Sanskrit Textbook

izvsUÇai[ Çivasütras The sütras below are called ‘Çivasütras’. According to tradition, these sütras came out of Lord Çiva's òamaru (drum) during his täëòava (dance of ecstasy) and Mahaåñi Päëini recorded them. The entire Sanskrit grammar is based on these Çivasütras.

1.

A # % ([! )

2.

\ ¤ (k! )

3.

@ Aae ('! )

4.

@e AaE (c! )

5.

h y v r (q! )

6.

l ([! )

7.

| m ' [ n (m! )

8.

H É (|! )

9.

" F x (;! )

10.

j b g f d (z! )

11.

o ) D Q w c q t (v! )

12.

k p (y! )

13.

z ; s (r! )

14.

h (l! )

Bird’s Eye View

13. zaSÇai[ 12. siNx>

Scriptures

1. A]rai[

Combination

Alphabets

2. zBda>

11. àyaeg>

Nouns

Voice

10. s'!Oya>

3. AVyyain

s

4. i³yapd< lkaraí

Suffixes

Verbs and Tenses

8. %psgaR>

5. pué;> vcn< c

Prefixes

Person & Number

7. zBd> ivÉiKtí Words & Cases

6. l"uvaKyain Simple Sentences

A]rai[ Alphabets

Sanskrit alphabets are classified into four groups. They are: 1. Svra>

–

Vowels

2. VyÃnain

–

Consonants

3 . SvryuKt-VyÃnain

–

Consonants with vowels

4. s – Vowels There are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit language. They are:

A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaE There are two more letters (1) Anusvära and (2) Visarga represented by a

‘dot’ ( . ) and two ‘vertical dots’ (>) respectively. Example: A< and A> . ³

1.2 VyÃnain – Consonants There are 33 consonants categorized into 8 groups.

kœ c! qœ t! p! y! z! hœ

o! Dœ Qœ w! )œ r! ;!

g! j! fœ dœ b! l! s!

"! H! Fœ x! É! v!

'œ |! [! n! m!

–

k group

–

c group

–

q group

–

t group

–

p group

–

semi-vowels

–

sibilants

–

aspirate ³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

4

Almost all the consonants drop their ‘vertical line’ and the ‘slanting line’ that are below them to form half consonants. Note that their pronunciation does not change due to this modification. 1.

k!

=

K

18.

d!

=

-

2.

o!

=

O

19.

x!

=

X

3.

g!

=

G

20.

n!

=

N

4.

"!

=

¸

21.

p!

=

P

5.

'!

=

-

22.

)!

=

á

6.

c!

=

C

23.

b!

=

B

7.

D!

=

-

24.

É!

=

_

8.

j!

=

J

25.

m!

=

M

9.

H!

=

H

26.

y!

=

Y

10.

|!

=

Á

27.

r!

=

R

11.

q!

=

-

28.

l!

=

L

12.

Q!

=

-

29.

v!

=

V

13.

f!

=

-

30.

z!

=

Z

14.

F!

=

-

31.

;!

=

:

15.

[!

=

{

32.

s!

=

S

16.

t!

=

T

33.

h!

=

-

17.

w!

=

W

Observe that some of consonants do not have any vertical lines in them and therefore do not change. For example: q! Q! F! and d! .

5

Textbook

1.3. SvryuKt-VyÃnain – Consonants United with Vowels The consonants that are combined with vowels are called ‘svarayuktavyaïjanäni’.

k!

+

A

=

k

k!

+

Aa

=

ka

k!

+

#

=

ik

k!

+

$

=

kI

k!

+

%

=

k…

k!

+

^

=

kª

k!

+

\

=

k«

k!

+

§

=

k©

k!

+

¤

=

„

k!

+

@

=

ke

k!

+

@e

=

kE

k!

+

Aae

=

kae

k!

+

AaE

=

kaE

With anusvära ( . ) and visarga (> ), the forms are:

k!

+

A<

=

k<

k!

+

A>

=

k> ³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

6

This chart gives you an overall view of all the svarayukta-vyaïjanäni. A Aa

#

¤

@

@e

k!

k ka

ik kI k… kª

k«

ke

kE kae kaE k< k>

oe

oE oae oaE o< o>

g&

k© k ¤ o¨ o ¤ g¨ g ¤

o!

o oa

io oI ou oU

o&

g!

g

ga

ig gI

gu

gU

ge

gE

gae gaE g<

g>

"!

"

"a

i" "I

"u

"U

"&

"¨

" ¤

"e

"E

"ae "aE "<

">

'!

' 'a

i' 'I 'u

'U '&

'¨ ' ¤

'e

'E 'ae 'aE '< '>

c!

c ca

ic cI cu

cU

c&

c¨

c ¤

ce

cE cae caE c< c>

D!

D

iD DI

Du

DU

D&

De

DE

j ja

ij jI ju

jU

j&

D ¤ j¨ j ¤

j!

je

jE jae jaE j< j>

H!

H Ha

iH HI Hu

HU

H&

H¨ H ¤

He

HE Hae HaE H< H>

|!

| |a

i| |I |u

|U

|&

|¨ | ¤

|e

|E |ae |aE |< |>

q!

q

qa

iq

qI

qu

qU

q&

q¨

q ¤

qe

qE

qae

qaE q<

q>

Q!

Q

Qa

iQ

QI

Qu

QU

Q&

Q¨

Q ¤

Qe

QE

Qae

QaE Q<

Q>

f!

f

fa

if

fI

fu

fU

f&

f¨

f ¤

fe

fE

fae

faE f<

f>

F!

F

Fa

iF

FI

Fu

FU

F«

F¨

F ¤

Fe

FE

Fae

FaE F<

F>

[!

[ [a

i[ [I [u

[U

[&

[¨

[ ¤

[e

[E [ae [aE [< [>

Da

$

%

^

\ §

D¨

Aae AaE A< A>

Dae DaE D<

D>

Textbook

A Aa

7

#

$

%

^ \

§

¤

@

@e

Aae AaE A< A>

ta it

t ¤ w ¤ d ¤ x ¤ n ¤

te

tE

tae

taE t<

t>

we

wE

wae

waE w<

w>

de

dE

dae

daE d<

d>

xe

xE

xae

xaE x<

x>

ne

nE

nae

naE n<

n>

pE

pae

paE

p<

p>

)E )ae )aE )<

)>

t!

t

tI

tu

tU

t&

t¨

w!

w wa iw wI

wu

wU

w&

w¨

d!

d

da id

dI

Ê

Ë

d&

d¨

x!

x xa ix

xI

xu

xU

x&

x¨

n!

n

na in

nI

nu

nU

n&

n¨

p!

p

pa ip

pI

pu

pU

p&

p¨

)!

) )a i) )I )…

)ª

)«

)©

p pe ¤ ) )e ¤

b!

b

bI

bu

bU

b&

b¨

v ¤

be

bE

bae

baE

b<

b>

É!

É Éa iÉ ÉI

Éu

ÉU

É&

ɨ

É ¤

Ée

ÉE

Éae ÉaE

É<

É>

m!

m ma im mI

mu

mU

m&

m¨

m ¤

me

mE

mae maE

m<

m>

y!

y

ya

iy yI

yu

yU

y&

y¨

y ¤

ye

yE yae

yaE

y<

y>

r!

r

ra

ir rI

é

ê

r&

r¨

r ¤

re

rE

raE

r<

r>

l!

l la

il lI lu

lU

l&

l¨

le

lE lae

laE l<

l>

v!

v

iv vI

vu

vU

v&

v¨

l ¤ v ¤

ve

vE vae

vaE

v<

v>

z!

z za

iz zI zu

zU

z&

z¨

z ¤

ze

zE zae

zaE z<

z>

;!

;

i; ;I

;u

;U

;&

;¨

;e

;E ;ae

;aE

;<

;>

s!

s sa

is sI su

sU

s&

s¨

; ¤ s ¤

se

sE sae

saE s<

s>

h!

h

ih hI

hU

ù

h¨

h ¤

he

hE

ba

va

;a

ha

ib

hu

rae

hae haE

h<

h>

Sulabha Saàskåtam

8

1.4. s Nouns

Based on their gender, nouns are classified into three types – masculine, feminine and neuter. The specific mention of the noun’s gender is found in texts such as Amara-koça. However, some rules are given here for the students’ easy comprehension.

zBda>

Nouns

pui‘¼>

ôIil¼>

npus < kil¼>

Masculine Nouns

Feminine Nouns

Neuter Nouns

A>

#>

%>

Aa

$

Am!

³

2.1 pui‘¼> – Masculine Gender Nouns Words which end with A>, #> and %> are usually masculine gender nouns. When two vertical dots (>) are put after any letter it is called ‘visarga’. When words end with A>, they are called akäränta-pulliìga; when they end with #>, they are called ikäränta-pulliìga; and when they end with %>, they are called ukäränta-pulliìga.

Sulabha Saàskåtam

16

2.2 SÇIil¼> – Feminine Gender Nouns Words that end with Aa and $ are usually feminine gender nouns (äkäräntastréliìga and ékäränta-stréliìga).

2.3 npus < kil¼> – Neuter Gender Nouns Words that end with Am! are usually neuter gender nouns (akäräntanapuàsakaliìga). ³

Masculine Gender Nouns Words ending with A> 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Aj> AwR> ram> kr> Ët>

Words ending with #> 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Air> kiv> pit> muin> Ai¶>

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Feminine Gender Nouns Words ending with Aa

Words ending with $

ÉayaR 2. Daya 3 . maya 4. icNta

1.

1.

Words ending with %>

ndI 2. narI 3 . pTnI 4. pavRtI

Neuter Gender Nouns Words ending with Am!

icÇm! 2. Évnm! 3 . ]eÇm! 4. %pvnm! 1.

³

#NÊ> gué> té> zMÉu> irpu>

17

Textbook

More Masculine Gender Nouns 1.

Aj>

–

Goat

23.

kal>

–

Time

2.

AwR>

–

Meaning

24.

kIq>

–

Worm

3.

Als>

–

Lazy person

25.

kªp>

–

Well

4.

Anl>

–

Fire

26.

k«;Ivl> –

Farmer

5.

Anug>

–

Follower

27.

kez>

–

Hair

6.

Añ>

–

Horse

28.

kaeivd>

–

Expert

7.

Axr>

–

Lip

29.

kaez>

–

Treasure

8.

jy>

–

Victory

30.

or>

–

Donkey

9.

Air>

–

Enemy

31.

og>

–

Bird

10. Ainl>

–

Wind

32.

ol>

–

Wicked man

11. AiÉÉv>

–

Insult

33.

gayk>

–

Singer

12. AacayR>

–

Teacher

34.

"q>

–

Pot

13. Aadez>

–

Order

35.

ºa[>

–

Nose

14. AadzR>

–

Mirror

36.

ctur>

–

Clever

15. Aahar>

–

Food

37.

c]u>

–

Eye

16. #NÊ>

–

Moon

38.

icÇk>

–

Leopard

17. %*m>

–

Effort

39.

caer>

–

Thief

18. A»‚r>

–

Sprout

40.

jld>

–

Cloud

19. kak>

–

Crow

41.

jng[> –

Community

20. kNÊk>

–

Ball

42.

jNtu>

–

A creature

21. kvaq>

–

Door

43.

té>

–

Tree

22. kiv>

–

Poet

44.

tu;ar>

–

Dew, mist

Sulabha Saàskåtam

18

45. d]>

Expert

67. Éek>

–

Frog

46. di][hSt> –

Right hand

68. smuÔ>

–

Ocean

47. dzn>

–

Tooth

69. mStk>

–

Head

48. Ët>

–

Messenger

70. me;pal>

–

Shepherd

49. nq>

–

Actor

71. mae">

–

Vain

50. nr>

–

Man

72. yit>

–

Saint

51. nairkel>

–

Coconut

73. rw>

–

Chariot

52. naivk>

–

Boat-man

74. irKt>

–

Empty

53. n&pit>

–

King

75. irpu>

–

Enemy

54. pit>

–

Leader

76. laek>

–

World

55. p]>

–

Wing

77. v]>

–

Chest

56. pqu>

–

Smart person

78. vqv&]>

–

Banyan tree

57. praepkar>

–

Help

79. vTs>

–

Calf

58. prapkar>

–

Harm

80. vamhSt>

–

Left hand

59. pai[>

–

Palm

81. vat>

–

Wind

60. iv*aly>

–

School

82. ivvad>

–

Dispute

61. pavk>

–

Fire

83. iv¹>

–

Obstacle

62. àatraz>

–

Breakfast

84. ivzal>

–

Big

63. ANtk>

–

Yama

85. Vyayam>

–

Exercise

64. bal>

–

Boy

86. zail>

–

Paddy

65. ÉKt>

–

Devotee

87. zakiqk> –

Cart-man

66. Éq>

–

Soldier

88. izzu>

Child

–

–

19

Textbook

89. zMÉu>

–

Lord Çiva

92. har>

–

Garland

90. sr>

–

Tank

93. hIrk>

–

Diamond

91. SkNx>

–

Shoulder ³

More Feminine Gender Nouns 1.

AqvI

–

Forest

20. ÉayaR

–

Wife

2.

Aaza

–

Desire

21. mhI

–

Earth

3.

kNya

–

Girl

22. mala

–

Garland

4.

ktRrI

–

Scissor

23. m&;a

–

Falsehood

5.

k…iÂka

–

Key

24. m&iÄka

–

Clay

6.

kaEmudI

–

Moonlight

25. mexa

–

Memory

7.

"{qa

–

Bell

26. lúmI

–

Lakñmé

8.

icNta

–

Worry

27. vaihnI

–

Army

9.

cUfa

–

Crest

28. vataR

–

News

10. jnnI

–

Mother

29. iv*a

–

Knowledge

11. devta

–

Goddess

30. vIwI

–

Street

12. xra

–

Earth

31. vedna

–

Pain

13. xaÇI

–

Nurse

32. zkRra

–

Sugar

14. narI

–

Woman

33. zv›rI

–

Night

15. nasa

–

Nose

34. zaoa

–

Branch

16. naEka

–

Boat

35. zu{fa

–

Trunk

17. pTnI

–

Wife

36. sÉa

–

Assembly

18. piÇka

–

Letter

37. Sp&ha

–

Desire

19. peiqka

–

Box

Sulabha Saàskåtam

20

More Neuter Gender Nouns 1.

