Salvan, George - Licensure Examination for Architects Reviewer

~EVIEWE~

GEORG€ S". S"AL\JAN ARCHITE:Q

FUAP

PUBLISHED BY: JMC PRESS, INC, 388 QUEZON AVENUE QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES TEL. Nos.: ( +632) 410-9534 • 781-9187 TELEFAX: ( +632) 712-4929 E-MAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

PhitiJilllni'Copyrilht 2001 br JMC PRESs, INC. ai'GEORGI: S. SALVAN JSI)l: 9'11-11-1118-7 -~Printing 2001

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PRif\TED BY: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 QUEZOf\ AVENUE QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES TEL. ~OS.:

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TELEF'AX:

This sourcebook entitled "THE NEW ARCHITECTURAL REVIEWER" has been prepared by the author to provide the graduates in the department of Architecture, Comprehensive review materials in the sixteen (16) learning subjects and divided into three (3) AREAS as follows:

AREA A: Part Part Part Part

I. II. Ill. IV.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

AREA B: Part I. Part II. Part Ill.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS 01= CONSTRUCTiON UT IL IT IES 1. SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, HVAC HEATING. VENTILAl,NG AIR-CONDITIONING 3. ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS 4. ACOUSTICS AND ILLUMINATION 5. DISASTER PREVENTION AND FIRE PROTECTION SECURITY SYSTEMS 6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 7. HIGH- TECH SYSTEMS

AREA C: Part I.

PRE-DESIGN - BUILDING

Part II.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Part Ill.

SITE PLANNING

PHOC;H;'>-fvHv1ir·~G

The items included in th1s Reviewer are drawn Horll Boo~\ 9 , 1\rctlltcctural ar1c Construction Data) by the same author. as compret1ens1vely d1scussed w1th full illustrations comprising 1 ,300 pages. with the end view of equipping the graduate students of B.S. Architecture before taking the Board Examlflat1ons (Boohs 1 to 8 are individual books on one subject matter). The comprehensive treatment in each learning area and the adequate exercises provided by the author will challenge the students as they read and answer each test item in the three (3) areas of instruction. With the guidance of instructors and parents, "The New Architectural Reviewer" will prove to be very beneficial to the graduate students of B.S. Architecture GEORGES $ALVAN Architect Fuap AUTHOR iii

The LICENSURE EXAMINATION for Architects shall be given twice a year in the City of Manila and other places where conditions may warrant on the second Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays of JANUARY and JULY provided such days do not fall on a h9liday. In which case the working day following will be the day of examination. The examination iscontinually evolving. Currently, the Board of Examiners for Architects, under the PRC or Professional Regulation Commission is developing and testing a computer-adaptive exam. The use of computers will speed up reporting of grades, and improve reliability. One interesting feature of a computer-based exam is that it will allow ability and knowledge to be demonstrated progressively as the test is taken. The answer to one question can affect the difficulty of the next so that a more competent candidate will answer fewer difficult questions and probably finish earlier. Although there is no substitute for a good, formal education and broad-based experience provided by. your two (2) year Diversified Experience in various technical aspects of the practice of architecture with a practicing architect, this view guide will help direct your study efforts to increase your chances of passing the Board of Examination for Architects.

1.

EXAMINATION FORMAT

The Architecture Licensure Examination is designed to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public by regulating the practice of Architecture. It does this by testing to see if someone has the knowledge, skills and abilities to perform the services required of an entry-level architect. To this end, the examination is divided into three major areas with their corresponding weights as follows. I

(a) History and theory of architecture; principles of plannmg; architectural practice ............................................. .

(30%)

(b) Structural design; building materials and methods of construction, Utilities ........................... .

(30%)

(c) Architectural design and site planning ........................................ .

(40%)

2. HOW TO TAKE THE TEST

A. Time Management One of the biggest problems many candidates have in taking the board examinations is simply completing it in time. This is especially true of the 10 hour/12 hour design problem because the design problem is particularly unique, guidelines for time management and tips on completing it are discussed in AREA C part II. For the portions of the exam that co 1sist of multiple choice questions, you may want to proceed in one of two ways.

v

With the fh'st approach, proceed from the first question to the last, trying to answer each one regardless of its difficulty. Divide the time alloted by the number of questions to give yoursetf an average time per question. Of course, some will take less than the average, some, more. If you are not able to confidently answer a question in your alloted time or a little more, make note of it and move on to the next one. If you have time at the end, you can go back to the most difficult questions With the second approach, go through the test three (3) times. During the first pass, read each question and answer the ones you are sure of and that do not take any lengthy calcuiations or study of the information packet. Since you will be jumping around, always make sure you are marking the correct answer soace. If a question does not fit into the first category of "easy to answer", makb a mark by it indicating whether yo~.; can answer it with a little thinking or easy calculation or whether it seems impossible and may be a best-guess type or response. During the second pass, answer the next easiest questions. These should be the ones that you can confidently respond t0 after some deductive reasoning or with a calculation with which you are familiar. Once again, make sure you are marking the correct numbered spaces on the answer sheet. During the third pass, answer the questions that remain and that require extra effort or those for which you have to make the best guess between two of the most likely answers. In some cases, you may be making your best guess from among all four options. Using the three-pass method allows you to get a feel1ng for the difficulty of the test during the first pass and helps you budget the remaining time for the unanswered questions. One of the tricks to making this method work is not to go back to reread or reanswer any completed question. In most cases, your first response (or guess) is the best response. No matter which approach you use, answer every question, even if it is a wild guess. You are not penalized for guessing. B. Tips on taking the Examination

Even if you are completely familiar with the subject matter, taking the Licensure Board Examination can be an arduous process, simply because of its length and the concentration required to get through it. As with any act1vity requiring endurance, you should be rested when you start the exam. You should have stopped studying a day or two before the first test day in order to relax as much as possible. Get plenty of sleep the night before and every night between test days. Allow yourself plenty of time to get to the exam site so you do not have to worry about getting lost. stuck in traffic jams, or other transportation problems. An early arrival at the exam room also lets you select a seat with good lighting and as far away from distractions as possible Once in the room, arrange your working materials and other supplies so you are ready to begin as soon as you are allowed. The proctor will review the test instructions as well as general rules about breaks, smoking and other housekeeping matters. You can ask any questions about the rules at this time Once the test begins you should quickly review the material given to you in the test Information packet. For the non-structural divisions of the test, depending on which Major Area you are taking, this will include such things as contracts, specification vi

sections, ~rtioAS of zoning ordinances, portions of building codes, contract drawings, and similar items. You do not need to study this material. Simply make a mental or written note about what is included. So you know it is available when a question requires that you use it. Next cneck the number of questions and set up a schedule for yourself as described in the pre~$ section. If you plan on tackling the questions one by one in sequence, you should have completed about half the questions when half of your alloted time is up. In your scheduling, leave some time at the end of the period to double-check some of the answers,you are most unsure of and to see that you have not marked two responses for any question. C. Study Guidelines vour methoet of studying for the board exams should be based both on the content .1nd form of the exam and your school and work experience. Because the exam covers such a broad range of subject matter, it cannot possibly include every detail of practice. Rather, it tends to focus on what is considered entry-level knowledge and that is important for the protection of the public health, safety and welfare. Your recent work experience should also help you determine what areas to study the most. if you have been involved with construction documents for several years, you will probably require less work in that areathan in others with which you have not had recent experience. This REVIEWER was prepared to help you focus on those topics that will most likely be included in the exam in one form or another. As you go through the manual, you will probabiy find some subjects that are familiar or that come back to you quickly. Others may seem like completely foreign subjects, and these are the ones to give particular attention when using this reviewer. You may even want to study additional sources on these subjects, take review classes, or get special help from someone who knows the topic. The following steps provide a useful structure for organizing your study for the Board Examination.

step 1: Start early. You .cannot review for a test like this by starting two weeks before the date. This is especially true if you are taking all port1ons of the exam for the first time. step 2. Go through the review manuals quickly to get a feeling for the scope of the subject matter. Although this manual and the companion manual on the structural portions of the exam have been prepared based on the content covered, you may want to review the detailed list of tasks and considerations given in the PRC study guides. step 3: Based on this review and a realistic appraisal of your strong and weak areas, set priorities for your study. Determine what topics you need to spend more time with than others. step 4.· Divide the subjects you will review into manageable units and organize them into a sequence of study. Generally, yo!.. should" start with those subjects least familiar to you. Based on the date of the examination vii

and when you are starting to study, assign a time limit to each of the study units you identify. Again, your knowledge of a subject should determine the time importance you give it. For example, you mavwant to devote an entire week to earthquake design if you are unfamiliar with that and only one day to timber design if you know that well. In setting up a schedule, be realistic about other commitments in your life as well as your ability to concentrate on studying for a given amount of time.

step 5: Begin studying and stick with your schedule. This, of course, is the most difficult part of the process and the one that requires the most self-discipline. The job should be easier if you have started early and set up a realistic schedule, allowing time tor recreation and other personal commitments. step 6: Stop studying a day or two before the exam to relax. If you do not know the material by this time, no amount of cramming will help. Here are some additional tips: Know concepts first, then learn the details. For example, it is much better to understand the basic ideas and theories of waterproofing than it is to attempt to memorize dozens of waterproofing products and details. Once you fully understand the concept, the details and application are much easier to learn and to apply during the exam. Do not overstudy any one portion. You are generally better off to review the concepts of all the divisions of the test than to become an overnight expert in one area. For example, the test may ask general questions about plate girders, but it will not ask that you perform a cor:nplete, detailed design of one. Try to talk with people who took the test the year before. Although the exam questions change yearly, it is a good idea to get a general feeling tor the types of questions asked, the general emphasis, and areas that previous candidates found particularly troublesome.

VIii

PAGE

• AREA "A" PART I. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Building and Structures A, B and C........................................

2

Architectural Characters D, C and F.......................................

4

Definitions ... G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, 0, P, Q, R, S ...................

9

Architects/Buildings Designed................................................

28

Famous Dictums/Philosophies/Sayings.................................

29

PART II. THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Principles ot Design ' A ......................................................... .

31

Categories of Concern • B ............................................ .

31

Contrast C ..................................................................... .

32

Proportion D ................................................................... .

32

Rhythm E ................................................................................ .

34

Colors F ....................................................................... .

35

Function G .................................................................... .

36

Space H ......................................................................... .

37

Circulation I ............................................................................ ..

38

Massing J ......................... ,....................................................... .

39

Site Control K .... .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ............. .

41

Enclosure and Systems L ...................................................... .

43

Economics M ......................................................................... .

45

Human Factors and Behavior N ........................................... ..

46

Architectural Lingo 0, P .................................................... ..

48

PART Ill. OFFICE AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE

Agencies Involved in Shelter A ...............................................

52

National Building Code B, C, D...............................................

53

Fire Code E................................................................................

57

Office Practice F, G .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

60

Project Classification H ............................... ............................

66

Spectrum of Architect's Services I ............................... ... .. .. .. ..

69

ix

Contracts J ... .......................... .. .................. .. .. ... ......... .... .. ....... ...

86

Bidding K ........................... ................ ... .. ... .. .. ...... .. ....................

87

Time of Construction Completion L. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ........ .. ......

90

Projects M. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. ................. .. ... ...........................................

92

Contract Documents Questions N ... .. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ......

93

Bidding and Construction Documents 0 ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .......

97

Project Manual and Specifications P ......................................

101

Miscellaneous Questions Q.....................................................

106

PART. IV. THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING 1. PRE-DESIGN- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS A.

Influence on Urban Development.........................

110

B-1 Community Influence on Design ..........................

115

B-2 Land Analysis.........................................................

116

C.

Transportation and Utility Influences...................

118

D.

Climatic, Ecological, Legal and Economic Influences .............................................

120

Miscellaneous Questions......................................

125

E.

2. SITE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1. Topography...............................................................

128

2.

Climate.......................................................................

130

3.

Drainage....................................................................

132

4.

Utilities ....................................................... ,...............

133

5. Circulation Automobile, Pedestrian and Service ......................

134

·6.

Parking......................................................................

137

7.

Landscaping.............................................................

141

8.

Property Descriptions,............................................

141

9. Other Design Considerations..................................

142

10. Site Analysis and Design Questions......................

143

• AREA "B" PART I. STRUCTURAL DESIGN Standard Structural Systems ............................. :................. A. wood

B. steel X

c. concrete

154

II

Complex Structural Systems .... ......... ....... .. .. .. .... ......... .

158

Ill

Structural System Selection Criteria.............................

161

IV

Loads on Buildings ... .... ... ....... .. ... ....... ......... .... ... .. ... .. ..

163

V

Structural Fundamentals . .. .. ....... .......... .. ........ .. ..... .. .. ...

165

VI

Definitions, Miscellaneous Questions .. .. ...... .. ..... .. ... .. ...

168

VII

Selection of Structural System . .... .. ... .. .. ........ . . ... .. ... .. .

171

VIII

Loads on Buildings.......................................................

174

IX

Structural Fundamentals ... .. ..... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. .. ... .. .....

177

X

Beams and Columns ... .... . .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .... .

180

XI

Trusses ... .. .. ... .. ..... .. ... ....... ..... .. ... .. .. . .. ..... .. ..... ..... .. .. ... ...

182

XII

Soil and Foundation ......................... ..

185

XIII

Connections ...................................... .

188

XIV

Building Code Requirements on Structural Design ......................... .

190

Wood Construction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. . . .................... .

193

Steel Construction ............................. .

196

XVII

Concrete Construction ................. .

198

XVIII

Wall Construction ........................................................ .

200

XIX

Lateral Forces - Wind ................................................. .

203

XX

Lateral Forces - Earthquake ........................................ .

205

XXI

Long Span Structure One Way Systems ....... ..... ... .. .. ... .. . .. .. ....... ..... .. .. ... ... .... .

208

Long Span Structure Two Way Systems ... .. ... ................ ...... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ...

210

XV XVI

XXII

PART II. BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

1. BUILDING MATERIALS

A. Concrete ................................................................... ..

214

B. Wood, Boards .......................................................... ..

217

·c.

Metals ...................... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .

221

D. Glass, Plastics, Sealants .. ..... .. .. .. ... . ..... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .

224

E. Insulation........................................... .........................

227

F. Doors,. Hardwares ... ....... .. ........ ..... .... ....... ... .. .. ........ ...

229

G. Windows, Hardwares ..................................... :...........

231

xi

H. Abilities, Qualities, Properties of Materials..............

233

I.

Materials and Suppliers or Manufacturers ... .. .. ... .. ...

235

J. Painting .......................................................................

236

K. Miscellaneous Questions ..........................................

239

L. Miscellaneous Questions . .. .. ... ..... .. ......... ... ..... ..... .. .. .

243

M. Miscellaneous Questions ..........................................

246

N. Miscellaneous Questions ..... ........ ............ .. .. .. ...... .. ...

250

2. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION A. Miscellaneous Questions .......................................... P~RT

253

Ill. UTILITIES

1. SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT A. Water Supply...............................................................

258

B. Water Supply...............................................................

261

C. Fire Protection, Storm Water ... ....... ... .. .. .. ... ..... ......... .

264

D. Sanitary, Drainage Systems.......................................

266

E. Sewage Disposal System, Refuse Handling ............

269

F. Miscellaneous Questions ........................ ..................

272

2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS A. Heat, Moisture, Human Comfort................................

276

B. Heating, Ventilating, Solar Energy ............ ................

280

C. Air -Conditioning ............................. .............. .............

284

D. Conveyors, Vertical Transportation, Building Mechanical Equipments .......... :..................

288

E. Miscellaneous Questions ................... ...... .................

292

3. ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS A. Principles of Electricity..............................................

296

B. Electrical Systems:

Materials, Wiring......................

299

C. Service and Utilization .......... .......... ..... ......... .. ... .. .. ... .

302

D. Miscellaneous Questions ..........................................

305

4. ACOUSTICS and ILLUMINATION

A. Sound Sources, Human Response...........................

309

B. Acoustical Properties of Materials............................

312

C. Solid Structure and Air-Borne Noise Reduction.........................................................

318

xii

D. Physics of Light and Sources...................................

321

E. Miscellaneous Questions ................. .. ... .. ... .. .. ........ ...

327

5. BUILDING PROTECTION, FIRE, SECURITY A. Building Protection ... ..... ................... .. .. ..... ... ..... ..... .. .

331

B. Building Protection Materials........... ........................

334

C. Fire Detection and Alarms ................... ... ............ ... ....

339

D. Fire Alarm Systems, Definitions................................

343

E. Fire Alarm Systems, Definitions................................

346

F. Fire Prevention, Protection........................................

349

G. Security - Burglar Proofing........................... ... .

351

H. Miscellaneous Questions ............................. .

355

6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS A. Signal Systems ................... ...... ...... ..

358

B. Telelingo ............................................

364

7. HIGH TECH SYSTEMS A. Building Automation ......................... B. Robotics .............................................

369 .... .. .... .. .

372

C. Intelligent Buildings .......................... .... ..... ........ .... ...

376

• AREA "C" PART I. PRE-DESIGN BUILDING PROGRAMMING 1. Functional Requirements ..... .. ..... .. .... ..... .. .. ·~.......

382

A. Determining Space and Volume Needs ........ .... ........

382

B. Determining Total Building Area .... ..

383

C. Determining Space Relationships ........ .

385

2. Design Considerations ......................... ..

386

A. Organizational concepts ......................................... ..

387

B. Circular Patterns ........................................................ .

388

C. Service Spaces ......................................................... .

391

D. Flexibility .................................................................... .

392

3. Psychological and Social Influences ............................ ..

392

A. Behavior Settings .................................................... ..

392

B. Territoriality ...................................................... :........ ..

393

C. Personalization .......................................................... .

393

xiii

0. Group Interaction .................................. .. ........ .. .. ..... ..

393

E. Status ... .. .. ... ... ....... .. .. ... .... ... .. ... .. .. ... ........................ .. ...

394

4. Budgeting and Scheduling...............................................

394

A. Cost Influences...........................................................

395

9. Methods of Budgeting................................................

396

C. Cost Information.........................................................

398

D. Scheduling ............................................................ ......

399

5. Codes and Regulations ... .. .. ... ..... .. .. ........................... .. ....

402

6. The Programming Process ... .. .. .................................. .....

403

A. Establishing Goals ...... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. .

403

B. Collecting Facts..........................................................

403

C. Uncovering Concepts ........................... .. ............ .......

403

D. Determining Needs ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ........ .. ........ .. ..

404

E Stating the Problem....................................................

404

F. Four Major Considerations During Programming...........................................

404

7. Sample Questions.............................................................

404

PART II. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

1. HOW TO SOLVE 10-12 HOUR DESIGN PROBLEMS A. Strategies for time Management ............. ...... ........ ....

408

B. Read Information Booklet..........................................

410

C. Develop Graphic Notes ............................ ·'··. .. .. ..........

411

D. Check Areas................................................................

411

E. Develop Adjacency Areas ... .. .. ... ... ..... ........... ... .. ..... .. .

412

F. Study Structural Systems ........................... ...............

413

G. Study Mechanical and Plumbing Systems...............

413

H. Begin Detailed Design................................................

414

Check Complete Final Drawing ............. ....................

415

J. Graphic Presentation .................................................

419

I.

PART Ill. SITE PLANNING

A. Design Requirements Related to Topography ... .. .. ..

423

B, Planning for Circulation.............................................

425

C. Parking Requirements...............................................

426

xiv

D. Other Design Considerations .......... ""' ... ,.....................

E. Design Procedure and

Sc-hedu~......

ANSWER

...............•.•.......

427 428

KEYS

• AREA "A"

History of Architecture .

434

Part II. Theory of Architecture .

437

Part ill. Office and Construction Practice

418

Part IV Theory and Principles of Planning

441

Part I.

• AREA "B''

Part I

Structural Oes1gn

442

Part II

Building Materials and Methods c•f Construci!On

456

Part 111

Utilities

459

1

Sanitary and Plumbino Systems

459

,

Mechanical Systems

460

3 , Electrical and Power Systems

461

Acoustics and llluminiation

462

4

5 D1saster Prevention/Fire/Secunty

46~

6. Communication Systems .

464

Pre-Design Building Programming ..

464

• AREA "C''"

Part I

XV

AREA ''A'' PART I

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

AREA "A"

PART I

Every country has its own distinctive Architectural Character, and this is immediately recognizable and shown by the different building or structure found in its mainland. In the following questions, match the right examples indicated at the right side and place the right letters in the indicated parenthesis.

MATCHING TYPE

A. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES

A. Ziggurat of UR, persepolis, hall

1. PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD ...... (

of the hundred columns. ANCIENT NEAR EAST B. Pantheon, Forums, Basilicas, Thermae, Amphitheaters, Colosseum Coemeteria, Triumphal arch, gateways Aqueducts.

2. EGYPTIAN ............................. (

ROMAN

3. ANCIENT NEAR EAST (Mesopotamia) ...................... (

c.

Basilican church, Baptisteries. PRE-HISTORIC

4. PRE-COLUMBIAN, ................ ( MAYA, AZTEC, MEXICO

D. Beehive huts, caves, tents

5. GREEK .................................. (

E. The great mosques, Damascus, and Cordoba, Kiosk at Istanbul, Taj Mahal mausoleum at Agra, Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.

ROMAN .............................. (

F. Sphinx, pyramids, obelisks, mastaba Tombs, Great Temple, Abu-Simbel. Temple of Khons

stonehenge, England, igloos. EARLY CHRISTIAN

ISLAMIC v.

EGYPTIAN

7. EARLY CHRISTIAN .............. (

G.

8. BYZANTINE ........................ (

H. Temple pyramid of the sun, C~a-

St. Sophia, Constantinople St. Mark, Venice. BYZANTINE

del Teotilluacan, Temple of the giant Jaguar, Great plaza of Tenochtitlan Machu Picchu, Peru. PRE-COLUMBIAN

I. Acropolis, Parthenon-temple, Agora, ODEION theatre, stoa, Mausoleum Sarcophagus, open hillside theatres.

9 ISLAMIC .......................... (

GREEK

2

B. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES

1. ROMANESQUE .................... (

2. GOTHIC ................................. (

3.

RENA~SANCE

..................... (

4. BRITAIN ................................ (

5. CONTINENTAL EUROPE .... (

6. AMERICAS ................. .

..

(

7. MODERN/ INTERNATIONAL ................ (

MATCHING TYPE

A. Palazzo ricardi at Florence. St. Peter's PIAZZA and Cathedral Vatican, Palais du louvre, Paris Chateau de Maisons. St. Paul's Cathedral, London, Guild Houses at Brussels. RENAISSANCE B. The white house, Washington D. C., U. S. Capitol, Trinity Church, Boston Empire estate building, English country houses. Bungalows. AMERICAS C. Eiffel tmler, new louvre, Paris Opera house, Paris & cologne. CONTINENTAL EUROPE D. Salginatobel bridge, Einstein · tower, Chapel of Notre Dame, Johnson Wax building, Falling water, Dulles International Airport, Guggenhiem Museum Sydney Opera house. Geodesic Dome MODERN INTERNATIONAL E. Notre Dame Cathedral. Paris Canterbury Cathedral, King's College. Canterbury town halls. skippers house at Ghent. GOTHIC F. Westmmster New Palace (House of Parliament) London. Crystal Palace, London, University Museum, Oxford. Red house, Kent, Cathedral at Guildford. BRITAIN

G. St. Zeno. Maggiore monastery, Leaning Tower, Cathedral & baptistery of Pisa, Monas!eries, Castles fortifications, chateaus, Manor houses. ROMANESQUE

3

C. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES 1. INDIA, PAKISTAN .................. (

A. Pagoda, great wall, Imperial Palace, Temple of the Sleeping Buddha, courtyard houses.

2. SRI LANKA ............................ (

B. SHWE Dagon Pagoda, Bakong temple, Angkor, Temple of Angkor vat, Throne Room, Royal Palace, Bangkok. WAT phra Kaew Temple, Stupa of Barabudur, Angkor WAT.

CHINA

3. AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL, TIBET ..................................... (

BURMA, CAMBODIA, THAILAND, INDONESIA

C. Nipa house, Bontoc house, Datu·s house, Yakan house, Vigan houses, Antillan houses, Asian Development Bank, cultural Center, Folk Arts theater, PICC, Heart Center, Lung Center. PHILIPPINES

4. BURMA, CAMBODIA, THAILAND, INDONESIA ...... (

D. Wa-ta-da-ge (circular relichouse) Polonnaruwa, Anuradhapura house. SRI LANKA

5. CHINA .................................... (

E. Torii (Shinto gateways) ISE shrine. pagodas, palaces, Bath houses, tea houses, Imperial Villa. JAPAN

6. JAPAN .................................... (

F. Rock-cut temple, Great Stupa at Sanchi, Great Temple, Tanjore Vihara monastery. INDIA, PAKISTAN

-;-

PHILIPPINES

....

G. Statue of Buddha, Pagoda roofs, Potala Palace. Temple of Muktinath.

(

AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL, TIBET

D. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS OF COUNTRY 1 PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD ...... (

A. Columnar and · trabeated, wooden roofs were untrussed, ceilings sometimes omitted, optical illusions were corrected, in Greek temples. Three orders of architecture; the Doric, ionic and Corinthian were introduced. GREEK

4

2. EGYPTIAN ............................. (

B. Novel development of the dome to cover polygonal and square plans for churches. Tombs and baptisteries, by means of a pendentive. "Fresco" decoration is used-marble al')d Mosaic were used broadly. BYZANTINE

3: ANCIENT NEAR EAST (Mesopotamia) ....................... (

C. Widely spaced columns carrying semi-circular arches. Basilican churches have 3 or 5 aisles, covered by a simple timber roof. Mosaic decoration was added internally, separate buildings used for baptism or Baptisteries are a feature. EARLY CHRISTIAN

4. PRE-COLUMBIAN.

AMERICA Maya-AztecMexico-Peru .......................... (

D. The arch and the vault was de-

veloped. Two orders of architecture was added. The Tuscan and the composite concrete is now used, a composition of lime, sand, pozzolana and broken bricks, or small stones. ROMAN

5. GREEK ............................. (

E. Abundance of clay provided bricks. Roofs flat outside. Architecture was arcuated winged deity and winged human headed lion used as decor. Houses of one room, entered by a single door and without windows. ANCIENT NEAR EAST

6. ROMAN .............................. (

F. Bulbous or onion dome, Minarets stalactite moulding. crestings, painted arch are employed.

7. EARLY ~HRISTIAN ............... (

G. Temporary shelter from perishable materials, caves, rocks on top of each other, hard packed snow blocks, animals skins.

ISLAMIC

PRE-HISTORIC

5

8. BYZANTINE ........................... (

H. Temple pyramids are approached by a single steep flight of steps. For all buildings of importance, stone was employed, either finely dressed or carved or laid as roughly dressed rubble. PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA

9. ISLAMIC ................................. (

I. Batlered or sloping outside wall, columns and capitals from vegetable origins, papyrus buds, lotus flower walls are of mud-brick and thick, up to 9 meters. Unbroken massive walls are adorn with HIEROGLYPHICS. EGYPTIAN

E. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS OF COUNTRY

A. Neo-classic and Greek revival

1. ROMANES9UE ..................... (

was followed. Baloon frame was introduced. The skyscraper was contributed related to metal frame construction. The nonload bearing "curtain wall" and the elevator. AMERICAS

2. GOTHIC ................................. (

B. Repetition of standard bays, both plan and elevation, an affinity with bay system, programmatically adopted with the introduction of iron construction. CONTINENTAL EUROPE

3. RENAISSANCE ..................... (

C. Ribbed & panel, cross vaults; plaster strips, arcades, rose windows. Sober and dignified style, formal massing depends on the grouping of towers and the projection of transepts and choir.

4. BRITAIN ................................. (

D. Free-standing glass sheath suspend on a framework across the face of the building or curtain wall. Art Noveau and Bauhaus was developed. Enormous spans unobstructed were at length achieved with concrete. Steel is used in "space-frame.

ROMANESQUE

MODERN INTERNATIONAL

6

5. CONTINENTAL EUROPE ..... (

E. Picturesque values, reflected in the predilection for highly textured, colorful materials, asymmetry and informaiity. The palazzo style was a triumph of national eclecticism. New functions and techniques produced new forms. Taller buildings were designed due to reinforced concrete and cast-iron frames. New materials were used due to the effect of canals. Railroad systems. central heating and elevator or lift.

6. AMERICAS ................... :........ (

F. Pointed arch, buttress, flying buttress, gargoyles, decorated vaulting, rose and lancet windows ploughshare twist, variety of open roofs (trussed, tiebeam, collar)

BRITAIN

GOTHIC

7. MODERN/ INTERNATIONAL .................. (

G. Rusticated masonry, quoins, Balusters, dome or raised drums, pediments one within the other, rococo, Baroque style, salon, mansard roofs. RENAISSANCE

F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF COUNTRY A. Stepped temple pyramid, terraced on a hill, using stone without mortar fitted perfectly and numerous colossal towers. Religious buildings were overlaid with ornamentation of Chinese characters surfaces often finished with porcelain tile. Walls are white stucco, multi-levelled overlapping timber roofs. Gables and bargeboard decorated with Hindu iconography. Doors and window shutters are of carved wood, lacquered in black and gold.

1. INDIA, PAKISTAN .................. (

BURMA, CAMBODIA, THAILAND, INDONESIA

7

2. SRI LANKA ............................ (

B. Use of indigenous materials for houses like bamboo, palm leaves, sturdy wooden posts, carved wooden sidings, cogon grass roof. Spanish style high pitch roots, Capiz shell windows, barandillas, balconies, coconut shell and wood dasign. Much use of galvanized iron sheet for roofing. PHILIPPINES

3. AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL,

C. Root ridges are laden with

TIBET ..................................... (

elaborate ornamental cresting and the up-tilted angles are adorned with fantastic dragons and grotesque ornament. Roofs one on top of each other using S-shape enamelled tiles. Roof framing in rectangle and not triangle. Use of bright colors columns brackets are decorated with birds, flowers and dragons. CHINA

4. BURMA, CAMBODIA,

THAILAND, INDONESIA ....... (

D. Hindu worship is an individual act. Buddhist religious buildings or shrine took the form of stupas, and are designed for congregational use. Mouldings have bulbous character. The Torus moulding is used. Various Bas reliefs 1depicting scenes of daily life and story of Buddha. The female form in its most voluptuous form is often used.

5. CHINA .................................... (

E. Light and delicate timber construction is refined by minute carving and decoration. Dominant roofs characterized by their exquisite curvature, supported by a succession of brackets. Upper part of the roof is terminated by a gable placed vertically above the end walls. Rooms are regulated by a "KEN" Tatami mats. Love of nature. Using stone.. lantern, bonsai.

INDIA, PAKISTAN

JAPAN

8

F. Rock temples, with square or

6. JAPAN .................................... (

octagonal pillars. A circular relic house (wata-dage) built in stone and brick is an outstanding arch'l creation. An architecture of wood. with high pitched roofs, with wide eaves, slightly curved, finished with small flat shingles and terra cotta tifes. Windows with, lacquered wood bars, carved timber doorways, ornamental metalwork door furniture, painted walls. SRI LANKA

7. PHILIPPINES ......................... (

G. Cupola roofs, spanning with arched squinches, the square chamber angles, lantern roof and coffered dome, an elaborate systems of hexagon each containing statue of Buddha, the "sikhara" and "pagoda" temples survive. A monumental pillar generally supporting a metal super structure adorned with mystic symbols, groups of divinities and portraits statuary of royalties. Windows have intricate lattice screens and roof have red curved tiles, metal gutters and projecting cornice and fancifully decorated with carving, embossing and tinkling bells and hanging lamps. The monastery is fortress like sited on hil· tops pillars and beams are painted yellow or red and painted silks hang from the roof. AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL, TIBET

G. DEFINITIONS (put the corresponding letter) 1. SPHINX .................................. (

A. Consists of a complex of sarsen

stones and smaller blue stones set in a circle and connected by lintels. STONEHENGE

2. MASTABA .......... :................... (

B. Pictorial representation ot reli-

gious ritual. historic events and daily pursuits. HIEROGLYPHICS

9

3. OBELISK ................................ (

c.

4. PYRAMID ............................... (

D. Mythical monsters each with the body of a lion and a head of a man, hawk, ram or a woman possessed.

5. BATTER ................................. (

E. An ancient Egyptian rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound, with battered (sloping) sides covering a burial chamber below ground.

6. STONEHENGE ..................... (

F. A massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex.

Inward inclination or slope of an outer wall. BATTER

SPHINX

MASTABA

PYRAMID

7. ZIGGURAT ............................. (

G.

8. HIEROGLYPHICS ................. (

H.

Huge monoliths, square on plan and tapering to an electrumcapped pyra-midion at the summit, which was the sacred part. The four sides are cut with hieroglyphics. OBELISK

Artificial mountains made up of tiered, rectangular stages which rose in number from one to seven. ZIGGURAT

H. DEFINITIONS (put the corresponding letter) 1. DOLMEN ............................... (

A. The term applied to the triangular curved overhanging surface by means of which a circular dome is supported over a square or polygonal compartment.

2. VOUSSOIRS ......................... (

B. A term originally applied to painting on a wall while the plaster is wet and is not in oil colors.

3. EXEDRA ................................ (

C. An adjective used to describe an artist who selects forms and ideas from different periods or countries and combines them to produce a harmonious whole.

PENDENTIVE

FRESCO

ECLECTIC

10

'

4. CELLA .................................... (

D.

5 STUPA ····························-······ (

E. A large fortified place; a fort of-

Term in a specialized sense to describe one of the attitudes of taste towards architecture and landscape gqrdening in the late 18th and early 19th century. PICTURESQUENESS

ten including a town; any place of security. FORTRESS

6. ECLECTIC ............................. (

F. Pre-Colombian edifice dedicated to the service or worship of their god which is made of stones entered by a single door to a very steep single flight of steps, above it rises a high stone roof. MAYAN TEMPLE PYRAMID

7. SOFFIT .................................. (

G.

The sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of the god.

8. FORTRESS ........................... (

H.

An ancient structure usually regarded as a tomb, consisting of two or more large, upright stones set with a space between and capped by a horizontal stone.

