Sandugo Magazine

KASPIL2 C31 Group 6

april issue

SANDUGO the

japanese

takeover The Good, The Bad & The Ugly the story behind every ink The Symbols Behind Every Pintados

Atty. Ethelwoldo E. Fernandez Teenage life in the

time of

war

table of

contents

FEATURES 4 The Story Behind Every Ink: The Symbols Behind the Pintados 7 Import Substitution: How the Filipinos survived the Japanese Occupation 10 Teenage Life in Time of War: An Interview with Atty. Ethelwoldo E. Fernandez

OPINIONS 5 The Japanese Takeover: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 7 How the Fraud of Kalantiaw Changed Philippine History 14 The Spaniards and The Americans: Are they both the same?

NEWS 15 Anti-Dynasty Bill: Still not approved by the House of Representatives

COMICS 18 Tattoos Before and Tattoos Now

REVIEW 16 The Truth Behind the Reel: “Minsaʼy isang Gamu-gamo”

GAMES 18 Crossword Puzzle: Filipino Social Class History

LETTER

FROM THE EDITOR

The Strong Willed, Resilient Filipinos " " In this issue of Sandugo, our team gathered up stories, shared opinions and news about how the Filipinos continue to strive and how the Filipinos strived despite any situation. Learning about these things have helped us gain more insights on what it means for us to be Filipinos. The lessons we learned in our KASPIL2 subject gave us a new meaning of History and opened our eyes on the reality behind every history lesson we learned in the past.

" After finding out who the Filipinos are during pre-colonial period, we found out where our roots came from. We realized how the Filipinos have a culture of its own before any colonials came in our country. Learning about he methods of the Spaniards and their real motives made us understand and appreciate the strength they had to fight for what their country. Understanding the stories behind the American and the Japanese occupations gave us a new insight on what really happened. We ,despite all the brutality the Japanese were said to be in our old history books, they somehow helped us become Filipinos by giving us the chance to express our thoughts in our language and test our innovative minds during the times of need. We saw the Americans for what they really are. We realized how they were not always our savior and our hero and most importantly we realized how the mentality instilled by the Americans still affect our culture and politics today. " This issue of Sandugo hopes to give our readers a new insight in our history and at the same time appreciate being Filipino. We are the strong willed, resilient Filipino people and we should always be proud of where we came from!

Alec Kim P. Santos

ail v a to w o l n a i r r e T st ee r F Regi AY D E s! s a ON a l C

Linguwahe Filipino (02)-551-2345 linguwahe.fi[email protected]

FEATURES

The Story Behind Every Ink The Symbols Behind the Pintados By Ron Vidal

Symbolism is part and parcel of pre-colonial Filipino warrior culture. A certain clothing, tattoo or cicatrix may connote the wearer’s status in the warrior society. Tattooing was widely practiced in pre-colonial Philippines both for the purposes of ornamentation and rite of passage. This was particularly prevalent in the Visayas and among the highland tribes of northern Luzon. So widespread was the practice of tattooing in the Visayas that the Spaniards coined the Visayans “pintados” because their bodies were covered with tattoos. Batuk is the general term for tattoos in the Visayas. Even today, an annual feast called Pintados Festival is celebrated in Tacloban to pay tribute to the ancient tattooing tradition of the Visayans. On the other hand, in the mountainous part of northern Luzon, tattooing traditions are still preserved today within certain tribes (Mallari, 2010). William Henry Scott as cited by Mallari 2010, in his book “Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture,” explains that the display of tattoos plays an important part in psyching up one’s opponent in battle, he wrote, “Still more rugged were those who submitted to facial tattooing. Indeed those with tattoos right up to the eyelids constituted a Spartan elite. Such countenances were really terrifying and no doubt intimidated enemies in battle as well as townmates at home. Men would be slow to challenge or antagonize a tough with such visible signs of physical fortitude.” The location of a tattoo also indicates a warrior’s experience. Chest tattoos which looked like breastplates, tattoos on the abdomen – only came after further action in battle; and still later, those on the whole back, widest field for the tattooer’s artistry. Facial tattoos from ear to chin to eye were restricted to the boldest and toughest warriors. Just like in modern times, tattoo works then were done by skillful artists who charge for their services. The process is pretty much unchanged over the centuries, which include the tracing of the design on the body, pricking it with needles then rubbing soot into the fresh wound. The process is very painful, which is why some men though qualified as warriors avoid the operation for as long as possible until shamed into it (Mallari, 2010).