A]rm!

–

Alphabet

23. gaÇm!

–

Body

2.

Aijnm!

–

Deer-skin

24. gaepurm!

–

Tower

3.

AMbrm!

–

Sky

25. "&tm!

4.

An&tm!

–

Falsehood

26. icÇm!

–

Picture

5.

AXyynm!

–

Study

27. c³m!

–

Wheel

6.

Aannm!

–

Face

28. DÇm!

–

Umbrella

7.

AaÉr[m!

–

Ornament

29. iDÔm!

–

Hole

8.

%Ärm!

–

Answer

30. jQrm!

–

Belly

9.

%*anm!

–

Garden

31. tqakm!

–

Lake

10. %drm!

–

Stomach

32. t&[m!

–

Grass

11. %pvnm!

–

Garden

33. taeym!

–

Water

12. Aaednm!

–

Cooked rice

34. ÊGxm!

–

Milk

13. AaE;xm!

–

Medicine

35. xnm!

–

Wealth

14. kgRlm!

–

Paper

36. xaNym!

–

Grain

15. kNdm!

–

Root

37. xEyRm!

–

Courage

16. klÇm!

–

Wife

38. n]Çm!

–

Star

17. klevrm!

–

Body

39. nynm!

–

Eye

18. kmRg&hm!

–

Work-place

40. nIfm!

–

Nest

19. kaVym!

–

Poetry

41. ngrm!

–

City

20. k…{flm!

–

Earring

42. pdm!

–

Step

21. kaEzlm!

–

Skill

43. pÃrm!

–

Cage

22. kaeqrm!

–

Hollow of a

44. p[Rm!

–

Leaf

tree

45. paÇm!

–

Vessel

–

Ghee

21

Textbook

46. patkm!

–

Sin

58.

vSÇm!

–

Dress

47. pu:pm!

–

Flower

59.

ivñm!

–

World

48. )lm!

–

Fruit

60.

zkqm!

–

Cart

49. bNxnm!

–

Bondage

61.

zakm!

–

Vegetable

50. Évnm!

–

House

62.

sahsm!

–

Bravery

51. mULym!

–

Price

63.

saepanm!

–

Step, stairs

52. maedkm!

–

Sweet ball

64.

SvCDm!

–

Clean

53. yaejnm!

–

8 miles

65.

ihmm!

–

Snow

54. llaqm!

–

Forehead

66.

]Irm!

–

Milk

55. lv[m!

–

Salt

67.

]eÇm!

–

Field

56. laecnm!

–

Eye

68.

}anm!

–

Knowledge

57. vdnm!

–

Face ³

)lain – Fruits 1.

kdlI)lm!

–

Banana

6. Anans)lm!

– Pineapple

2.

nar¼)lm!

–

Orange

7. daifm)lm!

–

3.

inMbUk)lm!

–

Lemon

8. bhubIj)lm!

– Guava

4.

Ôa]a)lm!

–

Grape

9. Aaè)lm!

– Mango

5.

pns)lm!

–

Jackfruit

Pomegranate

³

m&ga> – Animals 1.

xen>u

–

Cow

4.

majaRr>

–

Cat

2.

k…Kk…r>

–

Dog

5.

is

–

Lion

3.

gj>

–

Elephant

6.

vanr>

–

Monkey

Sulabha Saàskåtam

22

7.

mU;k>

–

Rat

12.

zz>

–

Rabbit

8.

Vyaº>

–

Tiger

13.

gdRÉ>

–

Donkey

9.

%:q+>

–

Camel

14.

vrah>

–

Pig

10. hir[>

–

Deer

15.

z&gal>

–

Fox

11. ÉLlUk>

–

Bear

16.

v&k>

–

Wolf

³

pi][> – Birds 1.

h

–

Swan

7.

k…Kk…qI

–

Hen

2.

myUr>

–

Peacock

8.

kpaet>

–

Dove

3.

kaeikl>

–

Cuckoo

9.

%lUk>

–

Owl

4.

zuk>

–

Parrot

10.

bk>

–

Crane

5.

kak>

–

Crow

11.

cqk>

–

Sparrow

6.

k…Kk…q>

–

Cock ³

àai[n> – (Other) Living Beings 1.

m{fUk>

–

Frog

7.

g&hgaeixka –

House lizard

2.

mTSy>

–

Fish

8.

v&iík>

–

Scorpion

3.

kªmR>

–

Tortoise

9.

mi]ka

–

Fly

4.

mkr>

–

Crocodile

10.

mzk>

–

Mosquito

5.

spR>

–

Snake

11.

mxukr>

–

Honeybee

6.

kkRq>

–

Crab

12.

ippIilka

–

Ant

2.

ñet>

–

White

³

v[aR> – Colours 1.

k«:[>

–

Black

23

Textbook

3.

pIt>

–

Yellow

6.

paql>

–

Rose

4.

hirt>

–

Green

7.

nIl>

–

Blue

5.

k;ay>

–

Orange

8.

rKt>

–

Red

–

Banyan tree

³

v&]a> – Trees 1.

Aaèv&]>

–

Mango tree

5.

vqv&]>

2.

talv&]>

–

Palm tree

6.

AZvTwv&]> –

Peepal tree

3.

pnsv&]>

–

Jack tree

7.

nairkelv&]> –

Coconut tree

4.

kdlIv&]>

–

Banana tree ³

zrIrSy A¼ain – Parts of the Body 1.

izr>

–

Head

8.

hSt>

–

Hand

2.

neÇm!

–

Eye

9.

A¼‚lI

–

Finger

3.

ïaeÇm!

–

Ear

10. no>

–

Nail

4.

naiska

–

Nose

11. k{Q>

–

Neck

5.

muom!

–

Mouth

12. %drm!

–

Belly

6.

dNt>

–

Teeth

13. ^é>

–

Thigh

7.

ijþa

–

Tongue

14. pad>

–

Leg

–

Jasmine

³

pu:pai[ – Flowers 1.

kmlm!

–

Lotus

4.

miLlka

2.

jpak…summ!

–

Hibiscus

5.

sUyRkaiNt> –

3.

gulavpu:pm!

–

Rose ³

Sunflower

Sulabha Saàskåtam

24

rsa> – Tastes 1. mxur>

–

2. k;ay>

–

3 . kqu>

–

4.

AMl>

–

Sour

Astringent

5.

itKt>

–

Bitter

Pungent

6.

lv[>

–

Salty

–

West

di][a

–

South

Sweet

³

idza> – Directions 1. %Ära

–

North

3. piZcma

2. pUvaR

–

East

4. ³

vasra> – Days 1. rivvasr>

–

Sunday

5. guévasr>

–

Thursday

2. saemvasr>

–

Monday

6. zu³vasr>

–

Friday

3 . m¼lvasr>

–

Tuesday

7. zinvasr> –

Saturday

4. buxvasr>

–

Wednesday ³

vahnain – Vehicles 1. kar!yanm!

–

Car

5. iÇci³ka

–

Auto

2. zkqm!

–

Cart

6. naEka

–

Boat

3 . ivmanm!

–

Aeroplane

7. mhanaEka

–

Ship

4. laekyanm!

–

Bus ³

g&hm! – House 1. iÉiÄ>

–

Wall

3.

#iòka

–

Brick

2. Did>

–

Roof

4.

vataynm!

–

Window

25

Textbook

5. kvaqm!

–

Door

7.

Öarm!

–

Entrance

6. saepanm!

–

Steps

8.

%pvnm!

–

Garden

³

k…qMu b> – Family 1. ipta

–

Father

5.

A¢ja

–

Elder sister

2. mata

–

Mother

6.

A¢j>

–

Elder brother

3 . Anuj>

–

Younger brother 7.

iptamh>

–

(Paternal) Grandfather

4. Anuja

–

Younger sister

8.

iptamhI

–

(Paternal) Grandmother

³

iv*aly> - School 1. AXyapk>

–

Teacher (M)

7.

k«:[)lkm!

–

Blackboard

2. AXyaipka

–

Teacher (F)

8.

puStkm!

–

Book

3 . DaÇ>

–

Student (M)

9.

A]rm!

–

Letter, syllable

4. DaÇa

–

Student (F)

10.

A»nI

–

Pencil

5. %TpIiqka

–

Table

11.

leonI

–

Pen

6. AasNd>

–

Chair ³

\tu – Season 1. hemNt>

–

Winter

4.

¢I:m>

–

Summer

2. izizr>

–

Cold season

5.

v;aR

–

Rainy season

3. vsNt>

–

Spring

6.

zrt!

–

Autumn

³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

26

mas> – Month 1. magRzI;R>

7.

Jyeó>

2. paE;>

8.

Aa;aF>

3. ma">

9.

ïav[>

4. )aLgun>

10. ÉaÔpd>

5. cEÇ>

11. Aaiñn>

6. vEzao>

12. kaiÄRk>

Textbook

27

AVyyain

Indeclinables

Words that remain unchanged in all numbers, cases and genders are known as ’indeclinables’ (avyaya). 1.

AÇ

–

Here

21. %CcEStrm! –

Loudly

2.

tÇ

–

There

R ! 22. tU[m

–

Speedily

3.

Ax>

–

Down

23. A*

–

Today

4.

%pir

–

Above

24. àitidnm!

–

Every day

5.

pUvm › !

–

Before

25. inTyz>

–

Daily

6.

AxStat!

–

Below

26. ý>

–

Yesterday

7.

A¢t>

–

In front of

27. prý>

–

The day before

8.

purStat!

–

Before

9.

p&ót>

–

Behind

28. ñ>

–

Tomorrow

10. àat>

–

Morning

29. prñ>

–

The day after

11. saym!

–

Evening

12. idva

–

Day

30. ta†zm!

–

Like that

13. nKtm!

–

Night

31. tdanIm!

–

Then

14. mNdm!

–

Slowly

32. Aip

–

Also

15. zIºm!

–

Quickly

33. A*

–

Today

16. shsa

–

Suddenly

34. ikNtu

–

But

17. sTvrm!

–

Immediately

35. prNtu

–

But

18. prm!

–

After

36. ywa - twa –

As – so

19. s*>

–

Instantly

37. yid - tihR –

If – so

20. pura

–

In the olden days 38. k…Ç

yesterday

tomorrow

–

Where

Sulabha Saàskåtam

28

39. kda

–

When

58. AtIv

–

Very much

40. #danIm!

–

Now

59. àaye[

–

Mostly

41. kwm!

–

How

60. @vm!

–

Thus

42. kit

–

How many

61. @kda

–

Once

43. ikyt!

–

How much

62. kdaict!

–

Once

44. ikimit

–

Why

63. Alm!

–

Enough

45. ikmut

–

Whether

64. ma

–

Don't

46. kId¯zm!

–

Of what kind

65. va

–

Or

47. ivna

–

Without

66. olu

–

Certainly

48. #it

–

Thus

67. ANtralm!

–

Between

49. #v

–

Like

68. intram!

–

Entirely

50. #h

–

Here

69. É&zm!

–

Often

51. pun>

–

Again

70. tt>

–

Then

52. sda

–

Always

71. tt> àÉ&it

–

Since then

53. sNttm!

–

Always

72. Axuna

–

Now

54. sMyk!

–

Good, well

73. muhUtRm!

–

Awhile

55. kwÂn

–

By any means

74. sh

–

With

56. smNtt>

–

All around

75. kiít!

–

Someone

57. Anekz>

–

Many times,

76. svRt>

–

From every side

many ways

Textbook

29

i³yapd< lkaraí Verbs and Tenses

There are about 2200 verb roots (dhätu) in Sanskrit. These roots are classified into three types – (1) parasmaipada (2) ätmanepada and (3) ubhayapada. Ubhayapada has not been dealt with in this book.

xatv>

prSmEpdI

AaTmnepdI

‘Parasmai’ means ‘for other’ and ‘ätmane’ means ‘for oneself’. Thus, when actions are done for others’ sake, parasmaipadé roots are used. And, when the actions are done for one's own sake, ätmanepadé roots are used. This differentiation is mainly to indicate the intention of the doer. Please note that this rule is not followed presently in Sanskrit. Parasmaipadé is dealt in detail while ätmanepadé is dealt briefly at the end of the course. The verbal root is termed ‘dhätu’. It is used to form the 'verbal base'. Many examples for verbal root and verb base have been given in the next two pages. You may notice that some verbal roots change completely when they become verbal bases. ³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

30

S.No

Verb Roots

Verb Base

Meaning

1.

ÉU

Év

Be

2.

Aq!

Aq

Wander

3.

AcR!

AcR

Worship

4.

k«;!

k;R

Plough

5.

³If!

³If

Play

6.

oad!

oad

Eat

7.

gm!

gCD

Go

8.

gjR!

gjR

Roar

9.

gE

gay

Sing

10.

cr!

cr

Move

11.

cl!

cl

Move

12.

jp!

jp

Chant

13.

jLp!

jLp

Blabber

14.

ij

jy

Conquer

15.

jIv!

jIv

Live

16.

Jvl!

Jvl

Shine

17.

tp!

tp

Heat

18.

Tyj!

Tyj

Abandon

19.

dz!

dz

Bite

20.

dh!

dh

Burn

21.

da

yCD

Give

22.

†z!

pZy

See

23.

nq!

nq

Dance

24.

nm!

nm

Salute

25.

nNd!

nNd

Glad

31

Textbook

26.

inNd!

inNd

Criticise

27.

pQ!

pQ

Read

28.

pt!

pt

Fall

29.

pa

ipb

Drink

30.

bux!

baex

Know

31.

æm!