CELLA

DOLMEN

9. PENDENTIVE ........................ (

I. In ancient (Greece or Rome) a room or covered area or open on one side used as a meeting place. EXEDRA

10. MAYAN TEMPLE PYRAMID ............................... (

J. Any of the pieces, in the shape of a truncated wedge, which form an arch or vault. VOUSSOIR

11. PICTURESQUENESS ........... (

K. Domical mounds which grouped with their rails, gateways, professional paths and crowning "umbrella" came to be known as symbols of the universe.

12. FRESCO ................................ (

L. The exposed undersurface of any overhead component of a building such as an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or vault.

STUPA

SOFFIT

11

MATCHING TYPE

I. DI!PINITIONS

1. STOA ..................................... (

A. A triangular piece of wall above the entablature enclosed by rak ing corr.ices. PEDIMENT

2. ATLANTES ............................. (

B. The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surface usually in DORIC columns.

3. ABACUS ................................ (

C. The vertical channeling on the

ARRIS

shaft of a column. FLUTES

4. ENTASIS ................................ (

D. A small flat band between mouldings to separate them from each other. FILLETS

5. FLUTES ................................. (

E. The lowest square member of the base of a column.

6. CARYATIDS ........................... (

F. The portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice. A

PLINTH

term also applied to the lower portions of walls when decorated separately. DADO

7. DADO ..................................... (

G. Or town square, was the centre of social and business life, around which were stoas, or colonnaded porticoes, temples, markets, public buildings, monuments, shrines. AGORA

8. ARRIS .................................... (

H. A swelling or curving outwards along the outline of a column shaft, designed to counteract the optical illusion which gives a shaft bounded by straight lines the appearance of curving inwards.

9. FILLETS ................................. (

I. A slab forming the crowning member of a column.

1U. PEDIMENT .......................... (

J. Carved male figures serving as

ENTASIS

ABACUS

pillars also called Telamones. ATLANTES

K. Sculptured female figures used

11. PLINTH ................................. (

as columns or. supports. CARYATIDS

12

12. AGORA .................................. (

L. A long colonnaded building, served many purposes, used around public places and as shelter at religious shrines. STOA

J. DEFINITIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. TRIUMPHAL ARCH ............... (

A. A mass of masonry built against a wall to resist the pressure of an arch or vault. BUTTRESS

2. THERMAE ............................. (

B.

Line of intersection of cross vaults.

3. COLOSSEUM ........................ (

c.

An arch covering in stone or brick over any building.

4. AQUEDUCTS ........................ (

D. A turret or part of a building elevated above the main building.

5. FORUM .................................. (

E. Sunk panels, caissons or Iacunaria formed in ceilings, vaults or domes.

6. PINNACLE ............................ (

F. Corresponds to the Agora in a Greek city was a central open space, used as a meeting place. market or rendezvous for political demonstrations.

7. SARCOPHAGUS ................... (

G. Palatial public baths of Imperial Rome, raised on a high platform.

GROINS

VAULT

PINNACLE

COFFER

FORUM

THERMAE

8. MAUSOLEUM ....................... (

H. Elliptical Amphitheaters are characteristically Roman buildings found in every important settlement, used to display of mortal combats (Gladiatorial)

9. GROINS ................................. (

I. A term applied to monumental tombs. They consisted of large cylindrical blocks, often on a quadrangular podium, topped with a conical crown of earth or stone.

COLOSSEUM

MAUSOLEUM

13

10. COFFER ............................ (

J. These are arches erected to emperors and generals commemorating victorious campaigns, with one or three openings. Such arches were adorned with appropriate bas-reliefs and usually carried grit-bronze '3tatuary on an attic storey and having a dedicatory inscription in its face. TRIUMPHAL ARCH

11. BUTTRESS ............................ (

K. A roman structure where immense quantities of water were required for the great thermae and for public fountains, and for domestic supply tor the large population.

12. VAULT .................................... (

L. Taken from a tomb chamber, or

AQUEDUCTS

the ornamental treatment given to a stone coffin hewn out of one block of marble and with sculptures, figures and festoons of a late period, surmounted by lids like roofs terminating in scrolls. SARCOPHAGUS

MATCHING TYPE

K. DEFINITIONS 1. NARTHEX ................. c............ (

A.

2. BAPTISTERIES ..................... (

B. The circular or rnultangu1ar ter-

A canopy supported by columns generally placed over an altar or tomb also known as ciborium. BALDACHINO

mination of Cl church sanctuary. APSE

3. FONT ..................................... (

C. Decorative surfaces fonned by a small cubes of stones, glass, and marble. MOSAIC

4. DOME .................................... (

D. A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or detached from the wall.

5. BEMA .................................... (

E. Tile principal or central longitudinal area of a church, extending from the main entrance or narthex to the chancel, usually flanked by aisles of less height.

ARCADE

NAVE

14

6. ARCADE ................................ (

F. A long arcaded entrance porch to a Christian basilican church.

7. AMBO .................................... (

G.

~-

H.

MOSAIC ................................. (

NARTHEX

A longitudinal division of an interior area. as in a church, separated from the main area by an arcades or the like. AISLE

A raised stage in a basilican church reserved for the clergy. BEMA

9. BALDACHINO ....................... (

I. A raised pulpit on either side of a basilican church from which the epistle of a gospel were AMBO read.

10. AISLE ..................................... (

J. A building or a part of a church in which baptism is administered. BAPTISTERIES

11. NAVE ..................................... (

K. A basin usually of stone which holds the water for baptism. FONT

12. APSE .................................... (

L. A vault having a circular plan, and usually in the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions. DOME

L. DEFINITIONS 1. KIOSK .................................... (

A. A public open space in Byzantine architecture. surrounded by buildings. PIAZZA

2. MOSQUE ............................... (

B. The central stone of a semi-circular arch, sometimes sculptured. KEYSTONE

3. CORBEL ................................ (

C. The triangular space enclosed by the curve of an arch, a vertical line from its springing, a horizontal line through its apex.

4. MINARET ............................... (

D. A screen in a Greek orthodox church on which icons or (sacred images), pictures, are placed separating the chancel from the space, open to the laity

SPANDREL

VERANDAH

15

5. CHAMFER ............................. (

E. Women's or private quarters of a house or place in Islamic architecture. HAREM

6. ATRIUM ................................. (

F. An inward-looking building whose prime purpose is contemplation and prayer. A space without object of adoration (Muslim) MOSQUE

7. SQUINCH .............................. (

G. A tall tower in, or continuous to, a mosque arch, stairs leading up to one or more balconies from which the faithful are called to prayer. MINARET

8. HAREM .................................. (

H. A small pavilion, usually open, built in gardens and parks KIOSK

9. CENOTAPH ........................... (

I. An approach or an open forecourt surrounded by arcades in a Basilican church. ATRIUM

10. OGEE ..................................... (

J. A block of stone, often elaborately carved or moulded, projecting from a wall, supporting the beams of a roof, floor or vault. CORBEL

11. KEYSTONE ........................... (

K. A diagonal cutting of an arris formed by two surfaces at an angle.

12. ICONOSTASIS ....................... (

L. Geometrical ornaments due to absence of human and animal statues.

13. VERANDAH ........................... (

M. A double curve, resembling the letterS, formed by the union of a curve and a convex line.

14. PIAZZA .................................. (

N. A small arch or bracket built across each angle of a square or polygonal structure to form an octagon or other appropriate base for a dome or a spire.

15. ARABESQUE ........................ (

0. A covered porch or balcony extending along the outside of a building, planne.d for summer leisure.

CHAMFER

ARABESQUE

OGEE

SQUINCH

VERANDAH

16

16. SPANDREL ............................ (

P. An empty tomb a monument erected in memory of one not interred in or under it. CENOTAPH

M. DEFINITIONS 1. TURRET ................................ (

A. The high platform on which temples were generally placed (in general, any elevated platform)

2. MULLIONS ............................. (

B. An umbrella shaped cupola

3. CHATEAU .............................. (

c.

4. FLECHE ................................. (

D. Is a rectangular feature in the

PODIUM CHATTRIS

Vaulting in Romanesque in which a framework of ribs supported thin stone panels. The new method consisted in designing the profile of the transverse, longitudinal and diagonal ribs to which the form of the panels was adopted. RIB AND PANEL

shape of a pillar, but projecting only about one sixth of its breadth from the waiL PILASTER STRIP

5. NICHE .................................... (

E. The ornamental pattern work in stone, filling the upper part of a Gothic window. TRACERY

6. BOSS ..................................... (

F. The part of a cruciform church, projecting at right angles to the main building. TRANSEPT

7. PILASTER STRIP .................. (

G.

8. CHATTRIS ............................. (

H. A slender wooden spire rising from a roof.

A (shell) or a recess in a wall, hallowed like a shell for a statue or ornament. NICHE

FLECHE

9. TRACERY .............................. (

I. Small towers, often containing stairs, and forming special features in mediab"'' ~t:iidi;Jgs.

10. PODIUM ................................. (

J. Vertical tr:1cery .members dividing windows into different numbers of light.

TURRET

MULLIONS

17

11. TRANSEPT ............................ (

K. A castle in a french-speaking country, or a stately residence. CHATEAU

12. RIB AND PANEL .................... (

L. (lump or knob) or projecting ornamert at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat. BOSS

14. DEFINITIONS. 1. CIMBORIO ............................. (

A. A slight convex curvature built into a truss or beam to compensate for any anticipated deflection so that it will have no sag when under load. CAMBER

2. LARDER·························'······ (

B. A vault in which the ribs compose a star-shaped pattern. STELLAR VAULT

3. SPIRE .................................... (

c.

4. STEEPLE ............................... (

D. Covered passages round an

A bay window especially cantilevered or corbelled out from the face of a wall by means of projecting stones. ORIEL WINDOW

open space or garth, connecting the church to the chapter house. CLOISTERS

5. WARDROBE .. ..................... (

E. The dining hall of a monastery, convent, pr college. REFECTORY

6. CAMBER ................................ (

F. A building complex of a certain english order or a self -contained community used by monks. MONASTERY

7. CLOISTERS .......................... (

G.

8. PANTRY ................................. (

H. A room where food is stored.

A serving room between kitchen and dining room, or a room for storage of food supplies. PANTRY LARDER

9. STELLAR VAULT ................... (

I. A room for storage of garments.

10. MONASTERY ........................ (

J. Special term for a lantern or

WARDROBE

raised structure above a roof admitting light into the interior. CIMBORIO

18

11. ORIEL WINDOW ................... (

K. The tapering termination of a tower in Gothic churches. SPIRE

12. REFECTORY··········:·············· (

L. The term applied to a tower crowned by a spire. STEEPLE

0. DEFINITIONS. 1. SCROLL ................................. (

A. The chief magistrate's buildings, in the former republic of Venice and Genoa. DOGE'S PALACE

2. PALAZZO ............................... (

B. A tower not connected with "Bell" a term applied to the upper room in a tower in which the bells are hung.

3. BALUSTER ... .. .. ... .. ... .

c.

BELFRY

... (

A space entirely or partly under a building; in churches, generally beneath the chancel and used for burial in earlier times. CRYPT

4. ROCOCO .............................. (

D. The space about the altar of a church. usually separated by a screen for the clergy and other officials, usually referred to as the "choir" CHANCEL

5. BAROQUE ........................... (

E. (British) The hall built or used by a medieval association as of merchants and tradesmen, organized to maintain standards that constituted a governing body. DOGE'S HALL

6. BELFRY ................................. (

F. An Italian impressive public building or private building. PALAZZO

7. ENTABLATURE ..................... (

G.

8. DOGE'S HALL ....................... (

H. One of a number of short vertical members often circular in section used to .s..;tJport a stair handratl or a coping.

An eternal solid angle of a wall or the like. One of the stones forming it, corner stone (Renaissance) QUOINS

BALUSTER

19

9. PAVILION ............................... (

10. CHANCEL .............................. (

I. Or rock, a term applied to a type of Renaissance ornament in which rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells are worked up together in a profusion and confusioR of detail often without organic coherence but presenting a lavish display of decoration. ROCOCO J. An ornament consisting of a

spirally wound band, either as a running ornament or as a terminal. like the volutes of the ionic capital. 11. QUOINS ................................. (

SCROLL K. In France, anything extrava-

gantly ornamented, so ornate as to be in bad taste, a style of art· and architecture in Italy in the 17th to 18th century. BAROQUE

12. CONSOLE .........·.................... (

13. CRYPT ................................... (

L. The central shaft of a circular staircase. Also applied to the post in which the handrail is framed. NEWEL M. A sphencal roof, placed like an

inverted cup over a circular, square, or multangular apartment. CUPOLA

14. NEWEL .................................. (

N. (little hou¢e, for pleasure and

recreation). A prominent structure, generally distinctive in character. PAVILION

15. DOGE'S PALACE .................. (

0. Or bracket, is a projecting member to support a weight generally formed with scrolls or volute ~hen carrying the upper member of a cornice.

16. CUPOLA ................................ (

P. The entire construction of a classical temple or the like, between the columns and the eaves usually composed of an architrave, frieze, a cornice.

CONSOLE

ENTABLATURE

20

P. DEFINITIONS 1. VESTIBULE ........................... (

A. Also called brackets or ccnsoles or ancones is a projecting member to support a weight generally formed with scrolls or volutes which carry the upper member of a cornice.

2. LANTERN .............................. (

3. WREATH ................................ (

4. SALON ................................... (

5. MANSARD ............................. (

6. NYMPHAEUM ....................... (

7. FINIAL .................................... (

8. PEDESTAL ............................ (

9. DORMER ............................... (

10. HERMES ................................ (

21

MODILLIONS B. A support for a column statue or vase, it usually consists of a base, die, and cornice or cap mould. PEDESTAL C. A decorative niche often topped with a canopy and housing a statue. TABERNACLE D. A window in a sloping roof usually that of a sleeping apartment. DORMER E. Vertical members dividing windows into different number of lights. MULLION F. The horizontal divisions or crossbars of windows. TRANSOM G. A roof having a double. Slope on all four sides; the lower slope being much steeper and flatter upper portion also known as gambrel roof. MANSARD H. A room decorated witn plants, sculpture and fountains (often decorated with beautiful Maidens living in rivers, trees) and intended for relaxation. NYMPHAEUM I. A twisted band, garland or chaplet, representing flowers, fruits, leaves, often used in decoration. WREATH J. A construction such as a tower, at the crossing of a church rising above the neighboring roofs and glazed at the sides. LANTERN

11. MULLION ............................... (

K. An ante-room to a larger apartment of a building. VESTIBULE

12. PATIO ..................................... (

L. In Renaissance, a room used primarily for exhibition of art objects, or a drawing room.

13. MODILLIONS ......................... (

M. A bust on a square pedestal instead of a human body, used in classic times to mark boundaries on highways, and used decoratively in Renaissance times.

14. TRANSOM ............................. (

N. (to walk) the cloister or covered passage around the east end of a church, behind the altar.

15. TABERNACLE ....................... (

0. An ornate iron grille, or screen, a characteristic feature of Spanish church interiors.

16. AMBULATORY ...................... (

P. A Spanish arcaded or colonnaded courtyard.

SALON

HERMES

AMBULATORY

FINIAL

PATIO

Q. DEFINITIONS

1. FINIAL .................................... (

A. Phase of the early period of Spanish architecture c-f thP. later 15th and early 16th century, an intricate style named after its likeness to silver work. PLATERESQUE

2. DAIS ....................................... (

B. An expression of Spanish Baroque architecture and sculpture, a recurrent feature was the richly garlanded spiral column.

3. BAY WINDOW ················'······ (.

C. A movable candle lamp-stand with central shaft, and often, branches or a decorative representation thereof.

4. HELM ROOF ......................... (

D. Earth baked (unglazed) or burnt in moulds. For use in construction and decoration, harder in quality than brick.

CHURRIGUERESQUE

CANDELABRA

TERRA COTTA

22

5. GALLERY .............................. (

E. One of the winged heavenly beings that support the throne of God or act as guardian spirits. or Chubby, rosy-faced child with wings.

6. STRAPWORK ........................ (

F. A coat of arms.

CHERUBS HERALDIC

7. · INTERCOLUMNIATION ......... (

G. The window of a protruded bay or the windowed bay itself.

8. CHERUBS ............................. (

H. A raised platform reserved for the seating ol speakers or dignitaries.

9. TERRA-COTIA ...................... (

I. A roofed but open-sided structure afford inn an extensive view, usually located at the Rooftop of a dwelling but sometimes an independent buildmg or an eminence on a formal garden.

BAY WINDOW

DAIS

BELVEDERE

J. A communicatin11 passage or

10. HERALDIC

wide comdor for ',:ctures and statues. An upper f · y for seats in a church. GALLERY .(

K. A type of relit~ I ·>r 'ldment or cresting resernbl'i ·J studded leather straps arranged in geometrical and sometimes interlaced patterns much used in the early renaissance architecture of England.

12. PULPIT .............................. (

L. Bulbous termination to the top of a tower, found principally in Central and Eastern Europe.

13. BELVEDERE .......................... (

M. The space between the two columns.

14. CHURRIGUERESQUE .......... (

N. (grating) an ornament in classic or renaissance architecture consisting of an assembly of straight lines intersecting at right angles, and of various patterns.

11. PLATERESQUE ..

STRAPWORK

HELM ROOF

INTERCOLUMNIATION

FRETWORK

15. CANDELABRA ..................... (

0. Also called "key pattern" the upper portion of a pinnacle. FINIAL

23

16. FRETWORK .......................... (

P. An elevated enclosed stand in a church in which the preacher stands. PULPIT

R. DEFINITIONS

1. WATA-DAGE .......................... (

A.

Type of timber framing in America about 1820 wherein it owes its strength to the walls, roof acting as diaphragms; and not on the post. It is an extension of the roof.

2. TUDOR-REVIVAL .................. (

B.

The arrangement and design of windows in a building.

3. TORUS·····························:···· (

c.

4. PAGODA ................................ (

D. An art free from any historical

BALLOON FRAME

FENESTRATION

A structural system consisting of trusses in two directions rigidly· connected at their intersections. A rectangular shape is formed where the top and bottom chords of the trusses are directly above and below one another. SPACE-FRAME

style characterized by forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade aptly called for floral design. ART NOUVEAU

5. BUNGALOW .......................... (

E.

6. FAIENCE ................................ (

F. Related or conforming to tech-

A school founded by Gropius in 1919, developing a form of training intended to relate art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of modern life. BAUHAUS

nical architectural principles. ARCHITECTONIC

7. STAMBAS or LATHS ............. (

G.

One storey with low overhanging roof and broad front porch. Unpretentious style often rambling spreadout floor plan, more expensive to build.

8. GREAT WALL ....................., .. (

H.

Picturesque composition built in America since 1980. Half timbering and massive medieval

BUNGALOW

TUDOR REVIVAL

24

l

chimney. Identified by prominent gables and large, expansive windows with small panes. Roof often slate or tiles. Also called Elizabethan or Jacobean. DOME

9. ART NOVEAU ........................ (

I. Rock-cut temples in India. RATHS

10. BAUHAUS .............................. (

J. A large c•nvex moulding used principally in the bases of columns .

11. FENESTRATION ................... (

K. A glazed earthware originally made in ltaiy.

1i

ARCHITECTONIC ................. (

L. Monumental pillars standing free without any structural function, with circular or octagonal shafts with inscriptions carved in it. The capital was bellshaped and crowned with animal supported bearing the Bud· dhist wheel of the Law

13. RATHS .................................. (

M. Outstanding Architectural creation in Sri Lanka which is a circular relic house built in stone and brick.

14. SPACE-FRAME .................... (

N. A Chinese ceremonial gateway erected in memory of an eminent person.

15. SALOON-FRAME ................. (

0. Most typical Chinese building ,

.

TORUS

FAIENCE

STAMBAS or LATHS

WATA-DAGE

PAILOU

usually octagonal in piAT TERN

C LINE PATTERN

U ALTERNATE PATTERN

?

rt1is pattern revolves around the urban core and development follows. radiating spokes of main highways or mass transit routes. Higher densrty tends to form around the spokes with lower density development in betwePn WHfF:L PATTERN 8

H p [) j ,., i

~ 'j\ I

Tf- H N

!

110

iHC IJLAR PATl ERN

C

D

0000

3. This pattern has no central focus or apparent overall organization scheme. Development takes place in an amorphous network of highways and natural features. A. AREA PAITERN

C. SPREAD PAITERN

B. COMMON COVERAGE PAITERN

D. FILLED PAITERN

4. With this pattern, there is a central urban core with other major cores surrounding it. The central core is linked to the others with major highways, and often the outer cores are connected with a road system called a beltway. It is then possible to travel from center to center or around the city without having to go through the core. The outer cores often begin as major shopping areas, peripheral business centers, or transportation centers.

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

0

0000

A. ARTERY PATTERN C. SATELLITE PATTERN B. CONNECTION PATTERN

D. CIRCUMFERENTIAL PAITERN

5. The ultimate in urban development is the Here, two or more major urban centers near each other grow together as the space between is developed.

A. PERSEPOLIS

C., METROPOLIS

B. MEGALOPOLIS

D. PHILOPOLIS

6. Although large-scale urban development can affect the way people view the city and how individual parcels of land are developed, it is within the smaller community and neighborhood scale that architects must plan sites and design buildings. One idea that is useful in linking the urban scale with the community scale is the concept of _ _ _ __ A. OREAMABILITY

C. IMAGEABILITY

B. PERMEABILITY

D. LINKABILITY

111

A

B

C

0

0000

A

B

C

0

0000

lmageability is the quality of a physical enviiOnment that gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in the mind of a given observer. For example, the hills of Baguio City are part of the image of that city that in the minds of most people who visit it or live there. Five basic elements of the urban image are the following: these are created by components of the city. 7 A is a way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move. This may be a street, pedestrian walkway, railroad, transit line, or river. Since circulation is such an important part of any physical environment. These are usually at the center of a person's image.

8.

9.

10.

A. ROAD

C. LINE

B. STRAIT

D. PATH

are linear elements other than tre above, that form boundaries between two districts or that break continuity. This mat be a shoreline, a line of b!Jildings against a park, a wall or a similar feature. This may either be solid or penetrable. A. EDGES

B. FENCES

B. RIMS

C. WALLS

are two-dimensional area that people are having some common. Identifying character and that they can enter. This can be perceived from the inside if you are in it or can be identified as an element of the city if you are outside.

A. BARANGAYS

C. PARKS

B. DIVISIONS

D. DISTRICTS

are strategic centers of interest that people can enter. They may be the intersection of paths;J>Iaces where modes of transportation change, plazas, public squares, or centers of districts. A. CLUSTERS

C. NODES

B. CAMPS

D. CENTROIDS

112

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

11.

are similar to nodes in that they are point references, but people cannot enter them they are viewed from the exterior. A tower, monument, building, or natural feature can be this.

A. SPECIAL STRUCTURES

C. BENCHMARK

B. LANDMARK

D. FOCAL POINT

A B C D

0000

Many of the large-scale elements of imageability are intervene with the smaller community neighborhood. However, there are additional patterns of development that are intimately related to an individual site. 12. One of this approaches is the , which is an outgrowth of the new town concP.pt. Here, the attempt was made to plan a large piece of land that limited the intension of the automobile. It is surrounded ,by a continuous street, and vehicular access was provided with cui-de-sacs. A. SUPER BLOCKS

A

8

C

D

0000

C. MASS DEVELOPMENT

B. SUPER HIGHWAYS D. CORNER AREAS 13. Another variation and extension of the Mone's concept is the concept. With this approach, each large parcel of land can have a mix of uses: residential, commercial, recreational and open spaces designed with variable lot sizes and densities. Industrial developments can also be planned in this variation. A. CONCEPTUALIZED C. PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PUD) B. ADVANCED DESIGN

D. DREAM LAND

The physical environment affects human behavior. This is true at any scale, from the plan of a city to the arrangement of furniture in a room. The following principles are:

113

A

B

C

D

0000

14.

. This refers to the number of people per unit of area. For example, a city might be referred to as having a group of 500 people per hectare. This refers only to a ratio, not the total number of people or how they are distributed. The 5,000 people could be evenly distributed over the hectare or they could all be housed in a few high:rise buildings in one part of the land parcel. A. CAPACITY

C. MASSING

B. VOLUME

D. DENSITY

15. Interaction is social contact. In addition to interaction, people also need a place they can call their own, whether it is their house, a seat at a conference table, or one end of a park bench. This is the concept of

A. TERRITORIALITY

C. STAKING

B. OWNERSHIP

D. TITLING

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

Personal, when someone places family pictures, plants, individual coffee mugs. Permanent living environment, such as a house, or apartment, boundaries are provided by walls, fences, property lines. Group if a street, a row of trees, or a change in level 16. Closely related to the concept above is the concept of that surrounds each individual. There are four basic distances that can be used to study human behavior and serve as a guide for designing environments the intimate distance, physical contact from 0.15 to 0.45 m., a crowded bus, personal distance from 0.45 m. to 0.75 m. The social distance, fro;n 1.20m. to 3.60 m. for strangers, business, and the public distance from 3.60 m. upwards. A. SHARED SPACES

C. OPEN SPACES

B. PERSONAL SPACES

D. GENERAL SPACES

114

A

B

C

D

0000

8.1. COMMUNITY INFLUENCES ON DESIGN 1. Nearly all land development is dependent on or affected by some surrounding base of population within a geographical, region. The term used to describe this is the area. For excmple, the developer of a grocery store bases the decision to build on the number of people within a certain distance from the proposed store location. The population within this area is the primary market for the services of the store. (A mall, a school etc.) Other factors are the income brackets, ages, men and women ratios, etc. A. COMMON AREAS

C. PUBLIC AREAS

B. CATCHMENTS AREAS

D. DISTRIBUTION AREAS

2. AccessibiliW to of all types is crittcal to the selection and development of a building site. This is true at all scales, from accessibility by major freeways to the individual road system and pedestrian paths around a small site.

A. MOBILIZATION

C. TRANSPORTATION

B. TRAVELING

D. EGRESS

3. Any development project is an intimate part of the area ill! which it is located. Architects must be sensitive to the existing fabric of a that may influence how a project is designed as well as the impact the project may have all the surroundings. This is defined as a relatively small area in which a number of people live who share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities and other aspects of day-to-day living.

A. NEIGHBORHOOD

C. COMMUNE

B. BARANGAY \

D. ORGANIZATION

115

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

0

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

4.

include such places as schools, shops, fire stations, churches, post offices, and recreational centers. Their availability, locatior and relative importance in a neighborhood can affect how a site is developed.

A. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS

C. GENERAL USE

B. OPEN FOR PUBLIC

D. PUBLIC FACILITIES

A B C D

0000

For example, if a church is the center of social activity in a neighborhood, the designer should maintain easy access to it, surrounding development should be sUbordinate or compatible with it, and the designer should I give consideration to maintaining views or enhancing its prominence in the corr.munity.

8.2. LAND ANALYSIS 5. A study of a site's is an important land conditions affect how development can take place, what modifications need to be made, and what costs might be involved. This map describes the surface features of land commonly used in land, planning and architectural site development this map shows the slope and contour of the land as well as other natural and man-made features. Included in this survey are data such as property boundaries, existing buildings, utility poles, roads and other man-made features, trees and natural features like rock outcropping and heavy vegetation. A. ENVIRONMENT

C. TOPOGRAPHY

B. CONTOUR

D. SLOPES

6. The on a map are a graphic way to show the elevations of the land in a plan view and are used to make a slope analysis to determine the suitability of the land for various uses. Each line represents a continuous line of equal elevation above some reference benchmark. The interval is the vertical distance between adjacent lines.

A. CONTOUR LINES

C. FORMATION LINES

B. CONTROL LINES

D. CONNECTING LINES 116

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

7. The slope of the land at a certain point is represented in percent. Each percent being (1'-0") 0.30 M. of vertical rise for every 33M. (100 feet) of horizontal distance. The slope is found by using the formula

A

B

C

D

0000

G= ~(10o) G=slope; d =vertical distance between

L two points. Find the slope between points A and B if the horizontal distance between them is 24M. and contour interval is 1.50 M. (A and B is three contours afar). A. 15.20%

C. 14.00%

B. 20.25%

D. 18.75%

8. Every site has that may be either desirable or undesirable. A complete site analysis will include a study of these features significant ·features ~uch as rock outcropping cliffs, caves, and bags should be identified to determine whether they must be avoided or can be used as positive design features in the site design. A. EXISTING

FEATURES B. NATURAL FEATURES

C

D

0000

D. MAN-MADE FEATURES

C. SIPHONAGE

DRAINAGE B. NATURAL FLOW PATH

B

C. GEOLOGICAL FEATURES

9. Every site has some type of pattern that must be taken into account during design. Some minor patterns can be diverted around roads, parking lots and buildings with curbs, culverts and minor changes in the contours of the land. Major path~ such as gullies, dry gulches, or rivers may traverse the site. These will have a significant influence on potential site development since they must be maintained. Buildings need to be built away from them or bridge them so water flow is not restricted and potential damage is avoided. A. NATURAL

A

D. CONDUCTORS

117

A

B

C

0

0000

C. TRANSPORTATION AND UTILITY INFLUENCES Another influence is that of transportation and utilny roads provide a primary means of access to a site. Their availability and capacity may be prime d~term;,,ants in whether and how a parcel of land can be devt:!oped. 1.

2.

3.

4

streets have the lowest cap 1city and provide direct access to building site. Thev may be in the form of a continuous grid of curvilin~ar systems or be cui-de-sacs or loops.

A. LOCAL STREETS

C. INTERIOR STREETS

B. ALLEYS

D. PUBLIC STREEYS

streets connect local streets and arterial streets. They have a higher capacit·, than local streets but are usually not intended for through traffic. Intersections of this kind of street rr.ay be controlled by stop signs, while intersections with arterial streets will be controlled with stop lights.

A. AGGREGATE

C. ORGANIZER

B. TWO-WAY

D. COLLECTOR

streets are intended as major continuous circulation routes that carry large arnounts of traffic on two or three lanes. They usually connect expressways. Parking on the street is typically not allowed and direct access from this kind of street to building sites should be avoided. A. WEB

C. CIRCUMFERENTIAL

B. ARTERIAL

D. BATTERY

are limited access roads designed to move large volumes of traffic between, through and around population centers. Intersections are made by various types of ramp systems, and pedestrian access is not allowed. This category of road have a major influence on the land due to the space they require and their noise and visual impact. A. HIGHWAY

C. EXPRESSWAY

B. M EGASTR EET

D. DIVERSION

118

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

5. The availability and location of lines can influence site design of site analysis should include a determination of the types of public access available, whether bus, subway, rail line, or taxi stop, and the location relative to the site. Building entrances and major site features should be located conveniently to these lines.

6.

A. TRAIN

C. JEEPNEY

B. PUBLIC TRANSIT

D. TAXI

to a site includes provisions tor truck loading, moving vans, and daily delivery services. Ideally, this should be sepc., 4" min. minimum 3 risers meximum 10 risers between landings

~J

4~·' . ' I i 1

DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EXTERIOR STAIRS

1111111

•

-

24 '

-:

1-10' tO 12' 1 loading doc

-:---n I

I

35'

tO

'

-

~

[TI

62'

two-way

i'.douole minimu., loaded

IIIIQ

SO'! I

I

lal

' 45' radius for straight bodY :ruck

go•

parking

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35' to 50'

I

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19.81 32.8'

13'

._.. one-y

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:o 14' one-.Ney

12'

(bl 45• parking

DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SERVICE DRIVES PARKING LAYOUTS

138

52.6' doUble

Unless otherwise required by the program, you must include at least one parking space for the physically disabled. This space should be located close to the building entrance and be identified with the international symbol for accessibility.

__ j _______ 3_________________ _ 36" min. accessible route

curb·

~

tv

ramp

1:12

~

marking (or sign I

a· s· ---'----,--j

PARKING FOR THE PHYSICALLY DISABLED

Establish drainage in parking areas as part of the site design. The minimum slope should be 1X percent with a maximum slope of 5 percent. but for convenience in calculating, use 2 or 3 percent when figuring parking slopes. Water should drain toward the edges of the parking area where it can run off into the landscaping be collected and diverted to storm sewers or other natural water courses. One useful rule of thumb is that the change in elevation from one side of a double-loaded parking area to the other ( 19.00 m) for a minimum 1X percent slope is one foot (0.31). With an absolute maximum of a 5 percent slope, the maximum change in elevation for (19.00m) is about (0.91) or 3 feet. This is a useful way to quickly check you new contour lines when designing a parking area.

139

92---------------------------91

-------------------

:~~~~~~~~}~=~~~-~~~~F break in curb _ / required for drainage (a) drainage perpendicular to length of lot

92

91

90

I

88

89

87

I

I

I

I

I

I

I I I I I I I

I

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----...

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crown in center (b) drainage parallel to length

91

92

90

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)

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I

I

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slope

I

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I

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I

I

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I

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I

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I

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sa

89

I

I

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I

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(c) drainage across lot

DRAINAGE PATTERNS IN PARKING LOTS

140

7. LANDSCAPING Landscaping is a vital part of site development. In addition to its purely aesthetic qualities, landscaping can improve energy conservation, moderate noise, frame desirable views, block undesirable views, create privacy, fashion outdoor spaces, provide shade, retard erosion. and visually connect a building to its site. It is also required in some communities. Deciduous trees block sunlight in summer while allowing it to enter a building in the cold months, when leaves fall. Trees can also moderate the wind and thereby reduce heat loss from wall surfaces. If trees are employed as a windbreak, evergreens should be used so they are still effective in the cold months. Grass, shrubs and ground cover lower the ALBEDO of the site. Albedo is that portion of the radiant energy that is reflected as it falls on a surface. Combined with the low conductivity of plant materials, a well-landscaped site can reduce the daytime temperature around the building significantly and in some cases raises the night time temperature slightly. Plants are like any other design material in that they have form, size, color. texture, and other qualities that can serve the purposes of the designer and create the k·ind of image desired. Unlike other materials, however, plant grow. The mature size and height of the tree or shrub must be known so adequate spacing between plants and buildings can be provided. Generally, planting strips with trees in parking areas and between other paved areas should be at least 2.10 m wide while landscaping strips for grass or ground covers between paved areas should be at least 1.20 M wide. Because most trees and shrubs take so long to grow, save existing healthy landscaping whenever possible, especially large trees. The contours of the land cannot be changed around existing trees. so careful planning is necessar}-. Trees and other •landscaping also need protection during construction. 8. PROPERTY DESCRIPTIONS A method of describing the boundaries of a site is called the METES and BOUNDS description. The title of the land describes the boundaries and the corresponding length of line, as well as the direction of line bearings referred to by the number of degrees, minutes, and seconds the line is located either east or west of a north-south line. This also gives the area of the lot in square meters. Another system starts with a set of east-west lines called the "PARALLELS" that follow the lines of latitude of the earth and with a set of north-south lines called "MERIDIANS". Example, a parcel of land Lot 18 containing an area of 912.60 sq. meters located in BAGUIO bounded on the NW by Lot 19, on the NE by Lot 25, on the SE by Lot 17 and on the SW by a street beginning at a point 1 . from B.L.