The Japanese Takeover The Good, The Bad & The Ugly By Tisha Ramirez

Japanese Army entering the towns

opinions The Japanese occupation of the Philippines is a time that will always bring about bad memories for the Filipino people. We will always remember the inhumane actions done by the Japanese who were claiming to be on our side. They manipulated these people into thinking that they wanted the best for them. In April of 1942, after the Filipino and American soldiers had surrendered, they were forced to take part in the Death March. These soldiers were forced to walk over one hundred kilometers to a prison camp. They were being tortured and some were killed when trying to accept food and water from the citizens who were in the area. The Filipino people started to feel threatened and had to resort to violence to protect themselves and their families. Groups such as the HUKBALAHAP were formed to rebel against the Japanese and protect the country. Another instance wherein the Japanese manifested their brutality is the use of comfort women. These soldiers would capture young women and rape them repeatedly. They would keep these women in a house so that the Japanese had access to them at all times. This shows that the Japanese had no respect for women and the Filipinos as well. They would treat them like trash, they did not care that what they were doing was immoral and violent. They took advantage of young women who did not understand what was happening to them. This is something that would affect them physically, emotionally, and psychologically. These girls would not be able to recover from these incidents. These are only a few examples of incidents that show the brutality of the Japanese during the war. These incidents will never be forgotten, something that will always be part of Philippine history.

Japanese in front of American Propaganda Posters

Yes, we will always remember the negative effects of the Japanese occupation but there are a few positive things that surfaced during this time as well. One positive effect of the Japanese occupation would be the promotion of Tagalog. Since the colonization by the Americans, Filipinos lost their love and respect for their own country. The Japanese wanted the people to start speaking their own language again and regain the love they once had for their country. Another positive effect is that the Filipinos at that time learned about unity. They had to help one another and be there for one another to be able to survive the actions being done against them. They learned to support one another in times of need as well as fight for the freedom that they all deserved.

FEATURES import-substitution How Filipinos Survived the Japanese Occupation By Ron Vidal The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly effective guerilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, partly because of the American guarantee of independence, and also because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and even put young Filipino women into brothels.

Import restrictions stimulated the manufacturing sector. The Philippines had entered an import-substitution stage of industrialization, largely as the unintended consequence of a policy response to balance-of-payments pressures. Import demand outpaced exports, and the allocation of foreign exchange was subject to corruption. Pressure mounted for a change of policy (Laluna, Paras, Soliva, 2004). Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. ISI is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. In an attempt to protect domestic producers from international competition, the government instituted tariffs until they could develop their own industry and its domestic market (West, 1997).

How the fraud Changed Can you imagine being drowned in the river or in boiling water for murder or theft? Or perhaps, being exposed to ants half the day for killing a black cat during a new moon? How about being beaten up for two days because you sang while travelling at night? It may sound psychotic but it was once referred to as the penal code of our ancestors long before the arrival of the colonizers. The Kalantiaw Code of 1433 was regarded as one of the oldest Philippine penal codes. It manifests the grating approach of the iron-fisted Datu Kalantiaw to ensure law and order in his area. It was included in the two-volume Pavon manuscript that was allegedly written by a Spanish secular priest named Jose Maria Pavon. This manuscript was handed over by Jose E. Marco, a Filipino antiquarian, to the Director of the Philippine National Library. Because of this discovery, it was seen as a national pride. They established the Kalantiaw Shine and Museum in Batan to conserve Aklan’s cultural and historical past. It was also written in academic textbooks and taught in school, whether private or public. Moreover, Ferdinand Marcos developed the famous award Order of Kalantiaw which is considered as the highest honor to be conferred on judges or for law and justice services. The code was certainly treated by both Filipinos and foreigners as an absolute proof that there existed a Philippine legal system in the ancient times. Generally, it was regarded as an important part of the pre-colonial Philippine history. It was not until William Henry Scott’s assertion that people started questioning the Code’s historical validity. Unbeknownst to many, it was actually Mauro Garcia, a Filipino scholar, who first doubted the manuscript. He pointed out that people have been establishing Philippine history without being critical about the suspicious reputation of the antiquarian Jose E. Marco. Consequently, he suggested this to Scott, which resulted to Scott’s dissertation called “A Critical Study of the Pre-hispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History”.