æm

Roam

32.

r]!

r]

Protect

33.

vd!

vd

Speak

34.

zuc!

zaec

Grieve

35.

xav!

xav

Run

36.

Swa

itó

Stand

37.

hs!

hs

Laugh

38.

muc!

muÂ

Liberate

39.

ivd!

ivNd

Get

40.

vs!

vs

Live

41.

isc!

isÂ

Sprinkle

42.

ivz!

ivz

Enter

43.

iml!

iml

Meet

44.

kw!

kwy

Tell

45.

g[!

g[y

Count

46.

icNt!

icNty

Think

47.

tf!

tafy

Beat

48.

d{f!

d{fy

Punish

49.

pUj!

pUjy

Worship

50.

É]!

É]y

Eat

³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

32

4.1. dz-lkara> – Ten Lakäras Each of the verb root has ten ‘lakäras’ (daça-lakäräù). Of these ten lak äras, six indicate tenses (kälaväcakäù) and four indicate moods (prakära-bodhakäù). Besides the ten lakäras, there is one more lakära which is called leq! . This is used only in the Vedas, and is termed 'Vedic Subjunctive'. ³

4.1.1 ;q!-kalvacka> – Six Tenses Out of the six tenses, there is only one type in the present tense, three variations for past tense, and two variations for the future tense. Let us take the root ÉU (Év) and see the variations:

Six Tenses

Example

1

lqœ

vtRman>

Present

Évit

2

l'!

An*tnÉUt>

Past Tense (Imperfect)

AÉvt!

3

lu'!

ÉUt>

Past Tense (Aorist)

AÉUt!

4

ilqœ

prae]ÉUt>

Past Tense (Perfect)

bÉUv

5

luqœ

An*tnÉiv:yt!

First Future

Éivta

6

l&qœ

Éiv:yt!

Second Future

Éiv:yit

To explain further: 1. In ‘vartamäna’ (present tense), Év becomes Évit.

33

Textbook

We will now see the three variations of past tense: 2. In ‘anadyatana-bhüta’ (past imperfect tense), Év becomes AÉvt! . This indicates ‘not today’ meaning, something that happened the previous day or before that. 3. In ‘bhüta’ (past tense), Év becomes AÉUt! . This indicates the immediate past. 4. In ‘parokña-bhüta’ (past perfect tense), Év becomes bÉUv. This indicates the historical past. In the same way we have two variations of future tense: 5. In ‘anadyatana-bhaviñyat’ (first future), Év becomes Éivta. This indicates 'not today'. It could be the next day or any time in the distant future. 6. In ‘bhaviñyat’ (second future), Év becomes Éiv:yit. This indicates the general future (could be immediate or distant). ³ Now let us go through the terminations of the three basic tenses: (1) present (2) future and (3) past. Even though, as mentioned before, there are three variations in the past tense and two variations in the future tense, we will be studying only one from each of the past tense and future tense. There are nine terminations for each of the lakäras. The different terminations indicate the different person and number (Refer to Chapter 5). The verb base pQ is taken as an example here (see next page) to illustrate the terminations taken by the verb in the present, future and the past tenses.

Sulabha Saàskåtam

34

Future ¤q!

Present lq! it

t>

AiNt

is

w>

w

#:y or

Aaim Aav> Aam>

Sy

Past l'!

it

t>

AiNt

is

w>

w

A

t!

ta<

n!

A

t<

t

Am! Aav

Aaim Aav> Aam>

Aam

pQit

pQt> pQiNt

piQ:yit

piQ:yt>

piQ:yiNt

ApQt!

ApQta<

ApQn!

pQis

pQw> pQw

piQ:yis

piQ:yw>

piQ:yw

ApQ>

ApQt<

ApQt

pQaim

pQav> pQam>

piQ:yaim piQ:yav>

piQ:yam>

ApQm!

ApQav

ApQam

Present tense verbal form :

Verb base + Termination

Future tense verbal form : Verb base + #:y//S / y + Termination Past tense verbal form

:

A + Verb base + Termination ³

4.1.2 cTvar> àkarbaexka - Four Moods Example

Four Moods 1

laeq!

Aa}a

Imperative

Évtu

2

ivixil'!

ivix>

Potential

Évet!

3

AazIilR'!

AazI>

Benedictive

ÉUyat!

4

¤'!

i³yaitpiÄ> (s»et>)

Conditional

AÉiv:yt!

Out of four moods (catväraù prakärabodhakäù), we will only be studying the terminations of two important moods – the imperative and potential moods. There are nine terminations for each of these moods. Just as in the tenses,

35

Textbook

here too, there are different terminations to indicate the different person and number. The verb base pQ is taken for illustration.

Imperative laeq!

Potential il'!

tu

tam!

ANtu

$t!

$tam!

$yu>

-

tm!

t

$>

$tm!

$t

Aam

$ym!

$v

$m

Aain Aav

pQtu

pQtam!

pQNtu

pQet!

pQetam!

pQey>u

pQ

pQtm!

pQt

pQe>

pQetm!

pQet

pQain

pQav

pQam

pQeym!

pQev

pQem

36

Sulabha Saàskåtam

pué;> vcn< c

Person and Number

In Sanskrit, just as in many other languages like English, there are three persons

( puruñäù ) . They are: (1) àwmpu é ;> – Third person, (2) mXympu é ;> – Second person and (3) %Ämpué;> – First person. Sanskrit permits three numbers : (1) @kvcnm! - Singular, (2) iÖvcnm! – Dual and (3) b÷vcnm! – Plural. The dual number is unique to Sanskrit.

@kvcnm!

iÖvcnm!

Singular

àwm­pué;>

III Person

mXym­pué;> II Person

%Äm­pué;> I Person

s> sa tt!

– He – She – It

Tvm! – You Ahm! – I

Dual

bhuvcnm! Plural

taE te te

– They two – They two – They two

te – They all ta> – They all tain – They all

yuvam!

– You two

yUym! – You all

Aavam! – We two

vym! – We all

³ Please note that the verbal terminations depend on the person, number and tense/mood.

37

Textbook

The present tense verbal formations for the various persons and numbers have been indicated below with the example of the verb pQ.

@kvcnm!

iÖvcnm!

bhuvcnm!

àwm­pué;>

pQit

pQt>

pQiNt

mXym­pué;>

pQis

pQw>

pQw

%Äm­pué;>

pQaim

pQav>

pQam>

38

Sulabha Saàskåtam

l"uvaKyain Simple Sentences

Simple sentences can be formed using person, number and verb terminations.

s> sa tt!

taE te te

te ta> tain

Tvm!

yuvam!

yUym!

Ahm!

Aavam!

vym!

+

pQit

pQt>

pQiNt

pQis

pQw>

pQw

pQaim

pQav>

pQam>

te ta>

pQiNt

³

III Person s> sa tt!

pQit

taE te

pQt>

te

tain ³

s> pQit,

taE pQt>,

te pQiNt,

He reads.

They (two) read.

They (all) read.

sa pQit,

te pQt>,

ta> pQiNt,

She reads.

They (two) read.

They (all) read.

tt! pQit,

te pQt>,

tain pQiNt,

It reads.

They (two) read.

They (all) read.

³

39

Textbook

II Person Tv< pQis,

yuva< pQw>,

yUy< pQw,

You read.

You (two) read.

You (all) read.

³

I Person Ah< pQaim,

Aava< pQav>,

vy< pQam>,

I read.

We (two) read.

We (all) read.

³

6.1 Formation o f Simple Sentences III Person

s> sa tt! taE te te

ipbit ]Irm!

ipbt> ipbiNt

te ta> tain s> ]Ir< ipbit,

taE ]Ir< ipbt>,

te ]Ir< ipbiNt,

sa ]Ir< ipbit,

te ]Ir< ipbt>,

ta> ]Ir< ipbiNt,

tt! ]Ir< ipbit,

te ]Ir< ipbt>,

tain ]Ir< ipbiNt,

Sulabha Saàskåtam

40

II Person

gCDis

Tvm! yuvam!

devalym!

yUym!

gCDw> gCDw

Tv< devaly< gCDis, yuva< devaly< gCDw>, yUy< devaly< gCDw, ³

I Person

Ahm! Aavam!

pQaim s pQam>

Ah< s k>,

Who is he ?

2.

s> iz]k>,

He is a tutor.

3.

s> AixkarI,

He is an officer.

4.

taE kaE,

Who are they (two)?

5.

taE AXyapkaE,

They (two) are teachers.

6.

taE cturaE,

They (two) are clever.

7.

te ke,

Who are they ?

8.

te yuvka>,

They are youth.

9.

te icÇkara>,

They are artists.

10. te balka>,

They are boys. ³

11. sa ka,

Who is she?

12. sa gIta,

She is Gétä.

13. sa lta,

That is a creeper.

14. te ke,

Who are they (two)? (F)

15. te bailke,

They (two) are girls.

16. te g&ih{yaE,

They (two) are housewives.

17. ta> ka>,

Who are they? (F)

18. ta> seivka>,

They are servants. (F)

19. ta> v&˜a>,

They are old ladies.

Sulabha Saàskåtam

42

20. ta> nayR>,

They are ladies.

21. tt! ikm! ,

What is that?

22. tt! )lm!,

That is a fruit.

23. tt! g&hm!,

That is a house.

24. te ke ,

What are they (two)?

25. te pu:pe,

Those (two) are flowers.

26. te kaVye,

They (two) are epics.

27. tain kain,

What are they?

28. tain AaÉr[ain,

Those are ornaments.

29. tain %Ärai[,

They are answers.

30. tain kaVyain,

They are poems. ³

31. Tv< k>

Who are you? (M)

32. Tv< DaÇ>,

You are a student. (M)

33. Tv< DaÇa,

You are a student. (F)

34. Tv< imÇm!,

You are a friend.

35. yuva< É&TyaE,

You (two) are servants.

36. yuva< kNye,

You (two) are maidens.

37. yuva< imÇe,

You (two) are friends.

38. yUy< kinóa>,

You (all) are young.

39. Tv< DaÇ> va,

Are you a student? (M)

43

Textbook

40. Aam! Ah< DaÇ>,

Yes, I am a student. (M)

41. Ah< vE*>,

I am a doctor. (M)

42. Ahm! AXyaipka,

I am a teacher. (F)

43. Aava< rjkaE,

We (two) are washermen.

44. Aava< g&ih{yaE,

We (two) are housewives.

45. Aava< imÇe,

We (two) are friends.

46. vym! AXyapka>,

We are teachers. (M)

47. vy< xmaRcayaR>,

We are teachers of Dharma.

48. vy< imÇai[,

We are friends. ³

49. Ah< saxRsPtvadne iv*aly< gCDaim,

I go to school at 7.30.

50. AXyapk> kda AagCDit,

When does the teacher come?

51. kda paQzalaya> AarMÉ>,

When does the school start?

52. svaRn! pZytu,

Look at everybody.

53. Tv< k…Ç gCDis?

Where do you go?

54. mnu:y> k…Ç AiSt,

Where is the man?

55. )l< kSmat! ptit,

Where does the fruit fall from?

56. sUy>R kda %deit,

When does the sun rise?

57. miNdr< k…Ç AiSt,

Where is the temple?

58. AcRk> ikmw›< miNdr< gCDit,

Why does the priest go to the temple?

Sulabha Saàskåtam

44

59. ram> iv*aly< gCDit,

Räma goes to the school.

60. Tviy mm Sneh> Aixk>,

I love you a lot.

61. s> mm g&hm! AagCDit,

He comes to my house.

62. Ah< svRda ÉvNt< Smraim,

I always remember you.

63. Ah< sTy< vdaim,

I speak the truth.

64. ma< tÇ n àe;ytu,

Do not send me there.

65. miy ivñas< kraet, u

Have faith in me.

66. ramSy shaedr> saem>,

Räma’s brother is Soma.

67. Évan! paQ< pQit,

You read the lesson. (M)

68. ÉvtI itlk< xrit,

You bear a tilak. (F) ³

69. Ah< mXyaûe Éaejn< kraeim,

I eat in the afternoon.

70. s> àat> %iÄ:Qit,

He gets up in the morning.

71. balk> say< ³Ifit,

Boy plays in the evening.

72. Ah< zaekkale n pQaim,

I don't study when I am sad.

73. s> kayaRly< gCDit,

He goes to the office.

74. Ah< bailka AiSm,

I am a girl.

75. Ah< xIr> AiSm,

I am brave.

76. Ah< inpu[a AiSm,

I am skilled. (F)

77. Ahm! AXyapk> AiSm,

I am a teacher.

78. prI]a prñ> Éiv:yit,

The exam will be the day after tomorrow.

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79. balk> puStk< pQit,

The boy reads the book.

80. Aar]k> caer< tafyit,

The policeman beats the thief.

81. )lm! AÇ ptit,

The fruit falls here.

82. iz:y> àZn< p&CDit,

The disciple asks a question.

83. sa jl< nyit,

She carries water.

84. vE*> AaE;x< yCDit,

The doctor gives medicine.

85. gaiyka gIt< gayit,

The singer sings a song. (F)

86. sIta vn< gCDit,

Sétä goes to forest.

87. gayk> gIt< gayit,

The singer sings a song. (M)

88. DaÇ> %Ärai[ Smrit,

The student remembers the answers. ³

89. balk> icÇ< pZyit,

The boy sees the picture.

90. ÉKt> devta< nmit,

The devotee worships the Lord.

91. izzu> hsit,

The child laughs.

92. sa vSÇà]aln< kraeit,

She washes cloth.

e Sy puÇ>, 93. k«:[> vsudv

Kåñëa is the son of Vasudeva.

94. devkI k«:[Sy jnnI,

Devaké is the mother of Kåñëa.

95. ram> ÉrtSy A¢j>,

Räma is the elder brother of Bharata.

96. ram> AyaeXyaya> n&p>,

Räma is the king of Ayodhyä.

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46

97. lúm[> ramSy Anuj>,

Lakñmaëa is the younger brother of Räma.