141

w

S-25°, 32' 03"E .1.700 from lrisan Line Quarry; N-65° 08' 42" 35.00 m to pt.21 thence S 54° 35' 04" W 25.80 m tc pt.4; thence S 35°-29' 01"E 27.00 m to pt. 4 thence N 54°-48' 08"E 41.80 m to pt. of beginning 1.

~N

N

w--+---

I

---r-=7 w,] L~17

--+--·-=."

E

s

(a)

N

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

I

r

I I I

I I

e:~.80M

'

' LOT18 912.60 SQ.M.

•EL39.50M.

' ' ' ' '

ELEVATIONS - BM or Bench marks

9. OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS In addition to the factors already discussed, many other design considerations can influence the location and configuration of a building, as well as other features of the site design. One of the most important is the context of the surrounding development. The design of a building should be sensitive to the "SCALE", "MASSING", and "FENESTRATION" patterns or nearby buildings. The design should also consider any fl,mctional adjacency requirements with other structures or outdoor activities. 142

"VIEws· are also an important consideration. Pleasant, desirable views can be used to ·advantage, either as seen from important spaces within the building or from outdoor spaces. Undesirable views can be avoided by planning the building so service spaces or less important spaces face them. Off-site sources of noise can be similarly avoided by minimizing fenestration near the noise source.

Quite frequently, buildings are located in order to fall on an important axis with surrounding structures or to complete the enclosure of a major outdoor space. The site-planning process should not overlook these· kinds of symbolic criteria.

SITE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN QUESTIONS

1. What is especially important in designing roads for drainage?

A. CROWN

C. DRAIN INLETS

B. BASE LINE

D. INVERTS

C. TOWNSHIP

B. PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN

D. METES AND BOUNDS

3. Waste water flows because of differences between what?

B. INVERTS

D. CATCH BASINS

''·'

North

t

10

8 6 4

2

0

2

143

D

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

0000

4. Assuming the building site shown was surrounded on four sides by city streets, which building and road layout would be most appropriate for the site topography?

4

C

0000

A. SHEET FLOW

C. DRAIN OUTLETS

B

0000

A

2. What is a land measure 9 km. on a side known as?

A. BUILDING SEWER

A

A

B

C

D

0000

A.

C.

B.

D.

D 5. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A

B

C

D

0000 A. A 1.1% slope is suitable for rough paving 2 . B. Landscaped areas near buildings should have at leas;t a 2% slope away from the structure. C. A safe sidewalk would slope 2.1% 2

D. Roads in northern climates can safely have up to a 12% grade 6. Which of the following would result in the best site circulation?

I. planning the service entry drive separate from the automobile entry and drive II. making parking areas oversize to accommodate pedestrian circulation Ill. designing all two-way roads at least 7.20 M wide

144

A

B

C

D

0000

IV. limiting parking area traffic to a single entrance away from pedestrian walks

v.

laying out walks parallel to parking areas

A. I, Ill, and IV

C. II, IV, and V

B. I, Ill, and V

D. I, Ill, IV, and V

A

7. Property can best be described with: A. METES and BOUNDS C. LOCATION WITHIN A SUBDIVISION B. REFERENCE TO A SECTION AND TOWNSHIP

B

C

D

0000

D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

8. Potential overheating of a medical clinic in a temperature climate could be minimized by:

A

B

C

D

0000

A. designing an overhang for the west and east side of the building. B. planning a building shape to minimize the surface area of south-facing walls. C. having a landscape architect specify deciduous trees near the south elevation D. · all of the above North

t

9.

The contour lines in the sketch shown above indicate:

A. a sidewalk sloping down from east to west with a berm on the south side B. a road with drainage in the middle and a sidewalk and berm on the south C. a swale adjacent to a walking path sloping from northeast to southwest D. a curved street sloping up to west to east next to a drainage ditch 145

A

B

C

D

0000

10. If land is limited, which of the following is the best way to plan parking lots?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. two-way circulation with 90-degree parking on both sides of a drive B. 30-degree parking on both sides of a one-way loop system C. combining service circulation with parking at a 45degree angle

D. 90 degree parking on one side of a one-way circulation drive 11. l'his drainage involves sheet flow gutters built into roadways and parking areas, ground SWALES as part of the landscaping and channels

A. DRAIN INLETS

C. ABOVEGROUND

B. UNDERGROUND

D. BUILDING SEWER

12. Sanitary sewers and storm sewers usually take precedence in planning because they depend on gravity flow. The or lowest, elevations of the existing public sewer line should be established, since the effluent must flow from the lowest point where the sewer line leaves the building to the main sewer.

A. SITE CIRCULATION

C. CATCH BASIN

B. INVERT

D. CROWN

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

Ill. PROCESSING AND APPROVAL OF SUBDIVISION PLANS A. DEFINITIONS 1. PO 957 - Presidential Decree No. 957 an act regulating the sale of subdivision lots and condominiums, providing penalties for violating thereof.

2. SUBDIVISION PROJECT - shall mean a tract or a parcel of land registered under Act no. 496 which is partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot with or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in cash or in installment terms. It shall include all residential, commercial, industrial and recreational areas, af:i well as open spaces and other community and public areas in the project.

146

3. CONDOMINIUM PROJECT - shall mean the entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily for residential purposes into condominium units, including all structures thereon. 4. DEVELOPER - shall mean the person who develops or improves the subdivision project or condominium project for and in behalf of the owner thereof. 5. DEALER- shall mean any person directly engaged as principal in the business of buying, selling or exchanging real estate whether on a full-time or part-time basis. 6. BROKER - shall mean any person who for commission or other compensation, undertakes to sell or negotiate the sale of a real estate belonging to another. 7. SALESMAN- shall refer to the person regularly employed by a broker to perform, for and in his behalf, any or all the functions of a real estate broker. 8. NATIONAl,. HOUSING AUTHORITY- shall have exclusive jurisdiction to regulate the real estate trade and business 1n accordance with the provisions of this decree. 9. REGISTRATION OF PROJECTS- the registered owner of a parcel of land who wishes to convert the same into a subdivision project shall submit his subdivision plan to the authority which shall act upon and approve the same, upon a finding that the plan complies with the subdivision standards and regulations enforceable at the time the plan is submitted. 9. LICENSE TO SELL- such owner or dealer to whom has been issued a registration certificate shall not, however, be authorized to sell any subdivision lot or condominium unit in the registered project unless he shall have first obtained in license to sell the project within two weeks from the registration of such project. 10. PERFORMANCE BOND - no license to sell subdivision lots or condominium units shall be issued by the authority under Section 5 of this decree unless the owner or dealer shall have filed an adequate performance bond approved by said Authority to guarantee the construction and maintenance of the roads, gutters, drainage, sewerage, water system, lighting systems and full development of the subdivision project or the condominium project and the compliance by the owner and dealer with the applicable laws and rules and negotiations. The performance bond shall be executed in favor of the Republic of the Philippines and shall authorize the authority to use the proceeds thereof for the purposes of its undertaking in case of forfeiture as provided in this decree.

147

11. REGISTRATION - all contracts to sell, deeds of sale and other similar instruments relative to the sale or conveyance of the subdivision lots and condominium units, whether or not the purchase price is paid in full, shall be registered by the seller in the office of the REGISTER OF DEEDS of the province or city where the property is situated. 12. ALTERATION OF PLANS- no owner or developer shall change or alter the roads, open spaces, infrastructures, facilities for public use and/or other form of subdivision development as contained in the approved subdivision plan and/or represented in its advertisements, without the permission of the authority and the written conformity or consent of the duly organized homeowners association; or lot buyers. 13. HLRB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)- has the power to approve subdivision plans. 14. RIGHT OF WAY- the owner or developer of a subdivision without access to any existing public road or street must secure a right of way to a public road or street and such right of way must be developed and maintained according to the requirement of the government authorities concerned. B. PLANNING AND DESIGN STANDARDS FOR A RESIDENTIAL SUBDIVISION PROJECT PARAMETERS 1. PROJECT LOCATION

PD957 OPEN MARKET HOUSING WITHIN SUITABLE SITES FOR HOUSING AND OUTSIDE POTENTIAL HAZARD PRONE AND PROTECTION AREAS

2. LAND ALLOCATION (Percentage of Gross Area, One hectare and Above) a. Saleable area

a. 70% (maximum)

b. Non-saleable area

b. 30% (minimum) Mandatory allocation for parks and play grounds per tabulation below:

b.1 Area allocated for parks and playgrounds (one hectare and above)

Density (No. of Lots/ Dwelling Units per Hectare) 20 & below 21-25 26-35 26-50

148

% of Gross Area Allocated for Parks and Playgrounds 3.5%

4.0% 5.0% 6.0%

7.0 o/o 9.0 %

51-65 Above 65

Note: In no case shall the area be less than 100 sqm. b.2 Area Allocated for Community Facilities b.3 Circulation System

VARIABLE Observe hierarchy of roads

3. MINIMUM AREAS a. Single Detached

100 square meters

b. Duplex/Single Attached/ Semi-Detached

75 sq.m./unit

c. Rowhouse

50 sqm.

4. MINIMUM LOT FRONTAGE a. Single-Detached a.1 corner lot

12m.

a.2 regular lot

10m.

a.3 irregular lot

6m. PD957 OPEN MARKET HOUSING

PARAMETERS b. Duplex/Single Attached/ Semi-Detached

7.5m.

c. Rowhouse

3.5m.

5. LENGTH OF BLOCK

a. maximum length is 400 m. (for subdivision projects with lot component only) b. blocks exceeding 250 m. shall be provided with alley

NOTE: FOR ROWHOUSES, THERE SHALL BE A MAXIMUM OF 20 UNITS BUT IN NO CASE BE MORE THAN 100 METERS IN LENGTH. ROW

CARRIAGEWAY

a. Major

12.0 m.

8.0

b. Minor

10.0m.

6.0m.

c. Motorcourt (Cul-de-sac,

6.0m.

6. ROADS RIGHT-OF-WAY (ROW)*

branch, loop, "Tee") d. Alley

4.0m.

e.

3.0m.

ROW of access to interior lot

149

*Right-f-Way (ROW) of major roads shall be increased as project size increases. ROW shall not be lower than ROW of public road. NOTE: 1. INTERIOR SUBDIVISION PROJECT MUST SECURE RIGHT-OFWAY TO THE NEAREST PUBLIC ROAD.

2. SUBDIVISION PROJECTS WITH DIRECT ACCESS TO A MAIN PUBLIC ROAD MUST PROVIDE SUFFICIENT SETBACK TO ACCOMMODATE LOADING AND UNLOADING OF PASSENGERS. 3. SUBDIVISION PROJECT s:;ALL PROVIDE PROVISION FOR FUTURE EXPANSION (SEE TEXT) 7. MAXIMUM SIZES OF PROJECT PER HIERARCHY OF ROADS Project Size Range: 2.5 has. & below Above 2.5 - 5 has. Above 5 - 10 has. Above 15 - 30 has. Above 30 has.

major road, minor road, COURT, alley major road, minor road, COURT, alley major road, minor r::>ad, COURT, alley major road, minor road, COURT, alley major road, minor road, COURT, alley

MOTOR MOTOR MOl OR MOTOR MOTOR

PO 957 OPEN MARKET HOUSING

PARAMETERS 8. ROAD SPECIFICATIONS: a. Planting Strip/Sidewalks

Planting Strip

Sidewalk

a.1 Major Road (each side)

1.0 m.

1.0 m.

a.2 Minor Road (each side)

1.0 m.

1.0 1.1.

NOTE: REFER TO SUPPLEMENTARY RULES AND REGULATIONS TO IMPLEMENT PD 953[HLRBA.O. NO. 02, SERIES OF 1994 (12APRIL)] b. Road Payment b.1 Major

concrete/asphalt

b.2 b.3 b.4 b.5

concrete/asphalt concrete/asphalt concrete/asphalt concrete/asphalt

Minor Motor Court Sidewalks Alley

150

9. WATER SUPPLY

Mandatory connbction to appropriate public water supply system, or community system if available; or Centralized water supply systdm. NOTE: Each subdivision must have.at least one operational deepwell which shall provide sufficient capacity equal to the Maxi-

mum Daily Demand a. Minimum Water Supply Requirement

150 liters per capita per day for household connection

b. Fire Protection Demand

Provision for fire protection shall comply with the requirements of the National Fire Protection Code.

10. Drainage System

underground • The drainage system must conform with the natural drainage pattern of the subdivision site, and shall drain into appropriate water bodies, public drainage system or natural outfalls.

11. Sewage Disposal System a. Septic Tank b. Connection to Community

Sewer System

Individual septic tank conforming to standard design of the Sanitation Code. Whenever applicable, connections shall be

made to an approved public or community sewer system subject to the requirements and provisions of the Sanitation Code and other applicable rules and regulations with regards to materials and installation practices. PD 957 OPEN MARKET HOUSING

PARAMETERS 12. POWER SUPPLY

Mandatory individual household connection to primary and alternate sources of power if service is available in the locality. Installation practices, materials and fixtures used shall be in accordance with the provision of the electrical code and the local utility company.

13. GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Provide sanitary and efficient refuse collection and disposal system whether independently or in conjunction with the local government garbage collection and disposal services.

151

14. SHELTER COMPONENT a. Minimum Floor Area a.1 Single/Detached

Shall conform with the National Building Code a'ld Local Zoning Ordinance

a.2 Duplex!. Semi-Detached/ Single Attached a.3 Rowhouse b. Minimum Level of Completion b.1 Single Detached

Complete house

t).2 Duplex/ Semi-Detached/ Single Attached

Complete house

b.3 Rowhouse

Complete house

15. SETBACKS/EASEMENTS a. Front

3m.

b. Side

2m.

c. Rear

2m.

