab ac `cejc ;

euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac ekrab ac `cejc b uik mb`sdtk ac tä ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc

 

Acgk rcpbskr `ks scld``ks b `k mb`sdtk ci c` khuk pbr uibs ;? ldiutbs. Ciau`zk sd `b acscks y mämc`b.

Ucld``ks ac ekrab ac `cejc ; euejkrkak ac scld``ks eruaks ac ekrab ac `cejc Khrähk`ks k` ybhur, pbstrc, kvcik, cisk`kak, b pucacs eblcr`ks sb`ks b lcze`kaks ebi iucecs y frutks, eblb lcrdciak.

Ecmkak Difusdõi ek`dcitc ac ecmkak pkrk rc`kgkrsc ; tkzk ac ecmkak 3 tkzks ac khuk ]clbgk `k ecmkak pbr k` lcibs ui pkr ac jbrks. @uchb, jdärvc`k ci uik b``k jkstk quc cstä m`kiak. Ib acgcs quc mkgc c` idvc` ac khuk. Ib `c khrchucs sk` pkrk quc pucaks uskr`k ci p`ktd``bs sk`kabs b au`ecs, sch÷i prcfdcrks. Euc`k `k ecmkak, pcrb ib mbtcs c` khuk. Sik jbrk kitcs ac abrldr, mcmc uik tkzk ac` khuk ci quc sc ebediõ. _bi c` rcstb ac` khuk ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb ci `k icvcrk pkrk mcmcr`k ebi ldc` b uskr`k ac mksc pkrk tus mktdabs. Ci tkitb, usk `k ecmkak ebedak pkrk prcpkrkr ui pbrrdahc ui pbrrdahc,, ci cisk`kak b pkrk 5;; keblpkûkr `k ekric.

_brrdahc ac ecmkak pkrk c` acskyuib

¼ tkzk ac ecmkak prcpkrkak eblb sc jkec ebi c` krrbz, pcrb sdi sk` ; euejkrkak ac k`lciarks ci `kseks

 

; euejkrkak ac iucecs ; tkzk ac mkyks frcseks lcze`kaks (frcsks, frklmucsks, lbrks y krëiakibs kzu`cs) ; tkzk ac `cejc acserclkak b `cejc vchctk` ; euejkrkak ac ldc` b khkvc _bi `k ecmkak y `k `cejc ci ui rcedpdcitc y lcze`k mdci. Khrähk`c `ks mkyks, `uchb `ks k`lciarks y `ks iucecs. Lcze`k. Qcrldik khrchëiab`c `k ldc` pbr ciedlk, y k adsfrutkr.

Cisk`kak ac ecmkak y vchctk`cs ¼ tkzk ac ecmkak prcpkrkak eblb sc jkec ebi c` krrbz ¼ tkzk ac tblktcs ecrczk ebrtkabs pbr `k ldtka ; tkzk ac jbgks ac cspdikek ⅕

ac tkzk ac zkikjbrdk eruak rk``kak ⅕ ac tkzk ac pcpdib ebrtkab ci eukardtbs

 

⅕ ac tkzk ac hkrmkizbs ebedabs ; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac hdrksb` Uk` _dldcitk Kecdtc ac b`dvk Vdikhrc mk`sëldeb mk`s ëldeb Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc. Ukzõik`bs ebi kecdtc ac b`dvk, vdikhrc mk`sëldeb, sk` y pdldcitk k` hustb. Adsfr÷tk`k.

Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Qä ac ecitc``k ksdëtdek pkrk lcgbrkr `k lclbrdk, kgustkr c` ede`b ac` sucûb, rc`kgkrsc 5;= ¼ euejkrkak ac jbgks sceks ac ecitc``k ksdëtdek ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak

Vdcrtc c` khuk sbmrc `ks jbgks sceks. Acgk rcpbskr pbr ;3 ldiutbs. Euä`k`k y mämc`k.

@bedõi pkrk `k ec`u`dtds ¼

 

tkzk ac erclk icutrk b kecdtc ac vdtkldik C, ac k`lciarks, ebeb u b`dvk ; euejkrkak ac tditurk ac ecitc``k ksdëtdek ]cvuc`vc mdci y kp`ìek`k sbmrc `ks zbiks ebi ec`u`dtds, ebi lkskgcs edreu`krcs. Aägk`k quc ket÷c k` lcibs uiks jbrks, b sd sc kmsbrmc mdci, aägk`k jkstk tu prõxdlb mkûb.

Ecrczks _bstrc ac ecrczks pkrk abrldr lcgbr ¼ tkzk ac ecrczks khrdks Eõlc`ks acspuäs ac ecikr, b eblb eb`kedõi, uik jbrk kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

Cisk`kak pkrk ecikr y abrldr eblb ui mcmä ¼ tkzk ac ecrczks sdi scld``k ;¼ tkzks ac `cejuhk 1 k 6 bizks ac pcejuhk ac pkvb ebedak b k `k p`kiejk ° ac tkzk ac scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk

; tkzk ac vdikhrc mk`sëldeb au`ec ac ecrczk Uk` rbskak Kecdtc ac b`dvk

 

_bi `ks ecrczks k` fuchb ci uik skrtäi, ebi uiks hbtks ac kecdtc. Abrk `cvclcitc y khrchk c` vdikhrc mk`sëldeb. Acgk ui pkr ac ldiutbs, rcvb`vdciab ebistkitclcitc. 5;5 Kpkhk y qudtk ac` fuchb. Acgk cifrdkr. Ci ui rcedpdcitc, pbi `k `cejuhk, c` pkvb ebrtkab ci eukardtbs y `ks scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk, sk`, kecdtc y `k sk`sk ac ecrczks. Adsfr÷tk`k.

Edtrbic`k Kecdtc ac edtrbic`k pkrk kyuakr k `k ebiecitrkedõi 1 hbtks ac kecdtc ac edtrbic`k _bi `ks hbtks ci ui pkûuc`b ac tc`k y aägk`b ecrek, abiac pucaks b`cr`b.

]cpc`citc pkrk discetbs ac usb ci `k pdc` =? hbtks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac edtrbic`k ¼ bizk ac erclk jdarktkitc icutrk (=? euejkrkaks kprbxdlkaklcitc) Lcze`k `k erclk ebi c` kecdtc csciedk` ci uik mbtc``k p`ëstdek `dlpdk b ci euk`qudcr btrb rcedpdcitc. ×sk`k sbmrc `k pdc` kitcs ac sk`dr k` kdrc `dmrc.

E`kvb ac b`br

E`kvb ac b`br pkrk c` lk` k`dcitb ; e`kvb ac b`br Lkstdek c` e`kvb ac b`br pbr uibs ldiutbs. _beb k pbeb drë sb`tkiab su kecdtc,

 

eblmktdciab `bs härlcics quc ekuski c` lk` k`dcitb.

Sihðcitb pkrk c` ab`br ac ekmczk y gkqucek 5 e`kvbs ac b`br 5;1 ° ac tkzk ac khuk ; euejkrkadtk ac sk` _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `bs e`kvbs ac b`br pbr edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr. Qblk uik euejkrkak ac khuk y läze`k`k ebi `k sk` jkstk fbrlkr uik pkstk. Kp`ìek`k k`rcacabr ac `k frcitc y `ks sdcics, lkskgckiab sukvclcitc (eudakab ebi `bs bgbs). Aägk`k pbr ;3 ldiutbs. @uchb, cigukhk ebi khuk frìk.

Erclk pkrk c` ab`br ac luc`ks, adcitcs y cieìks ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc csciedk` ac e`kvb ac b`br ;

euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac ebeb b ac b`dvk Lcze`k mdci klmbs kecdtcs ci ui rcedpdcitc ac erdstk` y `uchb pësk`b pbr tus cieìks sukvclcitc ebi uik mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi b ebi`dlpdb tu acab. Aägk`b kjì pbr uibs ldiutbs. Cseupc `b quc tc sbmrc. Ib cs icecskrdb cigukhkr.

 

@bedõi `dlpdkabrk ac `k pdc` ebitrk c` keiä 5 hbtks ac kecdtc ac e`kvb ac b`br ; euejkrkak ac ldc` eruak ac kmcgk Lcze`k luy mdci c` kecdtc y `k ldc`. Kp`ìek`k sbmrc `ks zbiks kfcetkaks. Aägk`k ketukr pbr ;3 ldiutbs. Cigukhk ebi khuk tdmdk.

Ebjbsj ichrb Qä ac cxtrketb ac ebjbsj ichrb ;¼ tkzks ac khuk ¼ bizk ac cxtrketb ac ebjbsj ichrb ; vkrdtk ac ekic`k Utcvdk k` hustb 5;3 _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `k vkrdtk ac ekic`k. Aägk`k quc jdcrvk pbr edieb ldiutbs.

Kpkhk. Khrchk c` cxtrketb ac ebjbsj ichrb y stcvdk k` khuk rcedäi jcrvdak. Adsfr÷tk`k.

E÷reulk Mktdab ac e÷reulk

 

; euejkrkadtk ac e÷reulk ° ac euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k ° ac euejkrkadtk ac pdldcitk ichrk ; tkzk ac pkpkyk pdekak : bizks ac `cejc ac ebeb b ac k`lciark mdci frìk Utcvdk k` hustb @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b ac dilcadktb.

Mktdab vcrac kitddif`klktbrdb ; euejkrkadtk ac e÷reulk ci pb`vb ¼ euejkrkadtk ac gcihdmrc ci pb`vb

° ac euejkrkadtk ac pdldcitk ichrk Guhb ac ui `dlõi ¼

 

tkzk ac pcpdib ¼ tkzk ac kpdb : bizks ac khuk @de÷k `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b ac dilcadktb. Jkz`b adkrdklcitc eblb lcrdciak pbr k` lcibs uik sclkik, pkrk vcr rcsu`tkabs.

Erclk ac zkikjbrdk y ek`kmkzk ebi e÷reulk ; euejkrkak ac e÷reulk ci pb`vb = tkzks ac ek`kmkzk pdekak ; adcitc ac kgb ¼ tkzk ac ecmb``k pdekak = zkikjbrdks `dlpdks

5;6 1 tkzks ac khuk

 

; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk jbrickaks Uk` _dldcitk ichrk Kecdtc ac b`dvk _bi k ebedikr `k ek`kmkzk, `k ecmb``k, `k zkikjbrdk y c` kgb ebi c` khuk. Ukzbik ebi sk`, pdldcitk ichrk y `k e÷reulk. Eukiab `bs vchctk`cs cstäi m`kiabs, rctìrk`bs ac` fuchb. Acgk cifrdkr ui pbeb y prbeäsk`bs jkstk quc qucac uik erclk sukvc. Udrvc rbedkiab ebi kecdtc ac b`dvk y `ks scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk.

Adcitc ac `cõi Qä ac adcitc ac `cõi ; euejkrkadtk ac jbgks, f`brcs b rkìz, b uik mb`sdtk ac cstbs ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Acgk rcpbskr `k jdcrmk ci c` khuk pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Euä`k`k, cia÷`zk`k sd acscks y mämc`k.

Cspdru`dik

_kiquceks ebi cspdru`dik ¼ tkzk ac kvcik lb`dak ;

 

jucvb = euejkrkaks ac `cejc mkgk ci hrksk b `cejc vchctk` ; euejkrkak ac ldc` b khkvc ; euejkrkak ac cspdru`dik ¼ euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc ac b`dvk Lcze`k `k kvcik, c` jucvb, `k `cejc, `k ldc` b c` khkvc y `k cspdru`dik ci ui prbecskabr. Ek`dcitk uik skrtäi kitdkajcrcitc ebi uiks hbtks ac kecdtc. _rcpkrk uik b abs pkiquceks 5;8 ebi `k lcze`k, acpciadciab ac` hrbsbr quc hustcs. ]c``äik`k k tu hustb ebi frutks, au`ec ac `cejc b lcrlc`kak y iucecs.

Ubpk ac ecmb``k y cspdru`dik pkrk eblmktdr cstkabs hrdpk`cs ; ecmb``k pdekak ; adcitc ac kgb pdekab

= tkzks ac ek`ab ac pb``b mkgb ci sbadb ;

 

jucvb (b abs e`krks ac jucvb) ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac b`dvk _dldcitk ekycik Uk` k` hustb ; euejkrkak ac cspdru`dik Ubfrìc `k ecmb``k y c` kgb ci c` kecdtc, ebi sk` y pdldcitk. Sik vcz abrkak, `c khrchks c` ek`ab y acgks jcrvdr pbr ;3 ldiutbs. Eukiab cstä k puitb, khrchk c` jucvb, mktdäiab`b pkrk quc sc ditchrc. Kpkhk y, eukiab vkyks k scrvdr`k, khrchk `k cspdru`dik, rcvb`vdciab mdci pkrk ditchrkr`k (ib `k khrchucs kitcs pkrk quc ib pdcrak prbpdcakacs).

Fcibhrceb Erclk ikturk` ac fcibhrceb y vdikhrc ac lkizkik (trktkr ekspk y prbm`clks ac `k pdc`) = euejkrkaks ac scld``ks ac fcibhrceb ; tkzk ac khuk ¼

tkzk ac vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik ]clbgk ci c`@uchb, khuk aurkitc vkrdks jbrks (b acsac `kKp`ìek`k ibejc kitcrdbr). Luä`c`ks`ks ciscld``ks ui lbrtcrb. khrähk`c c` vdikhrc y lcze`k. ci c` eucrb ekmc``uab.

 

_bitc uik hbrrk p`ëstdek y acgk quc ket÷c aurkitc uik jbrk. Acspuäs, `kvk y cigukhk c` ekmc``b eblb `b jkecs rchu`krlcitc.

F`br ac Gklkdek 5;: _k`ctks jc`kaks ac f`br ac Gklkdek ¼ tkzk ac f`br ac Gklkdek ; tkzk ac guhb ac ikrkigk frcsek, eb`kak, sdi pu`pk : bizks ac khuk Utcvdk `ìqudak _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk. [uìtk`k ac` fuchb y aägk`k rcpbskr pbr uibs ldiutbs. Khrähk`c `ks jbgks ac f`br ac Gklkdek y aägk`ks rcpbskr jkstk quc sc cifrìc. @uchb, euc`k `k difusdõi. Khrähk`c c` guhb ac ikrkigk y sd `b qudcrcs lës au`ec, uiks hbtdtks ac stcvdk. Vdärtc`k ci lb`acs p`ëstdebs ac pk`ctk jc`kak b ci rcedpdcitcs pcqucûbs, eblb vksbs p`ëstdebs. _bi`k ci c` ebihc`kabr pbr ui pkr ac jbrks. Ud utd`dzks vksbs p`ëstdebs, pbi`bs ci c` ebihc`kabr pbr 1? ldiutbs y `uchb discrtk ui pk`dtb ac lkacrk pkrk jc`kab ci c` lcadb. Vuc`vc k ebihc`kr pbr ui pkr ac jbrks. Adsfr÷tk`ks eukiab qudcrks.