Kalantiaw Shrine and Museum in Batan, Aklan

of kalantiaw Philippine History

OPINIONS

By Patricia Flores

The Alleged Law of Kalantiaw

After scrutinizing the manuscript, Scott debunked the so-called penal code of Datu Kalantiaw. It was clear that there was a lack of historical evidence, there is no Filipino legend or local folklore about Datu Kalantiaw, and, most importantly, the source, Jose E. Marco, is an infamous forger. Kalantiaw’s consequences were outrageous and unjustifiable. There was no rationale scale of penalty. For instance, someone who has committed murder, or someone who has interfered with their superior, or someone who has killed a tree of venerable appearance, they would all have to face death penalty despite that their actions have different degrees of graveness. It is very illogical and to amplify the conflict even more, in the Spanish accounts, ancient Filipinos allowed the dreaded criminals to pay a fine. There is a clear contradiction of the statements and it is clear that there is no rationale behind all of it. A question was even raised, “how could they have condemned a criminal to swim for three hours when in fact, they had no watches or clocks? They had a different sense of time back then”. In 2004, the National Historical Institute officially declared that the Code of Kalantiaw is a big hoax of the Philippine History. Thus, it was called the “Law code that never was”. This fabricated document did not just make our ancestors look uncivilized to the present Filipinos and foreigners, but it tricked us and created a false identity of our forebearers. We even established shrines and the award Order of Kalantiaw without us knowing we were all basing it on an absolute fraud. In addition, Ferdinand Marcos supported Kalantiaw’s code while promoting brutal consequences to preserve order. Is it possible that this code served as one of his stimuli in his Martial Law plans when he mentioned that this country needed a leader who rules with an iron-fist akin to Datu Kalantiaw? Despite the official statement that it is a fraud, it still persists in the academic sphere. Maureen Justiniano (2011) explained “the necessary changes in textbooks and in academic curriculum were not forthcoming until almost thirty years following the release of Scott’s publication in 1969. In the interim, Filipino students have continued to internalize the Code of Kalantiaw as an integral part of ancient Philippine history”. It is also probable that some teachers are not aware that it has been debunked so they continue to teach it to students and the miseducation cycle continues from there.

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FEATURES

Teenage life in the time of war by Keanu Dy

Atty. Ethelwoldo E. Fernandez has been a well-known lawyer and journeyman through out his career. Starting his career back in 1954, he has worked for multiple companies and law firms, such as Oriental Petroleum and Minerals Corp., Manila Mining Corp., Lepanto Consolidated Mining Corp., Prudential Guarantee and Assurance Inc., Sycip, Salazar, Hernandez, and Gamaitan Law Officers, Escudero & Fernandez Law offices, and the The Philippines Department Of Justice. At 84 years of age, he still continuous to work as a special counsel for the law form or Tolosa Romulo Agabin and Flores and to this day, he also serves as a private lawyer for corporations such as Director of Nationwide Development Corporation, R. Cuyuito Securities Inc., and Panpisco Technologies Inc. Today Atty. Fernandez answers some questions for us regarding what his initial reactions and emotions were when finding out that the Japanese had came, as well as some thoughts on the Americans, and how life was during the war.