d. Abutments

May be allowed per requirements of National Building Code

152

AREA ''B'' PART I STRUCTURAL DESIGN

~~~-------

PART I

AREA "B"

DIRECTION: Read the items below and place the letter of the correct matched letter in the parenthesis indicated herein.

I. STANDARD STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS MATCHING TYPE

A. WOOD, STEEL, CONCRETE 1 . WOOD JOIST SYSTEM ........................... (

A. Another manufactured product

is a wood member manufactured with individual layers of thin veneer glued together. It is used primarily for headers over large opening, and singly or built-up for beams. 2. PLANK AND BEAM SYSTEM ........................... (

B. This is generally limited to bearing walls, it has a high compressive strength, but in unitized nature makes it inherently weak in tension and bending .. Three types of this system is the single way, the double way and the cavity construction.

3. MANUFACTURED JOISTS ............................. (

154

C. When the span of the flat slab is large, or the live loads are heavier, flat plates require drop panels (increased slab thickness around the columns) to ~rovide Qreater resistance against punching shear failures. Column capitals (truncated pyramids or cones) are sometimes also used to handle punching shear as well as large bending moments in

the slab in the vicinity of the columns_ 4. MANUFACTURED FRAMING MEMBER ······-· (

5. TRUSSED. WOOD JOISTS ................ (

6. PLYWOOD BOXED BEAM .................. (

7. STRESSED SKIN PANEL. .................... (

155

D. This is the most common use of solid wood beams, in which members of 100 mm. (4") or 150 mm (6") nominal width span between girders or bearing walls at s·pacings of 1.20, 1.80 and 2.40 M. wood decking, either solid or laminated is used to span between the beams with the underside of the decking being the finished ceiling_ The normal maximum span for the beams is 3.00 to 6.00 M

E. The space between joists is usually spanned with plywood subflooring on which underlayment is placed in preparation for finish flooring because joists are slender, they must be laterally supported to avoid twisting. Maximum intervals of no more than 2.4 meters are recommended.

F. This functions in a manner similar to a steel system in which the slab is supported by intermediate beams which are carried by large girders. Typical spans are in the range of 4.5 M. to 9 M. This allows penetrations and openings to be made in the slab.

G. Here, the slab is designed and reinforced to span in both directions directly into the columns. Because loaJs increase near the columns and there is no provision to· increase the thickness of the concrete or

the reinforcing at the columns, this system is limited to light loads and short spans up to 7.5 M with slabs ranging from 150 to 300 mm. 8. STEEL BEAM AND GIRDER SYSTEM ........................... (

9. OPEN-WEB STEEL JOIST SYSTEM ............... (

10. CONCRETE BEAM AND GIRDER ................... (

H. Any structural system consisting of two or more materials designed to act together to resist loads. This system of construction is employed to utilize the best characteristics of the individual materials. Reinforced concrete construction is the most typical of this system of construction, but others include steel deck and concrete, concrete slab and steel beam systems, and open-web steel joists with wood chord.

I. This system is composed or formed of pre-fabricated, reusable metal or fiberglass forms which allow construction to proceed faster than with custom wood forms. This pre-fab slabs are often left unexposed with lighting integrated into the cotters. This system can provide support for heavier loads at slightly longer spans up to 12M.

J. This is fabricated with plywood panels glued and nailed to solid wood members usually 50x100 framing.

11. CONCRETE ONE-WAY SPAN JOIST ..................... (

156

K. Another manufactured product is a truss made up of standard size wood members connected with metal plates. Typical spans range from about 7.2 M. to 12M. and typical depths

are from 0.3 M. to 0.90 M. a common spacing is 0.60 M. 12. CONCRETE FLAT PLATE ..................... (

13. CONCRETE FLAT SLAB ....................... (

14. CONCRETE WAFFLE SLAB ................. (

157

L. This k1nd of steel joist span between beams or bearing wall. Standard joists can span up to 18 M. with long span joists spanning up to 28 M., and deep long span joists capable of spanning up to 43 M. Depths range from 200 mm. to 750 mm. in 50 mm. increments. Mechanical and electrical service pipes and ducts can easily be run between the members.

M. In this system, large members span between vertical supports and smaller beams are framed into them. The girders span the shorter distance while the beams span the longer distances. Typical spans for this system are from 7.5 M. to 12M. with the beams being spaced about 2.4 M. to 3.0 M. on center. The steel framing is usually covered with steel decking and concrete is poured.

N. Sometimes this is called gluelaminated construction. These structural members are made up of individual pieces of lumber 18 mm. or 38 mm. thick glued together in the factory. It can be manufactured in tapered beams, curved beams and other styles wood joists can be manufactured like a steel wide flange by gluing a top and bottom chord separated by a plywood web.

15. MASONRY ....................... (

0. This is composed of concrete members usually spaced 650 mm. or900 mm. apart running in one direction, which frame into larger bearns. Most spans range from 6 to 9 M. with joist depths ranging from 300 to 600 mm.

16.

COMPOS~TE

CONSTRUCTION ............ (

P. Another type of built-up wood product but they are constructed of plywood glued and nailed to solid 50 mm. nominal thickness lumber and are used for floor or roof structure.

DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the circle of the correct answer to each question.

ce)

II. COMPLEX STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 1. These are structures comprising of straight members forming a number of triangles with the connections arranged so that the stresses in the members are either in tension or compression. These can be used horizontally, vertically, or diagonally to support various types of toads when it would be impossible to fabricate a single structural member to span a large distance.

A THIN SHELL

C. TRUSSES STRUCTURES

B. ARCHES

D. STRESSED SKIN STRUCTURES

2. This is a structural shape. found by suspending the anticipated loads from a flexible cable and then turning the shape upside down, loads in this shape of structure is subjected to a combination of compression and some bending stresses. This system maybe hinged or fix supports. C. FOLDED PLATES A. SPACE FRAMES B. HALF-ROUND ARCH, D. RIGID FRAMES POINTED ARCH OR PARABOLIC-SHAPED ARCHES

158

A

8

C

D

0000

A

8

C

D

0000

3. This system is constructed so that the vertical and horizontal members work as a single structural unit, in contrast to a simple post-and-beam system. This makes for a more efficient structure because aH three members resist vertical and lateral loads together rather than singly. The beam portion is partially restrained by the columns and becomes more rigid to vertical bending forces, and both the columns can resist lateral forces because they are tied together by the beam. A. RIGID FRAMES

C. INFLATABLE STRUCTURE

B. SUSPENSION

D. ARCHES STRUCTURES

4. A structural system consisting of trusses in two directions rigidly connected at their intersection. It is possible to have a rectangular system where the top and bottom chords of the trusses are directly above and below one another. Triangular shapes are popular. A stiff structure may span up to 105 meters.

A.

TRUSSES

B. FOLDED PLATES

STRUCTURE B. FOLDED PLATES

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

C. STRESSED SKIN D. SPACE FRAMES

5. A structure in which the loads are carried in two directions, first in the transverse direction through each plate supported by adjacent plates and secondly in the longitudinal direction with each plate acting as a girder spanning between v-ertical supports, since the plates act as beams between supports. there are compressive stresses above the neutral axis and tensile stresses below. These are usually constructed of reinforced concrete from 75 mm. to 150 mm. thick.

A. SUSPENSION

A

A

B

C

D

0000

C. INFLATABLE STRUCTURE D. RIGID FRAMES

6. A structure which has a curved surface that resists loads through tension compression, and shear in the plane of the structure only. Theoretically, there are no bending or moment stresses in this structure. The material is practically always reinforced concrete from about 75 mm. to 150 rrim. The forms can be domes, parabolas, barrel vaults that span from 12 M. to over 60 meters and the

159

A

B

C

D

0000

cornplexed shape of the saddle-shaped hyperbolic paiaboloid that spans from 9 M. to 48 meters. A. STRESSED SKIN

C. THIN SHELL STRUCTURES

B. SPACE FRAMES

D. TRUSSE~

7. These structures comprise panels up of a sheathing material attached on one or both sides of immediate web members in such a way that the panel acts as series of 1-beams with the sheathing being the flange and the intermediate members being the webs, since the panel is constructed of two or more pieces, the connectiOn between the outer and interior web members must t.ransfer all the horizontal stress developed. The structures are typically made of wood. A. SPACE FRAMES

C. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES

B. THIN SHELL STRUCTURES

D. STRESSED SKIN STRUCTURES

8. These are structures most commonly seen in suspensiOn bridges but their use is increasing in buildings, most notably in large stadiums with suspended roofs. These structures are similar to arches in that the loads they support must be resisted by both vertical reactions and horizontal thrust reactions. The difference is that the vertical reaction is outward since the sag tends to pull the ends together. It can only resist loads with tension. A. SUSPENSION

C. RIGID FRAMES STRUCTURES

B. INFLATABLE

D. SPACE FRAMES STRUCTURES

9. These are structures that can only resist loads in tension. They are held in place with constant air pressure. Which is greater than the outside air pressure. The simplest structure is the single membrane anchored continuously at ground level and filled with air. These structures are inherently unstable in the wind and cannot support concentrated loads. They are often stabilized with a network of cables over the top of the membrane These structures are used for temporary enclosures and for large single space buildings such as Sports Arenas.

160

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

A. FOLDED PLATES

C. ARCHES

B. INFLATABLE

D. TRUSSES STRUCTURES

Ill. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION CRITERIA 1. When analyzing possible system to use, the primary consideration is the ability of the structural system to resist the anticipated and unanticipated loads that will be placed on it. Anticipated loads can be calculated directly from known weights of materials and equipment and from requirements of buildings codes such as people (occupancy loads). Unanticipated load include such things as changes in the use of the building, overloading caused by extra people or equipment, ponding of water on a roof. A. RESISTANCE TO LOADS

C. RESISTANCE TO BOND

B. RESISTANCE TO STRESS

D. RESISTANCE TO BEND

2. This criteria is one of the primary determinants of a structural system. A parking garage need spans long enough to allow the easy movement and storage of automobiles. An office building works well with spans in the 9 M. to 12 M. foot range. Sport Arenas need quite large open areas. Some buildings have a fixed use over their life spans and may work with fixed bearing walls while others must remain flexible and require small columns widely spaced. A. BUILDING

C .. BUILDING CODE SPECIFICATIONS

B. BUILDING AND FUNCTIONS

D. BUILDING USER MATERIALS

3. Although a building's structure is an important element, it does not exist alone, Exterior Cladding must be attached to it, ductwork and pipes run around and through it, Electrical wires among it, and interior finishes must cover it. Some materials and strl -;tural systems make it easy for other c~rvices to bP. c~,.,bi .... P.d into one unit. For instance a steel column-and-beam :.'ystem with openweb steel joists and concrete floors over metal decking yields a fairly penetrable structure for pipes, ducts, and 161

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

working while still allowing solid attachment of ceilings, walls, and exterior cladding. A. COMBINATION SYSTEMS

C. MODULAR SYSTEMS

B. INTEGRATION WITH OTHER

D. INTEGRAL ·sYSTEMS BUILDING SYSTEMS

4. There are two primary elements of selecting a structural system based on the criteria. The first is selecting materials and,systems that are most appropiiate for the anticipated loads, spans required, style desired, integration needed, fire resistance called for. This generally leads to major decisions such as using a concrete flat slab construction instead of steel, or using a steel arch system instead of glue-laminated beams. The second part is refining the selected system so that the most economical arrangement and use of materials is selected regardless of the system used (altering the spacing of beams, changing the direction of beams may result in savings in the weight of steel).

A. MATERIALS AND

C. COST INFLUENCES LABOR

B. MARKET VALUE

D. INFLATION

5. This criteria is-dictated by the building code. Structural members require this criteria and is generally greater than other components in the same occupancy type and building type. Two considerations are noted. One is tHe combustibility of the framing itself and other is the loss of strength a member may experien.;e when subjected to intense heat. (Steel bends and collapse while wood may slightly burn but will maintain its strength.

A. FIRE RESISTANCE

C. MATERIAL WEIGHT

B. BURNING TIME

D. RESILIENCY

6. The realities of construction often are a decisive factor in choosing a structural system. Some of these include schedules, due to material costs, financing, climate and weather. Related to the cost of labor are the skills of the work force which may require technically skilled work force. Finally equipment needed to assemble a structural system maybe unavailable or prohibitively expensive.

162

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A. CONSTRUCTION PROHIBITION

C. CONSTRUCTION LIMITATIONS

B. CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

0. CONSTRUCTION CODE

7. Some stl\lctural systems are more appropriate as an · expression of a particular character than others. The. "International Trend" which can only be achieved with a steel post-and-beam· system. The Architect and client determine what character the building will be and then require the structural solution adapt to the need. A. FAD

C. FORM

B. CHARACTER

D. STYLE

8. Related to the style of a building are those on the architecture of a geographical location and particular time period. The architect must be sensitive to these influences. For example, in a historic area like lntramuros, where most buildings are constructed of Adobe Stones and bricks, a masonry bearing wall structural system certainly should be considered. In a newly developing industrial park, more contemporary and daring structural systems might be appropriate. A. GEOLOGICAL

C. HISTORICAL

B. SOCIAL AND

D. CLIMATE CULTURAL

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

DIRECTION: Choose what form of loads is referred to by the statements below and shade the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.

IV. LOADS ON BUILDINGS

The succeeding numbers refer to : A. GRAVITY LOADS

C. MISCELLANEOUS LOADS

B. LATERAL LOADS

D. NONEOFTHEABOVE

1. When a load is applied suddenly or changes rapidly, It is called a DYNAMIC I,.OAD. When a force is only applied suddenly, it is often called an IMPACT LOAD examples of dynamic loads are automobiles moving in a parking garage, elevators traveling in a shaft, or a helicopter

163

A

B

C

D

0000

landing on the roof a building. A unique type of dynamic load is a resonant load. This is a rhythmic application of a force to a structure with the same fundamental period as the structure itseH. The fundamental period is the time it takes the structure to complete one full oscillation, such as a complete swing from side to side in a tall bu1lding in the wind or one up-and-down bounce of a floor.

2. Loads from WATER can occur in many situations. In water tanks, swimming pools and against retaining walls holding back groundwater. The load developed from water and other fluids is equal to the unit weight of the fluid in kilonewton per cubic meter multiplied by its depth. ~or water, the weight is about 9.8 kilonewton per cubic meter and the water force exerted on structures is called HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.

3. DEAD LOADS are the vertical loads due to the weight of the building and any permanent structural and nonstructural components of a building. These include such things as beams, exterior and interior walls, floors and fixed service. equipment. Most dead loads are easily calculated from published lists of weights of building materials found in brochures.

c D 0000 A

8

c D 0000 A

8

4. SOIL LOADS. Retaining walls are required to resist the lateral pressure of the retained material in accordance with accepted engineering practice. Building Codes allows retaining drained earth to be designed for pressure equal to that exerted by a fluid weighing 4. 7 krn/cm. meter and having a depth equal to that of the retained earth.

c D 0000

5. WIND LOADING on buildings is a dynamic process. That

c D 0000

is, the pressures, directions and timing are constantly changing. For purposes of calculation, however, wind is considered a static force. There are several variables, that affect wind loading. The first is the wind velocity itself. The second variable is the height of the wind above the ground which is usually 10 meters. 6. LIVE LOADS are those on the building by its particular use and occupancy, and are generally considered movable or temporary such as people, furniture, movable equipment and snow. It does not include wind loading or earthquake loading.

164

A

A

B

8

c D 0000 A

8

7. "fEMPERATURE-INDUCED LOADS. All materials expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled. The amount of the· change is dependent on the material and is expressed as the coefficient of expansion measured in mm per degree centigrade. Some materials, like wood, have a low coefficient of expansion while others, like plastic have a high value. If a material is restrained so it cannot move and then subjected to a temperature change, a load is introduced on the material in addition to any other applied loads. 8. LIKE WIND, an EARTHQUAKE produces dynamic loads on a building. During an earthquake, the ground moves both vertically and laterally, but the lateral movement is usually most significant and the vertical movements is ignored. For some tall buildings or structures with complex shapes or unusual conditions, a dynamic structural analysis is required.

A

8

C

D

0000

A

8

C

D

0000

DIRECTION: Read the definitions below and answer the questions that follow. Shade the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.

~

STRUCTURALFUNDAMENTALS 1. In all solid bodies, There is a point at which the mass of the body can be considered concentrated. This is the center of gravity. The point on a plane surface that corresponds to the center of gravity is called--~A. CENTER POINT

C. CENTRAL AXIS

B. CENTROID

D. CENTERING

2. There are times when it is desirable to combine two or more concurrent forces into one forces such that the one force produces the same effect on a body as the concurrent forces. This single force is called the ---~· If the forces are colinear, the resultant is sii'Jl)ly the sum of the forces, with forces acting upward or to the right considered positive and forces acting downward or to the left considered negative. A. COLLECTIVE FORCE

C. RESULTANT FO~E

B. CENTRAU7r!)

D. AXIAL FORCE FORCE

165

A

8

C

D

0000

A

8

C

D

0000

3.

is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in a state of equilibrium. Equilibrium is said to exist when the resultant of any number of forces acting on a body is zero. A. STATICS

C. LIMITATIONS

B. STABILITIES

D. MECHANICS

4. The of a plane area with respect to an Axis is the product of the area times the perpendicular distance from the centroid of the area to the axis. A. STATISTICAL

C. MOMENT OF WEIGHTS MINUTE

B. STABILIZING

D. STATICAL MOMENT MOMENT

5. Just as a resultant can be found for two or more forces, so can a. single force be resolved into two _ __ This is often required when analyzing loads on a sloped surface (a roof) and it is necessary to find the horizontal and vertical reactions.

A. PIECES

C. COMPONENTS

B. PARTS

D. SEGMENTS

6. A is any action applied to an object. In architecture, external action are called loads and result from such actions as the weight of people, wind, or the weight of building materials. A. FORCE

C. PRESSURE

B. ACTION

D. VELOCITY

7. The structural design of buildings is primarily concerned with selecting the size, configuration and material of component to resist, with a reasonable margin of safety, external forces acting on them. A force has both direction and magnitude and as such is called a _ _ _ __

A. TOTAL QUANTITY

C. APPLIED ENERGY

B. VECTOR QUANTITY

D. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

166

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

8.

is the internal resistance to an external force. There are three basic types of this resistance. Tension. compression and shear. A. FATIGUE

C. CRACKING

B. LOSS OF WEIGHT

D. STRESS

A

B

C

D

0000

9. A type of shear in which a member is twisted is called a

A

B

C

D

0000

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

A. TORSION

C. TORQUE

B. CONVULSION

D. COLLISION

is stress in which the particles of the member tend to pull apart under load. For example a rod elongates.

A. MOVING AWAY

C. TENSION

B. BENDING·

D. STRETCHING

is stress in which the particles of the member are pushed together and the member tends to shorten or widen. A. TIGHTENING

C. FOLDING-UP

B. COMPRESSION

D. SQUEEZED ACTION

is when a material is subjected to a change in temperature. It expands if heated or contracts if cooled.

A. MODULUS OF

C. WEATHER CONDITION ELASTICITY

B. ALTERNATE HEAT

D. THERMAL STRESS AND COLD

is the deformation if a material is caused by external forces. It is the ratio of the total change in length of a material to its original length.

A. WARPING

C. SIEVE

B. STRAIN

D. SETTLING

is a measure of the bending stiffness of a structural member's cross-sectional shape. A. MOMENT OF STABILITY

C. MOMENT OF RIGIDITY

167

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

B. MOMENTOF ENERGY 15.

D. MOMENTOF INERTIA

is a measure of the stiffness of the material of a structural menber.

16.

A B C D

0000

A. COLLECTIVE MEASUREMENT

C. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

B. COEFFICIENT OF WEIGHT

D. TOTALITY OF STRENGTH

is a special condition of a force applied to a structure. This is the tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point. As such, it is the product of the force times tpe distance to the point about which it is acting. The units are in newton-millimeter, kilonewton-meter or kipfeet.

A. MOMENT

C. SECOND

B. MINUT~

D. SCHEDULE

A B C D

0000

VI. DEFINITIONS 1. A is a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame in which the lateral loads are resisted by shear walls or braced frames. This walls or bracing systems provide support for all or most gravity loads. A. SHEAR WALL

C. BEARING WALL

B. SUPPORTING

0. FREE FORM WALL WALL

2. A is a vertical element that resists lateral forces in the plane of the wall through shear and bending. Such a wall acts as a beam cantilevered out of the ground or foundations, and part of its strength derives from its depths. Examples are interior wall of a multistorey building, enclosing stairways, elevator shafts and mechanical chases which are mostly solid and run the entire height of the building. A. TENSION WALL

C. STANDING WALL

B. SHEAR WALL

D. SCREEN WALL

168

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

3.

is to bend, warp, bulge or collapse, or to give way suddenly, as with heat or pressure. A. STRAPPING

C. ROLLING

B. TWISTING

D. BUCKLING

4. the ability of a structure to absorb some of the energy is known as which occurs when the building_ deflects in the inelastic range without falling or collapsing, an example of this material is steel which has the ability to deform under a load above the elastic limit without collapsing. A. DUCTILITY

C. MALLEABILITY

lJ. ELA8TICITY

D. fDLDA[))J:JTY

5. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or caused by an earthquake. A. TREMBLOR

C. SEISMIC

B. SCALE

D. WAVE LENGTH

6. This is a kind of wall that are relatively small members, closely spaced and tied together with exterior and interior sheating. The sheathing is necessary to brace the small members against buckling and to resist lateral loads.

A. WINDOW WALL

C. THIN WALL

B. EXTERNAL WALL

D. SifUD WALL

7. A wall that consists of a single unit of unreinforced masonry that can act as either a bearing or non-loading bearing wall.

A. SINGLE WYTHE

C. ONE WAY WALL

B. SINGLE LINE

D. SOLID WALL

8. This is a wall that consist of two wythes of masonry, separated by an air space normally 50 mm wide. These walls provide extra protection against water penetration and additional insulation value because of the air. A. NON-BEARING

C. CHB WALL WALL

B. CAVITY WALL

D. RETAINING WALL 169

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

9. A slab that has its reinforcement running in one direction perpendicular to the beams supporting the slab. A. SINGLE LINE SLAB

C. STRAIGHT SLAB

B. ONE WAY SLAB

D. SOLE SUPPORT SLAB

10. A slab that have rebars in both directions and are more efficient because the applied loads are distributed in all directions, usually column bays supporting them are almost square.

11.

12.

A. DUAL SLAB

C. TWO-WAY SLAB SUPPORT

S. DOUBLE SLAB

D. EACH WAY SLAB SYSTEM

measures the consistency of the concrete, usually at the jobsite. In this test, concrete is placed in a 300 mm high truncated cone, 20 mm at the base and 100 mm at the top. It is compacted by hand with a rod and then the ·mold is removed from the concrete and placed next to it. The distance the concrete goes down from the original 300 mm is then measured. Too great the settlements indicates excessive water, and a very small settlement indicates the mixture will be too difficult to place properly.

A. DRYNESS TEST

C. MIXED AGGREGATE TEST

B. WETNESS TEST

D. SLUMP TEST

is a test that measures compressive strength. As the concrete is being placed, samples are put in cylinder molds, 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm high, and are moist-cured for 28 days at which time they are laboratory-tested according to standardized procedures. (usually tested in 7 days) A. CYLINDER TEST

C. ROUND STRENGTH TEST

B. CUBE TEST

D. CIRCULAR MOTION TEST

170

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

13.

a test used when a portion of the structure is in place and cured, but needs to be tested. (Usually used when regular cylinder test do hot come up to the specified design strength) A cylinder is drilled on the concrete and then tested in the laboratory to determine its compressive strength.

A. CENTER CYLINDER TEST B. MIDDLE CYLINDER

A

B

C

D

0000

C. CENTRALIZED ROUNDED TEST D. CORE CYLINDER TEST TEST

14. A slight arch usually making the reinforcement higher in the middle so that when the beam or slab is cured or settles it goes to a horizontal position rather than sagging.

A. CHAMBER

C. OGEE

B. CAMBER

D. SLOPE

15. This foundation is used when soil bearing is low or where loads are heavy in relation to soil pressures. With this type of foundation, one large footing is designed as a two-way slab and supports the columns above it. Sometimes beams are placed above the foundation to give added stiffness.

A. CRIB FOOTING

C. MAT or RAFT FOUNDATION

B. DOUBLE FOOTING

D. WIDE FOUNDATION

16. A common footing which is placed under a continuous foundation wall which in turn supports bearing wall

A. WALL FOOTING

C. COMBINED FOOTING

B. LINE FOOTING

D. LINEAR FOOTING

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS: VII. SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 1. Rigid frames have which of the following characteristics?

I. Rigid frames should be hinged at the column bases.

171

A

B

C

D

0000

II. Moment connections must be designed at the intersection of beam and column. Ill. Loads are transferred vertically to the foundations. IV. Rigid frames are more efficient than simple post-andbeam systems. V. Sloping the horizontal members can reduce the amount.of steel required. A. I, II, and IV

C. II, Ill, IV, and V

B. II, IV, and V

D. all of the above

2. Which of the following would be most important in s-electing a structural system for a proposed restaurant and warming house at the mid-slope of a mountain resort?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. cost, resistance to loads, and construction limitations B. style, integration with building, systems, and fire resistance C. building occupancy, co~struction limitations, and style D. fire resistance, resistance to loads, and cost

3. Select the incorrect statement concerning exterior wall facings and the building structures.

c D 0000 A

8

A. Heavy materials with low coefficient of expansion require expansion joints as much as materials such as steel, aluminum, and wood. B. Transfer of wind loads from curtain wall systems is accomplished with clip angles connecting the facing and the structural frame.

c.

Long-term deflections of both wood and concrete can cause problems with cracking of exterior facings.

D. Simple, lightweight exterior materials such as thin paneling or stucco can be attached directly to the exterior studs.

4. What type of structure resists loads through shear tension, and compression in-the plane of the structure?

A. THIN SHELL

C. ARCH

B. RIGID FRAME

D. WAFFLE SLAB

172

c D 0000 A

8

5. Select the system that allows extra reinforcement at the columns. A. FLAT PLATE

C. FLAT SLAB

B. LIFT SLAB

D. FOLDED PLATE

6. A bearing wall with a high slenderness ratio would probably require what kind of construction?

A. CATENARY

C. CREEP

B. CAVITY

D. CAMBER

7: What economical two-way system of steel or concrete would be a appropriate for a span over 45 M?

A. FURNICULAR

C. SINGLE WYTHE

B. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

D. SPACE FRAME

8. Which of the following is not true about arches?

A. Horizontal thrust must be resisted by foundations or

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

tie rods.

B. The thrust on an arch can be decreased by doubling its height. C. Supporting an arch with two hinges will make it statically determinate D. The furnicular shape of an arch can be easily determined without calculations. 9. Which of the following statements are correct? I. The amount of camber in a prestressed concrete beam can be varied to suit the requirements of loading. II. Flat plate and flat slab construction should be- designed for square bays while waffle slabs should be more rectangular. Ill. A one-way concrete joint system is easy to form and can span 8 to 12M. IV. When a long prestressed member cannot be delivered to a site, post-tensioned construction may be warranted.

173

A

B

C

D

0000

V. Topping is often omitted on single tee construcf10n if floor-to-floor heights are limited. A. I and IV

C. II and IV

B. I, Ill, and IV

D. IV and V

10. Select the incorrect statement about steel framing. A. A beam-and-girder system is efficient for spans in the range of 8 to 12M.

A

B

C

D

0000

B. Open-web steel joists are best supported on steel beams.

C: The ductile properties of steel make it advantageous / for intermittent lateral loading. D. Steel is used for high-risP, buildings because of its ductility and strength.

VIII. LOADS ON BUILDINGS 1. Cars parked on a driveway at the top of a retaining wall are considered what type of load? A. SEISMIC LOAD

C. SURCHARGE

B. DEAD LOAD

D. IMPACT LOAD

A

B

C

D

0000

2. Cross-bracing can lessen the effects of what? A. DRIFT

C. LIVE LOAD

B. LATERAL LOAD

D. TEMPERATURELOAD

3. What might be induced by an elevator? A. IMPACT LOAD

C. CONCENTRATED LOAD

B. STATIC ANALYSIS

D. DYNAMIC LOAD

4. An aerobics class could produce what type of load? A. RESONANT LOAD

C. IMPACT LOAD

B. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

D. LIVE LOAD

174

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

5. What is necessary to design for at a basement wall with undrained soil under an automobile drive-through?

A. LATERAL LOAD

A

8

C

D

0000

C. DEADLOAD

B. COMBINATION LOAD D. CONCENTRATED LOAD 6. A tuned dynamic damper would be used in which of the following situations?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. a mid-rise concrete structure in an earthquake zone B. near a mechanical room that contained several vibrating machines C. in a high-rise building subject to earthquake resonance D. at the top of a tall building 7. A small commercial office building has 2" x 10" (50 x 250 mm) wood joists spaced 16 inches (400 mm) on center supporting a hardwood floor over 1/2-inch (12 mm) gypsum wallboard. Ignoring the beam weight, what is the design live and dead load per linear meter on a beam supporting a central structural bay 4.27 M long before allowance is made for live load reduction? (See diagram.)

I·

(4.27 M)

·I

(4.88 M)

-.-

-beam

(4.88 M) : I

+

A. 14.0 KN pounds per linear meter B. 16.41 KN pounds per linear meter C. 18.75 KN pounds per linear meter D. 19.1 KN/Iinear meter

175

A

B

C

D

0000

8. Which of the following is not correct concerning live load calculations?

A

B

c

0

0000

A. Live loads can be reduced when a structural member supports more than 15 square meter the occupancy is not public assembly and if the live load is less than 80 pst.

B. Live loads include snow, people, and furniture.

c.

Any live load reduction cannot exceed 40 percent for structural members supporting load from one story.

D. Snow load reduction is calculated according to the R~ = S/40 - 0.5 if the roof pitch is more than 20 degrees.

9. Select the correct statements about lateral loads. I. Wind load varies with the· height above the ground.

A

B

c

D

0000

II. Full wind load and snow load should be calculated together to check the worst case situation. Ill. Wmd load varies with the square of wind velocity. IV. Total horizontal shear at ground level is used in the dynamic analysis method of seismic design. V. Drift should not exceed the height of the building divided by 500.

v

A. II, Ill, and V

C. I, Ill, and

B. I, Ill, IV, and V

D. Ill, IV, and V

10. What is the total earth pressure acting on the left side of the retaining wall shown fn the following diagram? Assume an equivalent fluid pressure of 30 pounds per square foot per foot of height.

4.50M

1.50 M

A. 6.35 KN/M

C. 47.69 KN/M

B. 8.48 KN/M

D. 84.78 KN/M 176

A

B

c

D

0000

IX. STRUCTURAL FUNDAMENTALS 1. What are the horizontal and vertical components of the force shown?

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

F = 120 KN

A. Fx= 60 KN; F = 103.48 KN 1

B. Fx= 69.28; F = 97.98 KN 1

C. Fx= 138.56 KN; F

1

= 240 KN

D. Fx= 103.92 KN; F = 60 KN 1

2. The elastic limit of a material is: A. the point at which a material continues to deform without any increase in load.

A

B

C

D

0000

B. the maximum unit stress that determines the engineering working stress to design a member. C. the point beyonc4 which unit stress increases faster that unit strain. D. the unit stress below which deformation is directly proportional to stress 3. The stiffness due to a structural member's shape is described by what term? A. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY B. MOMENT OF INERTIA C. STATICAL MOMENT D. CONCURRENTFORCE

177

A

B

C

D

0000

4. What are compression and bending examples of?

A. FORCE

C. STRESS

B. STRAIN

D. EQUILIBRIUM

5. A force can be considered acting anywhere along the line of action of the force if its direction and magnitude do not change because of what principle? A. EQUILIBRIUM

C. COLINEAR FORCE

B. ULTIMATE STRENGTH

D. TRANSMISSIBILITY

6. What causes the tendency of a body to rotate?

A. MOMENT

C. NONCONCURRENT FORCE

B. RESULTANT FORCE

D. COUPLE

7. A load of 13.34 KN is applied to the support struts shown. What is the compressive force in each strut? F = 13.34 KN

!

A. A= 4.45 KN; 8 = 7.46 KN B. A= 4.21 KN; 8

= 8.81

KN

C. A= 4.51 KN; 8 = 8.70 KN D. A= 5.0 KN; 8 = 12.87 KN

178

A 8

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

8. The bridge railing shown must support a maximum load of 600 Newtons laterally. What is the compression force in the diagonal member?

A

B

C

0

C

D

ooco

(1.05 M)

A. 2184 Newtons

C. 624 Newtons

B. 21 00 Newtons

D. 577 Newtons

9. What are the magnitudes of the reactions at the beam supports shown? Assume that the weight of the uniform load acts at its center as a concentrated load.

A

B

0000

8.89 KN 13.34 KN

~

2.92KNIM

~

~

2.40M 1.22 M

3.66M

A. R1 = 10.75 KN; R2 = 16.49 KN B. R1 =1.04KN;R2 =24.75KN C. R1 = 9.36 KN; R2 = 17.68 KN D. R1 = 1.56 KN; R2 =21.68 KN 10. Thermal stress in a restrained member is dependent on:

A

B

C

D

0000

I. the change in temperature II. the area of the member Ill. the coefficient of linear expansion 179

IV. the unit strain V. the modulus of elasticity A. I, II, Ill, and IV

C. I, Ill, and V

B. I, Ill, IV, and V

D. all of the above

X. BEAMS AND COLUMNS 1. What is the most important factor in determining the loadcarrying of a column? A. BENDING MOMENT

C. SLENDERNESS RATIO

B. END CONDITIONS

D. SECTION MODULUS

2. Identify the following formula: r = .,)1 1A A. NEGATIVE MOMENT C. DEFLECTION

A

l::$

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

B. FLEXURE FORMULA D. RADIUS OF GYRATION 3. What stress is more important to check in wood beams than in steel beams?

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

A. HORIZONTAL SHEAR C. EFFECTIVE LENGTH B. VERTICAL SHEAR

D. POINT OF INFLECTION

4. What theoretically determines the stress on a column just prior to failure?

A. MOMENT DIAGRAM

C. NEUTRAL AXIS

B. EULERrS EQUATION

D. DEFLECTION

5. The reaction for which of t.he following types of beams

cannot be found using the principles of equilibrium? A. continuous beams

C. simply supported beams

B. cantilevered beams

D. overhanging beams

6. Select the correct statements about a simply supported beam with a uniform load. I. The maximum bending stresses occur at the extreme fibers.

180

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

II. Moment is maximum where vertical shear is zero.

Ill. The shear stress remains. constant for one-haH the beam's length. IV. The higher the value of the beam's modulus of elasticity, the more it will deflect.

V. Horizontal shear is at its greatest at the neutral surface.

A. I, II, ancllll

C. I, II, and V

B. II, Ill, and VI

D. I, II, Ill, and V

7. What is the maximum moment in the beam shown? Ignore the weight of the beam.

A B C D

0000

2.3KNIM

t

t 14M

4M

A. 68.88 KN-Meter

C. 50.12 KN-Meter

B. 84.2 KN-Meter

D. 137.76 KN-Meter

8. The maximum bending stress a wood beam must resist is 3000 ft-pounds. If the maximum allowable bending stress is 1500 psi, what is the minimum section modulus the beam, must have to resist bending?

A. 10011.13 mrnl

C. 33370.4 mm3

B. 20022.25 mm3

D. 4004451 mm3

9. Which of the following statements are true about

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

designing beams?

I. If the vertical shear on a simply supported beam is different at each reaction, both values are critical to know. II. The point where the shear diagram crosses zero is important. Ill. If negative moment occurs, it is not critical to know its value.

181

IV. Most beams are designed for maximum moment. V. Moment at any point on a beam can be found by calrulating the area under the shear diagram up to the same point. A. II, IV, and V

C. Ill, IV, and V

B. I, II, IV, and V

D. II, Ill, and V

10. A nominal6" x 8" wood column supports a load of 2500 pounds. If the column is 8 feet 0 inches long and has a moment of inertia of 104 in4 about the axis parallel to the 8 inch dimension, what is the slenderness ratio? A. 5.0

C. 17.5

B. 16.0

D. 60.4

A

B

C

D

0000

XI. TRUSSES 1. Select the incorrect statement. A. Trusses are usually required to have lower chord bridging.

A

B

C

D

0000

B. Spacing of trusses depends entirely on the spanning capabilities of purlins and the type of truss used. C. Parallel chord trusses usually have greater stresses toward the center of the span. D. The method of joints is often used to find a the forces in a truss

2. What is wrong with the wood truss detail shown?

A B C D

0000

182

A. There is eccentric loading.

B. There are not enough bolts. C. The ends of the web members are not cut properly. D. A gusset plate should be used instead of direct con-

nections. 3. Which truss usually requires a larger depth?

A. BOWSTRING TRUSS C. PITCHED TRUSS B. FLAT TRUSS

D. SCISSORS TRUSS

4. What is used in place of the centroidal axis in detailing some steel trusses?

A. CENTER LII"1E

C. GRAPHIC ANALYSIS

'3. CENTROIDAL AXIS

D. GAGE LINE

5. What design procedure is best for finding the force in the first horizontal member next to a support?

A. METHOD OF SECTIONS B. SUMMATION OF MOMENTS C. METHOD OF JOINTS D. SUMMATION OF HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS 6. What are loads on a truss genera:'y placed on? A. PANEL POINT

C. CHORD MEMBERS

B. TRUSSED RAFTER

D; GUSSET PLATES

7. What is the force in diagonal member A in the truss shown? 15KN

1SKN

1

1

15KN

15KN

1

1

15KN

1.-----.--

~11.80M AJ...~.B

I~-~~~ '

"

~.

6 Pli'NELS 0 3M= 18M

183

I

A. 17.38 KN coi'J1)ression C. 14.56 KN coi'J1)ression B. 17.38 KN tension

D. 14.56 KN tension

8. The most common depth-to-span ratio for a steel truss

A

B

C

D

0000

is:

A. 1:5to 1:15

C. dependent on its type

B. no more than 1:12

D. 1:10 to 1:20

A B C D

9. The following truss would best be analyzed with: A method of joints

C. method of sections

B. graphic method

D. any of the above

0000

18KN

~

1o. What is the force in member AB as illustrated?

A

A. 21 :2 KN compression

C. 28.3 KN compression

B. 21.2 KN tension

D. 28.3 KN tension

10KN

10KN

10KN

5KN

!

!

!

!

!

184

2.5 M

C

D

0000

5KN

~+I·.=2.5::..::M::.. .+I...,___......:5::....::M::....__---J.,I-··-~5-=M--·11

B

I

XII. SOIL AND FOUNDATIONS 1. Soil tests made prior to construction have indicated that excessive groundwater is present. If the project has a basement, what suggestions would you make to your client to alleviate the potential problem and in what order to priority?

A

B

C

D

0000

1. Specify that drainage matting be placed against all basement foundation walls. 11. Add extra drain pipes from the roof and drain away

from the building.

Ill. Detail and specify drain tile around the footings and connect to atmosphere or a dry well. IV. Use 25 mm to 50 mm gravel under the basement slab. V. Draw the site plan so the ground has a positive slope away from the building on all sides.

A. V, IV, Ill, I. II

C. V,I,IV,III, II

B. Ill, IV, I, V, II

D. Ill, I, IV, II, V

2. Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate to prepare the soil for a building site that tests have shown to be primarily composed of silt and organic silt? A. compaction

C. densification

B. surcharging

D. fill

A

B

C

D

0000

I

3. The retaining wall shown holds back compacted soil with a coefficient of earth pressure of 1 .0 and an equivalent fluid weight of 4. 71 KN/m 3 . What is the total earth pressure against the retaining wall per too t and at what point is it considered to be acting for design purposes? A. 0.6025 KN at the top of the footing

B. 2.1195 KN at the level of the lower grade C. 2.1195 KN above the lower grade level D. 1.0482 KN at the level of the lower grade

185

A

8

C

D

0000

1.80M

0.90M

4. The footing and foundation wall shown support a live lo'ad of 7 Kilonewton per meter and a dead load of 3.5 KN/M. Assuming concrete weighs 23.56 KN/M 3 and the soil weighs about 15.71 Kilo newton per cubic meter, J'low wide should the footing be if· the allowable soil bearing pressure is 71.79 KPa?

A

B

C

D

0000

p

~ 1.00 M 0.30M ..._...

. .. ~

b .•

.~

:

v.

~:· ~ ~ :··. ·:.=-~ '.

" " . '

0

, ..

.

' 0

•

641.. • • • '. ·I 300mm 1

4. Which of the following are not true about the watercement ratio:

A B C D

0000

I. For typical concrete mixes, the minimum water-cement is about 0.50 to 0.65. II. The water-cement ratio is critical to the concrete strength. Ill. Water is only needed for workability and to start drying process.

ttw

IV. Excess water form small bubbles in the cement paste. V. The water-cement ratio is sometimes referred to by gallons of water per sack of cement. A. II and Ill

C. I and Ill

B. Ill and IV

D. I and IV

5. A number 10 rebar has the following diameter: A.

A

8

c

D

0000

I~ inches

Ys inches Ys inches

B. 1

c.

D. The exact diameter depends on the producing mill.

6. Select the correct statements from the following list. I. The development length of rebars depends primarily on the s1rength of the steel and the perimeter length of the bar. II. Diagonal tension stress can be counteracted by using either stirrups or some of the tension steel bent up at a 45 degree angle.

Ill. Reducing the percentage of steel to close to minimum can improve the stiffness of the beam. IV. Compression steel is seldom used unless negative moment is present.

v.

Long-term deflection can be two or more times initial deflection.

A. I, II, and Ill

C. II, IV, and V

B. I, Ill, and V

D. II, Ill, and V

199

A

8

c

D

0000

7. What should be carefully controlled during placement of A. FACTORED LOAD

C. MOISTURE

B. COMPACTION

D. TEMPERATURE

8. What safety provision accounts for some of the many variables in concrete construction? A. LOAD FACTORS

C. NEGATIVE MOMENT

B. TWO-WAY SLAB ACTION

D. STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR

9. What usual property of concrete construction improve its structural efficiency? A. CONTINUITY

C. T-BEAM ACTION

B. HYDRATION

D. CURING

10. What should you see to judge the quality of concrete being placed ·at a job site.?

XVIII.

A

B

C

D

0000

co~~

A. SLUMP TEST

C. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

B. CORE CYLINDER TEST

D. CYLINDER TEST

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

WALL CONSTRUCTION 1 . What should be used to allow for the wetting of an exterior wood panel system?

A. EXPANSION JOINT

C. SLIP JOINT

B. SLOTTED HOLES

D. THROUGH WALL JOINT

2. What is a metal stud wall system with decorative concrete block on the exterior known as? A. CURTAIN WALL

C. SHEAR WALL

B. VENEERED WALL

D. CAVITY WALL

200

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

3. The lintels of masonry walls with small openings do not carry as much load as might be expected due to what?

A. ECCENTRICITY

A

B

C

D

0000

C. FLEXIBLE BUSHINGS

B. HIGH-LIFT GROUTING D. ARCH ACTION 4. In earthquake-resistant structures, metal wrtain wails should be attached vertically at the column lines and horizontally at the floor lines because:

A

B

C

D

0000

A. these points are the strongest possible places for anchoring. B. building movement during an earthquake is at a minimum at these locations. C. forces are concentrated at these points and should not be bridged across with panels. D. it is more likely that the workmanship of connectiOns will be better at these points. 5. Select the correct statements about concrete bearing walls when empirical design methods are used.

A

B

C

0

0000

I. Reinforcing bars should be placed no more than 1 '6" apart. II. The unsupported height cannot exceed 20 times the thickness. Ill. Eccentricity is not critical when the wall is more than 10 inches thick and reinforced with #5 bars or larger. IV. Openings are reinforced all around with #5 bars or larger extending at least 2'0" beyond the corners. V. Minimum reinforcing percentages change when bar sizes exceed #6 size. A. I and IV

C. II, Ill, and IV

B. I, II, and Ill

D. IV and V

6. If a client requested you to design a building true to the principles of masonry construction, what type of lintel over openings would you most likely design? A. concealed steel B. reinforced masonry units

201

A

B

C

0

0000

C. precast concrete sized to fit the masonry module D. arches of the same material as the walls 7. The exterior finish of a small, two-story building is to be stucco. Which of the following wall systems would be a good choice it cost must be minimized and the labor force is relatively unskilled?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. masonry cavity B. steel studs C. balloon frame wood studs D. platform frame wood studs 8. Which of the following is not true about masonry reinforcing?

A

B

C

D

0000