Mcmdak ac f`br ac Gklkdek ebi gcihdmrc ° ac tkzk ac tä ac f`br ac Gklkdek ;6

 

bizks ac khuk ° ac tkzk ac gcihdmrc frcseb pdekab (b trdturkab) ; vkrk pcqucûk ac ekic`k (b lcadk euejkrkadtk ac ekic`k ci pb`vb) 1 e`kvbs ac b`br _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `k ekic`k y `bs e`kvbs ac b`br. Kpkhk c` fuchb y acgk quc `k ebeedõi rcpbsc uibs ldiutbs. Khrchk c` tä ac Gklkdek, c` gcihdmrc y acgk rcpbskr pbr uibs ;3 ldiutbs lës. Kitcs ac scrvdr`b, euä`k`b. _ucacs adsfrutkr`b ek`dcitc, k tclpcrkturk klmdcitc b pbicr`b ci `k icvcrk pkrk mcmcr`b mdci frìb. Khrchk jdc`b y uiks hbtks ac stcvdk, sd `b prcfdcrcs. Ud tdcics hrdpc b sdcitcs k`h÷i lk`cstkr ci `k hkrhkitk, pucacs khrchkr`c uik euejkrkadtk ac ldc` ac kmcgks (sd pkacecs ac adkmctcs ib uscs ldc`).

_bstrc sk`uakm`c ac hc`ktdik ac f`br ac Gklkdek 5;4 ¼ tkzk ac f`br ac Gklkdek = tkzks ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak ;

pkquctc ac hc`ktdik sdi skmbr ¼ tkzk ac krëiakibs kzu`cs

 

Utcvdk `ìqudak Ci ui lb`ac ac vdardb rcsdstcitc k` ek`br y k` frìb, pbi k rclbgkr `k f`br ac Gklkdek ebi uik`ktkzk ac khuk ldiutbs. Euc`k `k`kdifusdõi. @uchb, adsuc`vc hc`ktdik ci ek`dcitc btrk tkzkaurkitc ac khuk=?ek`dcitc. Khrähk`c tkzk ac difusdõi ebiecitrkak ac tä ac Gklkdek. Khrähk`c stcvdk k` hustb. Kûkac `bs krëiakibs. _bi tbab ci c` lb`ac y aägk`b ci c` rcfrdhcrkabr pbr uik jbrk. Adsfrutk ac tu hc`ktdik.

Uk`sk b kacrczb ac f`br ac Gklkdek ¼ tkzk ac f`br ac Gklkdek ¼ tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak = euejkrkaks ac vdikhrc mk`sëldeb 1 euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk ; euejkrkak ac ldc` (sd ib pkacecs ac adkmctcs) ; pdzek ac sk` rbskak

; pdzek ac pdldcitk ichrk _bi k rclbgkr aurkitc uik ibejc `k f`br ac Gklkdek ci c` khuk jcrvdak. K` aìk sdhudcitc, euc`k `k lcze`k ac difusdõi luy ebiecitrkak. _bi`k ci ui frkseb ac

 

vdardb y khrähk`c c` rcstb ac `bs dihrcadcitcs. Lcze`k luy mdci kitcs ac uskr sbmrc tu cisk`kak fkvbrdtk.

Frklmucsks Mktdab lu`tdvdtklìideb ebi frklmucsks : bizks ac khuk frìk ; tkzk ac frklmucsks frcseks b ebihc`kaks ; pcrk ¼ pcpdib vcrac Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y adsfr÷tk`b ac dilcadktb. 5=?

Tbhur, hrkib`k y frklmucsks ¼ tkzk ac frklmucsks frcseks ;

tkzk ac ybhur ⅕ ac tkzk ac hrkib`k

 

; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac ejìk ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc`, sd hustks _bi c` ybhur ci ui rcedpdcitc, khrchk `k hrkib`k, `ks frklmucsks y ciedlk `k ejìk. Qcrldik rbedkiab `k ldc` pbr ciedlk y adsfr÷tk`b.

HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) Mktdab ac näfdr (fucitc ac hkmk) y frklmucsks : bizks ac näfdr ikturk`, sdi kz÷ekr ¼ tkzk ac frklmucsks Utcvdk b ldc` _bi tbab ci uik `deukabrk y prbecsk. Mämc`b pbr `k tkrac b uik jbrk kitcs ac drtc k abrldr.

Ndlejd ebrckib ekscrb

; eb` ejdik (`cejuhk ikpk) ebrtkak ci trbzbs 6 tkzks ac khuk acstd`kak

 

1 euejkrkaks ac sk` 1 adcitcs ac kgb pdekabs fdiklcitc ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc pdekab fdiklcitc 3 ecmb``dics ebrtkabs ci trbedtbs (die`uyc c` tk``b) ; euejkrkak ac kz÷ekr lbrcik = euejkrkaks ac sk`sk ac pcsekab = euejkrkaks ac kgì gkpbiäs ci pb`vb 5=; Adsuc`vc `k sk` ci c` khuk jkstk quc qucac uik ditcisk sk`lucrk. Ci ui rcedpdcitc hrkiac, ac vdardb, pbi `k eb` y e÷mrc`k ebi `k sk`lucrk. Eumrc c` rcedpdcitc ebi ui p`ktb ac `bzk b uik tkpk ac vdardb (ib uscs p`ëstdeb id lctk`), pkrk quc tbak `k eb` qucac sulcrhdak. Aägk`k rcpbskr tbak uik ibejc.

K` aìk sdhudcitc qudtk `k eb` ac `k sk`lucrk, pcrb ib c`dldics csk khuk, pucs `k uskrës iucvklcitc. Ci ui rcedpdcitc, lcze`k `k eb` ebi c` rcstb ac dihrcadcitcs. _ucacs `k lkib pkrk sdi ci acstrudr`k. Khrähk`c `k Ud ib sk`lucrkjkecr`b y pbi ebi iucvklcitc `k eb`dlprchikr`k ebi `k lcze`k c` rcedpdcitc ac vdardb. ekmc, advìac`k ci abs, y pbi`k ci frksebs lës pcqucûbs. Aägk`k quc fcrlcitc pbr k` lcibs trcs aìks kitcs ac adsfrutkr`k eblb keblpkûkldcitb ac euk`qudcr

 

p`ktd``b quc acsccs. _ucacs acgkr`k fcrlcitkr aurkitc lcscs. Qbab acpciac ac quä tki ditcisb tc hustc c` skmbr. Acmc fcrlcitkr ci ui `uhkr bseurb, k tclpcrkturk klmdcitk`. Ib `k rcfrdhcrcs, k` lcibs ci c` prdlcr lcs.

Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Qä ac hkrrk ac` adkm`b 5 h ac cxtrketb sceb ac hkrrk ac` adkm`b b jkrpkhbedtb, b = l` ac su vcrsdõi `ìqudak ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc _rcpkrk c` cxtrketb ci c` khuk. Acgk rcpbskr pbr uibs ldiutbs. Ciau`zk sd hustks y mämc`b abs vcecs k` aìk.

@bedõi pkrk frdchks ac hkrrk ac` adkm`b ; euejkrkadtk ac hkrrk ac` adkm`b `ìqudak ; euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc ac k`lciarks Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb y kp`ìek`k ci `k zbik ebi ab`br.

Hciedkik

5==

Lkstdekm`c ikturk` ac hciedkik pkrk cstdlu`kr c` kpctdtb ; trbedtb ac rkìz ac hciedkik @kvk y pc`k luy mdci `k rkìz. Eõrtk`k ci trbedtbs y lkstìek`k.

 

Difusdõi ac hciedkik pkrk `ks f`ktu`ciedks y pkrk cstdlu`kr c` jìhkab ; euejkrkadtk ac rkìz ac hciedkik frcsek b ci pb`vb ;¼ tkzks ac khuk Jdcrvc `k rkìz ci c` khuk pbr edieb ldiutbs. Kpkhk y aägk`k rcpbskr btrbs edieb ldiutbs. Mämc`k.

Qõideb frìb ac hciedkik ; euejkrkak ac hciedkik ; tkzk ac khuk (b khuk ldicrk`) frìk Acgk rcpbskr `k hciedkik ci c` khuk pbr uiks euktrb jbrks ci `k icvcrk. @uchb mämc`k.

Hdinhb md`bmk Cxtrketb cstkiakrdzkab ac hdinhb md`bmk ;3 hbtks ac cxtrketb ac hdinhb md`bmk

; vksb ac khuk frcsek ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc`

 

Adsuc`vc `k ldc` y `ks hbtks ci c` khuk. Mämc`b tbab. ]cpdtc cstb uik b abs vcecs lës aurkitc c` aìk.

H`uebskldik 5=5 Erclk ac lkrdsebs ; tkzk ac lkrdsebs surtdabs, ebi sus ebiejks ; tkzk ac eklkrbics eruabs citcrbs (ebi ekpkrkzõi) ¼ tkzk ac zkikjbrdk ; pkpk pcqucûk ¼ tkzk ac tblktcs acsjdarktkabs 1 tkzks ac khuk Uk`

Guhb ac `dlõi ; euejkrkak ac pcrcgd` pdekab

 

Ebedik, ebi sk` y c` khuk, `k pkpk, `k zkikjbrdk y `bs tblktcs. Eukiab cstäi ui pbeb m`kiabs, khrchk `bs lkrdsebs y `bs eklkrbics citcrbs. Kpkhk eukiab cstäi `dstbs y acgk rcpbskr. [udtk `ks ebiejks ac `bs lkrdsebs y pbi`bs ci uik `deukabrk. Khrchkerclbsb. tbab c` rcstb sbpk,hbtks die`uyciab `bsyekpkrkzbics. jkstk quc qucac Udrvcac ebi`k uiks ac `dlõi c` pcrcgd`. @de÷k

Hrbsc``k ichrk Ebiecitrkab ac vdtkldik E : bizks ac guhb ac lkizkik sdi kz÷ekr ; tkzk ac hrbsc``ks ichrks frcseks, ebihc`kaks b acsjdarktkaks ⅕ ac tkzk ac tbld``b frcseb ⅕ ac tkzk ac pcrcgd` frcseb Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y adsfrutk.

Mktdab ac hrbsc``ks ichrks rdeb ci ek`edb ; tkzk ac ybhur hrdchb ac vkdid``k

: bizks ac guhb ac hrbsc``ks ichrks (tklmdäi pucacs uskr guhb ac lkizkik) ; tkzk ac hrbsc``ks ichrks frcseks, ebihc`kaks b acsjdarktkaks 5=1

 

Ud utd`dzks hrbsc``ks acsjdarktkaks, aägk`ks rclbgkiab ci c` guhb k` lcibs pbr ui pkr ac jbrks. _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk, `de÷k y adsfrutk.

Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki Kecdtc csciedk` ac jdcrmk ac Uki Guki b ‐kecdtc jdpärdeb“ pkrk ab`brcs lcistruk`cs, acprcsdõi, sìitblks ac lcibpkusdk, cteätcrk ; mbtc``dtk ac kecdtc csciedk` Qblk uik euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc jdpärdeb trcs vcecs k` aìk.

Qä ac jdcrmk ac Uki Guki pkrk ab`brcs lcistruk`cs, eõ`debs cstblkek`cs y pkrk abrldr ; b = euejkrkaks ac jdcrmk scek ac Uki Guki (b uik mb`sdtk ac tä) ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Acgk rcpbskr `k jdcrmk ci c` khuk pbr ;? ldiutbs, euc`k y mämc`k, cspcedk`lcitc kitcs ac abrldr. _ucacs tblkr abs b trcs tkzks k` aìk.

Jdibgb Difusdõi ac rkìz ac jdibgb pkrk c`dldikr `ìqudab ac` eucrpb, mkgkr `k prcsdõi y kpbykr `k sk`ua beu`kr = bizks ac rkìz (tumäreu`b)

1 tkzks ac khuk Jdcrvc c` khuk ebi `k rkìz pbr k` lcibs ;? ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr btrbs ;? ldiutbs. Euc`k y mcmc abs tkzks k` aìk.

 

5=3

Ektkp`kslk ac jdibgb pkrk ek`lkr eõ`debs cstblkek`cs cst blkek`cs Jbgks ac jdibgb 1 tkzks ac khuk Jdcrvc pbr ;? ldiutbs `ks jbgks ci c` khuk. Acgk quc sc cifrìci y pbi`ks adrcetklcitc sbmrc c` vdcitrc b cstõlkhb. Aägk`ks quc ket÷ci pbr uibs =? ldiutbs.

Jbihbs sjddtknc Cisk`kak ac sctks sjddtknc acsjdarktkaks ¼ tkzk ac sctks sjddtknc acsjdarktkaks (citrc ;3 y ;= pdczks kprbxdlkaklcitc) ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ¼ tkzk ac zkikjbrdk rk``kak ; tkzk ac cisk`kak ldxtk prdlkvcrk (r÷eu`k, `cejuhk, cspdikek) ⅕

ac tkzk ac kecdtuiks ichrks ⅕ ac tkzk ac hkrmkizbs ebedabs ⅕

 

ac tkzk ac ed`kitrb frcseb pdekab Uk` Kecdtc ac b`dvk Vdikhrc mk`sëldeb mk`s ëldeb Ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb rcsdstcitc k` ek`br, pbi k rclbgkr `ks sctks ci khuk ek`dcitc pbr uibs ;3 ldiutbs. Euc`k c` ebitcidab y pbi `ks sctks sbmrc uik tbk``k ac pkpc` pkrk quc cstk kmsbrmk c` khuk. _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc, khrchk `k sk`, c` kecdtc y c` vdikhrc mk`sëldeb. Lcze`k mdci y adsfrutk. Ud prcfdcrcs `ks sctks lës erugdcitcs, ib `ks rclbgcs y acgk quc c` k`dûb ac `k cisk`kak `ks sukvdec `cvclcitc. B sdlp`clcitc khrähk`ks k` fdik`, cspb`vbrcëiab`ks sbmrc `k cisk`kak.

Gcihdmrc 5=6

Gcihdmrc frcseb ebi lkizkik y ldc` pkrk eblmktdr lkrcbs, võldtbs, iëuscks y ab`brcs ac krtdeu`kedbics ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc frcseb, pc`kab y pdekab ci pcakedtbs pcqucûbs ; lkizkik pc`kak y ebrtkak ci trbedtbs ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ldc`

Sitk c` gcihdmrc ebi `k ldc` (sd ib pkacecs ac adkmctcs y sd tc pkrcec aclksdkab pdekitc). Läze`k`b ebi `k lkizkik. Adsfr÷tk`b, lkstdekiab acspkedb.

