SAMBO Wrestling

Anatoli A. Kharlampiev’s

SAMBO WRESTLING — Published by Physical Culture and Sports, 1949. — 182 pages. Editor B.M. Chesnokov Technical Editor B.G. Tyapkin

2nd printing house «The Printed Court Yard » A.M. Glavpoligrafizadata at the Ministerial Council of the USSR. Leningrad, Gatchinsdaya, 26.

Chapter 1 The Basic Techniques of SAMBO Wrestling*1 The ploys used in SAMBO wrestling are techniques proven by science. In one case, it is expedient to use the body’s leverage while in another case it is more expedient to use the laws of motion dictated by the various parts of the human body. In a third case, achieving lightning quick motions by means of additive speed, etc, is used while in all cases of SAMBO wrestling, success depends not upon casually finding a successful ploy, but from the correct analysis of the movements of the human body. In this given effort, let us dwell on only the most essential bases and features for the techniques for throwing, hold downs, and submission ploys that are known to allow the wrestler to realize improvement through the effort of studying these ploys. In SAMBO, each throw must end with a fall. Naturally, the samboist who is thrown must soften his fall to the mat. If not, SAMBO wrestling would be painful, and the samboist would be discouraged from mastering the techniques in each ploy. Therefore, in SAMBO wrestling, the samboist must learn self-protection when falling to mitigate the basic energy of the throw. This mitigation when falling consists of: a) A rolling motion by means of which the falling body instead of striking the mat directly makes a softer landing by somersaulting; b) As consecutive parts of the body contact the mat, instead of an immediate lump sum impact of the body onto the mat from the fall, the samboist pushes against the mat by striking to mitigate the impact of the fall. All of the opponent’s throwing ability is based on the principles of unbalancing the samboist’s body. Stability depends upon retaining a firm base to support the wrestler (up to his known limit); after that, this base cannot support the wrestler who then becomes less stable and steady in his balance. By analyzing a samboist’s stance, it is easy to determine at what times that he is stable on two legs while moving on the mat, which also means by necessarily that he must share this two-legged stability with slight instances when he is only balanced on one leg due to his movement. The area of his support during such instants sharply decreases, and thus, creates the most favorable moments to carry out a throw. If when in standing wrestling, a samboist senses his opponent’s lines of force, the samboist can lead his opponent into a position of false stability. For example, if the opponent is pressing into the samboist, then he has forced his body’s center of gravity into the forward portion of his base. If the opponent pulls the samboist, then his body’s center of gravity shifts toward the rear portion of his base. 1

The word “SAMBO” is an acronym derived from the initial letters of the three Russian words for “self-defense without weapons”.

In another case, the samboist’s resistance will cause the opponent to actively preserve his own stability. From here, it is clear, that in both cases the samboist must apply his throw in the direction that his opponent’s attack has shifted the opponent’s body weight. Hence, the samboist can impact both his own and his opponent’s stability by: 1) Reducing the time required to find the smallest area for a base, 2) Moving the base area toward a specific direction through jerking and pushing the opponent. The samboist must whenever possible be in an upright stance with a good sense of body position. The bent stance has three simultaneous deficiencies: 1) Due to the significant forward leaning of the upper part of the samboist’s body, the base of the samboist is also shifted forward; 2) To preserve balance from this position, the samboist is forced to keep the lower part of his body toward the rear edge of his base; 3) The pelvis and belt areas of the opponent are removed from easy access which practically ends the opportunity to attack with the legs or the opponent’s legs. Tactically, the conclusion from this is that the bent stance is almost defenseless against throws in different directions (especially forward throws) and very unprofitable for offense as it virtually eliminates the various throws that would use the attacker’s legs against his opponent’s legs. To substantiate any throw, it is necessary to reveal first of all that principle on which a throw is based. For example, all stepping throws are constructed on the discrepancy between the opponent’s supporting base with the displacement of his body’s center of gravity. While his body may not move in any direction, the shift in his center of gravity over his base (in this case, his legs) is blocked, so that he cannot correct his discrepancy, and the opponent falls. The samboist must always be able to exploit the principle of additive speed of motion to various body parts made in any one direction. For example, in the front sweeping throw, the samboist must very quickly jerk upon his opponent’s sleeves. The required jerking motion must be made in the direction: 1) Toward the arms bent at the elbow joint; 2) Into the straighten shoulder joint (set to the rear of the arm); 3) With the body rotating to the side of the jerking motion. If all three motions are executed simultaneously, the speed of motion for the gripping hand will consist of the sum of speeds of motions of the body, the shoulder, and the forearm. In standing wrestling, strong execution of any pull can be increased by adding the samboist’s power to that of his opponent so that they are both applied in one direction. So, if the opponent strongly pushes the samboist away from him, it is possible for the samboist to pull simultaneously with his opponent’s push so that his opponent is drawn toward and to the samboist’s side. If the samboist quickly increases his pull that increases his opponent’s push, so that the samboist’s effort is added to his opponent’s effort increasing the effectiveness beyond only the power that the samboist could have generated on his own. Correctly exploiting body leverage provides the standing wrestler a huge advantage in overcoming his opponent’s strength and power. Let's imagine two samboists who are standing in relation to each other in the characteristic position for beginning the rear stepping throw. Both of their forces are counterbalanced, and neither wrestler can knock the other to the mat. This occurs not only because their power is equal, but additionally the leverage at their shoulders is defined by the distance between such items as the leg positions and arm grips for both samboists. If the first samboist sharply increases his shoulder leverage by dropping to the knee of his supporting leg (leaving his left grip at the same height), the second samboist is immediately dumped onto the ground.

In standing wrestling, the samboist must use body weight to increase the power in his ploys. So, if the sweeping throw does not take the opponent from the mat, the samboist can augment the power of the throw by falling and turning into the mat. This "injection" of his body weight into the throwing ploy has only one deficiency – when applying the same throw using body weight, it will be very difficult for the samboist to remain on his feet. If his opponent possesses greater power, but reacts slower than the samboist, the samboist must overcome his opponent’s strength in parts. Practically, this is accomplished in standing wrestling by applying two consecutive throws in one direction. If the opponent reacts faster than the samboist, the samboist must exploit his opponent’s reflexive movements and apply combinations of at least two throws in various directions. If the samboist is on top in par terre wrestling, he must always exploit his body weight. By the same token, if he finds himself on bottom, he must work to disrupt his opponent’s balance, so that when the opponent leans on the samboist, he is led into a false sense of stability from which he can be acted against. Hold downs occur when the opponent’s back is pressed to the ground, and this requires that the samboist’s body weight be correctly applied. The drawn out opponent can be held, firstly, by correctly setting part of the samboist’s body weight on him, and secondly, by the direct application of strength. In par terre wrestling, strength that is applied during a submission ploy can rapidly increase the application of the samboist’s various levers. Hyper extending the elbow joint is accomplished by turning the opponent’s arm either inward or outward. When the attacked arm is rotated outward, the lever of the first type is first applied to bring the lever fulcrum under the attacked elbow. The Achilles tendon crush when applied also uses a lever of the first sort with the fulcrum set under the Achilles tendon. When the arm is turned inward for the elbow lever to hyper extend the elbow joint, a lever of the second type is applied. The influence on the elbow joint is applied with any part of the samboist’s body that is above the joint. All knot submission holds are applied using levers of the third sort. In addition to applied levers to strengthen submission ploys that act on the opponent’s arms or legs where the influence is immediate, the samboist must use his arms and legs in combinations such as two hands and a leg, a hand and two legs, hands and legs, etc. Wrestling with quicker motions is really the sambists’ quickness being defined in relation to the speed of his motions as they relate to the speed of his opponent’s motions. If the samboist manages to control the opponent’s movements, so that the opponent’s motions become “slower” because the samboist gets there first, then the samboist has gained the advantage in speed. This is relatively easy to apply in par terre wrestling. Parts of the human body that are arranged far from the body (forearm and hand, shin and foot), possess their own degrees of freedom, and also degrees of freedom in relation to those body parts that are closer to the body (shoulder or hip), and also the closer parts have lesser degrees of freedom than do those parts that are further from the body. Practically speaking, the hand and foot have sufficient degrees of freedom to move in their space. To catch such freely moving body parts with a ploy is very difficult. In this case, the samboist must by increments restrict his opponent’s degrees of freedom for the parts that he wished to attack until they are manageable. First, the samboist should limit the mobility of his opponent’s body (retention), then the shoulder and only after this occurs should he begin to easily grip the intended forearm that in this position has very limited amplitude in its motion and entirely insignificant speed. When applying submission ploys, the samboist must choose a direction to apply his force that depends on what force and resistance is provided by opponent, so that the samboist can intercept to the inside as his opponent resists by turning inside, i.e. if his opponent’s arm is straight, it will be easier to turn that arm outside against a relatively weak muscle group. On the contrary, for the same reasons, if the arm is bent at the elbow, it is easier to rotate the opponent’s forearm outward while to the inside is more difficult. In practice, we quite often see what only the best wrestlers who have perfectly grasped the principles of the techniques within the ploys understand —that even one’s favorite ploys will be hard to obtain against certain wrestlers. This says that in sambo-wrestling there is a style suited to each person’s constitution because a certain constitution may facilitate or even bar certain ploys from the wrestler’s repertoire. For example, when the samboist has a short torso but long legs, his most favorable fighting

range is likely to be the longer range. His best ploys in this case (based on strong legs) will be the throw across the head from standing, and from par terre, any possible series of levers to the arms that are assisted by his legs. But to such a wrestler most often when wrestling from standing, he should be very careful with leg grips. On the other hand, if the samboist has a long body with short legs, he should prefer the nearer ranges and would find that his most convenient ploys would be the throws across the hip or back. Sweeping throws, depending on the wrestler’s height, must be adjusted to be applied higher or lower to contact the area around the knee joint. In both cases, attention must be paid to analyzing what is more favorable to adapt the positioning to obtain the best leverage in relationship to the length of the samboist’s legs to his opponent’s legs.

Chapter II TECHNIQUES OF SAMBO WRESTLING SAFETY AND SELF-PROTECTION In order to prevent painful bruises, strains, sprains, or any injuries in sambo-wrestling, special means for the safety of the partner and the samboist are applied: self-protection. Those tasked to train in sambo-wrestling do so by observing the training methodology and the rules for competitions serves this purpose as well. The means for self-protection in par terre wrestling consist in the appropriate manipulation of the opponent’s muscles in his arms and legs as the samboist grips his opponent to apply pain. Such resistance in this case depends on the power orientation of the partner. However, categorically, the ploy is applied unexpectedly against the opponent’s weakened limb. In this case, when the opponent finds himself in a submission hold that he cannot escape, he signals his submission verbally or slaps his opponent’s body to signal his submission. Upon receiving this signal, his attacker must immediately release his hold. At the same time, self-protection in applying his submission holds correctly with calculated technical and power opportunities to address the level of resistance in applying his ploys on another wrestler.

When throwing from standing is executed, so that the attacker also falls onto the mat, self-protection for the partners consists in falling in a direction where the body can turn to dissipate the impact from landing. When throwing so that the attacker remains standing, the samboist mitigates the impact of his opponent’s landing by pulling upward on his opponent’s uniform, and sometimes by moving the opponent in a direction where he may roll with the landing. Self-protection consists also of lessening the height of the fall from standing and the skills to do so required specialized study to develop. At falling, it is first necessary to take care to not fall onto the opponent, "or" that your opponent does not fall onto you. Further, it is necessary to begin to learn to fall on the mat by receiving only a half hearted push, and the falling partner must be coached to not tray to brace his hands on the mat to break his body’s fall. To study and develop a skill in falling follows a path of deliberate and specialized exercises to learn to fall in sambo-wrestling using the following defined processes.

Grouping a) Sit on the mat, in a position with the legs enwrapped by the arms and the chin tucked into the chest. Bend the knees and shift to the back, so as to roll from the buttocks to the shoulders and back to the starting position. If the body grouping is performed correctly the roll is done slowly and without great effort. b) Take up a half squatting position and wrap the arms around the legs and sit back to perform the same roll. When performing this exercise, sit down on the mat as closely as possible to the heels. c) Assume a basic stance and from a full squat wrap the arms around the legs and in time with this motion roll onto the shoulders and back up to sit on the mat.

Arm Position when Falling onto the Back Start with the back on the mat, and the chin is tucked into the chest. Extend the arms upward and drop them to strongly strike the mat. In the moment of striking, the arms must be set, so that the palms are facing downward into the mat. The body and the arms should form an angle of 45-50 degrees.

Falling On the Back with a Half Roll a) From a sitting position. Sit on the mat with the arms extended forward, and the chin is tucked into the chest. Roll onto the rounded back and without changing the position of the grouping, as soon as the shoulder blades contact the mat, as described above, strike the mat with the arms and hands (Figure 1). b) From a half squatting position rise to a half squat with the

a r m s h e l d s t r a i g h t a n d c h i n t u c k e d i n t o t h e c h e s t . From this position, sit on the mat as close as possible to the heels hee and without stopping the motion, ion, roll onto the back and finish the fall with the arms striking the mat mat. c) From a basic stance, rise into a basic stance with the arms s t r a i g h t a n d t h e c h i n p r e s s e d i n t o t h e c h e s t ". From this position position, transition to a half squat, and then, sit down onto them without stopping the motion. motion Complete the fall by striking the mat with the arms.

Limb Position Posit when Falling on the Side Reclining on the right side. side The right leg, bent at the knee, is drawn to the chest. chest The left leg is braced on the mat near the right knee. knee The body is bent forward, and the chin is pressed into the chest. chest The left knee is raised as high as possible, and the right knee is on the mat. mat The straightened right arm is positioned on the mat with the palm downward. downward The he relation of the body to the arms must be set at an angle of 45 - 5О°. The left arm is raised upward (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Completion of Falling onto the Back

Figure 2 Completion of Falling onto the Side

To learn to adopt this final position when falling sideways, it is necessary to train for both the right and left a side.

Rolling on the Side Sit on the mat. Draw the legs in and press the chin to the chest, round the back, and extend the arms forward. Shift the body’s weight over the right buttock and roll onto the right side from the buttock up to the shoulder and return to the sitting position. position Repeat the same roll but to the left side.

Falling on the Side

a) From the sitting position.. Sit on the mat was previously specified. Shift the body weight onto the right buttock and roll onto to the right in the direction of the right shoulder.. As soon as the bottom edge of the right shoulder contacts the mat, strongly strike the mat with straightened edge of the right hand and complete the fall onto the right side to end in the same position (see Figure 2). b ) F r o m a s e m i - s q u a t t i n g p o s i t i o n . Adopt dopt a full squat with the chin tucked into the chest and the arms extended forward. forward From this position,, sit on the mat with the rightbuttock as close as possible to the right heel, and without stopping this motion, roll onto the side. Finish falling onto the right as a was specified above. c ) F r o m t h e b a s i c s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n . Rise up in the basic stance with eh arms extended forward, and the chin tucked into the chest chest. From this position, correctly transition to the half squat, and then, sit onto the mat on the right buttock, and without stopping this sitting motion, end with a fall onto the right side as was done in the previous exercise. exercise The analogous exercises to “a”, “b”, and “c” would be executing tthe he same tto o the left side.

Rolling from One Side to Another Lie on the right side (see see Figure 2). From this position, the right arm and left leg strongly drive from the mat as the body rolls to its back into a position that reclines on the left side. side Ensure the correctness of the position on left side, and push off of the mat to roll with the left arm and right leg to roll onto the right side side. These rolls onto each side must gradually increase in execution speed.

F a l l i n g o v e r a S t i c k o n t o tth he Side A partner holds a stick with both hands as shown sh in Figure 3. Ensure that the stick does not contact his collar bone. Back up to the stick, so that right side of the body can raise up while the left side remains on the mat. The left knee crook bends over the stick as the right hand grips the stick cl close to the right thigh.

Figure 3 Starting Position for the Fall over the Stick

The left arm is extended forward, the chin is tucked into the chest (see ( Figure 3), the back is rounded, the right hand firmly grasps the stick, as the body sits to the other side of the stick close to the heel, so that the body falls around the stick at the left knee crook. crook As soon as the fall is defined, the left arm must within the falling motion be prepared to slap the mat as the back contacts the ground. The left hand strikes the mat with the arm straightened and the palm facing the mat. mat In last moment before hitting the mat, it is necessary for the right hand to draw on the stick to soften the fall. To fall to on the mat, it is necessary to adopt the final position for falling onto the left

side (see Figure 6). To fall over the stick on the left side,, the fall must be over the right side .

Somersaulting Si t d ow o wn n wit with ho ou u t p la n t in g th e k n ne e e s, s , an a nd d s e t th t he e p a llms ms on o n tth he e h ha a nd n dss o n tto o tth he e ma t wi w wit ith th h t h e c h i n p re s s ed int o t he c h es e stt wit wi th h th e b a c k s t ro ng ly b e n ntt . W ith it ho o ut u t s t ra ig h tte en n in g th e b ac k , p us h o f f o n t h e le g s an d le a ns t he b a ck ck o off th e he a d st ron g ly l ea n in g d do o wn wa r d to c on ta c t th e ma t. Ha v in g b e ga n th e ro ll u uss in ing g th e to es es to p pu uss h h,, ro ll f o rwa rd a an n nd d o v e r the th e b ba a acc k en e nss ur u r in g tha th a t t h e b ac k is n o t s tr a ig h t e ne d . Du r ing in g , t he h e sso o me rs au lt on o n tth h e ma matt , t h e le gs g s re ma iin n ben ntt;; h o wev we v e r, d u r ing in g t h e r o ll, to t o s ta t an n d up u p re r e q u iire re s g ra rras ass p in g t he h e ssh h iin nss w with ith th e h ha an nd dss wh iile le tth the he e he ee e ls a rre e p res s e d in t o t h e bu tt oc k s .

Somersaulting on the Diagonal

Figure 4 Somersaulting on the Diagonal

Rise up on the right knee and set the palms on the mat as shown in Figure 4. From this position, sliding a palm along the mat, so that the right hand and arm moves between the legs and set the right shoulder on the mat. The head moves toward the left shoulder. The chin tucks into the chest. Use the left leg to start the roll left leg to begin to roll onto the back with the right shoulder directed toward the left buttock. Complete the somersault with a strong strike on the mat mat by the left hand and adopt the position for falling onto the left side. side

Somersaulting over a Stick onto the Side

Figure 5

Figure 6

The partner holds the stick with both hands as shown in Figure 5, so that the stick does not touch his collar bone. Stand facing the stick so that the upper facing side of the stick is to the left of the body to permit a right side fall fall. The upper part of the right thigh contacts the stick, and the right hand grips the stick close to where the stick contacts the left thigh. The left arm is extended forward and the chin is tucked into the chest (see Figure 5). Bend the back, and retain a strong grip on the stick with the right hand, make a start to push off of the mat with both legs, so that the head is followed by the heels over the stick. Ensure that the falling body is positioned to land on the left side, so that the left hand must strike the mat. During the slap, the left arm is straightened with the palm turned downward. The right arm continues to draw on the stick as it did in the final position for falling onto the left side (Figure 6). Similarly,, somersaulting over the stick to the left side is accomplished in equal numbers to falling over the right side.

Falling onto the Hands When falling in place with the opponent, oppon samboist ist may have to use his hands to mitigate his fall. When applying this technique, the samboist ist must ensure that only his hands, stomach, and toes contact the mat, and most certainly not his face. He does so by assuming a position where he braces braces on his arms or hands on the mat. mat

a)

F r o m a p o s i t i o n o n t h e k n e e s . Rise up onto the knees to move the arms forward with the palms down. Without bending the arms or the body, fall forward. As soon as the palms contact the mat, brace the bent elbows softening the fall, and let the body fall with allowing the body to contact the ground ground.

b ) F ro r o m tth he e b a s ic s ta nc e , r is e u up p in tth he e s ta n ce ce w wit it h th t h e a r ms e xt e en nd d e d f orw ar d a n d th e p a l ms f a c in g downward. Without bending the body, fall forward and mitigate the fall using the hands as described above. c ) F r o m t h e b a s i c s t a n c e w i t h a t u r n . Rise up in the basic stance with the arms held lower on the body. Holding the body erect, begin falling toward the back, and as soon as the body attains a 60 degree angle in relation to the mat, sharply pivot the body to the left to complete the fall with the arms mitigating the impact. Execute the same fall with the pivoting being executed to the right. right

Jumping Fall onto the Shoulders Assume the half squatting position with the chin tucked into the chest, and the arms extended forward with the palms facing downward. Slightly throw the legs upwards and quickly make a strong strike with the hands on the mat. The hands should contact tact the mat first, and then, the shoulders should d contact the mat with the fall already softened before the body continues the rotation onto the back. back The head during the entire fall leans forward with the chin pressed into the chest. The legs remain in place with being strongly bent. bent

Aerial Somersault The right hand grips a comrade’s on the inside of the wrist, the comrade returns the same grip for the samboist. Both rise up together facing in the same direction. The left arm is extended forward with the palm facing downward. Jumping over the locked hands, the same jump is executed as in the somersault over the stick (see Figure 5) for a fall onto the left

side. The comrade omrade during the fall should support the samboist’s arm to soften the fall.

STANCE, RANGE, GRIPPING, AND MOTION The samboist’s ist’s stance must be stable, mobile, and simultaneously convenient for defense and offense. offense Crucial importance in stance is found in the correct placement and positioning for the legs and body. The arrangements of the legs provide an important condition for wrestling - the foundation for safely maneuvering on the mat within

a match.. The usual concept that the larger the supporting area,, the greater the stability cannot be mechanically transferred to the samboist’s stance. stance The greater the distance istance between a wrestler’s feet, the more sharply reduced reduce is his maneuverability. The required area of a support, and the width of the feet in wrestling is an art the depends on the wrestler’s specific features—in features particular, the length of his legs. To determine the proper pro distance between his feet, it is necessary to take the width of his shoulders, and depending on his height, the distance between his feet can be increased within within the limits of the distance measured to be 2 ½ to 3 times the length of his foot. The samboist’s feet are shown to be in the proper distancing in several situations in Figure 7. However, the greater role in stance is played in the mid range and by the direction of the stance in determining the area of support. support

Figure 7 Foot Arrangement in Various Stances

If the legs are set very wide (Figure Figure 7, а), such a stance is steady in a lateral direction but less so to the front and rear. A better stance can be maintained by simultaneously stepping in both length and width (Figure 7, б). The best direction for the foot will be parallel to the other to cover all 8 standing directions with the leg forming an angle of 35 - 45 ° (fig. 7,c). The knees should remain aligned and not moved in a manner that disrupts a straight line with the feet. A stance is considered a right stance when the right leg leads the left leg leg. For the samboist to wrestle freely, he must be able to wrestle from with a right or left stance. stance His body should be held erect without permitting the upper body to move beyond a convenient onvenient supporting base for his legs while preventing his legs from being attacked while his own legs are available for offense. The samboist does not want to fall into his opponent. opponent Besides the fact the leaning the body complicates preserving balance, and erect and correct stance allows for the projection of his body's center of gravity which must be found close to the samboist’s center of gravity which should be under his feet—or or at least behind the most forward leg (which is the that is most often att attacked, acked, and thus, should be the most mobile (Figure 8). Certainly, in the course of wrestling, the legs must bend, and so must the body, but the good samboist must return to an erect stance as soon as practical because that is his best position for both def defense and offense. Some wrestlers, without being bad wrestlers, use a “low” stance that naturally does lead to the application of several ploys, but most wrestlers will be better served using the erect stance the opportunities that it provides. provides

Figure 8- A Correct Arrangement of Two Standing Samboists

When two wrestlers are in standing wrestling, their distance from each other is called their range which is defined as the distance between two samboists. All ranges in sambo-wrestling are covered in one of five ranges. 1. The range where there can be no gripping where the wrestlers cannot touch each other, and they are seeking a convenient moment to come to grips. To do so, they may use feinting motions with the arms in their attempt to move on the mat in a way to close with their opponents. 2. “Far” range where the samboist’s can grip each other on one arm or use both hands to grip a sleeve. 3. “Mid” range where the wrestlers are able to grip each others’ arms, or the front part of the jacket or body (see Figure 8). 4. “Near” range where the wrestlers can grip each other on the back of the uniform. 5. “Close” range where the wrestlers can wrap their arms around each other and press their bodies into each other. Wrestling from a convenient grip and range is very important because very seldom will both wrestlers favor the same range and grip. Obtaining the desired grip and exploiting it for applying ploys is a very important part of standing wrestling. Gripping has a basic and reciprocal role if one wrestler grips the sleeve of his opponent at a certain range because then he enables his opponent to capture his sleeves to move into the second range. The second wrestler’s grip becomes the reciprocal grip the is the proper response to this hold, and if the samboist was not prepared to move into this new range, then his own grip may be turned against him if his opponent is able to exploit the new range. There are 10 basic grips in standing wrestling. 1. Suppression gripping that consists of gripping the opponent’s uniform under his opposite side elbowt. 2. Gripping the uniform on the shoulder that consists of gripping the opponent on the shoulder part of the opponent’s jacket from above. З. Gripping the clavicle that consists of a suppression grip on one arm while the second hand grips the opponent’s uniform on the same side clavicle. 4. Gripping the shoulder cuff or armpit consists of a suppression grip on one of the opponent’s arms and his uniform under his opposite side armpit. 5. Chest grip to the opponent’s uniform consists of a suppression grip to one of the opponent’s arms and a grip to his jacket collar from the front. 6. Cross grip on the front of the opponent’s jacket that consists of a grip around the same side lapel, over the arm to the side that where the throw is applied. This grip must be set below the other hand. 7. Grip belt from the front that consists of a suppression grip to one arm as the other hand grips the opponent’s belt from the front and may be over hand or under handed. 8. Rear belt grip that consists of a suppression grip by one arm while the second hand grips the back of the opponent’s belt from under his opposite side arm, or over that arm, or over the same side shoulder. 9. Outside leg grip that consists of grip to the outside of the opposite side leg at the opponent’s knee crook. 10. Cross grip to the leg that consists of a grip to the inside of the same side leg at the opponent’s knee crook. A good grip is designed to be applied, so that the grip can be varied while denying the opponent his own preferred holds. This must comply with the rules of sambo-wrestling yet facilitate applying ploys.

Reciprocal or retaliatory gripping is applied in sambo-wrestling in the following situations: I. In replying to suppression grip, the samboist must apply a counter grip to his opponent’s jacket on the shoulders. 2. In response to a grip on the uniform at the shoulders, it is possible to apply a suppression grip.

3. In response to a clavicle grip the samboist can apply a grip to the armpit or the uniform under the same side shoulder cuff. 4. In responding to a grip to his armpit, the samboist can apply a grip to his opponent’s wrist, armpit, or use both "hands" to grip his opponent’s shoulders at the same part of his opponent’s arms as he is gripping on the samboist. 5. In responding to a grip to the chest of his jacket, the samboist can apply a grip to his opponent’s armpit. 6. In response to the uniform being cross gripped on the chest, the somboist can apply a grip to his opponent’s armpit. 7. In response to a grip to the middle of the belt, the samboist can apply a reverse grip to the shoulder cuff or armpit- that is to grip the opposite side wrist on the arm that is holding the samboist’s belt, and thus, the samboist’s thumb is closer to his own belt than his little finger. Therefore, his elbow will be inside of the opponent’s armpit on the same side arm. 8. In responding to a belt grip from behind and under the arm, the samboist can use one hand to provide a suppression grip while his second hand grips his opponent’s head, elbow crook, or grips the back of his opponent’s belt over the same side shoulder . 9. In responding to an outside leg grab, the samboist can grip the back of his opponent’s belt over the same side shoulder or hold down his opponent’s arm with both of his hands. 10. In response to a cross leg grab, the samboist can use one hand to apply a suppression grip on the opponent’s arm that is gripping his leg, and his other hand can grip the armpit on his opponent’s same side arm. Stances are vital to the samboist, but if that stance remains static and in one place, any push into the upper part of his body (or a jerk to his upper body) will be a constant threat to the samboist’s stability that may lead to a critical loss of balance. Therefore, in wrestling at any moment, the samboist must be ready to "preserve his balance” and to parry the pushes and pulls of his opponent. When motion is necessary, he must consider that each step means moving his supporting area and therefore, he must minimize those moments when his balance is least stable as he moves each leg. He must preserve his balance by not crossing his feet or providing any motion that his opponent can exploit against him. From there, the greater value in

wrestling in standing is played by stance as it applies to moving correctly in a manner that preserves the samboist’s base and subtracts from the opponent’s base. As a rule, to preserve the stable position must begin with a single step by the leg closest to the intended direction of movement, and for this to occur the other leg’s motion must be somewhere between the position that both feet began the movement from. For example, when in a right stance, to move forward, the right foot should move ahead of the left foot. It is necessary to take the least time possible to be in any stance where your feet are set wider than ordinary, and absolutely the crossing of feet is to be avoided when moving the legs. It is necessary for this purpose quick motion is required as a rule. Moving does not require several successive actions because it may allow the opponent to predict the samboist’s actions, and the samboist always acts, so that the opponent cannot exploit the samboist’s actions. Never do make unnecessary movement. It is necessary to aspire to move in relation to the opponent’s motion to be able to apply ploys or to move the opponent from a stable position into a vulnerable position.

PREPARATION TO THROW To apply a throw in sambo-wrestling, the samboist must vary with the moment as the opponent’s positions change to be ready to exploit his opportunities to throw. These situations come up in the following circumstances: 1) When the opponent is distracted in some manner that removes him from his wrestling on the mat; 2) When the opponent over steps his supporting area:

a) Leans forward and pressing on the partner, b) Shifts weight to the rear or forward, c) Shifts weight over one leg, d) Crosses feet, e) Jumps around the partner, f) After a throw, rising from the mat without releasing the grip on the partner.

For exploiting motion and the other diverse opportunities and positions of the opponent, the samboist must vary the speed of his reactions while being able to study his opponent to select the corresponding ploy for each situation that develops on the mat. Given a choice the opponent rarely will adopt positions risky for himself. Therefore, in a match, it is necessary to be able to artificially create risky positions for the opponent where it will be convenient for the samboist to initiate a throw. In other words, the samboist must be able to “prepare his opponent to be thrown”. The same preparation can be use to implement many throws. We shall dwell on the most often used means for preparing the opponent to be thrown, and further, we shall look at taking these means to apply various throws.