A The spacing of required reinforcement is grouted masonry walls cannot exceed 3 feet. B. Joint reinfqrcement is normally placed 16 inches on center. C. Ties between wythes of a cavity wall are provided for every 4 lj2 square feet of wall surface regardless of their size or type. D. In low-lift grouting, the size of the horizontal reinforcing must not be included in the determination of minimum cavity width. 9. A concrete block cavity wall must extend 14 feet from the foundation to a row of joists which will be supported by the wall. What wythe combination must be used for the most economical wall? A. two 4-inch blocks separated by a 2-inch space

B. one 4-inch block and one 6-inch block with a 1-inch space C. two 6-inch blocks separated by a 2-inch space D. one 4-inch block and one 8-inch block separated with a 1-inch space

202

A

B

C

D

0000

10. Which of the following affect the bearing capacity of a masonry wall?

A

B

C

D

0000

I. workmanship

11. thickness Ill. number of wythes

1y.

mortar type

V. unsupported height VI. joint reinforcement A. I, II, Ill, and V

C. II, IV, V, and VI

B. I, II, IV, and V

D. all of the above

XIX. LATERAL FORCES -WIND 1. The John Hancock Building in Chicago is an example of what type of framing system? A. PORTAL FRAME

C. X-BRACING

B. TRUSSED TUBE

D. FRAMED TUBE

2. What must be used for designing gabled rigid frames? A. RESONANT LOAD

C. SHEAR WALL

B. MOMENT RESISTING FRAME

D. NORMAL FORCE METHOD

3. A line of columns used to resist wind forces is called what? A. KNEE BRACING

C. ANEMOMETER

B. BENT

D. DRIFT

A

A. Drift of adjacent floors must be limited to 0.0025 times

the floor height. B. Overturning is resisted by the dead load moment, which must be 1 1/2 times the overturning moment. C. K-bracing provides for a more rigid high-rise structure than X-bracing.

203

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

A

4. Select the incorrect statement.

B

B

C

D

0000

D. Wind tunnel testing or special calculations are frequently required for buildings over 400 feet high. 5. Using Method 2, what is the design wind pressure on the upper part of a wall of a 45-foot high hospital in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah?

A. 18.2 psf

C. 20.9 psf

B. 19.4 psf

D. 31.4 psf

6. In designing a sheathing and roofing system for a roof with a 5:12 slope, what pressure coefficient should be used? A. 0.4 outward

C. 1.1 outward

B. 0.7 outward

D. 1.6 inward

7. A wood ledger is being used to support and connect a plywood diaphragm floor to a 38-foot long stud wall that is acting as a shear wall. 8d nails, which can hold 82 pounds laterally, are to be used. If the total force on one of the shear walls is calculated as 4600 pounds, what is the minimum nail spacing required to attach the floor to the ledger?

A. 4 inches

C. 8 inches

B. 6inches

D. 10 inches

8. Select the correct statements from the following list.

I. Shear walls are more efficient if they are relatively deep compared with their height.

II. Trussed-tube construction is often used for both steel and concrete construction. Ill. Wood frame buildings must often be anchored to the foundation to resist uplift as well as shear

IV. Welded connections offer an economical way to fabricate moment resisting frames while simplifying erection.

V. Dividing the total shear on a shear wall by its length gives the value for diaphragm shear.

A. I, Ill, IV, and V

C. II, IV, and V

B. II, Ill, and V

D. all of the above 204

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

9. The effect of intermittent wind gusts is taken into account in the UBCwith the:

A B C D

0000

q8 factor

A. C., factor

C.

B. Cq factor

D. I factor

10 .. Which of the following are not true about wind forces on buildings?

A

B

C

D

0000

I. Wind stagnation pressure is greater in open areas than in urban areas. II. Corners of buildings require special consideration during the design phase. Ill. The negative pressure on the leeward side of a building is taken into consideration in both Method 1 and Method 2 of the UBC design procedure. IV. Wind velocity increases when the area it moves through is decreased in area. V. The direction of the prevailing winds at a particular site is used to calculate wind stagnation pressure.

A. I, Ill, and V

C. I and Ill

B. I and V

D. Ill, IV, and V

XX. LATERAL FORCES - EARTHQUAKE 1. A building is constructed of an ordinary moment-resisting space frame and is raised on columns above an open plaza below. What is this an example of?

A. BUILDING FRAME

A B C D

0000

C. SOFT STORY

SYSTEM B. BEARING WALL SYSTEM

D. SH~AR WALL DISCONTINUITY

2. What provides information most useful for seismic design? A. RICHTER SCALE

C. REENTRANT CORNER

B. ACCELEROGRAPH

D. MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE

205

A

B

C

D

0000

3. What describes a building whose lateral force-resisting system consists stressed in flexure?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. MOMENT-RESISTING C. FRAMED TUBE SPACE FRAME B. BRACED FRAME

D. NATURAL PERIOD

4. A store in Seattle, Washington will have a steel, ordinary moment-resisting space frame. It will be 36 Meters wide, 60 Meters long, 17 Meters, with two stories. Soil reports show stiff soil with the soil depth exceeding 60 Meters. The structure has a dead load of 28,913 KN, and its period of vibration is 0.19 second in the longitudinal direction. What is the total base shear in the longitudinal /direction?

A. 1,989.15 KN

C. 3,975.54 KN

B. 2,652.20 KN

D. 6,563.75 KN

A

C

D

0000

A 5. A dynamic analysis method would be required if which of the following conditions existed?

B

B

C

D

0000

A. a five-story, square hotel building with a skylighttopped atrium in the middle which comprises 55 percent of the building's area B. a 40-story, rectangular office building in seismic zone 3 with an ordinary moment-resisting space frame C. a three-story, L-shaped department store D. all of the above A 6. Select the incorrect statement from the following.

A. Ductility is important above the elastic limit. B. Flexible buildings are good at resisting earthquake and wind loads. C. A penthouse swimming pool would not be a good idea in seismic zone 2B. D. All of other things being equal, reinforced concrete is a poorer choice than steel for a structural system in seismic zone 3.

206

B

C

D

0000

7. Which of the following are true? I. The epicenter is the location of fault slippage.

A

B

c D

0000

II. Vertical ground movement is usually critical when calculating its effect on a building. Ill. A building's fundamental period of vibration is dependent on its mass and stiffness. IV. Building seismic zones 1 require some earthquakeresistant design considerations. V. Useful information in seismic zones 3 and 4 can be gathered from existing buildings.

A. I, II, and Ill

c.

B. II, Ill, and IV

D. Ill, IV, and V

II, IV, and V

8. What value of CP would be used on the first floor in seismic zone 3 to check the stability of a 6-foot-high bookcase?

A. 0.75

c.

B. 1.5

D. 4.0

c D 0000 A

B

A

B

2.0

9. The distribution of base shear in a multistory building does not depend on which of the following? A. the height of the building

C. the distribution of mass

B. the rigidity of the diaphragms

D. the height of the floors

10. Select the correct statements about shear walls. I. The width-to-height ratio should be made as large as possible. II. The force normal to the shear wall is not critical compared to the shear force in the plane of the wall. Ill. Shear walls are best located at the perimeter of the building. IV. Shear walls should not be offset. V. Shear walls can be used in a bearing wall system.

A. I, Ill, and IV

C. I, Ill, IV, and V

B. I, II, and IV

D. all of the above

207

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

XXI. LONG SPAN STRUCTURES -ONE WAY SYSTEMS 1. Partitions should not be rigidly attached to the underside of a long span structural member because:

A

B

C

D

0000

A. This would decrease the flexibility of future room layouts. B. Lateral loads transferred to the partitions would cause them to tip slightly. C. Temperature changes would crack the finish material. D. Long-term deflection would buckle the partition structure.

2. What is common to both deep, long span steel joists and prestressed double tees? A. PONDING

C. CAMBER

B. TENDONS

D. PLATE GIRDER

A

B

C

D

0000

3. What is the ideal shape for an arch?

A. FURNICULAR

C. PARABOLIC

B. CIRCULAR

D. RIGID FRAME

4. Name the truss that does not have intermediate vertical members. A. PRATT

C. HOWE

B. WARREN

D. GOTHIC

5. Which of the following is not true about open-web steel joists?

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A. The LH-series and DLH-series are used where open space is needed for floor and roof spans up to 144

teet. B. A top chord, single pitched joist can be purchased for either top or bottom chord bearing.

C. The architect need not specify the required camber. D. A 24LH06 joist must always be braced with bridging; regardless of its span. 208

6. A sports complex is being planned for a large university. One portion will include a 50-meter pool with competition diving boards and areas for sJ)ectators. The size of the pool area has been tentatively set at 110 feet wide by 220 feet long by 50 feet high with the spectator area on one side of the long dimension. Glazing is planned along both short dimensions, and the primary exterior finish material is brick.

A

B

C

D

0000

What structural roof system would probably be best for this situation?

A. deep, long span joists B. glued laminated rigid frames

C. prestressed, single-T concrete sections

D. pitched steel trusses

7. Slotted holes are used to: I. provide for erection tolerances

A B () "'

,j

c

D

r, \

'~

-·

r·,

I

II. make shop fabrication easier

Ill. allow for temperature changes IV. let the exterior envelope move to prevent stress buildup

v.

make precise alignment possible

A. I, IV, and V

C. I, Ill, and V

B. II, Ill, and IV

D. all of the above

8. Select the incorrect statement.

A. Camber is used to prevent pondong.

B. Thrust action must be considered when using long span arches. v. Glued laminated beams can span farther than sawn '"'

timber because the allowable extreme fiber in bending stress is greater. D. Special moment connection are required for Vierendeel trusses.

209

A

G

c

D

0 0 0 0

9. Careful construction observation of long span structures is critical for which of the following reasons?

A

B

C

D

0000

I. to look for overstressing caused by temporary construction loads placed on the structure II. to check for proper construction sequence Ill. to make sure that connections are made according to the shop drawings IV. to compare on-site materials and components against the drawings and specification V. to determine that secondary members are aitached to primary members properlv.

A. I, II, and IV

C. II, Ilk IV, and V

B. II, Ill, and IV

D. all OT me above

10. What one-way system normally can span the farthest?

A. deep, long span joists C. wood arch B. flat steetl truss

A

8

C

D

0000

D. prestressed single-T

XXII. LONG SPAN STRUCTURE -TWO WAY SYSTEM

1. Select the incorrect statement about spaces frames. A. Space frames are different from many long spa'n structures because of their redundancy.

A

8

C

D

0000

B. Top and bottom grids of a space frame can run in different directions, but they usually are oriented the same way. C. Regularly spaced supports with overhands are more efficient than supports'located at the perimeter of a space frame structure. D. Space frames are economical structures because their many connections can be prefabricated. 2. Match the related systems and spans.

A

B

C

D

0000

folded plates II. hyperbolic parabolids

210

Ill. geodesic domes IV. suspended cable structure V. space frames 1. 30 to 160 feet 2. 50 to 100 feet 3. 80 to 220 feet 4. 50 to 400 feet 5. 50 to 450 feet A. 1-1, 11-2, 111-5, IV-3, V-4

C. 1-2, 11-1, 111-4, IV-5, V-3

B. 1-2, 11-3, 111-4, IV-5, V-1

D. 1-3, 11-1, 111-4, IV-4, V-2

3. A thin shell dome gets its strength and efficiency from which of the following?

A

B

C

0

0000

A meridiana! action and hoop tension B. compression, shear, and tension in the place of the dome C. distribution of hoop compression in the upper part of the dome and hoop tension in the lower part D. arch action in three dimensions 4. What describes a structure with diagonal bracing and individual arches?

A SCHWEDLER

C. CATENARY

B. THIN SHELL

D. HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

A

B

C

D

0000

5. Three of the structures listed above share an important property. What is this property?

A HOOPS

C. NODE

B. MERIDIAN

D. REDUNDANCY

6. What describes most pretensioned membrane structures?

A SYNCLASTIC

C. INDETERMINANT

B. ANTICLASTIC

D. LAWELLA

211

A

B

C

D

0000

7. Which of the structures listed above is the least stable under wind loads?

A. Geodesic dome

C. Preu matic

B. Space frame

D. Barrel vault

8. A dome is a very stiff structure for whichof the following reasons?

A

B

·c

0

0000

A 8

C 0

0000

A. Strain is small due to all stresses being in compression or tension.

B. The boundary of a dome is prevented from moving because of its circular shape.

C. Lateral loads are evenly distributed throughout the dome. D. Tension and compression are balanced.

9. Select the correct statements. I. labor is often the primary reason many long span

A 8

C 0

0000

structures are not economical. II. A high-rise dome in the winter experiences tension above the meridian angle of 45 degrees and compression below this point. II:

Both flat plates and barrel vaults need to have a length greater than transverse span width to be efficient.

IV. The thrust on a cable-suspended structure is directly proportional to its sag.

v

10

A structure like a suspension bridge makes the cable assume the shape of a parabola.

A. 1. 111. and B

C II, Ill, and IV

B.

D. Ill and V

! II, IV,

and V

Membranes are good structures to use because:

A

B

C

0

0000

A. They are easy to erect.

B. There is always direct, positive drainage C. They make very efficient use of material D. Their form is one of the most dramatic types of lqng span structures.

212

AREA ''B'' PART II

BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

AREA "B"

PART II

DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.

I. BUILDING MATERIALS A. CONCRETE 1. To avoid making concrete surfaces slippery. what material is used? A. CONCRETE TILE B.

ABRA~IVE:

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

C. ROUGH WOOD ON EDGES D. PLASTIC

MATERIAL IN THE TOPPING 2. An admixture which is usec.J to speed up the initial set of concrete (early removal of forms). A. DECELARATORS

C. HARD AGENTS

B. HI-TECH LIQUID

D. ACCELERATORS

3. Plain concrete surfaces which are subjected to live loads, the impact action of foot traffic, and other types of wear begin to dust and crumble at the surface, finally resulting in the destruction of the surface to prevent this. Use _ _ __ A. STONE

C. DAMP-PROOFER

B. CHEMICAL HARDENER

D SAHARA POWDER

4. The function of the admixture is to delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete. Usually used in very hot weather where hydration is accelerated by the heat, and leads the concrete to crack. This is also used for transit mix concrete that

214

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

has to be hauled in long distance to ensure that it reaches its destination in a plastic and placeable condition.

A. STOPPER

C. RETARDER

B. CONTROLLER

D. DELAYER

5. Common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7 and 28 day curing periods. Specimens are usually· cylindrical with a length equal to twice the diameter or 0.15 M. diameter and 0.30 M. height.

A. COMPRESSIVE

A B C D

0000

C. STIFFNESS TEST

STRENGTH TEST B. TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

D. BONDING TEST

6. When freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified deflection is being attained consistently. A standard cone is 30 em. high and 20 em. diameter at the bottom and 10 em. diameter on top and open on both ends. The cone is filled in three equal layers and tamped 25 times. When cone is filled it is lifted and measure the deflection.

A. OVERFLOWING

A

B

C

0

0000

C. SLUMP TEST

TEST B. WATER TEST

D. BREAKUP TEST

7. Concrete can be considered to be an artificial stone made by binding together particles of some inert material with a paste made of cement and water. These inert material of sand, crushed stone, burnt clay are called _ _

A. UNION OF MATERIALS B. SUMMARIES

ADDITIVES B. ADD-ON MATERIALS

B

C

0

0000

C. MIXTURE OF MATERIALS D. AGGREGATES

8. In addition to the basic ingredients of concrete, other materials are often added to the mix or applied to the surface efc freshly placed concrete to produce some special result and is known as _ _ __

A. CONCRETE

A

C. CONCRETE COM E-ONS D. PLUS FACTOR CONCRETE 215

A

B

C

0

0000

9. Made from materials which must contain the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron components. Four parts of limestone to one part clay are the basic ingredients. These are mixed, burned then pulverized. A. POZZOLAN CEMENT

C. PORTLAND CEMENT

B. HI-GRADE CEMENT

D. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

A

B

C

D

0000

Stones used for building purposes are classified according to form in which it is available commercially. 10.

includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into suitable sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that had been roughly cut to size usually as escombro or filling material, when used as a facing to a wall, it is laid at random meaning when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or vertical course line.

A. CRUSHED ROCK

C. RIP-RAP STONE

B. SAND STONE

D. RUBBLE

11 . These are stones that consists of using slabs ot stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup walls and provide a finished exterior, like marble and granite. A. LIMESTONE

C. FLAGSTONE

B. PANELING

D. DIMENSION STONE

12. This kind of stone, when used as the facing is so called when the work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken irregular coursed, and regular coursed _ __ A. RUBBLE

C. ASHLAR

B. RANDOM

D. TRIM

13. The basic ingredient of is clay which has some specific properties such as plasticity when mixed with water, so that it can be molded or shaped; it must have sufficient tensile strength to keep its

216

A

8

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000 •

A B C D

0000

shape after foaming; and ctay particles must fuse together wheri subjected to sufficiently high temperature. This material is molded solid.

A. CHB

C. SLATE

B. ADOBE

b.

BRICK

14. These are hollow units as opposed to brick which is solid. They are made from the same materials as brick, but all are formed by extrusion in the stiff-mud process.

A. STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE

C. FURRING TILE

B. BACK-UP TILE

D. VIGAN TILES

15. Meaning ·'fired earth" is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative purposes. since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern ____ _ is machine-extruded and molded or proposed. The machine-made product is usually referred to as CERAMIC VENEER, and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.

A. CERAMIC TILE

C. BRICKS

B. TERRA COTTA

D DECORATIVE TILE

16. The method of laying bricks in a wall in order to form some' distinctive design is referred to as the

A. DESIGNED BOND

C. FLEMISH BOND

B. HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL BOND

D. DECORATIVE TILE

A

B

C

D

0000

A 8 C D

0000

A

8

C

0

0000

B. WOOD, BOARDS

1. "DEC IDUO US" tress are trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in the winter time. These are classed as _ _ __

A. FOREST WOODS

C. SOLID WOODS

B. STURDY WOODS

D. HARDWOODS

217

A

8

C

D

0000

2. "CONIFERS" are trees that have needles. rather than leaves and that bear their seeds in cones. These are called _ _ __

A. SOFT WOODS

C. LIGHT WOODS

B. TENDER WOODS

D. BALSA WOODS

A

B

C

D

0000

As clay is burned. steel is tempered, so lumber must be dried. 3. Lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly. This may take months to dry. A. SUN-DRIED METHOD

C. WIND-DRIED METHOD

B. AIR-DRYING

D. BLOW-DRIED METHOD

4. Expensive !.umber such as those used for furniture must be dried using this method, so that wood will not move. It must be dried artificially to a moisture content of not more than 5 to 10 percent done using an oven in a large air fight structure and may take weeks only to dry. A. ELECTRIC RAY

C. KILN-DRYING

B. HUNG-DRYING

D. FIRE-DRYING METHOD

a

5. A term used to describe wooden member built-up of several layers of wood whose grain directions are all substantially parallel, and held together with glue as fastening, commonly used for beams. gardens, posts, columns. arches. bowstring truss chords usually softwoods are used. A. STRESSED-SKIN

C. COMBINED MATERIAL

B. BOX-TYPE

D. GLU-LAMINATED TIMBER

218

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

6. When lumber is subjected to pressure and injected with chemicals or salts to insure it from rots. This is termed as _ _ __

A

B

C

D

0000

A. TREATED LUMBER C. PAINTED LUMBER B. INJECTED LUMBER

D. PRESSURIZED LUMBER

7. Plywood is made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer. Each layer of plywood is called a _ _ __ A. FRAMING

C. VENEER

B. SHOW-IN

D. FACING

8. A group of sheets of building materials often faced . with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as a finished surface on walls. ceilings. etc. These are flat, relatively thin in section and have been made to standard sizes. usually 1.20 x 2.40M.

A

B

C

0

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A. FINISHING BOARD C. CONSTRUCTION BOARDS B. BUILDING BOARDS

D. ARCHITECTURAL BOARDS

9. A building board made from processed wood chips. Chips of controlled size are subjected to highpressure steam in pressure vessels. When the pressure is released. the chips "explode" and the cellulose and liquid are separated from the unwanted elements and then mixed into a homogenous mass and formed into a continuous board. These are pressed into a uniform. hard grainless sheets in heated process. A. STONE BOARD

C

B. HARD BOARD

D. STRONG BOARD

A

B

C

D

0000

PLY-BOARD

10. A building board made by impregnated standard board with a compound of oils and resins and baking it to polymerize the material. This board is brittle and stiff. has improved machining qualities and much greater resistance to water penetration. making it suitable for exterior use. 219

A B C D

0000

A. RIGID BOARD

C. WATERPROOF BOARD

B. FLEXI-BOARD

D. TEMPERED HARDBOARD

11. Made from three types of fiber; wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder formed into a board. They are softened with live steam, sheared to break chips down into fibers.

A. INSULATING FIBERBOARD · B. TEMPERATE BOARD

C. CHIPBOARD

B. SLICED BOARD

D. SIZED-BOARD

13. A hard board made from relatively small materials The materials are graduated from coarse at the center of the board to fine at the surface to help produce a product with a smooth dense surface. Both surfaces are sanded. Uses are floor underlay and shelvings common as a base for wood veneers, plastic laminates.

A ARTICLE BOARD

C. GROUNDED BOARD

B UNIT BOARD

D. ATOMIZED BOARD

From the outer bark of· an oaktree. Granules is mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheets from 25 mm. to 150 mm. thick and baked under pressure into rigid boards. The standard board length is only 0.91 m. (36 inches) and widths are 30, 45. 60 and 75 em. this board is exclusively for thermal insulating material and yibration control. PAPERBOARD

B CORKBOARD

C

D

0000

D. 'vVEATHERPROOF BOARD

A. PIECE WORK BOARD

A.

B

C. NOISE REDUCING BOARD

12. Large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder often faced with veneer. Panels are made into two types, plain and patterned. Plain panels may be unsanded, sanded on one side or both. Patterned panels have one grooved surface, either evenly spaced or random.

14

A

C. SOFTBOARD D. LIGHTWEIGHT BOARD 220

A

B

C

D

0000

A B c D 0 0 0 0

A

B

C

D

0000

15. Roofing paper which are used in maktngabuilt~up roof and are usuaHy "produced in 91 em. wide rolls, in various weight from 1.3 kilos to 9.08 kilos per square. A. ROOFING ROLLS

C. ROOFING FELTS

B. ROOFING FOILS

D. ROOFING SHEETS

16. Two thicknesses of paper laminated together with a film of asphalt. Two kinds of paper is used- one is a kraft paper. The other, a mixture of ground wood pulps, treated by the sulfate and the kraft methods

A B C D

0000

A B C D

0000

A. WATER PROOFED C. TEMPERATE PAPER PAPER B. ASPHALT PAPER

D. VAPOR-BARRIER PAPER

C. METALS 1

Metal in which iron is the principal element. Steel wrought iron and stainless steel

A MINEDMETALS

('

A

B

•_,

c

QUALITIES, CAPACITIES, PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1. RESILIENCE ........................ (

A. Rigid or firm. difficult or impossible to bend or flex like an I beam

2. MALLEABILITY ...................... (

B. To force or press out, to form (metal or plastic) with a desired cross section by forcing it through a die.

3. BRITTLENESS ...................... (

C. When cement and water are mixed and ttF c:;m8nt particles tend to ging when the soil settles.

A. S-CURVE

C. EXTENSION

B. BALANCER.

D. GOOSENECK

261

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

3. A stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its connection with a water main. A. CORPORATtON COCK

C. COMPANY LOCK

B. COCK VALVE

D. UNION COCK

4. A kind of G. I. fitting used as reducer from a bigger diameter to a lesser diameter. A. REDUCTION

C. BUSHING

B. COUPLING

D. BUILD-UP

5. A G. I. fitting which is used when a pipe has already been installed but dismatling is difficuH. A. EXPANDER

.C. COMBINATION

B. UNION.

D. DOUBLE

6. Excessive pressure produces a rumbling sound . This occurs when a valve is called the suddenly turned off and causes the water to stop, forcing the pipes to shake and to reduce this, an additional 0.30 M. to 0.90 M.length of pipe is added to the riser to give air pressure which absorb it. A. WATER QUIVER

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

A

B

C

D

0000

c D 0000 A

B

C. WATER HAMMER

B. WATER RAMBLER D. WATER BARRIER

7. A kind of G. I. fitting that has one end external treads; while the other end has internal treads. A. INTERCHANGEABLE TEE

C. TWO-WAY FITTING

B. CLOSE OPEN ELBOW

D. STREET ELBOW or TEE

8. To insure no leakage, a G. I. pipe when threaded tape has to use while lead liquid or around the thread before tightening the fittings. A. TEFLON

C. PVC

B. PLASTIC

D. SEALER

262

c D 0000 A

B

c D 0000 A

B

9. What does uPVC mean? A. UNPROTECTED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPE

C. UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPE

B. UNPREPARED POLYETHYLENE COATED PIPE

D. UNPRESSED POLYURETHANE CHLORINE PIPE

10. This consists of a wedge-shaped plug which is sdewed down to seat between two brass rings surrounding the inlet pipe so that a double seal is obtained. The inlet and outlet are in a straight line. This valve is used when a normal fully open or closed position is desired. Either end may be used as inlet A. FENCE VAi_VES

C. ENTRY VALVES

B. DOOR VALVES

D. GATE VALVES

11. These valves are used when it is desired that the flow through a pipe be always in one direction and there is a possibility of a flow taking place in the opposite direction. One type has a pivoted flap which is readily pushed open by the pressure ot water from one side but is tightly closed by the force of a reverse flow.

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

0

0000

A. ONE-WAY VALVES C. SWING-IN VALVES B. CHECK VALVES

D. CORRECT VALVES A

12. A material used as a covering, such as a pipe bigger than the main pipe of a deep well so that the main pipe can be pulled out for repair.

A. CASING

C. COATING

B. ENCLOSING

D. PROTECTIVE

A. STATIC HEAD

C. VERTICAL HEIGHT

B. OVERHEAD HEIGHT

D. PRESSURE LENGTH

263

C

D

0000

A 13. This is the vertical distance from the higher source of water or overhead tank to the outlet (faucets, shower head) and is distributed by gravity.

B

B

C

D

0000

14. Subsurface conditions of ground wat-. and rook must be known. Siles with high (about 1.80 M. to 2.40 M below grade) ca.n cause problems with excavations, foundations, utility placement and landscaping. This is described as the level underground in which the soil is situated with water. A. WATER LEVEL

C. WATER LINE

B. WATER TABLE

D. WATER CONTAINER

15. An opening or space to accommodate a group of pioes.

A. PIPE CONNECTORS

A

B

C

0

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

C. PIPE CHASE

B. PIPE GROUPINGS D. PIPE HOLE 16. When the water supply of very tall building is designed as a unit, the required capacities or tanks, pumps and pipings become unduly large and excessive pressures are developed in lower portions of the dowrifeed risers, The buildings therefore is divided into horizontal sections or , and to design the hot and cold water supply systems separately for each.

A. AREA METHOD

C. GROUPING

B. STORY DIVIDER

D. ZONING

A

B

C

D

0000

C. FIRE PROTECTION, STORM WATER 1. Fire companies with their apparatus find difficulty _ _ _ _ with separate water reserve or upfeed pumping are extremely valuable in any buHdings but become highly essential in tall buildings. This system, intended for use by building personnel until the fire engines arrive and thereafter by the trained staff of the fire department.

A STANDPIPES & HOSES

C. VERTICAL PIPES

B. FIRE USE PIPES

D. STEADY PIPES

264

A

B

C

0

0000

2. Automatic systems consist of a horizontal pattern of pipes placed near the ceilings of industrial buildings, warehouses, stores, theaters and other structures where the fire hazard requires their use. These pipes are provided with outlets and heads so constructed that temperatures of (55° to 70"C) Celsius will cause them to open automatically and will cause them to open automatically and emit a series of time water sprays.

A. SPLASHERS

C. DROPLETS

B. RAIN WATER

D. SPRINKLERS

3. ·A system of sprinklers with its pipes constantly filling both mains and distribution pipes.

A. WATER FILLED

A

B

C

0

0000

A

8

C

D

0000

C. WET PIPE SYSTEM

SYSTEM B. LIQUID ENHANCED D. SOAKING SYSTEM SYSTEM 4. Generally confined to unheated buildings, There is no water in the distribution pipes except during a fire. Remote valves may be actuated by sensitive elements to admit water to sprinkler's heads.

A. UNLIQUIFIED

A

8

C

D

0000

C. EMPTY PIPE SYSTEM

SYSTEM B. DRY PIPE SYSTEM D. CLEAN PIPE SYSTEM 5. An inlet placed outside a building close to ground level, having two openings so that fire engines can pump water to the dry stand pipes and sprinkler system of the building.

A

B

C

D

0000

A. DOUBLE HEADER C. SIAMESE TWIN B. DUAL ENTRANCE

D. TWO WYE SYSTEM

6. Sprinkler heads are of the quartzoid bulb type. The bulb is transparent and contains a colored liquid. At 360°F the bulb breaks and releases a water stream. one is called "upright" when used above piping when piping is exposed but when it is hidden inside ceilings that shows only the bulb it is called a _ _ __

A. HIDDEN HEAD

C. EXPOSED BULB

B. PENDENT

D. BALANCER

265

A

8

C

D

0000

7. That portion of the plumbing system which conveys rain water to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public _ _ _ _ system and carried to some drainage terminal such as lakes or rivers.

A. RAIN WATER PIPE

C. STORM SEEPAGE

B. STORM MAIN

D. STORM DRAIN

8. When the soil is not permeable, and it touches a concrete or hollow block wall of a basement, rain water will seep on it and may flood. The gravel is placed all around this wall 0.30 M. wide and about 0.30 M. below the basement floor rain water from the gravel towards the drainage terminal.

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A. PERFORATED PIPE C. OPENED SIDE PIPE

B. HAMMERED PIPE

D. GUTTER PIPE

D. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 1. Water plus human waste, solid and liquid, urine·that is flushed out of toilets and urinals. A. GRAY WATER

C. BLACK WATER

B. CONTAMINATED WATER

D. DIRTY WATER

2. A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid waste.

A. SOIL STEADY PIPE

C. SOIL CONDUCTOR PIPE

B. SOIL LEADER

D. SOIL STACK PIPE

3. A pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free of fecal matter. A. CONVEYOR PIPE

C. TRASH PIPE

B. WASTE PIPES

D. LIQUID CONTAINING PIPE

266

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

4. A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals. A. VENT

C. FLUE

B. AIR

D. DUCT

5. A metallic sleeve, calked or otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.

A

B

C

D

0000

c D 0000 A

B

A. CLEANOUT PLUG C. CLEANOUT FERRULE B. TESTING FERRULE D. TESTING PLUG 6. A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas and materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. A. TRAP

C. WATER PLUG

B. CLOSER

D. CLOGGER

7. The part of the lowest horizontal piping of. a plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer. It should have a slope of at least 1/4" to a foot or 6 mm. for every 300 mm.

c D 0000 A

B

c D 0000 A

B

A. HOUSE STRAINER C .. HOUSE SIEVE B. HOUSE DRAIN

D. HOUSE TRAP

8. A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.

A. BASEMENT PIT

C. LOW POST PIT

B. SUMP PIT

D. UNDERGROUND PIT

9. A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, light, ventilation and others. A. VERTICAL HOLE

C. CHUTE

B. VOID

D. SHAFT

267

c D 0000 A

B

c D 0000 A

B

10. A sheet metal placed when concrete is pOUred to accommodate~ pluning pipes (through the hole

made). A. SLEEVE

C. GUIDE

B. OPENING

D. HOLE

11. Plugging an o~ning around pipe joints with oakum (hemp soaked With oil) lead or other materials like epoxy adhesive on vinyl that are pounded place.

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A. WATERPROOFING C. CAULKING B. CLOGGING

D. STUFFING

1,2'. All horizontally piping shall run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than two (2%) percent, 20 mm. rise per meter length, and shall be supported or anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.00 M. length (10 feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at their bases and all pipes be rigidly hundred (100 inches) length.

A

B

C

D

0000

A. SLOPES. OF C. ALIGNMENT OF HORIZONTAL PIPING PIPING B. GRADES OF D. DEFLECTION HORIZONTAL PIPING OF PIPING 13. This kind of trap must be installed wherever oily, lard contained wastes from hotels, restaurants, club houses or similar public eating places are discharged into the sewer or septic vault. Sand traps shall be placed as near as possible to the fixture from which it receives the discharge and shall have an air-tight cover, easily removable to permit its cleaning.

A. DREASES TRAPS

C. OIL & LARD BINS

B. LEFTOVER CONTAINERS

D. GREASE DRAIN

14. This is the vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir (an embankment or levee) built to hold water in its course or to divert it to a new course of a p-trap. Also it is the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir to prevent unpleasant and odorous gases to enter the room through the fixtures.

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A. ANTI-ODOR TRAP C. WATER PLUG B. TRAP SEAL

D. P-TRAP

268

,,

J

15. The resun of a minus pressure in the drainage system. (Pressure is a force required to move gas or liquid) When .a large amount of water of the trap (seal) is absolutely discharged. When the seal is lost, back flow of gases from the sewer line will pass into the trap, finds its way to the fixture drain outlet and spread into the room.

I

I

A. DRIPPING

C. SEEPAGE

B. BACKFLOW

D. SIPHONAGE

16. Upon the completion of the entire water distribution system including connections to apprentices, devices, tanks, or fixtures, it shall be tested and inspected by means of _ _ __

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A. GAS AND AIR TEST C. WATER AND AIR TEST B. WATER AND GAS TEST

D. PRESSURE TEST

E. SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM, REFUSE HANDLING 1. A receptacle or water tight vault used to collect organic waste discharge from the house sewer and designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest the organic matter through a period of detention, and allow the effluent to discharge a storm drain.

A. SEPTIC TANK

C. SLUDGE POOL

B. CESSPOOL

D. SOLIDS CHAMBER

2. A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time to deposit setteleable materials.

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

A. COLLECTION TUB C. WATER CHAMBER B. WATER TRAP

D. CATCH BASIN

3. A public sanitary waste disposal system consisting of a treatment unit which conveys the raw waste to the disposal system.

A. COMMUNITY MAIN C. PUBLIC SANITATION B. PUBLIC SEWER LINE

D. PRIVY

269

A

B

C

D

0000

4. A common way of disposing of solids is by _ __ This is a controled burning of combustible waste. This can be an effective waste reduction method for 70 percent of all solid municipal wastes. If this is operated property, it can reduce bulk by 90 to 95 percent. Ash left over is generally disposed off in a landfill.A. FIREPLACE

C. INCINERATION

B. BURNER

D. HEATING

5. Another method of disposing municipal solid wastes is by dumping of refuse at a pre-planned site, compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This method is called a

A. WASTE COLLECTION

C. SANITARY LANDFILL

B. CLEAN-AIR EARTH FILL

D. SANITARY GARBAGE PILE

6. When garbage from different floors of a high-rise building is disposed off from an opening and is directly led to the basement garbage bin. This is called the A. TRASH PIPES

A B C D

0000

c D 0000 A

B

c D 0000 A

B

C. GARBAGE CONDUCTOR

B. RUBBISH CHUTES D. WASTE GUIDES 7. This is a contraption inverted to dispose leftovers straight from the kitchen sink. Simply tum on the faucet, flick the power switch and place the leftovers such as bones, fruit pits, rotten vegetables, spoiled bones and washed down the drain pipes.

A. GARBAGE COLLECTOR

-C. WASTE GRINDER

B. LEFT-OVER CHOPPER

D. GARBAGE DISPOSER

270

c D 0000 A

B

8. After the ground preparation a should be laid out on the area enclosed for sanitary landfill. The main purpose is to prevent the seepage of leachate (dirty water, to cause liquid to percolate) deep down to the ground water strata. This consist of soil or composite material such as synthetic plastic or asphaH sheets. A. LINER

C. BLANKET

B. WATERPROOFER

D. COATING

9. A method of landfill wherein a tractor digs a trench with a bulldozer blade, and trucks dump the refuse to it. Then the tractor compacts the refuse thoroughly and covers it with earth that was dug up earlier. This method is primarily used on level ground. A. LINING METHOD

A

B C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

C. CANAL METHOD

B. TRENCH METHOD D. DUGOUT METHOD 10. This method of landfill is generally used on rolling terrain where the existing slope of the land can be used as a basin. In this method, trucks deposit refuse over a selected area. Huge, heavy tractors with special compacting wheels press down the refuse. Then refuse is covered with earth hauled in from elsewhere. A. COLLECTION METHOD

A

B

C

D

0000

C. SCATTER METHOD

B. SPREAD METHOD D. AREA METHOD 11. Collection of human wastes is done by elaborate systems to carry most liquid sewage to _ _ __ where the sewage undergoes a series of treatment steps to remove polluting materials, biological and chemical contaminants that can harm human health or ecological systems. The first stage is the trapping or screening of coarse suspended matter into a grit chamber. Then the use of aerobic microorganisrl)s to break down the organic matter left in the sewage called the biological oxidation. Then the 3rd phase, chemical treatments used to remove undesirable constituents that remain. What resuHs is a drinking quality water.

A. WASTE TREATMENTC. WASTE ANTIPLANTS POLLUTANT PLANTS B. SEPTIC VAULT

D. WASTE COLLECTION DEPOT

271

A

B

C

D

0000

fixture that aPP&ars •• a water closet, since a person sits down on it. But it is designed as a

12. A

combination lavatory which can plug the drain and collect hot and cold water, with an inverted water sprayer to clear the most delicate and well-guarded parts of the body.

A. LAVATORY CLOSET

C. BIDET

B. CESSPOOL

D. SANITARY CLOST

A

B

C

D

0000

F. MISCELLANEOUS QUESnONS

1. What determines the size of a leading field? A. POTABLE WATER

C. WATER TABLE

B. PERCOLATION TEST

D. GREY WATER

2. What is an important concern in private water supply?

A. HARDNESS

C. FRICTION LOSS

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

B. BUILDING SEWER D. POTABLE WATER

3. What part of water suppty design is affected by building height?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. FIXTURE UNITS

C. FIXTURE LOSS

B. CASING

D. STATIC HEAD

4. Select the incorrect statements:

I. Dry pipe sprinkler systems are more efficient than wet pipe systems.

II. Siamese connections serve both sprinklers and standpipes.

Ill. The hazard classification does not necessarily affect sprinkler layout.

IV. Standpipes must be located within,stairways or vestibules of srnokeproof enclosures.

V. Standpipes are required in buildings four or more stories high or those exceeding 150 feet.

A. I, II, and IV

C. II, IV, and V

B. II, Ill, and V

D. Ill, IV, and V

272

A

B

C

D

0000

5. The pressure in a city water main is (0.39273 MPa). Hthe pressure lOss through piping, fittings, and the water meter has been calculated as 23 psi (0.15847 MPa) and the highest fixture requires 12 psi (0.08268 MPa) to operate, what is the maximum height the fixture can be above the water main?

A. 9 feet (2.70 M)

C. 50 feet (15M)

V. 24 feet (7.20 M)

D. 78 feet (26 M)

6. You have been retained by a client to design a house in a suburban location. The nearest water main is one block away (about 1000 M.) and the city has no plans to extend the line in the near future. City and county regulations do permit the drilling of wells. What should you recommend to your client regarding water supply?

A

B

C

D

0000

c D 0000 A

8

A. Estimate the cost of extending the municipal line. since the. water quality is known and it would ensure a long-term supply. Consult with nearby property owners who plan to build in the area to see if they would be willing to share the cost of extending the line.

B. Drill a test bore to determine the dept, potential yield, and water quality of a well and compare this information with the cost of extending the municipal line.

C. Assist the owner in petitioning the city to extend the water line to serve new development sooner than they had planned to. D. Consult with nearby property owners who use wells and with well drillers to estimate the depth and yield of wells in the area. Compare the estimated cost and feasibility of drilling with the feasibility of extending the municipal line at the owner's cost. 7. Which statements about drainage are correct?

I. Drains should always slope at a minimum of 1/8 inch per foot. (.0099 per meter) or 9.9 mm II. The vent stack extends through the roof.

1!1. Vents help prevent the drainage of water from traps.

273

c D 0000 A

B

IV. The house drain cannot also be called the building sewer. V. Clea•.outs are always a necessary part of a drainage system.

v

A. I, II, and V

C. II, Ill, and

B. I, Ill, and IV

D. Ill, IV, and V

8. Water hammer most often occurs when: A. the incorrect type of valve is used

A

B

c

D

0000

B. water suddenly stops when flow is turned oft C. expansion joints are not installed in water lines D. water flows backward against a check valve 9. One component of a plumbing system that every building has is a:

A. stack vent

C. backflow preventer

B. vent stack

D.

c D 0000 A

B

A

B

house trap

10. Select the incorrect statement:

A. Several types of plastic can be used for cold water piping, but only PVDC is used for hot water supply where allowed by local codes. B. Steep pipe is more labor intensive and requires more space than copper pipes in plumbing chases. C. Type M pipe is normally specified for most interior plumbing. D. ABS is suitable for water supply.

274

C

D

oooc

AREA ''B'' PARTIII

UTILITIES

2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

AREA "I" ---

UTILITIES

.

.

PART Ill ~

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS A. HEAT, MOISTURE, HUMAN COMFORT 1. What does Ashrae mean? Energy conservation is the theme of this. A. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIRCONDITIONING ENGINEERS

C. ALASKAN SOCIETY OF HOUSING, RESTORATION AND AREA CONVERSION ENVIRONMENT

B. AMERICAN SYSTEM OF HEATING RESISTANCE AND AERIAL COMFORT ENGINEERS

D. AUSTRALIAN SYSTEM OF HEATING, REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING ENVIRONMENT

2. Food taken into the body may be thought of as a fuel that is subject to a low-grade burning process sufficient to maintain a body temperature of (37°C). There is a wide variation in metabolic (METABOLISM) rates dependent on physical activity. For aA average size man; the Met unit corresponds to 360 BTu:-.. A sleeping inan gives off 0.7 to 1.2 METABOLIC RATE or MET UNITS so 360 x 0.7 = 252 BTuh. A basketball player in action generates and loses2136BTuhofthe Met units is 7.6 (7.6x360). What then is BTuh? (Definition: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound water by one degree fahrenheit). A. BUILDER'S TEMPERATURE UNITS per hour

C. BRITISH THERMAL UNITS per hour

B. BEST TEMPERATURE UNITS per hour

D. BRICK TOWN UNITS per hour 276

A

B

C

D

0 0 0 0

A

B

C

D

0000

3. H it is very very cold outSide during December in Baguio, where would you put the heater?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. ABOVE THE WINDOW INSIDE B. BELOW THE WINDOW INSIDE C. NEAR THE WAU AWAY FROM THE WINDOW D. BELOW THE WINDOW OUTSIDE 4. For energy conservation, walls and roofs, and sometimes floors- if there is outdoor space belowmust be resistant to the rapid transrrission of heat. Slow pasage of heat also resuls in warmer, more comfortable inside surface temperatures. Insulation is highly essential . are needed to prevent colder parts of roofs and walls where it condenses or freezes. A. DAMPPROOFING

C. TEMPERATURE CONTROLLERS

B. DEW COLLECTORS

D. VAPOR BARRIERS

A

B

C

D

0000

The human body loses heat in three ways 5. One way is through . This is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, either a gas or liquid. This occurs when the air temperature surrounding a ·person is less than the body's skin temperature, around 85 degrees fahrenheit (30°C). The body heats the surrounding air, which rises and is replaced with cooler air. A. CONDUCTION

C. CONDUCTIVITY

B. CONDUCTANCE

D. CONVECTION

6. The other way is by . Heat loss through this way occurs when moisture changes to a vapor as a person perspires or breathes. A. EVAPORATION

C. DEWPOINT

B. ENTHALPY

D. COEFACIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER

277

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

7. Another way is by . This is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves from one surface to a colder surface. The body can lose heat to a cooler atmosphere or to a cooler surface. A. LATENT HEAT

C. INFILTRATION

B. RAOIATION

D. MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE

8. Heat gain is most affected by: I. Motors

Ill. People

II. Sunlight

IV. Fluorescent Lighting

v.

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

Humidity

C. I, II, Ill and IV

A II and Ill B. II, 111 and

A

v

D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

9. The is a graphic representation of the thermodynamic properties of moist air. It is used for a wide· variety of applications in heating and airconditioning design, including dew point temperatures, determining relative humidity, calculating ENTHALPY (in thermodynamics) and determining humidity ratios. These values are needed to compute the relationships of heat and air flow in air conditioning design.

A

B

C

D

0000

A. PSYCHROMETRIC C. TEMPERATURE CHART CHART B. BAR CHART

D. THERMODYNAMIC CHART

10. Heat is lost through insulating glass by what process?

A VENTILATION

C. AIR CONDITIONING

B. RADIATION

D. CONVECTION

11. In calculating solar heat gair., what value must you have in addition to the area of the glass?

A. SENSIBLE HEAT

C. EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE

B. DESIGN COOLING LOAD FACTOR

D. MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE

278

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

12. A high value of what property is desirable in heat loss calculations?

A

PROPORTION OF GLASS

C. RESISTANCE

B. TIGHT CONSTRUCTION

D. ABSORPTION

13. Weatherstripping is a good energy conservation strategy because it affects what? This is the transfer of air into and out of a building through open doors, through

A INSULATION

C. INFILTRATION

B. BODYHEAT

D. EXHAUSTION

14. Select the incorrect statement.

A RELATIVE HUMIDITY is a measure of thermal comfort

A

B

C

0

0000

A

B

C

0

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