How old were you when the Japanese war started? At the start of the Japanese occupation, I was just turning 14. I was 13 when the war broke out, which was December 8, so by January second and the Japanese entered manila, I turned 14 the week after. How did the war change your life when it started? My life changed drastically because when I was in high school and the war broke out, when the Japanese came, the first thing that happened was school was closed at the time the war began, and it reopened only about 1943. How did you find out that the Japanese were in the Philippines for the first time, and how did you find out school would be closing? My mother used to love to listen to the shortwave radio, and she heard that the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor and that they were here. She woke us up in the morning and told us that we were at war, but we did not know what war was at that time, so I thought, so what? So everyone was doing their own thing, I put on my boy scout uniform, I walked from our place in Cosa Maria in Intramurous to take a bus to go to The Ateneo to attend a mass and ceremony. We had no classes because it was December 8, feast day of the Immaculate Conception, but I went there for mass. So we went to mass and after the mass we were all gathered together and assembled, and the priest told us that now the Philippines was at war, and that classes would be suspended until further notice. We were dismissed, and that was the end of classes. What did you do when you found out there were no classes anymore? Were you scared? Well, I walked back to Taft Avenue, took a bus going back to Intramurous, and by that time the air had changed. That day, the morning I walked to Ateneo, everything just seemed the same, but walking back home, there was electricity, excitement in the air. You could tell something different was happening. When I got back to our place, the Japanese ice cream store in the corner was full of people, and I want there to find out what was happening. The Japanese under the establishment had just been arrested, soldiers were around with their helmets and guns, and later that day officers were suspended for the first time and we heard sirens.

Bombs? Yes, the bombs seemed so near and actually the Japanese were bombing Intramuros. The building across Pasig River, and that was just 3 or 4 blocks away from where we were. Now how did the on going war and all this affect your parents since offices were closed down? After some air raid, when our folks came home, the government had decided that war would probably last around 3 months until the Japanese would be defeated. My pops and mom who were both working in the government were given pay for 3 months, as were all the government employees, and they said we’ll call you back in 3 months, but the war lasted longer than that. At the time of war, were you aware of what was happening? We all heard about the Japanese landings and our soldiers fighting them, and it seemed like we were doing all right, except they kept retreating, and we had no airplanes to fight the Japanese back. How did you find out about these things? We had shortwave radios although it was prohibited, so we could hear things and they were slowly withdrawing to Bataan, so it looked like we were winning because they we were retreating to Bataan.

Ethelwoldo (Right most) with his brothers and mother in the 1940s

Ethelwoldo (Left Most) with his brothers and Father in the 1940s

What were your impressions of the Japanese back then? Were they really cruel? When the Japanese soldiers came in, everyone was so scared. We heard so many stories of people or friends who were shot by Japanese soldiers, and now Japanese sentries were posted in many places. If you passed by near them and you don’t bow, they’d shoot you. Words spread around and we learned very quickly. We felt intimidated by the Japanese presence in manila. At that time the US were helping you right? What was your impression on them back then? There was false news that even was admitted by the US when the war was done. It claimed that there were soldiers to join our forces in Bataan and Corregidor and to start the counter attack. It wasn’t true, not only did it never happen, there was never such thing at all, which was propaganda. Of course we all believed it. I think even General McArthur believed it. Can you speak a bit about General McArthur? Was he very well respected at that time? General McArthur was a hero in the First World War, he was one of the youngest generals promoted, then he became chief of staff in the US army. He then resigned and came to the Philippines to be a martial. He wanted to fill up the Filipino army, but there was no time because the Japanese struck suddenly. But he was very well respected in the Philippines, so we expected him to settle things eventually. He declared Manila an open city, an open city in war means that there would be no guns and no bombings in the city, so after that we were safe. So there were no more Japanese soldiers? Well most had retreated to Bataan and Corregidor. There were still Japanese soldiers around; we’d just avoid them. They would capture you under suspicion, bring you to Fort Santiago, you’d get yourself tortured you there.