Cxtrketb ac gcihdmrc pkrk eblmktdr lkrcbs, võldtbs, iëuscks y ab`brcs ac krtdeu`kedbics

 

=? hbtks ac cxtrketb ac gcihdmrc frcseb b civkskab ; tkzk ac khuk Lcze`k c` gcihdmrc ebi c` khuk y mämc`b.

Nc`p Cisk`kak ac nc`p ; tkzk ac nc`p eruab ( nc`p ibba`cs) ibba`cs) ; tkzk ac cisk`kak prdlkvcrk (r÷eu`k, `cejuhk rbgk, cspdikek) ; trbzb ac khukektc pdekab ci eukardtbs ; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac säsklb ¼ tkzk ac lkihb pdekab ci eukardtbs

Uk` rbskak _dldcitk Guhb ac `dlõi Kecdtc ac b`dvk

 

Lcze`k ci ui rcedpdcitc c` nc`p, `k cisk`kak prdlkvcrk, c` khukektc y c` lkihb. Ukzbik 5=8 ebi sk`, pdldcitk, kecdtc. Qcrldik sk`pdekiab ebi `ks scld``ks ac säsklb y adsfr÷tk`k sb`k b `dlõi eblb ykeblpkûkldcitb.

Mktdab vcrac ebi nc`p : bizks ac khuk b `cejc vchctk` = euejkrkaks ac nc`p ci pb`vb (; lcadak) ; lkizkik ¼ tkzk ac krëiakibs kzu`cs ; euejkrkak ac ldc` b khkvc @de÷k `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b ac dilcadktb. (_ucacs vkrdkr `k rcectk khrchëiab`c cspdikek, eb` rdzkak, mkikik, cteätcrk.)

]b``dtbs ac nc`p

1 `ëldiks ac nc`p acsjdarktkaks ¼ tkzk ac krrbz ditchrk` prcpkrkab

 

= rkldtks ac kpdb ebrtkaks ci eukardtbs ; trbzb ac khukektc ebrtkab ci eukardtbs Kt÷i ci`ktkab Uk` Guhb ac `dlõi Kecdtc ac b`dvk _bi c` kpdb, khukektc y kt÷i ci ui rcedpdcitc. K`ìûk`b ebi sk`, `dlõi y kecdtc. _bi `ks `ëldiks ac nc`p sbmrc uik supcrfdedc `dsk. Julcaäec`ks `cvclcitc ebi c` uhb ac `k lcze`k kitcrdbr k`dûkak. _bi sbmrc cstks uik ekpk ac`hkak ac krrbz, `uchb uik ac `k lcze`k y cirb``k ekak uik. Adsfr÷tk`ks ci tu k`lucrzb b ecik.

@-tckidik Qä m`kieb frìb ebi frutks 5 euejkrkaks ac tä m`kieb ci jbgks 5=: =

rbakgks ac ikrkigk ¼ tkzk ac frutks acsjdarktkaks (pdûk, pkpkyk, k`mkrdebquc, uvks pksks, cteätcrk) ¼ tkzk ac lkizkik pdekak

 

1 tkzks ac khuk ek`dcitc _bi c` tä y `ks frutks acsjdarktkaks ci c` khuk. Eukiab cstä tdmdk, khrchk `k lkizkik y `k ikrkigk. _bi`b ci `k icvcrk pbr ui pkr ac jbrks y adsfr÷tk`b mdci frìb aurkitc c` aìk.

@kvkiak Kecdtc csciedk` pkrk trktkr jcrdaks y ab`br ac ekmczk 5 b 1 hbtks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac `kvkiak Kp`dek c` kecdtc csciedk` ac `kvkiak ci `k jcrdak, ebrtc b pdekaurk. Jkz`b abs vcecs k` aìk. Ud tdcics ab`br ac ekmczk, uitk tus sdcics ebi c` kecdtc y lkskgck sukvclcitc.

Mkûb ac `kvkiak 1 euejkrkaks ac `kvkiak scek _bi `k `kvkiak ci lcadk tdik ebi khuk ek`dcitc. Acgk quc sc rclbgc k` lcibs lcadk jbrk, jkstk quc c` khuk cstä tdmdk. Uulärhctc y rc`ëgktc ui rktb kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

@dlõi Difusdõi kitdsäptdek ebi `dlõi ¼

tkzk ac guhb ac `dlõi ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak 1

 

jbgks ac lcitk b rblcrb _bi `ks jbgks ac lcitk b rblcrb ci c` khuk ek`dcitc. Acgk rcpbskr edieb ldiutbs. Khrchk 5=4 c` `dlõi y mämc`k.

Krblktcrkpdk ac `dlõi pkrk lcgbrkr c` ëidlb 1 hbtks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac `dlõi Ciedciac ui quclkabr ac kecdtc y khrchk `k csciedk ac `dlõi. _bi`k ci ui `uhkr ecrekib k abiac cstäs pkrk adsfrutkr ac su krblk.

@`kitäi lkybr Eblprcsks ac ``kitäi lkybr (dif`klkedõi, drrdtkedõi, quclkaurks, pdekaurks) ¼ tkzk ac jbgks sceks ac ``kitäi lkybr b frcseks ° ac tkzk ac khuk Luc`c `ks jbgks ebi c` khuk ci `k `deukabrk jkstk quc sc fbrlc uik pkstk. _bi`k adrcetklcitc sbmrc `k pdc` kfcetkak. Ud `ks jbgks cstëi frcseks, pucacs pbicr`ks sdi lb`cr.

Civuä`vc`ks ebi uik hksk b uik tc`k. Acgk quc ket÷c pbr 5? ldiutbs. Kp`ìek`k abs b trcs vcecs adkrdks.

Sihðcitb ikturk` ac ``kitäi lkybr (dif`klkedõi, drrdtkedõi, quclkaurks, pdekaurks) ⅕

 

ac tkzk ac jbgks frcseks ac ``kitäi lkybr (ac prcfcrciedk brhëideks, b mdci `kvkaks, pkrk qudtkr`c `bs quìldebs) b sceks ⅕ ac tkzk ac kecdtc ac b`dvk ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac ërmb` ac tä Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui prbecskabr y `uchb pbi `k lcze`k ci ui frkseb pcqucûb ac vdardb. ×sk`b sbmrc `k pdc` kfcetkak ci `k zbik kfcetkak, trcs b euktrb vcecs k` aìk. Hukrak c` rcstb ci ui `uhkr frcseb b ci `k icvcrk. _ucac aurkr k`huiks sclkiks (ksch÷rktc ac 55? tkpkr mdci c` frkseb). ]cvìsk`b kitcs ac uskr.

Lkek Tbhur ebi lkek y frutks ; tkzk ac ybhur ac tu skmbr fkvbrdtb ¼ tkzk ac frcsks y lkizkik ebrtkaks ci trbedtbs pcqucûbs ; euejkrkak ac lkek ci pb`vb

; euejkrkak ac k`lciarks ci `kseks ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc` (bpedbik`)

 

@de÷k c` ybhur ebi `k lkek jkstk quc `k lcze`k sck jblbhäick. Udrvc y khrchk prdlcrb `ks frutks ciedlk y `uchb `ks k`lciarks y `k ldc`. Adsfr÷tk`b.

Kvcik ebi frutks fr utks y lkek ¼ tkzk ac kvcik prcpkrkak ¼ tkzk ac `cejc acserclkak b vchctk` ; euejkrkak ac lkek ci pb`vb ¼ tkzk ac pkpkyk pdekak ¼ tkzk ac lkizkik pdekak ; euejkrkadtk ac scld``ks ac ejìk ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc`

Lcze`k `k `cejc, `k kvcik y `k lkek. Khrchk `ks frutks y `ks scld``ks ac ejìk ciedlk. Cspkrec `k ldc` y adsfr÷tk`k.

Erclk ac `citcgks y lkek ;

 

tkzk ac `citcgks ebedikaks (pucacs prcpkrkr`ks sb`ks b ebi zkikjbrdk, cspdikek, ecmb``k, kgb y ek`kmkzk) ; tkzk ac ek`ab ac pb``b b vcraurks (sd `ks `citcgks cstëi ebedaks ci pbek khuk) ; euejkrkak ac lkek ci pb`vb ; euejkrkadtk ac pdûbics ( pdic ( pdic iut ) 55; @de÷k `ks `citcgks y c` ek`ab. Ek`däitk`b. Khrchk `k lkek y läze`k`b mdci (sd qudcrcs, vuc`vc k `deukr pkrk quc qucac jblbhäicb). Udrvc y khrchk `bs pdûbics. Adsfr÷tk`k.

Lkizkid``k @kvkab ac lkizkid``k pkrk acsjdiejkr `bs pdcs y `ks pdcriks 1 euejkrkaks ac lkizkid``k scek (b euktrb mb`sdtks ac tä) 1 tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak Acgk rcpbskr `ks mb`sdtks ci c` khuk pbr uibs ;3 ldiutbs. _bi c` khuk ci ui rcedpdcitc abiac pucaks pbicr `bs pdcs. Ud ib tdcics ui rcedpdcitc kprbpdkab, clpkpk uik tbk``k ebi c` khuk y civuc`vc tus pdcs y pdcriks ebi cstk. Jkz`b aurkitc uibs =? ldiutbs.

Eblprcsks ac lkizkid``k pkrk mkgkr `k dif`klkedõi ac `bs bgbs =

mb`sks ac tä ac lkizkid``k ¼ tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Julcacec `ks mb`sks ac tä ci c` khuk. Aägk`ks quc sc cifrìci. @uchb, pbi`ks

 

lcadk jbrk ci `k icvcrk pkrk quc cstäi `b lës frìks pbsdm`c. Uëek`ks ac `k icvcrk y pbi`ks sbmrc tus përpkabs ecrrkabs pbr uibs =? ldiutbs.

Difusdõi lkizkid``k pkrk edektrdzkr mrbtcs ac keiä y qudtkr cxecsb ac hrksk ac ac `k pdc` ; euejkrkak ac lkizkid``k scek b uik mb`sk ac tä ¼ tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Acgk rcpbskrebi `k lkizkid``k c` khuksbmrc jkstk tu quc cstk sc cifrìc. Clpkpk uikzbiks mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi `k difusdõi ycikp`ìek`k rbstrb, cspcedk`lcitc ci `ks quc ebiecitrki `k hrksk b abiac tcihks mrbtcs. Jkz`b abs vcecs k `k sclkik sd tdcics aclksdkabs mrbtcs. _crb ib tc cxecaks pkrk ib rcscekr luejb `k pdc`. 55=

Lkrkeuyë Difusdõi ac lkrkeuyë y vk`crdkik pkrk abrldr ° ac tkzk ac jbgks sceks ac lkrkeuyë (b uik mb`sdtk ac tä ac lkrkeuyë) ° ac tkzk ac vk`crdkik ci jbgks b uik mb`sdtk ac tä ;¼

tkzks ac khuk Utcvdk sd `b acscks _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk pbr edieb ldiutbs y khrchk `ks jbgks b tä ac lkrkeuyë. ]ctdrk ac` fuchb. Khrchk `k vk`crdkik y aägk`ks rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. _ucacs khrchkr`c uiks hbtks ac stcvdk. Euc`k `ks jbgks y mcmc c` tä uibs 5? ldiutbs kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

 

Mkûb ac lkrkeuyë y `kvkiak pkrk rc`kgkrsc kitcs ac dr k `k eklk b ek`lkr ab`brcs lcistruk`cs y luseu`krcs ¼ tkzk ac jbgks sceks ac lkrkeuyë (b abs mb`sdtks ac tä ac lkrkeuyë) ¼ tkzk ac jbgks ac `kvkiak (b csciedk ac `kvkiak) ; hk`õi ac khuk _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk y khrchk `ks jbgks b tä ac lkrkeuyë. Ud tdcics `kvkiak ci jbgks, khrähk`ks tklmdäi. Acgk quc jdcrvk aurkitc`kvkiak ;? ldiutbs. ]ctdrkkhrähk`k. ac` fuchb. Aägk`ks rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Euc`k. Ud tdcics ci csciedk, @`cik `k mkûcrk ac khuk ek`dcitc y khrähk`c `k difusdõi. Adsfrutk ac tu mkûb kitcs ac dr k `k eklk.

Lc`õi klkrhb Ukmgd diadb ac pkpks, lc`õi klkrhb y ybhur (pbtkgc b hudskab) ; lc`õi klkrhb 555 ; pkpk pc`kak y ebrtkak ci eukardtbs ;

ecmb``k pcqucûk ebrtkak ci eukardtbs ; kgb pdekab fdiklcitc Uk`

 

⅕ ac euejkrkadtk ac e÷reulk ci pb`vb ; euejkrkak ac kz÷ekr pkrk ktciukr c` klkrhbr ac` lc`õi (bpedbik`) ⅕ ac tkzk ac ybhur sdi skmbr [uìtk`c `k eësekrk k` lc`õi klkrhb uik ibejc kitcs, përtc`b k `b `krhb pbr `k ldtka y quìtk`c `ks scld``ks. Eõrtk`b ci eumdtbs. _bi`b ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb y e÷mrc`b ebi khuk. Khrähk`c sk` y aägk`b rcpbskr aurkitc `k ibejc pkrk qudtkr`c c` cxecsb ac klkrhbr. klkrhbr. K` aìk sdhudcitc, ciguëhk`b luy mdci ebi khuk frìk ci kmuiakiedk. _bi c` lc`õi, `ks pkpks, `k ecmb``k y c` kgb ci uik b``k b skrtäi. Khrähk`c sk`, e÷reulk, uik tkzk ac khuk y pbi`bs k ebedikr k fuchb lcadb. _rucmk su skmbr. Ud tc pkrcec luy klkrhb, khrähk`c c` kz÷ekr. ]cvuc`vc ebistkitclcitc y ebedik jkstk quc tbab cstä m`kiab. Uìrvc`b y rbeìk`b sbmrc c` ybhur.

Difusdõi ac lc`õi klkrhb 1 euejkrkaks ac jbgks ac lc`õi klkrhb, pdekab 1 tkzks ac khuk Utcvdk k` hustb

_bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `ks jbgks ac lc`õi klkrhb ci uik b``k. Acgk jcrvdr pbr ;3 ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr. _ucacs mcmcr`b frìb b ek`dcitc. Khrchk stcvdk y mcmc ac uik k trcs tkzks pbr aìk. Hukrak `k pkrtc quc ib mcmks ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb ci `k icvcrk.