B. PEOPLE FEEL more comfortable in the cold months if the MAT is high. C. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES in comfort level between different cultural groups. D. The range of comfortable dry bulb temperature is dependent on air movement. 15. A roof covers an area 12 meters wide and 24 meters long. With heavy insulation, the resistance has been calculated as 38 and th.e design equivalent temperature difference as 44. If the design temperature is -5° and it is desired to maintain a 70° indoor temperature (F), what is the heat loss through the roof?

A. 3661 BTuh

C. 5824 BTuh

B. 5455 BTuh

D. 6240 BTuh

16. What would be the best design strategy for passive cooling during the summer in a hot-humid climate? A. Design a series of pools and fountains to cooi by evaporation B. Include broad overhangs to shield glass and outdoor activities from the sun C. Orient the building to catch summer breezes D. Use light-colored sw1aces to reflect sunlight and solar gain.

279

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

B. HEATING, VENTJLAlWG, SOLAR ENERGY Heat flows through Homogenous solids. Beginning with the combustion of fuel in boilers or furnaces, heat flows by various methods to warm the OCaJpied spaces and hence minimally outdoors by transmission through exterior room surfaces or by the loss or expulsion of warmed air through openings in the building. There are three ways where\n heat is transferred. 1. One way is by . The inside of a concrete wall which has one side exposed to outside extreme cold tempera1Ure feels coki to the touch. Heat is being lead from the side Of higher tefl1)erature to that of lower temperature. To prevent heat loss by this way, we must use materials that are poor conductors. (An example is when a cold steel rod is heated at one end, soon your hand will feel the heat at the other end). A. FEEDER

C. FORWARDER

B. CONDUCTION

D. LEAD-ON

2. The second way is by . From this point, it is transferred to the outside air by this system. To prevent heat loss, materials must be used which will reflect rather than radiate heat. (An exalll>le is 3 lamp.which when heated is felt by a person near it). A. REFLECTION

C. RADIATION

B. EMISSION

D. EJECTION

3. The third way. is by . When air is heated, it expands and begins to circulate. During the circulation, it comes in contact with cooler surfaces, some of its heat is given up to them. It is therefore important to try to prevent air currents from being set up in the waDs and ceilings of our building. (in a cavity wall, a hollow wall, or a metal fireplcfce, cold «Ur enters from below, is heated, expands and become lighter. Hot air goes up, and cooler air again enters). A. CONVEYANCE

C~ CONVERSION

B. TRANSPORTATION D. CONVECTION

280

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

4. To prevent heat from the inside to escape to the cold climate outside or to prevent the transfer of hot outside temperature in summer to the living spac~ within the building, we should specify and use _ _ _ _ _ .Materials such as blankets, batts. slabs, loose fill. A. THERMAL INSULATION

C. HEATERS

B. BLOCKADE

D. TEMPERATURE GAUGE

A

B

C

D

0000

Solar energy is being tapped in many strange and wondrous ways. However there are two ways of heating or cooling a building using the solar (sun's) heat. 5. The" "is so called because it employs no sophisticated collectors and no expensive technology to.harness the sun's energy. This is used for an "energy conscious" building. It is low-energy consuming building which uses solar power for air conditioning and other methods which use little or no energy at all, and at usually low cost. A. BUDGETED SOLAR DESIGN

C. PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN

B. COST-CONTROL SOLAR DESIGN

D. SUN CONTROL DESIGN

6. The systems require expensive and energy consuming equipment to operate electric water heaters and air conditioners. In short they are technologically designed solar buildings. The awesome energy of the sun's radiation is harnessed, absorbed, transferred and stored for building heating and cooling. Using this system, the temperatures inside a house will stay at 68° to 70°F (19°C to 21 °C) during even the coldest days. A. HEAT GENERATING DEVICE

C. MECHANICAL SOLAR DESIGN

B. ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN

D. SUN CONTROL DESIGN

281

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

7. A is an integration of a house, a greenhouse, a solar heater, and a solar still. The space between the solar collector and the heat storage wall is large enough to be used for growing food: A. BIOSPHERE

C. ENVIRONMENTAL ARENA

B. ECO-SPHERE

D. SOLAR HOUSE

8. In Thermodynamics, an , is a quantity expressed as the Internal Energy of a system plus the product of the pressure and volume of the system, having the property that during an isobaric process, the change in the quantity is equal to the heat transferred during the process. A. ENTASIS

C. ELEMENT

B. ANALYTIC

D. ENTHALPY

9. The occupants of a building produce two (2) kinds of heat: one· is the LATt;:NT HEAT and the other is _ _ _ _ _ in the form of moisture from breathing and perspiration. This is assumed to be about 225 BTuh, simply multiply the number of occupant by 225 to calculate the heat. A. DEW POINT

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

C. HOT POINT

B. EXCESSIVE HEAT D. SENSIBLE HEAT 10. In warm air heating, a is needed. This is constructed of sheet metal or glass fiber - either round or rectangular.

A. CONDUCTOR

C. PIPE

B. DUCT

D. SLEEVE

11. These wil be necessary to balance the system and adjust it to the desires of the occupants. These are used where branch ducts leave the larger trunk ducts. Each user can have its flow controlled by an adjustable splitter in the basement at the foot of the riser. Labels should indicate the rooms served. A. VANES

C. DAMPERS

B. BLINDS

D. SLATS

282

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

12. SUpply (sometimes called diffusers) should be equipped with dampers and should have their vanes arranged to disperse the air and to reduce its velocity as soon as possible after entering the room. A common method is to provide vanes that divert the air half to the right and half to the left. Provide wall slotted type return grilles. A. REGISTERS

C. EXHAUSTS

B. GRILLES

D. CONTROLLERS

13. This kind of FIREPLACE give off as much radiant heat as conventional types, but to this they add circulating air warmed by convection. These fireplaces have a double or triple-wall firebox with an intervening air space several inches wide. Vents at the bottom of the firebox draw cool air into this space between the inner and outer walls, where it is warmed. The heated air rises by convection to be expelled through vents located above the firebox opening or farther away - even to other rooms through ducts. A. HEATERS

C. CENTRAL HEATING

B. HEAT CIRCULATING

D. HEAT GENERATING DEVICE

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

14. Smoke and combustion gases from the burning wood

A B C D

. Usually made of Terra pass up the Cotta pipe or 0.30 M. x 0.30 M. hollow block smoke chase.

0000

A. SMOKE ESCAPE

C. AIR SUPPLY

B. HOLLOW SPACE

D. CHIMNEY FLUE

15. This is often used in factories, whether for hanging on from the ceiling or attached to the wall or window. It can also be with four wheels and back curtain, put on the ground for easy moving. This is also called a long distance ventilator tor vessel workshops, steel mill, basement and tunnel ventilation, etc.

A. JUMBO FAN

C. PACKAGED AIR

B. AIR INDUCTOR

D. BLOWER

283

A

B

C

D

0000

, (OZVENT is one product name) II an aU aluminum ventilator which uses no electricity, it is deSigned to allow natural breeze to provkte all the turning requirements for maximum ventilation.

1'8. A

A

B

C

D

0000

Once installed, there is no further running cost for resk:tential and Industrial use, attached to the roof.

c.

A. CIRCULAR AIR EXHAUST

C. TURBINE VENTILATOR

B. MOVABLE VENTILATOR

D. ROOF EXHAUST

AIR-CONDITIONING

-1. The process of treatrng air so as to control 'simultaneously its temperature, humk:tity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.

A. AIR FRESHING

C. AIR CLEANING

B. AIR CONDITIONING

D. AIR CONTROLLING

2. This type of air conditioning system having 2 units, the indoor unit and the outdoor unit. The heat inside a room is absorbed through the indoor unit and is released through the outdoor unit. This type can be wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted, floor-mounted, or, packaged. A. DUAL-TYPE

C. SPLIT-TYPE

B. HALF-TYPE

D. COMBIN-ATION TYPE

3. This type of air conditioning system is a semi-fixed, air conditioning system. It is so because it requires a wall opening for it to be installed. A. EXTERIOR TYPE

C. SINGLE-UNIT TYPE

B. WALL-MOUNTED TYPE

D. WINDOW-MOUNTED TYPE

284

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

4. In larger buildings and those wlh varied and diverse occupancy, it is usually preferred to _ _ __ the refrigeration plant. The condenser is cooled by water circulated to an outdoor cooling tower and the evaporator produces chilled water. The latter is then pumped to whenever it is needed in the building or to the A.H.U. (Air Handling Unit), each serving many

A

B C

D

0000

rooms. A. CENTRALIZED C. ONE STATION TYPE AIR CONDITIONING B. OVERALL AIR CONDITIONING

D. GENERAL A. C.

Question 1, 2 and 3 are based on the following situation. A Developer is planning to build a small shopping mall for resale. You have been hired as the architect. The mall will consist of 4,000 sq.m. of rentable area on one level surrounding a small enclosed courtyard. Existing utilities adjacent to the site include water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, natural gas and electricity. 5. Which mechanical system for the lease area would you recommend?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. a multizone system with economizer cycle B. an active solar energy system for heating and evaporative cooling C. a direct expansion system with passive solar design of the building D. individual rooftop heat pumps 6. What cooling system would work best for the enclosed courtyard?

A. EVAPORATIVE COOLING WITH A CLOSED WATER LOOP B. ABSORPTION COOLING WITH SOLAR ASSIST

C. COMPRESSIVE REFRIGERATION

D. PASSIVE COOLING

285

A

B

C

D

0000

7. Wtich of the following would be most important in the selection of an HVAC system for this project?

I. Flexibility Ill. Economics

A

B

C

D

0000

II. Cimatic Zone IV. The Tenant's Preference V. Building Scale

A. 1,11 and V

C. II, Ill and v

B. II, Ill and IV

D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

8. A seven-storey office building is to have a variable air volume system. The building will have 10,500 square meter of net space and an estimated 12,600 sq.m. of gross area. About how much space should be allowed for HVAC systems? A. 250 sq.m.

C. 630 sq.m.

B. 380sq.m.

D. 760 sq.m.

A

C

D

0000

A 9. Select the iilcorrect f;tatement.

B

B

C

D

0000

A. A health center would probably use no.4 or no.5 fuel oil. B. Heat pumps rely on solar energy more than electricity. C. Natural gas has a higher heating value than propane D. Electricity is not a good choice for powering boilers in remote areas 10. A main trunk duct is to be placed above a suspended ceiling and below the structural framing. If ceiling space for the duct is not a problem, which of the following shapes of duCts would be the best to use assuming equal capacities?

A RECTANGULAR, with the long dimension horizontal B. SQUARE

C. RECTANGULAR, with the long dimension vertical D. ROUND

286

A

B

C

D

0000

11. A standard gas furnace has aft the follOWing concept: A. FLUE

C. COMBUSTION CHAMBER

B. DAMPER

D. FILTERS

12. The heat gain for a building has been calculated at 108,000 BTuh. What size compressive refrigeration machine should be specified? A. 9 tons

C. 36tons

B. 12 tons

D. 54 tons

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

13. An Economizer cycle: A. only cools as much chilled water as required by the demand load

0000

B. uses outdoor air to cool a building C. automatically reduces the amount of time the compressor runs D. uses air and water to cool the condenser coils 14. The cooling system for a restaurant kitchen must remove which of the following?

A. sensible heat only

C. sensible and latent heat

B. latent heat only

D. sensible heat and latent heat at 30% of sensible heat.

287

A

B

C

D

0000

D. CONVEYORS, VERTICAL TRANSPORTATioN, BUILDING MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT 1.

is a term that describes all the methods used to move people and materials vertically. This- includes passenger and freight elevators, escalators, dumbwaiters, vertical converyor, moving ramps, wheelchair lifts, and platform lifts.

A. VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION B. VERTICAL MOVEMENT 2.

A

B

C

D

0000

C. FLOOR TO FLOOR CONVEYANCE D. UP AND DOWN MOVEMENT

are one of the two major types used for the movement of people and freight; This elevator is lifted by a plunger, or ram, set in the ground directly under the car and operated with oil as the pressure fluid. As a consequence, the cylinder for the ram must be extended into the ground as high as the elevator rises. This is used for two to six stories high only. Travel time is 7.50 M to 48 M per minute and are therefore not appropriate for moving large numbers of people quickly. A. COMPUTERIZED ELEVATORS

C. HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS

B. OIL-FILLED ELEVATORS

D. MECHANIZED ELEVATORS

3. This is the most common type used for passenger service. They are capable of much rngher lifts and greater speeds than hydraulic types and can be precisely controlled for accelerating and decelerating. The system employs a cab suspended by cables (known as ropes) that are draped over a sheave and attached to a counterWeight. A motor drives the sheave, which transmits lifting power to the ropes by the friction of the ropes in grooves of the sheave. This type is also called the TRACTION ELEVATORS. A. GENERATOR OPERATED ELEVATORS

C. COMPUTER-AIDED ELEVATORS

B. AUTOMATED ELEVATORS

D. ELECTRIC ELEVATORS

288

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

4. There are two types of Electric Elevators. One is the _ _ _ which uses a direct current (de) motor directly connected to the sheave. The break is also mounted on the same shaft. These are dependable and easy to maintain and used on high-speed elevators.

A. IDLER-TYPE

A

B

C

D

0000

C. NOISELESS TYPE

MACHINES B. GEARLESS TRACTION MACHINES

D. TRANSMISSION TYPE MACHINES

5. The other type is the _ _ _ . Which is used for slow speeds from 7.50 m to 150m per mrnute. A highspeed de or ac motor drives a worm gear reduction assembly to provide a slow sheave speed with high torque. With the many possible variations in gear reduction ratios, sheave diameters, motor speeds, and roping arrangements, This type provide a great deal of flexibility for slow-speed, high-capacity elevators A. TRACK TYPE

C GEARED TRACTION ELEVATORS

B. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

D. ROLL E:R TYPE

6. __________ refers to the arrangement of cables supporting the elevator. The simplest type is the single wrap, in which the rope passes over the sheave only once and is then connected to the counterweight. For high-speed elevators, additional traction is usually required so the rope is wound over the sheave size This is known as a double-wrap arrangement

A. BINDING

C. ROLLING

B. ROPING

D. WRAPPING

7. For skyscraper buildings such as the world trade center and multi-use buildings such as the John-Hancock Tower - both are stacked. multiple buildings - The elevator solution involves transporting large groups of people from the street lobby to an upper lobby, called a . At this point, the passengers transfer to another elevator to continue their upward journey.

A. BALCONY SYSTEMS

C. BREATH TAKING SYSTEMS

B. LANDSCAPE VIEW D. SKY PLAZA SYSTEMS

289

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

8. By placing the traction lifting mechanism behind the car, attaching the car at the back, and using a glassenclosed, car, a spectacular unit car. be constructed that becomes an attraction in itseH. If the back screen is treated properly the car gives the impression of movement without any apparent motive force or machinery. A. OBSERVATION CAR ELEVATORS

C. OPEN VIEW

B. VIEW DECK

D. EXPOSED ELEVATOR

9. Although elevators are normally conceived as travelling vertically, this is not necessarily so. _ _ _ _ _ Elevators have been constructed in numerous locations. The design varies depending on the angle of incline.

A. SLOPING

C. LEANING ELEVATOR

B. SLANTOF INCLINED ELEVATORS

D. UNEVEN

10. Although recognition of the special needs of the handicapped has only of late been made official through legislation, and only for public buildings. the elevator industry has been providing for the handicapped for years, on a private basis ~----_and private residential elevators are widely used to overcome the stair barrier in private homes. All units operate on household electric current and require minimal maintenance.

11.

A. SINGLE FLOOR

C. ESCALATOR

B. HYDRAULIC LIFT

D. WHEEL, CHAIR LIFTS

are designed and intended to transport only equipment and materials and those passengers needed to handle these equipments. These are commonly available in capacities from 1,136 kilos to 3,636 kilos, with some multiple ram hydraulic elevators capable of lifting up to 45,455 kilos. Speeds range from 16M per minute to 66M per minute with speeds up to 267M per minute available for very tall buildings. A. BULK ELEVATORS C. FREIGHT ELEVATORS B. MASS ELEVATORS D. SOLID ELEVATORS

290

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

0

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

12.

are very efficient devices for transporting large numbers of people from one level to another. They are also useful for directing the flow of traffic where it is desired. This device (also called the Electric Stairway) is power driven and are rated by speed and width. The two available speeds are 9 meters per minute and 12 MpM. The two available widths are O.BOM and 1.20M. These are housed in a trussed assembly set at a 30-degree angle. A. ESCALATORS

C. RAISERS

B. RAMP STAIRS

D. HORIZONTAL LIFTS

13. This often provide the most convenient and economical means of transporting relatively small articles between levels. In department stores, such units transport merchandise from stack areas to .selling or pick up counters; in hospitals, these are often utilized for transporting food, drugs, linens, etc. In multi-level restaurants and office, they are used for delivery of food from the kitchen and for return of soiled dishes. Cars are limited to 0.81 sq.m and a maximum height of 1.20M. Controlled by call and send. A. SHAFT ELEVATORS

C. SERVICE FLOOR TO FLOOR

B. MANUAL LIFTERS

D. MANUAL DUMBWAITERS

14. These units are also known as "EJECTION LIFTS" because of the method of delivery used in institutions that require rapid scheduled vertical movement of relatively large items, like food carts, linens, dishes, bulk liquids, containers, etc. This lifts maybe a "CART", a "BASKET" or just containing the items being transported. Payload capacity is available up to 45 kilos, Round trip time about 21/2 minutes, disadvantages are high cost and large shaft area required. A. MATERIAL ELEVATORS

C. AUTOMATED DUMBWAITERS

B. AUTOMATIC TRANSFERER

D. VERTICAL WAITERS

291

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

15. ESCALATORS have as their primary function the movement of large numbers of people vertically. However serves a dual function, that is, Horizontal and Vertical transportation. This is the combined function. It differs from Escalators in application, function, construction, and capacity. A. MOVING WALKS of incline and MOVING RAMPS of 15° incline

C. MOVING FLOORS

B. MOVING SIDEWALKS

D. CIRCULATING FLOORS

so

16. When a parking space is limited. This Hightech Parking invention is used. It is called ___________ . This can be installed in two hours, anywhere you want to double the available parking space - one car would be parked on top of the other.

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

A. EXCHANGEABLE C. DOUBLE DECK PARKING PARKING SYSTEM B. SPACE SAVER LIFT D. ELECTROHYDRAULIC S!NCLE POST LIFT E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS Questions 1 through 3 are based on the tollow1ng Situation: A developer in a midsize Metro Manila City is planninr:J a small shopping mall for resale. The Mall will consist of 4,000 square meter of rentable area on one level surrounding a small enclosed courtyard. Existing utilities adjacent to the site include water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, natural gas, and electricity. 1. Which mechanical system for the lease area would

you recommend?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. a multizone system with economizer cycle B. an active solar energy system for heating and evaporative cooling

292

C. a direct expansion system with passive solar design of the building D. individual rooftop heat pumps

2. What cooling system would work best for the enclosed courtyard?

c D 0000 A

8

A. evaporative cooling C. absorption cooling with solar assist with a closed water loop

B. compressive refrigeration

D. passive cooling

3. Which of the following would be most important in the selection of an HVAC system for this project. I. flexibility If. climatic zone

c D 0000 A

B

A

B

IV. the tenant's preference

v.

building scale

Ill. economics A. I, II, and V

C. II, Ill, and V

B. II, Ill, and IV

D. all of the above

4. A seven-story office building is to have a variable air volume system. The building will have 10,500 square meter of net space and an estimated 12,600 square meter, of gross area. About how much space should be allowed for HVAC system? A. 250 square meter

C. 630 square meter

B. 380 square meter

D. 760 square meter

5. Select the incorrect statement. A. A health center would probably use no. 4 or no. 5fueloi. B. Heat pumps rely on solar energy more than electricity. C. Natural gas has a higher heating value than propane. D. Electricity is not a good choice for powering boilers in remotP. areas.

293

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

6. A main trunk duct is to be placed above a suspended ceiling and below the structural framing. If ceiling space for the duct is not a problem, which of the following shapes of ducts would be best to use assuming equal capacities?

A

B

c D

0000

A. rectangular, with the C. rectangular, with the long dimension horiz0ntal B. square

long dimension vertica

D.

round

7. A standard gas furnace has all of the following except:

A. flue

c.

combustion chamber

B. damger

D.

filters

8. The heat gain for a building has been calculated at 108,000 BTU h. What size compressive refrigeration machine should be specified?

A. 9 tons·

c.

36 tnns

B. 12 tons

D.

54 tons

9. An economizer cycle:

A

c D

0000

A

B

c D

0000

A

A. only cools as much chilled water as required by the demand load

B

B

c D

0000

B. uses outdoor air to cool a building C. automatically reduces the amount of time the compressor runs

D.

uses air and water to cool the condenser coils

10. The cooling system for a restaurant kitchen must remove which of the following? A. sensible heat only

C. sensible and latent heat

B. latent heat only

D.

sensible heat and latent heat at 30% of sensible heat

294

A

B

c D

0000

AREA ''8'' PARTIII

UTILITIES

3. ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS

AREA "8"

UTILITIES

PART Ill

A. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY Electricity constitutes a form of energy itself which occurs naturally only in unusable forms such as lighting. The primary problem in the utilization of electric energy is that, unlike fuels or even heat, it cannot be stored and therefore must be generated and utilized at the same instant. 1. The bulk of electric energy utilized is in the form of _ _ _ _ _ generators produced by alternators.

2.

A. ALTERNATING CURRENT

C. POWER SUPPLY

B. VOLTAGE

D. CIRCUITRY

generators are utilized for special applications requiring large quantities of this. In the building field, such a requirement is found in elevator work. Smaller quantities for this generator, furnished either by batteries or by rectifiers are utilized for telephone and signal equipment, controls, etc.

A. DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

C. DEMAND-CURRENT

B. ALTERNATING (a-c)

D. DIRECT-CURRENT (d-e)

3. The UNIT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT is the _ _ _ _". When electricity flows in a conductor, a certain number of electrons pass a given point in the conductor in 1 second or 6.25 x 1018 electrons. On a 120 volt service, the ordinary 100 watt lamp filament carries about 0.833. The motor for a desk calculator, about 1 00.

A. VOLTAGE

C. AMPERE (amp)

B. WATT

D. IMPEDANCE

296

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A B C D

0000

4. The UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL is the _ _ _ _ _".The electron movement and its concomittant energy, which constitutes electricity, is caused by creating a higher positive electric charge at one point on a conductor that exists at another point on that same conductor. In a storage battery there is a force attraction between the negative and positive charges.This is EMF (electromotive force) produced by a battery or generator which causes· current to flow when the terminals between which this potential exists are connected by a conductor. A. TIME HOURS

C. KINETIC ENERGY

B. VOLT or V

D. OHM

5. The UNIT OF ELECTRIC RESISTANCE is the ______ ... The flow of current in an electric .circuit is impeded (resisted) by resistance; which is the electrical term for friction. In a direct current( d-e) this unit is called resistance and is abbreviated R; in an alternating current circuit (a-c) it is called impedance and is abbreviated Z.

A. OHM

C. POWER FACTOR

B. VOLT

D. REACTANCE

6. Materials display different resistance to the flow of electric current. Metals generally have the least resistance and are therefore called _ _ _ __ The best materials are the precious metals- silver, gold, platinum - with copper and aluminum only slightly inferior. A. LEADERS

C. WIRINGS

B. CONDUCTORS

D. CONDENSER

7. Conversely, materials that resist the flow of current are called . Glass, mica, rubber, oil, distilled water, porcelain, exhibit this property, and is used around the conductor for safety. Common examples are rubber and plastic wire coverings, porcelain lamp sockets, and oil-immersed switches.

A. ALANKETS

C. INSULATORS

B. ISOLATORS

D. ABSORBERS

297

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

8. The current I that will flow in a d-e circuit is directly proportional to the voltage V and inversely proportional to the resistance R of the circuit. Expressed as an equation, we hav9 the basic OHM's

A

B

C

D

0000

LAW that I = V . An Incandescent lamp having a hot

R

resistance of 66 ohms is. put into a socket that is connected to a 115V supply. What current flows through the lamp? (using a 200W bulb)

A. 1.65 amperes

C. 2.25 amperes

B. 1.28 amperes

D. 1.74 amperes

-9. Resistance therefore is expressed in the equation R = V . A house electric water heater is rated 220V

I

A

B

C

D

0000

.

and 20 amperes. What is the unit's resistance when drawing this amount of current? (using a 1320 watt portable heater) A. 9 ohms

C. 12.8 ohms

B. 11 ohms

D. 15 ohms

An electric CIRCUIT may be defined as a complete conducting path that carries current from a source of electricity to and through some electrical device (or load) and back to the source. A current can never flow unless there is a complete (closed) circuit.

10 One arrangement of a circuit is the

---~­

circuits. In this way, the elements are connected one after the other: Thus, the resistance and voltages add. In any of this kind of circuit, the total resistance R is the sum of the resistance around the circuit. A practical application of this kind of circuit is found in an incandescent lamp street lighting cicuits. The loss of one lamp can disable the entire circuit. Furthermore, the point of fault is difficult to pinpoint, necessitating individual testing of lamps. (also christmas lights)

A. SINGLE

C. SERIES

B. ALIGNED

D. GROUP

298

A B C

D

0000

11. When two or more branches or loads in a circuit are connected between the same two points, they are said to be connected in " " circuits or MULTIPLE. This connection is the standard arrangement in all building wiring. Such that groupings can be done like convenience outlets, one group, the other group are ceiling lights.

A. DOUBLE

C. DUAL

B. COUPLED

D. PARALLEL

12. The unit of Electric Power is the WATT or W. The power input to any electrical device having a. resistance R and in which the current is I is given by

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

v

the equation W = FR or W = I(IR) and since I=-

R

then V = IR or W = I(V). This is the product of volts times current in d.c. circuits. An incandescent lamp has a resistance R = 66 ohms, with a 115V supply. Find the power drawn in watts.

A. 200 watts

C. 165 watts

B. 250 watts

D. 225 watts

B. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS: MATERIALS, WIRING 1.

of a typical building electrical system, from the incoming service to the utilization items at the end of the system. This is so called when electrical symbols are used in lieu of the blocks.

A

B

C

D

0000

A. ELECTRICAL PLAN C.· SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM B. SERIAL ~YMBOL DIAGRAM

D. ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2. A or block diagram is done using rectangles to indicate the major components. It shows the spatial relations between components. An example is to show the vertical section on each floor the circuit from meter to panels to machine room to circuit breakers to upper floor circuits or from high-voltage primary feeders to transformer vaults to secondary service conductors to main switch boards to main feeders to distribution panels to lighting and appliance panels to receptacles and ceiling outlets.

A. MULTI-STORY DIAGRAM

C. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

B. RISER DIAGRAM

D. CONNECTING I)IAGRAM

299

A

B

C

D

0000

3.

are used to change alternating current voltages, either up or down. In most cases, power is supplied to a building at a high voltage because the lines can be smaller and there is less voltage drop. These are rated on their kilovolt-amperes capacity (kva) and described by their type, phase, voltages, method of cooling, insulation type, and noise level. For cooling, they are either dry, oil filled, or silicone filled.

A

B

C

D

0000

A. DIFFERENTIATOR C. CHANGER B. ALTERNATOR 4.

5.

D. TRANSFORMER

is required for electrical systems that relate to the safety of occupants or community needs. This includes such things as exit lighting, alarm systems, elevators, telephone systems, and fire pumps, as well as equipment that could have lifethreatening implications if power were lost, such as some medical equipments. This is supplied by GENERATORS or BATTERIES. Generators for large electrical loads for long periods of time. Batteries are used for smaller loads for shorter time periods. A. EMERGENCY POWER

C. STANDBY POWER

B. ALTERNATIVE POWER

D. ELECTRICAL STORAGE

on the other hand, provides electricity for functions thatthe building owner requires to avoid an interruption in business. This often includes computer operations or industrial processes A. STORED POWER

A B C D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

C. EMERGENCY POWER

B. STANDBY POWER D. FUTURE USE 6.

1s a type of wiring system that relies upon the construction of the cable itself for protection both of and from the 'hot' conductors, since raceways are not required in the installation. These are exposed insulated cables. It is an assembly of wires, normally plastic insulated, bounded together with a tape or braid and then wrapped with a spiral-wound interlocking strip of steel tape. It is then enclosed with a flexible steel armor. A. MOVABLE WIRE

C. FIREPROOF WIRE

B. ARMORED WIRE

D. AC ("BX")

300

A B C D

0000

7. Known by its trade name as" ",this is a non-metallic sheathed cable, similar to BX. However, not having the physical protection of metallic armor, use is restricted to small buildings up to three floors. Easier to handle, this cable type comprises an assembly of two or more plastic-insulated conductors and a ground wire, all covered with a flame retardant, moisture-resistant plastic jacket. A. DUMEX

C. ROMEX

B. FLAT WIRE

D. ESSEX

8. A is a factory-assembled channel with conductors for one to four circuits permanently installed in the track. Power is taken from the track by special tap-off devices that contact the track's electrified conductors and carry the power to the attached lighting fixture. The tracks are generally rated 20 amperes, and are restricted to 120V. The · electrified conductors are permanently installed in the aluminum track, which is grounded for safety. A. SLIDING LIGHT

C. TRACK CIRCUIT

B. HANGER

D. LIGHTING TRACK

9. This is an . A CABLE TRAY is a continuos open support for approved cables. When used as a general wiring system, the cables must be selfprotected, jacketed types. The advantages of this system are free-air rated cables, easy installation and maintenance, and relatively low cost. The disad'{antages are bulkiness and the required accessil1ility.

10.

A. OPEN RACEWAY

C. OPEN TRACK

B. EXPOSED TROUGH

D. BARE PIPE

. Included here are CONDUIT PIPES, surface raceways and underfloor ducts which are FIRST INSTALLED, then the wiring is inserted and pulled in later. The nominal trade sizes are 1/ 2 ", 3/ 4", 1"", 11/ 2 ", 2", 21/ 2 ", 3", 3 1/ 2 ", 4", 5" and 6". (12.70 mm, 19.05 mm, 25.41 mm, 38.11 mm, 50.82 mm, 63.52 mm, 76.23 mm, 88.93 mm, 101.64 mm, 127.05 mm and 152.46 mm) the total number of conductors in the sizes of conduct pipes are shown on a table. Materials are G. I steel pipe and now uPVC is also used. A. UNEXPOSED RUNAWAY

C. CLOSED SLEEVE

B. CLOSED RACEWAY

D. CLOSETED CIRCUITRY 301

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

11. In order to provide access to the conduits for installing the necessary wires and for making connections to them, the continuos conduit runs are interrupted at frequent intervals by sheet-metal or cast-metal boxes. These boxes are usually of a rectangular, octagon, or round form having punched holes to fit the conduits which terminate in them. The threaded ends of the conduit are held rigid in the holes by means of a BUSHING on the inside and a LOCKNUT on the outside of the box.

A

B

C

D

0000

A. JUNCTION BOXES C. PULL BOXES AND CONNECTION BOXES B. UNION BOXES

D. SAFE BOXES

12. An is an elevated (0.60 x 0.60M) modular slab that gi~es the building's users instantaneous access to a below floor plenum which can accomodate HVAC, electrical communications and EDP lines, as well as unforseen future developments and capacity. The building's users and visitors will walk confidently on a surface with the solid feeling of a poured slab. Since the system uses no grid of stringers, maximum accessibflity is assured when you need to change office layout, repair utilities, or upgrade capabilities, you can do it with a minimum of expense and disruption. Simply lift the floor panels and move the services.

A. ACCESS FLOORING B. HANDY FLOORING

A

B

C

D

0000

C. REPLACABLE FLOORING D. COMPUTER FLOOR

C. SERVICE AND UTILIZATION 1. Electric Service is normally tapped onto the utility lines at a mutually agreeable point at or beyond the property line. The service tap may be a connection on a pole with an drop to the building. Materials can be bare, weatherproof or preassembled. Bare copper cable supported on porcelain or glass insulators on crossarms is normally used for high voltage (2.4 KV and higher) lines. A. NPC SERVICE

C. UTILITY SYSTEM

B. OVERHEAD SERVICE

D. OUTSIDE SERVICE

302

A

B

C

D

0000

2. Another electric service is by or direct burial techniques. The advantages of this is attractiveness (lack of overhead visual clutter) service reliability and long life. Disadvantages are high cost.

A. BASEMENT SERVICE B. DEEP EARTH SERVICE

B

C

D

0000

C. UNDERGROUND SERVICE D. CREMATION SERVICE

3. As a Service Equipment, between the high voltage incoming utility lines and the secondary service conductors is required whenever the building voltage is different from the utility voltage. It may be pole or pad-mounted outside the building, or installed in a room or vault inside the building. These are devices that changes alternating current, (a-c) of one voltage to alternating current (a-c) of another voltage. This devices cannot be used on (d-e) direct current. A. CHANGERS

C. ALTERNATORS

B. REFORMERS

D. TRANSFORMERS

4. A transformer rated 120/480V transforms the lower volt 120V a-cto 480V a-c bigger load. This is called the transformer.

A. STEP-UP

C., INCREASE-UP

B. RAISE-UP

D. REAR-UP

5. When a service load is bigger a-c say 480V and you need only 120V to lower a-c. Then use a _ _ _ _ _ transformer.

6.

A

A. SLIDE-DOWN

C. RUNDOWN

B. STEP-DOWN

D. CHANGE-DOWN

must be provided at either the utility or the facility voltage, and at either the service point or inside the buildings which must be accessible to the utility (electrical consumption) reader.

A. METERING

C. ADDING

B. READING

D. COMPUTING 303

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

7. Find the daily energy consumption of the appliances listed below if they are used daily for the amount of time shown. Toaster (1340 W) or 1.34 kw 15 min. or

A

B

C

D

0000

1

4 hour

Percolator (500 W) or 0.50 kw 2 hours Fryer (1560 W) or 1.56

1

2 hour

Iron ( 1400 W) or 1.40 15 min. or

1

4 hour

A. 2.65 Kwh

C. 3.650 Kwh

B. 3.15Kwh

D. 2.815 Kwh

'8. In considering an average power demand of a household is 1.2 kw per day, calculate the monthly electric bill of such a household, assuming the rate of per kilowatt hour is P5.00. A. 750 Kwh @ P3,750.00

C. 864 Kwh @ P4,320.00

B. 805 Kwh@ P4,025.00

D. 600 Kwh@ P3,000.00

9. The purpose of the electric is to disconnect all the electric power in the building except emergency equipment. Thus, in the event of fire, no electrical hazard will face fire fighters. It is therefore obvious that this disconnecting apparatus must be located at a readily accessible spot near the point the service conductors enter the building. A. MAIN SWITCH

C. OVERHEAD SWITCH

B. UTILITY SWITCH

D. SERVICE SWITCH

10. An Electrical is a device intended for on/off control of an electrical circuit and is rated by current and voltage, duty, poles and throw, fusibility and enclosure. The currentrating.is the amount of current that this can carry continuously and interrupt safely. These devices are intended for normal use in light and power circuits are call GENERAL-USE SAFETY, and are rated no for normal duty. Those intended for frequent interrupting are rated HD for heavy duty and those intended to be opened load only occasionally, such as for service, are rated LD for light duty. These devices are rated 250 V, 600 V or 5 KV as required. A. OPENER

C. SWITCH

B. TOUCHDOWN

D. LIGHTER 304

A

B

C

D

0000

A B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

11. When there is one ceiling light intended for the stairway, and can be opened, or switched either from the ground floor of 2nd floor and vice versa, that is you can switch it closed either at the ground or second floor, you have to use a single pole double throw switch.

12.

A. THREE-WAY

C. DOUBLE-ACTION

B. FOUR-WAY

D. ALTERNATE

is a device which is an essential part of all standby power arrangement, is basically a double throw switch- generally 3 pole, so arranged that on failure of normal service is restored, it automatically retransfers to it. The control devices are voltage sensors that sense the condition of the service and operate the switch accordingly. Auxilliary devices can be built on to the basic switch, the common of which are emergency generator starting equipment. A. AUTOMATIC GENERATOR

C. AUTOMATIC CHANGER

B. AUTOMATIC TRANSFER

D. AUTOMATOR

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

D. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 1. In order to protect insulation, wiring, switches, and other apparatus from overload and SHORT CIRCUIT currents, it is necessary to provide automatic means for opening the circuit. One of the devices employed to fulfill this function is the . It consist of a link or wire of flow melting temperature that when enclosed in an insulating fiber tube is called a CARTRIDGE, and when in a porcelain cup is known as a PLUG. When this device is subjected to excess current, the energy loss in the link generates heat and melts it. Plugs are normally used in residences all rated from 5 to 30 amp. cartridge are made in sizes from 5 to 600 amp. A. FUSE

C. UNION

B. WELD

D. MIXER

305

A

B

C

D

0000

2. Another CIRCUIT PR activity can begin until all activities leading into the circle have been completed. The dashed lines indicate dependency relationships but not activities themselves, and thus they have no duration. They are called dummies and are used to give each activity a unique beginning and ending number and to allow establishment of dependency relationships without tying in nondependent activities. The heavier line in the illustration shows the critical path, or the sequence of events that must happen as scheduled if the deadline is to be met. The numbers under the activities give the duration of the activity in days. Delaying the starting time of any of these activities or increasing their duration will delay the wt1ole project. The noncritical activities can begin or finish earlier or later (within limits) without affecting the final completion date. This variable time is called the float of each activity. Scheduling isvitally important to any project because it can have a great influence on cost. Generally, the longer the project takes the more it costs. This is due to the effect of inflation on materials and labor as well as the additional construction interest and the lost revenue a client can- suffer if the job is not completed in a timely manner. For

example, delayed completion of a retail store or office building delay.s the beginning of rental income. In other cases, quick completion of a project is required to avoid

401

building during bad winter weather, when it costs more to build, -or to meet some other fixed date set by the client's needs. Besides efficient scheduling, construction time can be compressed with fast-track scheduling. This method overlaps the design and construction phases of a project. Ordering of long lead materials and equipment can occur and work on the site and foundations can begin before all the details of the building are completely worked out. With fast-track scheduling, separate contracts are established so each major system can be bid and awarded by itself to avoid delaying other construction. AHhough the fast-track method requires close coordination between the architect, contractor, subcontractors, owner, and others, it is possible to construct a high-quality building in 10 to 30 percent less time than with a conventional construction contract.

5.

COD~S

AND REGULATIONS

A comp(ete program for a building project will include the various legal restrictions that apply to a project. Two of the most common are zoning ordinances and building codes. Zoning is discussed. Building code requirements, including provisions for making buildings accessible to the physically disabled, are reviewed. In addition to zoning regulations, other land development regulations may apply. Such regulations as deed restrictions and easements are also discussed in other Chapters.

r\.

review site alternatMis

refine

8

with 1client

5

0

complete prefiminary code analysis

2

I

5

/continue

~ ,' analyze develop site planning alternatives site (:;\ 4 8 4 •

3

study energy I conservation , i lications I

develop building ,' work~ configuration ' configuration alternatives{.;\ alternatiVes

)---~--~

3 . 2 ',

:

; ,.

I

\

finalize design

complete , presentation

make presentation

~Qdlawifl!E (.;;\.______._{.";;\

·~~~~

'I

~

5 .i0l.3 1 11

4 prepare cost budget

~tructural framing alterna!Nes

critical path time: 30 days

(Numbers in circles are beginning and ending points. Numbers between circles indicate days.)

Figure 1.6 CPM Schedule

Other regulatory agency requirements that may be in force. in addition to zoning ordinances and building codes, include special rules of the local fire department. fire zones set by the local municipality, and rules of government agencies like the Housing

402

and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLRB) and the Environmental Protection Agency. Additional regulations may include local health and hospital department requirements that spell out needs for restaurants and hospitals. Local and state energy conservation regulations may also be in force. 6. THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS Programming is an attempt to define the problem and establish all the guidelines and needs on which the design process can be based. It is a time of a·nalysis of all aspects of the problem and a distillation of the problem's complexity into a few clear problem statements. One popular programming method uses a five-step process in relationship to four major considerations. It is described in Problem Seeking by William Pefia (AlA Press, 1987). The process involves establishing goals, collecting and analyzing facts. uncovering and testing concepts, determining needs, and stating the problem. All of these steps include the considerations of form, function, economy, and time.

A. Establishing Goals Goals indicate what the client wants to achieve and why. They are important to identify because they establish the direction of programmatic concepts that ultimately suggest the physical means of achieving the goals. It is not enough to simply list the types of spaces and required square footages the client needs; the client is trying to reach some objective with those spaces and square footages. For example, a goal for a school administration might be to increase the daily informal interaction between students and teachers.

B. Collecting Facts Facts describe the ex,isting conditions and requirements of the problem. Facts include such things as the number of people to be• accommodated, the site conditions, space adjacency needs, user characteristics, equipment to be housed, expected growth rate, money available for construction, building code requirements, and climate facts. There is always a large number of facts; part of the programmer's task is not only to collect facts but to organize them as well so they are usefuL C. Uncovering Concepts The programming process should develop abstract ideas that are functional solutions to the client's problems without defining the physical means that should be used to achieve them. These are programmatic concepts and discussed earlier in this chapter. They are the basis for later design concepts. To use the previous example described under goals, a programmatic concept concerning increasing the daily interaction between students and teachers might be to provide common spaces for mixed flow in circulation patterns. One possible design concept in response to this could be to provide a central court through which all circulation paths pass.

403

D. Determining Needs This step of the programming process balances the desires of the client against the available budget or establishes a budget based on the defined goals and needs. It is during this step that wants have to be separated from needs. Most clients want more than they can afford, so clear statements of true needs at this early stage of the process can help avoid problems later. At this stage, one or more of the four elements of cost (quantity, quality, budget, and time) may have to be adjusted to balance needs against available resources. E. Stating the Problem The previous four steps are a prelude to succinctly stating the essence of the problem in just a few statements. The problem statements are the bridge between programming and the d~sign process. They are statements the client and programmer agree describe the most important aspects of the problem and serve as the basis for design and as design criteria by which the solution can be evaluated. There should be a minimum of four problem statements, one for each of the major considerations of form, function, economy, ~nd time. F. Four Major Considerations During Programming

The four major considerations of any design problem are form, function, economy, and time. Form relates·to the site, the physical and psychologicai environment of the building, and the quality of construction. Function relates to the people and activities of the space or building and their relationships. Economy concerns money: the initial cost of the facility, operating costs, and life cycle costs. Finally, time describes the ideas of past, present, and future as they affect the other three considerations. For example. the required schedule for construction is often a time consideration, as is the need for expansibility in the future. 7. SAMPLE QUESTIONS 1. The statement "develop a multilevel system of pedestrian circulation" is an example of: A. a need

C. a goal

B. a programmatic concept

D. a design concept

2. The developer of a retail shopping complex has estimated through an economic analysis that he can afford to build up to 8,500 square meter of gross building area. If a central, enclosed pedestrian mall is planned to take up about 6 percent of the area and the efficiency ratio is estim·ated to be 75 percent, about how much net rentable area wili be available? A. 6,000 &quare meter