Atty. Ethelwoldo E. Fernandez Today

So at that point would you say your life kind of normalized? In our case, and I guess in the case of most citizens unless you were a guerilla, we settled down, and learned to how to continue with our lives. But of course, we still faced some problems. Problems such as what? After the Japanese settled down here and we had our own government, things settled down, so there was a market. In our case, since my father had no work and my mother had no work, we engaged in the business of selling coconuts and bananas and opened a store in Paco. A big truck would come in the morning to deliver it, we’d carry it to the market, and then we’d sell. So we earned a little money, although in the end we lost money. Lastly, can you talk a little bit on how life was when you guys got used to the new times. Things were hard, but it was not impossible. At that time, we depended too much on our parents, my father started selling old clothes, and afterwards, we sold the 2 lots in Quezon City we had. We had to walk all the way from Paco to Divisoria to buy rice and walk back Thank you very much for your time! My Pleasure

The Spaniards Are they Filipinos must be proud of this country. With its archipelagic position and vast array of natural resources, who would be admired to get a piece of this “land of flowing milk and honey”? During the pre-colonial time, being the centre of Asia, colonizers would try to claim this country in the benefit of having connection with Asian powerhouse regions such as China, Indonesia, Japan and even all the way to India. Those colonizers would later on be named the Spaniards and the Americans. When they came, they brought with them their culture, religion, political ideologies and much more. These are the top 2 countries that would likely stick into the people’s mind being the once that gave the most influence. But do these colonizers differ from each other? At what incident do they become similar in ways to control us? During the ages of colonization, countries would sail and venture to other countries in order to expand and diversify their culture, economic zones, and social inferences. In simple terms, the more you colonize, the more powerful a country is. This is usually the same case with Spain and America. The Spanish colony would come here with the mind-set of God, Gold, and Glory. They looked at the Philippines as a funnel of flowing milk and honey with the vastness of our natural resources. America on the other hand, has engaged their battle against communism in the different parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Subsequently, they thought the Philippines would be a great vessel for them to construct a military base which is conveniently connected to Asia and a channel of influence to prevent communism. God, Gold, and Glory, according to historians, this is the main reason why the Spaniards came and colonized the Philippines. During the 16th century, they came to us as if they are friends that are ready to spread the truth about religion with the hint and reinforcement of guns, force, and abuse of course. Natives from that era are easily pacified and next thing you know, we are under the Spanish rule. They also constructed towns of European influence, buildings, houses, and churches, and plazas for easier colonization and religious conversion. As for the Americans, after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1899, Philippines were now an American colony. They established a government wherein education was top priority through adapting college and higher levels of education. Another factor we learned from them is the sustainable and better ways to live/survive which is more Western in its influence. Certainly they used a bit of force, which is evident because of certain uprisings from the guerrillas and Moro wars that killed a lot of Filipinos. It is like we are deprived of our rights to the point the Americans have more of it than us. They were in control for most of the time, leaving us empty handed while our Big White Brothers are celebrating on trespassed property.

and The Americans

opinions

both the same? By Christian Guillen These colonizers did not just take over through military force, but also affected on a cultural level as well. Like the Spanish would introduce town-settlements, new methods on agricultural development that is good for cash crops, Christianity, art through painting and poetry, entertainment especially the sinakulo and gambling, culinary expertise like the arroz caldoz, paella, valenciana and so much more that you can think of. Same goes with the Americans; our democratic government is influence by them, Education which is commonly associated with them and gave us the chance to go to the U.S. to study, equality among boys and girls, introduction to free and open trade especially on tobacco where economic progress started to show, the English language to which we speak most of the time than our national language and/ or dialects, sports like baseball and cricket, entertainment in television and such, and let’s not forget the foods which are American in nature especially chocolates, french fries, and hamburgers. Certainly, anyone would agree that both of these powerhouses have significantly been similar to each other not only in their motives, but in their implementation and strategies to govern us Filipinos. These are not just two unalike countries with a diversified culture; bottom-line is that both of them are our colonizers. We can surely admire them of their authoritative initiative to manage our country, but they are the key contributors of what makes the completely branched out ideas and characteristics of Filipinos. With the efforts of these “seemingly similar different people”, their ways of colonization resulted into one collective output of our country’s modernization and cultural growth.