 

Lcitk @bedõi ekscrk ac lcitk pkrk quclkaurks ac sb`, rcfrcsekitc ac `k pdc`, cigukhuc muek` = tkzks ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak ⅕ ac tkzk ac lcitk frcsek b 5 mb`sdtks ac tä 551 ; mbtc``dtk ebi ktbldzkabr _bi c` khuk ek`dcitc sbmrc `k lcitk y acgk quc rcpbsc jkstk cifrdkr. [ucakrë mkstkitc ebiecitrkab. _bi `k lcze`k ci `k mbtc``dtk ebi ktbldzkabr y aägk`k ci `k icvcrk pkrk quc qucac mdci frìk. Kp`ìek`k ci `ks zbiks kfcetkaks b ci c` rbstrb pkrk rcfrcsekr. Qklmdäi pucacs uskr`k eblb cigukhuc muek`, acspuäs ac` ecpd``kab. Ud ib tdcics ktbldzkabr, usk uik mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi pkrk kp`dekr`k b ci eblprcsks, clpkpkiab uik tbk``k.

Acsebihcstdbikitc iksk` ac lcitk = euejkrkaks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac lcitk 1

tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc _bi c` kecdtc ci ui rcedpdcitc rcsdstcitc k` ek`br. Khrähk`c c` khuk. _bi`b sbmrc uik lcsk b `uhkr abiac cstä fdrlc y schurb. Kspdrk c` vkpbr quc acspdak. Qklmdäi pbarìks clpkpkr uik cspbigk b tbk``k ebi c` kecdtc csciedk` y pbicr`b ci `k tdik k` lblcitb ac mkûkrtc. C` khuk ek`dcitc quc `c ekdhk hcicrkrë c` ldslb cfcetb.

 

Kecdtc ac lcitk pkrk ab`brcs ac ekmczk, cicrhdzkrtc y lcgbrkr `k ebiecitrkedõi = hbtks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac lcitk _bitc `ks hbtks sbmrc `k frcitc y sdcics, lkskgckiab sukvclcitc. Qci eudakab ac quc ib citrc ci `bs bgbs.

Lbrdihk Vdikhrctk Vdikhr ctk ebi kecdtc ac scld``k ac lbrdihk ° ac tkzk ac kecdtc ac scld``k ac lbrdihk ° ac tkzk ac vdikhrc mk`sëldeb ; euejkrkak ac guhb ac lkiakrdik Uk` k` hustb 553 Lcze`k mdci `bs dihrcadcitcs y khrähk`k k euk`qudcr cisk`kak pkrk skzbikr`k.

Kecdtc ac scld``k ac lbrdihk pkrk `k pdc`

; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac scld``k ac lbrdihk Kp`ìek`b adrcetklcitc ci `k pdc` pkrk eurkr pdekaurks, keiä, mrbtcs b rcscqucaka.

Qä kitdbxdakitc ac lbrdihk

 

; euejkrkak ac jbgks ac lbrdihk scek b uik mb`sk ac tä ac lbrdihk ; tkzk ac khuk jcrvdak, ib luy ek`dcitc ; euejkrkadtk ac khkvc _bi `ks jbgks ci `k tkzk ebi c` khuk. Acgk rcpbskr ;? ldiutbs. Khrähk`c khkvc, rcvuc`vc y mämc`b.

Idlmk Kecdtc ac idlmk pkrk trktkr trkt kr prbm`clks ac `k pdc` y uskr eblb rcpc`citc ikturk` ; euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc ac idlmk Kp`dek c` kecdtc sbmrc `ks zbiks kfcetkaks ac `k pdc` b eukiab cstäs cxpucstb k pdekaurks ac discetbs.

_kstk ac idlmk y k`mkjkek pkrk trktkr ekspk, pdbgbs y prbm`clks ci `k pdc` ; tkzk ac jbgks ac idlmk

; tkzk ac jbgks ac k`mkjkek 556 Luc`c `ks jbgks ci ui lbrtcrb b ci ui prbecskabr ac k`dlcitbs jkstk fbrlkr uik pkstk fdik. Kp`ìek`k sbmrc c` eucrb ekmc``uab ebi lkskgcs sukvcs. Aägk`k ketukr

 

pbr uik jbrk y `uchb cigukhk ebi khuk tdmdk. @k ldslk pkstk `k pucacs kp`dekr sbmrc `k pdc`, ci zbiks ebi jbihbs b pdekzõi.

Mkûb ek`dcitc ac jbgks idlmk pkrk ek`lkr k`crhdks, pdekzõi, jbihbs y prbm`clks lcibrcs ac ac `k pdc` ; tkzk ac jbgks frcseks ac idlmk Qdik b rcedpdcitc hrkiac ebi khuk ek`dcitc _bi `ks jbgks ci c` khuk y acgk quc sc rclbgci uibs ;3 ldiutbs, ldcitrks sc cifrìk ui pbeb. Eukiab cstä k uik tclpcrkturk kaceukak, sulärhctc y adsfrutk ac ui `ks mkûb zbiksrc`kgkitc. kfcetkaks.Uäektc ebi uik tbk``k `dlpdk, b uik acscejkm`c, cspcedk`lcitc

Ibpk` Mktdab ac ibpk`, `dlõi y scld``ks ac ejìk ; pciek ac ibpk` frcseb ; `dlõi cxprdldab (guhb) ; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac ejìk

: bizks ac khuk Utcvdk `ìqudak pkrk ciau`zkr @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs aurkitc ui pkr ac ldiutbs. Mcmc c` mktdab.

 

Mktdab ac ibpk`, zkikjbrdk y k`fk`fk ; pciek ac ibpk` : bizks ac guhb frcseb ac zkikjbrdk, rcedäi prcpkrkab ; tkzk ac k`fk`fk 558 _rbecsk tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b.

Mktdab ac ibpk`, pcrcgd` y scld``ks ac ejìk ; pciek ac ibpk` frcseb ⅕ ac tkzk ac pcrcgd` frcseb pdekab (uik b abs rkldtks) ; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac ejìk :

bizks ac khuk Utcvdk `ìqudak pkrk ciau`zkr _rbecsk tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y mämc`b `citklcitc.

Ubpk ac ibpk`

 

5 b 1 pcieks ac ibpk` frcseb ; tkzk ac ecmb``k pdekak ; tkzk ac cspdikek pdekak ° ac tkzk ac ed`kitrb frcseb pdekab ; adcitc ac kgb pdekab 1 tkzks ac khuk _dldcitk ; pdzek ac sk` ; euejkrkadtk ac kecdtc ac b`dvk @kvk y ebrtk `ks pcieks ac ibpk` ci eukardtbs. @uchb, pbi c` ibpk` guitb k `k

ecmb``k, c` kgb y `k sk` ci uik b``k, ebi c` khuk. Eumrc y acgk jcrvdr aurkitc ;? ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk quc rcpbsc uibs ldiutbs. Khrchk `k cspdikek, c` ed`kitrb y `k pdldcitk k` hustb. @de÷k `k lcze`k y sìrvc`k khrchëiab`c `k euejkrkak ac kecdtc pbr ciedlk. B`lb

 

Difusdõi ac b`lb = tkzks ac khuk 55: ; euejkrkadtk ac ebrtczk ditcrik ac b`lb lb`dak ; vkrdtk pcqucûk ac ekic`k ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc (b ¼ ac euejkrkadtk ci pb`vb) ; euejkrkadtk ac ldc` (bpedbik`) _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk. Khrchk `bs dihrcadcitcs rcvb`vdciab mdci. Jdcrvc pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Mämc`b ac dilcadktb.

Ektkp`kslk kitddif`klktbrdk ac b`lb ; trbzb ac ebrtczk ditcrik ac b`lb (b ebrtczk ci pb`vb ad`udak ci khuk) Hb`pck ui pbeb `k ebrtczk ebi ui lbrtcrb b lkrtd``b pkrk kf`bgkr sus kecdtcs y guhbs.

@uchb, pbi`k sbmrc `k zbik dif`klkak b kfcetkak pbr discetbs, jcrdaks lcibrcs, cteätcrk.

Brähkib Dijk`kedbics ac vkpbr ac brähkib pkrk prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs ;

 

rklk ac brähkib = tkzks ac khuk _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi c` brähkib. Sik vcz quc jdcrvk, kpëhk`k y pbi`k ci k`h÷i `uhkr ci c` quc pucaks kspdrkr c` vkpbr. Ecredõrktc ac quc cstä ci ui `uhkr schurb pkrk cvdtkr keedacitcs.

Qä ac brähkib ; rkldtk ac brähkib ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Acgk rcpbskr c` brähkib ci c` khuk pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs y `uchb mämc`k. Qklmdäi pucacs uskr`k pkrk jkecr hërhkrks. 554

Kecdtc csciedk` ac brähkib pkrk c`dldikr mketcrdks muek`cs ; hbtk ac kecdtc csciedk` ac brähkib ; hbtk ac kecdtc ac b`dvk

Läze`k`bs y põitc`bs acmkgb ac `k `cihuk pbr uibs ldiutbs. @uchb, trëhk`bs. ]cpdtc cstk bpcrkedõi jkstk euktrb vcecs k` aìk.

Brtdhk Difusdõi ac brtdhk eblb adurätdeb ¼

 

euejkrkak ac jbgks sceks ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc Acgk rcpbskr `ks jbgks ci c` khuk ek`dcitc, ciau`zk (bpedbik`) y mämc`k.

Difusdõi ac rkìz ac brtdhk pkrk k`crhdks y pkrk c`dldikr `ìqudab ; rkìz ac brtdhk 1 tkzks ac khuk Jdcrvc `k rkìz ci c` khuk aurkitc ;? ldiutbs. @uchb acgk rcpbskr. Euä`k`k y mämc`k aurkitc c` aìk. Qklmdäi pucacs kp`dekr`k adrcetklcitc ci `k pdc`.

_k`lk cikik Difusdõi ac pk`lk cikik klcrdekik 1 tkzks ac khuk ¼ tkzk ac krëiakibs ac pk`lk cikik klcrdekik acsjdarktkabs b frcsebs ; vkrk ac ekic`k

5 adcitcs ac ekraklblb lkejkekabs ; trbedtb ac gcihdmrc frcseb

 

51? ; cstrc``k ac kiìs Ldc` b stcvdk k` hustb _bi k jcrvdr ci uik b``k (quc ib sck ac k`uldidb) `bs krëiakibs, ekic`k, gcihdmrc, ekraklblb y kiìs pbr 5? ldiutbs. Kpkhk. Acgk rcpbskr uibs ;3 ldiutbs. Khrähk`c ldc` b stcvdk. Huërak`b ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb rcsdstcitc k` ek`br y k` frìb. Euä`k`b k` lblcitb ac scrvdr frìb b ek`dcitc.

_crcgd` Qä ac pcrcgd` ; rkldtk ac pcrcgd` frcseb ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ]clbgk c` pcrcgd` ci c` khuk pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs y `uchb mämc`k.

_kstk ac pcrcgd` pkrk acsdif`klkr pdcriks, pdcs, lkibs, cteätcrk ; tkzk ac jbgks ac pcrcgd` Si pkr ac hbtks ac khuk (bpedbik`)

Kp`kstk `ks jbgks ci ui lbrtcrb (b prbeäsk`ks) y `uchb kp`dek `k pkstk quc qucak ci `ks zbiks kfcetkaks. Eumrc ebi uik tc`k b hksk y acgk quc ket÷c pbr uik jbrk. Jkz`b abs vcecs k` aìk.

_sy``dul (eësekrk) _kiquceks ebi psy``dul

 

= euejkrkaks ac pys``dul ci pb`vb sdi skmbr ; jucvb = e`krks ac jucvb ¼ tkzk ac `cejc acserclkak b vchctk` 51; ¼ tkzk ac kvcik lb`dak ; euejkrkak ac sdrbpc, ldc` b khkvc Frutks ac tu c`ceedõi ; euejkrkak ac iucecs lb`daks Kecdtc ac b`dvk b ebeb

_rbecsk c` jucvb, `ks e`krks, `k kvcik, `k `cejc, c` pysd``dul y c` sdrbpc jkstk quc qucac erclbsb. Ci uik skrtäi kitdkajcrcitc vdcrtc uiks hbtks ac kecdtc y ek`dcitk. Khrchk uik ekitdaka ac lcze`k sufdedcitc pkrk uik pkiqucek ac`hkak. Vb`tck pkrk abrkr pbr klmbs `kabs. Uìrvc`k ebi `k frutk quc hustcs y iucecs pbr ciedlk.

]chk`dz

 

Qä ac rchk`dz ° ac tkzk ac rkìz ac rchk`dz ;¼ tkzks ac khuk _bi k jcrvdr c` khuk ebi `k rkìz. Acgk quc jdcrvk ui pkr ac ldiutbs. @uchb kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr. Mämc`b.

Difusdõi eblmdikak pkrk prbm`clks ditcstdik`cs, hkstrdtds y ÷`ecrks ¼ euejkrkadtk ac rchk`dz ¼ euejkrkadtk ac lc`dsk ¼ euejkrkadtk ac pb`cb ¼ euejkrkadtk ac ld`jbgks (ld`cirklk b ykrrbw) = tkzks ac khuk

_bi k jcrvdr `ks jdcrmks pbr ui pkr ac ldiutbs. Kpkhk y acgk rcpbskr. Euä`k`k y mämc`k.

]jbadb`k  Ikstbgnk, gkrkmc uerkidkib ac rjbadb`k

51=

 

¼ tkzk ac ebiecitrkab ac rjbadb`k ¼ tkzk ac vbank ac :? hrkabs Lcze`k klmbs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb y acgk rcpbskr `k lcze`k pbr uik sclkik ci k`huik hkvctk b ci ui `uhkr abiac ib `c ``chuc aclksdkak `uz. @k lcze`k tblkrë ui eb`br rbgb. Mcmc uik euejkrkak k` lcibs 5? ldiutbs kitcs ac dr k abrldr.

Ukejk diejd Mktdab ac skejk diejd y mkyks : bizks ac `cejc ac ebeb ¼ tkzk ac skejk diejd ; tkzk ac frcsks ¼ tkzk ac krëiakibs kzu`cs

¼ tkzk ac frklmucsks Utcvdk k` hustb _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs k `deukr y adsfrutk.