Knocking the Opponent onto One Leg Both wrestlers are in right stance. The s ambois t ’s left hand adopt s a suppress ion grip while his right hand grips his opponent on t he lef t armpit. I N t he moment when t he oppon ent att empt s t o move by mov ing his right leg, t he sambois t t ak es a small step back with his left leg and applies a strong jerk with his left hand downward and toward him as his right hand pulls to the left and upward. The jerk should be made in the direction to continue the original motion between the opponent’s left and right feet using his right shoulder to form a 45 ° angle downward and to the left over that same angle.

Knocking the Opponent up onto the Toes Both wre st le rs a re in righ t s t an ce. T he s a mb oist ’s lef t h an d a pp lie s a su ppres s io n g rip wh ile his rig h t h a nd g rips t he b a ck of his opp o nen t’s b e lt f ro m u n de r h is opp on e nt ’s le f t a rm. Both of his hands then jerk his opponent in the direction of his toes, and then upward. Practice allows the samboist to feel and define precisely the jerk when theoretically the jerk is defined as what is needed to lead a line to the midpoint between the opponent’s feet and from that point outward to the sides of the toes perpendicular to that plane. The jerk is applied in the direction of this motion.

Freeing One of the Opponent’s Legs from the Mat Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand supplies a suppression grip. In the moment when the opponent is attempting to move his right leg, the samboist quickly sets his right forearm over his opponent’s right elbow crook and shifts his body weight to fix his opponent over his right leg which becomes slightly bent at the knee.

Freeing Both of the Opponent’s Legs from the Mat Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist applies a suppression grip, and in the moment when his opponent tries to move his right leg, he quickly applies a strong jerk with both hands downward to direct the jerk with each arm toward his opponent’s opposite side heel. In this jerking motion, the samboist must be close to his opponent to use his body weight to not only fix the shift of his opponent’s body weight over the heels, but to cause his opponent’s knees to bend as well .

Instituting the Opponent Both are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform on the shoulder. His left hand draws the opponent in the direction of his right foot to shift his opponent’s body weight outside of his area of support. His right hand presses to the left side of his opponent’s body, so that his jerk can “fix” his opponent so that he is compelled to make a large step with his left leg diagonally forward and to the left.

Cross Institution of the Opponent Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket on the shoulders. In the moment when his opponent tries to move his right leg, the samboist’s left hand draws downward and slightly to the left to force his opponent to shift his base over his right leg. Simultaneously with this, his right hand presses the left side of his body upward and forces his opponent to the left (toward his back), so that the opponent’s left leg crosses behind his right leg.

Organized Pull Both are in right stances. The samboist applies a suppression hold, then jerks and pulls his opponent toward him to cause his opponent to resist these motions, so that his opponent’s stability is lost as he begins to pull on his opponent. When this method of preparation is used the samboist must be ready to defend against any reciprocal ploys or other offense leading to throws that may be applied by his opponent toward the samboist’s back.

Organized Pressure Both are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform on the shoulders. He pushes his opponent to the side and away from ihim to cause his opponent to resist, so that to retain his stable position, his opponent must press back into the samboist in a required direction. When applying this method of preparation, it is necessary to be ready to apply both defense and reciprocal ploys against the opponent for any throws that he may attempt in the direction of the samboist’s chest.

Provoking the Opponent to Move a Leg to the Side The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist applies a suppression grip with his left hand. His right hand attempts to grip his opponent’s left leg. In the moment when his opponent desires to defend his leg by moving it to the side and back, his body weight will be shifted to concentrate over his right leg.

Untwisting the Opponent Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist applies a grip to his opponent’s uniform at the shoulders. The samboist untwists his opponent to the right and away from him. To do so, it is necessary for the samboist to turn to the right, so that his left hand can slightly lift the right side of his opponent as his right hand presses his opponent to the left. It is possibleto untwist to the left and away from the body as well, and if the opponent is in a right stance, he will cross his legs, but in this case, , the samboist must adopt a left stance.

Over Turning the Opponent Both are in a right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips the outside of his opponent’s right wrist while his right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder from behind closer to the arm. Both hands strongly jerk the opponent toward the samboist and to the right to casuse his opponent to rotate onto his back. The samboist’s right hand musts pull his opponent’s right arm and shoulder as far to the right and upward as possible. His left hand energetically jerksthe opponent’s right forearm in front of him before releasing to apply the required grip to realize the completion of the throw.

Lifting the Opponent Lifting the opponent is somewhat easier to carry out with a higher grip on the opponent and at a shorter range in the moment of application. When lifting his opponent, the samboist must ensure that his opponent has no chance to hook or entangle his legs in the samboist’s legs to frustrate the lift.

CL ASSIFICATION OF SAMBO WRESTLING THROWS

When a samboist contacts the mat, it is only with his feet in standing wrestling, but when the samboist applying any ploy contacts the mat with any part of his body, other than his feet, he is considered to be wrestling in par terre, or to be more precise, ploys applied in such positions for the wrestler are considered to be par terre ploys. “Throws” are defined as those ploys by means of which the opponent is forced to adopt a par terre position from a standing position. The wrestler applying the throw can remain standing or contact the mat with other parts of his body. The prone position on the back slows the samboist and limits his mobility, it is a more favorable position for holding a wrestler in to apply submission ploys and hold downs, and therefore, the purpose of every throw is to first of all turn the opponent onto his back, and the thrower is almost always in a more favorable position when he is above his opponent. All applied throws do not achieve this planned purpose. A number of them will be foiled by the opponent’s resistance, and others may not succeed due to a number of actions related to the throw or its preparation. In addition to these causes of failure to succeed in throwing the opponent, the ability to throw is dependent upon a variety of skills required to execute the ploy. Proceeding from this, the following throwing classification scheme was adopted for wresting evaluation and sport values: 1) Throws onto the back where the thrower must remain standing;

2) Throws onto the side where the thrower must remain standing;

З) Throws onto the back where the thrower’s knees may contact the mat; Throws onto the back with an intended fall: a) When the thrower falls after the opponent, b) When the thrower falls before the opponent; 5) Throws to the side where the thrower’s knee(s) contact the mat; 6) Throws onto the buttocks where the thrower remains standing; 7) Throws to the side with a falling motion intended in the throw: а) When the thrower falls after his opponent, b) When the thrower falls before his opponent; 8) Throws onto all fours where the thrower remains standing; 9) Throws onto the knees or hands where the thrower remains standing; 10) Throws onto the knees or onto all fours with an intentional falling motion in applying the throw. In the latter case, the opponent after being thrown must be over the samboist who threw him, so it is imperative that the samboist rise up from his throw to standing or the value of his throw will be outstripped by the opponent’s numerous new advantages from being above the samboist,. He must not be permitted to take advantage of these. The structures of the possible throws in sambo-wrestling are quite diverse, and thus, the scheme indicated below on the next page is required. The throws are classified and divided into groups based upon their core attributes and values in the sambo-wrestling’s arsenal. 4)

Scheme for Classifying the Throws of Sambo Wrestling

TH R O W S U N B AL AN C I N G

Unbalancing by Gripping the Heel Both wrestlers are in right stances. stances The samboist’s initial grip is to his opponent’s shoulder cuffs or armpits. He then quickly squats to kneel on his left knee as his left hand grips the inside of his opponent’s right heel as his right palm is set on the inside of his opponent’s right knee, so that his fingers are facing to the left. Then, his left hand jerks the heel toward him and upward as his right hand presses to the left and downward (Figure Figure 9). When his opponent begins to fall, the samboist straightens his body and lifts the trapped leg up to chest level. level A variant of this is ploy crosses the opponent’s legs. The preparation for this ploy can serve to force the opponent onto one leg, and thus, shift his weight entirely over his other leg. The self-protection protection when falling for this ploy is to use the half somersault onto the back.. The most common mistake in executing this ploy is pressing the right hand into the opponent’s knee without the left and downward pressure, but directly away from the samboist samboist.

Figure 9 Unbalancing by Gripping the Heel

Unbalancing by Gripping the th Head Both wrestlers are in a right stance. The opponent has a low stance or attempts to grip the samboist’s leg, so the samboist places his right palm on the nape of his opponent’s neck and set his left hand goes under his right arm to grip his right for forearm. earm. With a sharp turn of his body to the right and a large step back with his right leg, the samboist forces his opponent to roll forward and onto his back (Figure 10). Preparation for this ploy requires bending the opponent with a grip of the same side armpit close to the back. Se lf-protection protection when falling: the forward somersault.

Figure 10 Unbalancing by Gripping the Head

Unbalancing with the Knee

Figure 11 Unbalancing with the Knee

The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboist’s left hand provides a suppression grip. With a slight turn to the left, the samboist quickly drops onto his left knee and extends right leg to place it place it between the opponent's legs, so that his foot is facing his opponent's heel. Simultaneously with this, the samboist’s right hand grips the outside of his opponent’s leg at the knee crook. His left hand leans his opponent forward as his is right hand throws upward the trapped left knee to force his opponent into a forward diagonal somersault over his right shoulder and onto his left buttock (Figure Figure 11).

The preparation for this ploy can be driving the opponent up onto his toes, forcing him him onto one leg, or general organized pressure. Self-protection protection is the diagonal somersault.

Unbalancing with a Belt Grip

Figure 12 Unbalancing with a Belt Grip

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. stance The samboist’s left hand provides a suppression grip while his right hand grips his opponent from over his right shoulder to grip the back of his belt. He applies pressure to the right, and away from him on his opponent, and then, downward forcing the opponent to cross his right ght leg behind his left. As soon as this occurs, the samboist releases his suppression grip, so that his left hand can grip the inside of his opponent’s left knee crook (Figure 12). He then strongly jerks his left hand left and upward while his right hand d presses to the right and downward to force his opponent to fall onto his back. As soon as the samboist is sure that his opponent is falling, he releases his right hand from the grip on his opponent’s belt. Preparation for this throw consists of driving into the opponent to grip the same side armpit closer to the opponent’s back. Self-protection: protection: the samboist retains his grip on his opponent’s left leg to control his opponent’s fall.

Throws by Gripping Both Legs Throw Gripping Both Legs

Figure 13 Beginning of the Throw by Gripping Both Legs

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist applies suppression gripping. He then strongly pulls downward with both hands forcing his opponent back onto his heels. The samboist then steps forward with hiss right leg as he uses both of his hands to grip the outside of his opponent’s knee crooks, so that he can drive his right shoulder into his opponent’s stomach (Figure 13). Driving his right shoulder into his opponent’s stomach, he forces his opponent’s u upper pper body away from him as both of his hands strongly jerk his opponent’s legs upward and slightly to one side.

Figure 14 Completion of the Throw by Gripping Both Legs

As the opponent falls onto his back, the samboist moves his right leg back to then grip the opponent’s shins under his armpits to soften his opponent’s impact with the mat (Figure 14). Self-protection protection is correctly falling onto the back. If the opponent bends his legs and pulls the samboist into him, then this situation dictates that the samboist use another variant of this throw for gripping both legs. The best method for preparing ing the opponent to apply this throw is to lighten the opponent on his feet while using suppression gripping that causes the opponent to circle inside and upward before he is attacked to the outside and downward at his knees. Toward that end, a belt grip with both hands can be used with a strong pull by both hands to force the opponent to approach the samboist, so that his legs can be gripped. The throw by gripping g both legs can be applied through various means including with a direct lifting of the opponent from the mat. mat In this case, when the samboist grips his opponent’s legs, he straightens his back and lifts his opponent straight upward. After he lifts his opponent, op the samboist can throw his opponent by pulling both of his opponent’s legs to one side—either side either the right or the left. A common mistake when executing this ploy is failing to move the right leg back when the opponent falls.

Throw with a Reverse Grip on Both Legs Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist applies suppression gripping. Then, his left leg takes a large step forward to be behind his opponent,, so that his right leg can move behind his opponent’s right leg, and the samboist can release lease his suppression gripping to allow his right hand to grip his opponent’s right knee from the outside while his left hand moves in front of his opponent to grip the left knee from the outside (Figure 15).

Figure 15

The samboist sharply jerks upward and and to the right with both hands to throw his opponent over the samboist’s left leg. As his opponent falls, the samboist moves his left leg to the left and rear.

To protect the falling opponent, the samboist retains his grip on his opponent’s legs, and tthe self-protection for this ploy requires the correct execution of the fall onto the back back.

The best position to have the opponent in when applying the reverse throw by gripping both legs is when the opponent’s legs are crossed . The best preparation for his throw is to knock into the opponent or move one of his legs off of the mat, or simply forcing the opponent to shift his body weight .

Throw with Separate Capture of Both Legs Both wrestlers are in right stances stances. Both clasp their opponent on the back with the right arm under the left arm. Simultaneously with this, the left shoulder must be gripped under the armpit by the right forearm as the left arm applies a suppression grip on his opponent’s jacket between the elbow and the armpit.

In the he moment when the opponent moves onto his right leg, the samboist’s left hand provides a strong grip left and downward and toward the samboist was his right hand pulls left and upward. upward Using the opponent’s weight as he settles it onto his rright leg, it becomes s possible for the samboist’s left hand to grip the outside of his opponent’s knee crook. Then, pulling the opponent’s right leg to the left and upward with the left arm, the samboist sharply pushes with his right arm away from him and to the right tto o force his opponent to shift onto his left leg, so that in that moment, the samboist grip the outside of his knee crook to knock him to the ground by lift upward and to the right. If the opponent moves his left leg отставал moves his legs further back to complicate the usual method for gripping him, it is possible for the samboist to grip his opponent’s left knee crook with his right hand from the outside in a reverse grip, so that the little finger over the thumb.

Over Turning the Opponent Over Turning the Opponent Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s collar over the right shoulder behind his opponent’s neck as his left forearm holds the inside of his opponent’s right thigh. The samboist steps forward on his right leg to set it between his opponent’s legs to lift him upward, and then, to shift his opponent’s body, so that the head is facing downward before setting his opponent’s body down using a to the right, forward and downward motion as he moves his opponent’s legs to the left, back, and upward (Figure 16). Taking a large step to the rear on his right leg, the samboist directs his opponent’s body into a forward somersault by pulling downward on his opponent’s head with his right arm while keeping his opponent’s head close to his body while his left arm drives his opponent’s body away from him.

Figure 16

Safety in this ploy includes directing the opponent’s body in a smooth and slow circle forward, and the selfself protection technique for this ploy is the forward somersault. so The most favorable position for this ploy for the opponent to be in occurs when the opponent stands erect close to the samboist. Preparation for this ploy consists of driving the opponent onto his toes and onto one leg.

The Front Turnover

Figure 17

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s right hand grips the back of his opponent’s belt over his right shoulder, and his left hand clasps his belt from the front on his stomach. The samboist sets his left leg between his opponent’s legs, half sits back on both legs. He presses his opponent to him and lifts him from the mat by straightening his body and his legs (Figure 17). Leaning his opponent’s right shoulder forward, he uses his left arm to lift his opponent’s body upward to fo force rce his opponent from the mat into a somersault that lands him on his back. The most convenient position for applying the front turnover occurs when the opponent is at a close range and leaning his body. The best preparation for this ploy is bend the opponent opponent over by gripping his same side armpit close to his back. The front turnover can be applied quickly in place to lift an opponent extremely high, and the samboist can complete the throw by lowering his right knee and slightly turning his opponent over by strongly leaning his opponent.

The Rear Turnover

Figure 18 Turning the Opponent to Apply the Rear Turnover

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right wrist, and his right hand grips the inside of his opponent’s ponent’s same right arm. Then, both of the samboist’s hands strongly jerk the opponent’s trapped arm toward the samboist and to the right.

In the moment when his opponent begins to turn to the right side, the samboist steps, so that his left leg goes behind his opponent’s back, so that he can wrap his left arm around his opponent’s body from behind at belt level (Figure 18). His right arm is turned, so that the palm is upward to grip the inside of his opponent’s right thigh allowing the samboist to apply a strong jerk to the right and upward to lift his opponent from the ground and into the air, so that the opponent’s body can be turned, so that the head is facing ng downward and the opponent’s legs are facing upward. upward The samboist moves his left leg back, so that he can set the upper part of his opponent’s back onto the mat (Figure 19).

Figure 19 Completing the Rear Turnover

The best circumstances for the opponent to be in for the samboist to apply the rear turnover is when the opponent attempts to apply a throw by gripping the armpit or the throw over the hip . The preparation for applying this throw is to turn the opponent opponent.

R E AR S T E P P I N G T H R O W Rear Stepping Throw under One Leg

Figure 20 Rear Stepping Throw

Both wrestlers are in right stances stances. The samboist’s left hand supplies a suppression grip, and his right hand grips his opponent’s uniform at the right clavicle. The samboist steps to forward and to the right on his left leg to set his foot near his opponent’s right foot. The samboist’s toes are turned to the left. left Then, moving his slightly bent right leg forward and to the left he places his knee crook behind his opponent’s right leg, so that he is erect and fully standing on his feet with his right knee crook aligned with his opponent’s right knee crook (Figure 20). In the moment of execution of the stepping throw, the samboist must direct his body weight forward onto his bent left knee. He then strongly jerks his arms and body to the left and downward to throw his opponent toward his left toes. As his opponent is falling, the samboist must break his fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve (Figure 21).

A common mistake take in executing the rear stepping throw is shifting the body weight over the right leg, and then, bending that leg. The best situations for executing this throw occur: a) When the opponent bends his legs and pulls the samboist toward him; b) When the opponent crosses his legs. The best preparations for applying the rear stepping throw are: a) b) c) d) e)

When one or both of the opponent’s legs are free of the mat; When smothering the opponent; When cross smothering the opponent; When applying organized pressure on the opponent; When turning the opponent.

Stepping Throw under Both Legs If the opponent stands in a narrow right stance, the samboist should attack as above with a rear stepping throw, so that his right leg is set close to his opponent’s left Achilles’ Tendon. From there, the throw is applied as it was in the rear stepping throw under one leg.

Stepping Throw with the Opponent’s Lateral Motion If the opponent moves in the right side (from the samboist’s viewpoint, his left side), the samboist moves his right leg to set it by his left,, so that as his opponent is moving his right leg, the samboist can step forward and left with his left leg to set his right leg to his opponent’s left leg to apply the rear stepping throw under both of his opponent’s legs.

Stepping Throw from the Knee Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand provides a suppression grip as his right hand grips his opponent’s uniform on the right clavicle. He then steps left on his left leg to face his opponent’s far leg and leans his body forward to drop onto his left knee. At the same time, his right leg applies the rear stepping throw under his opponent’s right leg (Figure 22). The samboist strongly jerks with his arms and body to the left and downward to throw his his opponent toward the samboist’s left knee. The opponent’s fall is mitigated by the samboist retaining his grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. The opponent mitigates his own fall using the ploy for the fall onto the left side.

Figure 22 Rear Stepping Throw byDropping to a Knee

Stepping Throw with a Falling Motion Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under his right elbow. His left leg takes a large step as he strongly throws his body forward and energetically

applies the rear stepping throw with his right leg u under nder his opponent’s right leg as the samboist falls directly forward. As he does so, his right arm shifts over the shoulder portion of his opponent’s right arm as he mitigates the fall by placing his right palm on the mat in front of him and to the left. Self protection and fall mitigation includes the opportunities to sit close to the samboist’s heels while strongly curving the back, so that the opponent and samboist roll smoothly.

Stepping Throw with a Leg Gripped from the Outside Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s sleeve under the left elbow, and his left hand grips his opponent’s jacket on the chest. He then strongly jerks his opponent to force him to shift his weight over his right leg. To prevent his legs from being drawn together and to prevent losing his balance, the opponent is forced to slightly lift his left leg from the ground.. The samboist exploits this moment to allow his right hand to grip the outside of his opponent’s left knee crook. crook Turning g his body to the right, the samboist applies the rear stepping throw with his left leg under his opponent’s right leg to throw his opponent to the ground close to the samboist’s toes on his right foot (Figure 23).

Figure 23

When applying this ploy, the partner’s fall is mitigated by the samboist’s left hand keeping hold of his grip on his opponent’s chest while his right hand holds his opponent’s left leg. The opponent protects himself by using the fall onto the back ploy.

Stepping Throw with the Cross Cross Leg Gripped Both wrestlers are in right stances. stances The samboist applies suppression gripping and applies a cross institution.. In the moment when the opponent’s left leg crosses behind his right leg, the samboist’s right hand grips the inside of his oppo opponent’s nent’s right knee crook to lift the trapped leg toward his right hip. He then applies the rear stepping throw with his right leg under his opponent’s left leg, so that his Achilles’ tendon is close to his opponent’s Achilles’ tendon (Figure 24). When using using this ploy, the samboist mitigates his opponent’s fall by preserving his grip on his opponent’s right sleeve as he releases his grip on his opponent’s leg.

Figure 24

Stepping Throw at the Heel with the Arm Gripped over the Back Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips the opponent’s jacket on the right forearm.

The samboist clamps his opponent’s right arm under his right armpit, and he turns sideways to his opponent, so that his right leg is beside and behind his opponent’s right leg, and as he pivots to the left, he sets his left foot behind and very close to his opponent’s heel. His right hand grips his opponent’s uniform on the right forearm to pull his opponent close into his back. The samboist presses presses his left arm into his opponent’s chest forcing his body to the rear (Figure 25). The samboist strongly bends his right leg to sit down onto his left buttock as close as possible to his opponent’s right heel as he also turns his body to the left forcing forcing his opponent to roll over his back and onto the mat. Mitigating the fall involves smoothly rolling over a well bent back.

Figure 25

Stepping Throw at the Heel with an Arm over the Neck The same throw as the previous throw except that the opponent’ opponent’s s right arm must be gripped not under the armpit but by the right forearm. Thus, after turning ing and setting the stepping throw, the samboist does not press his opponent’s right arm into his back but into his neck. neck

Front Stepping Throws Front Stepping Throw

Figure 26 Front Stepping Throw

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand applies suppression gripping while his right hand moves under the opponent’s left arm to grip the he back of his opponent’s jacket near the armpit. Pivoting his body left, the samboist arcs his left leg to the rear and right to set his toes close

to the toes of his opponent’s left foot, so that both of them are facing in the same direction. direction He then swings his right leg left and upward and exploits this motion to set the front stepping throw, so that the samboist’s right knee crook is braced against his opponent’s right knee, and the samboist’s toes on his right foot facing the same direction (Figure 26). The samboist’s body weight must be shifted over his bent left knee while his right leg is fully straightened as the samboist stands on the mat. mat By turning his body and jerking with his arms to the left and downward, the samboist throws his opponent to land close to the samboist’s samboi left foot. The samboist must mitigate his opponent’s fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s

right sleeve. The common mistake in setting the front stepping throw is not setting the right foot in front of the opponent’s leg but beside the he leg. Mitigating the fall is the same as performing the somersault over the stick to land on the left side. When the opponent attempts a front stepping throw, he may not apply a right hand grip on the back of the belt. In this case, it is better for th the e samboist’s right hand to grip the opponent’s jacket under the left elbow, so that the palm of the samboist’s right hand is facing straight upward and his thumb is not so much forward as it is facing right and upward. If the opponent leans his body f orward and shifts his body weight over his toes, this is a convenient situation for applying the front stepping throw. Basic preparation for applying the front stepping throw has three methods: a) Instituting the opponent where the ploy is applied under the leg in the moment when its foot contacts the mat or under the leg as the foot turns on the mat; b) Driving the opponent onto one leg; c) Driving the opponent onto his toes.

Front Stepping Throw from the Knee

Figure 27 Front Stepping Throw from a Knee

Both wrestlers are in right stance stance. By turning his body to the left, the samboist drops onto his left knee against his opponent’s left foot, and he sets his right leg for the front stepping throw, so that his right calf is braced into his opponent’s right shin (Figure 27). The set up and preparation for the front stepping throw from the knee is the same as for applying the front stepping throw throw.

Stepping Throw with the Elbow Crook Gripping The samboist’s left hand provides a suppression grip, and his right elbow crook grips his opponent’s left shoulder close to his armpit.. By jerking with his hands and body, the samboist forces his opponent to the right and away from him so that he is in position to apply the front stepping throw under his opponent’s right leg. He subsequently jerks his body and arms to the left and downward to throw his opponent down by the toes of his left foot. foot He reduces the impact of his opponent’s fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. His opponent protects protects himself in the fall as he normally would do in any front stepping throw.

Stepping Throw with the Knee to a Knee Both wrestlers are in right stance' The samboist’s left hand provides a suppression grip while his right hand moves under his opponent’s left arm to grip his uniform on the back. His right foot it set close to and inside of his opponent’s right foot, and his right knee into the outer part of his opponent’s right knee. o By turning his body left 90 he is able to move his left leg in an arc to the rear and left to set its knee onto the mat. Jerking his hands and body to the rear and turning left, he rolls his opponent over his right knee. The samboist mitigates his opponent’s fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. His opponent protects himself as he did when performing a somersault over a stick to

land on his left side.

Stepping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent under his right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponent’s uniform on the chest. By sharply jerking his opponent, the samboist forces him to shift his body weight behind his rig right leg. To prevent bending his leg or losing his balance, the opponent responds by slightly moving his left leg. The samboist exploits this motion by using his right hand to grip his opponent’s left knee crook from the outside to lift the trapped leg as high as possible toward his hip, and without stopping this motion the samboist executes a front stepping throw with his right leg under his opponent’s right leg. When applying this ploy, the toes of the samboist’s right foot must face in the same direction directio as his opponent’s right toes (Figure 28). As soon as the samboist realizes that his opponent is falling, his right hand releases its grip on his opponent’s trapped leg. The opponent protects himself from the fall as he did when somersaulting over the sstick to land on his left side.

Figure 28

Figure 29

Stepping Throw at the Heel with a Lifting Shin Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand provides suppression gripping, and his right hand grips his opponent’s uniform under his hi s opponent’s right armpit. The samboist then sets his straightened right leg outside of his opponent’s right heel, so that the lower third of his right shin is pressed against his opponent’s right shin. His straightened left leg is on the outer edge of h his base to suppress his opponent’s motion by moving as deeply between his opponent’s legs as possible (Figure 29). The samboist falls onto his left side as he pulls strongly with his arms to the left and downward and into him as his right shin drives his opponent’s right shin upward to force his opponent to fall over the samboist in a diagonal somersault that carries him over to his back over his right shoulder and eventually onto his left buttock.

Lateral Stepping Throws The Lateral Stepping Throw

Figure 30

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand provides suppression gripping while his right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. Taking smaller steps to the left and back, the samboist squats and sharply jerks his body and arms to t o move his opponent onto his right leg. Continuing to pull with left hand toward him as well as to left and downward, the samboist sits down onto his left buttock while driving his left leg forward, so that he can set his heel to permit his left shin presses ses against his opponent’s right shin or calf (Figure 30). His right leg can assist up lifting upward on his opponent’s left leg to augment the effectiveness of the ploy. As his opponent falls, the samboist’s left hand and arm draw his opponent’s right arm a rm as closely as possible to him, which in turn, draws in and rotates his opponent’s body so that his opponent is forced into a diagonal somersault over his right shoulder to land on his left buttock. The self-protection protection for this ploy is the diagonal som somersault ersault onto the back. The common mistake in applying the lateral stepping throw is sitting down onto the mat without actually unbalancing the opponent. It is easiest to apply the lateral stepping throw when the opponent: a) Stands to the side of the samboist. samboi b) Stands in a narrow stance. c) Stands with his legs crossing.

Stepping Throw at the Hip or Thigh This ploy is applied the same as the lateral stepping throw except that the samboist’s left leg must be pressed close to the outside of the opponent’s right leg.

Inside Hooking Throws The Inside Hooking Throw The opponent is in a left stance and the samboist in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform on the shoulder part of his upper arms. The samboist takes several smaller steps forward on his left foot and slightly sits with a slight twisting motion. As he does so, he hooks his right knee crook around his opponent’s left knee crook from the inside. Lifting his opponent’s hooked left leg upward and toward the samboist and somewhat to the right, the samboist sharply straightens his left leg as he strongly pushes his opponent away and downward with his arms (Figure ure З1). Safety in the inside hooking throw throw includes when entering the hook that the samboist take care not to strike his opponent’s groin, and if the samboist falls, to not land on his opponent. The opponent’s self-protection protection is the half-somersault half fall onto the back. The best situations for the opponent to be in for applying the inside hooking throw are: a) Instituting the opponent (see Figure 31); b) Organized pressure on the opponent;

c) Freeing the opponent from the mat.

Figure 31 Inside Hooking Throw

Twisting Inside Hooking Throw The samboist’s right leg hooks his opponent’s left leg as he did above. Then, the samboist lifts his right leg high and upward while his right arm jerks to the left and upward and his left arm pulls toward him and left and downward. The opponent will fall beside the samboist’s s amboist’s left leg. To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist retains his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. The opponent’s self-protection protection requires using the fall onto the left side.

Inside Hooking Throw Prepared by Instituting Both wrestlers tlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform on the shoulders at the upper part of his arms. The samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight over his right leg as his right arm draws his opponent’s left arm toward the samboist s amboist and upward as the samboist takes a diagonal step forward on his left leg. Without giving his opponent an opportunity to set his left foot onto the mat, the samboist lifts the hooked leg inward and upward with his right leg, and without stopping the e motion, turns 1800 to the right. As he turns, the samboist applies a strong jerk with hands to the right and downward. The opponent must be thrown to the mat in the direction directly opposite counter to his initial position. Safety and self-protection protection are the same as in the inside hooking throw. The inside hooking throw prepared by institution also can be set up with a grip by the left hand to the opponent’s right armpit and with the right hand gripping the back of the uniform from under the opponent’s opponent’ left arm.

Inside Entwining Throw

Figure 32 Inside Entwining Throw

The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboist’s left hand provides a suppression grip as his right hand moves under his opponent’s left arm to t grip him on the back of his uniform. The samboist steps slightly forward on his left leg before he slightly sits. The upper part of his right shin and calf (closer to his knee crook) hooks his opponent’s left knee crook from the inside as the samboist entwines (grape vines) with his shin from behind, so that he can hook his

foot on the outer part his opponent’s same shin (Figure 32). He applies a strong motion with his right leg and turns his body to the right to lift his opponent’s hooked left leg and with this effort to throw his opponent in place and onto his back to land by the samboist’s right foot. Safety measures include not falling onto the opponent. The opponent will protect himself from the fall using the half somersault for landing on his ba back.