Catholic Mass in Philippine shore, introduced by the Spaniards McArthur arriving back in the Philippines during the 1st World War

Anti-Dynasty Bill

NEWS

Still Not Approved by the House of Representatives By Gabe Acetre

Author of the anti-dynasty bill, Edgar Erice has been urging President Benigno Aquino to certify the proposed bill as urgent. However, the president will not dub the bill as urgent. This bill, according to the president, is not in the priorities of the nation as of the moment. He wants to thoroughly study this and get all the necessary details. “Gusto ko mabasa sana nang kabuuan 'yan [anti-political dynasty bill],” he said. “Marami tayong pinag-aabalahan sa kasalukuyan both on the domestic and the international scene, so gusto ko makita ang lahat ng detalye muna.” It is clearly seen that one of the reasons why President Aquino wants to study this bill is because he may be affected when this is passed. President Aquino is no stranger to the history of politics; his mom, Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino and dad, Benigno Aquino Jr. were icons in Philippine democracy. He has relatives in the field as well, Gilberto Teodoro Jr., Teresa Aquino-Oreta and potential future politician, Kris Aquino to name a few. The anti-dynasty bill was originally written to ban the spouse, children, siblings, grandchildren of an incumbent official. This is certainly very controversial as 150 of the 289 house members will be affected. The Binays provide the perfect example of this. There are currently four Binays in office, one as the vice president, one in the senate, one in congress and one as mayor. Connections between families make up the political arena of the Philippines and getting this bill approved will be truly difficult. The struggles these authors of the bill face pushed them to modify the bill and changed it. Now, they have allowed two members of the political family to be in office at the same time. Rep. Erice stated, “We are eyeing a compromise that would be acceptable to our colleagues so that the bill will have a fighting chance, a better prospect of approval.” It is still a long road ahead until this anti-dynasty bill becomes a law.

Pres. Aquino: anti-dynasty bill not a priority for the nation right now

Four Binays currently in office: Vice President Jejomar Binay, Sen. Nancy Binay, Rep. Abigail Binay, and Makati Mayor Junjun Binay.

Rep. Erice, one of the main authors of the anti-dynasty bill

The Truth Behind the Reel

review

“Minsa’y isang Gamu-gamo” By Alec Kim P. Santos “Minsaʼy isang Gamu-gamo” (Once a Moth) is a film written by Marina Feleo- Gonzales and directed by Lupita Aquino- Kashiwar. The film tackles the issues regarding the RP-US Visting Forces Agreement. The film was set in a province near the Clark Air Base. Corazon Dela-Cruz (Nora Aunor) is a nurse who aspires to be an American Citizen to be able to provide for her mother, grandfather and younger brother. The film focuses on the way Filipinos live during the 1970s. The members of the community where Corazon lives earn their living from selling “PX goods” or imported items from the United States and admire the Americans very much. Certain events lead to Corazon and her familyʼs realization on what the Americans were doing in their community. Their neighbor, Yolanda Santos, was accused of stealing while working in the Military base. She was force to be stripped search and was embarrassed in-front of the american army, when the marshall confiscated her underwear and flagged it around. She later filed a case against them only to be maltreated more by the American Military. Corazonʼs family faced the biggest turn in their lives when her younger brother was shot by an American Soldier, while the brother was playing near the base. The American Soldier expressed his condolences to the family and even gave a lame excuse of thinking that the boy was a pig. Corazon and Yolanda was seeking justice for what was done to them, only to find out that they have no power against the Americans because the government has no jurisdiction against them. This movie reflected the situation of the Filipinos during the time where in there were still American Bases in the country. Filipinos were wanting to be like Americans but they didnʼt know that the Americans were treating them like they do not have rights in their own country.

The Film also has a lot of insights about the Nationalism of the Filipinos. Corazon really wanted to be an American Citizen. Her Grandfather said in reply to her American Dream “ ʻ Ya n g i n i i s i p m o a y a n g pagbabawi ng iyong Kamamayanan. Ang paguugaling Amerikano ang pinapangarap mo? Hindi mo ba nakikita na ang pinapangrap mo ay pagkaduhagi ng ating bansa?” This particular line can still be said to many Filipinos today, who prefer to be a citizen of another country for the sake of having a better life. Filipinos are constantly dreaming of becoming another citizen of another country. Nationalism is somehow becoming just a beautiful idea. It is sad to say that a movie created almost 40 years ago still applies to the situation of our country today. Minsaʼy isang Gamu-gamo is a great film that portrays how Filipinoʼs Nationalism is continually second guessed.