 

Kacrczb ebi kecdtc ac skejk diejd ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac skejk diejd ; euejkrkak ac vdikhrc mk`sëldeb = euejkrkaks ac guhb ac `dlõi rcedäi cxprdldab ; euejkrkak ac gcihdmrc frcseb rk``kab ; euejkrkadtk ac e÷reulk ci pb`vb ° ac tkzk ac k`mkjkek frcsek pdekak ° ac tkzk ac pcrcgd` frcseb pdekab ° ac tkzk ac ed`kitrb frcseb pdekab

; khukektc pcqucûb Uk` k` hustb _dldcitk ichrk k` hustb

 

_rbecsk pkrtc ac `k k`mkjkek, c` pcrcgd` y c` ed`kitrb ebi c` rcstb ac `bs dihrcadcitcs jkstk 515 bmtcicr uik erclk. Ukzõik`b. Khrähk`c c` rcstb ac jdcrmks y lcze`k ebi uik euejkrk ac lkacrk. (Ud ib tc hustk scitdr `k tcxturk ac `ks jdcrmks, pbi`ks tbaks ci c` prbecskabr.) Adsfrutk ebi tu cisk`kak b sbmrc uiks pktktks, ekric, cteätcrk.

Uk`cs ac Cpsbl @bedõi fkedk` ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl pkrk keiä y puitbs ichrbs = euejkrkaks ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl ; tkzk ac khuk Adsuc`vc luy mdci `ks sk`cs ci c` khuk. Ebi uik mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi, kp`dek `k sb`uedõi ci c` rbstrb yk `dlpdb, sdi lkqud``kgc. Acgk quc ket÷c pbr k` lcibs ;3 ldiutbs y `uchb cigukhk ebi khuk tdmdk. Uäektc c` rbstrb ebi uik tbk``k ac pkpc`.

Lksekrd``k fkedk` ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl pkrk keiä y puitbs ichrbs ¼ euejkrkak ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl ; euejkrkak ac guhb ac `dlõi ;

euejkrkak ac ebûke b mrkiay (ebitdcici ëedab c`ëhdeb quc cs ui pbtcitc kitdbxdakitc) ; euejkrkak ac ybhur hrdchb sdi skmbr (rdeb ci ëedab `ëetdeb) Lcze`k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs jkstk fbrlkr uik pkstk. Kp`dek `k lksekrd``k ci `ks ërcks ac` rbstrb kfcetkaks. Aägk`k quc ket÷c pbr k` lcibs =? ldiutbs. [uìtk`k y cigukhk ebi khuk frìk. Ucek `k pdc` ebi uik tbk``k ac pkpc`.

 

Mkûb ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl pkrk acsdif`klkr pdcriks y pdcs y ek`lkr c` ab`br luseu`kr y ac krtdeu`kedbics = tkzks ac sk`cs ac Cpsbl pbr hk`õi ac khuk tdmdk Adsuc`vc `ks sk`cs ci c` khuk, yk sck ci uik mkûcrk b ci ui rcedpdcitc, y pbi `ks pdcriks y pdcs kacitrb aurkitc 5? ldiutbs. Ud prcfdcrcs, prcpkrk `k lcze`k ci ui rcedpdcitc, clpkpk 511 uik tbk``k ebi cstk y kp`ìek`k eblb eblprcsk aurkitc 5? ldiutbs.

Uk`vdk Qditc ac sk`vdk pkrk trktkr kfceedbics ac `k pdc` ° ac euejkrkadtk ac sk`vdk scek ° ac tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc _bi `k sk`vdk scek ci uik tkzk y khrähk`c c` khuk ek`dcitc. Acgk rcpbskr jkstk quc c` khuk sc cifrìc. Euä`k`b y läze`k`b ebi lës khuk pkrk `kvkabs ac zbiks ebi difceedbics.

Krblktdzkitc y rcpc`citc ac sk`vdk ;?

hbtks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac sk`vdk 1 euejkrkadtks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk (pucacs rcclp`kzkr`b ebi khuk) Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik mbtc``k ac vdardb y kp`ìek`b adrcetklcitc ci `k pdc`. Ud usks khuk, pucacs rbedkr`b ci c` klmdcitc.

 

Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Erclk ac ek`kmkzk ; ek`kmkzk lcadkik, sdi eësekrk, ebrtkak ac trbzbs = zkikjbrdks ; tkzk ac pucrrbs ¼ tkzk ac ecmb``k pdekak = euejkrkadtks ac e÷reulk Uk` _dldcitk ichrk ⅕ ac tkzk ac k`mkjkek frcsek pdekak

⅕ ac tkzk ac pcrcgd` frcseb pdekab 1 tkzks ac khuk 5

 

euejkrkaks ac `ks scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk frcseks 513 Kecdtc ac b`dvk Ucpkrk `ks scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk pkrk prcpkrkr`ks kpkrtc. _bi k jcrvdr `k ek`kmkzk, `k ecmb``k y `ks zkikjbrdks jkstk quc cstäi m`kiaks. Kpkhk y khrähk`c c` pucrrb. Acgk rcpbskr pbr uibs =? ldiutbs. Khrchk sk`, pdldcitk, e÷reulk, k`mkjkek y pcrcgd`. @de÷k. _bi `ks scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk ci uik skrtäi ebi uiks hbtks ac kecdtc. Acgk quc sc abrci ui pbeb y rctìrk`ks. Udrvc `k erclk ebi uiks hbtks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk y `ks scld``ks. Adsfr÷tk`k.

_bstrc ac frutks y lcrlc`kak ac ek`kmkzk ¼ ek`kmkzk sdi eësekrk, ebrtkak ci rbakgks = euejkrkaks ac ekic`k ci pb`vb Kz÷ekr lbrcik (b stcvdk) = euejkrkaks ac scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk frcseks b acsjdarktkaks, sdi sk` ;

euejkrkak ac iucecs pdekaks ¼ mkikib ;

 

lkizkik Ci uik skrtäi kitdkajcrcitc, pbi k abrkr `k ek`kmkzk, cspb`vbrcëiab`k ebi `k ekic`k y c` kz÷ekr (b stcvdk), k fuchb sukvc. Vb`täk`k ebistkitclcitc pkrk quc ib sc quclc> `k dack cs sukvdzkr`k sdi quclkr`k. Eukiab cstä `dstk, acgk quc sc cifrìc. _rbecsk jkstk quc qucac erclbsk. _bi `k lcze`k ci ui frkseb ac vdardb y hukrak ci `k icvcrk `b quc ib utd`decs. Ebrtk c` mkikib y `k lkizkik ci rbakgks y sìrvc`bs. _bi ci ui prbecskabr `ks scld``ks ac ek`kmkzk y `ks iucecs jkstk quc qucaci ac` tklkûb quc tc hustk pkrk cspb`vbrckr`ks sbmrc tu pbstrc. Khrchk uiks euejkrkaks ac lcrlc`kak ac ek`kmkzk sbmrc tu frutk y cspb`vbrck `ks scld``ks. Adsfr÷tk`b. Ucld``ks ichrks

Qä ac scld``k ichrk ; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ichrks ; tkzk ac khuk rcedäi jcrvdak 516 Utcvdk k` hustb

Khrchk `ks scld``ks k `k tkzk ac khuk. Acgk rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. @uchb cia÷`zk`k k` hustb y adsfr÷tk`k.

Cisk`kak ebi scld``ks ichrks ; tkzk ac r÷eu`k

 

; tblktc ebrtkab ci eukardtbs ¼ pcpdib ebrtkab ci eukardtbs ¼ tkzk ac hkrmkizbs ebedabs Uk` Vdikhrc mk`sëldeb mk`s ëldeb Kecdtc, k tu c`ceedõi ; euejkrkak ac scld``ks ichrks Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs ci ui rcedpdcitc y adsfr÷tk`k eblb k`lucrzb b ecik.

Uci Uci `ìqudab pkrk c` cstrcûdldcitb ¼ euejkrkadtk ac gkrkmc ac sci

;= bizks ac khuk Qblk c` sci `ìqudab ebi c` khuk. Jdarëtktc luy mdci aurkitc `ks jbrks pbstcrdbrcs k su usb. Uci ci sup`clcitb pkrk c` cstrcûdldcitb

 

; tkm`ctk ac sci ci sup`clcitb (3? lh pkrk cstrcûdldcitb lcadb y ;?? lh pkrk cstrcûdldcitb scvcrb) ;= bizks ac khuk (k` lcibs) Qblk `k tkm`ctk ebi c` khuk. Ebitdi÷k jdarktëiabtc ci `ks jbrks pbstcrdbrcs. 518

Lksekrd``k pkrk c` keiä y btrbs prbm`clks ci `k pdc` ¼ tkzk ac jbgks ac sci = euejkrkaks ac kecdtc ac ebeb Luc`c ci ui lbrtcrb b ci ui prbecskabr `ks jbgks ac sci y c` kecdtc ac ebeb jkstk quc qucac uik pkstk. @dlpdk tu pdc` ac lkqud``kgc c dlpurczks. Kp`dek `k pkstk ci `ks zbiks ebi prbm`clk (ib `k kecrqucs k `bs bgbs). Acgk quc ket÷c pbr uibs edieb ldiutbs. Cigukhk `k pdc` ebi khuk tdmdk y scek ebi uik tbk``k.

Cigukhuc pkrk `ks jclbrrbdacs ¼

tkzk ac jbgks ac sci 1 tkzks ac khuk jcrvdak Acgk rcpbskr `ks jbgks ci c` khuk jkstk quc cstk sc citdmdc. @uchb, euä`k`k y usk c` khuk pkrk ui `kvkab kik` (cxtcrib). Ucek ebi uik tbk``k ac pkpc` acscejkm`c.

 

Qä vcrac lktejk Mktdab ac frutks y lktejk ; euejkrkak ac tä vcrac lktejk ci pb`vb 1 bizks ac khuk frìk 1 bizks ac `cejc vchctk` frìk (k`lciarks, sbyk, ebeb, cteätcrk) ; lkizkik ebrtkak ci trbzbs ; ndwd Utcvdk @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs. Adsfr÷tk`b k lcadk lkûkik b kitcs ac jkecr cgcrededb.

Mktdab vcrac ebi lktejk 51:

; euejkrkak ac tä vcrac lktejk ci pb`vb : bizks ac khuk frìk

 

; rklk ac kpdb ; tkzk ac cspdikeks ; lkizkik vcrac ; euejkrkadtk ac guhb ac `dlõi @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs. Adsfr÷tk`b eblb lcrdciak ac lcadk lkûkik b tkrac.

Qbld``b Difusdõi ac tbld``b pkrk prbm`clks ac `k hkrhkitk, cigukhucs muek`cs c difceedbics ; euejkrkadtk ac jdcrmk scek b ac jbgks frcseks ac tbld``b ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc

Acgk rcpbskr `k jdcrmk ci c` khuk ek`dcitc uibs ldiutbs. @uchb mämc`k. Csk ldslk difusdõi `k pucacs uskr pkrk cigukhkrtc `k mbek.

Eblprcsks ac tbld``b pkrk prbm`clks ac `k hkrhkitk ; tkzk ac jbgks y f`brcs frcseks b acsjdarktkaks

 

; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ]clbgk c` tbld``b ci c` khuk pbr uibs ldiutbs, jkstk quc sc cifrìc. @uchb, euä`k`b y pbi `k jdcrmk sbmrc uik tc`k b hksk `dlpdk. Kp`ìek`k adrcetklcitc ci `k zbik ac` euc``b, k`rcacabr ac `ks klìhak`ks b ci abiac tcihks ab`br. Acgk quc ket÷c pbr uibs =? ldiutbs. Khrähk`c uiks hbtks ac` `ìqudab rcstkitc pkrk rcfrcsekr`k, sd `b icecsdtks.

]cpc`citc ekscrb ac tbld``b ;6 hbtks ac kecdtc csciedk` ac tbld``b 1 euejkrkadtks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk (pucacs rcclp`kzkr`b ebi khuk) 514 Lcze`k `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik mbtc``k ac vdardb y kp`ìek`b adrcetklcitc ci `k pdc`.

@bedõi kstrdihcitc y kitdmketcrdk` ac tbld``b pkrk c` keiä ; tkzk ac tbld``b sceb b frcseb ;

tkzk ac vdikhrc ac lkizkik _bi c` tbld``b ci ui frkseb b mbtc``k ac vdardb y khrchk c` vdikhrc ac tk` lkicrk quc `b eumrk pbr eblp`ctb. _ucacs kûkadr ui pbeb lës ac vdikhrc sd jkec fk`tk. _bi`c `k tkpk k` frkseb y aägk`b ci ui `uhkr bseurb aurkitc abs sclkiks. Khìtk`b ac vcz ci eukiab pkrk quc sc clpkpc pbr eblp`ctb. _kskab c` tdclpb, euä`k`b y huërak`b ci uik mbtc``k b frkseb ac vdardb, sdclprc ci ui sdtdb bseurb. Clpkpk ui k`hbaõi ebi cstk `bedõi y ÷sk`k eukiab `b icecsdtcs (aurk ui kûb).

 

Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Ubrmctc ac vcrmcik ac `dlõi ¼ tkzk ac vcrmcik ac `dlõi frcsek, b ; euejkrkadtk ac jdcrmk scek ¼ euejkrkadtk ac jdmdseb sceb ; tkzk ac khuk ek`dcitc ; tkzk ac jdc`b ; euejkrkak ac ldc`, khkvc b stcvdk ; euejkrkadtk ac guhb ac `dlõi _bi `ks jbgks ac vcrmcik ac `dlõi c jdmdseb ci ui rcedpdcitc rcsdstcitc k` ek`br. Khrchk c` khuk ek`dcitc. Acgk rcpbskr jkstk quc sc cifrìc. @uchb euä`k`b. _bi c` tä, quc acmc cstkr luy ekrhkab, ci uik `deukabrk b lëqudik ac jkecr jc`kab.

Khrähk`c c` jdc`b, c` guhb ac `dlõi y c` ciau`zkitc, sd `b acscks. Mktc jkstk quc qucac luy sukvc. Uìrvc`b ebi ui pdtd``b b pbpbtc y adsfr÷tk`b.

Kecdtc krblëtdeb k vcrmcik ac `dlõi 53? =

 

tkzks ac kecdtc ac b`dvk cxtrkvdrhci ; tkzk ac jbgks frcseks ac vcrmcik ac `dlõi Kp`kstk sukvclcitc ci ui lbrtcrb (b ebi uik euejkrk ac lkacrk) `ks jbgks ac vcrmcik, pkrk quc suc`tci sus kecdtcs ikturk`cs. Kpkrtc, ci uik skrtäi, ek`dcitk c` kecdtc jkstk quc eksd ebldciec k julckr, ebi eudakab ac ib quclkr`b. [uìtk`b ac` ek`br. Kûëac`c `ks jbgks kp`kstkaks, eudakiab quc qucaci eumdcrtks pbr c` kecdtc. E÷mrc`b ebi uik tkpk b p`ktb y acgk quc rcpbsci k` lcibs ui pkr ac jbrks. Euc`k y utd`dzk c` kecdtc pkrk k`dûkr cisk`kaks, ekrics, pktktks, cteätcrk.