Outside Hooking Throws The Outside Hooking Throw Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand applies a suppression grip as his right hand grips his opponent’s uniform on his chest. The samboist then steps forward on his left leg and slightly to the left. The upper part of his right shin hooks his opponent’s right knee crook before the samboist applies a strong motion to lift his opponent from the ground. The samboist jerks his arms and body to the left and downward to throw his opponent onto his back in place, so that he lands by the samboist’s right leg. Safety measures include the samboist retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for falling onto his left side. The best situations for applying the outside hooking throw on the opponent occur when the opponent: a) Stands to one side of the samboist; b) Has one leg farther forward than the other; c) Bends his legs and pulls the samboist forward. The bestt preparations for this ploy are those ploys to lift the opponent from the mat or lessen his body weight on the mat.

Opposite Side Leg Hook Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand provides a suppression grip while his right hand grips ps his opponent’s uniform on the chest. The samboist’s right leg steps left, so that his right toes are outside of the toes of his opponent’s right foot. The samboist’s left shin and calf hook his opponent’s right knee crook. Then, the samboist sharply jerks his body and arms forward and slightly left to throw his opponent onto his back. In applying the jerking motion, the samboist must fall forward in place with his opponent, but he knows for sure that his opponent is falling, the samboist stops his fall fa to remain standing while his opponent continues falling. To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist retains his grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. To protect himself, the opponent uses the ploy for falling onto his back using the half somersault. somersault

Sitting Hook with a Lifting Foot

Figure 33

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. Then, the samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight onto his right r ight leg, so that the samboist can sit down onto

his left buttock, so that his left knee crook is wrapped around the lower part of his opponent’s right shin and calf area. The samboist turns his body to the left and strongly jerks with his left arm to the left and downward while his right arm jerks to the left and upward to force his opponent to lean to the left and away from the samboist. Exploiting the opponent’s position, the samboist lifts upward with his left leg that is precisely placed with its knee knee crook on his opponent’s right foot (Figure 33). To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist ensures that his opponent smoothly somersaults diagonally on to the mat without his shoulder first contacting the ground. To protect himself, the opponent executes utes a diagonal somersault onto his back over his right shoulder to land on his left buttock.

Foot Hook The opponent is in right stance while the samboist is in left stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform on the shoulders. He applies a strong jerk with his hands in the direction of his opponent’s left heel, and as soon as his opponent shifts his body weight over his left leg, the samboists uses the toes of his left foot to hook behind the Achilles tendons on his opponent’s right leg (Figure 34).

Figure 34

Using a strong motion with his left leg, the samboist lifts his opponent’s right leg to toward him and to the right, and as he does so, his arms and body jerk to the left and downward. As the opponent falls, the samboist bends his left knee and sets the leg to the left and rear. To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist retains his grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for falling onto the left side. If the opponent defends his right leg from the samboist’s left leg by moving it further away, it will be difficult to execute the ploy, y, but the samboist can turn his right heel outward (closer to the opponent) to perhaps close the distance. The best position for applying the foot hook occurs when the opponent has one leg further ahead of his other leg.

Lateral Sweeps The Lateral Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket under his elbows. The samboist then jerks his arms in the direction of his left foot, so that his opponent is compelled to shift his body weight over his left leg. leg. The samboist then applies the toe portion of his left foot sole to sweep laterally into his opponent’s right foot (Figure 35). His left leg thus lifts his opponent’s right foot to the right and upward, and as the samboist jerks his hands to the left and a nd downward, his opponent begins to fall. When he is certain that his opponent is falling, the samboist bends his left knee and moves his leg to the left and back to maintain his own stability.

Figure 35

The samboist mitigates his opponent’s fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. The opponent protects himself from the fall by using the ploy for falling onto the left side. The common mistake in executing the lateral sweeping throw comes from sweeping into the opponent’s leg with the wrong part of the foot. The best situations for applying the lateral sweeping throw occur when the opponent: a) b) c) d)

Has one foot ahead of the other; Crosses his feet; Steps heavily or hops; Drops to one knee while gripping the samboist.

The best means for preparing the opponent to be thrown with the lateral sweep are: a) Cross body institution; b) Driving him to one side of his leg or forcing him back on a heel.

Sweep Prepared with a Cross Body Institution Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket under the elbows. The opponent moves forward. When his opponent sets his right leg onto the mat, the samboist’s left hand jerks left and downward while his right hand jerks left and upward and slightly toward the samboist. oist. This forces the opponent to cross his left leg behind his right leg. In that moment when the opponent begins to lift his right leg to better the stability and convenience of his position, the samboist’s left leg sweeps laterally to lift his opponen opponent’s t’s right leg. When using this ploy, the safety procedures and self-protection protection as the same as for the lateral sweeping throw.

Sweeping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform under the elbows to force him to shift his body weight over his right leg, so that the samboist can use his right hand to grip the outside of his opponent’s left knee crook. The samboist lifts the trapped leg as high as possible and pulls it toward him. To prevent losing his balance, the opponent will move forward on his right leg, as he is doing this, he may become airborne, so the samboist applies a lateral sweep with his left leg (Figure 36). When the samboist is sure that his opponent is falling, he releases his right hand grip on his opponent’s left leg. As a safety measure, the samboist retains his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. To protect himself in the fall, the opponent employs the ploy for falling onto the left side.

Figure 36

Sweeping when the Opponent Is Approaching The opponent approaches from a right stance while the samboist retreats from a left stance. In the moment when the opponent sets his right leg onto the mat and begins to lift his weight off of that foot (but while his foot still contacts the mat), the samboist uses his left leg to apply a lateral sweeping throw under his opponent’s right foot. Basically, the ploy is applied that same as it was for the lateral sweeping throw.

Sweeping when the Opponent Is Retreating The opponent retreats from a right stance while the samboist advances from a left stance. In the moment when the opponent is lifting his right foot from the mat, the samboist applies a lateral sweep under that foot using his left leg. Basically, this ploy is applied the same as the lateral sweeping throw.

Sweeping with a Timed Step (or Timed Hop) Both wrestlers are in a front stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket under the elbows. The opponent nt steps forward and to the left while the samboist steps forward and to the right. In that moment when the opponent begins to move his right leg to the left, the samboist laterally sweeps under his opponent’s right leg with his left foot (Figure 37). As his leg sweeps, the samboist strongly jerks his body and arms to shift his opponent’s weight mostly toward him. The samboist breaks his opponent’s fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve.

Figure 37

Sweeping from the Knees The opponent is on both knees while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboist then grips his opponent’s uniform under the elbows. He then draws his opponent up as if to stand him on both feet but follows this effort by laterally sweeping his left lleg eg under his opponent’s right leg. A strong opponent who is kneeling when raised upward can have his power minimized for the support of his right leg by applying a variant of the lateral sweeping throw. If the opponent rises to his feet, as he sets his left l foot on the mat, the samboist steps on it with his right foot and executes a right side lateral sweeping throw.

Front Sweeping Throws The Front Sweeping Throw

Figure 38

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket under the elbows. The samboist’s right leg steps right and forward, so that his body can turn left as his right toes are outside of his opponent’s left toes at a right angle. Simultaneously, the samboist performs a strong jerk with his hands to the left and upward as if he is attempting to throw his opponent over his left shoulder. As soon as his opponent rises up onto his toes, as the samboist continues the jerking motion of his arms (supplemented by his body), he sweeps with the toe part of his left ffoot oot sole into his opponent’s right ankle (Figure 38). Mitigating his opponent’s fall requires that the samboist retain his left hand’s grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. To protect himself, the opponent uses the ploy for somersaulting over the stick to o land on his left side. The common mistake in executing the front sweeping throw is sweeping the opponent when he is not unbalanced. The best positions for the opponent to be in for executing the front sweeping throw are when: a) The opponent’s legs are in a narrow stance, and he is leaning forward; b) The opponent crosses his feet. The best preparations for setting up the opponent for the front sweeping throw are: a) Driving the opponent up onto his toes; b) Instituting the opponent. There are other entries into the front sweeping throw than what is described above. Before taking a right step forward, step back. This helps to bring the opponent up onto his toes. The difficulty in this approach pproach lies in the fact that after stepping back the opponent may not have h risen up onto his toes and maintains a stable stance. Thus, to exploit his step forward, the samboist must continuously use his arms and body to drive his opponent up onto his toes.

Sweeping Throw with a Falling Motion If in performing the front swe sweeping eping throw, the opponent is difficult to compel into falling, in that moment when the opponent begins to lose his balance, the samboist can add his own body weight to augment his opponent’s fall by strongly arching his body back and turning his opponent to t the left. At the same time, his left arm, bent at the elbow, strongly draws his opponent’s right arm toward him and as he smoothly begins to fall, the arm vector changes to upward as his right hand drives the left side of his opponent away from him (Figure gure 39). To mitigate his opponent’s fall, as his opponent’s fall is determined, the samboist must not permit his opponent’s right shoulder to strike the mat. He must throw his opponent so that he falls directly onto his back. The opponent will protect himself using the ploy for rolling onto either his right or left side.

Figure 39

Sweeping at the Knee If the opponent stands in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance, the opponent’s right leg will be very difficult to attack.. In this, this, the toe side of the foot sole should sweep at the opponent’s right knee (Figure 40). ). In completing the sweep, the fall mitigation and self self-protection protection are the same as what were used in the front sweeping throw.

Figure 40

Samboists of shorter heights find it very difficult to apply the front sweeping throw against taller opponents, but the front sweeping throw applied at the knee can be used by them very well.

Sweeping Throw Prepared by Instituting the Opponent The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket on the shoulder part of the arms. He then forces his opponent to shift his body’s weight over his left leg before his left hand draws his opponent’s right arm toward him and upward to compel his opponent to step diagonally forward on his right leg. As his opponent begins to lift his right foot from the mat, the samboist’s left leg applies a front sweeping throw under his opponent’s right leg. In completing the sweeping throw, the fall all mitigation and self self-protection protection used are the same as for the front sweeping throw.

Sweeping Throw with a Lifting Foot Both wrestlers are in right stance. The opponent stands on wide set legs and leaning his body forward. The samboist grips his oppon opponent’s ent’s jacket under the elbows. He then drives his opponent up onto his toes as his right leg steps further forward, so that he can set his right heel inside and close to his opponent’s left heel. The samboist then sharply turns his body left and bends his right knee to sit down on his left buttock as close as possible to his right heel. Simultaneously, both of his arms strongly jerk to throw his opponent over his left shoulder as his left leg moves under his opponent’s right leg. When his opponent loses his balance and begins to fall, the samboist sets his right instep over his left leg. To mitigate his opponent’s fall, he does not permit his opponent to set his right arm into the mat, he does not permit his opponent’s right shoulder to strike the mat, b but ut he does force his opponent’s body to fall into a forward somersault diagonally onto his back. The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for falling in a diagonal somersault onto the back leading with his right shoulder and ending on his left buttock.

Figure 41 Rear Sweeping Throw

Rear Sweeping Throws The Rear Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform, so that his left hand is under his opponent’s right elbow, and his right hand is under his opponent’s left elbow. He then sets his right foot outside of his opponent’s right foot with his toes turned inward. Simultaneously, he jerks in the direction of his opponent’s left leg to remove his opponent’s weight from his right leg as the t samboist sweeps the toe part of his left foot sole under his opponent’s right heel (Figure 41). Lifting his left leg, the samboist lifts his opponent’s right leg as high as possible while jerking his arms to the left and downward to throw his opponent onto the mat. The samboist mitigates his opponent’s fall using his left hand on his opponent’s right sleeve. The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for falling onto the back with a half somersault. The best position for the opponent to be in when applying the rear sweeping throw is when is he standing laterally to the samboist. The best preparation for the opponent is to institute him into crossing his legs.

Sweep at the Knee This ploy is applied the same as the rear sweeping throw ex except cept that the toe part of the left insole is not aligned with the opponent’s right heel, but at the opponent’s right knee crook.

Knee Sweep to the Same Side Leg Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under un the right elbow. His left leg then takes a large stop left and forward on a half bent right knee to lunge forward.

Figure 42

Then he aligns the toe part of his right insole with his opponent’s right knee crook to sweep into the back of his opponent’s knee with his bent leg. As he does so, he throws his opponent by jerking with his arms to left and downward, so that his opponent lands by the samboist’s left leg (Figure 42). As his opponent falls, the samboist retains his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve, and his protects himself in his fall by using the ploy for falling onto the left side.

Inside Sweeping Throws The Inside Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under his right elbow while the samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s jacket over his left clavicle. Jerking his opponent in the direction of his opp opponent’s onent’s left leg, he forces his opponent to shift his body weight over his right leg, and from there, the samboist his right insole under the inside of his opponent’s right leg by his heel. Lifting his right leg, the samboist also lifts his opponent’s rig right ht leg left and upward as the samboist’s hands jerk his opponent left, forward, and downward to throw him to the ground (Figure 43).

Figure 43

The samboist must take care not to fall onto his opponent. His opponent protects himself in the fall using the he ploy for falling onto the back with a half somersault. The optimum position for the opponent to be in for executing the inside sweeping throw is when he stands with wide set legs. The best preparation for this throw is to institute the opponent.

Inside Sweeping Throw with Institution Inside The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform on the shoulder part of the arms. He forces his opponent to shift his body weight over his left leg as the samboist’s left arm draws his opponent’s right arm toward the samboist and upward to force his opponent to take a deeper diagonal step forward on his right leg. In the moment when his opponent begins to lift his foot from the mat, the samboist execute executes s the inside sweeping throw. He can sweep to the inside under his opponent’s left leg with his own left leg in the moment when his opponent sets his right foot onto the mat which frees his opponent’s left foot from a greater share of the opponent’s body weight.

Sweep to the Inside of the Knee

Figure 44

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket on the right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. The samboist steps forward on his left leg with the toes of his left foot strongly turned to the left. Bending his right knee sweeps the sole of his right foot into the inside on his opponent’s left knee (Figure 44). The samboist turns his body left ft and somewhat forward using a strong motion by his right foot and leg, he lifts his opponent’s left leg back and upward, so that the more that the samboist’s right leg leaves the mat, the more the opponent is forced to turn to the left until he falls onto ont his back. To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist retains a grip on his opponent’s left sleeve. The opponent protects himself from the fall as he did when somersaulting over the stick to land on the left side.

Lifting Throws The “Work Horse” Both th wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow while his right hand grips his opponent’s back from under his left armpit. The samboist’s left foot, with its toes turned to the left, steps in p place lace behind his right leg. He bends his right knee to press its center into his opponent’s right leg close to that knee (Figure 45). Closely drawing his opponent toward him, the samboist sharply leans his body to the left while using his right leg to throw throw his opponent upward. When his opponent is airborne, the samboist twists his leg to the right and throws his opponent toward the left to land by his left leg (Figure 46).

Figures 45 and 46

The samboist mitigates his opponent’s fall by retaining his left left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. The best situation for the opponent to be found in to execute this throw is when the opponent is standing in a higher stance and leaning this body forward. The best preparation for this throw is driving the opponent opponent off balance and instituting his body.

“Work Horse” with an Elbow Crook Grip to the Opposite Side If the opponent does not allow the samboist to grip behind his back, the samboist can apply the following grip: his left hand grips his opponent’s jacket jacket under the right elbow while his right elbow crook traps his opponent’s shoulder part of his left arm from behind and close to his body. In applying the throw, the fall mitigation and self-protection self protection are the same as in the previous ploy.

“Work Horse” with the Aid of a Foot Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under the right elbow, and his right hand grips the back of his opponent’s belt. His left foot, with its toes turned to the left, steps in n place behind his right leg. His right leg, bent at the knee, presses his upper part shin into his opponent’s right leg at the inside close to his opponent’s knee with the outer edge of the

samboist’s right sole press to the opponent’s same shin close to the foot. From there, the execution of the throw is the same as the basic throw.

The Outside Lifting Throw

Figure 47

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right shoulder as his right hand goes under his opponent’s left arm to grip the back of his opponent’s belt. He squat slightly on both legs and steps forward on his right foot to set it between his opponent’s legs. Pressing his opponent’s body to his own, the samboist grips firmly and arches his body while straightening his legs to lift his opponent from the mat. Shifting his weight over his right leg, the thigh of his bent left leg lifts his opponent upward, and when his opponent is high enough, the samboist’s same thigh drives his opponent to the right ght and away from him. When lifting from the outside, the samboist can hook his foot and shin inside of his opponent’s trapped leg to assist in throwing his opponent (Figure 47). By jerking his arms and turning his body to the left and downward, he throws throws his opponent’s back to the mat. When his opponent is falling, the samboist is able to remove his left leg, still bent at the knee, to move that leg as far as possible to the left and rear. Fall mitigation is achieved by the samboist retaining his left hand hand grip on his opponent’s jacket on his right arm. The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for falling onto the left side.

The Inside Lifting Throw

Figure 48

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s belt on the right side by going over top of his opponent’s right arm. His right hand grips the back of his opponent’s belt from under his opponent’s left arm. Squatting on both legs, the samboist’s right leg stepss forward to set his foot inside and close to his opponent’s left leg. Using a strong arm lift, the samboist arches his back and straightens his legs to lift his opponent from the ground to press the thigh of his opponent’s right leg to the outside of his bent left thigh and shin to throw his opponent’s body weight over the samboist’s left leg as the samboist’s arms and body pull left and downward (Figure 48).

Major Outer Reaping Throws The Major Outer Reap

Figure 49

Both wrestlers are in right stan stance. ce. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under the right elbow, and his right hand applies pressure to his opponent’s right collar bone. The samboist compels his opponent to shift his body weight over his right leg as the samboist simultaneously simult steps forward and to the left on his left leg with the toes of his left foot turned to the left. He quickly drives is bent right leg to the left and forward, so that a strong stroke of that leg to the rear is aligned with his opponent’s right knee e crook as the samboist strongly jerks his arms to the left and downward (Figure 49). To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist left hand must keep a grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. His opponent will protect himself from the falling using the ploy ploy for falling onto the left side. The best position for the opponent to be in when the samboist applies the major outer reap is when his opponent’s leg(s) are further forward.

The Major Outer Reaping Throw Prepared by Institution The samboist is in right ht stance while his opponent is in left stance. He grips his opponent’s uniform under the shoulder parts of his arms. He then forces his opponent to shift his body weight over his left leg as the samboist’s left hand draws his opponent’s right arm toward him and upward forcing his opponent to take a further diagonal step forward with his right leg. As the opponent lifts his foot from the mat, the samboist applies the major outer reap as described above. As he applies the throw, his right hand changes itss grip to press against his opponent’s right collar bone.

Major Outer Reap on the Retreating Opponent Both wrestlers are in a right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent’s jacket on the chest. His opponent backing up adopts a right stance as the samboist advances. During the moment when the opponent rearranges his stance by moving his left leg back, the samboist takes a large step forward on his right leg and a larger step forward and to the left on his left leg to stand on his bent right leg leg. When his opponent begins to retreat with his rightt leg moving to the rear, the samboist follows applying the major outer reaping throw as described above.

Major Outer Reaping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s right hand grips the opponent’s jacket on the chest while his right hand grips the outside of his opponent’s right knee crook. Lifting the trapped leg upward and to the left, the samboist places his right leg forward and between his opponent’s legs to align his knee crook with his opponent’s ent’s left knee crook. To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist retains his right hand grip on his opponent’s chest.

Major Outer Reaping with the Legs Crossed

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist institutes his opponent to cross his opp opponent with his right hand gripping the inside of his opponent’s right knee crook. Lifting the trapped leg upward and to the right, the samboist steps his left leg close to his opponent’s left leg and applies a right leg major outer reaping throw to his opponent’s opponent’s left knee crook (Figure 50). When his opponent’s fall is assured, the samboist moves back his right leg and uses his left hand to mitigate his opponent’s fall by retaining his grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. The opponent protects himself in falling using the ploy for falling onto the left side.

Figure 50

Alignment

Figure 51

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform on the shoulder part of his opponent’s arms. Th The e samboist hops in close to his opponent with his legs placed so that his right leg is set close to his left leg with his left foot poised on toes that are turned to the left. In the hop, the right leg is moved to be behind the left leg. An energetic motion on by the samboist’s right shin is aligned with his opponent’s left knee crook as the samboist’s arm motion drives his opponent to the right (Figure 51). When the opponent’s fall is defined, the samboist begins to mitigate the fall using his left hand to draw on his opponent’s jacket in the area of his right sleeve, and during this same time, the samboist’s right leg continues lifting his opponent’s left leg as high as possible. The opponent protects himself using the ploy for falling onto the right side side. The best position for the opponent to be in when applying the alignment occurs when the opponent stands laterally to the samboist with wide set legs.

Sweeping Hip Throws The Sweeping Hip Throw

Figure 52

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent’s back by going under his opponent’s left arm. The samboist pivots left on his right foot (turning the heel by being on the toes) as he sets his left leg behind his right leg which allows the half bent leg to move left and upward. Pressing his right side into his opponent’s body, the samboist strongly strikes using the thigh of his straightened right leg into the front part of his opponent’s right thigh. The samboist then pulls with his arms and body to the left and downward to throw his opponent by his left leg (Figure 52). The samboist mitigates his opponent’s fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. This opponent protects himself from the fall using the same ploy as for somersaulting over the stick to land on the left side. Preparations for applying the sweeping hip throw include: a) Driving the opponent onto one leg. b) Driving the opponent up onto his toes.

Sweeping Hip Throw with an Elbow Crook Grip on the Opposite Side Arm Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and if he is not gripping his opponent’s jacket on the back from under his opponent’s left arm with his right hand, the samboist uses his right elbow crook to grip the shoulder part of his opponent’s left arm closer to the shoulder joint. From that point, the execution of the ploy is the same as in the previous ploy.

Throws over the Head The Throw over the Head

Figure 53

Figure 54

The opponent stands in a front stance, and slightly leans into the samboist. The samboist is in right stance. He grips his opponent’s uniform under the elbows. He steps his left leg forward to his heel facing his opponent’s toes (Figure 53). He then strongly jerks his arms toward him and upward as if the samboist intends to throw his opponent over his body as he then sits on the ground as close as possible to his left heel and sets his strongly bent right leg on his opponent’s belt b elt over his stomach area. Without stopping this motion, the motion is timed to roll his shoulders and back onto the mat as he drives (without striking) the toes of his right foot into his opponent. The direction of the pushing motion of the leg must be upward and back to a place behind the samboist’s head (Figure 54). After the leg push, the opponent is directed over the samboist’s left shoulder and his right shoulder. Mitigating the opponent’s fall also includes that the samboist’s arms provide a frame to prevent his opponent’s head dropping into the samboist’s face, and that these same arms provide a strong pull to ensure throwing the opponent over the samboist sufficiently to prevent his opponent’s head from hitting the groun ground. The opponent’s own self-protection self protection includes using the ploy for the forward somersault or the diagonal somersault onto the back. From these, the opponent can fall in the following way: beginning with a front somersault except that when his shoulder blades contact the mat, he must mu quickly arch upon a base of wide set legs. After his shoulder blades contact the mat, his legs must not be crossed, and the purpose of this effort is prevent his lower back from contacting the mat. The best situation for the opponent to be in for executing executing the throw over the head is when the opponent bends down and forward orward while attempting to push the samboist around on the mat. mat The best means for preparing the opponent are: a) Organized pressure, b) Moving the opponent onto one leg

Throw over the Head with a Knee Propped in the Stomach

Figure 55

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s right forearm grips his opponent’s left armpit, and both hands grip his opponent’s jacket on the shoulder part of the opponent’s same arm. The samboist’s left leg steps as far forward and as close to his opponent as possible to set that foot between his opponent’s legs. The samboist sits close to his left heel and sets his right knee into his opponent’s belt with his right instep braced into the inner par partt of his opponent’s left thigh, so that the samboist can straighten his shin and jerk toward him with his arms to throw his opponent over his head (Figure 55). When the opponent’s body is falling toward the mat and over the samboist’s head, the samboist m must draw his opponent toward him using the trapped arm. The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for somersaulting diagonally onto the back over the right shoulder to the left buttock.

The “Scissors” Throw The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s jacket on the chest from under the opponent’s left arm, so that the samboist’s little finger (in a reverse grip) is on top. The samboist moves moves beside his opponent’s left side, so that he can jump into the air and apply his legs as “scissors”, so that his right leg is at his opponent’s chest, and his left leg is behind his opponent’s knees (Figure 56). As soon as the samboist’s legs are wrap wrapped around his opponent, he applies a sharp motion to drive his right leg to the rear, and his left leg forward to knock his opponent down. When his opponent begins to fall, the samboist uses his left leg to lift his opponent’s legs as high as possible. The samboist’s fall mitigation includes bracing his left arm on the ground. The opponent protects himself using the ploy for the half half-somersault onto the back. The best positions for the opponent to be in to apply the “scissors” throw are when: a) The opponent onent is standing laterally to the samboist; b) The opponent pulls the samboist to him; The best preparations for the throw include: a) Instituting with legs crossed; b) Instituting.

Figure 56 “Scissors”

Figure 57 The “Saddle”

The “Saddle” Throw The opponent stands in a front stance with his body held erect. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform under the elbows. The samboist jumps up and onto his opponent as if to sit atop his opponent’s body. Holding his legs around his opponent’s body, the ssamboist amboist allows his back to fall to the mat. His hands move to grip his opponent’s opposite side heels as he moves his right foot toward his chest, and then drives his right foot away from him as he simultaneously jerks his arms to pull his opponent’s heelss toward him, so that his opponent falls onto his back on the mat (Figure 57). Fall mitigation includes pressing his shins and calves into his opponent’s body (to prevent kicking him in the thorax).

The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for the half somersault to the back. The best position for the opponent to be in to apply the saddle throw occurs when the opponent is standing erect or with his body leaning slightly to the rear.

Throws over the Hip (or Thigh) The Throw over the Hip Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow, and his right hand moves under his opponent’s left arm to grip the back of his uniform. Forcing his opponent to shift his body weight onto his toes, the samboist pivots left on the toes of his right foot, so that his left buttock is close to his opponent’s right hip. Simultaneously with this pivot, the samboist brings his left leg to his right leg to slightly squat on both legs (Figure 58). Aligning gning his left buttock with the inner part of his opponent’s right thigh from below to the rear, and then, upward causes the opponent to fly over the samboist, and when the opponent’s body rotates over the samboist’s hip, but before his opponent contacts the mat, the samboist releases his grip on his opponent’s back.

Figures 58 and 59

To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist retains his left hand’s grip on his opponent’s right sleeve. To protect himself from the fall, the opponent uses the ploy for falling onto the left side as done when falling over the stick. The common mistak mistake e when executing the throw over the hip is to align the left buttock with the opponent with only an upward motion that does not include the vector to the rear. The best situations for applying this ploy on the opponent occur when the opponent attempts to grip rip the back of the samboist’s jacket. The best preparation for the throw over the hip occurs (except in the special circumstances to be described below) by: a) Instituting the opponent; b) By forcing the opponent onto one leg.

Throw over the Hip with the Bel Beltt Gripped over an Arm In response to the opponent’s left hand grip to the back of the samboist’s belt from under his right arm, the samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right hand grips the back of his opponent’s belt by going over ver his opponent’s left arm, so that the samboist can apply the throw over the hip as described above.

Throw over the Hip Gripping the Collar

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s lapel over his chest while his left hand grips his opponent’s left side of his collar. The samboist’s right hand must be below his left hand. He then applies the throw over the hip as described above.

Throw over the Hip Prepared by Bumping the Knee The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve as his right hand grips the back of his opponent’s belt. He then sets his right foot inside, and close to, his opponent’s left foot. His right knee presses presses into the inside of his opponent’s left knee, and when his opponent begins to lose his balance, the samboist applies the throw over the hip.

Throw over the Hip Prepared by Heaving the Thigh Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right hand moves under his opponent’s left arm to grip the back of his jacket. Both of the samboist’s hands strongly jerk the opponent to the left and downward as he simultaneously slightly squats. When he feelss his opponent resist, the samboist spirals the motion to the right and upward and behind his back to throw his opponent into the samboist’s right buttock. Simultaneously with this motion of moving his opponent toward him, the samboist converts the motion into the entry for the throw over the hip.

Throw over the Hip with the Head Gripped and a Falling Motion

Figure 60

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right elbow crook grips his opponent’s head. Simultaneously with gripping his opponent’s head, the samboist turns, so that he executes a pivot to the left on his right foot, so that his left buttock is outside of his opponent’s right hip or thigh (Figure 60). Completing his pivot, the samboist sets his left leg beside his right leg and shifts his weight over his left leg. Slightly moving the toes of his right foot to the right, the samboist stands with his right knee close to his left toes. He rotates his opponent over his back forcing cing him to somersault with his back to the mat. When his opponent begins to roll onto his back, the samboist sits down onto his right buttock close to his opponent’s right side and presses his opponent into the lateral hold down position (see figure of tthe lateral hold down). To mitigate his opponent’s fall, the samboist retains a tight hold on his opponent’s head, so that his opponent’s head does not strike the mat, and the samboist sits down on the mat with his opponent and ensures that he does not fall onto his opponent’s body. The opponent protects himself in the fall by tucking in his head and using the ploy for the forward somersault.

Reverse Throw over the Hip Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve. The samboist pivots on his right foot to the left, so that his heels are to his opponent’s toes, and his back is to his opponent, so that his right arm can wrap around the shoulder part of his opponent’s back from

behind, so that the samboist’s right ight hand is on his opponent’s right shoulder. Then, his left hand moves between their bodies by his opponent’s right side to wrap around his back. Quickly, the samboist sets his left buttock and throws his opponent forward over the samboist’s back without without releasing his right arm while attempting not to allow him to brace his left arm on the ground (Figure 61).

Figure 61

Throw over the Hip by Approaching around the Leg If the opponent stands in a left stance with his right leg advanced, shown in the basic ploy, the opponent can easily attack the samboist with a lateral sweeping throw under the samboist’s advanced right leg. In this case, the samboist would be better served to approach from around the leg. Thus, he should use his left hand to grip his his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow while his right hand should grip the back of his opponent’s belt. The samboist’s left leg should be set, so that its heel is by his opponent’s toes on his left foot to maximize the samboist’s turn to the left. He then forces his opponent to shift his weight onto his right leg, so that the samboist can pivot on his left leg to the left to set his hip under his opponent as in the basic ploy.