98. g¼a ihmalyat! àvhit,

Gaìgä flows from the Himälayas. ³

6.3 Sentences from the Upaniñads and the Bhagavad Gétä 1.

sTy< vd,

Speak the truth.

2.

xm›< cr,

Walk on the path of Dharma.

3.

mat&dv e ae Év,

Worship mother as God.

4.

ipt&dv e ae Év,

Worship father as God.

5.

Aacay›dv e aee Év,

Worship teacher as God.

6.

Aitiwdevae Év,

Worship guest as God.

7.

sTymev jyte n An&tm!,

Truth alone wins, not untruth.

8.

tSmat! %iÄó Éart,

Therefore get up, O Bhärata!

9.

n AnuzaeciNt pi{fta>,

The wise never grieve.

10. tan! itit]Sv Éart,

Endure them, O Bhärata! ³

11. n Anuzaeictum! AhRis,

You should not grieve.

12. smTv< yaeg %Cyte,

Evenness of mind is called ‘yoga’.

13. kmRi[ @v Aixkar> te,

Your right is to work only.

14. yaeg> kmRsu kaEzlm!,

Skill in action is ‘yoga’.

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15. bui˜nazat! à[Zyit,

Man perishes from the destruction of his intellect.

16. k«p[a> )lhetv>,

Wretched are they whose motive is the ‘fruit’.

17. muKts¼> smacr,

Free from all attachments, act!

18. tSy kay›< n iv*te,

He does not have any duty.

19. yuXySv ivgtJvr>,

Free from feverish excitement, fight!

20. %iÄót ja¢t,

Arise! Awake!

21. àk«it< yaiNt ÉUtain,

Living beings follow their own nature.

22. ghna kmR[ae git>,

The nature of karma is imponderable.

23. ï˜avan! lÉte }anm!,

The man of faith obtains knowledge.

24. y> pZyit s pZyit,

He who sees, sees.

25. pi{fta> smdizRn>,

Sages look at everything impartially.

e 26. SvÉavStu àvt›t,

It is nature that acts.

27. %˜ret! AaTmna AaTmanm!,

Lift yourself by yourself.

28. AaTma @v AaTmnae bNxu>,

Self alone is the friend of oneself.

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48

29. AaTma @v irpu> AaTmn>,

One oneself is the enemy of oneself.

30. mm maya durTyya,

My illusion is difficult to crossover.

31. mamnuSmr yuXy c,

Remember me and fight.

32. n me ÉKt> à[Zyit,

My devotee never perishes.

U ; e , u 33. sm> Ah< svRÉt

I am equal to all.

34. yaeg]em< vhaim Ahm!,

I bestow yoga and kñema.

35. ddaim bui˜yaeg< tm!,

I give him the ‘buddhi-yoga’.

36. mam! @k< zr[< ìj,

Take refuge in me alone.

37. kir:ye vcn< tv,

I will act according to your word.

38. tSmat! zaSÇ< àma[< te,

Therefore let the scriptures be your authority.

39. SvxmRe inxn< ïey>,

Death while in one’s own duty is meritorious.

40. inimÄmaÇ< Év sVysaicn!,

O left handed archer! Be an instrument.

Textbook

49

zBd> ivÉiKtí Nouns and Cases

We have already studied the following: (1) Masculine Nouns usually end with A>, #> and %> (2) Feminine Nouns usually end with Aa and $ and (3) Neuter Nouns usually end with Am! .

zBda> Nouns

puiLl¼>

SÇIil¼>

Masculine Nouns

Feminine Nouns

ram>

muin>

gué>

lta

ndI

npus < kil¼>

Neuter Nouns

)lm!

³

7.1 Declension of Nouns The term ‘declension’ means the various forms taken by a noun in the various cases and numbers. We shall be presently studying the declension of the nouns belonging to the three genders. In Sanskrit, there are seven cases and one vocative. ³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

50

7.1.1 AkaraNt> puiu Ll¼> ram-zBd> Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject)

ram>

ramaE

rama>

II (to, object)

ramm!

ramaE

raman!

III (with, by)

rame[

rama_yam!

ramE>

IV (for)

ramay

rama_yam!

rame_y>

V (from, than)

ramat!

rama_yam!

rame_y>

VI (of)

ramSy

ramyae>

rama[am!

VII (in, on)

rame

ramyae>

rame;u

Vocative

he ram

he ramaE

he rama>

³

Application of cases in ram-zBd>

ramae rajmi[> sda ivjyte ram< rmez< -je rame[ AiÉhta inzacrcmU> ramay tSmE nm>, ramat! naiSt pray[< prtr< ramSy dasae=SMyhm! rame icÄly> sda Évtu me Éae ram mamuÏr. Victory to Räma, the best of the kings. I worship Räma, the lord of Sétä. Armies of the demons were killed by Räma. Salutations to the Räma. There is no better resort than Räma. I am a servant of Räma. May my mind be absorbed in Räma. Oh! Räma, protect me. ³

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AkaraNt> puiu Ll¼> k«:[-zBd> Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject)

k«:[>

k«:[aE

k«:[a>

II (to, object)

k«:[m!

k«:[aE

k«:[an!

III (with, by)

k«:[en

k«:[a_yam!

k«:[E>

IV (for)

k«:[ay

k«:[a_yam!

k«:[e_y>

V (from, than)

k«:[at!

k«:[a_yam!

k«:[e_y>

VI (of)

k«:[Sy

k«:[yae>

k«:[anam!

VII (in, on)

k«:[e

k«:[yae>

k«:[e;u

Vocative

he k«:[

he k«:[aE

he k«:[a>

³

Application of cases in k«:[-zBd>

k«:[ae r]tu nae jgTÇygué> k«:[< nmSyaMyhm! k«:[en AmrzÇvae ivinhta> k«:[ay tSmE nm>, k«:[at! @v smuiTwt< jgidd< k«:[Sy dasae=SMyhm! k«:[e itóit sv›mte diol< he k«:[ r]Sv mam!. May Kåñëa, the teacher of the three worlds protect us. I salute Kåñëa. The demons who are enemies of Gods are killed by Kåñëa. Salutations to that Kåñëa. This world has sprung from Kåñëa alone. I am the servant of Kåñëa. All this entirely stays in Kåñëa. O Kåñëa, save me!

Decline the following nouns. 1. dev>

–

God

2. nr>

–

Man

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52

3 . Aj>

–

Goat

4. gj>

–

Elephant

5. d{f>

–

Stick

6. rw>

–

Chariot

7. dIp>

–

Lamp

8. pvRt>

–

Hill ³

7.1.2 #karaNt> puiu Ll¼> muin-zBd> (Sage) Case

Singular

Dual

I (subject)

muin>

munI

muny>

II (to, object)

muinm!

munI

munIn!

III (with, by)

muinna

muin_yam!

muiniÉ>

IV (for)

munye

muin_yam!

muin_y>

V (from, than)

mun>e

muin_yam!

muin_y>

VI (of)

mun>e

muNyae>

munInam!

VII (in, on)

munaE

muNyae>

muin;u

VIII (vocative)

he mune

he munI

he muny>

Decline the following nouns. 1. Air>

–

Enemy

2. kiv>

–

Poet

3 . pit>

–

Leader

4. Ai¶>

–

Fire

5. hir>

–

Lord Viñëu ³

Plural

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Textbook

7.1.3 %karaNt> puiu Ll¼> gué-zBd> (Teacher) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject)

gué>

guê

gurv>

II (to, object)

guém!

guê

guên!

III (with, by)

gué[a

gué_yam!

guéiÉ>

IV (for)

gurve

gué_yam!

gué_y>

V (from, than)

gurae>

gué_yam!

gué_y>

VI (of)

gurae>

guvaeR>

guê[am!

VII (in, on)

guraE

guvaeR>

gué;u

VIII (vocative)

he gurae

he guê

he gurv>

Decline the following nouns. 1. zMÉu>

–

Lord Çiva

2. irpu>

–

Enemy

3 . #NÊ>

–

Moon

4. té>

–

Tree

5. ivxu>

–

Moon

6. iv:[u>

–

Lord Viñëu

7. meé>

–

Mount Sumeru

8. \tu>

–

Season

9. bNxu>

–

Relative

10. àÉu>

–

Lord or master ³

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54

7.1.4 AakaraNt> SÇIil¼> lta-zBd> (Creeper) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject)

lta

lte

lta>

II (to, object)

ltam!

lte

lta>

III (with, by)

ltya

lta_yam!

ltaiÉ>

IV (for)

ltayE

lta_yam!

lta_y>

V (from, than)

ltaya>

lta_yam!

lta_y>

VI (of)

ltaya>

ltyae>

ltanam!

VII (in, on)

ltayam!

ltyae>

ltasu

VIII (vocative)

he ltee

he lte

he lta>

Decline the following nouns. 1. icNta

–

Worry, thought

2. Daya

–

Shade

3 . mala

–

Garland

4. iv*a

–

Education, knowledge, learning

5. peiqka

–

Box

6. suxa

–

Nectar

7. rsna

–

Tongue

8. ippIilka

–

Ant

9. naEka

–

Boat

10. naiska

–

Nose ³

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Textbook

7.1.5 $karaNt> SÇIil¼> ndI-zBd> (River) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject) II (to, object)

ndI ndIm!

n*aE n*aE

n*> ndI>

III (with, by)

n*a

ndI_yam!

ndIiÉ>

IV (for)

n*E

ndI_yam!

ndI_y>

V (from, than)

n*a>

ndI_yam!

ndI_y>

VI (of) VII (in, on)

n*a> n*am!

n*ae> n*ae>

ndInam! ndI;u

VIII (vocative)

he nid

he n*aE

he n*>

Decline the following nouns. 1. devI

–

Goddess

2. mhI

–

Earth

3 . gaErI

–

Parvaté

4. narI

–

Woman

5. leonI

–

Pen

6. jnnI

–

Mother

7. mNdaiknI

–

Hevenly Gangas

8. ÿaidnI

–

Thunder-bolt

9. pavRtI

–

Consort of Lord Çiva

10. lúmI

–

Consort of Lord Viñëu ³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

56

7.1.6 AkaraNt> npus < kil¼> )l-zBd> (Fruit) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject) II (to, object)

)lm! )lm!

)le )le

)lain )lain

III (with, by)

)len

)la_yam!

)lE>

IV (for) VI (of)

)lay )lat! )lSy

)la_yam! )la_yam! )lyae>

)le_y> )le_y> )lanam!

VII (in, on)

)le

)lyae>

)le;u

VIII (vocative)

he )l

he )le

he )lain

V (from, than)

Decline the following nouns. 1. AÚm!

–

Food

2. kaVym!

–

Poetry

3 . xnm!

–

Wealth

4. pu:pm!

–

Flower

5. }anm!

–

Knowledge

6. ]eÇm!

–

Field

7. laecnm!

–

Eye

8. lv[m!

–

Salt

9. ]Irm!

–

Milk

10. Évnm!

–

House

³

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Textbook

7.2 Declension of Pronouns – sarvanäma-çabdaù svRnam­zBda>

àwm­pué;>

mXym­pué;>

%Äm­pué;>

s>

sa

td!

yu:mdœ

ASmdœ

He

She

It (That)

You

I

³

7.2.1 dkaraNt> puiu Ll¼> td!-zBd> (He) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject)

s>

taE

te

II (to, object)

tm!

taE

tan!

III (with, by)

ten

ta_yam!

tE>

IV (for)

tSmE

ta_yam!

te_y>

V (from, than)

tSmat!

ta_yam!

te_y>

VI (of)

tSy

tyae>

te;am!

VII (in, on)

tiSmn!

tyae>

te;u

³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

58

7.2.2 dkaraNt> ôIil¼> td!-zBd> (She) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

IV (for)

sa tam! tya tSyE

te te ta_yam! ta_yam!

ta > ta> taiÉ> ta_y>

V (from, than)

tSya>

ta_yam!

VI (of)

tSya>

VII (in, on)

tSyam!

tyae> tyae>

ta_y> tasam!

I (subject) II (to, object) III (with, by)

tasu

³

7.2.3 dkaraNt> npus < kil¼> td!-zBd> (That) Case I (subject) II (to, object) III (with, by) IV (for) V (from, than) VI (of) VII (in, on)

Singular tt! tt! ten tSmE tSmat! tSy tiSmn!

Dual

Plural

te te ta_yam! ta_yam!

tain tain

ta_yam! tyae> tyae>

³

tE> te_y> te_y> te;am! te;u

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Textbook

7.2.4 dkaraNt> yu:md!-zBd> (You) (Same in all the three genders) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject)

Tvm!

yuvam!

yUym!

II (to, object)

Tvam!­Tva

yuvam!­vam!

yu:man!­v>

III (with, by)

Tvya

yuva_yam!

yu:maiÉ>

IV( for)

tu_ym!­te

yuva_yam!­vam!

yu:m_ym!­v>

V (from, than)

Tvt!

yuva_yam!

yu:mt!

VI (of )

tv­te

yuvyae>­vam!

yu:makm!­v>

VII (in, on)

Tviy

yuvyae>

yu:masu

7.2.5 dkaraNt> ASmd!-zBd> ( I ) (Same in all the three genders) Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

I (subject)

Ahm!

Aavam!

vym!

II (to, object)

mam!­ma

Aavam!­naE

ASman!­n>

III (with, by)

mya

Aava_yam!

ASmaiÉ>

IV (for)

mým!­me

Aava_yam!­naE

ASm_ym!­n>

V (from, than)

mt!

Aava_yam!

ASmt!

VI (of)

mm­me

Aavyae>­naE

ASmakm!­n>

VII (in, on)

miy

Aavyae>

ASmasu

Note: There is no vocative form for pronouns.

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%psgaR>

Sulabha Saàskåtam

Prefixes

Upasargas or prefixes are added to the verb roots, to modify, intensify and sometimes to alter the original sense of the roots. Sometimes they are prefixed without any alteration to the root sense. There are twenty two upasargas in all. 1.

à

–

More, higher

2.

pra

–

Opposite, against

3.

Ap

–

Away, separation

4.

sm!