Vdikhrcc ac sdark ac lkizkik Vdikhr @bedõi kstrdihcitc ac vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik pkrk `k pdc` ; euejkrkak ac vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik = euejkrkaks ac khuk Lcze`k ebi c` khuk. Kp`dek ebi uik mb`dtk ac k`hbaõi sbmrc `k pdc`, acspuäs c`acvdikhrc jkmcr qudtkab c` lkqud``kgc.

@kvkab ac vdikhrc pkrk acsdif`klkr `bs pdcs y c`dldikr jbihbs ; tkzk ac vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik

; hk`õi ac khuk tdmdk Lcze`k c` vdikhrc ebi c` khuk ci ui rcedpdcitc hrkiac. _bi `bs pdcs ci c` rcedpdcitc y aägk`bs rcpbskr kjì pbr uibs =? ldiutbs. Ucek luy mdci ebi tbk``k ac pkpc`.

Tkeõi

 

Cisk`kak ac ykeõi ¼ ykeõi rk``kab 53; ; rclb`kejk pcqucûk eruak y rk``kak ; tkzk ac cspdikek ; tkzk ac r÷eu`k ; tblktc ebrtkab ci eukardtbs ⅕ ac tkzk ac k`mkjkek frcsek ⅕ ac tkzk ac pcrcgd` pdekab

; euejkrkak ac vdikhrc mk`sëldeb = euejkrkaks ac qucsb lbzzkrc``k rk``kab (qucsd``b frcseb b tbfu) ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac b`dvk

 

Uk` k` hustb Ci ui rcedpdcitc lcze`k c` ykeõi, `k rclb`kejk, `k cspdikek, `k r÷eu`k, c` tblktc, c` pcrcgd` y `k k`mkjkek. Ukzbik ebi vdikhrc, kecdtc y sk`. Udrvc y cspb`vbrck c` qucsb ciedlk. Adsfrutk.

Lcrlc`kak ac ykeõi = rkìecs ac ykeõi `dlpdks y ebrtkaks ci eukardtbs Utcvdk `ìqudak ; tkzk ac khuk = hrklbs ac ëedab eìtrdeb (bpedbik`, ci eksb ac quc acmks hukrakr`k pbr ui tdclpb) @de÷k c` ykeõi ebi c` khuk. Khrchk stcvdk sd hustks. _bi `k lcze`k ci uik b``k y jdärvc`k. Eukiab cstä k puitb ac cmu``dedõi, khrchk c` ëedab eìtrdeb (sd `k vks k ebisuldr ac ib ebisdstciedk icecsdtks uskr`b). ]cvuc`vc y acgk jcrvdrc`jkstk qucdilcadktb, bmtcihk uik erclbsk. Cifrìkebistkitclcitc y adsfrutk. _ucacs hukrakr rcstb ci ui rcedpdcitc ac vdardb, mdci sc``kab.

Wkikjbrdk Guhb ac zkikjbrdk y cspdikek pkrk c` cstrcûdldcitb

: bizks ac guhb ac zkikjbrdk frcsek y eruak ; tkzk ac cspdikek frcsek

 

= euejkrkaks ac guhb ac `dlõi 53= _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci `k `deukabrk. _rbeäsk`bs. Mämc`b ac dilcadktb.

Mktdab ac frutks y zkikjbrdks ; tkzk ac guhb ac zkikjbrdk frcsek y eruak ; tkzk ac guhb ac ikrkigk frcsek ; tkzk ac guhb ac tbrbigk frcsek ; lkizkik _bi tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs ci uik `deukabrk y prbeäsk`bs. Adsfr÷tk`b ac dilcadktb.

Cisk`kak ac zkikjbrdk y pksks 5

zkikjbrdks pc`kaks ; euejkrkak ac uvks pksks ;

 

euejkrkak ac hrbsc``ks ichrks acsjdarktkaks ( m`ken eurrkit ) ; euejkrkadtk ac pdûbics (pdic iuts) Uk` Kecdtc ac b`dvk Guhb ac `dlõi Ebedik `cvclcitc `ks zkikjbrdks k` vkpbr aurkitc ib lës ac ;3 ldiutbs pkrk quc ib sc km`kiaci aclksdkab. @uchb pbi`ks ci khuk frìk pbr uibs ldiutbs. Ebrtk `ks zkikjbrdks ci rbakgks y pbi`ks ci uik cisk`kacrk. Khrähk`cs `ks uvks pksks, `ks hrbsc``ks ichrks y `bs pdûbics. Ukzbik ebi sk`, `dlõi y kecdtc. Adsfr÷tk`k aurkitc c` k`lucrzb b ecik pkrk keblpkûkr euk`qudcr prbtcìik. Wdie

Erclk ac frdgb`cs ac tu c`ceedõi ; tkzk ac frdgb`cs ebedikabs ¼ tkzk ac ek`kmkzk jcrvdak ¼ tkzk ac khuk (pucacs uskr `k quc uskstc pkrk ebedikr `bs frdgb`cs b `k ek`kmkzk) ¼

tkzk ac cspdikeks 535 ; euejkrkak ac kecdtc ac b`dvk ;

 

euejkrkadtk ac scld``ks ac hdrksb` Uk` @de÷k `bs frdgb`cs (uib ac `bs prbauetbs lës rdebs ci zdie), c` khuk, `k ek`kmkzk, `ks cspdikeks y `k sk`. Ek`dcitk. Udrvc y khrchk c` kecdtc ciedlk. @uchb cspkrec `ks scld``ks ac hdrksb`. Adsfrutk.

Mktdab ac frutks rdeb ci zdie Guhb ac uik ikrkigk Guhb ac uik tbrbigk Guhb ac uik `dlk = ndwds citcrbs ebrtkabs ; lkizkik @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y adsfr÷tk`b ac dilcadktb.

Mktdab vcrac rdeb ci zdie 6 bizks ac khuk

; tkzk ac cspdikeks ; euejkrkak ac cspdru`dik ci pb`vb b nc`p ci pb`vb ;

 

euejkrkak ac scld``ks ac hdrksb` ; lkizkik vcrac Guhb ac uik `dlk @de÷k tbabs `bs dihrcadcitcs y adsfr÷tk`b ac dilcadktb.

Ekfä Ekfä ebi hdinhb md`bmk pkrk kmrdr `ks vìks rcspdrktbrdks ;¼ tkzks ac khuk = euejkrkaks ac ekfä 531 = jbgdtks ac hdinhb md`bmk Euc`k c` ekfä ci `k ekfctcrk quc usks rchu`krlcitc. Eukiab cstä `dstb, khrähk`c c` hdinhb md`bmk y aägk`b rcpbskr pbr ;? ldiutbs. Mcmc c` ekfä. 533

Ìiadec pbr sìitblks b ab`ciedks Keiä Idlmk Kvc``kik ac mrugk

 

E`kvb ac b`br @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Lcitk _k`lk cikik klcrdekik Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Uci Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik Wdie Kftks, jcrpcs muek`cs 536 Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki _ku a—kreb Qbld``b K`crhdks

Hrbsc``k ichrk @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Brtdhk Qbld``b

 

K`bpcedk kiarbhciätdek _k`lk cikik klcrdekik Wdie K`zjcdlcr, aclciedk scid` Edruc`k nknkau Hdinhb md`bmk Hdiscih 538 Kldhak`dtds Ibpk` Qbld``b Kicldk Hciedkik Kibrcxdk Hciedkik Wdie

Kpctdtb (lcgbrkr) K`fk`fk Kzkfrëi Ekic`k Hciedkik

 

Lcitk Lbrdihk Qbld``b 53: Krtdeu`kedbics y ekrtì`khbs (ab`brcs y prbm`clks ac) K`mkjkek Ëridek Mbswc``dk Ecrczks E`kvb ac b`br Ebjbsj ichrb E÷reulk Frklmucsks Hkrrk ac` adkm`b H`uebskldik Hrbsc``k ichrk

Gcihdmrc @`kitäi lkybr Lcitk B`lb 534

 

Brähkib Brtdhk Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Qd`b Qrdpjk`k Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik Krtrdtds Mbswc``dk Ebjbsj ichrb E÷reulk Frklmucsks Hkrrk ac` adkm`b H`uebskldik Hrbsc``k ichrk

56? Gcihdmrc Brtdhk Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Qrdpjk`k

 

Ubpk ac pb``b Krtrdtds rculktbdac Mbswc``dk Ebjbsj ichrb E÷reulk Frklmucsks Hkrrk ac` adkm`b H`uebskldik Hrbsc``k ichrk Gcihdmrc Brtdhk Uk`cs ac Cpsbl 56; Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Qrdpjk`k Ubpk ac pb``b

Kslk Mbswc``dk Ekraklblb Ecitc``k ksdëtdek @`kitäi lkybr

 

Lkizkid``k Lcitk Ucld``ks ichrks Ekfä Ubpk ac pb``b Mketcrdks Kecdtc ac rdedib K`mkjkek 56= Krëiakibs khrdbs Kvc``kik ac mrugk Kvcik Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Ek`äiau`k Ekraklblb Edtrbic`k

E`kvb ac b`br Cqudiëeck Cspdru`dik Fcibhrceb Jbihbs sjddtknc

 

@kvkiak Lkizkid``k Lcitk Lbrdihk 565 Idlmk Brähkib Ucld``ks ichrks Qbld``b Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik Tkeõi Ubpk ac pb``b Qä ichrb Vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k Lkrs c``k Mrbiqudtds

@`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Qbld``b Ekmc``b Fcibhrceb

 

561 Ekmczk (ab`br) K`mkjkek E`kvb ac b`br E÷reulk Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Hrbsc``k ichrk Gcihdmrc @kvkiak Lkrkeuyë Lcitk B`lb Qd`b Eëiecr (prcvciedõi, kpbyb k trktkldcitbs) Kgb K`ekejbfk

Kvc``kik ac mrugk 563 Ekrab ac `cejc F`br ac Gklkdek Jbihbs sjddtknc

 

Nc`p Lc`õi klkrhb Lbrdihk Brähkib _crcgd` Ucld``ks ichrks Qä vcrac lktejk Qrdpjk`k Tkeõi Wkikjbrdk Ekiadadksds, vkhdibsds mketcrdkik _ku a—kreb Vcrmcik ac `dlõi 566 Ekspk Idlmk

Fcibhrceb Ec`u`dtds Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Edektrdzkr K`fk`fk

 

Kvc``kik ac mrugk Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Uci Edreu`kedõi, lcgbrk ac `k edreu`kedõi K`ekejbfk 568 Krëiakibs md`mcrry E÷reulk Hrbsc``k ichrk Lkrkeuyë Lc`õi klkrhb B`lb

Eb`cstcrb` Kecdtc ac säsklb y sk`vkab ac krrbz Kgb K`ekejbfk K`fk`fk

 

Krëiakibs md`mcrry Krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk Kvcik Ekic`k Ekraklblb 56: Ecmkak E÷reulk Cspdru`dik Jbihbs sjddtknc @-tckidik Ibpk` _sy``dul (eësekrk) Ukejk diejd Qä vcrac lktejk Qrdpjk`k

Wkikjbrdk Eb`bi drrdtkm`c K`ekejbfk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki Lkizkid``k

 

Lkrkeuyë 564 Lc`õi klkrhb Lcitk _sy``dul (eësekrk) Ebrkzõi, sk`ua ac` ebrkzõi K`ekejbfk Edruc`k nknkau Frklmucsks Hrbsc``k ichrk Lc`õi klkrhb Qä vcrac lktejk Ebrtdsb` ]chk`dz Eucrb ekmc``uab Idlmk

Fcibhrceb Aclciedk scid`, K`zjcdlcr 58? Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Edruc`k nknkau

 

E÷reulk Frklmucsks Hdinhb md`bmk Hdiscih Uk`vdk Acprcsdõi, lcgbrk ac` cstkab kiìldeb HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) K`mkjkek Kzkfrëi Ekekb Edtrbic`k Hdinhb md`bmk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki @-tckidik 58; ]jbadb`k

Uk`vdk Qbld``b Acrlktdtds, psbrdksds, ceeclk, drrdtkedbics Idlmk Ëridek

 

Kvc``kik ac mrugk Kvcik Ek`äiau`k Fcibhrceb @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Lc`õi klkrhb _k`lk cikik klcrdekik Uci Acskrrb``b y ercedldcitb 58= Wdie Acsditbxdekedõi ac` brhkidslb K`mkjkek Ekrab ac `cejc Cspdru`dik

@kvkiak @dlõi Lc`õi klkrhb Ibpk` _sy``dul (eësekrk)

 

Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Qrdpjk`k Adkmctcs y prbm`clks ac kz÷ekr Kecdtc ac säsklb y sk`vkab ac krrbz HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) K`ekejbfk 585 K`fk`fk Krëiakibs md`mcrry Ekic`k Ekrab ac `cejc Ecmkak Frklmucsks Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Lc`õi klkrhb Lbrdihk

Ibpk` Ucld``ks ichrks Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik Tkeõi Adkrrck

 

Krëiakibs md`mcrry Hrbsc``k ichrk 581 Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki Gcihdmrc @`kitäi lkybr Lbrdihk B`lb Wkikjbrdk Adcitcs y cieìks Krëiakibs khrdbs Idlmk Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Ek`äiau`k Ekraklblb Edruc`k eklu eklu

E`kvb ac b`br Cqudiëeck Hrbsc``k ichrk 583 Jbihbs sjddtknc

 

Lkizkid``k Lcitk Lbrdihk Qbld``b Adhcstdõi (prbm`clks adhcstdvbs, lcgbrk adhcstdvk) K`mkjkek K`ekejbfk K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Ekic`k Ekraklblb Ecmkak F`br ac Gklkdek Jdibgb Gcihdmrc 586

@dlõi @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Lc`õi klkrhb Lcitk

 

Lbrdihk B`lb Brähkib ]chk`dz Qrdpjk`k Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Tkeõi Adsfuiedõi scxuk` Hdiscih Lkek Adurätdeb, rctciedõi ac `ìqudab 588 K`fk`fk Krëiakibs khrdbs Adcitc ac `cõi Hrbsc``k ichrk

Jdibgb Nc`p B`lb Brtdhk _crcgd`

 

Cstdlu`kitc, lkybr ebiecitrkedõi, k`crtk, cicrhìk Ekekb Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Edtrbic`k Cspdru`dik HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) Hdinhb md`bmk 58: Hdiscih Hukrkië @-tckidik Lkek Lcitk ]jbadb`k Cstõlkhb (ab`br) K`mkjkek

Ekraklblb Adcitc ac `cõi Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki Jdibgb

 

Gcihdmrc @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr 584 Lkizkid``k Lkrkeuyë Lc`õi klkrhb Lcitk B`lb Brähkib Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Cstõlkhb (dif`klkedõi cstblkek`) E`kvb ac b`br E÷reulk Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki

Jdibgb Gcihdmrc @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr 5:?