Throw over the Hip with an Entry by Swapping The samboist’s left hand grips grips his opponent’s jacket under his right elbow, and the samboist’s right hand grips the back of his opponent’s belt. Quickly and strongly, the samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight over his heels. Then the samboist strongly jerks with both bot h hands toward him and simultaneously thrusts his right hip under his opponent as the samboist pivots on his right foot as he would do in the basic ploy. The approach by swapping is a very active ploy, but for it to be applied, the opponent’s weight must be e properly manipulated, and the hip inserted with excellent timing in the “swap”.

Sweeping Hip Throw from the Throw over the Hip

Figure 62

The samboist begins the basic ploy, “the throw over the hip” with his right buttock intercepting the inner part of his opponent’s right thigh. Shifting his body weight over his left leg, the samboist uses his right leg to apply the “sweeping hip throw” as shown in the ploy under that name.

Under Hooking from the Throw over the Hip To begin this ploy, do as above. above. As soon as the body weight is shifted over the samboist’s left leg, his right leg, bent at the knee, moves to the right. Then, the samboist presses his right shin/calf area outside of his opponent’s right shin, so that the shin is blocked (Figure 62). The samboist lifts his opponent upward by straightening his left leg as his right calf drives his opponent leftward and over his back, so that his opponent’s unsupported body must fall with his back onto the mat.

Throws by Gripping the Arm with the Armpit The Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponent’s jacket at the left shoulder. By jerking his arms, the samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight over up onto his toes. At the same time that his arms are jerking, the samboist advances his left foot, so that its heel is close to his opponent’s toes on his left leg, so that the samboist’s toes on his left foot are facing decidedly to the left. He continues to pull on his opponent in the direction that his toes are facing as he steps his right foot close to his body as his right arm grips his opponent’s right right shoulder under his armpit. Then, the samboist sharply turns his body to the left as his right leg swings in an arc behind his opponent as the samboist sets his right palm on the mat with a left and forward motion before reclining on his right side to force his opponent to somersault onto his back (Figure 63).

Figure 63

Mitigating the opponent’s fall includes holding the opponent’s right arm and shoulder close in to the samboist’s body as he hits the mat when rolling over the samboist. Also the samboist sa must take great care not to land on his opponent, and to ensure that he does not, the samboist must first recline onto his right side. The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for the diagonal somersault onto the back. The best position osition for the opponent to be in to apply the throw by gripping the arm under the armpit is when opponent bends or leans forward and is pushing with his arms. The best preparation for setting up the throw occurs by: a) Institution; b) Institution with a grip by the same side armpit beside the opponent’s back (as shown in the following ploy).

Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit Set up by Institution

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve while his is right hand goes over his opponent’s right shoulder to grip his jacket behind his right armpit. The samboist draws on his opponent, so that his opponent shifts his body weight over his right leg. Holding his opponent with his left arm, the samboist app applies lies a motion with his right arm that is slightly upward to force his opponent to take a wide diagonal step on his left leg. Intercepting his opponent’s left leg with his own left leg, the samboist applies the throw by gripping the arm under the armpit as described above.

Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit with the Foot Hook Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent’s uniform on the chest. The samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight onto his heels and simultaneously sets his left foot to the outside of his opponent’s right foot. The samboist pivots left on his left foot to place his right leg between himself and his opponent, so that he can an release his previous grip with his right hand to grip his opponent’s right arm under his right armpit. Bending his right knee, the samboist’s right leg and toes hook his opponent’s right leg on the shin closer to his foot (Figure 64).

Figure 64

The samboist sits down as close as possible to his left heel while strongly turning his body to the left to force his opponent to roll onto his back on the mat. The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for the half somersault onto the back.

Throws by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder and Forearm The Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponent’s opponent’s jacket on the chest. He then forces his opponent to shift his weight over his right leg before turning his back on this opponent by pivoting left on his right foot with his heel turned to his opponent’s toes. His hand arm grips his opponent’s right arm and positions his right shoulder under his opponent’s right armpit (Figure 65). Firmly drawing the trapped arm to the samboist and his shoulder, the samboist sharply leans forward on his half bent knees.

Figure 65 Start for the Throw

To mitigate his opponent’s fall, both of the samboist’s hands retain their grip on the opponent’s right sleeve. To protect himself in the fall, the opponent uses the ploy for somersaulting over the stick. The best position for the opponent to be in to apply this throw throw is when the opponent attempts to grip the samboist’s neck. The best set-ups ups and preparations for applying the throw gripping the arm on the shoulder are: a) By instituting; b) By instituting with a grip by the same side armpit and by executing the ploy as described de in the ploys below.

Figure 66 Completing the Throw

Throw with the Arm Gripped on the Shoulder Prepared from a Leg Grab Attempt The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right sleeve, and his right hand grips attempts to grip his opponent’s left leg at the outside of the knee crook. In the moment when his opponent is moving back his left leg, the samboist draws his left hand toward himself and slightly upward. upward. This causes his opponent to lean forward and straighten his right leg which allows the samboist to apply the throw by gripping the arm on the shoulder as described above.

Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder Prepared by Instituting Both wrestlers tlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under the right sleeve, and his right elbow crook grips the back of the shoulder part of his opponent’s right arm. The samboist strongly jerks his body and right arm to institute inst itute the opponent to the right as the samboist attempts to draw his opponent toward his back. When the opponent is to the right of the samboist, he amplifies this motion to apply the throw by gripping the arm over the shoulder.

Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder from the Knees Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent under his right armpit while the samboist’s right hand grips his opponent under the same armpit. Turning his back to his opponent by pivoting on his right leg to the left, so that his heel is beside his opponent’s toes, the samboist places the shoulder portion of his right arm under his opponent’s right shoulder. Keeping this arm to his shoulder with his arms and pressing his opponent’s opponent’s armpit into his shoulder, the samboist sharply leans his body forward and quickly drops down onto both of his knees (Figure 67). He draws his opponent’s right shoulder as closely as possible to him, and this compels his opponent to execute a forward somersault. To mitigate his fall, the samboist does not permit his opponent to brace his hands on the mat. The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for the diagonal somersault to the back, so that he impacts the mat from his right shoulder to his left buttock.

Figure 67

Figure 68

Throw Gripping the Arm on the Forearm Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent on his right lap lapel. el. The samboist turns his back on his opponent as he did in the throw with the arm gripped on the shoulder with his right elbow elevated upward, so that his right forearm is braced into his opponent’s right armpit from below (Figure 68). Basically, this throw is analogous to the throw by gripping the arm on the shoulder.

Throw Gripping the Arm in the Elbow Crook Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow while his right elbow crook g grips rips under his opponent’s right arm at the shoulder joint. Attempting to draw his right elbow crook upward, the samboist lifts his opponent’s right arm and turns his back to his opponent as when throwing with the arm gripped on the shoulder, so that he ca can apply that very same throw.

Throw by Gripping the Arm in the Elbow Crook and Sitting under The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right wrist or his uniform on his right forearm and the samboist’s right elbow crook grips the shoulder part of his opponent’s right arm from below. The samboist sets his right foot inside his opponent’s right foot with his knee moving to the outside (Figure 69).

Figure 69

The samboist use both of his arms to strongly press his opponent’s right arm into the samb samboist’s body as the samboist sits his left buttock down onto the mat by his right heel. Straightening his left leg to set it as far as possible between his opponent’s legs, the samboist raises the outer edge of his left foot from the mat. The samboist’s bent ent right knee must be outside of his opponent’s right leg, and when the opponent leans to the point that he begins to fall onto the samboist, the samboist raises his right leg upward to raise his opponent’s right leg. The opponent, then falling over the samboist, executes a forward somersault onto his back onto the mat. To protect his falling opponent, the samboist does not permit his opponent to brace his right hand on the mat, and does not allow his opponent’s right shoulder to strike the mat. To protect himself from the throw, the opponent applies the diagonal somersault over his right shoulder and onto his left buttock.

Throws over the Shoulder

Figure 70

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist uses his left armpit to grip his opponent’s right forearm. Simultaneously, his left hand grips his opponent’s belt by going over top of his opponent’s right arm. His right hand grips his opponent’s uniform on the left shoulder. The samboist steps forward on his right leg to set his foott between his opponent’s legs. Strongly arching his back, the samboist aligns his stomach to his opponent’s body from below as he works to throw his opponent over his left shoulder (Figure 70). Falling to the rear, the samboist sharply turns his body to the left in a circle reckoned to lift his opponent and throw him over the samboist’s left shoulder, so that his opponent’s back falls onto the mat. To protect his falling opponent, the samboist does not permit his opponent to brace his right hand on the mat, t, and the samboist does not drop his body weight onto his opponent. The opponent protects himself from the fall using the diagonal somersault over the right shoulder and onto the left buttock. The best position for applying the ploy on the opponent occur occurs s when the opponent wraps his arms around the samboist’s back. The preparations and set-ups set ups to use on the opponent for this given throw include organized pressure on the opponent.

The “Mill” Throws The “Mill”

Figure 71

Both wrestlers are in right stan stance. ce. The samboist’s left hand grips the upper side of his opponent’s right sleeve. The samboist then applies a strong left hand jerk toward him that is angled slightly upward as he simultaneously lunges under his opponent’s right shoulder, so that the upper upper part of his right side meets his opponent’s stomach (Figure 71). The samboist’s right hand grips the inside of his opponent’s right knee crook, and the samboist energetically lifts his opponent upward driving his opponent’s trapped leg to the right. When hen the opponent’s body attains a 90 degree angle to the samboist’s body, the samboist throws his opponent’s right arm and shoulder upward. Simultaneously, the samboist steps back with his left leg toward his left and rear pulling with his left hand downwa downward rd and toward himself, so that his opponent’s right arm leads his opponent to fall with his back on the ground. The samboist protects his falling opponent by using his left hand grip to pull up on his opponent’s trapped right arm. The opponent protects himself himself from the fall using the ploy for somersaulting over the stick to land on the left side.

The Reverse “Mill”

Figure 72

The samboist’s right hand goes over his opponent’s right shoulder to grip his uniform from behind. The samboist’s left hand grips the inside of his opponent’s left knee crook, and he steps under his opponent, so that his shoulders are under his opponent, and he can throw his opponent toward his right leg by forcing his opponent into a forward somersault to land his back on the mat (Figure 72). To protect his falling opponent, the samboist’s left hand retains its grip on his opponent, and he forces his opponent into a smooth forward somersault. The opponent protects himself in falling by using the ploy for the forward somersault.

The “Mill” Gripping Both Hands The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right forearm while his right hand grips his opponent’s left wrist, so that the samboist’s thumb and index fingers are close to the inside of the opponent’s thumb than to his little finger. Slightly turning the opponent’s left arm inward, the samboist draws his opponent close to place his opponent up onto his back (Figure 73). The samboist can throw his opponent to either the right or the left. If he throws to the right, his left hand must release its grip on his opponent’s right arm.

Figure 73

Mitigating the opponent’s fall requires keeping a hand gripping on the side that the opponent is thrown to. The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploys for falling onto onto the side.

The “Mill” By Gripping the Belt

Figure 74

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket on the shoulder part of his right arm while his right hand grips his opponent’s belt on the stomach close to the right side. The samboist applies a strong jerk toward him with his left hand with a slight upward vector allowing the samboist to duck under his opponent to place the upper part of his right shoulder into his opponent’s stomach close to where his right hand is gripping his opponent’s belt. He raises his right elbow as high as possible to the left, so that it is outside of his opponent’s right thigh as he firmly draws his opponent to his shoulders to energetically lift his opponent upward (Figure 74). 74). This ploy is analogous to the basic “mill”.

Throwing Combinations Combinations of throws in sambo sambo-wrestling wrestling are defined as the subsequent execution of two or three throws. The basic throw is considered to be included in the combination. In defining a throwing combination, it is ordered in reverse from the final throw used to the first throw applied which is defined as the basic or initial throw, or the throw “from”. Combinations may be characterized through one of two roles: 1) Combinations that are based upon what develops from the first throw. In these combinations, subsequent throws develop from the previous effort that begins with a previous throw, so that the ensuing actions are directed from what happened in the initial throw. 2) Combinations that are based upon the opponent’s counter actions to the initial throw. These combinations are directed to the side or the opposite side of the opponent’s actions to counter the initial throw. In composing combinations of throws it is very important to use gripping that facilitates moving from the first throw to subsequent throws. If the selected grip is unable to support the transition from the first to a second throw, that grip must change to transition from the first to the second throw then the greater goal of the throw is threatened. If it is impossible to maintain a single grip between two throws, then the continuity of the combination requires a convenient transition from the first grip to the second grip. Within this book, we give bu butt the most basic combinations. Every trainer must in the process of his work develop other combinations for the given throws.

Combinations Based on What Develops in the First Throw

The Throw with a Reverse Grip on Two Legs from the Lateral Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform at the elbows. He then begins to execute the lateral sweeping throw with his left leg under his opponent’s right leg, and when his opponent’s leg is sufficiently lifted, the samboist quickly steps his left leg forward to apply the reverse leg grip with both hands.

Rear Stepping Throw from the Rear Knee Sweep Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket at the right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent’s uniform on the chest. The samboist begins to apply the rear knee sweeping throw to the right knee, and when his opponent begins to bend the attacked knee, the samboist transitions to the rear stepping throw with his right leg under his opponent’s right leg.

Rear Stepping Throw from the Lateral Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform under the elbows. He begins to apply the lateral sweeping throw with his left leg under his opponent’s right leg, and when his opponent’s right leg is raised sufficiently high, the samboist quickly steps forward on his left leg with his toes turned left. Without giving his opponent time to reset his right leg on the mat, the samboist executes the rear stepping throw with his right leg under his opponent’s left leg. In the moment when the samboist’s right leg begins its arc for the stepping throw his right hand shifts its grip to the opponent’s jacket in the chest area.

Front Stepping Throw from the Inside Knee Sweep The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve while the samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. The samboist begins to apply the inside knee sweeping throw, and when his opponent’s left leg is raised sufficiently high, the samboist transitions to the front stepping throw with his right leg under his opponent’s right leg.

Laterally Stepping Throw from the Lateral Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket under the elbows. The samboist begins to apply the lateral sweeping throw, and when his opponent’s right leg is raised sufficiently high, the samboist transitions to the lateral stepping throw with his left leg set so that his heel is set far enough that his opponent cannot step his right leg over the samboist’s left leg.

Rear Sweeping Throw with a Reverse Leg Grip from the Lateral Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s uniform under the elbows. The samboist begins to apply the lateral sweeping throw, and when his opponent’s left leg is raised sufficiently high, the samboist’s right forearm grips his opponent’s left knee crook from the outside. He transitions to the rear sweeping throw with his left heel under his opponent’s left heel. When his opponent fall is assured, the samboist releases his right hand grip on his opponent’s leg. Mitigating his opponent’s fall requires the samboist to retain his left hand grip on his opponent’s right sleeve.

Inside Knee Sweep from the Throw over the Hip

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips this opponent’s jacket under the right elbow, and the samboist’s right moves under his opponent’s left arm to grip the back of his jacket. The samboist then begins to apply the throw over the hip, and as soon as he has turned his back to his opponent, his right foot guides his knee to sweep inside of the inner part of his opponent’s right knee.

Springing Inner Hip Throw from the Inside Sweep at the Knee The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow, and his right hand moves under his opponent’s left arm to grip the back of his jacket. The samboist begins to execute the inside knee sweep throw with his right leg under his opponent’s left leg. As soon as his opponent’s left leg is sufficiently raised, the samboist applies the springing inner hip throw with his right leg under his opponent’s right leg.

Major Outer Reaping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside from the Inside Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow, and the samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s jacket on the chest. The samboist’s right leg executes the inside sweeping throw under his opponent’s right leg. When his opponent’s right leg is sufficiently raised, the samboist grips the outside of his opponent’s right knee with his left hand. Without releasing his opponent’s right leg after the opponent is swept to the mat, the samboist applies the major outer reaping throw under his opponent’s left leg from the inside.

“Scissors” from the Lateral Sweeping Throw The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his opponent’s jacket under the elbows. The samboist begins the lateral sweeping throw with his right leg under his opponent’s left leg. When his opponent’s left leg is sufficiently lifted from the mat, the samboist executes the “scissors” throw so that his right leg is planted in his opponent’s chest, and his left leg is behind his opponent’s knees.

COMBINATIONS BASED UPON WHAT DEVELOPS FROM THE OPPONENT’S RESISTANCE TO THE INITIAL THROW Throw by Gripping the Legs from the Throw over the Hip Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket under the right elbow, and his right hand moves under his opponent’s left arm to grip the back of his opponent’s jacket. The samboist begins to execute the throw over the hip. When the samboist’s back is turned to his opponent, he senses his opponent’s resistance by his opponent bending his knees and leaning to the rear, so the samboist quickly grips the outside of both of his opponent’s knees to apply the throw by gripping both legs.

Front Stepping Throw from the Inside Hooking Throw The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and the samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. The samboist uses his right leg to begin the execution of the inside hooking throw under his opponent’s left leg, and when he begins to feel his opponent’s resistance by attempting to drive the samboist away from him, the samboist quickly guides his right leg (without setting on the ground when releasing his hook) into the front stepping throw under his opponent’s right leg.

Front Stepping Throw at the Heel from the Rear Stepping Throw

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponent’s jacket at the right clavicle. The samboist begins to apply the rear stepping throw, and when his opponent begins to move the attacked leg (the right leg) and uses his arms to drive the samboist back, the samboist quickly executes the front stepping throw at the heel.

Inside Hooking Throw from the Throw over the Hip Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under the right elbow, and the samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. The samboist begins to apply the throw over the hip. When he turns his back to his opponent, he feels his opponent’s resistance because his opponent is bending his knees and leaning to the rear, so the samboist quickly applies the inside hooking throw with his right leg under his opponent’s left leg.

Front Sweeping Throw from the Rear Stepping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent uniform under the right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent’s jacket over the right clavicle. The samboist begins to apply the rear stepping throw, and when his opponent moves his right leg back and begins to use his arms to drive the samboist away from him, the samboist quickly applies the front sweeping throw with his left leg under his opponent’s right leg.

Front Sweeping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside from the Inside Hooking Throw The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve while his right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. The samboist uses his right leg to begin the inside hooking throw under his opponent’s left leg. When the trapped leg is lifted from the ground and the opponent begins to resist, the samboist’s right hand grips the outside of his opponent’s left knee. From there, the samboist sweeps his opponent’s right leg from the mat using his left leg.

Springing Hip Throw from the Inside Hooking Throw The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist’s left-hand grip his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent’s left shoulder cuff. The samboist’s right leg applies the inside hooking throw to his opponent’s left leg, and when the samboist feels his opponent’s resistance, he quickly, without moving his right leg back to the ground after the failed hook, applies the springing hip throw under his opponent’s right leg.

Major Outer Reaping Throw from the Inside Hooking Throw and the Throw over the Hip from the Inside Hooking Throw Both of these combinations are applied similarly to the combination above: the springing hip throw from the inside hooking throw.

Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit from the Rear Stepping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s uniform under the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponent’s right lapel. The samboist begins to apply the rear stepping throw with his right leg under his opponent’s right leg. When his opponent begins to move his

attacked leg to the rear, and his arms begin to drive the samboist away from him, the samboist quickly applies the throw by gripping the opponent’s right arm under the samboist’s armpit.

DEFENSES AGAINST THE BASIC THROWS Defense against throws are defined as those actions directed toward stopping or mitigating the opponent’s throw. Pure defense without offensive ploys is not a true path toward victory. In his defense though, the samboist must work to stop an opponent’s throw as it begins or as it develops.

Defenses against the Throw That Is Beginning Stopping the opponent’s body motion can be accomplished by the samboist bracing a palm against an appropriate part of his opponent’s body—for example, if the opponent initiates the throw over the hip by gripping the samboist’s back from under the samboist’s left arm, the samboist must brace his left palm into his opponent’s right hip joint. Stopping the opponent’s body motion by bracing against his hip joint can be accomplished successfully when the opponent applies: a) b) c) d) e)

The front stepping throw, The sweeping hip throw, The throw over the hip, The throw by gripping the arm under the armpit, The throw by gripping the arm on the shoulder.

To stop the opponent’s body motion by bracing against his shoulder joint can be successfully applied when the opponent applies: a) The “mill”, b) The throw by gripping both legs, c) All throws by gripping the outside of the leg.

Stopping the Attacking Limb The attacking limb can be stopped by the samboist’s hand or arm. For example, the opponent attacks with the throw over the head. As he attempts to set his right foot in the samboist’s stomach, the samboist’s left hand parries his opponent’s attacking foot right foot away from his body and to the right. Parrying the attacking limb can be successfully applied against: a) b) c) d) e)

The throw by gripping both legs, The “mill”, The rear stepping throw and the major outer reaping throw, The throw over the head The “scissors” and the “saddle”.

Stopping the Attacking Leg The attacking leg can be addressed through counter gripping including by the samboist gripping the attacking leg. For example, the opponent initiates a rear stepping throw with his right leg under the samboist’s right leg, so the samboist moves his attacked leg back and counters by attacking his incoming opponent. Stopping the opponent’s attacking leg can be successfully applied against the: a) Throw by gripping both legs (by stopping the opponent’s front leg) b) Rear stepping throw and major outer reaping throw, c) Inside hooking throw,

d) Foot hook and lateral sweeping throw e) “Mill”.

Loading the Opponent’s Attacking Leg In attacking the samboist with his leg, the opponent removes his body weight from his attacking leg, and the samboist can take quick advantage of his to push his opponent. If the push compels his opponent to shift his weight back onto his attacking leg, then the opponent cannot execute his intended attack. For example, the opponent attempts to app apply ly a rear stepping throw with his right leg, so as he draws the leg to attack, the samboist pulls his opponent to the left and away from him in to move his opponent on the mat, so that as his opponent begins to attack with the rear stepping throw, he cannot canno complete his intended throw. Loading the opponent’s attacking leg can be most successfully applied when the opponent attempts to the: a) Rear stepping throw or major outer reaping throw, b) Laterally sweeping throw and foot hooks.

Hooking the Foot and Shin When applying his throw, the opponent stands so that he is close to the samboist in a manner that permits the samboist to hook his opponent’s leg with his foot. Thus, the foot hook is a reasonable counter as the opponent begins his throw. For example, the t he opponent keeps his right hand on the samboist’s back, and he begins to apply the throw over the hip, so that he turns his back to the samboist who therefore applies his left foot to hook his opponent’s left shin or calf, or the samboist can use his left shin from the outside to prevent his opponent from being able to complete the throw over the hip (Figure 75).

Figure 75

Exploiting the foot and shin hook occurs most successfully against the: a) Front sweeping throw by using foot hook to the inside of the opponent’s opposite side leg, b) Throw over the hip by using the inside foot hook to the opponent’s same shin or by hooking the outside of the opponent’s same side leg, c) Throw by both arms gripping the shoulder with the foot hook being applied as it was wi with the throw over the hip.

Defense against the Developing Throw Stepping over the Attacking Leg If the opponent attacks to throw the samboist, and the samboist has time available, he should step over the attacking leg and shift his body weight into his opponent. For example, the opponent, opponent applies the rear stepping throw with his right leg set behind the samboist’s right leg, the samboist steps back with his right leg over his opponent’s attacking right leg to prevent his opponent from throwing him with the rear stepping throw. Stepping over the attacking leg can best be applied against the opponent when he attempts the:

a)

Rear, front, or lateral stepping throws, b) Inside hooking throw, c) Front, lateral, or rear sweeping throws and the inside sweeping throw.

Shifting the Opponent’s Weight over His Supporting Leg If the opponent in attacking the samboist samboist, shifts his body weight over one of his legs to t support him as he attacks, often the samboist with relatively little effort can shift his opponent’s weight so that all of his opponent’s weight is over is supporting leg, and to retain his balance, his opponent will be forced to break off his attack. For example, the he opponent attacks the samboist with a front stepping throw, throw so he turns his back to the samboist and moves his right leg to apply the stepping throw. At this point, the opponent’s body weight is set over his left leg, so if the samboist jerks jerks his opponent to the left and away from him, to maintain his balance, the opponent cannot complete his attack with the stepping throw. To defend by shifting the opponent’s weight over his supporting leg, the samboist can be most successful when his opponent ent attacks with the: a) b) c) d)

Front stepping throw. Inside or outside hooking throw Lifting throws Sweeping hip throw.

Hooking when Lifted from the Mat If the opponent attacks to throw by lifting the samboist from the mat, the samboist can often successfully counter by applying a shin or foot hook. For example, if the opponent grips the samboist to apply the “mill”, as the opponent lifts the samboist from the ground, the samboist hooks the shin from his free leg to the outside of his opponent’s near leg (Figure 76).

Figure 76

This ploy can be exploited against being lifted from the mat when the opponent applies the: a) “Mill” where the samboist hooks his free shin to the outside of his opponent’s near leg, b) Turnover and lifting throws by hooking the foot inside inside of his opponent’s opposite side leg.

Subterfuges When the opponent applies a throw, he may unbalance the samboist intending to throw the samboist onto his back, but as the samboist begins to fall, he may work to land on his side, his stomach, or onto allll fours, so that from one of these positions the samboist can regain his feet and continue to

wrestle. In addition, the samboist may apply one of the following subterfuges:

Figure 77

a) b) c) d) e)

By gripping both legs from the side or behind (Figure 77), By gripping one leg to the side of the supporting leg, By using the throw over the head to the side of the attacked leg, By using the inside hook to the side of the leg while being on the ground, By attacking with the “scissors” or the “saddle” from beside the the opponent.

Reciprocal or Retaliatory Ploys to Respond against Throws Reciprocal ploys against throws in sambo-wrestling sambo wrestling are defined as those ploys that a samboist applies against his opponent in response to a throwing ploy that his opponent applies to tthe samboist. Such ploys basically are used in various situations that are created by the opponent, and thus, often exploit the energy that the opponent used in applying his throw. Often with reciprocal ploys, the counter ploy is often defined by the throw that is first applied by the opponent. It is appropriate in that in corresponds to the throw that the opponent applies. Both ploys are connected by the word “against”. Reciprocal ploys can be applied in the beginning of the opponent’s throw, or somewhat later as the throw develops.

Reciprocal Ploys at the Beginning of a Throw Unbalancing When applying any throw, the attacker from one second to another will adopt several positions in several situations. If the samboist can find time as these positions change, he can apply an appropriate jerk or pull that will cause his opponent to fall to the mat. This jerk or pull must be timed to cause his opponent to lose his balance while allowing the samboist to have his full strength for jerking or pulling. If the opponent attacks the samboist so that one of the attacker’s legs is raised high, he cannot use that leg to brace against the mat, so it is relatively easy to induce that opponent into falling. However, if that same opponent attacks so that both of his feet are close to the ground, if not on the ground, then jerking the opponent to the side of his attacking leg places him in a disadvantage where the opponent always is slowed in his attack if not stopped completely. In this case, the samboist quickly jerks je to the side of his opponent’s supporting leg.

Unbalancing by Gripping the Head against the Throw by Gripping Both Legs Both wrestlers are in right stances. The opponent attempts to apply the throw by gripping both legs. In response, the samboist unbalances unbalances his opponent by gripping his opponent’s head.

Rear Stepping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside against the Front Sweeping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stances. The opponent attempts a front sweeping throw with his right leg under the samboist’s left leg or a sweeping hip throw with his right leg under the samboist’s right leg. The samboist’s left hand grips the outside of his opponent’s right knee crook, so that the samboist can apply the rear stepping throw with his right leg un under his opponent’s left leg.

Rear Stepping Throw with a Cross Leg Grip against the Rear Stepping Throw or the Major Outer Reaping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stances. The opponent attacks the samboist’s right leg with a rear stepping throw or the major outer reaping throw. In the moment when the his right leg moves behind the samboist’s right leg, the samboist’s right hand grips the inside of his opponent’s right knee crook, and the samboist uses his right leg to apply the rear stepping throw unde underr his opponent’s left leg.

Lateral Sweeping Throw against the Lateral Sweeping Throw The samboist is in left stance while his opponent is in right stance. The opponent attacks with a lateral sweeping throw, so that his right leg is under the samboist’s left leg. In the moment when he sweeps the samboist’s left leg, the samboist bends the knee of his attacked leg, and as soon as his opponent’s right foot contacts his left leg, he moves his left foot to apply a lateral sweeping throw as detailed earlier in this book.

Rear Stepping Throw at the Heel Against the Front Stepping Throw, the Sweeping Hip Throw, the Throw over the Hip, the Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit, and the Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder Both wrestlers are in right sstance. tance. The opponent applies the front stepping throw with his right leg or one of the other throws named above. The samboist sets his left leg for the rear stepping throw at the heel (Figure 78) and sits on his left buttock by his right heel to throw his opponent to the left over him, so that his opponent lands on his back.

Figure 78

Figure 79

Reciprocal Ploys as the Throw Develops Throw by Gripping the Head and Body against the Throw by Gripping Both Legs Both wrestlers are in right stances. The The opponent applies the throw by gripping both legs by gripping the samboist’s legs and driving his right shoulder into the samboist’s stomach. As the samboist falls, his right hand grips his opponent’s head under his armpit, and his left arm wraps around his opponent’s body. The samboist places his right leg between his opponent’s legs, and as the samboist rolls onto his right side, he throws his opponent over himself in the direction of his own fall, so that his opponent lands on his back.

Rear Knee Sweep against the Inside Hooking Throw The samboist is in left stance, and his opponent is in right stance. The opponent applies an inside hooking throw by hooking his right leg to the samboist’s left leg from the inside. The samboist drives his left hip and thigh into his opponent’s right thigh, so that the samboist can sweep his left leg under his opponent’s left knee crook as the samboist’s arms strongly pull left and downward to throw the opponent’s back onto the mat (Figure 80).

Figure 80

Lifting ing Throw with a Fall against the Rear Stepping Throw Both wrestlers are in right stance. The opponent applies the rear stepping throw with his right leg under the samboist’s right leg. Falling, the samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight over his right leg, and in time with his fall, the samboist applies the lifting throw with a falling motion.

Throw over the Head against the Inside Hooking Throw or the Lateral Sweeping Throw In the opponent applies the inside hooking throw with his left leg on the samboist’s right leg, as the samboist falls, his free right leg is set and braced in his opponent’s stomach, so that the samboist can apply the throw over the head.

Diving against the Front Stepping Throw, Throw over the Hip, and the Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit Both wrestlers are in right stance. The opponent’s left hand goes under the samboist’s right arm to grip the back of the samboist’s belt as the opponent applies the front stepping throw with right leg under the samboist’s s right leg and unbalances the samboist so the begins to fall.