Tattooed Man Before

COMICS

Tattooed Man now GAMES

Answer in Page 19

SANDUGO Editor The Truth Behind the Reel: “Minsaʼy isang Gamu-gamo” Comics

Alec Kim P. Santos

Feature: Teenage Life in the times of war

Opinions: How the Code of Kalantiaw changed Philippine History

Filipino Social Class History Game Keanu Dy Created the ADS The Japanese Takeover: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly tisha ramirez The Story Behind Every Ink: The Symbols behind the Pintados Import-Substitution: How the Filipinos survived the Japanese Occupation Ron Vidal

Patricia Flores

Anti-Dynasty Bill still not approved by the House of Representatives

Gabriel Acetre

The Spaniards and The Americans Are they both the same?

Christian Guillen

Sources The Story Behind Every Ink: The Symbols Behind the Pintados Reference: Mallari, S. (2010). Symbolism in Pre-Colonial Filipino Warrior Culture. Fmapulse. Retrieved April 5, 2014, from http://www.fmapulse.com/ content/fma-corner-symbolism-pre-colonial-filipino-warrior-culture

Import Substitution: How the Filipinos survived the Japanese Occupation Reference:  Laluna,  C,  Paras,  A,  Soliva,  V.  (2004).  An  Analysis  of  the  History  of   Philippine  Trade  Policy.  Retrieved  April  5,  2014  from  hGp:// www.arellanolaw.edu/alpr/v7n1c.pdf West,  L.  (1997).  Militant  Labor  in  the  Philippines.  Philadelphia,  USA:  Temple   University  Press.  Retrieved  April  5,  2014  from  hGp://books.google.com.ph/ books?id=KcaOhzm8gAQC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=local+philippine+products +used+during+import +subs\tu\on&source=bl&ots=yLGqO42Q2o&sig=hnTYVitONIIopl9KAOw7WrtbW bs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-­‐2Y_U9yeBcGoiAf7jIH4Bw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage &q=local%20philippine%20products%20used%20during%20import %20subs\tu\on&f=false

Anti-Dynasty Bill: Still not approved by the House of Representatives Photo Source: http://www8.gmanews.tv/webpics/v3/2012/01/ ZZZ_010912_mmanila.jpg http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/rMhYkFFqNpI/ 0.jpg http://www.interaksyon.com/assets/images/articles/ interphoto_1349266447.jpg Reference: Diaz, J. (2014, March 7). Lawmakers eye watered down anti-political dynasty bill. Retrieved April 4, 2014, from http:// www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/03/07/1298067/lawmakers-eyewatered-down-anti-political-dynasty-bill Tan, K. J. (2014, January 29). PNoy: Anti-political dynasty bill not among admin's priorities. Retrieved April 4, 2014, from http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346053/ news/nation/pnoy-anti-political-dynasty-bill-not-amongadmin-s-priorities ! ! The Truth Behind the Reel: “Minsaʼy isang Gamu-gamo” Photo Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ a9/Minsa'y_isang_Gamu-gamo.jpg Reference: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0125408/

The Japanese Takeover: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Photo Sources: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/ US_propaganda_and_Japanese_soldier.jpg ! ! How the Fraud of Kalantiaw Changed Philippine History http://www.tripsiders.com/spot/ncr/the-kalantiaw-shrine-and-museum http://philippines-aklan-travel-guide.ourworldtravelguide.com/kalantiawshrine/ https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/20312/ Justiniano-%20Kalantiaw%20Code-%20EXP%202011.pdf?sequence=1 http://opinion.inquirer.net/30125/remember-the-order-of-kalantiaw

The Spaniards and The Americans: Are they both the same? Photo Source: http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/images/mcArthur.jpg ! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/68/ Carlos_V_Francisco_First_Mass_in_the_Philippines.png ! ! !

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