–

Coincide, congruently

5.

Anu

–

Favourable, after, according to

6.

Av

–

Downwards

7.

ins!

–

Low

8.

inr!

–

Low

9.

Ês!

–

Wicked

10. Êr!

–

Bad

11. iv

–

More, opposite, divergent

12. Aa

–

On this side

13. in

–

To vacate, to empty

14. Aix

–

In, on, above, over

15. Aip

–

Moreover

16. Ait

–

Very much

17. su

–

Best

18. %t!

–

On, above, over

19. AiÉ

–

In front of

20. àit

–

Contrary to

21. pir

–

Everywhere

22. %p

–

Near, more

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Textbook

The application of upasarga to verbal roots:

Ait, the upasarga, combines with the verbal root ³m! to become Ait³amit. Ait + ³m! = Ait³amit – goes beyond. ³ The following is a sample list of verbal formations when the upasarga joins with the verbal root.

%psgaR><

xatv>

Verbal Form

Meaning

AixgCDit

To get

1.

Aix

gm!

2.

Anu

k«

Anukraeit

Imitates

3.

Ap

nI

Apnyit

Takes away

4.

Aip

xa

Aipdxait

Covers

5.

AiÉ

gm!

AiÉgCDit

Goes after

6.

Av

mn!

AvmNyte

Disrespects

7.

Aa

gm!

AagCDit

Comes

8.

%t!

gm!

%ÌCDit

Goes up

9.

%p

k«

%pkraeit

Obliges

10.

Ês! /Êrœ

cr!

Êracrit

Acts badly

11.

inr!

idz!

inidRzit

Commands

12.

ins! /inr!

gm!

ingRCDit

Goes out

13.

pra

ij

prajyte

Defeats

14.

pir

xa

pirdxait

Places all round

15.

à

ù

àhrit

16.

àit

k«

àitkraeit

Acts in opposite

17.

iv

³I

iv³I[ait

Sells

18.

sm!

ù

s

–

prowess

=

àÉu>

–

lord, husband

pra

+

ÉU

=

praÉv>

–

defeat

Ap

+

ÉU

=

ApÉUit>

–

ruin

sm!

+

ÉU

=

sMÉvit

–

creation

Anu

+

ÉU

=

AnuÉv>

–

experience

iv

+

ÉU

=

ivÉv>

–

wealth

Ait +

ÉU

=

AitÉvnm! – being the greatest of all

%d!

+

ÉU

=

%Ñvm!!

–

birth

pir

+

ÉU

=

pirÉvm!

–

insult

³ Two or more upasargas may also be combined and prefixed to one verbal root:

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Textbook

AiÉ + in + ivz! = AiÉinivzte – to enter into with resolution sm! + %p + Aa + gm! = smupagCDit – to come into close contact ³ The following sentences are given as examples to illustrate how the upasargas are used in constructing sentences: 1. bailka prmeZvrm! A_ycRit,

Girl worships the Lord.

2. balk> iv*alyat! AagCDit,

Boy comes from the school.

3 . sa jlm! Apnyit,

She takes away water.

4. s> Évn< àivzit,

He enters the house.

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Sulabha Saàskåtam

àTyya> Suffixes

Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present continuous tense of verb and so on. The following are some important suffixes:

àTyya>

1. tumn u !

8. zt&

2. KTva

7. Kt 6. Ktvt!

3. Lyp! 4. AnIyr!

5. tVyt!

³

9.1 tumn u ! àTyy> The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action. Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to school in order to study. Once the tu mu n ! - àTyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases and numbers.

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Textbook

Here are a few examples: 1.

piQtum!

–

To read

17. vKtum!

–

To speak

2.

ri]tum!

–

To protect

18. AagNtum!

–

To come

3.

yaictum!

–

To beg

19. gNtum!

–

To go

4.

g&hItum!

–

To hold

20. patum!

–

To drink

5.

leiotum!

–

To write

21. ïaetum!

–

To hear

6.

vistum!

–

To live

22. htuRm!

–

To snatch

7.

xaivtum!

–

To run

23. ttuRm!

–

To cross

8.

ivmaeictum! –

To release

24. ktuRm!

–

To do

9.

Éivtum!

–

To become

25. hNtum!

–

To kill

10. baeixtum!

–

To teach

26. lBxum!

–

To get

11. jIivtum!

–

To live

27. ³Iiftum!

–

To play

12. jiLptum!

–

To blabber

28. pittum!

–

To fall

13. icNtiytum! –

To think

29. Swatum!

–

To stand

14. oaidtum!

–

To eat

30. mtuRm!

–

To die

15. iniNdtum!

–

To criticise

31. paliytum!

–

To nurture

16. d{fiytum!

–

To punish

32. AicRtum!

–

To worship

³

9.2 KTva-àTyy> The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed

Sulabha Saàskåtam

66

an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to the completed action. Example: ram> piQTva ³Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Räma goes to play. The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.

Here are a few examples: 1.

piQTva

– Having read

16. icNtiyTva – Having thought

2.

ilioTva

– Having written

17. imilTva

– Having met

3.

xaivTva

– Having run

18. ÉUTva

– Having been

4.

%idTva

– Having risen

19. hTva

– Having killed

5.

%i;Tva

– Having lived

20. gTva

– Having gone

6.

hisTva

– Having laughed

21. pITva

– Having drunk

7.

ri]Tva

– Having protected

22. nTva

– Having prostrated

8.

g&hITva

– Having held

23. Sm&Tva

– Having remembered

9.

É]iyTva

– Having eaten

24. ijTva

– Having conquered

10. g[iyTva

– Having counted

25. †:qœva

– Having looked

11. caeriyTva

– Having stolen

26. ïuTva

– Having heard

12. rciyTva

– Having composed

27. k«Tva

– Having done

13. yaciyTva

– Having begged

28. TyKTva

– Having given up

14. tafiyTva

– Having beaten

29. mTva

– Having considered

15. kwiyTva

– Having told

30. AiqTva

– Having Wandered

67

Textbook

9.3 Lyp!-àTyy> Lyp!-àTyy has the same function as KTva-àTyy, but the only difference is that, in Lyp!-àTyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it. Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes

iv}ay. iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay – Having known Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.

Here are a few more examples: 1.

Aa

+

þe

=

AahUy

–

Having called

2.

in

+

bNx!

=

inbXy

–

Having bound

3.

Aa

+

da

=

Aaday

–

Having brought

4.

à

+

#

=

àeTy

–

Having reached

5.

Aa

+

p¨

=

AapUyR

–

Having filled up

6.

à

+

ivz!

=

àivZy

–

Having entered

7.

iv

+

lI

=

ivlIy

–

Having dissolved

8.

sm!

+

Sm&

=

s Smr[Iy>, Lord Näräyaëa is to be remembered. The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender, number and case. Example: Masculine Gender

−

pQnIy>

Feminine Gender

−

pQnIya

Neuter Gender

−

pQnIym!

Here are a few more examples: 1.

kr[Iym!

–

To be done

6.

hsnIym!

–

Have to laugh

2.

pQnIym!

–

To be read

7.

vdnIym!

–

To be spoken

3.

gmnIym!

–

Have to go

8.

vcnIym!

–

To be spoken

4.

vhnIym!

–

To be carried

9.

danIym!

–

To be given

5.

hnnIym!

–

To be killed

10. dzRnIym!

–

To be seen

69

Textbook

11. ïv[Iym!

–

To be heard

16. oadnIym!

–

to be eaten

12. ÉednIym!

–

To be split

17. jynIym!

–

to be conquered

13. inNdnIym!

–

To be condemned 18. yaejnIym!

–

to be linked

14. TyjnIym!

–

To be given up

19. nynIym!

–

to be carried

15. ÉaejnIym!

–

To be consumed

20. Smr[Iym!

–

to be remembered

³

9.5 tVyt!-àTyy> The usage of tVyt!-àTyy is similar to AnIyr!-àTyy. The only speciality is that the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-àTyy than AnIyr!-àTyy. Example: ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm! , The religious rites ought to be done. The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender, number and case. Example: Masculine Gender

–

piQtVy>

Feminine Gender

–

piQtVya

Neuter Gender

–

piQtVym!

Here are a few examples: 1.

piQtVym!

–

Must be read

6. ktRVym!

2.

Éai;tVym!

–

Must be spoken

7.

3.

ÉaeKtVym!

–

Must be enjoyed

8. datVym!

–

Must be given

4.

ointVym!

–

Must be dug

9.

ïaetVym!

–

Must be heard

5.

baeixtVym!

–

Must be educated

10. maijRtVym! –

–

Must be done

TyKtVym! – Must be given up

Must be purified

Sulabha Saàskåtam

70

11. sihtVym!

–

Must be borne

19. hNtVym!

–

Must be killed

12. leiotVym!

–

Must be written

20. SnatVym!

–

Must be bathed

13. tirtVym!

–

Must be crossed over

21. }atVym!

–

Must be known

14. ³IiftVym! –

Must be played

22. ÔòVym!

–

Must be seen

15. kwiytVym! –

Must be told

23. netVym!

–

Must be carried

16. ri]tVym!

–

Must be protected

24. patVym!

–

Must be drunk

17. jetVym!

–

Must be conquered

25. gNtVym!

–

Must be gone

18. SwatVym!

–

Must be positioned

26. v´Vym!

–

Must be spoken

³

9.6 Ktvt!-àTyy> The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense. Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Räma went to school. Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same. The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number and case. Example: Masculine Gender

–

piQtvan!

Feminine Gender

–

piQtvtI

Neuter Gender

–

piQtvt!!

Here are a few examples: 1. gtvan!

–

Went

4. p&óvan!

–

Asked

2. k«tvan!

–

Did

5. xaivtvan!

–

Ran

3 . iSwtvan!

–

Stood

6. piQtvan!

–

Read

71

Textbook

7.

nmSk«tvan! – Prostrated

17.

ïutvan!

–

Heard

8.

g&hItvan!

– Held

18.

pItvan!

–

Drank

9.

%Ktvan!

– Told

19.

ijtvan!

–

Conquered

10. †òvan!

– Looked

20. iliotvan!

–

Wrote

11. oaidtvan!

– Ate

21. AahUtvan!

–

Called

12. Aiqtvan!

– Roamed

22. nItvan!

–

Carried

13. Swaiptvan!

– Established

23. AanItvan!

–

Brought

14. TyKtvan!

– Gave up

24. iciNttvan!

–

Thought

15. àei;tvan!

– Sent

25. Aacirtvan!

–

Did

16. i]Ptvan!

– Threw

26. }atvan!

–

Knew

³

9.7 Kt-àTyy> The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-àTyy to the transitive verbal roots. Example: rav[> ht>, Rävaëa has been killed. The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender, number and case. Example: Masculine Gender

–

k«t>

Feminine Gender

–

k«ta

Neuter Gender

–

k«tm!

Here are a few examples: 1. k«t>

–

Has been done

3.

gt>

–

Has been gone

2. ïut>

–

Has been heard

4.

†ò>

–

Has been looked

Sulabha Saàskåtam

72

5. pIt>

–

Has been drunk

10. ijt>

–

Has been conquered

6. nIt>

–

Has been carried

11. iliot>

–

Has been written

7. piQt>

–

Has been read

12. kiwt>

–

Has been told

8. taift>

–

Has been beaten

13. TyKt>

–

Has been given up

9. ht>

–

Has been killed

14. }at>

–

Has been known

³

9.8 zt&-àTyy> The present participle is formed by adding zt&-àTyy to the verbal root. This has the sense of present continuous tense. Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Räma goes singing. The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender, number and case. Example: Masculine Gender

–

k…vRn!

Feminine Gender

–

k…vRNtI

Neuter Gender

–

k…vRt!

Here are a few examples: 1. k…vRn!

–

Doing

5. z&{vn!

–

Hearing

2. gCDn!

–

Going

6. Tyjn!

–

Giving up

3 . AagCDn!

–

Coming

7. xavn!

–

Running

4. pQn!

–

Reading

8. palyn!

–

Protecting

Textbook

73

s'!Oya> Numerals

1

@km!

1

12

Öadz

12

2

Öe

2

13

Çyaedz

13

3

ÇIi[

3

14

ctudz R

14

4

cTvair

4

15

pÂdz

15

5

pÂ

5

16

;aefz

16

6

;q!

6

17

sPtdz

17

7

sÝ

7

18

Aòadz

18

8

Aò

8

19

9

nv

9

10

dz

10

11

@kadz

11

nvdz/

19

@kaeniv

74

54

ctu>pÂazt!

54

75

pÂsPtit>

75

75

Textbook

76

;q!sPtit>

76

95

pÂnvit>

77

sPtsPtit>

77

96

;{[vit>

96

78

AòsPtit>

78

97

sPtnvit>

97

79

nvsPtit>/

79

98

Aònvit>

98

99

nvnvit>/

99

@kaenazIit>

95

80

AzIit>

80

81

@kazIit>

81

100

ztm!

100

82

Ö(zIit>

82

200

iÖztm!

200

83

ÈyzIit>

83

300

iÇztm!

300

84

cturzIit>

84

400

ctu>ztm!

400

85

pÂazIit>

85

500

pÂztm!

500

86

;fzIit>

86

600

;q!ztm!

600

87

sPtazIit>

87

700

sPtztm!

700

88

AòazIit>

88

800

Aòztm!

800

89

nvazIit>/

89

900

nvztm!

900

1,000

shöm!

1000

@kaennvit>

@kaenztm!

90

nvit>

90

10,000

Ayutm!

10000

91

@knvit>

91

1,00,000

l]m!

100000

92

iÖnvit>

92

10,00,000

inyutm!

1000000

93

iÇnvit>

93

1,00,00,000 kaeiq>

94

ctunRvit>

94

10000000

76

Sulabha Saàskåtam

àyaeg> Voice

Sanskrit language permits three kinds of voice: (1) ktRiràyaeg> (2) kmRi[àyaeg> and (3) Éaveàyaeg>. We will be studying only the first two voices in this course.