The samboist tightly clamps his opponent’s right arm under the samboist’s left armpit, so that the samboist can drive his right leg across his opponent’s right leg, so that his right leg is m midway between his opponent’s legs with his toes pointing in the same direction that he is facing. At the same time that the samboist hops in, he strongly jerks his hands and body as if he is throwing his opponent over his right shoulder (Figure 81).

Figure 81

Falling to the rear, the samboist pivots strongly to the left and throws his opponent’s back onto the mat. If the samboist is falling onto his left side as he contacts the mat, then the samboist ensures that his falling opponent continues falling by rotating his body to the left and pressing his opponent’s back into the mat.

Ploys for Par Terre Wrestling The ploys for par terre wrestling include hold downs and escapes from hold downs, turnovers onto the back, and finally, submission ploys. To be able to see the full volume of material in this part of the book, one must study the following scheme of the basic par terre ploys in sambo wrestling:

Hold downs Hold downs in sambo wrestling are defined as those means to keep an opponent on this thi back and pressed into the mat without applying submission holds.

The Lateral Hold down The opponent lies with his back to the mat. The samboist sits on the mat close to his opponent’s right side and facing his head. His right hand grips his opponent head, and his left arm grips his opponent’s armpit and pulls his opponent to the samboist. The samboist strongly leans his head forward, and he sets his left foot on the ground so that his left hip is perpendicular to his opponent’s body. His right leg is straightened forward. Both of the samboist’s hands grip his opponent’s jacket at the right shoulder. To prevent his opponent from being able to throw the samboist over his body, without releasing his grip, the samboist sits on the mat close to his opponent’s oppone far side (Figure 82),

Figure 82

Lateral Hold down without the Head Gripped This ploy is applied the same as the lateral hold down except the right arm does not grip the opponent’s head—just his body.

The Reverse Lateral Hold down The opponent lies on his back. The samboist sits close to his opponent’s right side facing his legs. His right hand grips his opponent’s right armpit, and his left arm wraps around his opponent’s body close to and aligned with his opponent’s chest. The samboist’s ri right ght leg is straightened to the right and back while his left leg is straightened close to his opponent’s body with his feet directed beside his leg (Figure 83).

Figure 83

Hold down beside the Shoulder

Figure 84

The opponent is lying on his back. The samboist is on his knees so that the opponent’s right shoulder is between the samboist’s wide set knees. The samboist’s right armpit clamps down on his opponent’s right arm, so that he can grip his opponent’s collar, and the samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s left armpit from under his left shoulder. The samboist presses his chest into his opponent’s chest, and the samboist’s right leg is straightened to the rear and to the right for support. The samboist pulls his opponent from the side and can can use his straightened left leg to adjust his position to parry any attempts by his opponent to escape (Figure 84).

Hold down beside the Shoulder with the Opposite Arms This ploy is applied the same as the hold down beside the shoulder, but this time th the samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s jacket on the right armpit from under his opponent’s right shoulder, and his right armpit clamps down on his opponent’s left arm, so that the samboist’s right hand can grip his opponent’s collar.

Hold down beside the Head

Figure 85

The opponent is lying on his back. The samboist sets his knees beside both sides of his opponent’s head. From under his opponent’s shoulders, he presses the shoulder part of his opponent’s arms into his body, and his hands, from under under his opponent’s arms, grip the right and left sides of his opponent’s belt. Pressing chest to chest with his opponent, the samboist jerks and moves his straightened legs to maintain his supporting base (Figure 85).

Hold down beside the Head without Gripping Gripping the Arms This ploy is applied the same as the previous ploy, but this time, the samboist’s elbows are set into his opponent’s armpits, so that his forearms can press into his opponent’s sides.

Cross Body Hold down

Figure 86

The opponent lies on his back. The samboist kneels close to his opponent’s right side. He sets his right knee close to his opponent’s belt, and his left knee presses his opponent’s right arm into his opponent’s head. His left elbow presses his opponent’s head into his op opponent’s ponent’s right arm. The samboist’s left forearm is clamped under his opponent’s left arm from the outside, so that the samboist can grip his opponent’s jacket at the left armpit. His right hand is guided under his opponent’s left arm from the inside to grip rip his opponent’s jacket on the shoulder part of his left arm. The samboist applies chest to chest pressure, and his straightened right leg is set back and to the right.

Cross Body Hold down with a Grip from under the Head This ploy is applied the same same as the cross body hold down, but the samboist’s left forearm in this case is set under the opponent’s head, and his left hand grips his opponent’s uniform at the left armpit.

Hold down beside the Legs The opponent lies on his back. The samboist kneels kneels between his opponent’s legs with his knees set wide and facing his opponent. His arms are set under his opponent’s armpits and his grips his opponent’s collar. He then presses his chest into his opponent’s chest (Figure 87).

Figure 87

Hold down beside beside the Legs by Gripping the Belt This ploy is applied the same as for the hold down beside the legs, but the shoulder parts of the samboist’s arms press his opponent’s hips into the samboist’s hips, and the samboist’s hands grip the sides of his opponent’s belt.

Hold down from above

Figure 88

The opponent lies on his back, and the samboist sits atop him with his knees on the mat. Leaning forward, the samboist presses his chest into his opponent’s chest as he grips the back of his opponent’s jacket. The samboist’s elbows are wide set (Figure 88).

Escapes from Hold downs Escaping from the Lateral Hold down The opponent grips the samboist in the lateral hold down and is found near the samboist’s right shoulder. The samboist wrings his opponent’s neck with the samboist’s leg.. The samboist’s left palm drives into his opponent’s chin as much as possible away from him. He then hooks his left leg on his opponent’s neck, and wrings his opponent’s head away from him, and thus, moves his opponent away from him (Figure 89).

Figure 89

Turning the opponent over the samboist’s body body.. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s belt on the left side, and he draws his opponent as closely as possible into him, so that he can roll his opponent over his leftt shoulder and across his body using both of his hands to pull strongly as he turns his own body. Rocking his opponent until the samboist sits up. up. If the opponent is high as he holds the samboist’s head to his body, the samboist quickly raises his legs upward upward and hooks his left leg under his opponent’s chin and energetically sits up and rocks his opponent’s back onto the mat.

Escaping the Cross Body Hold down and the Hold down beside the Shoulders The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the t he shoulders or the cross body hold down and if found close to the samboist’s right shoulder. Turning with the opponent’s head gripped and lifting with the forearm. forearm The samboist’s left arm grips his opponent’s head in the samboist’s armpit and the samboist’s sambois t’s right forearm is guided under

his opponent’s stomach. The samboist presses his opponent’s head upward and then downward as his forearm drives his opponent upward to throw his opponent over his body. Turning the opponent with a belt grip. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s belt at the stomach as his left hand grips the back of his opponent’s belt, so that the samboist can roll his opponent over his body.

Escaping the Hold down beside the Head The rolling twist. The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the head. The samboist grips the back of his opponent’s belt and uses his forearm to suppress his opponent’s motion. Then, the samboist strongly arches and uses a rocking motion to one side before sharply rolling his opponent to the other side to roll his opponent under him. Throwing the opponent over the samboist’s body. The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the legs without his arms gripping. The samboist straightens his arm on his head and grips his opponent’s legs close to the knees. With a strong effort by his arms and body, the samboist throw his opponent over him to land beside the samboist’s legs. Rolling escape from the hold down beside the head. The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the legs. The samboist’s right palm drives his opponent’s left knee as far as possible in the direction of his right heel. The samboist sets his right heel on his opponent’s left knee and strongly drives his opponent away from him. When his opponent’s left leg is nearly straight, the samboist sharply turns right to roll his opponent under him. Rolling escape from the hold down from above. The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down from above. Straightening his left leg, the samboist presses that shin into his opponent’s right leg. His left hand then grips his right arm, and the samboist sharply turns left to throw his opponent over him. The opponent cannot counter the samboist’s roll using his right leg or right arm because they are suppressed, and thus, he falls onto his right side where the samboist can easily roll him onto his back.

Turnovers onto the Back Turnovers in sambo-wrestling are defined as the ploys where the opponent is moved from a position on “all fours” or lying flat on the mat into a position to be rolled or turned into a position on his back. Turnovers are not considered in sambo-wrestling as scoring techniques but as a means to transition to hold downs or submission ploys.

Turnovers for an Opponent on “All Fours” Turnover by Gripping the Sleeve The opponent is on all fours. The samboist kneels close to his opponent’s left side. His left hand grips his opponent’s nape from under his opponent’s right arm, and the samboist guides his right hand under his opponent’s chest to grip his opponent’s right sleeve. The samboist presses his left downward on his opponent’s nape, so that his opponent’s head is pressed into his opponent’s chest as he strongly draws his opponent’s sleeve downward with his right hand, and then into himself before changing the motion to upward and into himself. The opponent is then forced to roll forward.

Turnover by Gripping Both Arms The opponent is on all fours. He is close to his opponent’s left side. His hands grips the outer part of his opponent’s right shoulder. His arms then hold and press his opponent’s right arm toward the samboist and upward as the samboist’s chest drives his opponent’s left side forward and somewhat toward his opponent’s head. If the opponent does not immediately fall onto his back or onto his right side, the samboist continues his original motion until his opponent turns onto his back.

Turnover by Gripped Hands The opponent is on all fours, and the samboist is close to his opponent’s right side. The samboist sets his right forearm on his opponent’s nape, and the samboist’s left hand is guided under his opponent’s chest to lock with the samboist’s right hand, so that the four fingers of one hand are wrapped around the four fingers of the other hand. The samboi samboist st presses downward on the nape of his opponent’s neck and he lifts upward with his left forearm to turn his opponent onto his back.

Turnover by Gripping the Arm and Inside Leg The opponent is on all fours with the samboist close to his left side. The samboist’s s left hand goes under his opponent’s left arm to grip the outside of his opponent’s right shoulder, and the samboist’s right hand grips the inside of his opponent’s right thigh. The samboist strongly jerks his arms into himself and upward as he drives rives his chest into his opponent’s left side to roll his opponent’s back onto the mat.

Turnover by Gripping the Arm and Outside Leg The opponent is on all fours with the samboist close to his left side. The samboist’s left hand grips the outside (front)) of his opponent’s right shoulder, and the samboist’s right hand grips the outside of his opponent’s right thigh from behind. The samboist strongly jerks his arms toward himself and upward as he drives his chest into his opponent’s left side to turn his opponent until his back is on the mat.

Turning over an Opponent Lying Flat on the Mat The opponent is lying with his stomach on the mat with his chin under his arms. The samboist is close to his opponent’s legs on his opponent’s left side. The samboist samboist’s ’s right hand grips the inside of his opponent’s left shin to lift the shin as high as possible. The samboist guides his left hand under his opponent’s left thigh to set his palm on the rear upper part of his opponent’s right thigh. He then applies the leverage everage of this hold to turn his opponent onto his back. If the opponent shows resistance, the samboist releases his grip on his opponent’s shin and his right hand that is under his opponent’s thigh grips his opponent’s right hip, so that the samboist can apply the strength of both of his arms and hands to turn his opponent onto his back.

Covering Covering in sambo-wrestling wrestling is defined as the basic means for moving an opponent from a position where he is kneeling, sitting, or lying on one side to a po position sition with his back on the mat. Covering, as with turnovers, is not a scoring method in sambo sambo-wrestling, wrestling, but it is a means to realize a hold down or submission hold. Covering is most often attained by jerking to the side opposite of an opponent’s resistance. resistan

Covering an Opponent Who Is on His Knees

Figure 90

In the opponent is kneeling on both of his knees or one his right knee, the samboist’s left hand draws him to the left and downward as his right leg energetically steps over his opponent to place his opponent between the samboist’s legs and drive his opponent downward onto his back (Figure 90).

Covering the Sitting Opponent If the opponent falls onto his buttocks, and his legs are straightened forward, the samboist’s left hand draws him left and downward while the samboist energetically steps over his opponent with his right leg, so that his opponent is driven onto his back as he appears between the samboist’s legs.

Covering the Opponent Lying on One Side If the samboist has retained a grip on his his opponent’s sleeve after his opponent has fallen onto his right side, the samboist strongly draws upward with his left hand that is gripping his opponent’s right sleeve as the samboist’s right leg steps over his opponent, so that his opponent is driven o onto his back as he appears between the samboist’s legs.

Submission Ploys Submission ploys in sambo sambo-wrestling wrestling are defined as those ploys that influence the joints of an opponent’s limbs that place the opponent in a sufficiently dangerous position that he must signal his defeat. In the best technical cases when attacking the opponent demands that the opponent apply desperate action to preserve his position, these are the moments when his position can be worsened through ploys that cause him pain. However, the t he rules demand that for the samboist to apply a submission ploy, he must do so without a sharp motion or in a manner to cause instant injury. As soon as the opponent signals his submission, the samboist has won, and he must instantly release his hold. Submission ploys in sambo sambo-wrestling are only applied in par terre wrestling. That said, submission ploys are widely used and applied by samboists who are found on top of an opponent or below an opponent.

Submission Ploys Applied to the Upper Part of the Body Hyper-extending the Elbow Joint

Figure 91

Hyper-extending extending the elbow joint can be applied to the arm by straightening the elbow joint. If the opponent’s right arm rolls outward, the elbow joint can be straightened upward. For the position of the arm in the elbow hyper-extension, extension, the upper part of the opponent’s body must be pressed downward to apply pressure from on above on the opponent’s elbow joint. The outward arm lever. The opponent is on all fours. The samboist kneels close to his opponent’s ’s right side. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s right wrist from the inside and raises his opponent’s trapped right arm upward as the samboist’s left armpit grips his opponent’s right shoulder. The samboist’s left armpit firmly tucks the trapped trapped arm into the samboist’s body. The samboist

turns the trapped arm outward as far as possible and allows his left hand to grip his opponent’s right forearm to apply the hyper-extending extending pressure against the natural bend of his opponent’s elbow joint. Att the same time that he is gripping his opponent’s right arm, the samboist’s left shin moves forward, so that the samboist can sit on the mat. The samboist moves his right leg to the right and back to increase his stability (Figure 91). The outward arm lever assisted by a leg on top. The opponent is on all fours with the samboist located by his left side. The samboist braces his left hand on the mat as his right hand grips his opponent’s left wrist. At the same time, he slides his left leg between his opponent’s legs and arms, so that the samboist’s left foot meets his opponent’s right forearm. Then, the samboist reclines on his left side using his left hand to grip his opponent’s left wrist from the inside as he hooks his right leg ove over his opponent’s left arm, so that the samboist’s right foot is under his opponent’s neck. Using the strength of both of his arms, the samboist rotates the trapped arm outward and hyperhyper extends the trapped elbow against its natural bend. Simultaneously, h he e presses on the elbow joint from above using his right leg (Figure 92).

Figure92

The elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top can be applied in diverse positions and situations; however, there is one particularly useful variant. The opponent is lying with his back on the mat. The samboist kneels facing his opponent’s head, so that his body is found between the samboist’s legs. The opponent does not want to give up the hold down, so he clamps his arms onto his chest. The samboist grips the outs outside ide of his opponent’s wrist on his opposite side hand and falls to the left and onto his left side. Simultaneously with falling, the samboist’s right leg hooks over his opponent’s left arm, and the samboist’s left hand grips the inside of his opponent’s left eft wrist. The samboist pulls the trapped arm toward him and turns outward, so that his right leg can drive his opponent’s head away from him. As in the previous variant, the correct motion for hyper-extending extending the elbow joint is against the elbow’s natural natur bend. This variant can be applied opponent from sitting atop him. It must be exploited in the moment when the opponent is trapped under the sitting samboist and the opponent begins to straighten his body under the samboist’s body. If the opponent falls with the samboist to the left, the samboist still must insert his right leg over his opponent’s left arm. If the opponent and samboist fall to the right, then the samboist must insert his left leg over his opponent’s right arm. Elbow lever applied with the t assistance of the body on top. The opponent lies on his back. The samboist kneels close to his opponent’s left side. To fight a hold down attempt, his opponent has braced his arms on his chest. Both of the samboist’s hands grip his opponent’s left wrist. wr Firmly holding the trapped arm, the samboist turns his opponent’s body and continues this motion forward until his opponent can turn no further onto the right side of his stomach on the mat. The samboist turns his opponent’s trapped arm outward, so tthat hat his opponent’s elbow faces upward. Using the downward pressure of his own body, the samboist lifts the trapped arm upward to hyper hyper-extend extend his opponent’s elbow against its natural bend (Figure 93).

Figure 93

Figure 94

Elbow lever over the thigh. The samboist grips his opponent in the lateral hold down by holding his opponent’s head with his right arm. His left hand grips his opponent’s right wrist and presses the trapped elbow into the samboist’s right thigh. The samboist applies the correct m motion to hyper-extend his opponent’s elbow against its natural bend. When hyper hyper-extending extending his opponent’s right arm, his opponent’s arm must be kept in such a position that his opponent’s little finger faces the mat (Figure 94). If the samboist’s left arm is not strong enough on its own to apply the lever over the thigh, the samboist can position his left knee on his opponent’s right forearm and apply pressure from above to assist his left arm in applying the ploy.

Figure 95

Elbow lever over the forear forearm. The samboist holds his opponent in the hold down from above, but while they are close, he is not pressing his body into his opponent. Wishing to free himself, the opponent braces against the samboist’s chest with both hands to drive the samboist away from him. The samboist grips his opponent’s right forearm under the samboist’s left armpit, so that the outside of his opponent’s trapped elbow is over the samboist’s left forearm. The samboist braces his right palm on the base of his opponent’s right shoulder, oulder, and the samboist’s left hand grips the samboist’s right forearm. The samboist lifts his opponent’s trapped elbow by moving the samboist’s left forearm upward as his left armpit presses his opponent’s trapped wrist downward to apply the hyperhyper -extension against the natural bend of his opponent’s elbow joint (Figure 95). Another variant of this ploy is applied from the hold down beside the head. In this case, the samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s right wrist and he sets his left elbow on the mat near his opponent’s right side, so that he can position his opponent’s right forearm close to his body. The samboist applies the outer edge of his right forearm under his opponent’s right elbow, so that his right hand can grip his left forearm. The samboist amboist presses his left hand downward onto his opponent’s right wrist as the samboist’s right forearm lifts his opponent’s elbow upward to hyper hyper-extend extend his opponent’s elbow against its natural bend. Elbow lever over the forearm with the shoulder gripped iin n the armpit. The samboist grips his opponent in the lateral hold down so that the samboist’s right arm grips his opponent’s head. The samboist’s left hand grips the opponent’s right wrist from the inside. Releasing his opponent’s head, the samboist quickly kly grips the shoulder part of his opponent’s right arm under the samboist’s right armpit. He then applies his right forearm under the outside of his opponent’s right elbow, and his right hand grips his left forearm.

Figure 96

The samboist presses his left hand down on his opponent’s right wrist while the samboist’s right forearm lifts up to hyper-extend extend his opponent’s right elbow against its natural bend (Figure 96).

Figure 97

Somersaulting the opponent to set the elbow lever over the forearm. The opponent is on all fours. The samboist is by his opponent’s left shoulder. He then wraps his left shin around the outside of his opponent’s left shoulder and rolls his opponent forward over that shoulder to allow his right hand to grip the inside of his opponent’s right wrist. Following the roll over the opponent’s right shoulder, the samboist, while his opponent is rolling, uses his left shin to grip his opponent’s left arm from inside. Rolling onto his back, he throws his legs over his opponent, so that t hat his opponent’s right arm is trapped between the samboist’s arms, so that the samboist’s left arm is closer to the legs. The opponent’s shoulder must be trapped in the samboist’s legs. The samboist’s arms draw the opponent’s right wrist to the samboist’s samboist’s head to straighten the trapped arm. The samboist’s left forearm is applied under the opponent’s trapped elbow and his left hand grips his own right forearm. His right hand presses on his opponent’s right wrist from above, so that when the samboist raises aises his left forearm, he is hyper-extending hyper extending his opponent’s elbow against its natural bend (Figure 97). Clamping the arms with the thighs and hyper-extending hyper extending the opponent’s elbow over his arm.

Figure 98

The sambist grips his opponent in the hold down from above with the samboist holding his shoulders back and away from his opponent, and from there, the samboist quickly hops with his knees forward, so that his knees are on his opponent’s shoulders where the samboist strongly clamps his thighs against the he shoulder part of his opponent’s arms with his opponent’s arms crossed. His right hand then grips his opponent’s right wrist, and the samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s left wrist. The samboist then hyper-extends hyper his opponent’s left elbow over his s opponent’s right arm or body. The opponent may also submit when his arms are crossed as the samboist’s thighs clamp his arms into his body. Hyper-extending extending the elbow by turning the shoulder outward. If the opponent’s arms are straight as he lies with his is back on the mat so that his elbow joint is facing downward, the samboist should position himself to hyper--extend extend his opponent’s elbow joint by guiding the elbow under some section of the samboist’s body. If the opponent is lying on his stomach, the samboist sam boist must turn his opponent’s elbow to face upward. In this case, is pressure is applied in an upward direction. Elbow lever by gripping the arm between the legs. The opponent lies on his back with the samboist near to his right side. The samboist’s left left hand grips his opponent’s right sleeve, and his right

hand grips his opponent’s right wrist from the inside. Simultaneously with this, the samboist sets his right foot close to his opponent’s right armpit. Then the samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s oppon right arm near to his right hand simultaneously, his straightened left leg positions its thigh over his opponent’s neck. The samboist sits his left buttock on the mat as he strongly draws his opponent’s right arm toward him and upward. The samboist frees his right leg from under his opponent’s body and sets it atop his opponent’s chest so that the samboist’s Achilles tendon on his right leg lightly contacts his left shin. The samboist straightens his legs as his thighs clamps together around his opponent’s o right arm at its shoulder. The samboist turns his opponent’s right palm in the direction of his opponent’s head to hyper-extend extend his opponent’s elbow against its natural bend over the samboist’s right leg (Figure 99).

Figure 99

Somersaulting the he opponent into the elbow lever between the legs. The opponent is on all fours, and the samboist is close to his left side. The samboist steps his right leg over his opponent’s and sets his foot close to his opponent’s right armpit as he simultaneously uses his left elbow crook to grip his opponent’s right arm. Then, the samboist’s left leg is set to bisect the angle between his opponent’s right shoulder and head. The samboist’s right hand grips behind his opponent’s right elbow, and the samboist somersaults aults forward and across his right shoulder and uses a strong leg motion to move his opponent left and away from him. During the somersault, the samboist’s arms grip the inside of his opponent’s wrist to apply the elbow lever by gripping the arm between the t legs as described above. Upsetting or over turning the opponent and applying the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs. If the opponent when the somersaulting elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs (see above) is applied to him shows shows strong resistance to this motion, the samboist can take his ploy to the other side by quickly moving his body directly to the rear with his opponent’s trapped arm firmly gripped. From this position, he slowly and smoothly falls to the rear and onto his h back with his opponent’s straightened right arm firmly gripped between his legs. To complete the ploy, the samboist applies the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs. The elbow lever gripping the arm between the legs from the hold down beside besi the head. The samboist grips his opponent in the hold down beside the head without gripping the arm. He then firmly grips his opponent’s right arm under his right armpit and sets his left palm on his opponent’s left shoulder as he moves his knees to the the right. As soon as the samboist is able, he throws his left leg over his opponent’s neck while gripping his opponent’s free right forearm with both of his hands. The samboist then draws strongly upward and toward him on the trapped arm. Simultaneously with this, he sets his right leg on his opponent’s chest and concluses this ploy by applying the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs. The elbow lever gripping the arm between the legs by lying on the stomach. The opponent is on all fours. The he samboist is on his left knee close to his opponent’s left side. Both of the samboist’s hands grip his opponent’s right arm just before the samboist throws his right leg over his opponent’s head as the samboist reclines onto his stomach with his crossed legs wrapped around his opponent’s right arm. The samboist then turns his opponent’s trapped arm with its palm toward his head to hyper hyperextend his opponent’s elbow joint by pressing down on the joint with his stomach.

Twisting the Opponent’s Shoulder Joi Joint nt Outward Twisting the opponent’s shoulder joint can be applied as a supplement to the lever in the case where an attack on the opponent’s forearm and shoulder if foiled by the opponent bending his elbow. If the opponent’s forearm is facing his head, the shoulder joint can be twisted outward. Cross body arm knot. The samboist holds his opponent in the cross body hold down, so that his right knee is near his opponent’s right side, and his left knee presses his opponent’s right arm into the opponent’s head. ead. The samboist’s left hand grips his opponent’s left wrist from the inside, so that the

samboist can set his left elbow close to his opponent’s left ear. The samboist guides his right forearm under his opponent’s left shoulder, so that his right hand can grip his left forearm from above. He pulls his opponent’s left elbow into his opponent’s side. Lifting his right forearm, he lifts his opponent’s shoulder upward as his left hand presses his opponent’s left wrist downward. To complete twisting his opponent’s opponent’s shoulder joint, the opponent’s body must be on the ground close to the samboist’s body (Figure 100).

Figure 100

Figure 101

Arm knot by gripping the forearm in the armpit. The opponent lies on his back while the samboist is on his knees close to his right side. The opponent, in attempting to avoid the hold down, uses both of his arms to drive the samboist away from his chest. The samboist then grips his opponent’s right forearm forearm under his left armpit, and he applies his left forearm to the outside of his opponent’s right elbow to grip his right hand with his left hand. Then, the samboist steps his right leg over his opponent’s body to set his foot close to his opponent’s lleft side. The samboist lifts his opponent’s right elbow upward toward his head as his left armpit presses downward on his opponent’s right wrist (Figure 101).

Figure 102

Leg knot. The samboist grips his opponent in the lateral hold down, so that the samboist’s right arm holds his opponent’s head. His left hand grips his opponent’s right wrist and the shoulder part of his right arm is set on the samboist’s right thigh. The opponent in an attempt to avoid the elbow lever over the thigh bends his right elbow. Driving his opponent’s right wrist forward and downward, the samboist hooks it under his right shin close to the knee. Sliding his right heel under his left leg, the samboist also drives forward and upward with his right hip to twist his opponent’ opponent’s shoulder joint (Figure 102). Leg knot from reclining under the opponent. The samboist applies the leg knot as described above. When the samboist grips his opponent’s right wrist and positions his right thigh at his opponent’s right shoulder, he moves close lose to his opponent and leans slightly to the right. The opponent unbalances the samboist and rolls him over his body. In the moment that he is being rolled, the samboist slightly raises his left hand to draw his opponent’s trapped arm under the sambois samboist’s t’s right shin.

Driving his body weight into his opponent’s left arm, the samboist uses this motion to drive his right shin away from him to twist his opponent’s shoulder joint from a position of being under the opponent.

Twisting the Opponent’s Shoulder Joint Inward Twisting the opponent’s shoulder joint inward can be applied much the same as twisting his shoulder outward as a supplement to the elbow lever. The lever is applied until the opponent blocks the lever by bending his elbow, but the forearm in this case is directed not toward the opponent’s head but toward his legs. Knot with the forearm directed downward. The samboist has secured his opponent in the cross body hold down. His right hand grips his opponent’s left wrist beside his opponent’s fo forehead and drives the trapped wrist into the mat. The samboist sets his right elbow close to his opponent’s left side, and he guides his left forearm under his opponent’s left shoulder beside his opponent’s head, so that the samboist’s left hand can grip his right forearm. The samboist raises his left forearm to lift his opponent’s left elbow upward as the samboist’s right hand drags his opponent’s away from the samboist and downward. Simultaneously, the samboist turns his right hand to rotate his opponen opponent’s left wrist inward to execute the ploy.

Figure 103

Twisting the shoulder by raising the elbow. The samboist grips his opponent in the lateral hold down so that the samboist’s right arm is holding his opponent’s head. The opponent to avoid the submission mission hold to his arm locks his hands behind the samboist’s back. The samboist clamps his opponent’s right wrist under his left armpit and locks to his hands to be able to use both arms to lift his opponent’s right elbow upward (Figure 103).

Achilles Tendon ndon Crush Executed to the Opponent’s Straightened Leg

Figure 104

Achilles tendon crush from the hold down beside the legs. The samboist grips his opponent in the hold down beside the legs. The samboist raises his body, so that his right arm can drive his opponent’s left knee away from him to the right, and his right shin can turn its heel to the left. Then the samboist energetically throws his left leg over his opponent’s chest as the samboist grips his opponent’s right foot under his left armpit. The e samboist guides the outer edge of his left forearm under the Achilles tendon of the gripped leg (close to the opponent’s heel). The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s left wrist. The left palm is turned toward the samboist. The samboist then rreclines eclines onto his left side without allowing his opponent to retract his attacked leg, so that the samboist’s left arm radial bone presses upward into his opponent’s Achilles tendon. The samboist arches toward his opponent’s toes while keeping the trapped leg under his armpit (Figure 104).

Figure 105

Figure 106

Achilles tendon crush when the opponent lies on his stomach. The opponent lies on his stomach with his chin tucked in under his arms, and his legs are straightened. The samboist kneels by hiss opponent’s left leg. The samboist leans forward so that his right hand can grip his opponent’s right shin and calf under his right armpit (Figure 105). The samboist throws his left leg over his opponent, and then the samboist’s entire body follows with the attacked leg firmly clamped under his right armpit. In this transition, the samboist wraps both of his legs around his opponent’s trapped leg to apply the Achilles tendon crush as described above (Figure 106). Achilles tendon crush with the opponent on all fours. The opponent is on all fours. The samboist approaches his opponent from behind, so that his right hand can grip the back of his opponent’s belt. Setting his left hand on the mat, the samboist slides his straightened left leg between his opponent’s op legs, and as he releases his grip on his opponent’s belt, he throws his right leg on top, so that he can clamp his legs around his opponent’s left leg as he rolls onto his back. During this roll, the samboist’s right armpit grips his opponent’s lleft eft calf, so that he can apply the Achilles tendon crush as described above.

Achilles Tendon Crushes when the Opponent’s Leg Is Bent Achilles tendon crush by sitting on the opponent. The samboist grips his opponent in the hold down beside the legs. Straightening aightening his body, the samboist uses his left hand to drive his opponent’s right knee left and downward. He then grips his opponent’s left shin and calf area under his right armpit (Figure 107).

Figure 107

Then using a strong motion the samboist throws his right leg over his opponent and turns his opponent onto his stomach. The samboist stands on his right foot forward as far as possible as he sits on his opponent’s buttocks. From there, the samboist guides his right forearm under his opponent’s left leg, so that the samboist can grip can use his left hand to grip his own right wrist. Arching his back, the samboist applies upward pressure with his right radial bone to his opponent’s Achilles tendon (Figure 108).