C. 67,600 square meter

B. 6,370 square meter

D. 10,650 square meter

3. A published cost index indicates construction in city A to be 1440 and construction in city B to be 1517. If the same index 404

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

A

B

C

D

0000

suggests that inflation will increase by 5 percent by the midpoint of construction and the project is now budgeted to cost P1 ,500,000 in city A, what should be budgeted for city B?

.A.

P1 ,495,000.00

C. P1 ,659,000.00

B. P1 ,650,000.00

D. P1,715,000.00

4. Contractor's overhead and profit typically amount to what percentage of construction cost?

A 5% to 20%

C. 15% to 30%

B. 10% to 20%

D. 15% to 40%

A

B

C

D

0000

Questions 5 through 7 are based on the following programming situation. A small medical clinic is being planned for a suburban location on an open, level site. It is to include services of general practice, obstetrics/famiiy planning, test1ng and laboratories, and dental offices, along with medical offices and an administration area comprising about 7,000 net square meter of space. Access to the building is primarily by automobile. The group developing .the project want the facility to be a comfortable, friendly place that minimizes the anxiety of a visit to the doctor and that makes it as easy as possible to get around. They expect the venture to be successful and each department to grow as the catchment area grows. 5. In order to meet the goals of the client, which of the following design responses would not be appropriate? A. Base the size of waiting rooms on a behavior setting where establishing territory should be encouraged.

A

B C

D

0000

B. Group waiting areas and the reception area together to encourage social interaction. C. Develop a different color scherme for each of the separate services. D. Arrange individual chair seating against walls and other objects so it faces room entries 6. Which of the following organizational concepts would probably be most appropriate for this facility? A. grid

C. central

B. axial

D. radial

7. Which of the following aspects of flexibility related to expected growth of the facility is most important in developing the structural framing concept? A. convertibility

C. expansibility

B. versatility

D. all of the above

405

A B C D

0000 A

B

C

D

0000

8. A clienl discovers shortly· after hiring the architect for prograrnrt*lg and design services that they must move out of their existing faclily sooner than expected. If the new schedule requ.-es that construction and move-in be completed in 18 rilonlhs instead of the original 21 months, what recommendation from the architect is the most feasible?

A

B

C

D

0000

A. Consider fast-track construction.

B. Use CPU scheduling and use a negotiated contract rather than bidding.

C. Assign more staff to programming and design and work overtime to get construction started earlier. D. Suggest that the client streamline its decision-making process and hire a construction manager.

9. Whictt element of project cost does the architect typically have' least control over?

A. the budget for escalation B. percentage of site work relative to building costs

A

B

C

D

0000

C. professional fees and consultant services D. financing costs

10. A school district is planning a new elementary school to replace an outdated·facility. A preliminary budget made during programming has shown that" the available funds set ~side for the school have been exceeded by 8 percent. What should the architect do? I. Suggest that additional funds from other school building projects be used.

II. Review the design from a value engineering standpoint for approval by the client to see if costs can be reduced without sacrificing quality. Ill. Discuss with the client the possibility of reducing the required area.

IV. Modify the statement of need concerning the desired level of finish and construction quality on non-critical portions of the facility after consultation with the client. V. Propose that building be postponed for a school term until more money can be allocated. A. V then IV

C. II then Ill

B. Ill then IV

D. IV then I

406

A

B

C

D

0000

AREA ''C'' PART II ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

AREA "C"

PART II

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN portion of the Board examination is the most difficult parts of the entire examination. The candidate must synthesize a large amount of information into a comprehensive design solution ~nd do it under severe time contraints say, in 10 hours, in what becomes, at best, an arduous test of endurance. Many candidates fail, not because they cannot solve the problem but because they let it get the best of them. They begin to make the wrong decisions and choices at the wrong tim[. spend too much time on one part of the problem. Then panic and run short on time, and end up either not solving the problem or forgetting to include critical elements. The key elements of success are to ·budget your time, stick with your scheduled procedure of solution. The exa~ination demands that the building aspects: Function, life/safety code compliance, structure, mechanical systems, lighting, and so forth. Although it does ask that the building be appropriate for human occupancy in terms of scale, proportion, relationship to its surroundings, use of materials, and other design parameters, it does not demand an award winner. Your EMPHASIS, therefore, should be on solving the stated problem in ten (10) or twelve (12) hours, as required, COMPLETELY (plans, all floors, sections, elevators, IQt and site plan, and an impressive perspective) with reasonable design decisions. I

1. HOW TO SOLVE THE 10 OR 12-HOUR DESIGN PROBLI;M

A. Strategies for Time Management (8:00- 8:15) First task should be to quickly read the problem statement and set up your own timetable. Do NOT read the program in detail the first time through; simply get a feeling for the problem, where major difficulties might be, and how much time you should· allow for the final drafting of the solution. As a startmg point, the following TIMETABLE might prove useful. Step 1:

Make a quick overview of the ..... , ........ 15 minutes (8:00- 8:15) problem statement and a · determination of your own timetable

Step 2:

Read the examination information..... booklet and translate the written data into a programming base sheet

408

45 minutes (8:15- 9·00)

Step 3:

Translate the programmed spaces ........ 30 minutes (9:00- 9:30) into graphic or and calculate the maximum allowable gross area

Step 4:

Check areas and functions .................... 15 minutes (9:30- 9:45) for each floor

Step 5:

Begin adjacency/ ................................. 90 minutes (9:45- 11 :15) circulation diagrams

Step 6:

Study the structural system ............... 30 minutes ( 11 :15 - 11 :45)

Step 7:

Study the mechanical/ ....................... 15 minutes (11 :45- 12:00) plumbing systems

Step 8:

Design the development including .... 120 rninutes (12:00- 2:00) plan, section and elevations

LUNCH BREAK .................................................... 30 minutes (2:00- 2:30) Step 9:

Make the FINAL drawings ..................... 300 minutes (5 hours) a. perspective first 3 hrs. b final drawings 2 hrs. ...................

Step 10: Make a final check................ TOTAL TIME:........................................ .... .... Note:

. . (2 30 -'7:30) .. 30 minutes (7 30-8:00) . 12 hours

If the total time required is only ten (1 0) hours. then readjust the allotted minutes.

Tip #1: a) If the project is a multi-storey building, make your final footprint or the first floor plan, then just trace it for the upper floors. b) to make the elevations or sections, use your triangle and just slide it and make vertical lines through the walls, windows so as to save time instead of using again your scale. c) Remember you should proceed from "within" to "without" meaning from the circulation or plan to the exterior looks. d) Then proceed from "General" to "Particular" meaning, when making a perspective, first form the general outline before you even make any detail. e) If the perspective comes out alright, from there, you can now translate it to the elevations, the windows, doors. balconies, porte-cochere, entrance, roofing shape, and others. f)

You may want to put in as a good design some details you have researched previously to enhance your design.

409

B. Read Information Booklet and Create a Programming Base Sheet

(8:15- 9:00) This is a process of reading and SIMULTANEOUSLY translating the written word into graphic form as much as possible. To do this, put a piece of paper over the first level site plan and schematically mark requirements and facts as given by the program as you read. These are conditions that might affect the overall conceptual siting of the building and the plan of the major elements. This will become the "programming base sheet." Some of the conditions that should be noted include: • views • probable (or required) entrance locations • any required pedestrian access to adjacent sites or buildings • service access • any special circulation requirements: for example, separation of public and private corridors or division of areas for security purposes. • any unusual or apparently important topographic or landscape conditions. • onentation requtred for energy conservation reasons • location of utiliti€\s. drainage. or any other servtce that rnay d1Ua1e tne location ot building elements Tip #2

The candidate must know how to plot the shape of the lot given from the title or from the technical descnptiops g1ven as to the start from pt. 1 to pt. 2 say (N-54 o 48'08'"E) 1~ 80 M. thence (N650-08'42"W) 10.38M and so on.

As you read the program you should also make quick bubble diagrams of critical adjacency relationships. Place these on the same sheet of tracing paper as your pfan diagram of other program requirements. but off to the side so they do not interfere with your later schematic planning. Later, you can work on smaller-scale relationships such as the adjacency of two office within a \larger office suite or the position of a steam room near a shower room.

410

C. DEVELOP GRAPHIC NOTES OF PROGRAMMED SPACES

(9:00- 9:30) In orderto give yourself a strong, graphic mental image of numbers, translate the individual programmed spaces into graphic squares or rectangles at the same scale the final drawings roost be. Take graph paper (instead of scale) to make this job easier. Use consistent dimensional increments such as 1.50 M. This will save your time and help you see spatial relationships between functional groupings more easily. (Example: is squares or rectangles, assume lounge dining - 200 sq. M, service are 50 sq. M, classrooms 100 sq. M, toilet M & W 50 sq. M and so on.) Next, group individual spaces as required and indicated by the program into their most probable, logical shape. For example, several offices that make up an administrative suite might be grouped into a rectangle two offices deep by whatever length is required too yield the programmed area {where the plan is scheme comes in). If you are grouping several small spaces, be sure to add some extra area (15 to 20 percent) for circulation so that when you begin detailed planning of the functional group, you do not have to use programmed space from net assignable areas to make up for corridors.

D. CHECK AREAS (9:30 - 9:45)

Add up net assignable square meter footage if included in the program sheet. Divide by an efficiency factor to get gross square meter allowed. Use this to check yourself once you get your first layout. If no efficiency factor is given in the program, use 25% (0.25). * note - sometimes the prograr'n states that the budget is say, P20 million only. You have to know the current price or cost per square meter during the year say at P16,000.00 per sq. M so you have at least 1.250 sq. M to work on (as of year 2001).

Next, compare square meter required for each floor. If they are divergent,

you know you have to have some setbacks or make other provisions. Be sure to consider any two-storey spaces, atrium, mezzanines, and so forth that may balance or unbalance the total square meter requirements on each floor. The program will probably state what functions are to be located on each floor. If not, study the adjacency requirements, entrances, and other external access requirements and balance the programmed square meters to approximately even out each floor area.

411

E. DEVELOP ADJACENCY DIAGRAMS (9:45- 11 :15) Adjacency diagrams should include the entire buildinq, not just the individual bubble diagrams you sketched as visual as you read through the program. Instead of using amorphous, unsealed diagrams, use the square or rectangular blocks of space you have developed as your bubbles. Begin adjacency diagrams using the larger, functional groupings developed earlier. Sketch the adjacency diagrams on a separate sheet of tracing paper, over the programming base sheet diagram you developed while you were reading the program. Both of these sheets of tracing paper should be placed over the exam pad provided to you. The diagram serves as a constant reminder of critical program requirements while you do your sketching. As you study and layout possible adjacencies. make an overall CIRCULATION SCHEME one of your primary concerns, an integral part of y6ur early planning, because it has so much learning on critical portions of the test. The circulation scheme: • gives overall organization to the building, the spaces and the required agencies • determines existing and handicapped access • provides a. logical place to separate long-span spaces from smaller spaces and can make you structural solution easier One of the common mistakes candidates make is to work on adjacencies and locations of spaces and then string them together with a resulting maze of corridors, stairways and lobbies. If your corridor has more than one change in direction, you may need to replan. Two common circulation patterns will work with the type and scale of problem given in the exam. The linear, (one straight line) double loaded corridor with rooms on its left and right and the AXIAL, (two corridors meeting at the center like a cross) with rooms on all the corridors side. The program will directly state or snongly imply many conditions for conceptual layout of the plans. These should be on your programming base · sheet. ~or example, a requirement for service from an alley will immediately locate the service entrance, loading dock, and spaces that need easy service; desired views will suggest' the location of prime offices, lounges, eating areas, and other rooms (handicapped parking should be near the entrances, and so forth). After you have two or three schematic alternatives, take a QUICK BREAK and then review them with your own mini-critique. Check your solutions against the program requirements, possible problems with or opportunities for structural and mechani~af layout, efficiency, and so forth. At this point you should be able ~o ~elect an alternative that provides a good direction for more detailed development. You may find that you want to combine the · best features of t~o or more approaches.

412

F. STUDY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS (11 :15- 11 :45) At some point in the early stages of conceptual design, you should begin to consider a structural system. Trying to apply structure late in the test, after you have locked yourself into a plan, will only cause problems and t;>e obvious to the examiners. In the best case it will be and look awkward; in the worst case, it will result in columns in the middle of spaces. unreasonable spans. and grading marks against you. Keep your structure si111>le. The graders will not be looking for innovative structural concepts, just for your understanding of how to integrate structure into your building. Unless the program states differently, use a post-and-beam system in steel with exterior bearing watts. If the steel needs to be fire proofs, that is easy to show on the section drawing. As you layout the programmed spaces, you should begin to see patterns of dimensions that can have implications for a structural bay or rigid size while still accommodating different-sized rooms. You will probably have to adjust your preliminary room layout somewhat to work with a structural bay size that makes sense. Once again, remain mentally flexible. A structural bay size does not have to be uniform throughout- just reasonable and arranged so you do not have any impossible spans or columns in the middle rooms I

_There are may ways to logically organize a combination of small spans and large spans so that the solution works structurally, functionally, and aesthetically. Large spaces with long-span structure and higher ceiling heights may be sized to work within two smaller bay sizes or be separated from the small-span structural system with circulation system or in a separate building wiring. Before the test you may want to decide on two or three ppssible structural grids, incltJding needed dept~s of structural members and thickness of bearing walls. Once you read the problem statements, you may be able to select one of these grids and draw it right away as a framework for any subsequent planning.

G. STUDY MECHANICAL AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS (11 :45- 12:00) After you consider possible structural systems and grid sizes with your preliminary block adjacency diagrams, quickly review how the mechanical system will layout. This simply means locating the mechanical room and horizontal and vertical spaces for ductwork\Depending on the system stated in the program or selected by you, there may be additional constraints such as outside air or social exhaust needs. If no mechanical system is specifically stated in the progr~m. a variable air volume system usually works.

413

In most cases. providing space for ductwork is not a great problem because of the sizes is not a great problem because of the size of the building in the test problem. Suspended ceilings usually provide enough flexibility for mechanical services as long as you allow enough room bek>w the bottom of the struclure and show trims in the sections drawing.

At this~. also quickly review provisions for plumbing. At least be placing toilet rooms back to back, stacking them on each floor, and k>cating other plunDng services nearby. AlsO check that other special plumbing conditions - such as unreasonably long supply or drainage lines that may have to pass through rooms above - do not present obvious problems.

H. JJEGIN DETAILED DESIGN (12:00- 2:00)

Once you have selected a workable schematic design from your alternatives and know you have a struetural grid that works, you can begin more DETAILED DESIGN. Before proceeding, be sure that you have satisfied program requirements that affect the overall siting and planning of the building. You should be sure all major life/safety considerations are satisfied. These include such things as the number of exits. avoiding dead-end conidors, andrequired distances to exits often, the same requirements is stated in the program more than once: first in the general project statements and again in the detailed program requirements. It is wise to give these highest priority. The next priority should go to requirements specifically stated in the program at least once. Finally, here are priorities that may simply be ifl1>1ied by the program or considered good design practice. For example, if you had to decide between an arrangements to improve energy efficiency or one to satiSfy your concern for appearance, you would be wise to choose energy efficiency. At this point, take a short break so you can come back to be test refreshed and able to concentrate on more detailed design. As you begin detailed development of your schematic plan you will have a very good idea of major elements, organization of the building, siting, major circulation paths, exiting, structure, and provisions tor the mechanical system. It should be fairly easy to make minor adjustments to fine tune adjacencies. modify dimensions of spaces to fit within the structural grid, layout toilet rooms. property orient exits and stairways, located doorways, and satisfy the more detailed program requirements. At this time, you should also be k>oking at the shapes and proportion of individual rooms to make sure they make sense and allow tor reasonable furniture arrangements and circulation within the room. ( Exa111>le one sketch may show a square 40 sq. M room that can accommodate only one secretary and a ~I space for waiting area, while the same 40 sq. M but rectangular in shape may accommodate two secretaries and a bigger space for waiting area.)

414

Before you proceed too far into detailed development of the FL()(lR PLAN begin a BUILDING SECTION. You may not know at this time exactly what the best location for the section cut wiH be, but make you best estimate. Beginning a section drawing at this time will help get out of the twodimensional floor plan mentality and force your attention on the THIRD DIMENSION. You should also do this with elevations. You may discover things by working on the elevations and section that wil influence how you develop your floor plans. It is better to find this out early than to wait. Until the last minute to complete the elevations when it. is too late to make corrections.

I.. CHECK. COMPLETE FINAL DRAWINGS (2:00- 2:30) Once you have finished development of the floor plans and worked on the elevations and sections enough to know everything works.

"TAKE A LUNCH BREAK AND REST" - 30 minutes When you come back, go through a final checklist following the same criteria the juror use: Check the program requirements, look at design logic, verify that building codes and exiting have been satisfied. and review technical issues of life/safety, structure, mechanical systems, energy conservation, and use of materials. Also check for conflicts such as ducts going through rooms, exit door 1.20 M above grades level, and the like. If everything is satisfactory, you are ready to begin your FINAL DRAWINGS. You should have decided on a graphic technique before coming to the test and solved the majority of problems during your design development, so this part should go smoothly. Any changes you make at this point will be minor, such as moving a door way slightly or switching two adjacent spaces of similar size.

Try to leave yourseH 30 minutes to one hour of time at the end for a FINAL CHECK. Of course, it will be too late at this time to make any major revisions, but you can check for minor omissions and incomplete graphics. If you find you have left out any indication of a required sprinkler system. for example, you can at least show a portion of it on the section and make a note on the drawing. This extra time at the end of the test also allows for making additional explanatory notes to clarify your design.

415

CHECKLIST FOR YOUR DESIGN SOLUTION (Part of lunch break)

One of your primary checklist should be the problem statement itself. When you read through the program and problem statement. underline individual words, phrases. or sentences that you can identify as having a single design consequence. Later, as you work through your solution; use these underlined items as checklist and make sure you have responded to every one. Omission any one will count against you, and omission of particularly important requirements will be enough to fail you.

of

1. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS Q solution contains all the required spaces -~ required spaces contain the correct amount of square meters; solution

contains no less than the program requirements but may contain slightly more

0 efficiency ratio (net-to-gross) not exceeded Q required adjacencies satisfied

':l exterior adjacencies satisfied: service, pedestrian access, entries. and so forth Q correct shapes and proportions of spaces for the intended function; rea-

sonable allowances made for furniture Q furniture shown if required by problem statement

Q all desirable views considered

0 sight lines into toilet rooms considered 0 relationship to adjacent buildings appropriate in terms of scale. materials and access

u

fife/safety items addressed

2. DESIGN LOGIC 0 circulation efficient. direct. and properly sized

:..J no tight circulation spaces; consideration of handicapped access ..J direct parking - to building access :...J direct access for handicapped from parking to entrance

CJ elevator easily accessible to all users and opens in correct direction on all floors

416

0 building entrance or exit avoided through stair vestibules

o

building zoned as required by program

o o o

incompatible traffic types separated awkward crossing paths avoided service entrances and access separate from incompatible functions and leading directly to areas they serve

0 building security shown and noted as required by program 0 topography utilized appropriately 0 all major spaces with exterior exposure if appropriate

3. CODE COMPUANCE 0 two exits from each floor remotely located from each other; monumental stairs may not count as required exit 0 stairs located within minimum and maximum distances from each other 0 second-level egress exiting directly to outside as required by program statement

u

all required exit doors swinging in the direction of travel and not decreasing required corridor width when open

0 widths of exit appropriate; minimum of 1.10 Moras required by program

statement

u at least' two exits from assf}mbly spaces remotely located from each other 0 maximum travel distances from doors to exit: 15 meters (20 meters in sprinklered buildings) or as indicated in the program

,:.J maximum 28 em. riser height; 28.50 em. minimum tread width D fire separation walls and ceiling/floor assembly indicated on plan and section 0 building accessible by the physically disabled, entrance ramp, corridor widths, vestibule sizes, toilet rooms, and all parts of the building 0 ramps checked for maximum allowable slope 1:12 0 dead-enEt corridors avoided or limited to 6.00 M 0 guard rails and· handrails shown and dimensioned if required

417

4. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 0 framing clearly shown and noted: beams, bearing walls. columns, floor and roof deck 0 footings and roundations shown under all walls, columns. and elevator shafts both in section and elevations

i.J footings stepped if sloping site

o

footings at correct bearing

:.J slab on grade construction shown and noted i.J bearing walls thick enough for loads and unsupported height

w all structural elements accurately drawn to scale :.J mechanical room and ductwork routing shown, heating may need to be separate from air conditioning i.:J energy conservation measures shown and noted as appropriate building orientation, building form, insulation, shading. thermal mass. landscaping, and glazing types

o

glass type noted in response to solar control and other needs

:J appropriate solar control on south and west ;.:.. natural lighting utilized

.J artificial lighting indicated and described ..1 toilet rooms stacked and other plumbing grouped as appropriate; toilet

room ventilation noted

'..! sprinklers indicated if required by program .J acoustical control techniques indicated and noted if required by programmed space

.:J all major materials indicated and noted ..1 materials use consistent. cost effective, appropriate for function. and

compatible with adjacent buildings as required by program ..1 roof slope and drains indicated on section

:.J fenestrations thought out in terms of view, energy conservation, exterior design and compatibility with adjacent buildings ..1 foundation and hydraulic shaft indicated under elevator

_. exterior spot elevations checked on site plan, especially near building, drainage slopes. handicapped ramps. and other areas :... natural features such as trees, rock outcropping, and water used to enhance design 418

5. GENERAL TIPS

a

Do not read anything into the program requirements.

0 Use only rectangular building shapes and structural system. Q Make exterior design compatible with the surrounding buildings and

neighborhood. 0 Make building spaces and exterior compatible with the human scale. 0 Be sure that composition, proportion, texture, materials, and form are appropriate to the building type and surrounding area 0 Make elevations on first-floor site plan and second-floor plan, exterior elevations, and section correspond to each other

J. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION (2:30- 7:30) A perfect solution may fail if the required drawings are NOT complete. You may have a finished perspective but no elevations and sections, or you may have a complete plan and elevations but incomplete, unsatisfactory perspective with no sections. You have then to complete a 1) combination site plan and first-floor plan, second-floor plan, 2) two elevations, and 3) a building section, and 4) a Rresentable perspective compatible with the elevations. Your drawings must be easy to read. Since the required number of drawings with the stated in the problem, they should all be rendered to approximately the same level of detail. Do npt spend all your time on three and leave yourself only 30 minutes for the last one. You will not finish and not pass. It is better to do good line drawings of all the required sketches along with the necessary notes sb you are sure the problem is solved, and then go back and darken walls and add material indications, shadows, entourage, and other graphic elements that make your drawings read better. If you run short of time, at least you will have the absolute minimum required submission. Review the following suggestions for the three types of drawings required.

A. FLOOR PLANS Use double lines for walls and single lines for windows, and poche the walls in with solid black. (This is done near the end of the exam period when you know changes are not going to be made.) • Show door swings with a one-quarter circle arc and _indicate the door itself with a single line.

419

• Draw overhangs with dashed lines. • Indicate all built-in items as well as plumbing fixtures. It is especially important to show the detailed layout of the toilet rooms. • Show stairways with individual steps drawn in and an arroW indicating direction up or down. • Draw all required furniture and furniture necessary to explain your design or show a workable plan, using a single line. • Label all rooms and spaces with the names exactly as given in the program. • Indicate the location of your section cut with a line through the building and an arrow pointing in the direction of the cut. • Indicate drainage away from the building with arrows and a note. • Use a simple paving· pattern to indicate circulation both inside and outside the building. Use quick, simple indications for tress, shrubs, and groundcover. • When drawing the second-floor plan and open volumes of high spaces below, label them "open to below". B. ELEVATIONS Show a design that incorporates aesthetic appeal, simple use of materials, and massing of forms that indicate you know how to integrate the internal functions of a building with the structure, fenestration pattern, and human scale. Keep the elevations simple; try not to use more than two exterior materials in addition to glazing. Use simple material indications that are easy an,d quick to draw. Brick can be shown with closely spaced horizontal lines, stucco, stone, and precast concrete with stipple marks. Draw a heavy profile line around the perimeter of the elevation, and use varying line weights to indicate those portions of the elevation that are closest to the viewer- heaviest lines close and thinner lines farther away. The base line should be the heaviest and must correspond to the contour lines on the first-floor plan. Show the foundations and floor and ceiling levets with dashed lines. Use a few scale figures and indicate landscaping if appropriate and if it corresponds to your site plan. However, the indications and other landscaping must not obscure the other elements of your design. Use shade shadowing if time allows this a good way to provide contrast to the elevations and to indicate overhangs and the form of the building more distinctly.

420

I 'I

C. SECTION • Take the section cut through your buUding where most three-dimensional information will be shown. This includes two-storey spaces, changes in topography or levels of the building, areas for mechanical equipment, structure, and typical wall sections. • PoeM the cut sections of walis and foundations with solid black. • Indicate ceiling heights and finish elevations of both first and second floors. • Show the existing grade with a dashed line and the new grade at perimeter walls. • Include a few scale figures. • Clearly note the mechanical system, structural system, fire rating of walls, roof system and roof drainage, ceiling finish, representative wall finishes, and footing depth. D. DRAFTING TECHNIQUES AND FINAL CHECKS (7:30- 8:00)

Before you take the test you should decide on the type of drafting techniques you will use. You can complete the sketches with either freehand or hard-line methods; use the one you feel most comfortable with and the one that is fastest for you. Use simple block lettering on all the drawings and do not overdraft. Provide just enough to clearly present all the required information. In the half hour so you should leave at the end of the test for final checking make sure you have included everything specifically required by the problem statement. If you discover something is missing for your drawings and you do not have time to make changes, at least a note on the drawing to show the examiners you did not forget it.

AREA ''C'' PART Ill

SITE PLANNING

AREA "C"

PART Ill

A. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO TOPOGRAPHY

A thorough knowledge of topography, its representation with contour lines, and how contours are modified to suit the program requirements i5 mandatory for a successful solution of the site design problem. As you work through the problem, keep the following points in mind. o

o

Although it is unlikely that you will have to locate a building on a site in this portion of the exam, remember that it is better to ORIENT buildings with their length parallel to the contour lines. This makes modifying the contours easier and makes excavating and foundation work less expensive than an orientation perpendicular to the contour lines. Driveways and roads are best run parallel to if little or no change in elevation is required. If a grade change is necessary, run the road at a slight angle to the existing contours and modify the road contour to provide for drainage.

Roads should be laid out perpendicular to contour lines only if the resulting grade does not exceed recommended limits - usually 8 percent but a more gentle slope is preferred. Calculate the slope after grade have been changed to verify that you are within recommended limits. o

Modify contours to BALANCE cut and fill. During the site exam you do not have to do detailed calculations, but it should appear that you are accomplishing this. One simple method is to draw as many new contour lines on the "FILL" side of existing contour lines as you do on the "CUT" side at approximately the same distance from the existing lines.

----- ---

78

'' CONTOUR MODIFICATIONS FOR ROADS

423

' '

-------------..........

-------------

----------

o----2 .---

4 -

area of cut (b) fill exceeds cut

(a) cut and fill balanced

BALANCE CUT AND FILL

o

o

Minimize the amount of conrour changes, since earth moving costs money and can create other problems such as steep grades; increased excavation costs. and a need for retaining walls. Make sure you have positive drainage away from buildings on all sides. This can be particularly troublesome when the building is located parallel to the contours and therefore perpendicular to the natural drainage pattern.

There should be a minimum of a 2 percent slope in landscaped areas away from the building, although 4 percent is preferred. These slopes correspond to 6.3 mm to 31 em. (1/4inch per foot) and .0126 M to 0.31 M (1/2" per foot) respectively. A comparison of percent slopes, slopes in inches per foot (mm to em) and the visual qualities of various slopes is given in the table below.

percent slope

I

inches/foot

0.5%

about

1 /

1.0%

about

1 /

1.5%

about 31, 6

2.0%

about

2.5%

about 51, 6

3.0%

about

1 /

3

/

mm/cm

appearance o

16

o

8

o

o

4

o

o

8

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appears flat; use only for smoothest type of pavement slope hardly noticeable good minimum for rough paving noticeable in relation to level construction quite noticeable in relation to level construction very noticeable in relation to level construction

----------}-i--*--

--------10

-~------------------------8

------- ---------- -------6

------- ---------- -------4 ------- ---------- -------2

--------------------------0 (a) drainage directly into building

(b) drainage diverted around building

DRAINAGE AROUND BUILDINGS • Drain approach walks away from buildings as well as landscaped areas. A minimum of 1 percent (1/8) inch per foot) (10 mm per meter) is required. • Try to avoid elaborate drainage patterns or systems of drainage ditches and channels. In most cases, the drainage for the site design problems can be accomplished directly. • If roads or paths must traverse ditches or drainage swales, make sure you maintain drainage with culverts and call them out on the plan. • Check parking areas for proper drainage. Ideally, parking lot slopes should be between 1 1/ 2 percent and 5 percent. • Avoid very steep slopes that might be susceptible to erosion or make landscaping difficult. A 1 to 3 slope (0.10 M to 0.30 M) (4 inches per 12 inches) is considered the maximum for a mowed grass slope while a 1 to 2 slope (6 inches per foot or 12 inches) (0.15 M to o.30 M) is considered the maximum for unmowed landscape slopes. Steeper slopes require the use of retaining' walls.

B. PLANNING FOR CIRCULATION • Separate pedestrian circulation from vehicular circulation. There should be walks next to parking lots that provide a path to the building. • Provide ramps accessible by the physically disabled for all changes in elevation. Changes in elevation that cannot be made with a 1 in 20 sloped sidewalk are most efficiently accomplished with a ramp that returns on itself. • Be aware of features adjacent to the site that generate pedestrian movement, such as sidewalks, entrances to nearby buildings, and public transportation stops. When the problem mentions these, it is important to provide for them. • Locate vehicular entries to the site away from intersections. Cars waiting for a stop sign or stop light interfere with cars trying to pull into the site. In most cases, access from a one-way street is preferable to access from a two-way street. 425

• Driveways into sites facing each other with a street in between should line up exactly or be separated by at least 6.00 M. • If a driveway and a pedestrian path both need to enter a site from a street, they should either be side by side or separated by at least 18.00 M. 0.9 M clear, minimum

H

landing

handrails both sides

return handrail

EFFICIENT HANDICAPPED RAMP LAYOUT o

o

o

Both vehicular and pedestrian circulation should be direct, convenients and easy to understand. Usually the shortest distance between two points is a good rule of thumb to follow. Locate the service drive and loading area close to the area of the building that need them. Conceal service areas from view as much as possible with vegetation or structures. If require(:!, verify that there, is emergency access to the building. This may include provisions for fire trucks and ambulances.

C. PARKING REQUIREMENTS o

If a specific number of parking spaces is called for, make sure you provide at least that number. Unless stated otherwise, make each stall 2. 70 M wide by 5.70 M long. Spaces for backing out of a 90 degree parking stall should be at least 7.20 M wide.

426

• There should be at least one parking space for the physically disabled, more if the program specifically calls for it. Design guidelines for parking spaces are shown here. pedestrian

auto

GO' minimum (18 Meters) ·

(a) adjacent

(b) separated

PREFERRED LOCATIONS OF AUTOMOBILE AND PEDESTRIAN ENTRIES TO STREETS

Arrange the parking spaces and access sidewalks so that people do not have to go behind cars or across the parking drive. Handicapped parking should be as close to. the entry as possible, but never more than 37.50 M away. • Parking layout is more efficient if parking stalls are grouped rather than spread out. Ninety-degree parking is the most efficient angle. If the site design problem requires a detailed plan for more than about a dozen cars, try to use a double-loaded 90 degree parking scheme.

D. Other Design

~onsiderations

• Entries to buildings and major outdoor areas are best located on the south side of buildings where they will receive sunlight. • Make every attempt to save existing trees and major vegetation. If it is not possible to keep every tree, at least protect the larger ones. Other major site features, such as rock formations and creeks, should not be altered but used to a design and advantage. • Respect desirable views and incorporate them into the site planning. If views are important, the program usually mentions such a requirement specifically. • Make sure that no structure or site development occurs outside the limits of zoning setback lines or within easements.

427

E. DESIGN PROCEDURE AND SCHEDULING Like the building design section of the exan•. the graphic site design section requires that you synthesize a great deal of information and complete a satisfactory drawing in a very short time. You may find the following suggested procedure a useful way to proceed. Step 1 : Read .the problem thoroughly, twice

Step 1:

Read the problem thoroughly, twice. Satisfy every statement or requirement, especially those related to topography, drainage, safety, circulation, parking, accessibility for the physically disabled, and relationships with surrounding physical features. Lay a sheet of tracing paper over the site plan included with the test package and as you read, mark the requirements in some graphic format. You should try as much as possible to quickly translate the written word into a graphic form that will make sense to you as you design. These site influences m·ay include such things as adjacent buildings, pedestrian paths, wind directions, utility locations, traffic volume and direction, views, and similar constraints and design considerations. At this point, some design criteria may simply be a range of locations, such as the most probable areas for vehicle entry onto the site.

Step 2:

Be careful not to read mor~ into the problem than is there. The test writers are usually very specific about what they want; there is no need to add to the problem requirement and to your work. If a requirement is stated and a particular type of solution is strongly suggested, follow the lead.

Step 3:

Mark the corners of the site wih elevation points. This gives you a quick reference point for checking how your new grading matches up with adjacent property. You may want to mark the midpoints along property lines as well. If the problem requires the use of storm sewers, find the lowest place where the existing storm sewer can be tapped and work backward from there to determine the invert of any required drain inlets. Unless stated otherwise, use a minimum storm sewer slope of 0.5 percent (1.588 mm per 30 em.) (1/16 inch per foot)

Step 4: Draw schematic sections through ~he significant slopes. It is usually only necessary to do, this in one direction perpendicular to the slope. Draw a section in both directions if the existing contours are complicated. Draw these sections on the same sheet as your markings of site constraints. They can be placed at the tops or off to one side as a graphic reminder of the existing slope conditions. Draw the section at the same scale as the site plan. Step 5:

Using another sheet of tracing paper over the one you have marked with site constraints, begin laying out roads, walks, parking lots, plazas, or whatever major site features the problem requires.

428

You will find that the site constraints you can read through the tracing paper will resolve many planning questior.s for you. Others may not be so obvious and will require some study.

Step 6: When you have a scheme that works for the major site features. overlay another sheet of tracing paper begin to study the contour modifications that are needed. S(ep 7: Work back and forth between the contour sheet and the plan of the site features. If the problem seems to be based more on topography than road and walk design; begin with that sheet. Otherwise, start with the layout of site features. If you have difficulty solving a particular problem with the contours, you may find that you need to change the location or orientation of a plan feature. Or, the required placement of a stairway, sidewalk, or other feature may imply a change in grading. Step 8: When you have solved both major components of the site plan. overlay another sheet of tracing paper and transfer both layout of site features and the new grading plan onto one sheet. As you do this, add other required features, such as landscaping, site furniture, lighting and so forth. Step 9:

Locate spot elevations at building corners, top and bottom landings of stairs and ramps, and other critical locations. Double check that all ramps work with the proper slope and that contour lines are resolved. It abrupt changes in elevation are required, check to see that you have provided a retaining wall or culverts if natural drainage patterns are covered with roads. Double check all requirements as stated in the program.

Step 10: Place your final tracing paper sketch under the paper given to you as part of the test package and trace your solution. Incorporate suitable graphic techniques to clearly communicate your solullOn. As you do this, you can make minor modifications or corrections to problems that you found in the pre11ious step. Make sure every item is labeled so the graders know you have included what was required (allow 45 minutes to do the final drawings) 3. GRAPHIC TECHNIQUES Good graphic techniques help you in two ways First, they help you complete the test on time with the required drawings at the correct level of detail. Second, well-done graphics help communicate your solution to the graders in the short time they have to look at each solution. Part of the trick of finishing on schedule is to budget your time so you have enough left to adequately finish the drawings. However, many candidates fail to finish because they use graphic techniques that take an excessive amount of time for their abilities. This is especially true of the building design portion because there·is so much drawing to do.

429

The goal is to use graphic techniques that are easy to complete yet boldly and clearly show your solution. Before you take the test, you should have a good idea of the tools arid techniques your are going to use. Practice making lines, textures, material indications, paving, trees, entourage, and other graphic elements that will be required to draw your solution. · The graphic site design section of the exam is~ little easier than the building design portion because there is not so much drawing to do, but similar requirements apply. You need to first get the required lines that show your solution down on paper, and then add rendering techniques that improve the appearance and communication of your work. Keep the following guidelines in mind as you work. • You can use either hard-line or free-hand techniques or mix them, whichever is faster and easier for you • Complete all drawings or portions of one drawing to the same level of detail and appearance. To do this, complete a good line drawing with appropriate line weights. Then go back and add textures, material indications, shadows and other markings. Since the site design test requires only one drawing. This is easier to do than with the multiple sketches required in the b' jing design portion. • Use guidelines for lettering • Use different line weights to show hierarchy of drawn elements. The outline of an object should be da.rker and heavier than the lines within the object. Use contrast to show important elements such as walkways. • Show existing contour lines with dashed lines (usually these are already marked on the base sheet handed out with the test) and new contours with solid lines. • Do not waste your time or make the drawing hard to read by overrendering. Show what the problem requires you to show. If you are to provide screening for the delivery area, for example,, there must be an indication of landscaping or some constructed object to accomplish this. • Shades and shadows help provide contrast and interest to the drawing, but do these only if you have sufficient time and adding them does not obscure important information within the shadows. • Use markers that make it easy to lay down a variety of line and texture types. Soft pencils are preferred·because they can be erased, while markers may bleed before grading and cannot be erased. Use ink to provide very dark contrast only at the very end of the test session if you have time and if you are sure nothing will change.

430

(a) parking at large scale

(a) double line

\

)