(1) ktRiràyaeg> or Active Voice – In this the subject (kartä) is principal and the verb agrees with the subject in person, number and gender.

(2) kmRi[àyaeg> or Passive Voice – In this the object (karma) is principal and the verb agrees with the object in person, number and gender.

àyaeg>

Voice

ktRiràyaeg>

kmRi[àyaeg>

Active Voice

Passive Voice

³

The ätmanepadé terminations play an important role in changing a sentence from kartariprayoga to karmaëiprayoga. The following table gives the present tense and the past tense ätmanepadé terminations.

77

Textbook

AaTmnepdI Terminations Present (lq!)

Past (l'!)

te

#te

ANte

t

#tam!

ANt

se

#we

Xve

wa>

#wam!

Xvm!

#

Aavhe

Aamhe

#

Aavih Aamih

pcte

pcete

pcNte

Apct

Apcetam!

ApcNt

pcse

pcewe

pcXve

Apcwa>

Apcewam!

ApcXvm!

pce

pcavhe

pcamhe

Apce

Apcavih

Apcamih

³ In order to change active voice verb into passive voice verb, y is added to the verbal root and then the AaTmnepdI terminations are added. Example:

Active Voice :

pcit

Passive Voice:

pCyte

Thus, in order to change the active voice pcit into passive voice, the verbal root pc! (to cook) is taken, y is added, and then the present tense termination of AaTmnepdI is added.

Here are a few more examples: 1.

nmit

nMyte

( nm!

–

to worship)

2.

pQit

pQ(te

( pQœ

–

to learn)

3.

yacit

yaCyte

( yac! –

to beg)

4.

nyit

nIyte

( nI

to lead)

–

Sulabha Saàskåtam

78

In passive voice, the subject takes the third case and the object takes the first case. The verb must agree with the object in number and person. Example:

ÉKt> dev< nmit , The devotee worships the Lord. (A.V.) ÉKten dev> nMyte , The Lord is being worshipped by the devotee. (P.V.) In order to change the active voice sentence ÉKt> dev< nmit into a passive voice sentence, change the subject ÉKt> to its third case and the object dev< to its first case, and the verb into its passive form. Then we get the passive voice sentence ÉKten dev> nMyte, ³

Here are a few more examples: 1. sIta Éaejn< pcit ,

sItya Éaejn< pCyte , 2. n&p> caer< d{fyit ,

n&p[ e caer> d{f!yte , 3 . Ah< devan! pUjyaim ,

mya deva> pUJyNte , 4. É&Tya> Éar< nyiNt ,

É&TyE> Éar> nIyte , 5. Ah< s When two vowels are combined together it is known as ‘svara-sandhi’. (2) VyÃn-siNx> When two consonants are combined together it is known as ‘vyaïjana-sandhi’. (3) ivsg›-siNx> When visarga (:) is joined with any vowel or a consonant it is known as ‘visarga-sandhi’. ³ The following table gives a complete classification of all the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet. This table will be useful while learning sandhis especially vyaïjana-sandhi.

VyÃnain Consonants

m&ÊVyÃnain

kQaerVyÃnain

Svra>

Hard Consonants Vowels ^:ma[> ALpàa[ mhaàa[

Soft Consonants ALpàa[

Sibilants Unaspirate Aspirate Unaspirate

A Aa

mhaàa[

Anunaisk

Aspirate

Nasals

kœ

o!

g!

"!

'!

ANt>Sw

Semivowels Aspirate

h!

#$

z!

c!

D!

j!

H!

|!

y!

\§

;!

q!

Q!

f!

F!

[!

r!

¤

s!

t!

w!

d!

x!

n!

l!

p!

)!

b!

É!

m!

v!

%^

mhaàa[

@ and @e are both guttural and palatal; Aae and AaE are guttural and labial; and v is both dental and labial.

Sulabha Saàskåtam

80

The following table gives the three types of sandhis and their subdivisions.

siNx>

Svr-siNx> (Ac! siNx>)

VyÃn-siNx> (hl! siNx>)

1. dI"RsiNx>

1. cTv›siNx>

2. gu[siNx>

2. jZTvsiNx>

3. v&i˜siNx>

3. AnunaisksiNx>

4. y[!siNx>

4. AnuSvarsiNx>

5. AyaidsiNx>

5. prsv[›siNx>

6. pUvê › psiNx>

6. íuTvsiNx>

7. prêpsiNx>

7. òuTvsiNx>

8 . àg&ýsiNx>

8. pUv›sv[RsiNx> 9. DTvsiNx> 10. 'mufagmsiNx> ³

ivsg›-siNx> 1. %kar> 2. laep> 3. re)> 4. skar>

81

Textbook

12.1 Svr-siNx> When two vowels are combined together it is known as Svr-siNx>. It can be divided into 8 types.

4. y[!

5. Ayaid

3. v&i˜

6. pUvê R p

2. gu[

7. prêp

1. dI"R

SvrsiNx>

8. àk«it

³

12.1.1 dI"Rs R iNx>

Ak> sv[eR dI"R> – Päëini Sütra (6.1.101) If A, #, %, and \ short or long, are followed by the same vowel – short or long – they are combined to make the long vowel Aa, $, ^ and §. (A)

A + A = Aa A + Aa = Aa

Example: mur + Air> =

Aa + A = Aa Aa + Aa = Aa murair>

The first word mur ends with the short vowel A; Air> begins with the short vowel A. When these two short vowels combine they form the long Aa.

Sulabha Saàskåtam

82

Here are a few more examples: dez

+

Aqnm!

=

dezaqnm!

ram

+

Avtar>

=

ramavtar>

dev

+

Aaly>

=

devaly>

)l

+

Aahar>

=

)lahar>

iv*a

+

A_yas>

=

iv*a_yas>

iv*a

+

Aaly>

=

iv*aly>

puStk

+

Aaly>

=

puStkaly>

#

(B)

(C)

# = $

# + $ = $

$ + # = $

$ + $ = $

+

kiv

+

$ñr>

=

kvIñr>

mhI

+

$z>

=

mhIz>

yit

+

#NÔ>

=

ytINÔ>

riv

+

#NÔ>

=

rvINÔ>

igir

+

$ñr>

=

igrIñr>

lúmI

+

$z>

=

lúmIz>

mhI

+

#NÔ>

=

mhINÔ>

% + % = ^

% + ^ = ^

^ + % = ^

^ + ^ = ^

Éanu

+

%dy>

=

ÉanUdy>

isNxu

+

^imR>

=

isNxUimR>

tnu

+

^XvRm!

=

tnUXvRm!

vxU

+

%Tsv>

=

vxUTsv>

r"u

+

%Äm>

=

r"UÄm>

83

Textbook

kqu (D)

%iKt>

+

\ + \ = §

\ + § = §

§ + \ = §

§ + § = §

=

kqUiKt>

ipt&

+

\[m!

=

ipt¨[m!

mat&

+

\iÏ>

=

mat¨i˜>

mat&

+

\[m!

=

mat¨[m!

mat&

+

\iTvj>

=

mat¨iTvj>

³

12.1.2 gu[siNx>

Ade¼[ ‚ > – Päëini Sütra (1.1.2) If the vowels # , % , \ and ¤ short or long, follow A or Aa , then they are substituted with @ , Aae, Ar! and Al! respectively. (A) A +

# = @

Aa + # = @ Example: %p

+

A + $

=

@

Aa + $ = @ #NÔ>

=

%peNÔ>

The vowel # in the second word #NÔ> follows A in the first word %p. A single vowel @ is substituted in the place of both A and #. Thus, we have %p + #NÔ> =

%peNÔ> Here are some more examples: $ñr

+

#CDa

=

$ñreCDa

lta

+

#v

=

ltev

pU[R

+

#NÊ>

=

pU[NRe Ê>

Sulabha Saàskåtam

84

(B)

(C)

g[

+

$z>

=

g[ez>

ram

+

$ñr>

=

rameñr>

%ma

+

$z>

=

%mez>

mha

+

#CDa

=

mheCDa

A + %

=

Aae

A + ^

=

Aae

Aa + %

=

Aae

Aa + ^

=

Aae

pr

+

%pkar> =

praepkar>

sUyR

+

%dy>

=

sUyaeRdy>

dez

+

%Úit>

=

dezaeÚit>

g¼a

+

%dkm!

=

g¼aedkm!

iht

+

%pdez> =

ihtaepdez>

mha

+

^imR>

=

mhaeimR>

cNÔ

+

%dy>

=

cNÔaedy>

g&h

+

^XvRm!

=

g&haeXvRm!

A

+ \ = Ar!

A +

§ = Ar!

Aa + \ = Ar!

Aa +

§ = Ar!

dev

+

\i;>

=

devi;R>

äü

+

\i;>

=

äüi;R>

raja

+

\i;>

=

raji;R>

mha

+

\i;>

=

mhi;R>

sPt

+

\i;>

=

sPti;R>

vsNt

+

\tu>

=

vsNttR>u

85

Textbook

12.1.3 v&i˜siNx>

v&i˜radEc! – Päëini Sütra (1. 1. 1) If A or Aa is followed by @ or @e , they are combined to become @e. If A or Aa is followed by Aae or AaE, they are combined to become AaE. (A)

A + @ = @e Aa + @ = @e

Example: mm

+

A + @e = @e Aa + @e = @ @v

mmEv

=

In mm + @v note that the vowel @ follows A in mm. The vowel @e substituted in the place of A and @ . Thus we have mm + @v = mmEv.

Some more examples are given below:

(B)

@k

+

@km!

=

@kEkm!

sda

+

@v

=

sdEv

ivñ

+

@kta

=

ivñEkta

mt

+

@eKym!

=

mtEKym!

dev

+

@eñyRm!

=

devEñyRm!

xn

+

@eñyRm!

=

xnEñyRm!

mha

+

@eñyRm!

=

mhEñyRm!

A + Aae = AaE

A + AaE = AaE

Aa + Aae = AaE

Aa + AaE = AaE

idv

+

Aaeks>

=

idvaEks>

jl

+

Aae">

=

jlaE">

is

Sulabha Saàskåtam

86

prm

+

AaEicTym!

=

prmaEicTym!

mha

+

AaE;ix>

=

mhaE;ix>

mha

+

AaETsuKym!

=

mhaETsuKym! ³

12.1.4 y[!siNx>

#kae y[ic – Päëini Sütra (3. 1. 77) # , % , \ and ¤ , short or long, when followed by any dissimilar vowel becomes y! , v! , r! and l! respectively. (A) # or $ + any dissimilar vowel (other than # or $ ) = y!

yid

+

Aip

=

y*ip

àit

+

A]

=

àTy]

àit

+

@km!

=

àTyekm!

#it

+

Aaid

=

#Tyaid

Ait

+

%Äm>

=

ATyuÄm>

suxI

+

%paSy>

=

suXyupaSy>

pavRtI

+

Axuna

=

pavRTyxuna

(B) % or ^ + any dissimilar vowel (other than % or ^ ) = v!

Anu

+

@;[m!

=

ANve;[m!

gué

+

Aadez>

=

guva›dz e >

Anu

+

Ay>

=

ANvy>

het u

+

AwRm!

=

heTvwRm!

saxu

+

#dm!

=

saiXvdm!

saxu

+

Aaednm!

=

saXvaednm!

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Textbook

(C) \ or § + dissimilar vowel (other than \ or § ) = r!

ipt&

+

Aa}a

=

ipÇa}a

ipt&

+

A

=

ipÇ

ipt&

+

AaEdayRm!

=

ipÇaEdayRm!

mat&

+

Aa}a

=

maÇa}a

mat&

+

#CDa

=

maiÇCDa

mat&

+

%*anm!

=

maÇu*anm! ³

12.1.5 AyaidsiNx>

@cae=yvayav> – Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 78) If @ , @e , Aae, and AaE are followed by any dissimilar vowel, they become Ay!

Aay! , Av! and Aav! respectively. @ + any dissimilar vowel = Ay! @e + any dissimilar vowel = Aay! Example:

ne

+

Anm!

=

nynm!

The @ in ne is changed to Ay! and hence ne +

Anm! =

Here are a few more examples: mageR

+

Aagta>

=

magRyagta>

iïyE

+

%*t>

=

iïyayu*t>

nE

+

Ak>

=

nayk>

hre

+

@

=

hrye

nynm!

Sulabha Saàskåtam

88

Aae + any dissimilar vowel = Av! AaE + any dissimilar vowel = Aav! paE

+

Ak>

=

pavk>

Éae

+

Anm!

=

Évnm!

iv:[ae

+

@

=

iv:[ve

naE

+

#k>

=

naivk>

ivÉae

+

#h

=

ivÉivh ³

12.1.6 pUvê R psiNx>

@'> pdaNtadit – Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 109) If @ or Aae at the end of a word is followed by A, the A disappears and the sign ’=’ (avagraha) is placed instead. This sandhi being an exception to Ayaid-siNx (refer 12.1.5), the @ or Aae is not changed into Ay! or Av! . Example: hre

+

AÇ = hre=Ç

In hre + AÇ, A follows the vowel @ and hence A is changed to avagraha. The avagraha indicates that the A is silent.

A few more examples: lte

+

Av

=

lte=v

Ante

+

Aip

=

Ante=ip

gaepalae

+

Ahm!

=

gaepalae=hm!

sae

+

Aym!

=

sae=ym! ³

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Textbook

12.1.7 prêpsiNx>

@i' prêpm! – Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 94) If A is followed by @ or Aae, they combine to form the latter, that is @ or Aae. Example:

à

@jte

+

=

àejte

In à + @jte the vowel @ is substituted in the place of A and @ and it becomes

àejte. %p

+

Aae;it

=

%pae;it

zu˜

+

Aaedn>

=

zu˜aedn> ³

12.1.8 àk«itÉav siNx> $Ëdedi! Övcn< àg&ým! – Päëini Sütra (1. 1. 11) When any vowel follows a dual noun ending with $, ^ or @ , there is no sandhi of the words, that is, they retain their original form. Therefore this sandhi is also called ‘prakåtibhäva-sandhi’. Example:

hrI

+

AagtaE

hrI AagtaE

=

The word hrI is the prathamä-vibhakti-dvivacana of the word hir. So there is no sandhi and the form remains as hrI AagtaE.