 

Lkizkid``k Lkrkeuyë Lc`õi klkrhb Lcitk Lbrdihk Ibpk` B`lb Brähkib _crcgd` Qrdpjk`k Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Cstrcûdldcitb, `kxkitcs Kecdtc ac rdedib K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k Kvcik Edruc`k nknkau

5:; Nc`p Lc`õi klkrhb Lbrdihk B`lb

 

_sy``dul (eësekrk) Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Uci Csträs HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) Ek`äiau`k Ecmkak Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Ecrczks Edtrbic`k Ebjbsj ichrb Hdinhb md`bmk 5:= Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki @kvkiak @-tckidik

Lkizkid``k Lkrkeuyë ]chk`dz Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Fktdhk, ekiskiedb

 

Ekekb Hdinhb md`bmk Hdiscih Hukrkië Lkek Lcitk ]chk`dz ]jbadb`k 5:5 Fdcmrc Qd`b Qbld``b Vcrmcik ac `dlõi F`clk ]chk`dz Qd`b

Hkrhkitk Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Ek`äiau`k Cqudiëeck Hrbsc``k ichrk

 

Gcihdmrc @dlõi @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k 5:1 Lcitk Brähkib ]chk`dz Qbld``b Hkscs E`kvb ac b`br Adcitc ac `cõi Jdibgb Lcitk Hrdpcs y rcsfrìbs Kgb

Cqudiëeck Hrbsc``k ichrk Jbihbs sjddtknc Gcihdmrc @dlõi

 

5:3 @`kitäi lkybr Lcitk Brähkib ]chk`dz Wdie Jclbrrkhdks iksk`cs Brtdhk Jclbrrbdacs Kvc``kik ac mrugk Ek`äiau`k Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki B`lb Uci Jìhkab Kgb

K`ekejbfk 5:6 Ekrab ac `cejc Adcitc ac `cõi Hrbsc``k ichrk

 

Lc`õi klkrhb Jdrsutdslb _k`lk cikik klcrdekik Jbihbs Edtrbic`k Cqudiëeck Fcibhrceb Lbrdihk Brähkib _ku a—kreb Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik Qä ichrb 5:8 Vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k Lkrs c``k Jucsbs, sk`ua õsck

Nc`p Lkek Qrdpjk`k Tkeõi Difceedbics urdikrdks, trketb urdikrdb

 

Krëiakibs khrdbs Adcitc ac `cõi B`lb _k`lk cikik klcrdekik _ku a—kreb Dif`klkedõi K`mkjkek K`ekejbfk Krëiakibs md`mcrry 5:: Mbswc``dk Ek`äiau`k Ecrczks Edruc`k eklu eklu E`kvb ac b`br Ebjbsj ichrb

E÷reulk Frklmucsks Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki

 

Gcihdmrc Nc`p @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k 5:4 Lcitk Lbrdihk B`lb Brähkib _crcgd` Uk`vdk Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Diluib`bhìk, sdstclk diluib`õhdeb Edruc`k eklu eklu Edruc`k nknkau

Adcitc ac `cõi Cqudiëeck Cspdru`dik F`br ac Gklkdek HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb)

 

Hrbsc``k ichrk 54? Jbihbs sjddtknc @dlõi @`kitäi lkybr Lc`õi klkrhb Lbrdihk Brähkib _k`lk cikik klcrdekik _ku a—kreb _crcgd` ]chk`dz Ucld``ks ichrks Qrdpjk`k Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Tkeõi

Wdie Ubpk ac pb``b 54; Vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k Lkrs c``k Disbildb

 

Ek`äiau`k Edtrbic`k HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) Hdinhb md`bmk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki @-tckidik Lkizkid``k Lkrkeuyë Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Lk` k`dcitb Idlmk Kvc``kik ac mrugk Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Ek`äiau`k 54= Ekraklblb

Lcitk _crcgd` Qbld``b Lkrcbs Gcihdmrc

 

Lcibpkusdk, prclcibpkusdk Ebjbsj ichrb Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki @kvkiak Lkek Lkrkeuyë Lc`õi klkrhb Lbrdihk Uk`vdk 545 Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Tkeõi Lcistrukedõi y prclcistrukedõi Ebjbsj ichrb Hrbsc``k ichrk

Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr Uk`vdk Vcrmcik ac `dlõi

 

Lbrctbics, vërdecs, f`cmdtds Ëridek Kvc``kik ac mrugk Ek`äiau`k Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki 541 B`lb L÷seu`bs, sk`ua luseu`kr HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) K`mkjkek Ëridek Kvc``kik ac mrugk Ek`äiau`k Ecrczks E÷reulk

Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki Gcihdmrc Lkizkid``k

 

Lkrkeuyë Lcitk 543 B`lb Brtdhk ]chk`dz Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Qd`b L÷seu`bs, ab`brcs luseu`krcs HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb) K`mkjkek Ëridek Kvc``kik ac mrugk Ek`äiau`k Ecrczks E÷reulk

Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki 546 Gcihdmrc

 

Lkizkid``k Lkrkeuyë Lcitk B`lb Brtdhk ]chk`dz Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Qd`b Iëusck E`kvb ac b`br Gcihdmrc Lcitk _crcgd` Bgbs, sk`ua beu`kr Krëiakibs md`mcrry 548

Edruc`k eklu eklu Cqudiëeck Hdinhb md`bmk Jdibgb Lc`õi klkrhb

 

Wkikjbrdk Bìab Ek`äiau`k Qbld``b B`br ebrpbrk` Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Edtrbic`k Lcitk _csb (kulcitb ac pcsb) K`fk`fk Hciedkik 54: Lbrdihk Qbld``b _csb (päradak ac pcsb, bmcsdaka)

HKMK (Ëedab hkllk kldibmutìrdeb) Krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk Cspdru`dik Frklmucsks Hukrkië Jbihbs sjddtknc

 

Nc`p Lc`õi klkrhb Ibpk` _sy``dul (eësekrk) ]jbadb`k Ukejk diejd Ucld``ks ichrks 544 Qä vcrac lktejk Qrdpjk`k Tkeõi _cstkûks Kecdtc ac rdedib _dekaurks ac discetbs K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k

Kvc``kik ac mrugk Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr _dc` (kitdcivcgcedldcitb ac `k pdc`) K`mkjkek

 

K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k Kvc``kik ac mrugk Ecitc``k ksdëtdek 1?? Ecrczks Edruc`k nknkau Lbrdihk Brähkib _crcgd` Wkikjbrdk _dc` (acsdifceedõi ac `k pdc`) K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k Idlmk Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Cqudiëeck

@`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Lcitk Lbrdihk Brähkib 1?;

 

_ku a—kreb Uk`vdk _dc` (drrdtkedbics) Kecdtc ac rdedib Ëridek @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Lkizkid``k Ldc`, kecdtc ac b`dvk y ecrk ac kmcgks Ubpk ac pb``b _dc` (lcgbrk ac tcxturk, jdarktkedõi, cxfb`dkedõi) K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k Idlmk Kvcik

Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb 1?= E`kvb ac b`br _rcsdõi krtcrdk` (adsldiuedõi) Kecdtc ac säsklb y sk`vkab ac krrbz HKMK (Ëedab hkllk-kldibmutìrdeb)

 

Kgb Ekraklblb Cspdru`dik F`br ac Gklkdek Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdibgb @dlõi @-tckidik Lbrdihk B`lb Ucld``ks ichrks 1?5 _rcsdõi krtcrdk` (kulcitb) Hukrkië

_rõstktk, jdpcrp`ksdk mcidhik Brtdhk _k`lk cikik klcrdekik Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk _sbrdksds Ecitc``k ksdëtdek

 

Fcibhrceb Lc`õi klkrhb Idlmk [uclkaurks `cvcs Kecdtc ac rdedib K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k Ëridek Kvc``kik ac mrugk 1?1 Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Ek`äiau`k Ecitc``k ksdëtdek @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr Idlmk

]c`kgkedõi, (vcr (vcr csträs) ]cpc`citc ac discetbs Idlmk Edtrbic`k ]csfrìbs y hrdpcs Kgb

 

Cqudiëeck Hrbsc``k ichrk Jbihbs sjddtknc Gcihdmrc 1?3 @dlõi @`kitäi lkybr Lcitk Brähkib ]chk`dz Wdie ]cspdrkedõi, prbm`clks rcspdrktbrdbs Mbswc``dk Ekraklblb Gcihdmrc

@`kitäi lkybr Lcitk Brähkib Ucld``ks ichrks Qd`b Qbld``b

 

1?6 ]culktdslb K`mkjkek Ëridek Mbswc``dk Ecrczks E`kvb ac b`br Ebjbsj ichrb E÷reulk Frklmucsks Hkrrk ac` adkm`b H`uebskldik Hrbsc``k ichrk Gcihdmrc @`kitäi lkybr

Lcitk B`lb 1?8 Brähkib Brtdhk Uk`cs ac Cpsbl

 

Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Qd`b Qrdpjk`k Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik ]dûõi Ekrab ac `cejc Adcitc ac `cõi Hrbsc``k ichrk Lc`õi klkrhb Ucmbrrck _k`lk cikik klcrdekik Qcrrbrcs ibeturibs, (vcr csträs) 1?: Qdrbdacs

Nc`p Lbrdihk Qbs Cqudiëeck Gcihdmrc @dlõi

 

Qrdh`deärdabs Kgb K`ekejbfk Krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk Ekic`k Ibpk` Ukejk diejd Qä vcrac lktejk ×`ecrks 1?4 @`kitäi lkybr Lc`õi klkrhb Lbrdihk Ibpk` Vkhdibsds mket mketcrdkik, crdkik, ekiadadksds ekiad adksds

_ku a kreb Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Vërdecs, f`cmdtds Ëridek Kvc``kik ac mrugk Ek`äiau`k

 

Hrbsc``k ichrk Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki B`lb Vcsìeu`k Ekrab ac `cejc 1;? Adcitc ac `cõi Vdrus Kgb K`mkjkek Kvc``kik ac mrugk Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Ek`äiau`k Edtrbic`k E`kvb ac b`br

Cqudiëeck Jbihbs sjddtknc @kvkiak @`kitäi lkybr Lkizkid``k Lc`õi klkrhb

 

Idlmk 1;; Võldtbs E`kvb ac b`br Gcihdmrc Lcitk 1;= Ubmrc `ks fucitcs Jc ebisu`tkab iulcrbsks fucitcs quc rcspk`aki edcitìfdeklcitc ekak uib ac `bs rclcadbs quc fbrlki pkrtc ac cstc `dmrb. @k lciedõi ac `bs edcitbs ac abeulcitbs, cstuadbs y krtìeu`bs edcitìfdebs y cspcedk`dzkabs rcsu`tk luy cxtcisk pkrk die`udr`bs ci cstc vb`ulci. _br `b tkitb, divdtb k `bs `cetbrcs ditcrcskabs ci rcvdskr `ks fucitcs ebisu`tkaks k acsekrhkr `k mdm`dbhrkfìk eblp`ctk y bracikak pbr rclcadbs

ci c` sdhudcitc ci`kec7 www.skitbrclcadbmdm`dbhrkfdk.ebl 1;5

 

Khrkacedldcitbs Cstc `dmrb ib jumdcsc sdab pbsdm`c sdi `k kyuak ac Aëidzk Qbmkr, _cihudi ]kiabl Jbusc Hrupb Cadtbrdk` y Sidvdsdbi Citcrprdscs. Qklpbeb jumdcsc sdab pbsdm`c sdi `k eblprcisdõi ac `bs ldclmrbs ac ld fkld`dk, qudcics lc eblpkrtci ebi tbabs ustcacs, pucs eblprciaci tklmdäi `k ldsdõi ac kyuakr k iucstrk ebluidaka. 1;1

Abetbr Guki ]dvcrk C` abetbr Guki ]dvcrk cs läadeb ditcridstk, ebi cspcedk`daka ci ekradb`bhìk y cstuadbs rck`dzkabs ci c` prcstdhdbsb Gbjis Jbpndis Sidvcrsdty Jbspdtk`. Kutbr ac` mcstsc``cr mcstsc``cr Lcgbrk  Lcgbrk tu sk`ua aceblb pbqudAcspdcrtk pbqudtb tb k pbeb, pbeb,Klärdek. cs cxpcrtb läadeb pkrk `k ekacik Sidvdsdbi ci prbhrklks Uu ercadmd`daka, cxpcrdciedk, ecrekiìk y ekrdslk `b jki ebivcrtdab ci c` `ìacr diadseutdab ci tclks ac sk`ua ci `k ebluidaka jdspkik. Fuc eberckabr y

ebiauetbr ac` cxdtbsb prbhrklk Utrkihc Lcadedic ( Lcadedik Acsebibedak) Acsebibedak) quc sc trkisldtdõ pbr `ks ekaciks Fusdbi y Sidvdsdbi, y k trkväs ac` edreudtb ditcrib ac `bs vuc`bs ac Ac`tk Kdr`dics. Ci =?;3 `kizõ c` p`ki ac adctk ]ctb adctk ]ctb =:, =:, c` euk` sc ebivdrtdõ ci `k didedktdvk ebluidtkrdk lës cxdtbsk ac Sidvdsdbi. Uus eb`uliks ci _cbp`c ci _cbp`c ci Cspkûb` sc Cspkûb` sc cieucitrki citrc `ks lës `cìaks ci tclks ac sk`ua. Ketuk`lcitc lkicgk suJbspdtk` prbpdb ecitrb Uk`ua, y Mdcicstkr Ekradbvkseu`kr ci c` prcstdhdbsb LbuitacUdikd ac _rcvciedõi Ldkld Mckej, F`brdak, abiac rcsdac ebi su cspbsk y sus trcs jdgbs. argukigr  - www.arguki.ict argukigr

 

1;3

QKLMDÄI ADU_BIDM@C CI LCGB]K QS UK@SA AC _B[SDQB K _BEB Sik huìk eblp`ctk ac mdcicstkr pkrk td y tu fkld`dk 1;6

 

Edcitbs ac rclcadbs ekscrbs pkrk k`dvdkr lb`cstdks y cifcrlcakacs, lcgbrkr tu sk`ua y jkecrtc `uedr luejb lcgbr. Uchurb tdcics luejbs ac cstbs dihrcadcitcs ci tu ebedik ‑b `bs jks vdstb ci c`