Figure 108

Achilles tendon crush when lying on the opponent. The opponent is lying on his back, and to avoid a hold down, he has pulled his knees to his chest. The samboist is close to his opponent’s right side.

Figure 109

The samboist grips his opponent’s right foot under his right armpit. Simultaneously, his left hand strongly presses into the outside of his opponent’s right knee, and using both hands and his body, the samboist rolls his opponent onto his stomach. Without releasing hiss hold on his opponent’s right foot, the samboist lays his chest on his opponent’s buttocks, and guides his right radial bone under his opponent’s Achilles tendon, so his left hand can grip his right wrist. He uses this hold to lift upward. At the same ttime, ime, his right armpit presses downward on his opponent’s right foot.

Hyper-extending the Knee Joint

Figure 110

Knee lever by gripping the calf to the shoulder. The samboist holds his opponent in the hold down beside the legs. Straightening his body, the samboist’s left arm moves his opponent’s right knee to the left, so that it is only lightly on the mat. The samboist’s left knee is on the mat behind his opponent’s right thigh, so that the samboist can use his left shin to suppress the motion of his opponent’s thigh. He sets his opponent’s left calf on the samboist’s right shoulder, and the samboist’s right radial bone presses on the tendons in his opponent’s quadriceps muscles close to the knee joint. To increase his pressure, the samboist’s left hand ha grips his right wrist. Using the strength of both arms and the rising motion of his body, the samboist hyper-extends hyper his opponent’s knee joint against its natural bend (Figure 110). Knee lever and knot assisted by a leg on top. The samboist grips his opponent o in the hold down beside the legs. Straightening his body, the samboist’s hands grip his opponent’s left shin and calf area. Moving his body back, the samboist sits on the mat with his left foot braced in his opponent’s right knee crook. Simultaneously, eously, the samboist’s right leg is thrown is thrown over his opponent’s left leg, so that the toes of the samboist’s right foot can hook behind his opponent’s left knee crook. Using both hands, the samboist lifts his opponent’s left foot as the samboist’s samboist right calf presses downward on his opponent’s trapped knee (Figure 111).

Figure 111

Twisting and Hyper-extending the Hip Joint

Figure 112

The leg knot. The opponent reclines on his stomach. The samboist sits to the left side of his opponent facing his legs. The samboist’s left arm is wrapped around his opponent’s body, and his left leg is set close to his opponent’s left leg. His right heel moves inside to drag his opponent’s left shin toward him, so that his opponent’s left knee must bend. The samboist’s right hand grips his opponent’s shin calf area to assist in bending the opponent’s knee (the samboist’s left hand can assist as well). The samboist slightly lifts his opponent’s left thigh as the samboist’s right leg applies downward pressure on his opponent’s left foot. Simultaneously, the samboist’s right arm drives his opponent’s bent right leg away from him and to the left (Figure 112).

Figure 113

The lever on both thighs. The samboist grips his opponent in the hold down beside the legs. Straightening his body, the samboist’s right hand and arm move his opponent’s left knee to the right, so that is lightly rests on the mat. His right knee moves across his opponent’s left thigh, and his right shin presses his opponent’s thigh into the mat. The samboist’s left hand sets his opponent’s right calf to the samboist’s left shoulder. The samboist’s left shoulder drives his opponent’s right leg away from the samboist in a forward and to the left direction Figure 113). Thigh lever with the shin gripped and a foot braced in the knee crook. The samboist grips his opponent in the hold down beside the legs. Extending his body, the samboist’s left arm drives his opponent’s right knee away from him and to the left. The samboist braces his left foot in his opponent’s right knee crook as the samboist simultaneously sits back to grip his opponent’s left calf under the samboist’s right armpit.

Figure 114

Using a strong body motion, the samboist drives his opponent’s left leg away from him to the right, and the samboist’s left leg drive his opponent’s right leg away from him to the left (Figure 114).

Submission Ploys on the Top Wrestler When wrestling in par terre, the samboist who is wrestling from underneath his opponent can escape from under his opponent to attack with any of the ploys described above. However, he can also directly apply submission ploys from the position that he is already in when he is found beneath his opponent. Often, the submission ploys applied to the wrestler on top are a direct response to some ploy or action applied by the top wrestler. In the naming of such ploys, the accepted practice is to place the ploy to be used in front of the ploy to be countered, and to separate the two ploys with the word “against”. That is, in summary, the top samboist is considered to be in a position of advantage, but the bottom wrestler can exploit some advantages of his own to successfully apply several ploys . Elbow lever with the leg assisting from above against the hold down beside the legs. The opponent attempts to grip the samboist in the hold down beside the legs. The samboist braces his right foot in the opponent’s left knee and drives his opponent’s left leg as far as possible away from the samboist. At the same time that he does so, both of his hands grip his opponent’s right arm, and he strongly turns the trapped arm outward. As soon as his opponent leans to the right and away from the samboist, the samboist clamps his leg over his opponent’s left arm to apply the elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top as described earlier in this book. Elbow lever over the forearm with the opposite side armpit gripping against the lateral hold down or the hold down beside the shoulder. The opponent attempts to grip the samboist in the lateral hold down by gripping the samboist’s head with his right arm or he attempts to apply the hold down beside the shoulder by kneeling close to the samboist on the samboist’s right shoulder. The samboist braces his right arm into his opponent’s right shoulder joint area to drive his opponent away from him as far as possible. At the same time, the samboist grips his opponent’s right wrist under the samboist’s left armpit. He then guides his left forearm around the outside and under his opponent’s right elbow, and the samboist’s left hand grips his own right forearm. The samboist throws his left calf over his opponent’s neck, so that the samboist can drive his opponent’s head away from him. The samboist applies downward pressure on his opponent’s trapped elbow with his left forearm to hyper-extend the elbow against its natural bend. Elbow lever over the forearm with the opposite side armpit gripping against the hold down from above. The opponent sits atop the samboist and attempts to apply the hold down from above. The samboist grips his opponent’s right wrist under the samboist’s left armpit. The samboist braces his right arm into his opponent’s right shoulder joint area to drive his opponent away from him as far as possible. He then guides his left forearm around the outside and under his opponent’s right elbow, and the samboist’s left hand grips his own right forearm. The samboist braces his right thigh on his opponent’s left shin, and the samboist’s left thigh is braced against his opponent’s right shin.

The samboist applies downward pressure on his opponent’s trapped elbow with his left forearm to hyper-extend the elbow against its natural bend. Elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs against the hold down beside the legs. The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the legs. The samboist’s right hand grips the inside of his opponent’s right wrist, and his left hand grips the outside of his opponent’s right shoulder. The samboist’s left hand presses his opponent’s trapped arm to the right, and the samboist’s right hand performs the same action toward the left. There is a variant to this ploy when the opponent leans toward his right arm where the samboist clamps his left leg over his opponent’s neck to drive him onto his back and to the left away from the samboist. As the opponent falls onto his back, the samboist throws his right leg over his opponent’s chest, and both of the samboist’s hands grip his opponent’s right arm, so that the samboist can pull the trapped arm toward him and upward, so that his opponent’s elbow is over the samboist’s right thigh. From there, the samboist applies the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs as described above.

Figure 115

Leg knot from below against the cross body hold down. The opponent attempts to grip the samboist in the cross body hold down, and he is near the samboist’s right side. The samboist’s right arm grips his opponent’s head and pulls it toward the samboist’s chest. Then, the samboist’s left hand grips the inside of his opponent’s right wrist. Strongly bending his right thigh, the samboist presses his thigh to the shoulder area of his opponent’s right arm. From there, the samboist drives his opponent’s bent right forearm away from himself to hook the limb with his right calf to apply the leg knot from below (Figure 115). The Achilles tendon crush against the hold down from above. The opponent attempts to apply the hold down from above on the samboist, but the samboist uses his left thigh to press his opponent’s right shin into the mat, and he wraps his left wrist around his opponent’s right hand. The samboist presses the palm of his right hand into his opponent’s left elbow against its natural bend forcing his opponent to fall to the left and away from the samboist. As this occurs, the samboist applies the Achilles tendon crush as described above.

Defenses from Submission Ploys Defensive ploys against submission ploys must: a) Must deprive the opponent of his stability causing him to lose his balance in a manner that deprives him of the strength required to execute a submission ploy, b) Free the samboist of his opponent’s hold in a manner that prevents his opponent from gaining the control required to attack the samboist’s limbs further, c) Counter the opponent’s efforts to bend, straighten, or twist. The attacked limb should be turned inward or outward. If the opponent attempts to apply the:

a) Outside lever, b) Elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top, c) Downward forearm knot: The samboist turns his attacked limb inward (suppination). If the opponent attempts to apply the: a) Elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs, b) Cross body arm knot, c) Leg knot: The samboist defends by turning his attacked limb outward (pronation). If the opponent applies the Achilles tendon crush, or attempts to hyper-extend the samboist’s knee by straightening his trapped leg, the samboist should defend by bending both his leg and toes and attempt to draw the attacked limb toward him. If the opponent attempts to apply the Achilles tendon crush to the samboist’s bent leg or he attempts using one of his legs to apply a knot to the samboist’s leg, the samboist defends by applying his entire strength in straightening his attacked leg.

Transitions from Standing Wrestler to Par Terre and the Reverse Wrestling tactics demand that the samboist be prepared to fight an opponent who is sometimes standing and sometimes in par terre, and the samboist must be equally prepared to wrestle both when he is standing and when he is on the mat. This relationship to his opponent’s positions accounts for situations that are both beneficial and contrary to the samboist’s intended offense and defense. Therefore, the samboist, in his desire to wrestle from the most beneficial positions for himself, must be prepared with ploys to wrestle both from standing and par terre and with ploys to transition to and from both of these situations.

Transitions from Standing Wrestling to Par Terre 1. When the opponent is thrown onto his knees or buttocks, there are several transitions to covering the opponent including when the opponent is found reclining between the samboist’s legs whereby the samboist can then transition to the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs. 2. When the opponent is thrown onto all fours there may be turnovers to transition the opponent into a position that the samboist can use to apply a hold down, or if the opponent and the samboist are both on all fours, the samboist can proceed directly to the following submission ploys: a) b) c) d) e)

Outward lever, Elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top, Elbow lever over the forearm, Somersaulting the opponent into the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs, Achilles tendon crush on an opponent on all fours.

3. When the opponent is thrown onto one side or his back but is using his legs or knees to block the samboist from further offense, so that the samboist must apply the appropriate preparations to transition to par terre to continue his offense. If the opponent falls on his side by the samboist’s legs, the samboist should apply the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs, the lateral hold down, or the cross body hold down. If the opponent falls so that his head is by the samboist’s feet, the samboist should apply the hold down beside the head.

If the opponent falls with his legs by the samboist’s feet (the samboist may be standing between his opponent’s legs), the samboist should apply the Achilles tendon crush or the hold down beside the legs. 4. When the opponent is thrown onto his back or side, and the samboist follows his opponent in falling, so that the samboist lands close to his opponent’s side to transition into applying the lateral hold down. 5. When throwing the opponent over the head, the samboist rolls behind his opponent’s somersault to sit atop his opponent to transition into the hold down from above. 6. When throwing the opponent with the arm gripped under the armpit, the samboist transitions to the elbow lever with the arm gripped under the armpit. 7. When covering the opponent: a. If the opponent attempts to apply the throw over the head, and the samboists successfully moves the attacking leg from his stomach, the samboist can transition to the Achilles tendon crush or the lateral hold down. b. If the opponent attempts to apply the “saddle”, and the samboist is able to move one of his legs to the rear, he can transition to the hold down beside the legs for the Achilles tendon crush.

Transitions from Par Terre Wrestling to Standing Wrestling If the samboist attempts to apply some throw, but his opponent “covers” him, then the samboist must be in one of two positions: 1) The opponent successfully uses his body to cover the samboist. 2) The opponent is found in some other relationship to the samboist. If the opponent attempts to grip the samboist’s body in a hold down, the samboist uses his arms and legs to drive his opponent away from him and rocks his body to one side and turns onto his back or his stomach or from one side to another. As he does so, he pulls his legs under him to rise to standing. If the opponent knocks the samboist down onto his stomach, there are several means that the samboist can use to rise up onto all fours, and from the all fours position, there are several ways that the samboist can attack: a) Turning the opponent over, b) Applying submission ploys to the opponent. If the opponent attempts to turn the samboist over without providing the samboist an opportunity to rise to standing, the samboist must take back the initiative from his opponent by first rolling to his back, then all fours, and then standing. If the opponent attacks the samboist with a submission ploy, the samboist must grip one of his opponent’s legs and rise back into standing wrestling to lift his opponent off of the mat. If the opponent grips the samboist leg for the Achilles tendon crush, the samboist must pull the attacked leg to his chest, and grip the chest area of his opponent’s jacket to draw himself into his opponent before rising to standing. If the opponent applies the elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top, the samboist must attempt to rotate the attacked arm inward and attempt to rise back up to standing. As he rises, the samboist’s free arm should grip his opponent’s leg that his found higher than the samboist’s leg and draw the trapped leg into a convenient position for retaining his hold on that leg.

Chapter III The Tactics of Sambo-wrestling In a sport style of wrestling such as sambo-wrestling, no one technique or physical quality can guarantee success in competition. Tactics are all of the variety of plays in each individual match, but in the overall complex of what happens in an entire competition, they play a huge role. Therefore, in sambo-wrestling we study the many rational means for victory over the opponent that are most important toward that end. Thus, is should be obvious that the mastery of tactics must be worked on by every samboist at every opportunity.

Studying the Most on One’s Own For victory over the opponent, it is necessary that the samboist measure his strength. Therefore, it should follow that to measure strength, the samboist must study strength . First of all, the samboist must study all of the qualities for this given attribute and the opportunities therein. Growth. The samboist must define his growth in relation to the growth of his opponent’s in a given weight class. The average growth of wrestlers in a weight class is defined by the limiting number of kilograms in weight for a specific weight class. This limit also means that most likely, an opponent will within a certain height range in centimeters, so a combined height and weight figure can express the samboist’s growth in relation to his opponents. For example, the limiting weight of 72 kilgograms (CM) could be stated as 72 kg + 100 cm = 172 см. This average growth for that given weight class can be measured against the samboist’s own height and weight. If the samboist’s growth for a given weight class is below the average for that weight class, then he should pay greater attention studying ploys from mid and closer ranges because at these ranges he is more likely to meet with greater success. If the samboist’s growth for a given weight class is above the average, then he should pay greater attention to ploys at the longer ranges. Weight. About his weight, the samboist must carefully study. He must weigh himself before and after every training session. After each training session, he must note his exact weight and compare that to what his recommended weight for competition is. If he is 1-2 kg below his planned weight category, he should consider going to a lighter category or working less hard in practice to preserve his strength. For this purpose, each he must work to either lose the weight for the required for his weight class, or he must work to not lose too much weight for his weight class by watching his foods and liquids. Non-sport experimentation indicates that great weight in sambo-wrestling does not necessarily correlate with success, but it certainly is unhealthy. First, there must be a “diet” based upon medical advice for attaining the samboist’s desired weight any time the samboist is considering losing 3 or more kilograms . Strength. Average strength for the samboist is expressed by the number of times, and the amount that the samobist can lift on a horizontal bar 8 to 10 times successively, lifting a kilogram barbell a certain number of time, and half-squatting on one leg 3 to 5 times successively. If the samboist cannot meet these specifications, he must increase his training for his strength and wrestle only in matches where he does not hope for his strength to win for him, and he must actively work to exploit his opponent’s own strength against him. If the samboist meets or exceeds these specifications, then it follows that the samboist should concentrate his attention on those ploys such as the “mill”, turnovers, lifting throws, and submission ploys when in par terre wrestling . Endurance. The samboist’s endurance depends first of all on his training. It is not innate but acquired as a result of systematic training. The samboist must apply his endurance in matches run at a high tempo. Such matches must last 4-5 minutes to define good endurance, and matches of 8 to 10 minutes to define excellent endurance. If the samboist only possesses good endurance, it is favourable to offer his opponent quick tempo matches, and if he does not possess sufficient endurance then the contrary is true. Mood and feelings. Close attention is required to feelings and moods. The samboist must

analyze these aspects be aware of their impacts on his ability to wrestle or train. He must always strive for the best of moods and attitude to feel good about his training and to make the most of his opportunities.

Steady, vigorous, optimistic feelings bode well. This mood must be regularized and maintained in training so that the samboist does not lead himself to decline or error. This given distinction is courage and a thirst for victory while at the same time over confidence, a lack of respect, and injury. These feelings must be must controlled not only during sambo-wrestling training, but also in every day life. Negative feelings — fear, confusion and nervousness detract from the samboist’s strength. These feelings are important because in their presence, the samboist only concentrates his attention on one or two aspects of the opponent without noticing any of his opponent’s deficiencies. It is recommended that the samboist keep his hands ready and study fully his opponent, with his feelings properly controlled, so that the samboist can exploit the appropriate tactics that will lead him to victory. A bad mood (negative feelings) also occurs in situations where the samboist has insufficient or deficient training. If his training is inadequate, the samboist will perform poorly in competition. If his training is correct, then his opportunities to medal are increased dramatically.

Studying the Opponent If the opponent is tall, then he will most likely prefer that the match be kept at longer ranges, so the samboist must avoid being held in his opponent’s preferred ranges and grips. The samboist should consider that the holds of a taller opponent usually are poorly extended, and that it is dangerous for his opponent to be in closer ranges. Sometimes, a beginning samboist is absolutely and vainly frightened of a taller opponent. The taller opponent is often less dexterous and quick in comparison with a samboist of average height. Shorter wrestlers in the various weight classes are almost always very strong, but as experience demonstrates, they possess lesser coordination and mobility. Thus, these wrestlers, for example, are often vulnerable to well done sweeping throws. The opponent of average height is by definition well proportioned to his body, so he is best suited to the given task of wrestling with a natural means toward those actions. Further, the wrestler’s body that is longer with shorter limbs will be strong, and thus, he can be dangerous at shorter ranges and in par terre. The shorter body on a wrestler with longer limbs will be strong for working with light and mid weights without varying his ploys for their sizes. Under other conditions, it is possible that he can work to take

advantate of his greater endurance. In the end though, to be varied in his approach, the samboist must carefully calculated.

Scouting in Matches As it is well to study a given opponent, in truth, to truly study a given opponent can only take place within a match . The samboist may try right at the beginning of his match to scout his opponent by noting from what stance his opponent likes to work from the most. It is necessary for this purpose for the samboist to pay attention to his opponent’s stance and how his opponent’s stance reacts to this or that motion by the samboist. Usually, in the moment that an opponent adopts a stance, it is a reflection of some plan that the opponent wishes to carry out. This stance is intended to support his opponent’s planned motion, and therefore, the stance becomes a reflection of his plans—just as the samboist’s own stance, grips, reflect the samboist’s own intentions. If the stance is not convenient for the opponent’s plans, it is more difficult for him to act on his plans. Learning about the opponent, as in observing his stance, leads to greater confidence for the samboist. As soon as the opponent adopts a new stance, he creates several strengths that must be explored by the samboist jerking him in various directions to see if his opponent can be unbalanced. If a given stance that is adopted by the opponent is well executed in training, then he can work from

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this stance with greater confidence. The opposite is true as well, if a given stance adopted by the opponent is unfamiliar and seldom used, he will replace that stance with a more familiar one at his earliest opportunity. Evaluating an opponent’s weaknesses and strengths in his stances: To attack the opponent, the samboist should strive to make his move when his opponent’s stance is at its weakest position. A strong opponent is difficult to deal with, but in any case, if the opponent is well supported in the near range, he is working from an even stronger position. An opponent with quick reactions can be uncovered by attempting to grip his leg. By noting how quickly the opponent is able to withdraw the attacked limb, the samboist can measure his opponent’s speed for reacting. An opponent who is stronger than the samboist must be dealt with using combinations that are based on throws in one direction, and when in par terre wrestling, by attacking one of the opponent’s limbs using both hands. The opponent who has quicker reactions must be dealt with from standing using a mobile stance with combinations made from throws in diverse directions.

To Prevent Being Trapped If in a match, the samboist is swept into such a position by the opponent that is obviously profitable for applying one of the ploys from our diverse arsenal, he should not rush. The samboist should prepare deal with is opponent’s intended trap, and if possible, convert the situation to his own benefit. In this case, the samboist can avail himself of several stances, diverse grips, and directions of motion with his attention focused on, as is his opponent’s attention, on exploiting these alterations of their situations. If in a given situation, the samboist understands that he is being trapped, he can alter his situation—whether it is his offense or his defense, to resume his offense.

Tactics against Diverse Opponents If the samboist’s opponent is strong with good technique, but lacks endurance, then the samboist should select the tactics of “wearing down the opponent”. The samboist may elect to move to par terre wrestling in an attempt to work on his opponent by being on top of him to force his opponent to carry the samboist’s weight. Over two to three minutes of standing wrestling, the samboist conducts a quick time match to develop a dangerous situation for his opponent. As his opponent wears down, the opponent will have more difficult rising up from the mat and moving on the mat as his heart works harder and harder. As this occurs, his wrestling style will transition to a defensive style allowing the samboist to be more aggressive in his offense. If the opponent’s endurance is superior to the samboist’s, then it is more likely that the samboist would be worn down dangerously by applying the above tactics. With such an opponent, it is better if the samboist begins his match as he does with most matches by

using resolute attack to develop success with motions that move toward victory. If his opponent is very energetic and assertive with uninterrupted attacks, the samboist closely observes his opponent’s movement until the samboist determines that there is a monotonous pattern that frees the samboist to push his opponent around on the mat. If this is the case, then each of the opponent’s attacks (once the opponent is committed to that attack) allows the samboist to transition to a ploy of his own. After 4-5 minutes of the opponent’s energetic offense, his offense will begin to run down causing him to generate more defense and less offense until he finally transitions to virtually all defense. As this transition occurs, the samboist applies greater pressure on his opponent. If the opponent’s actions are very cautious, then the samboist indicates a kind of behavior that is intended to frighten his opponent to increase his timidity and to discourage his opponent’s offense. The opponent may eventually calm himself, so the samboist would be well advised to immediately adjust his offensive tactics to transition to the next ploy that will lead to his victory over his opponent. If he provides his opponent with “breathing room”, as the

match continues, his opponent will continue to maintain a stronger defensive posture that will be very difficult to breach. To counter a samboist who persistently wins his matches, the samboist must use the tactics of “ensnaring or trapping”. The most common traps are forcing the opponent to cross his legs or various grips designed to set up the opponent for a throw. Traps must be made well and somewhat flexible, so that they are dangerous over wider applications.

Тactics against Opponent in Various Stances An opponent in an erect stance in gripping range demands that the samboist be alert with a vigilant readiness to apply appropriate gripping with the simultaneous launching of a throw. Against such a stance, the samboist can expect to apply favorably the throw by gripping the legs and wrapping his arms around his opponent’s body. An opponent in an erect stance can be gripped on his jacket sleeves and the front part of his body which can allow the samboist to attack the side of his opponent’s body to unbalance him, to sweep his opponent, or to sweep his opponent by hooking him with his shin or foot.

Against his stance, the samboist may well apply every possible action that uses his legs against his opponent’s legs and to attack his opponent’s legs by gripping them with his own legs. An opponent in a low stance in gripping range is a threat to the samboist’s legs and the lower part of his body. Against this stance, the samboist can favorably apply the throw by gripping the arm under the armpit, knock his opponent down onto all fours, or grip the back of his opponent’s belt to throw with the throw over the head or body. The opponent in a low stance may grip the samboist’s sleeves or the front part of the samboist’s body.. This is basically a passive stance with the opponent intending to attack the samboist’s legs. Nevertheless, it follows that he can be countered with the throw over the head, and he can apply the same to the samboist. When n opponent applies such a stance, the samboist may favorably apply the throw by gripping the arm under the armpit, using various take downs, and gripping the back of the opponent’s jacket to apply the throw over the shoulder. If the opponent in a low stance grips the samboist’s belt or the back of his jacket, this indicates his intention to move toward one side of the samboist to apply the throw over the hip or the shoulder. Against such an opponent, the samboist act with resolve and take the initiative by applying the throw by gripping one leg, or ducking under his opponent to throw, or otherwise take the attack to his opponent.

Adopting the Resolve and Offense This concept consists of having an offensive plan with special attention given completing the intended ploy. The more clearly that the samboist can manage his wrestling to come to the final portion of his ploy, the greater his chances of success. Avoiding any attempt to attack cannot lead to success. This path is not only fruitless but more perilous to the samboist than pressing his offense. When the samboist scouts out and plans for a given opponent in the course of a match, he must do so without diverting his attention from the course of the match. He does not have the luxury of time in considering his options—he must be economical in his time to support resolute action.

Nothing of value can be discovered without preparation to attack. Before there can an attack, there must be suppression of all of the opponent’s offensive facets. Then, there must be the appropriate adjustment of the samboist’s planned targets for his intended ploys. A passionate desire to win must be joined with strong action to realize the samboist’s plan. In the attacke, the ploy must be applied with the samboist’s full power and committment. If the samboist does correctly choose his moment to attack, then he may meet successful resistance from his opponent. The opponent happens to be more vulnerable during such moments as when he crosses his feet, forgets to breath, or any other actions that take away from his wrestling ability. Having chosen his instant, the samboist secures his grip and resolutely applies his intended ploy with all of his might. In carrying out that ploy, it is necessary to deem the action as “life and death” and be convinced that the ploy is vital and will succeed. All thoughts are set aside except for those directly required to finish the ploy.

Chapter IV The Techniques and Methods for Studying Sambo Wrestling The technique for studying sambo-wrestling considers the questions of the sequence for training as well as training in ploys and tactics for this wrestling style. In order to correctly to carry out this training process, it is necessary f irst of all to develop an annual work plan for the sambo - wrest ling section. In this case, the work in the plan must address: I) Study of practical and theoretical sambo-wrestling material; 2) Preparation for the trainees to be delivered to meet the required GTO standards and complexes; 3) Training for competition; 4) Organizing and running competitions; 5) Propagandizing the sport and making it available to larger audiences; 6) Participation in mass actions conducted by the DSO and the local committee on affairs for physical culture and sports. Then, one must develop the program for the sports section. In this program, all teaching material is divided into sections based upon its degree of difficulty in mastering and arranged into lesson plans. The material from the general physical preparation is collected and planned from the GTO documentation, so it is stated in the GTO complexes publications and manuals. Safety training and self-protection against injuries must be learned to the extent that is stated in this present manual. Study of the ploys for par terre and standing wrestling is conducted in parallel. Proceeding from the

preparatory group of trainees, the conditions are modified for training based up a systematic methodology for the ploys. Preparing the opponent to be thrown is aimed at studying these ploys separately from the throws, so that each preparation can be exploited for applying several throws. Then, as a measure of passage to throwing an opponent, so that the processes are linked into one ploy applied as a whole. To study combination of ploys, the samboist must start by learning the var ious ploys that can be applied in comb inat ions with other ploys. Defensive and retaliatory ploys are not studied until the second year of training. However, once this is set up, the intent is that the ploys are studied in parallel with their use against the appropriate ploys in longer matches where ploys to be countered are often executed incorrectly or incompletely.

Planning for general physical preparation and the GTO standards as well as planning for the study material for the first and second training years is stated in detail in the “Program for the Sport of Sambowrestling in the Section for the Complex for Physical Culture” [Published by Physical Culture and Sports 1948]. The subsequent study of applying throws follows from the following tasks: a) An ordered arrangement to develop the throws that must be acquired and improve the previous throws with the assistance of material acquired in subsequent events; b) Transitioning to throws and subsequent material and combined, so that each period of study for the samboist contains the material for his practical study of throwing in longer matches.

The first task moves in two directions. The first, is for the novice samboist must overcome the difficulty for developing the correct technique for throwing while he is still learning the basic skills for throwing, and these skills cannot be fully learned until the young samboist has mastered the material and techniques for falling correctly onto the mat.

This compels the samboist to apply throws from various groups depending upon the size of his falling partner’s body weight, so that his partner is able to correctly slap the mat to mitigate the impact of the fall, and thus, it follows therefore, that the self-protection for falling must be developed to a higher degree. In the second task, the throws are accomplished based upon their degree of difficulty depending

upon the level of coordinated motion required for the wrestler to throw his partner. Note that the performance of different throws demands the application of different levels of force. Also, this cannot come into being without an established sequence of learning that transitions to the actual throw to be applied. This second task consists of those actions needed for each period for studying the required throws and to develop throws in various directions. The correct method for this task is to give the students an opportunity to apply throws in one direction to develop the skills and ability to complete the required throws on an opponent before moving on to apply the required throws in several directions. Toward that end, it is recommended to follow the plan that is outlined in the chart below.

Throws by Direction Training Period First Period

Falling Half Somersault on the Mat Aerial Half Somersault

Throwing the Opponent to the Rear 1. 2.

Rear Stepping Throw Inside Hook

Throwing the Opponent to the Side 1.

Lateral Sweep

1.

Unbalancing by Gripping the Back of the Belt

Somersault on the Mat

Throwing the Opponent Forward

1. 2. 3.

Aerial Somersault

Second Period

Half Somersault on the Mat

1. 2. 3. 1.

Rear Sweep

1. 2. 3.

Aerial Half Somersault

1. 2.

3.

Major Outer Reap Throw by Gripping Both Legs Gripping Various Legs

1. 2. 3.

Foot Hook Lateral Sweep Inside Entwining Lifting Throw Inside Lift Turnover

Somersault on the Mat

Aerial Somersault

Third Period

Half Somersault on the Mat

Aerial Half Somersault

1. 2. 3. 1.

2. 3. Somersault on the Mat

Aerial Somersault

Rear Stepping Throw at the Heel Inside Sweeping Throw Scissors Reverse Throw by Gripping Both Legs Alignment Throw Saddle

1.

Unbalancing from the Knees Throw over the head Throw Gripping the Arm in the Armpit Front Stepping Throw Throw over the Hip Reverse Mill

Rear Outer Sitting Throw

1.Throw over the Head with a Foot in the Stomach 2. Inside Foot Lift 3. Front Stepping Throw at the Heel 1. Front Sweep 2. Entwining Lift 3. Sweeping Hip Throw 1. Throw with Reverse Grip under the Armpit

1.