Here are a few more examples: xenU

+

AagCDt>

=

xenU AagCDt>

lte

+

AisÂtam! =

lte AisÂtam!

AmU

+

AñaE

AmU AñaE

=

³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

90

12.2 VyÃnsiNx> When two consonants are joined together it is known as vyaïjana-sandhi. This is of ten types.

6. íuTv

5. prsv[R

7. òuTv

4. AnuSvar

8. pUvs R v[R

3. Anunaisk

9. DTv

2. jZTv

VyÃnsiNx>

1.cTvR

10. 'mufagm

³

12.2.1 cTvRsiNx>

oir c – Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 55) The consonants except nasals and semi-vowels when followed by hard consonants substitute the first letter of their group of consonants (k! c! q! t! p). Example: ivpd!

+

kal>

=

ivpTkal>

The d! of ivpd! is followed by k which is a hard consonant. So d is substituted by t! , which is the first letter of its group.

91

Textbook

Here are a few more examples: ivraf!

+

pué;>

=

ivraq!pé u ;>

sd!

+

kar>

=

sTkar>

suùd!

+

³Ifit

=

suùT³Ifit

idg!

+

pal>

=

idKpal>

]ux!

+

ippasa

=

]uiTppasa ³

12.2.2. jZTvsiNx> Hla< jzae=Nte – Päëini Sütra (8.2.39) The consonants, except nasals, at the end of a word when followed by a vowel or a soft consonant, take the third letter of their group. Example: vakœ

+

danm!

=

vaGdanm!

The consonant kœ is followed by the soft consonant d. The kœ is therefore changed into the third letter of its group g! .

Here are a few more examples: idkœ

+

gj>

=

idGgj>

Ac!

+

ANt>

=

AjNt>

jgt!

+

$z>

=

jgdIz>

àakœ

+

@v

=

àagev

pirìaq!

+

vdit

=

pirìaf!vdit

Ap!

+

"q>

=

AB"q>

idkœ

+

AMbr>

=

idgMbr> ³

Sulabha Saàskåtam

92

12.2.3 AnunaisksiNx>

yrae=nunaiske=nunaiskae va – Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 45) When a word ends in a consonant other than h! and is followed by a nasal, the final consonant of the first word is optionally substituted by the nasal of its group. Example: @td!

+

murair> =

@tNmurair>/ @td!mru air>

The word @td! ends with the consonant d! and is followed by the nasal m! . So the consonant d! takes up the nasal of its class, which is n! , and thus we get

@tNmurair>. A few more examples: ;q!

masa>

=

;{masa> / ;q!masa>

jgt! +

naw>

=

jgÚaw>/ jgt!naw>

àak!

+

muom!

=

àa'!mo u m! / àak!mo u m!

sd!

+

mit>

=

sNmit> / sd!mit>

+

But when the end consonant of a word is followed by the suffixes my and maÇ, the change into nasal is compulsory. Examples:

ict!

+

mym!

=

icNmym!

tt!

+

maÇm!

=

tNmaÇm! ³

12.2.4. AnuSvarsiNx> (A)

mae=nuSvar> – Päëini Sütra (8. 3. 23)

If m! is followed by any consonant then m! is replaced by anusvära.

93

Textbook

Examples :

hirm!

+

vNde

=

hir < vNde

kayRm!

+

k…é

=

kay

=

Ai»t>

Sulabha Saàskåtam

94

In this example A< is followed by the consonant k . So m! is changed into the nasal of its group which is '! Thus A< + ikt> = Ai»t>

Here are a few more examples: m<

+

idrm!

=

miNdrm!

k…<

+

iQt>

=

k…i{Qt>

za<

+

t>

=

zaNt>

gu <

+

i)t>

=

guiM)t>

(B) va pdaNtSy – Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 59 ) But the nasal at the end of a word is optionally changed into anusvära in accordance with the above rule. Examples:

Tv<

+

kraei;

=

Tv'!kraei; / Tv< kraei;

t&[<

+

crit

=

t&[Ârit / t&[< crit

gCDit

=

¢am'!gCDit / ¢am< gCDit

¢am< +

(C) taeilR – Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 60) If a consonant of the t group is followed by l! , the consonant of the t group changes into l! . Examples:

tt!

+

lIn>

=

tLlIn>

%d!

+

leo>

=

%Lleo>

jgt!

+

lúmI>

=

jgLlúmI>

l»a

=

ivlsLl»a

ivlst! +

³

95

Textbook

12.2.6 íuTvsiNx> (A) Stae> íuna íu> – Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 40) If s! is followed by z! or the consonants of c group, the s! is changed into z! . Examples:

rams!

+

zete

=

ramZzete

mns!

+

cÂlm!

=

mníÂlm!

rams!

+

icnaeit =

ramiínaeit

izzs!

+

zete

izzuZzete

=

(B) If the consonant of the t group is followed by z! or the consonant of the c group, the consonant of the t group is changed into its corresponding c group consonant. Examples:

st!

+

ict!

si½t!

mht!

+

c³m! =

mh½³m!

b&ht!

+

DÇm!

b&hCDÇm!

=

=

³

12.2.7 òuTvsiNx> (A) òuna

òu> – Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 41)

If s! is followed by ;! or the consonant of the q group, the s! is changed into ;!.

rams!

+

;ó>

=

ram:;ó>

xnus!

+

q»ar>

=

xnuò»ar>

bals!

+

;ó>

=

bal:;ó>

(B) If the consonants of the t group is followed by the consonants of the q

Sulabha Saàskåtam

96

group, the consonant of the t group is changed into its corresponding consonant of the q group.

mhd!

+

ifi{fm>

=

mhif!fi{fm>

tt!

+

qIka

=

t”Ika

b&ht!

+

qIka

=

b&h”Ika

ci³n!

+

FaEkse

=

ci³{FaEkse

b&ht!

+

q»zala

=

b&h”»zala

%t!

+

q»nm!

=

%”»nm!

%t!

+

Jvl>

=

%JJvl>

mhan!

+

jy>

=

mhaÁjy>

ANyt!

+

c

=

ANy½ ³

12.2.8 pUvs R v[RsiNx>

Hyae hae=NytrSyam!

– Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 62)

If h! comes after any of the first four letters of a group, the h! is optionally changed to the fourth letter of that group. The end consonant of the first word changes into the third letter of its group. Example: vakœ

+

hir>

vaGhir>/vaG"ir>

=

vakœ ends with the consonant kœ which is changed into g! which is the third letter of its group. h! is optionally changed into "! .

A few more examples: ptt!

+

ihmm!

=

ptd!ihmm! /pti˜mm!

tt!

+

iht>

=

td!iht>/ti˜t>

Ap!

+

hr[m!

=

ABhr[m!/ABÉr[m!

97

Textbook

idkœ

+

hStI

=

idGhStI/idG"StI

sèaq!

+

ihtkr

=

sèaif!htkr/sèaif!Ftkr ³

12.2.9 DTvsiNx>

zZDae=iq – Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 63) If z! is followed by a vowel, semi-vowel or h and is preceded by a word ending in any of the first four letters of a group, z! is changed into D! optionally. The t! of the first word changes into c! . Examples:

tt!

+

izv>

=

tiCzv> / tiCDv>

tt!

+

zIl>

=

tCzIl> / tCDIl>

jgt!

+

zr[m!

=

jgCzr[m! / jgCDr[m!

%t!

+

iz:q>

=

%iCz:q> / %iCD:q>

st!

+

zaSÇm!

=

sCzaSÇm! / sCDaSÇm!

³

12.2.10 'mufagmsiNx>

'mae ÿSvadic 'mui{nTym! – Päëini Sütra (8. 3. 32) If a word ends in '! , [! or n! , is preceded by a short vowel and is followed by any vowel, then '! , [! or n! is doubled. Examples:

àTy'!

+

AaTma

=

àTy'!'aTma

xavn!

+

Añ>

=

xavÚñ>

hsn!

+

AiÄ

=

hsÚiÄ

sug[!

+

$z>

=

sug{[Iz>

Sulabha Saàskåtam

98

gCDn!

+

AiSt

=

gCDÚiSt

Smrn!

+

%vac

=

SmrNnuvac

³

12.3 ivsgRsiNx> When visarga (:) is combined with any vowel or consonant it is known as ‘visarga sandhi’ There are 4 types in this sandhi. 2.

laep>

3.

1. %kar>

re)>

ivsgRsiNx>

4. skar>

12.3.1 %kar> If a visarga (>) is preceded by A and is followed by a soft consonant or A then the visarga is changed into % (A + % = Aae ) ( A = =). The soft consonants do not change whereas A changes to avagraha (=). Example: izv>

+

ACyR>

=

izvae=CyR>

In the word izv> the visarga is preceded by the vowel A and is followed by A in ACyR>. Thus the visarga in izv> changes to %. Again A and % combine to become Aae and thus we get izvae=CyR>.

A few more examples: ram>

+

Aip

=

ramae=ip

k>

+

Aym!

=

kae=ym!

99

Textbook

gaeivNd> +

Ahm!

=

gaeivNdae=hm!

Ax>

+

git

=

Axae git

mn>

+

blm!

=

mnae blm! ³

12.3.2 laep> (A) If visarga is preceded by Aa and is followed by any vowel or a soft consonant, the visarga is dropped. Examples:

Aña>

+

AmI

=

Aña AmI

puÇa>

+

jata>

=

puÇa jata>

Aña>

+

xaviNt

=

Aña xaviNt

jna>

+

gCDiNt

=

jna gCDiNt

tara>

+

%idta>

=

tara %idta>

hta>

+

gja>

=

hta gja>

(B) If a visarga is preceded by A and is followed by any vowel other than the short A, the visarga is dropped. Examples:

k…t>

+

Aagta>

=

k…t Aagta>

nr>

+

#v

=

nr #v

cNÔ>

+

%deit

=

cNÔ %deit

dev>

+

\i;>

=

dev \i;>

k«:[>

+

@it

=

k«:[ @it

k>

+

@;>

=

k @;>

(C) If any consonant or vowel except short A follows s> or @;>, the visarga is dropped.

Sulabha Saàskåtam

100

Examples:

s>

+

AagCDit

=

s AagCDit

s>

+

zMÉuu>

=

s zMÉu>u

@;>

+

iv:[u>

=

@; iv:[u>

(D) The words Éae> , Égae> and A"ae> lose their visarga if any vowel or soft consonant follows it.

Éae>

+

ACyut

=

Éae ACyut

A"ae>

+

yaih

=

A"ae yaih

Égae>

+

nmSte

=

Égae nmSte

³

12.3.3 re)> (A) If visarga is preceded by any vowel except A or Aa and is followed by any vowel or a soft consonant then, visarga is changed into r! . Examples:

hir>

+

Aym!

=

hirrym!

git>

+

#ym!

=

gitirym!

riv>

+

%deit

=

rivédeit

muin>

+

Éjit

=

muinÉRjit

kve>

+

bui˜>

=

kvebi›u ˜>

gurae>

+

g&hm!

=

guraeg&Rhm!

(B) Having changed visarga into r! ( > = r! ), if the first letter of the following word is again r! , the r! of the first word disappears and the short vowels A, # or % before r! of the first word is then changed to Aa, $ or ^ respectively.

hirr! (hir>)

+

rMy> =

hrI rMy>

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Textbook

The visarga in hir> is changed into r! and then when it combines with r! of the following word rMy>, the r! in the hirr! (hir>) is dropped and the vowel is lengthened. Thus hirr! (hir>) becomes hrI.

A few more Examples: inr!

+

rs>

=

nIrs>

zMÉur!

+

rajte

=

zMÉU rajte

æatur!

+

raednm!

=

æatU raednm!

iptr!

+

r]

=

ipta r] ³

12.3.4. skar> (A) When visarga is followed by t! or w! then the visarga is changed into s! . Examples:

mn>

+

tap>

=

mnStap>

ram>

+

it:Qit

=

ramiSt:Qit

iv:[u>

+

Çata

=

iv:[uSÇata

If visarga is followed by c! or D! then the visarga becomes z! . Examples:

gaE>

+

crit

=

gaEírit

k>

+

ict!

=

kiít!

m&g>

+

crit

=

m&gírit

If visarga is followed by q! or Q!

then the visarga is changed to ;!.

Examples:

ram>

+

qIkte

=

ram:qIkte

Sulabha Saàskåtam

102

xnu>

+

q

=

xnu:q

(B) If z!, ;! or s! follows a visarga then the visarga is changed into z! , ;! or

s! optionally. Examples:

hir>

+

zete

=

hirZzete/hir> zete

suPt>

+

izzu>

=

suPtiZzzu>/suPt> izzu>

kiv>

+

ïu[aeit

=

kivZïu[aeit/kiv> ïu[aeit

mÄ>

+

;q!pd>

=

mÄ:;q!pd>/mÄ> ;q!pd>

pdawaR>

+

sPt

=

pdawaRSsPt/pdawaR> sPt

k…mar>

+

sIdit

=

k…marSsIdit/k…mar> sIdit

Textbook

zaSÇai[

103

Scriptures

Five well known çlokas from Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam, Çrémad Bhagavad Gétä, Çrémad Bhägavatam, Manusmåti, Upaniñads and Raghuvamça are given below along with their prose order. With the knowledge that you have gained from this study of Sanskrit you should be able to grasp the meaning of these verses.