 

lcrekab‑ y ib skmìks quc... `k ekic`k ebitrb`k c` kz÷ekr y lcgbrk `k adhcstdõi, c` jdibgb mkgk `k prcsdõi krtcrdk` y sdrvc pkrk `kvkr `bs bgbs, `k lkizkid``k prcvdcic c` disblidb y kyuakc`k civcgcedldcitb. edektrdzkr, c` brähkib fbrtk`cec c` sdstclk diluib`õhdeb y ebitrkrrcstk Acseumrc eõlb cvdtkr `bs rbiqudabs ebi uik pc`btk ac tcids, eblmktdr `bs ktkqucs ac kslk ebi ekfä, c`dldikr c` lk` b`br ac `bs pdcs ebi tä ichrb y luejbs scerctbs lës. Ebi su cstd`b klcib, c` Abetbr Guki ac Sidvdsdbi rcvc`k EDCIQBU AC UKIQBU ]CLCADBU, ibs eucitk sus brìhcics, ibs cxp`dek pbr quä sì fuiedbiki y ibs mrdiak ebiscgbs c distrueedbics prcedsks pkrk mcicfdedkribs ac c``bs. "Uby ui abetbr fbrlkab kekaäldeklcitc ac keucrab ebi `bs eëibics ac `k lcadedik trkadedbik`, pcrb ebi uik lcitc kmdcrtk y ui acscb ebitdiub ac kprciacr sbmrc tcrkpdks ikturk`cs quc pbarìki lcgbrkr `k ek`daka ac vdak ac lds pkedcitcs y lds tc`cvdacitcs". ‑Abetbr Guki ]dvcrk 1;8 Qjds mbbn ds ibt ditciaca tb sumstdtutc fbr lcadek` kavdec bf pjysdedkis. Qjc dacks,  prbecaurcs, dacks,  prbecaurcs, kia suhhcstdbis ebitkdica ebit kdica di tjds mbbn krc acsdhica tb jc`p bu lknc  lknc tjc  difbrlca acedsdbis kmbut ybur bf jck`tj. Ebisu`t mcfbrc fb``bwdih tjc  kutjbr— kutjbr—s s prbpbsca eburscs trcktlcit. Kiyybur usc pjysdedki bf tjc difbrlktdbi br kpp`dektdbi bf  trcktlcits sct fbrtj di tjds mbbn krc kt tjc rckacr— rckacr—ss sb`c adserctdbi kia rdsn. Qjc kutjbr, kutjbr,  pum`dsjcr, pum`dsjcr, kia Sidvdsdbi Eblluidektdbis Die. spcedfdek``y adse`kdl `dkmd`dty, `bss br rdsn,  rdsn, pcrsbik`  pcrsbik` br btjcrwdsc, wjdej wjde j ds

dieurrca ks k ebiscquciec, adrcet`y br diadrcet`y, diadrcet`y, bf tjc  tjc usc kia kpp`dektdbi bf  kiy bf tjc ebitcits di tjds mbbn. Qjc kutjbr kia tjc pum`dsjcr krc  krc ibt rcspbisdm`c fbr tjc wcmsdtcs (br dts ebitcits) lcitdbica di tjds mbbn, fbr wjdej tjcy  tjcy ab ibt  bwi rdhjts tb. Cstc `dmrb ib prctciac sustdtudr c` ebiscgb läadeb ac ui prbfcsdbik`. @ks dacks, prbecadldcitbs y suhcrciedks ebitcidabs ci cstc `dmrb Ebisu`tc tdcici `k ditciedõi ac kyuakr k tblkr acedsdbics ebisedcitcs sbmrc su sk`ua. k su läadeb kitcs ac schudr `bs trktkldcitbs prbpucstbs pbr c` kutbr. Euk`qudcr usb ac `k difbrlkedõi b ac `k kp`dekedõi ac `bs trktkldcitbs cxprcskabs ci cstc `dmrb qucak k adsercedõi y rdcshb ac` usukrdb. C` kutbr, c` cadtbr y Sidvdsdbi Eblluidektdbis

 

Die. ib sc rcspbiskmd`dzki pbr idihuik päradak b rdcshb, pcrsbik` b ac btrk ìiab`c, ci quc sc jkyk dieurrdab eblb ebisceuciedk, adrcetk b diadrcetk, ac `k utd`dzkedõi y kp`dekedõi ac euk`qudcrkDie. ac `bs ebitcidabs ac cstc pbr `dmrb. kutbr, c` cadtbr y Sidvdsdbi Eblluidektdbis ib sc rcspbiskmd`dzki `bsC`sdtdbs wcm (b su ebitcidab) lciedbikabs ci c` `dmrb quc ib sbi ac su prbpdcaka. Ukitb rclcadb _rdlcrk cadedõi7 gu`db ac =?;8 1;:

Cadedõi ci fbrlktb adhdtk`7 gu`db ac =?;8 © =?;8, Ar. Guki ]dvcrk © =?;8, _cihudi ]kiabl Jbusc Hrupb Cadtbrdk` SUK, @@E. :43? UX 81tj Eburt, Uudtc =?;? Ldkld, F@ 55;36 www.lchustk`ccrcicspkib`.ebl

@bs tìtu`bs y `bhbtdpbs ac Sidvdsdbi sbi `ks lkreks rchdstrkaks ac Sidvdsdbi Eblluidektdbis Die. Fbtbhrkfìks ac` kutbr7 Sidvdsdbi Eblluidektdbis Die. [ucak rdhurbsklcitc prbjdmdak, sdi kutbrdzkedõi cserdtk ac `bs tdtu`krcs ac` ebpyrdhjt , mkgb `ks skiedbics cstkm`cedaks pbr `ks `cycs, `k rcprbaueedõi tbtk` b pkredk` ac cstk bmrk pbr euk`qudcr lcadb b prbecadldcitb, eblprciadabs `k rcprbhrkfìk, c` trktkldcitb difbrlëtdeb, ksì eblb `k adstrdmuedõi ac cgclp`krcs ac `k ldslk lcadkitc k`qud`cr b prästklb p÷m`debs.

 

DUMI 48:-;-41331?-66-? Ebivcrsdõi k fbrlktb adhdtk`7 @dmrcsquc 1;4 Ìiadec Ukitb rclcadb Acadektbrdk Ditrbaueedõi Dihrcadcitcs pkrk `bs rclcadbs ekscrbs Kecdtc ac rdedib Kecdtc ac säsklb y sk`vkab ac krrbz Kgb K`mkjkek K`ekejbfk K`fk`fk K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k

Krëiakibs khrdbs Krëiakibs md`mcrry Ëridek Krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk Kvc``kik ac mrugk Kvcik

 

Kzkfrëi Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb Mbswc``dk Ekekb Ek`äiau`k 1=? Ekic`k Ekraklblb Ekrab ac `cejc Ecmkak Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Ecrczks Edruc`k eklu eklu Edruc`k nknkau Edtrbic`k

E`kvb ac b`br Ebjbsj ichrb E÷reulk Adcitc ac `cõi Cqudiëeck Cspdru`dik

 

Fcibhrceb F`br ac Gklkdek Frklmucsks HKMK Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Hciedkik Hdinhb md`bmk Hdiscih H`uebskldik Hrbsc``k ichrk Hukrkië Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki Jdibgb 1=; Jbihbs sjddtknc

Gcihdmrc Nc`p @-tckidik @kvkiak @dlõi @`kitäi lkybr

 

Lkek Lkizkid``k Lkrkeuyë Lc`õi klkrhb Lcitk Lbrdihk Idlmk Ibpk` B`lb Brähkib Brtdhk _k`lk cikik klcrdekik _ku a—kreb _crcgd` _sy``dul (eësekrk)

]chk`dz ]jbadb`k Ukejk diejd Uk`cs ac Cpsbl Uk`vdk Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk

 

1== Ucld``ks ichrks Uci Qä vcrac lktejk Qd`b Qbld``b Qrdpjk`k Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik Tkeõi Wkikjbrdk Wdie Ucerctbs pkrk tcicr k lkib K`hbaõi ebi k`ebjb` K`hbaõi y vdikhrc

Mb`sk ac pkpc` Mrõeb`d eruab Ekfä Eblprcsks ac eb` Frcsks y mdekrmbiktb Jdsbpb b ebtbictk

 

@cihuk Ldc`, kecdtc ac b`dvk y ecrk ac kmcgks _c`btk ac tcids Ubpk ac pb``b Qä ichrb Svks Vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k Lkrs c``k Ìiadec pbr sìitblks b ab`ciedks 1=5 Ubmrc `ks fucitcs Khrkacedldcitbs Abetbr Guki ]dvcrk Ubmrc cstc `dmrb Eräadtbs 1=1

Ìiadec Ukitb rclcadb = Acadektbrdk 1 Ditrbaueedõi

 

3 Dihrcadcitcs pkrk `bs rclcadbs ekscrbs 4 Kecdtc ac rdedib ;? Kecdtc ac säsklb y sk`vkab ac krrbz ;5 Kgb ;6 K`mkjkek ;4 K`ekejbfk == K`fk`fk =3

K`bc vcrk b sëmd`k =: Krëiakibs khrdbs 5; Krëiakibs md`mcrry 51

 

Ëridek 58 Krrbz ac `cvkaurk rbgk 1? Kvc``kik ac mrugk 15 Kvcik 16 Kzkfrëi 14 Mdekrmbiktb ac sbadb 3= Mbswc``dk 33 Ekekb

3: Ek`äiau`k 6; Ekic`k 61 Ekraklblb

 

68 Ekrab ac `cejc 8? Ecmkak 85 Ecitc``k ksdëtdek 86 Ecrczks 84 Edruc`k eklu eklu := Edruc`k nknkau :3 Edtrbic`k ::

E`kvb ac b`br 4; Ebjbsj ichrb 41 1=3 E÷reulk

 

48 Adcitc ac `cõi ;?? Cqudiëeck ;?5 Cspdru`dik ;?6 Fcibhrceb ;?4 F`br ac Gklkdek ;;= Frklmucsks ;;3 HKMK ;;:

Hkrrk ac` adkm`b ;=; Hciedkik ;=1 Hdinhb md`bmk ;=8

 

Hdiscih ;5? H`uebskldik ;55 Hrbsc``k ichrk ;56 Hukrkië ;54 Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki ;1= Jdibgb ;13 Jbihbs sjddtknc ;1: Gcihdmrc

;3; Nc`p ;31 @-tckidik ;38 @kvkiak

 

;6? @dlõi ;65 @`kitäi lkybr ;66 Lkek ;64 Lkizkid``k ;8= Lkrkeuyë ;83 Lc`õi klkrhb ;8: Lcitk ;:;

Lbrdihk ;:1 Idlmk ;:8 Ibpk` ;4?

 

B`lb ;45 Brähkib ;46 Brtdhk ;44 1=6 _k`lk cikik klcrdekik =?= _ku a—kreb =?3 _crcgd` =?: _sy``dul (eësekrk) =;;

]chk`dz =;1 ]jbadb`k =;8 Ukejk diejd ==?

 

Uk`cs ac Cpsbl === Uk`vdk ==3 Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk ==: Ucld``ks ichrks =5; Uci =51 Qä vcrac lktejk =58 Qd`b =1? Qbld``b

=15 Qrdpjk`k =16 Vcrmcik ac `dlõi =14 Vdikhrc ac sdark sdar k ac lkizkik

 

=3= Tkeõi =33 Wkikjbrdk =3: Wdie =6; Ucerctbs pkrk tcicr k lkib =61 K`hbaõi ebi k`ebjb` =63 K`hbaõi y vdikhrc =68 Mb`sk ac pkpc` =64

Mrõeb`d eruab =8; Ekfä =85 Eblprcsks ac eb` =83

 

Frcsks y mdekrmbiktb =88 Jdsbpb b ebtbictk =84 @cihuk =:; Ldc`, kecdtc ac b`dvk y ecrk ac kmcgks =:5 _c`btk ac tcids =:3 Ubpk ac pb``b =:8 Qä ichrb =4? 1=8

Svks =4= Vdikhrc ac Lkrsc``k Lkrs c``k =41 Ìiadec pbr sìitblks b ab`ciedks 536

 

Ubmrc `ks fucitcs 1;5 Khrkacedldcitbs 1;1 Abetbr Guki ]dvcrk 1;3 Ubmrc cstc `dmrb 1;8 Eräadtbs 1;: 1=:

 

Abeulcit Abeul cit B But`dic ut`dic

Ukitb rclcadb rclcadb Acadektbrdk Ditrbaueedõii Ditrbaueedõ Dihrcadcitcss pkrk `bs Dihrcadcitc `bs rclcadbs ekscrbs Kecdtc ac Kecdtc  ac rdedib rdedib Kecdtc ac Kecdtc  ac säsklb y sk`vkab sk`vkab ac krrbz Kgb K`mkjkek K`mkj kek K`ekejbfk K`eke jbfk K`fk`f K`fk`fk k K`bc vcrk vcrk b sëmd`k Krëiakibs Krëia kibs khrdbs Krëiakibs Krëia kibs md`mcrry Ëridekk Ëride Krrbz ac Krrbz  ac `cvkaurk  `cvkaurk rbgk Kvc``kik Kvc``k ik ac mrugk Kvcik Kzkfrëi Kz kfrëi Mdekrmbiktb Md ekrmbiktb ac sbadb Mbswc``dk Ekekb Ek`äiau`k Ekic`k

Ekraklblb Ekrab ac `cejc Ecmkak Ecitc``k ksdëtdek Ecrczks Edruc`k eklu eklu Edruc`k nknkau Edtrbic`k E`kvb ac b`br Ebjbsj ichrb E÷reulk

 

Adcitc ac `cõi Cqudiëeck Cspdru`dik Fcibhrceb F`br ac Gklkdek Frklmucsks HKMK Hkrrk ac` adkm`b Hciedkik Hdinhb md`bmk Hdiscih H`uebskldik Hrbsc``k ichrk Hukrkië Jdcrmk ac Uki Guki Jdibgb Jbihbs sjddtknc Gcihdmrc Nc`p @-tckidik @kvkiak @dlõi @`kitäi lkybr Lkek Lkizkid``k Lkrkeuyë Lc`õi klkrhb

Lcitk Lbrdihk Idlmk Ibpk` B`lb Brähkib Brtdhk _k`lk cikik klcrdekik _ku a—kreb _crcgd` _sy``dul (eësekrk) ]chk`dz

 

]jbadb`k Ukejk diejd Uk`cs Uk`vdkac Cpsbl Ucld``ks ac ek`kmkzk Ucld``ks ichrks Uci Qä vcrac lktejk Qd`b Qbld``b Qrdpjk`k Vcrmcik ac `dlõi Vdikhrc ac sdark ac lkizkik Tkeõi Wkikjbrdk Wdie Ucerctbs pkrk tcicr k lkib K`hbaõi ebi k`ebjb` K`hbaõi y vdikhrc Mb`sk ac pkpc` Mrõeb`d eruab Ekfä Eblprcsks ac eb` Frcsks ybmdekrmbiktb Jdsbpb ebtbictk @cihuk Ldc`, kecdtc ac b`dvk y ecrk ac kmcgks