Timed Lateral Sweep 2. Rear Turnover Inside Knee Sweep 1. 2. 3. 4.

Front Knee Sweep Reverse Hip Throw Mill Front Turnover

Similarly, a scheme should be used for the par terre wrestling ploys: the wrestlers begin by learning the hold downs, then progress to the turnovers and methods for covering an opponent (these ploys are learned according to their degree of difficulty) as set forth in this book. Once all of this is accomplished, the students begin to learn the submission holds. The degree of difficulty for the submission holds stems the samboists’ positions during these events which are constantly changing. When wrestling in par terre, the samboist found on top may apply his ploys with relative

ease because his mobility is greater than that of his opponent on bottom, and the top wrestler can exploit his body weight in covering his opponent and applying submission holds. However, the position of the top wrestler is dependent upon the position of the other wrestler, and some submission ploys are actually easier to apply when a wrestler is on his back. Overall though, it is more difficult for the bottom wrestler to gain control over the top wrestler’s limbs unless the top wrestler is bracing his limbs on the mat. Samboists who are on all fours, or lying on their stomachs are vulnerable to submission ploys as well. As in all cases, the wrestlers can tasked to in each training period to perform longer matches where the submission ploys for each period can be applied in diverse situations. The study period for submission ploys can be designed to satisfy certain body positions. In the first period of studying submission ploys, the training is done without altering the body positions. In the second period of training, altered body positions for the samboist are used. In the third training period, altered body positions for the opponent are used. In the fourth training period, altered body positions and variants of the ploys are used. It is recommended to follow this training scheme in the plan below:

Study Guide for Par Terre Wrestling Training for Submission Ploys The Basic Positions for the Samboists and the Submission Ploys Training Period

Body Positions

First Period

No position change

Upper Body Chest to Chest

Second Period

Samboist’s position changes

Third Period

The opponent’s position changes Positions for both change

Fourth Period

1.

Elbow Lever over the Thigh 2. Leg Knot 3. Cross Body Arm Knot 4. Knee Lever Gripping the Shin on the Shoulder 5. Lever on Both Thighs 1. Cross Body Arm Knot from the Lateral Hold down 2. Achilles Tendon Crush from the hold down beside the Legs 3. Knee Lever Knot with Assistance from the Leg above from the hold down beside the Legs Achilles Tendon crush from Lying on the Opponent

Elbow Lever with the Body above

Lower Body Chest to Back 1. 2.

Outside Lever Leg Knot with the Leg

Chest to Chest 1.

2.

Elbow Lever with the Leg on Top

1.

2.

Achilles Tendon Crush with the Opponent on the Stomach Achilles Tendon Crush with the Opponent on all Fours

Elbow Lever over the Forearm Leg Knot from below

Elbow Lever with the Leg on Top against the Hold down beside the Legs

Elbow Lever Gripping the Arm between the Legs against the Hold down beside the Legs Achilles Tendon Crush against the Hold down from above

Programming and Providing Lessons in Sambo Wrestling The lessons indicated in the basic format for sambo wrestling are provided to the students in the form of reference material and training tasks. The practical lessons consist of four parts: opening, preparation, basic lesson, and conclusion. First Part. Opening (3 to 7 minutes). Task: focus the group’s attention, and begin the process of preparing their bodies for the day’s lesson. Means: checking attendance, drills and exercises including accelerated walking, slow running, gymnastics with weight. Second Part. Prepar at ion (10- 30 minut es). Tas ks: ready t he bodies for t he less on work load . Means: exercises for flexibility, endurance, quickness, dexterity, strength, balance, coordinate motion along the full spectrum of joint motion. In this part of the lesson, it is recommended to apply the GTO forms and complexes. Third Part. The basic lesson (50-70 minutes). Tasks: The outlined and consolidated physical and moral qualities that are to be studied are included with the training in the techniques of sambo-wrestling in various complicated conditions. Means: Study safety mitigation and self-protection for falling. Ploys for sambo-wrestling, (throws, hold downs, submission ploys, etc.) are studied through all training methods and styles. The wrestlers engage in longer training matches. Fourth Part. Conclusion (5 – 10 minutes). Tasks: In this part of the training session, the trainer conducts the cool down and reviews the lessons from the day. Means: Slow walking and exercises to flex and relax the body. Those training in sambo-wrestling should be 15 years of age and older who have been given a clean bill of health by a doctor. The number of students engaged should not exceed 16 to 20 people in one training group. For practical reasons, it is best to organize the participants according to their weight categories. The difference between all partners must not exceed 4 kilograms. Partners paired to study ploys should only be paired within their weight divisions, and if possible, they should be roughly the same height. This arrangement best facilitates their mastering the prescribed ploys. Every year the training for the basic work is divided into preparatory and transitional periods. In the transitional period physical training in lesson form must be decreased to not exceed the level in the beginning of the basic period. In this period, it is necessary to enter additional kinds of tasking that are basically light but athletic with flexibility requirements (see the Program for Sambo Wrestling). In the basic period, the work load is more excessive mainly because of the one-sided exercises for ploys or the ploys meeting resistance as well as from training in retaliatory ploys. Also, the training matches are longer. Tasking in the transitional period is characterized by lighter work required as the students engage in varied and sundry other training modes including light athletics, rules training, and the sports exercises from the GTO complex. In the conclusion and preparatory portions of the lesson, the basic methods are gymnastics, but this can include games. With the various ploys in the basic part of the lesson, it is recommended to use the method of individualized training and work load. In the basic part of each lesson, apply the study techniques for learning how to fall, and then, progress to throws, then complicate that work by placing primary attention on form before progressing to par terre wrestling ploys. The wrestlers should be given a 6 x 6 meter area to practice in. The trainees have four corners around a common center. They are then tasked to apply their throws, but before doing so, they must be told exactly in what direction that the throw must be applied. The format can be set up as a competitive game. In the longer matches, only those who have previously been well prepared physically can do well. Similarly, they must possess decent falling skills as well as the basic techniques for sambo wrestling. All the other students should continue to further develop their competitive and technical skills. During the longer matches, the the teacher should provide the indicated training not only in relation to techniques and tactics, but also in relation to developing the samboist’s work ethics.

Any display of any sort of tactless acts in relation to the student’s comrades SHOULD be stopped immediately and the corresponding explanations and instructions applied. For training with one-sided resistance and training in retaliatory ploys on the mat, there must be simultaneous execution of the ploys by the training pairs who will have their roles defined for each member of the pair. For the longer matches, the entire mat is devoted to each pair. Before the beginning of the longer matches, the students are tasked with tactical problems that each student must work on during his match. After the match, the teacher will provide a detailed analysis with remedial actions for all observed mistakes. Theoretical training is applied via a series of lectures that end with questions from the teacher that are used to determine how well the students understand the material. In the practical portion of the lesson, it is recommended to apply 3 – 5 minutes discussions followed by questions from the teacher on the training, the basic techniques, self-protection, tactics, etc.

The trainer when delivering the lesson must relate his material to all of his pupils, so that they receive equal training, and he must observe strict professional distance. In conducting lessons, it is necessary to remember c onstantly that training in sambo-wrestling is not an end in itself, but that it serves to prepare the students for both self-defense and overcoming difficulties in life. This training is necessary not only for wrestling, but also to develop our youth and adults on behalf of the Patriots of our Native land, and the legends in this business: Lenin and Stalin. For expanding the popular work in the section for sambo-wrestling, it is necessary to prepare, to raise the students that we have, and to attract new students to provide with this socialized training. This socialized training must in every possible way support the plan and program for every lesson, and provide the given methods and techniques for applying the training as well as contributing to raising the students’ qualifications and gaining authority in the endeavor. All popular actions should be noted in the news agency as this is necessary to document and popularize the good efforts toward this socialized training work. The section’s good work, in many respects, depends upon a correct accounting of what the section as actually accomplished. Checking and revisiting the previously passed material must be accomplished in each lesson. Time must be taken to ensure the health of the students to include doctor’s examinations as well as supervising the individualized plans and diaries and applying the corresponding records in the journal for the section’s work.

M ethods for Training in Ploys Before transitioning to the next group of this or that set of ploys, it must be noted that just with transitioning to longer and longer matches, the techniques are not mastered until they can be accomplished, correctly, precisely, and quickly. Then, each ploy and technique is shown in full detail to include a demonstration of the ploy as a whole. If the ploy is very complicated, or the group is not prepared sufficiently to learn the ploy, it is recommended that the ploy be broken down into elements, and that the elements be mastered as parts before being assembled into the whole ploy. When the tasks are assigned, and the pairs begin to practice the ploys, the trainer passes by each group to ensure that each pair is correctly executing the ploys with the appropriate level of study. The trainer’s main attention should be focused on ensuring the that partners are working together correctly to master the tasks and not to resist each other, and that when a throw is correctly applied, that the partner is falling correctly. Before studying the throws, the instructor must ensure that all of the students have learned the group of ploys for self-protection—falling correctly. The students execute every ploy successively three times before switching roles.

It is necessary for the students to review and correct their actions after each applied ploy, to include analyzing their motions intelligently, so that they are not performing mechanical drills without improvement. To study a ploy means repeating the execution of that ploy over and over to include various offensive and defensive situations—for example, examining the technical side of carrying out of a ploy is, of couse, the

easiest to observe. After that, the students can become accustomed to other possible variants and positions as both the attacker and as the defender using both hands and feet. This ensures that the students can apply their ploys within the ever changing situations in the longer wrestling matches. For example, when the rear stepping throw is applied, the attacker’s knee crook is applied under the opponent’s knee crook on the same side leg—this is a great position for the attacker.

But in the rear stepping throw, there is an opportunity to apply the throw only the attacker’s shin or calf is set behind the opponent’s calf. This is the start of a new variant to the rear stepping throw. The rear stepping throw will disappear as a throw if the opponent forces his leg too far, so that his buttocks can resist by bracing against the attacker’s thigh or buttocks. So it is necessary to sort every ploy and assign it with every opportune variant or situation for use in the longer matches, so that the samboist can understand the risks in every situation and select the correct ploy (or defense) in relation to what is occurring within the match.

Training to Overcome Resistance in Wrestling The extreme difficulty and complexity in wrestling as a sport includes the fact that as the wrestlers must continuously overcome resistance, and the resistance not only static, but also constantly shifting, and not strictly predictable (as for example, when drawing a bow). The situation and positions in all conditions are constantly altering. They are set for one moment, then some degree of strength changes, and then that new resistance must also be overcome. Resistance in its basic definition is the natural act of a wrestler to draw upon his own means and methods to overcome his opponent. In wrestling, this is accomplished by: a) Strength of the opponent’s body weight (strength of center of gravity) in relation to the ground; b) Strength of the samboist’s centrifugal force; c) Strength of the opponent’s opposing force. In the beginning, it follows that the practical means to overcome an opponent’s centrifugal force comes before attempting to begin to overcome an opponent’s opposing force. 1. The practice for overcoming an opponent’s weight includes the following exercises where the tasked participants do not resist. a) Raising an opponent to wrap him around the samboist’s hips level, so that his partner’s chest contacts the samboist’s belt. b) Lifting a partner who is on all fours. c) Lifting a partner who is lying on his back. d) Lifting a partner and shifting his position, so that he is on the samboist’s shoulders, then his back, then his hips, and finally in his arms in front of the samboist. e) Squatting with a partner on the samboist’s shoulders. f) Leaning the body in various directions with an opponent on the shoulders. These exercises are designed to provide the samboist with the skills to manage his opponent’s body weight and to overcome his strength. 2. Studying to overcome the opponent’s centrifugal force uses various ploys and means. It follows to consider that all wrestling is conducted in a straight line. The larger share of wrestling motions are circular or arcs of varying degrees. Therefore, centrifugal force or some other form of this energy is found in every ploy—especially, in the throws. Thus, the students should be paired and given the following tasks: a) Spinning the partner using one hand to hold his belt; b) Spinning with the partner and drawing him off the ground with a hand on his shoulder or on his belt or hip. When these motions are mastered, the students should master quickly stopping these same motions are starting them. 3. Studying how to exploit the opponent’s strength. After studying how to calculate motion and the described exercises, the students are placed in pairs with the first rank commanded to move. The second rank must keep with his opponent’s motion and in the same direction and move where the opponent moves. The same condition is applied without a command with an opponent following his own initiative. This

first preparatory exercise is to instill the basic skills in exploiting the opponent’s strength. Then the students transition to more advanced means for exploiting the opponent’s strength. The first rank are then given the task to use individualized motion on the second rank, and to move in directions with the opponent where they must try to successfully follow an opponent and be able to quickly push or pull the opponent to disrupt his motion. Included in the first rank’s efforts making unexpected jerks and pushes on the opponent while retaining a grip on his sleeves. The second rank develops motions that the first rank must respond to forcing them to push and pull in order to suppress successfully their opponent’s motion.

4. Studying how to overcome an opponent’s strength. Attention must be paid to acquainting the students with overcoming strength, via metered resistance in the form of known gymnastic exercises in resistance. Then the training transitions to an emphasis on wrestling style that is enhanced by additional exercises applied to address this role. “ Ca tc h in g th e ma j or i t y o f th e f ing e rs . The bent four fingers of the samboist’s right hand grip his opponent’s fingers on his opponent’s right hand. The samboist attempts to press his fingers into his opponent’s fingers, so that his opponent cannot use that hand effectively.

It is forbidden to grip and twist the opponent’s four fingers. “Head of Cabbage”. The samboist bends his elbow so that his f orearm is parallel to the ground, and his palm is rotated upward. The opponent places his palm atop the samboist’s palm. The samboist in any instant can strike with his palm into the back of his opponent’s fingers. The opponent just as quickly can strike at the samboist’s hand. Once this is mastered, the partners can change roles. “ A r m W r e s t l i n g ” . This exercise requires lying on the stomach on the mat in a head to head position with the partner. Each partner’s right hand grips the partner’s right hand, so that thumb is wrapped around thumb, and the four fingers of each hand are around the back part of the opponent’s hand. The right elbow is set on the mat, and the left arm is bracing it. The task is to respond to the opponent’s forearm, so that his opponent’s hand is forced to contact the mat. The opponent resists the attempt to force his hand to the mat and attempts to force the samboist’s hand into the mat. “Pushing palm to palm”. The samboist comes before his opponent to set himself before his opponent. His toes and heel are set in place. The opponent must set h i m s e l f t h e s a m e w a y . Each contender places his palms to his opponent’s palms and attempts to unbalance his adversary by forcing him to move from his place on the mat. Feinting is permitted but palm to palm contact must be maintained. The first to fall or move from his spot is the one who is defeated. “ U n b a l a n c i n g f r o m a l i n e ” . The samboist and his partner set themselves against each other on a one meter line. The right foot is set forward with the left foot set behind it, so that the left toes are close to the right heel. All four of the contender’s feet must remain aligned on the one meter line. Both partners must keep their left arms behind their backs.

The task is to clap the right palm into the opponent’s right palm in an attempt to force him to move one of his feet from the line. Feinting is permitted, but both partners must maintain contact with the upper part of their opponent’s body with the right palm. “Gypsy W restling”. T he samboist lies down on the mat with his right side to his opponent’s right side, but his head is on a different side with the desired effect being that their right arms are easily in reach of each other. Each raises his right arm upward. The task consists of hooking the right shin to the opponent’s right shin and attempting to use this hold to roll the opponent over his head. “ T i p p i n g t h e b a l a n c e w i t h a n a r m k e p t b a c k ” . The samboists stand in the center of the mat facing each other so that the intended affect is that their right arms contact and grip at the inside of their wrists. At a signal, each attempts to draw his opponent to the edge of the mat that is designated for each wrestler. The winner is the samboist that first moves his opponent to his designated side of the mat. “Petrushkin Boxing Punches”. Each wrestler stands on only his right leg with his arms crossed over his chest. Hopping on the right leg, each wrestler attempts to use his shoulders to push against his opponent in an attempt to force his opponent to set his left leg onto the mat. The first opponent to set his left leg on the mat loses. “Coming on to the Legs”. The samboists stand close to each other. Each is set to stand on the rear part of their feet, and each is forbidden to use his hands to contact his opponent. The first who does so loses. This same sort of wrestling can be applied with a grip on the sleeves, but that is much more difficult and complex in skills. “Taking the Ball”. Each takes in hand the same basketball. At a signal, each wrestler attempts to take the ball away from his opponent. “Taking the Stick”. Each wrestler wraps his right hand around a stick with his left hand set near the bottom. On a signal, each wrestler attempts to take the stick from his opponent. “Lifting”. Any means to lift the opponent from the ground may be used while also preventing the

opponent from doing the same to the samboist. He that first lifts his opponent is the victor.

In this view of this wrestling style, we have covered the tactics and techniques of sambo wrestling. If in “gaining this sense” we must only focus training for quickness, then our view is distorted and shows but scant aspects of sambo-wrestling. For this given style of wrestling, it follows that there are transitions in sambo wrestling for in such conditions as when covering the opponent or moving from one or another situation to another. Such exercises indicate: Covering or smothering the opponent when he is resisting from various positions and situations: lying on one side, sitting, on the knee, on one knee, in a half squat, standing on wide set legs, or standing with feet crossed. If when covering a sitting opponent only slightly, this effort would, of course, be no more difficult than smothering an opponent whose legs are crossed. Turning over the opponent who is on all fours or lying below the samboist can meet resistance. The opponent may secure grips of his own and begin to resist. Freeing oneself from an opponent’s hold down, or in holding down the opponent, the samboist will meet resistance. Obtaining the hold down grip may meet no resistance from the opponent, and t herefore, studying the ploys using one-sided resistance by the opponent is possible.

In all of the exercises, the first rank of each pair first studies the ploys against an unresisting opponent who does not attack or apply retaliatory ploys. After studying the ploys with one-sided resistance, the students can apply exercises that are varied or have varying conditions, and then, the training in sambo wrestling moves on to focus on the different sections for this wrestling style, and of course, for training in longer matches.

Chapter 5 The Methods and Means for Training the Samboist The trainer’s tasks in sambo wrestling are: 1) Rear and develop the wrestler in all of the techniques and psychological qualities that are required in wrestling; 2) Improve wrestling techniques with their practical application and influence on a freely moving opponent; 3) Develop all-round basic tactics for wrestling in diverse competitive conditions against diverse opponents. Adding the work load to the training/rearing. Success is a goal that completely depends on the work of the trainer and his proper addition of the methodical training facets to each student which in turn depends upon the individual talents and abilities for each student and the means for augmenting and improving on them. The general basis and principles and methodologies must be well studied by each trainer. We address this in a chapter specifically answering the requirements and methodologies for training the samboist. One of the basic situations: It is necessary to try to apply lessons, so that the students without comments from anywhere or additional instruction complete their initial training. The main task for this is all-around physical preparation for the samboist and some concerns relating to his stress and health under these conditions. The trainer must start the group’s training without an opponent’s resistance in learning all of the basic ploys for sambo-wrestling, and chose for each student individualized ploys suited to that student, and to train the student in those ploys, so that he can eventually participate in longer matches. For each student, from the entire mass of sambo-wrestling ploys, it follows that mastering such ploys that are suited to that samboist’s disposition and physique will be more effective (see the chapter on tactics) in taking advantage of the samboist’s degree of power, agility, etc. However, these individualized complexes of ploys for the students must not be one-sided or one dimensional. Modest, for the novice, in quantity, the ploys must respond to the basic situations that correspond to what occurs in a sambo-wrestling match. Therefore, when constructing the training plan, the trainer must attempt to grasp that only two to three standing ploys will be applied by an opponent, and conversely, the samboist may only be able to apply two or three ploys of his own against his opponent from standing. Many of these ploys may be based upon pulling an opponent into the samboist, and thus, it makes sense that a novice samboist must learn such ploys based upon gripping the opponent’s jacket from both the right and left sides. From there, the samboist can master, as a beginner, his first set of two or three ploys, and in practice, and in longer matches, to master his first set of two or three hold downs. As he develops, he will then learn how to free himself from such holds or how to simply avoid them. His learning progresses and he learns more from standing, more hold downs, and he progresses to submission holds to his opponent’s arms, and from there, two or three submission holds to his opponent’s legs. Each overall complex of ploys must consist of 8 to 10 ploys. It is recommended that for these complexes, the trainer should use the follow methodologies: 1) Repeated repetitions of ploys that begin with slow execution that gradually accelerates, so that in the end, the execution of these ploys is both rapid and automatic. 2) Training students in the ploys from a complex that are applied against one side resistance by the opponent where the attacking samboist begins with 5--6 ploys in the complex by addressing 1- 2 ploys in each training session. In this method is included practicing the offensive ploys on a partner who is always prepared for the ploys to be applied and works to complicate his partner’s offensive requirements. 3). Gradually transitioning from one sided training to training against a resisting opponent. In this case, the tasking for the partner is to defend and prevent the samboist from

securing his grip, so that the samboist cannot throw easily. 4) Further training based upon the tactics of evasion, fleeing the mat, and parrying attacks. 5)Training in retaliatory ploys where one of the students is directed to apply basic offensive ploys, and the other must respond with the appropriate retaliatory ploy. The goal of this given training can be as follows: a)

Training in basic ploys where the attention is applied to offense using all of the ploys in a given complex, and toward measuring the improvement of these ploys as the ploys are studied in groups of 1 to 2 ploys in a given training task;

b)

Training in retaliatory ploys which in this case means beginning by attacking with one ploy and measuring the improvement in how that ploy is applied and its results in applying increasing numbers of ploys in an increasing number of offensive methods.

6)

Training in offensive combinations to include ploys from these complexes:

a)

Offensive ploys that follow one direction;

b)

Offensive ploys that follow multiple directions.

7)

Applied training in longer matches using the given ploy complexes from the par terre positions such as being under the opponent or atop the opponent.

8) 9)

Applied training in the given ploys complexes in longer matches in standing wrestling. Applied training in longer matches using only the ploys from a given complex of 2 – 3 ploys.

A dedicated and detailed fussy training methodology is the first step for further work. Further training efforts must be planned and derived from the wrestler’s basic ploys. From there, the wrestler can begin to master the specialized retaliatory ploys that address the basic ploys that his opponent may apply, and the wrestler can then be tasked to develop such qualities as muscular memory and sensation by means of specialized trainings. For example, the wrestler may be blind folded as part of this training. When planning and conducting training, the tasks must support the transition to studying new material, but it cannot do so if the training is insufficiently qualitative and not properly acquired in relation to the previous materials and the required skills to proceed. Achieving a sufficient base of ploys and all of their variants is the goal. The trainer must neve r s h y a wa y fro m t he d if f icu lt to pics.

The work must be true to its task: while this may be slow, it is better than aspiring to learn more quickly by jumping into matches where the samboist may learn a lot without mastering any of the work or its principles. In addition to the training in individualized ploys, every samboist should carefully develop himself to possess the diversified psychophysical qualities without which the wrestler cannot master his trade. For this purpose, the samboist and his trainer must use more than just sambo-wrestling—they must uses other sports. Thus, sports develop quick reactions, hand-eye coordination, and greater dexterity. Boxing, pole vaulting and like sports foster courage and determination. For developing dexterity, it follows that training should be in sport games and acrobatics, for endurance, we must look to cross-country running, skiing, and orienteering. Inside, we might turn to such diverse exercises as walking and full squats or running and skipping rope. Sambo-wrestling demands the utmost all-round physical development from the wrestler. Developing one or two qualities well can only take the wrestler so far, and that does not compensate completely for other missing qualities. Therefore, we repeat, that the way to the needed skills in sambo-wrestling lie not only on the basis sambo’s technical complex, but primarily on a high degree of the wrestler’s well rounded psychophysical development. Thus, in constructing a training plan, the trainer’s task is to assume that his training must be methodical to carry out the planned direction of the tasks. Let's specify most applicable and effective exercises for targeting the samboist’s goals.

EXERCISES IN DEXTERITY AND STRENGTHENING THE JOINTS 1. Running on the outside edges of the feet. 2. Sitting with the legs lifted with the feet gradually being moved away from the body by straightening the knees. The arms are held beside the body. 3. Sitting with the raised feet locked together then with the feet moved to the sides. Then, the heels

are gripped by the hands, and the body leans forward until the head touches the toes. 4. Sitting with the raised arms in an attempt move the gripped shins over the head. 5. Turning to the right and left with the body both erect and leaning from standing, sitting, and reclining. 6.

7.

Bridging. Training for the bridging position bridge should begin with exercises: stand with the back to a wall with the hands set on the wall overhead and gradually to fall to the rear and downward using the hands to guide the action by moving down the wall. Further: from the prone position on the back, arch and curve into the bridge with the support of the palms bracing into the mat. From a kneeling position, place the forehead on the mat and rock the body to the rear. Later in the training, specialized exercises are included with rocking forward and back motions, left to right motions, etc. from the full bridge as defined as forward and back bridges, and from these same positions driving the head forward and back by driving with the legs. F r o m a s t an d in g p o s it i o n o n s t ra ig h t en e d le g s , u s in g t h e s a me s id e h a n d to li f t t h e s a m e s i d e l e g t o wa r d th e s tu de n t b y g r ip p i n g t h e f o o t f r o m t h e i n s i d e .

8. From the standing position moving one leg back by gripping the instep with same side hand. 9. Kneeling on with the straightened arms out front with fingers locked. Sit on the mat to the left of the left shin and the arms move to the right and to the left. 10. Standing with the hands raised and locked at the fingers. They hands are turned so that the palms are facing upward. From there the samboist leans his body into various positions to the right and to the left. 11. Straightened arms are locked at the fingers and held in front of the body. The legs are set at shoulder width, and the student rotates his body to the right and the left. 12. The feet are set parallel at a distance of 1.5 to 2 foot lengths from each other, and the hands are held behind the head. The samboist rotates his pelvis girdle in various directions without moving his feet from their spot on the mat, and without leaning the upper part of his body.

EXERCISES IN BALANCE These exercises are initially applied slowly and then increased gradually until finally the full working load is achieved. 1. Standing on one leg while lunging the other leg forward, to the sides, and to the rear. 2. With the feet close together, lean the body front to back, right to left, and then in circles. 3. With the feet set close together move the pelvis girdle forward, back, and right and left, and finally, move the pelvis girdle in circles. 4. Standing on one leg, lean the body and move the pelvis girdle in all directions. 5. Standing on one leg, circle and twist the body and circle and twist the pelvis girdle. 6. Hop on one leg first in a straight line, and then, in various angles to the front, back, left and right. 7. Preserve balance when landing after hopping both on one leg and on both legs: а) When jumping upward, b) When jumping upward and turning 90°, 180°, 270°, and 360°, c) When jumping forward, right, left, back, and with turns of 90° and 180°, 8. Preserving balance when landing on one leg after jumping off on one pushing leg, a) From the right leg onto the right, and the left onto the left leg, b) From the right leg to the left leg and the left leg onto the right leg.

EXERCISES FOR STRENGTH

1. Squeezing the fingers into various sized balls. 2. Take a stick with a cord attached to a weight and roll it up and down; 3. Reclining on bent arms and supported on the hands with the legs on a bench, then supported by only one arm; 4. Lunging squats on both legs and on one leg; 5. Exercises with dumbbells; 6. Exercises with weights; 7. Climbing a rope with and without the help of the legs; 8. Exercises on the gymnastic rings; 9. Exercises with a staff, jerking and pulling with both hands and arms, leaning the body with the staff on the shoulders; and squatting with the staff on the shoulders on or the chest.

EXERCISES FOR QUICKNESS 1. Additional Speed If the desire is to attain quicker motion, then the student must develop his motion in one direction by using several parts of his body. For example, if the wrestler must jerk or pull quickly, he must simultaneously apply: turning his body, bending his forearms and straightening his shoulders (to move his elbows back). As we slowly perform each motion in the draw separately, we lock into place our memory of these actions before performing them simultaneously, so that their combined motion provides a quicker motion. That desire for quicker-coordinated motion in one direction, or quickness can be increased by accelerated movement. For example, we use the right hand to pull to the right in a plan to draw the opponent’s body weight outside of his supporting area. However, if at the same time that we do so, we choose to move to the right the supporting point of the opponent’s center of gravity, then the opponent’s balance is quickly eliminated. We then have the basis for a sweeping throw, the throw over the hip, and diverse other throws. 2. Exercises for Training in Quickness The training in quicker-coordinated motion with the goal of increasing quickness requires training to develop quickness as a quality, and for this, we must apply the appropriate exercises: a) Throwing a small rubber or other light weight ball at each other, catching the ball, throwing the ball upward, and onto and from steps with the ball. b) c) d) e) f)

Sweeping a falling ball and kicking it in various directions, Catching a falling object with one hand or two hands and sweeping the dropped object. Short sprints. Starting from a position of lying with the legs or head facing an object (on the stomach, the back, or on one side) and quickly rise to standing. Starting from a sitting or kneeling position to the same. High or low lightly athletic spurts of activity.

CALCULATING NEW SPORT QUALIFICATION To develop tasking and training with the given opportunities to develop, there must be the foundational and systematic course that can be supervised to attain the desired achievements. The trainer and his students must conduct a precise tally of their sports results. It is possible to conduct this training with lists for beginners and experienced (each category conducted separately) samboists, and such lists would roughly resemble this:

No. 1 2

List of Novice Sambo-wrestling Sport Athletes Last Name, First Wt. Birth Wins over Novices Wins over Third Level Year Ivanov, Ivan Ivanovich 55 kg 1928 25 Jun 49: Petrov, N.N, 21 Feb 49: Karnov, S.S. Petrov, Nikolai Niklovich 21 Feb 49: Karnov, S.S. In each grade, there must be 5 victories to advance.

Everyone transitioning to the next category must prevail over novice wrestlers in the new category and continue to prevail over opponents from the old novice group. Annually in the defining the novice, it is necessary to re-sort the categories based upon their victories that occurred in that year and those that occurred in past years, so that the novices can be appropriately placed in their correct categories: These novices move to new areas for tasking based upon their placement inin matches in competition. The goals for these novices are to place in these competitions:

 

Group Championship – the local school or club, Organizational Championship,



Championship of the USSR — within the organization or without, etc.

Chapter VI THE RULES OF SAMBO-WRESTLING The accepted rules of sambo-wrestling are now developed on the basis of the experience of our national sport wrestling styles, and moreover, on our experience in conducting sambo-wrestling competitions. In developing rules for sambo-wrestling as a sport, one goal was followed—that is construct sambo-wrestling as a sport is safe whose principles and methods may be applied in or against most wrestling styles. Below follows a brief analysis of the foundations that best support the study of the rules for sambo-wrestling.