13.1 ïImÖaLmIikramay[m! Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam 1. Sage Viçvämitra to Daçaratha

Ah< veiÒ mhaTman< ram< sTypra³mm!, visóae=ip mhateja ye ceme tpis iSwta>. The glorious sage Vasiñöha and all those who are stead fast in austerity and I know the great Räma as the possessor of true prowess. (Bälakäëòa 19.14)

Prose Order:

Ah< sTypra³m< mhaTman< (#it) ram< veiÒ, mhateja visó> #me ye tpis iSwta> c Aip ivdiNt, 2. King Daçaratha to Sage Viçvämitra

^n;aefzv;aeR me ramae rajIvlaecn>, n yu˜yaeGytamSy pZyaim sh ra]sE>. My lotus-eyed Räma is less than sixteen years old. I do not perceive his capacity to wage war with the Räkñasas. (Bälakäëòa 20.2)

Prose Order:

me rajIvlaecn> ramae ^n;aefzv;R> (Évit), ASy ra]sE> sh yu˜yaeGyta< n pZyaim, 3. Sage Viçvämitra to Çré Räma and Lakñmaëa

kaEsLyasuàja ram pUvaR sNXya àvtR t, e

Sulabha Saàskåtam

104

%iÄó nrzaËRl ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm!. O Räma! the worthy son of Kausalyä, the morning twilight has set in. Get up. O tiger among men! Contemplation on the deity and the daily duties have to be performed. (Bälakäëòa 23.2)

Prose Order:

he ram, kaEsLyasuàja, pUvaR sNXya àvtR t e, nrzaËRl %iÄó, dEvm! Aaiûkm! ktRVym!, 4. Janaka to Çré Räma

#y< sIta mm suta shxmRcrI tv, àtICD cEna< ÉÔ< te pai[< g&ŸI:v pai[na. This Sétä, my daughter, is your companion in discharging your sacred duties. Take her hand in your own and accept her. May good betide you. (Bälakäëòa 73.26)

Prose Order:

#y< sIta mm suta tv shxmRcrI (Évit), @na< c àtICD pai[na pai[< g&ŸI:v, te ÉÔm! (AStu), 5. Sumiträ to Lakñmaëa

ram< dzrw< ivi˜ ma< ivi˜ jnkaTmjam!, AyaeXyamqvI < ivi˜ gCD tat ywa suom!. Consider Räma to be Daçaratha, look upon Sétä as myself, experience the

forest

as Ayodhyä and depart happily, my dear. (Ayodhyäkäëòa 40.9)

Prose Order:

tat, ram< dzrw< ivi˜, jnkaTmja< ma< ivi˜, AqvI < AyaeXya< ivi˜, ywa suo< gCD, ³

Textbook

105

13.2 ïImÑgvÌIta Çrémad Bhagavad Gétä kmR{yevaixkarSte ma )le;u kdacn, ma kmR)lhetÉ u >UR ma te s¼ae=STvkmRi[. Thy right is to work only but never to its fruits; let the fruit of action be not thy motive, nor let thy attachment be to inaction. (Chapter 2.47)

Prose Order:

kmRi[ @v te Aixkar>, )le;u ma kdacn, kmR)lhet>u ma ÉU>, te s¼> AkmRi[ ma AStu, yda yda ih xmRSy GlainÉRvit Éart, A_yuTwanmxmRSy tdaTman< s&jaMyhm!. Whenever there is decay of righteousness, O Bhärata, and unrighteousness, is on the rise, then I manifest Myself. (Chapter 4.7)

Prose Order:

he Éart, yda yda ih xmRSy Glain> Évit, AxmRSy A_yuTwan< (Évit), tda Ahm! AaTman< s&jaim, pirÇa[ay saxUna< ivnazay c Ê:k«tam!, xmRsS< wapnawaRy sMÉvaim yuge yug. e I am born in every age for the protection of the good, for the destruction of the wicked, and for the establishment of righteousness. (Chapter 4.8)

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saxUna< pirÇa[ay, Ê:k«ta< ivnazay, xmRsS< wapnawaRy c, yuge yuge sMÉvaim,a pÇ< pu:p< )l< taey< yae me ÉKTya àyCDit, tdh< ÉKTyupùt< Aîaim àytaTmn>.

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Whoever offers Me with devotion a leaf, a flower, a fruit, water, that I accept, offered by the pure minded with devotion. (Chapter 9.26) Prose Order:

y> me pÇ< pu:p< )l< taey< ÉKTya àyCDit àytaTmn>, ÉKTya %pùt< tt! Ahm! AZnaim, svRxmaRn! pirTyJy mamek< zr[< ìj, Ah< Tva svRpape_yae mae]iy:yaim ma zuc>. Abandoning all dharmas, take refuge in Me alone; I will liberate thee from all sins; grieve not. (Chapter 18.66)

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svRxmaRn! pirTyJy mam! @k< zr[< ìj, Ah< svRpape_y> Tva mae]iy:yaim, ma zuc>, ³

13.3 ïImÑagvtm! Çrémad Bhägavatam inzIwe tm %уte jaymane jnad›n, e devKya< devêip{ya< iv:[u> svRgh u azy>, AaivrasId!! ywa àaCya< idzINÊirv pu:kl>. In the pitch darkness of midnight, Mahäviñëu, the dweller of all hearts, was born of the divinely beautiful Devaké, like the full moon rising on the eastern horizon. (Skandha 10.3.8)

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svRgh u azy> iv:[u> inzIwe tm %уte jaymane jnad›ne devKya< devêip{ya< ywa àaCya< idiz pu:kl> #NÊ> #v AaivrasIt! , tv iv³Iift< k«:[ n&[a< prmm¼lm!, k[RpIyU;maSva* TyjTyNySp&ha< jn>. O Kåñëa! hearing about your holy and auspicious sports, which is a real nectar

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for the ear, the people leave all other desires. (Skandha 11.6.44)

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he k«:[, n&[a< prmm¼l< k[RpIyU;< tv iv³Iift< jn> AaSva* ANySp&ha< Tyjit, sv›vde aNtsar< ih ïIÉagvtim:yte, tÔsam&tt&PtSy naNyÇ Syad! rit> Kvict! . This Bhägavata being the essence of all Vedänta, it is natural that one who is satisfied in its study does not feel interest in any other text. (Skandha 12.13.15)

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ïIÉagvt< sv›vde aNtsar< ih #:yte, tt!! rsam&tt&PtSy ANyÇ Kvict! rit> n Syat!, n olu gaeipkanNdnae ÉvanioldeihnamNtraTmd¯k, ! ivonsaiwRtae ivñguPtye so %deiyvan! saTvta< k…l. e O Friend! you are not merely the Gopikä's son, but the witness of the inner essence of all embodied beings. Prayed by Brahmä, you have risen in the clan of the Yadus for the protection of the world. (Skandha 10.31.4)

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so Évan! n olu gaeipkanNdn>, Aioldeihna< ANtraTm†kœ ivonsaiwRt> (Évan!) ivñguPtye saTvta< k…le %deiyvan!, inrpe]< muin< zaNt< invErR < smdzRnm!, AnuìjaMyh< inTy< pUyy e Te y'!iºre[iu É>. I always follow the sage who desires nothing, who is always tranquil in order that I may get purified by the dust of his feet. (Skandha 11.14.16)

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Ah< A'!iºre[uiÉ> pUyeyet! (#it icNtyn!) inrpe]< invERr< smdzRn< zaNt< muin< inTym! Anuìjaim, ³

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13.4 mnuSm&it> Manusmåti n jatu kam> kamanam! %pÉaegn e zaMyit, hiv;a k«:[vTmev R ÉUyv E aiÉvxRt. e Desire is never satisfied by the enjoyment of its objects. Like fire fed with ghee, it only flares up all the more. (Chapter 2.94)

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kam> kamanam! %pÉaegn e n jatu zaMyit, hiv;a k«:[vTm› #v ÉUy @v AiÉvx›t, e ïuTva Sp&òv ! a c †ò!va c ÉuKTva ºaTva c yae nr>, n ù:yit Glayit va s iv}eyae ijteiNÔy>. One who, having heard, having touched, having seen, having tasted and having smelt does not become joyful nor sink in sorrow, is declared as one who has conquered his senses. (Chapter 2.98)

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y> nr> ïuTva Sp&òv ! a †ò!va ÉuKTva ºaTva n ù:yit Glayit va s> ijteiNÔy> iv}ey>, sv›< prvz< du>o< sv›maTmvz< suom!, @tiÖ*aTsmasen l][< suodu>oyae>. Sorrow is for one who depends on the external world; joy for one who depends on one's own self. Know this to be the nature of joy and sorrow. (Chapter 4.160)

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sv›< prvz< du>om!, sv›m! AaTmvz< suom!, @tt! suodu>oyae> l][< smasen iv*at!, xm› @v htae hiNt xmaeR r]it ri]t>, tSma˜maeR n hNtVyae ma nae xmaeR htae=vxIt!. Dharma destroys its destroyer. Dharma protects its protector. Therefore

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virtues should not be destroyed. Let not such dharma (which has been destroyed) destroy us. (Chapter 8.15)

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ht> xmR> @v hiNt, ri]t> xmR> r]it, tSmat! xmR> n hNtVy>, ht> xmR> n> ma AvxIt! , A}e_yae ¢iNwn> ïeóa> ¢iNw_yae xair[ae vra>, xair_yae }ainn> ïeóa> }ain_yae Vyvsaiyn>. Greater than the ignorant are those who have read the scriptures. Still greater are those who have memorized them. Greater still are those who know their meaning. The best are those who put them to practice. (Chapter 12.103)

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A}e_y> ïeòa> ¢iNwn>, ¢iNw_y> vra> xair[>, xair_y> ïeòa> }ainn>, }ain_y> Vyvsaiyn> (ïeóa>), ³

13.5 %pin;d! Upaniñad Öa sup[aR syuja soaya sman< v&]< pir;Svjate, tyaerNy> ipPpl< SvaÖiÄ AnZnÚNyae AiÉcakzIit. Two birds bound to one other in close friendship, perch on the same tree. One of them eats the fruits of the tree with relish, while the other looks on without eating. (Muëòakopaniñad 3.1.1)

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syuja soaya Öa sup[aR sman< v&]< pir;Svjate, tyae> ANy> SvaÊ ipPpl< AiÄ, ANy> AnZnn! AiÉcakzIit,

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à[vae xnu> zrae ýaTma äü tLlúymuCyte, AàmÄen ve˜Vy< zrvt! tNmyae Évet. ! The Praëava is the bow, the Ätman is the arrow and Brahman is said to be its mark. It should be hit by one who is self-collected and the one who hits becomes, like the arrow, one with the mark, which is Brahman. (Muëòakopaniñad 2.2.4)

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xnu> à[v>, zr> ih AaTma, lúy< tt! äü %Cyte, AàmÄen ve˜Vy Évet, ! %iÄót ja¢t àaPy vran! inbaext, ]urSy xara inizta ÊrTyya Êg›< pwStt! kvyae vdiNt. Arise, awake; having reached the great teachers realize that Ätman. Like the sharp edge of a razor is that path, difficult to cross and hard to tread – thus say the wise. (Kaöhopaniñad 1.3.14)

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%iÄót, ja¢t, vran! àaPy inbaext, kvy> tt! pw> ]urSy xara inizta ÊrTyya Êg›< (#it) vdiNt, AaTman< riwn< ivi˜ zrIr< rwmev tu, bui˜< tu sariw< ivi˜ mn> à¢hmev c. Know the Ätman as the Lord of the chariot, and the body as the chariot. Know the intellect as the charioteer and the mind verily as the reins. (Kaöhopaniñad 1.3.3)

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AaTman< riwn< ivi˜, zrIr< @v tu rwm! (#it ivi˜), bui˜< tu sariw< ivi˜, mn> à¢hm! @v c (#it ivi˜), #iNÔyai[ hyanahu> iv;ya. The senses, they say, are the horses, and their roads are the sense objects. When an individual is united with the body, the sense and the mind, call him the enjoyer. (Kaöhopaniñad 1.3.4) Prose Order:

#iNÔyai[ hyan! Aahu>, iv;yan! te;u gaecran! (Aahu>), AaTmeiNÔymnaeyKu t< ÉaeKta #it mnIi;[> Aahu>, ³

13.6. r"uvz < > Raghuvaàça vagwa›ivv sMp&KtaE vagwRàitpÄye, jgt> iptraE vNde pavRtIprmeZvraE. I bow down to Pärvaté and Parameçvara, the world parents, who like word and meaning are unified, so that I may attain right knowledge of word and sense. (Sarga 1.1)

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vakœ-AwR-àitpÄye vagwaRivv sMp&KtaE jgt> iptraE pavRtIprmeZvraE vNde, tavuÉavip prSpriSwtaE vxRmanpirhIntejsaE, pZyit Sm jnta idnaTyye pavR[aE zizidvakraivv. Standing face to face in opposition, on the full moon day, the people beheld them (Räma and Paraçuräma) like the sun and the moon at the end of the day, with the glory of the one waxing and that of the other waning. (Sarga 11.82)

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pavR[aE idnaTyye zizidvakraE #v taE %ÉaE Aip prSpriSwtaE vxRmanpirhIntejsaE jnta pZyit Sm,

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s sItalúm[so> sTyat! guémlaepyn!, ivvez d{fkar{y< àTyek< c sta< mn>. With Lakñmaëa and Sétä for companions, helping his father not to stray from truth, he entered the Daëòaka forest, and the heart of every good man. (Sarga 12.9)

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s> sItalúm[so> sTyat! guém! Alaepyn! , d{fkar{y< àTyek< sta< mn> c ivvez, àv&ÄaE %plBxaya< tSya> sMpaitdzRnat!, maéit> sagr< tI[R> s. On meeting Sampäti they got news of Sétä. Märuti crossed the ocean, as a selfless soul transcends this transitory life. (Sarga 12.60)

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sMpaitdzRnat! tSya> àv&ÄaE %plBxaya< inmRm> s sagr< tI[R>, s set lv[aMÉis, rsatlat! #v %NmGn< ze;< SvPnay zai¼R[>. Across the briny sea, with the help of the monkeys he built a bridge which resembled Çeña rising from the nether regions for Viñëu to sleep on. (Sarga 12.70)

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s> PlvgE> lv[aMÉis zai¼R[> SvPnay rsatlat! %NmGn< ze;m! #v set