~~~~~ll~lll~llllll~llllll~lllllli

I

I

\

\

(b) parking at

~I

small~cale

(b) half of pitched roof shaded

PARKING LOTS

--------------(a) single line with center line

(b) double lfne (c) high contrast with shadow CONTOUR LINES AND BUILDINGS

(d) shadow effect

(c) contrast with background ROADWAYS

431

ANSWER KEYS

AREA "A"

PART I

A. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES

c

1. D

4. H

7.

2. F

5. I

8. G

3. A

6. B

9. E

B. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES 1. G

3. A

5. C

2. E

4. F

6. B

7. D

C. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES 1. F

3. G

5. A

2. D

4. B

6. E

7.

c

D. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS OF COUNTRY 1. G

4. H

7. C

2. I

5. A

8. B

3. E

6. D

9. F

E. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS OF COUNTRY

,. c

3. G

5. B

2. F

4. E

6. A

7. D

F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACJERS OF COUNTRY

c

7. B

1. D

3. G

5.

2. F

4. A

6. E

1. D

3. G

5.

c

7. H

2. E

4. F

6. A

8. B

G. DEFINITIONS

434

r

H. DEFINITIONS 1. H

4. G

7. L

2. J

5. K

8. E

11. D

3. I

c

9. A

12. B

1. L

4. H

7. F

10·. A

2. J

5.

c

8. B

11. E

3. I

6. K

9. D

12. G

1. J

4. K

7. L

10. E

2. G

5. F

8. I

11. A

6. D

9. B

12.

1. F

4. L

7. I

10. G

2. J

5. H

8.

c

11. E

3. K

6. D

9. A

12. B

1. H

5. K

9. p

13. 0

2. F

6.

10. M

14. A

3. J

7. N

11. B

15. L

4. G

8. E

12. D

-16.

1. I

4. H

7. D

10. A

2. J

5. G

8. B

11. F

3. K

6. L

9. E

12.

1. J

4. L

7. D

10. F

2. H

5. I

8. G

11.

9. B

12. E

6.

10. F

I. DEFINITIONS

J. DEFINITIONS

3. H

c

K. DEFINITIONS

L. DEFINITIONS

c

M. DEFINITIONS

c

N. DEFINITIONS

3. K

6. A

435

c

0. DEFINITIONS 13.

c

1. J

5. K

9. N

2. F

10. D

14. L

3. H

6. B 7. p

11. G

15. A

4. I

8. E

12. 0

16. M

5. G

9. D

13. A

P. DEFINITIONS 1. K

a.

2. J

6. H

10. M

14. F

3. I

7. 0

11. E

15.

4. l

8. B

12. p

16. N

1. 0

5. J

9. D

2. H

6. K

10. F

14. B

3. G

7. M

11. A

15.

4. L

8. E

12. p

16. N

1. M

5. G

9. D

2. H

6. K

10. E

14.

3. J

7. L

11. B

15. A

4. 0

8. p

12. F

16. N

1. F

5. B

9. L

2. K

6. H

10. D

13. 0 14. p

3. E

7. J

11. A

15. N

4. G

8. I

12.

c

16. M

9. M

17. B

10. 0

14. F

11. L

15. D

12. N

16. G

c

DEFINITIONS 13. I

c

R. DEFINITIONS 13. I

c

S. DEFINITIONS

T. ARCHITECTS/BUILDING DESIGNED 1. E

5. A

2. K

6. I

3. H 6. p

7.

c

8. J

436

AREA "A"

PART II

A. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

c

3. F 4. A

5. G 6. B

1. E

3. H

5. G

7. B

c

4. F

6. A

8. D

3. A 4. E

5. B 6.

1.

2. D

B. CATEGORIES

'

2.

C. CONTRASTS 1. D 2. F

c

D. PROPORTION, SCALE, BALANCE 1. L 2. F

4. G 5. H

7. J 8. A

10. B 11. D

3. I

6. K

9. E

12.

7. L

10. K

E. RHYTHM, UNITY, CHARACTER 4. I 1. D

c

c

2. H

5. A

8. E

11.

3. G

6. J

9. B

12. F

F. COLORS 1. D

3. F

5. G

7. B

2. E

4. H

6.

c

8. A

1. H

4. I

7. K

10. A

2. J

5. B

8. E

11. F

3. G

6. L

9.

c

12. D

G. FUNCTIONS

H; SPACE

1. F 2 H

3. A

5. G

7. ·C

4. E

6. 0

8. B

437

I. CIRCULATION

J.

K.

F

1. I

4. A

7. K

10.

2. G

5. J

8. E

11. D

3. H

6. B

9.

1. E

4.

7. A

10.

2. F

5. B

8. J

11. H

3. G

6. K

9. D

1. H

4. A

7. K

10.

2. G

5. J

8. B

11. E

3. I

6. D

9. F

c

MASSING

c

SITE CONTROL

c

L. ENCLOSURE AND SYSTEMS

10.

c

1. H

4. F

7. I

2. G

5. A

8. D

3. B

6. J

9. E

1. G

3. H

3.

c

7. A

2. D

4. F

6. B

8. E

M. ECONOMICS

N. HUMAN FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR

c

1. F

3. E

5.

2. D

4. B

6. A

0. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO 9. E

13. p

c

14. F

7. 0

11. H

15. D

8. N

12. B

16. G

7. K

10. D

1. K

5. A

2. L

6. M

10.

3. 4. J

P. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO 4. J 1. F 2. I

5. H

8. E

11. G

3. L

6. A

9. B

'12.

438

c

AREA "A"

PART Ill

A. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN SHELTEA 1. H

4. I

7. A

2. G

5. B

8.

3. F

6. J

9. E

10. D

c

B. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

c.

c

1. L

4. A

7. B

10.

2. K

5. J

8. E

11. F

3. I

6. H

9. G

12. D

1. K

4. J

7. E

10. G

2. D

4. A

6. L

11.

3. H

6. I

9. B

12. F

1. J

4. B

7. L

10.

2. H

5. I

8. A

11. G

3. F

6. K

9. E

-12. D

5. B

9. p

13. K

2. H

6. J

10. 0

14. F

3. M

7. D

11. N

15. A

4. I

8. L

12. G

16. E

BUILDING CODE

c

D. BUILDING CODE

c

E. FIRE CODE 1.

c

F. OFFICE PRACTICE 1. M

5. K

9. D

13. B

2. F

6.. A

10. 0

14. G

3. J

7. L

11.

c

15 .. E

4. N

8. p

12. I

439

16. H

G. ARCHITECTS CODE OF ETHICS/RESPONSIBILITIES

H. PROJECT CLASSIFICATION I. THE SPECTRUM OF THE ARCHITECT'S SERVICES

J. CONTRACTS 1. H

3. E

5. D

7. 8

c

4. G

6. A

8. F

5. A

9. p

13. 8

~

6. J

10. M

14. F

3. G

7. D

11. 0

15.

4. I

8. K

12. E

16. N

2.

K. BIDDING 1. H

2.

c

L. TIME OF CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION

c

1. D

3. H

5. G

7.

2. F

4. 8

6. A

8. E

1. H

3. E

5. G

7. D

2. F

4. A

6. 8

8.

M. PROJECTS

c

N. CONTRACT DOCUMENTS 1. D

4. A

7. D

10. A

c

5. 8

8. 8

11. 8

3. 8

6. D

9. 8

12. D

2.

0. BIDDING AND CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 1. 8

4.

c

7. A

10. 8

2. A

c

8.

8. D

1~.

A

3. D

6. 8

c

12.

c

9.

440

PART IV

AREA "A"

I. PRE-DESIGN- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS A. INFLUENCES ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1. 8

5. 8

2. A

6.

3. D

c

4.

9. D

13.

c

c

14. D

7. D

11. 8

15. A

8. A

12. A

16. 8

c

10.

B. COMMUNITY INFLUENCES ON DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 1. B

2.

c

3. A

4. D

7. D

c

8. 8

6. A

9. A

5.

C. TRANSPORTATION AND UTILITY INFLUENCES 1.

A

2. D

3. 8 4.

c

5. 8

7. A

c

8. D

6.

D. CLIMATIC, ECOLOGICAL, LEGAL AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES 1. D

5. B

9. C

13. B

2. C

6. D

10. 8

14. A

3. 8

7. C

11. A

15. D

4. A

8. A

12. D

16. C

E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 1. 8

4. D

7. D

c

5. 8

8.

2.

3. A

6.

c

c

9. 8

II. SITE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1. A

4. 8

7. D

2.

c

5. D

8.

3

B

6. 8

9. D 441

c

10. A 11.

c

12. 8

PART I

AREA "B"

I. STANDARD STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS A. WOOD, STEEL, CONCRETE

13.

c

1. E

5. K

9. L

2. D

6. J

10. F

14. I

3, N

7. p

11. 0

15. B

4. A

8. M

12. G

16. H

II. COMPLEX STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

c

4. D

7. D

2. B

5. B

8. A

c

9. B

1.

3. A

. 6.

Ill. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION CRITERIA 1. A

3. B

2. D

4.

c

5. A

7. D

c

8. B

6.

IV. LOADS ON BUILDINGS

1. 2.

v.

c c

c

3. A

5. B

7.

c

6. A

8. B

9. A

13. B

c

14. D

4.

STRUCTURAL FUNDAMENTALS

1. B

5.

c

c

6. A

10.

3. A

7. B

11. B

15.

4. D

8. D

12. D

16. A

c

9. B

13. D

c

14. B

2.

c

VI. DEFINITIONS

1.

c

5.

2. B

6. D

10.

3. D

7. A

11. D

15.

4. A

8. B

12. A

16: A

442

c

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS

VII. SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 1. B

2.

4. A

c

5.

c

8.

6. B

. 3. D

10. B

7. D

c

9. A

VIII. LOADS ON BUILDINGS

1.

C

4.

A

2. 3.

A D

5. 6.

B D

c

7. 8. 9.

10.

D

A

c

on Question no. 7, find the weights of building materials and calculate the dead load. Remember that office buildings require an additional 0 957 KPa allowance for partitions. From table 2.1 hardwood floor joist system gypsum wallboard partition allowance

2.5 psf 6.0 psf 1.8 psf 20.0 psf

0.120 0.287 0.086 0.957

KPa KPa KPa KPa

120 Pa 287 Pa 86 Pa

Total

30.3 psf

1.450 KPa

1450 Pa

fromtable 2.2, the live load for an office building Is 2.393 KPa. The total load is therefore 3.846 KPa. For one linear Meter on the beam1 before any reductions are made, the total load is:

4.88 x 3.843 KPa

=

18.75 KN/M

on Question 8: Load reduction is allowed if the live load is less than 47.86 Newtons per square Meter on Question 10:

6 M x 4.71 KN/M 3 x 6 = 84.78 KN/M

= 28.26 KN per linear meter the total

load is ~bh, or 0.5 x 28.26

IX. STRUCTURAL FUNDAMENTALS

c

7.

c

1. A

4.

2. D

5. D

8. A

3. B

6. A

9. B

443

10.

c

on Question 1: The horizontal component is found with Fx = Fcos 61) = 60 KN. The vertical component is found with Fy = Fcos 30 = 103.9 KN. The vertical component can also be found by Fy = Fsin 60. on Question 7: To solve this problem, draw a force triangle. Since the forces are in equilibrium, the triangle must close as shown in the illustration. 13.34 sin 130 a

z

B sin 30

13.34 KN

130°

B

8.70 KN

On side of the triangle and all three angles are known, so the other two sides can be found by the law of sines. 13.34 sin 130

A sin 15

A

4.51 KN

on Question no. 8 Draw the diagonal member as a free-body diagram with the forces acting on it as shown.

I Draw a force as shown and calculate the angle problem: tan

e from the dimensions given in the

1 e =3.5-

e = 15.945 degrees 444

Now, sin 15.945

600

=F

F = 2184 Newtons You can also solve the problem by similar triangles. First, find the length of the diagonal by the Pythagorean theorem, which gives 3.64 feet. Then,

600

F . 3.64

----1

F = 2184 on Question no. 9 By the laws of equilibrium, the summation of moments about any point must equal zero. Take moments about R 7, keeping in mind that rotation in a clockwise direction is positive and in a counterclockwise direction it is negative. about R,

13.34 (2.4) + 3.56 (4.27) + 8.89 (4.88)- R2 (3.66) R2 = 24.75 KN R, = 25.79-24.75 = 1.04 KN

X. BEAMSANDCOLUMNS

c

4. 8

7. B

2. D

5. A

8. D

3. A

6. C

9. A

1.

10.

c

on Question no. 7 First, find the reactions. The weight of the uniform load is assumed to act at its midpoint. Taking moments about R,,

2.3(14)(7)- R2 (18) = 0 R2 = 12.52 KN The summation of moments about R2 must also equal zero:

-2.3(14)(11) + R, = 0 R, = 19.68 KN

445

The maximum moment occurs where the shear is zero. Draw the shear diagram.

Calculate the distance x, where shear is zero. Since you know the sloped lined drops 2.3 KN per Meter, it will drop proportionally 19.68 KN in x Meter, or:

2.3

19.68 X

X=

8.56 M.

You can find the moment either by calculating the area of the triangle or by calculating the moment of a free-body diagram from reaction R1 to the point 8.56 Meter from R1 . Area of triangle method:

A= bh 2 19.68(8.56)

2 =

84.2 KN-M

Free-body diagram method:

A

2.3 KN/M

19.68

M

t....--..:c:8.=56::...:M~- i ...

= 19.68(8.56)- 2.3(8.56)(8.56/2)

= 168.46 - 84.26 = 84.2 KN-M

446

on Question no. 8

Dis correct

S=-M f

=

(413.86}(1 000) 10.335 MPa

= 40044.51 XI. TRUSSES 1. B 2. A

3.

7.

4. D

c

c

c

8. D

6. A

9. B

5.

mm3

10. A

EXPLANATIONS:

7. C is correct. The simplest approach to find the answer is to use the principle that the summation of vertical forces at any point must equal zero. Draw a free-body diagram through member A. 15k

15k

t

t

/l?12_{__

~

B

0

R

Since the forces in the top and bottom chords have no vertical components, it is clear that only the vertical component of the force in member/\ is available to balance the two 15 KN loads and the reaction. First, find the value of the reaction, R:

R = 1/2(15 X 5 = 37.5 KN Assuming for the moment that the member is in tension (with the arrow pointing away from the joint), the vertical component, Fy, of force A must be:

37.5 - 15 - 15 + Fy = 0 Fy = -7.5 KN The number is negative, so the assumption that the member is in tens_ion was wrong. It is in compression. Draw a free-body diagram of member A.

447

tan

3m

3 8=1.8 8 = 59 degrees

Fy = FAcos 8

1.80m

7.5 cos 59

= 14.56 KN

FA

(compression)

This problem can also be solved using the method of sections, but it is more involved because you first have to find the force in the lower chord using the summation of moments being zero and then find the force in member A. In addition, extra trigonometry is involved to find the length of moment arms. on Question no. 10 Draw a free-body of the reaction point RA.

The vertical component of FA 8 must balance the reaction and the 5 KN load. It must be acting downward toward the joint. so it is comp.ession. 20-5- Fy = 0 5KN

Fy =15M.

~/AB

Fy = FABCOS 8

-~

t

= _1_5_

F

AB

COS

45

= 21.5 KN

20 KN

XII. SOIL AND FOUNDATIONS 2. D

5.

c c

8. A

3. B

6. A

9. B

1. B

4.

7. D

10.

c

Explanation on Question no. 3 Formula 6.8 is used to find the total earth pressure, with the weight of the soil taken to be equivalent to a fluid weighing 4.71 KN/M 3

P=

h Wfi

= (0.5)(4. 71 )(0.9)

= 2.1195 KN 448

This pressure acts througn the centroid of the pressure triangle or one third from the base, which in this case coincides with the level of the lower grade. on Question no. 4 The width of the footing is found by dividing the total load by the soil bearing pressure considering a one meter length of foundation. The load allows: fol_Jndation wall

1.3 x 0.3 x 23.56 = 9.1884 KNs

footing (assume 1 meter width)

4 X 1 X 150 = 600 pounds 3 X 0.67 X 150 = 600 pounds

soil (assume 1 meter width)

3 X 1 X 100 = 600 pounds

1 X 1 X 15.71=15.71

dead load

1000 pounds

4.448 KN

live load

500 pounds

2.224 KN

total

3000 pounds

36.2824 KN

1 X 0.2

X

23.56 = 4,712

36.2824

3000 width=-1500

W=---

71 79

= 2 feet

= 0.505 M

Since a 1 meter width was assumed, the weight of the footing will be less so 0.505 M is more than adequate.

XIII. CONNECTIONS 1. B

4. D

7.

2. A

5.

c

8.

3. B

6. 0

c c

10

D

9. A

Explanation on Question no. 6 The maximum size of a fillet weld for 6 mm. thick material is 4.5 mm. From Table 7.6, the allowable load per inch for this size weld made with E70 electrodes is 490.35 N. The weld is on both sides, so the total capacity 1s: 490.35 X 150 X 2 = 147,105 However, the allowable tensile load on the single bar must be checked. From Formula 7.5, the allowable stress is: 0.60 x 248 MPa = 148.8 MPa The area of the bar is: 6 x 150 = 900 mm2

449

The total allowable load is: 900 X 148.8 = 133920 N Since this is less than the allowable load on the welds, this value governs.

XIV. BUILD lNG CODE REQUIREMENTS 1. A

2.

c

3. B

4. D

7. A

c

8. D

6. B

9. A

5.

10.

c

Explanation on question no. 8 For snow loading, allowable stresses for wood may be increased by 15 percent. 10 x 1.15 ~ 11.5 MPa allowable The section modulus is S = Mit.

S

= 623 X 1000

11.5 =

54174 mm 3

XV. WOOD CONSTRUCTION

c c

4. B

7. A

5. D

8. B

3. A

6. D

9. B

1. 2.

10. D

on Question no. 2 For snow loading, the allowable stresses may be increased 15 percent. Using the maximum moment, the re::Juired section modulus is:

$ =·2693.08

X

1000

7.23(1.15) = 323901.61 mm3 = 323.90

em~

Looking in Table 9.1, a 2 x 10 joist has a section modulus of 350.53 cm 3 so this will work for bending.

450

Next, check for horizontal shear. Take the worst case of vertical shear which is the 4003.38 pounds found on the shear diagram. You can neglect the loads within a distance from the distance from the support equal to the depth of the member, so the vertical shear to be used in the calculation is: 235 V = 4003.38- ( - 1000

X

2516.25]

= 3412.06

Using formula 9.3 to find the actual horizontal shear,

b = 1 .5 (38 mm) d = 9.25 (235 mm) 3V Fv=2bd 3 3412.06 =-x---2 2(38)(235)

= 0.286 MPa The allowable horizontal shear of 0.516 MPa psi can also be increased by 15 percent for snow loading, so the allowalbe stress is:

Fv = 0.516 x 1.15 = 0.593 MPa Since this is more than the actual, a 50 x 250 joist will work. on Question no. 8 The top chord member acts just as a column. Its lid is: 900

1/d = - = 10.23 88

Therefore, it is a short column and the allowable

F~is

the same as Fe.

The maximum axial load is: p = 950(3.5 X 5.5) =

18.3 kips

6.545 X (88 X 138) or

79482.48 N

on Question no. 9 Different values of Fb must be use