VICTORY AND DEFEAT When defining the results of matches‚ usually one wrestler must win and the other lose. However, in some several wrestling styles the match time is set and strictly adhered to, so that some matches may end in a “draw”. In such wrestling conditions where a “draw” can occur", to significantly measure who is truly wrestling in the match to his utmost ability and who is being sluggish can difficult. The wrestler, who has the initiative in the beginning of the match may continually attack without results and wrestle to a draw, yet be working completely toward victory, and another wrestler can stall or otherwise be passive to the same result. This reduces and takes away from the sport and empties the value of the match as the two wrestlers face each other. In such cases, the wrestler who is passive does not lose to the industrious wrestler, so that their wrestling really is not about a match with victory and defeat. That is why samboist’s do not consider it possible to legitimize stalling and passivity. It becomes customary that in the case that both wrestlers have not managed to realize every opportunity for taking his match to victory that the wrestler is following the path toward defeat. This compels the wrestler to actively wrestle and desire to win and not to avoid a match by staalling. In sport wrestling winning can occur through many means. In one match, there is a clear victor, and in others the victor is not so certain because neither wrestler has decidedly resolved all of the tasks toward a clear victory. Therefore, victories must be determined through point awards that correspond to match events considered of value toward victory. It is necessary to consider the fact that otherwise attempting not to lose by passivity can become an end in itself for the wrestler in all of his matches where the samboist is reduced solely to defensive tactics that avoid all risk, so that his concentration is on defense, and not about wrestling well against a strong opponent. Therefore in wrestling, it is logical to evaluate any defeat equally. This has educational value as in the long term this woud come with all of the disadvantages of a defeat with two or three styles for determining victory without trapping each other: wrestlers with greater scores that are one sided will achieve a victory and continue wrestling. The victory should receive the highest score, and an equally high score should be awarded for refusal of the opponent to continue wrestling or when the opponent is found to be constantly out of the wrestling area or adopting passive positions. For example, the wrestler throws his opponent on the ground while remaining standing. The throw onto the opponent’s back is better than a throw onto the opponent’s stomach because the opponent then almost always lands on all fours, and hence, has a greater abililty to continue the match with better mobilit y. From here, it is logical in preserving the value of the wrestling to award the higher score for a throw onto the back, and mid-range score for a throw onto one side, and all other throws therefore should be scored lower than these two positions. Proceeding from such points, in the rules for sambo-wrestling it is accepted, that:

1. Matches contain victory for one wrestler and defeat for the other. 2. The wrestler, achieving the most effective victories, receives a pure victory, and for that effort earns the highest score. Clean victories are awarded for: a) b)

Throwing an opponent completely onto his back while t he samboist executing the throw remains standing on both feet ; When the opponent is unable to continue wrestling due to the influence of a

submission ploy; 4.

The Victory which cannot be defined as “pure” victories, so therefore, victory must e defined based upon the scored points by each wrestler with the higher scoring wrestler being the victor. A match proceeds as following:

1. Before beginning matches, the wrestlers approach opposing diagonal corners of the mat, the referee blows his whistle for the wrestlers to approach to the middle of the mat and shake hands with each other. After that, they move forward onto their edge of the wrestling area by pivoting around their left shoulder to face each other to begin wrestling. 2. All matches begin in this manner. 3. Matches continue without interruption. 4. The duration of the match is limited to 10 minutes, but the bout ends earlier in the case of a clean victory. At the end of a match, the wrestlers stand at the same corner of the mat from which thethey began the match. After the announcement of the results, the wrestlers shake hands in friendship and depart the matt.

PERMITTED PLOYS The opportunity to use in wrestling a great quantity of ploys promotes the need for weight categories and training for complex situations which requires and permits students to train for greater speed of reaction. Ingenuity, among other qualities, is a valuable psychological quality. Proceeding from there, the sambo-wrestling permits the following: I. Throws in which gripping the legs with the hands are permitted for every possible leg action against the opponent, and, 2. Holding and suppressing the opponent on the ground. 3. Every possible varying position of the opponents when in par terre wrestling;, 4. Submission ploys. In our present time, the complex of ploys for sambo-wrestling represents an extensive system. It is possible to state safely that in the quantity and quality of the ploys used in sambo-wrestling, this wrestling style stands in first place in the world. It is impossible not to find the required ploys within system that was entirely born, developed, and improved and by us in what was originally called the Soviet system of wrestling.

SAMBO-WRSTLING — REMOVING THE DANGEROUS In every wrestling style that are ploys that are defined as forbidden or illegal because such ploys are reckoned to be dangerous to apply in the sense that they lead to injury of the practitioners. Sometimes, prohibited ploys occur without being noticed as ploys because they developed from “legal” ploys because the action in creating the ploys deviates into the prohibited range. In sambo-wrestling, the following ploys have been noted as the most dangerous for the wrestlers: bracing into the groin area, throwing the opponent on his head, ploys that threaten to displace the cervical discs or break the cartilages, and all strangle holds, ploys with falling on the opponent with full body weight, throws using lever grips to the hand, arms, or legs. Also it is dangerous to press elbows or knees into any part of the body when atop the opponent, and twisting holds on the fingers and toes. In our national wrestling style, practitioners compete in weight categories from the lightest weights up to the heaviest weights. Victory in our national wrestling style for the most part is only by the people who by nature possess the same wrestler’s body type or weight. Soviet physical culture organizations desire to attract to wrestling the broad masses of workers (who basically consist of people of light, light-middleweight and average weights), and in the national and international wrestling styles, weight categories have been long established. To prevent excessive strain on the wrestlers, competitions limit the number of matches for each

wrestler in one day of competition. Specialized soft footwear allows sambo-wrestling to apply any actions to an opponent’s legs or against the actions of an opponent’s legs, and wrestling mats with soft filling permit the safe application of sambo-wrestling ploys in competitions. For these purposes, the rules of sambo-wrestling established: 1.The participants om competitions are divided into the following weight categories: 1. Lightest weight — up to 56 kg 2. Lighter weight-up to 60 kg. 3. Half light weight-- up to 64 kg. 4. Light weight-up to 68 kg. 5. Half mid weight-- up to 72 kg. 6. Middle weight-up to 79 kg. 7. Half heavy weight- up to 87 kg. 8. Heavy weight87 kg. and above.

2.

Competitions in sambo-wrestling are only conducted on wrestling mats in response to the damands of the sport. See the later section on the area for the competitions.

3.

4.

Obviously the uniform for sambo-wrestling must meet the specialized demands for the sport. See the later section on the uniform. In competitions for sambo-wrestling is forbidden to:

a) Throw the opponent and land upon him with full body weight; b) Strike the opponent, c) Throw the opponent to land on his head or to twist his head or press the head with his arms or legs, d) Throw the opponent using an arm lever grip, e) Attack the opponent’s legs with strikes or punishing holds from standing, f) Grip the jacket below the belt, g) Apply ploys that may damage the spine or neck, h) Apply submission ploys ballistically, i) Brace an arm or leg in the opponent’s face, j) Press the elbow or knee into any part of the opponent’s body when atop the opponent, k) Twist or hold the opponent’s toes, l) Grip or twist the opponent’s fingers, m) Apply the arm bent behind the back ploy to the opponent, n) Apply strangle holds to the opponent, o) Apply submission ploys from standing wrestling, p) Throw the opponent to the side without gripping an arm (except for competitions for samboists of the first grade and masters). 5. In sambo-wrestling competitions, it is forbidden to wrestle in more than four matches in one day. 6. For all parts of sambo-wrestling competitions, the samboists must submit to the requirements special sanitary and hygiene requirements. This is obligatory. In addition, to this tasking during competitions, samboists adhere to a well and carefully developed system of safety mitigation and self-protection using specialized ploys. All of this together renders the sport of sambo-wrestling extremely safe.

DEFINING THE COMPETITION 1. The points that are estimated as the results of the competitions are estimated as follows:    

Earned points for a pure victory—0 points. Victory by points with a clear advantage—1 point. Victory by points with a slight advantage (lessthan one point) — 2 points. For any other loss -- 3 points.

2. The wrestler receiving the least points from the results of all matches in the competition is considered the winner in any given weight class. З. The place for each team is defined for the championship by the summation of individual results of each team member. Individual match results for defining the team championship are estimated as follows: First place— 1point; Second place — 2 points; Third place — 3 points, and so forth. The team standings include all points scored points to calculate the ultimate champions.

THE UNIFORM Participants in the competitions in our national wrestling style wrestle in a uniform that permits various grips and holds. In Tadjik, Khivan, and Bukharsky wrestling the participants wear robes that permit gripping sleeves, collars, and belts, so that all of their basic wrestling ploys can be used in a wrestling match. In Russian wrestling, the participants wear kaftans and armyuki with traditional cloth belts. In the Georgian wrestling style, it is required to wear a heavy shirt (choka) with a belt; however, the shirt is sleeveless. Adzjerbyjani wrestlers participant in a style wrestling that uses close body contact, and thus, wrestle naked; however, even with this close contact, there are a surprising number of clever holds—particularly for gripping the legs. Uzbeki, Fergana, Turkmen, Tatar, and Bagtskirskan wrestling, gripping is only permitted on the belt. This severely limits the circle of ploys and tends toward one dimensional matches.

When wrestlers wrestle without a uniform, their basic efforts and times are devoted to realizing grips and holds. In addition, wrestling in a bare body has a relatively smaller number of effective grips and holds that permit a very limited number of ploys. The rules forsambo-wrestlingprovidefor aspecializeduniformthat providesthewrestlers withthe opportunities to conveniently andefficiently griptheir opponents andapplying diverseploys. Havinganopportunitytosecureaneasiergrip,thesamboistcanfullydevotehisattentiontoimplementinghisploy,andconsequently,toimprovingthetechnicalaspectsofhis wrestling. Thegreaternumberofgripsandholdsonthejacketspawnscreativeopportunitiestodevelopnewvariantstothesamboist’sploysaswellasricheropportunitiesfor combinationsofploys. Forsambo-wrestling,1938wastheyearwhenthespecialydesignedjacketwasadoptedthatfacilitatesthestudyandapplicationofploysthatcanbeappliedinmatches withsimilarlydressedopponents.

Chapter VII Organizing and Conducting Competitions In sports competition, there are the risks of injury and infection, and experience dictates that requirements for hygiene and safe conditions must be set. These considerations, we obsere, do not apply solely to sports activities, but they also play an important propagandistic role. Therefore, the structure for these considerations must be addressed in advance and precisely long before such situations can be encountered. Purely, the cultural aspect of the organization of the competition should be in the same proportion as the contents of the sports training. These should be in equal measure, and apply equally to competitions in sambo-wrestling sections as well as any sports club or physical culture club that includes sambo-wrestling. In the cultural venue, competitons are included to develop self-esteem through sports. Below, we specify the core preparatory and purely technical activities that are connected with competition. For every competition, there should be a written plan, or “position paper” of what is approved, so that this can be brought to all participants’ attention in advance of the competition. In this “position paper”, the following must be indicated:



The goalof that particularcompetition.



Whiatorganizationisresponsibleforconductingthetournament.



Informationaboutthetimeandplaceforthecompetition.



Competitiveconditions: theparticipants,teamstructures,scoring,andhandicaps.



Terms for submitting applicationformsfto participate.

The responsibility for organizing the competition in due time dictates a need to arrange perfectly the mat for wrestling with matted safety areas, and no less than two clean mat covers for each competition mat with attending physicans. In the place of the competitions, there must be preciselycalibratedandverifiedscalingforweighinginthepartiicipants. Theweighinginisnotdonedirectlyintheplaceofthecompetitions,butnearby,andwhentheresultsaretabulated,thecompetitionworkerspostposters detailingtheweightclasses,theirparticipants,andothercharacteristicinformationasdetailedintherules. Thejudgesconveneandpreparebyreviewingthetournamentdocumentationfortheoverall competitonandforeachweightclass,andfinally, theinformationonindividualparticipants.Evenfortheyoungerandnovicecategories,theinformationmustbereviewedandin order,andthus,requiresclose attentionfromtheofficials. Inparticular,thepremiseis thatitgoeswithoutsaythatthewrestlingmustbebesetuptobefair andaboveboard,butit mustalsobewell announcedwithposters,sportsbanners,photos,etc.,andphotosshould betakenofthecompetitionanditsparticipants,andthesportsresultsmustbetabulated andpublished,etc.. The largertaskforplanningthe courseof an upcomingtournamentistheadvancedplanningthatgoes into scheduling the dailyactivities. Once the competition is planned,the effort proceeds to quantifying the numberof participants wrestling on each dayand theirdistributions by weightcategory. If theopeningofthecompetitionsisintheevening,thedailycompetitionforthatdaywil beless,sothenextmorningmustbescheduledtohandletheremaining matches. Thus,onlythefirstroundmightbeconductedontheeveningofthefirstdaywiththesecondandsubsequentroundsfollowingthenextday.. A suggestedschedule oftheday,withmorningwrestlingfollowedbyevening wrestling is as follows:

800 - 900: weigh-ins, 1100–1500: competition, 1500 – 1900: first dinner, 1900 —2300: competition. Most of the participants in the evening can pair up to stretch or practice 25 to 30 minutes on one mat most of the time. It is best tofollow this givenschedule forthecompetitions when working with as many as 75 – 80 wrestlers usingthe regular intervals defined for each weight category. The considerations here will be thus: Each weightcategoryonaveragehas1б participants.If it follows that thematchesintherounds basedonthis systemmust be

ineach weight category, 9roundswith45matches each. If eachcategoryis dividedinto5subgroups with5ormorewrestlterseach, thenthereareonly7rounds foratotalof 27 matches. 45matchesover8rounds = 360matches: 360matchess over4days =90matches perday. Onmost anyscale,that isalotofmatches! Now, 27matches times 8rounds=216matches; 216matches over4days =54matchesperday. Consideringthatinthefirstthreedays, itis necessarytoconducttheofficialopeningceremonies forthecompetitionwiththe paradeof athletes,etc., andonthelast dayof thetournament,aparadeof athletes, theawardsceremonies, andtheremainderof the 216matches, this isaverybusytimeframe. Thus,thepreliminaryplanningforthe7rounds of matches(seethefigurebelow)shows that inweight categoryoverthe4 days maybeconductedasfollows: WeightCategory

Day1 Day2 Day3 Day4

Mornning Evening Mornning Evening Mornning Evening Mornning Evening

56kg I II III IV V VI -VII

60kg I II III IV V VI -VII

64kg I II III IV V -VI VII

68kg I II III IV -V VI VII

72kg I II III -IV V VI VII

79kg I II -III IV V VI VII

87kg I -II III IV V VI VII

+89kg -I II III IV V VI VII

In the competition process, usually several participants are forced out of the competition. Therefore, the system of rounds moves the wrestlers who remain in the competition to the second round. The survivors of the second round move to a new subgroup for the third round where they will face the other survivors of the other subgroups. In the finals, the samboists wrestle for the first four places in each weight category. In the preceding day’s competition, when forming the subgroups, it is necessary for all pairs to wrestle to determine 5 – 10th places, so that the evening is reserved only for finals matches. In the evening, there must be a ready list of finals matches, and this must be based on a timely and accurate accounting of everyone’s place in each weight category and their status for wrestling. As soon as a wrestler’s place is determined, it is necessary to fill out his certificate. As the closing parade of participants is constructed, all of the prizes and certificates should be prepared and set out on the judges’ table. The announcement of the results should be conducted in the wrestling area among the spectators. Remember that for each participant that the tournament is an important event and will be remembered for the rest of his life. No later than the day after the tournament, the results should be posted publicly, and the most noteworthy wrestlers should be called out.

Chapter VIII THE WRESTLING PLACE For a sambo-wrestling competition, it is mandatory to have a wrestling mat or multiple wrestling mats. The proper mat should be no less than 6 X 6 meters and no more than 8 X 8 meters with thickness no less than 5 centimeters and no more than 15 centimeters. The mats should be set up away from walls or other obstructions with a clearance of at least 150 centimeters. If the mats must be arranged with nearby walls, the walls should be padded with protective mats to a height of at least 150 centimeters. Around each mat, there should be a padded safety area of three meters with a mat thickness of no less than 3 centimeters. The usual 6 X 6 meter mat will be composed of as many as 24 separate pieces each of which is 100 X 150 centimeters, and an 8 X 8 meter mat will consist of 32 separate pieces each of which is 100 X 200 centimeters. These individual mat sections are composed of felt or wool. Each section will be well sewn with well defined edges that will fit together closely and appear to be of one height. The sections may be held together in a wooden frame that is slightly shorter than the height of the mats. The mat surface should be even with the individual mat pieces all being covered by a single canvas mat cover to present a single surface such as used by the Turkmen in their wrestling. The wooden frame is padded, and the padding may old tires cut to cover the frame. All seams sewn for the mat, the mat cover, etc. will be smooth to prevent rough seams that may injure the participants. On each mat, at a minimum, there must be two mat covers, so that one may be in use while the second is being cleaned. The mat cover itself should differ in color from the surrounding protective mats. The mat as described above is an example not on for training, but also for competitions. While, due to practical reasons, the mat for training and for competing may be different, the training mat should to the greatest extent possible match the competition mat, so that the mat itself becomes a constant in training. The place for the sambo-wrestling training might be outdoors in the summer, but in most cases, the place should be indoors since most competitions are indoors. An outside area may be prepared having a 8 X 8 meter hole dug to a depth of 30 centimeters and filled with saw dust, straw until level, and then covered by a mat cover. In the winter, there is always a requirement for the specialized training space for the sambo section. The matted area can be built to the same size as the summer area using boards that will be 20 centimeters in height. The tops of these edges must be upholstered with very soft cloth to prevent injuries such as bruises and broken bones. Again, the area is padded until level, and then, covered with a mat cover. As a last resort, in the summer, sambo training can be conducted in soft grass, and in the winter (at least until the temperature drops below 8 degrees centigrade) in soft snow. The only additional equipment being needed would be the sambo-wrestling jacket. In both cases, a mat cover may be laid on the ground to mark the training area. Before beginning any training session, we begin with a premise that it is necessary to task the class to allow fresh air into the space, and that the space be dusted, and the floors and mats be cleaned. In the summer after finishing a training session in the outdoors, the area must be returned to its original condition, and all equipment and garbage must be removed. Before each training session, the padding in the hole must be turned over and loosened to ensure that it is safe to train on. This will also allow any dampness to evaporate more quickly. Any holes in the padding must be attended to by inserting more sawdust or other padding. The frame must be checked and repaired as needed. If done properly, the training site may remain in operation for the entire summer, but it every year, the training site must be disassembled and completely rebuilt. When conducting a lesson in snow or sand, the area must be raked, inspected, and possibly reraked to ensure that the surface is both safe and level. The same may be true when training on grass where the effort may expand toward scanning the area for hard objects such as stones that may have accumulated in the area.

Whatever the surface, the sambo-wrestling shoes should only be worn in the training area. They should be forbidden to be worn in most general areas, and especially into the lavoratory. A special area for the sambo-wrestling shoes should be set up near the training area where they will be handy to the participants and have the opportunity to dry and air between sessions.

Chapter IX INVENTORY A

The Sambo-wrestling Kurtka A specialized jacket that is used in sambo-wrestling competitions is much like that worn by a modern city dweller in that it is a modern jacket designed to cover the body in fabric above the belt. The prototypes for this sambo-wrestling jacket are the Georgian wrestling jacket called a “chokha”, the central Asia robe, the Russian kaftan, and the native clothing of Latvia. The sambo-wrestling jacket is sewn from canvas or other heavy fabric—best of all, from tent canvas or thin shoe fabric. Any color fabric may be used. The jacket is sewn as a simple single breasted jacket with lapels that face each other. The collar must be of the kind that is shawl like and reach the lower part of the lapels. He shoulder cuffs on both sleeves must from above extend over the sleeves by 3 centimeters, and from the armpit, 1 centimeter. The cuff consists of one piece running from the front to the back o the uniform. The jacket is held closed by a fabric belt 5 centimeters in width and of a length suitable to serve its function. The belt is routed through two slits on each side of the jacket. Each pair of slits is sewn into its half of the jacket’s waist in line with the shoulder corresponding cuff edges. Thus, the left shoulder cuff is set 10 centimeters from the edge, and this leaves a window for the right half of the belt to exit from the inside. The belt is fastened over the stomach with a bow. The sambo-wrestling jacket may be custom made or mass produced for sale. In the latter case, it is recommended to produce the jackets in 4 size groups: #3: #4: #5: #6:

for a height for a height for a height for a height

of 164 cm: of 170 cm: of 176 cm: of 182 cm:

sizes sizes sizes sizes

46 and 48 48, 50, and 52 48, 50, 52, and 54 48, 50, 54, and 56.

The sizes are defined by half the circumference of the chest size. Each jacket must be the same color over all; however, the jacket may be ornamented with with embroidery that corresponds to the republic that the samboist represents. The embroidery by necessity should not be placed on those areas of the jacket where the jacket is most likely to be gripped, and the edges of the embroidery should match the jacket color. The collar and belt may be of the same color. For short term training, the training may be conducted using the soldier’s blouse with its buttons removed. The belt may then be constructed from an suitable cloth. Wrestling Boots The boots in sambo-wrestling must be prepared in a form without heels where the toes and sole are on the same level. They must be sewn of very soft leather or other such suitable material. The sole must be constructed of the same material as the upper part of the shoe. For safety, the outside of the shoe must not have exposed stitching or eyelets, and seams must be turned inward. To protect the ankles, that part of the wrestling shoe is padded, and the section around the toes is padded inside with wool. These wrestling shoes or boots may be produced in custom sizes or mass produced. In the latter case, the sizes for the boot length should range from 37 up to 45 spread over 4 or 5 sizes that correspond to a size range of 186 to 202 millimeters with 2 millimeter graduations in the sizes. During training, the boots are usually used kept clean and only for use in the training area. Wrestlers enter the mat in one area by stepping onto a cotton towel with cleanser to wipe the boots on before entering the mat area. Stick or Pole for Studying Falling

A stick made of bamboo or birch is required to practice falling, and it should be 275 – 300 centimeters long with a diameter of about 5 centimeteters, but not more than 6. The stick can be made of smooth tubular metal providing that it retains the required diameter. Training Bags Training bags are constructed from canvas in three sizes based on weight: length of 140 centimeters with a width of 100 centimeters and a weight of 30 kg, a length of 150 centimeters with a width of 110 centimeters with a weight of 40 kg, and one with a length of 160 centimeters with a width of 115 centimeters and a weight of 50 kg. The bags must be constructed in a cylindrical form. It is constructed from combed cotton or canvas and may end up somewhat cone shaped. The corresponding sizes are weighted by filling the bags with the designated quantity of sand. The outside of the bag should have sewn to it several belts that are 3 centimeters in width, and two such belts are sewn on the outer edge at distance of 10 centimeters from the first end sewn onto the bag with the second belt sewn on 15 centimeters from the second side of the first belt. Then a second set of belts is sewn on so that there are four hand holds at regular intervals around the bag. Toolsfor Building Strong Hands Attachtwometaltrianglestoa wall, sothat thetriangles whileattachedtothe wall arefreetorotate. The middle part is surroundedby wood. The diameter of thewoodis usuallyabout 5centimeters. Tothecenterof thecore, is attachedweights correspondingthework loadrequiredfortraining. This lifting lengthshould havea height of 140 – 150centimetersfromthefloor. Thedeviceshouldbeconstructed sothat at themaximumtraining effort bythe hands is achievedsafely. Other TrainingMaterials Forexercisinginconnectiontosambo-wrestling, we must sometimes resort toauxiliarytoolssuchas medicineballs of different weights andsizes, tennis balls(of different tensions vice weights), barbellsof 16to32kgs, athleticbars, and gymnastic equipment includinggymnastic walls. Thetrainingplace or lockerroomshould haveamedicalscalefor weighingthe wrestlers. It canalsobevery helpfulif the training hallcanhavea largemirror. First AidEquipment First aidequipment should beavailableintheevent that it isneededtotreat injuries andpossible eventoprevent death. Thefirst aidkit shouldcontainamongotherthings hydrogen peroxide, andelastic bandages or bandages treatedinturpentine for strainsandsprains, as well as bandages of cotton, wool, cardboardsplints(orsuch madefromplywood or wire), andcontainersto holdice and hot water.

Chapter 10 FIRST AID FOR INJURIES Even correctly applied techniques in sambo-wrestling can lead to injuries, and there are always accidents, and when such injuries happen, the trainer should be able to render first aid. First aid to be provided for injuries to a limb include resting the damaged joint and having the wrestler remove his weight from the joint. Thus, for an injured leg, he should lie down. At the side of a bruise, an elastic bandage may be applied with ice or as a simple compress with cold water. First aid for strains and sprains. Provide rest. At the site of the injury, apply cold compress. In the process of relieving pain at night, wrap in injured area in woolen cloth to maintain heat. Dislocations are seldom met in sambo-wrestling; however, their first aid constitutes full rest for the victim while the doctor must be called immediately. If necessary, a splint made from plywood or other may be placed under the injury; however, only a doctor should attempt to reset the joint. At the dislocation site, ice or cold compresses may be applied before the doctor arrives. If bruises and sprains are painful for the victim, the injured limb must be bandaged to a healthy limb. When the injury is to the joint and its bones, it may be impossible to bandage the joint, and the only thing that can be accomplished is to cover the injury with fabric. If the trainee has a fever and his head or stomach is ill, these are attributes of an other disease, and the trainer should immediately release the pupil from training and forward him to an administrator to see a doctor and to go home.

Chapter XI ADVICE TO NEW SAMBOISTS 1. After eating, training must wait for 1.5 to 2 hours. 2. Hands should be kept clean. Finger nails should be cut short to prevent scratching and injuring training partners. 3. Although sometimes it is not practical, one should be able to drink during training. 4. The uniform should always be clean and neat. The shorts should always be freshly laundered while the jacket should be carefully dried after every training session. At least monthly, the jacket should be laundered. The socks worn during training should not be the same socks that are worn before and after training. 5. Sleep is important and without proper rest, the value of training can be undone. Sleep should be about 8 hours—not more, and not less. Insomnia causes lose of appetite. If this persists seek out the trainer who may send you to the doctor. 6. Follow all advice from your trainer. 7. When studying ploys, try to apply them repeatedly using the minimum strength required. By doing so, you should feel the precision and beauty in each ploy. Once that is mastered, then gradually add in speed and power until you can apply the ploy correctly with full speed and power. 8. Do not begin to study a new ploy until you have properly mastered the ploys leading up to it. To do otherwise, leads to disappointment in the new ploys that you will attempt to learn and use. 9. Poor sports results can be corrected by carefully analyzing all mistakes and applying remedial training. Improved execution may help in the shorter term. 10. Sports conditions are not truly combat. If you wish to overcome a comrade in a match, do so in the sport section under the rules with comradery. To apply the same ploys as a means of self-defense is possible, but only in the case of true necessity. This training should never be used to assert your will to get your way over someone else. 11. Accidents happen in training. Own up to them and accept responsibility. Being defensive or behaving cowardly will not help the injured party, and it will not improve your place among your comrades if you behave poorly. To the contrary, if you behave well, you will raise your stock and authority with your group. 12. Never hesitate to ask anything about sambo-wrestling. Even the most skilled samboist often must ask questions to improve his understanding of the sport. When dealing with novices, do not forget that you too were once a beginner, so patiently answer their questions too. 13. Everyone is afraid of something at some time. By necessity, you must learn to overcome fear, and each time that you do so, it becomes easier and easier to do so. Eventually, your fears may disappear all together. 13. Once you begin training in sambo-wrestling, do not try to get ahead of your specifications for your level. The training material for your level is intended to temper you and to promote your education, so that you can proceed to the next level safely and correctly. 14. Never forget that physical training is the key to achieving high results in sambo-wrestling. By cross training, you will not only learn sambo-wreslting ploys but other important life skills such as skiing,

swimming, etc. 15. Respect your comrades and do not boast. It is always better to be praised by others than yourself. 16. If you experience sports success, do not change your attitude to your comrades. 17. It is seldom necessary to change to another club from the one that you started with. If you do well, it bodes well for your club. If you note deficiencies in your club, then do your part to eliminate those deficiencies. The task before each member of a sports club is to help make that club the best club in the USSR. 18. Training in sambo-wrestling should does not remove the samboist from the duty to execute your official duties. Work with the trainer to build a good personal schedule that includes work, training, and proper rest. 19. Training in sambo-wrestling should serve in truth to prepare a healthy youth who can serve Lenin’s concepts of devotion to the Party while meeting Stalin’s requirement to overcome adversity and to defend our great native land. Therefore, it is important that those training in sambo-wrestling do their part and set before themselves the task of training in their sambo section no less than three times per week.

Champions of the USSR in Sambo-wrestling Year

1939

1940

1947

1948

LightestWeight

N.T.Kulikov,Leningrad

LighterWeight

V.E.Pitkevich,Leningrad

Sh.Nazadze,Tbilisi

N.T.Kulankov, Leningrad

B.I.Vasyukov, Dynamov,Moscow

Half LtWeight

E.M.Chumakov, Moscow

E.L.Baev,Dynamo, Kiev

B.I.Vasyukov, Dynamov,Moscow

K.I.Niinashvili, Dynamo,Tbilisi

LightWeight

A.A.Budzinsky,Moscow

P.K.Beda,LVO, Leningrad

E.M.Chumakov, Dynamo,Moscow

P.K.Beda,Dynamo, Leningrad

Half MidWeight

K.KNakelsky,Harikov

A.A.Budzinsky, Moscow

I.I.Latshev,Dynamo, Moscow

I.I.Latshev,Dynamo, Moscow

MidWeight

I.D.Ponomarenko, Kronstadt

.I.D.Ponomarenko, Kronstadt

V.T.Danili, Dynamo, Moscow

I.I.Latshev,Dynamo, Moscow

Half HeavyWeight

K.E.Koberidze, Dynamo,Moscow

V.A.Brovchenko, Moscow

Sh.P.Daushvili, Dynamo,Tbilisi

Sh.P.Daushvili, Dynamo,Tbilisi

HeavyWeight

G.T.Ivanov,Leningrad

A.S.Mekokishvili, Dynamo,Tbilisi

A.S.Mekokishvili, Dynamo,Tbilisi

A.S.Mekokishvili, Dynamo,Tbilisi

N.P.Stafeveev, Dynamo,Moscow