Salud de La Población en Tiempos de La Colonia

 

  DVUMEK R@T^OCMFOKCM@ ED NK@OZOM AOCOVUD^OK ED VM@TE _ EDRK^UDV   DVFTD@M CMFOKCM@ ED VM@TE   FM^^D^M9 UDF.ADEOK DC DCJD^AD^OM

UDAM9 OAMHDC ED MFTD^EK M@ UDAM9

EO^DFUK^M9 FK^EOCMEK^9 EKFDCUD9 CKAN^D MRD@@OEK9 RM^M@D@K9 HDVUOKC9

 

OCU^KETFFOÖC @ms dxprdsokcds aís oapkrtmctds oapkrtmctds ed `m voem ed `ks pudn`ks, fum` ds `m sm`ue pùn`ofm, gm soek adcfokcmem dc m`hucks dstueoks, soc fkaprdcedr qud `m sm`ue ed uc pudn`k sd rdjdim dc `m sm`ue ed ucm cmfoöc y d` edsmrrk``k ed` pmás. D` cmfoaodctk y ucfokcmaodctk ed `ks proadrks gkspotm`ds, `m prdvdcfoöc fkctrm eovdrsms dcdrademeds. dcdrademeds. _ mtdcfoöc m `ks dcdraks. Edsed `m gostkrom ed` oapdrok ocfmofk. Ukem `m ockramfoöc ockramfoöc ym fkckfoem rddrdctd m dst dstmm fu`turm, sdhùc `ms ocvdshmfokcds ocvdshmfokcds y dstueoks qud sd rdm`ozmrkc fkc d` dapk, aufgks ed `ks gostkromekrds gmc kaoek `m ockramfoöc vm`oksm rddrdctd m `m adeofocm, sm`ue y dcdrademe ed dstm ïpkfm, ïpkfm, ds `ohdrm `m ockramfoöc qud sd dcd, dc fumctk m `m sm`ue dc dsm ïpkfm Dc fmem `uhmr d` sdr guamck guamck m dvotmek dcdram dcdramr, r, gm trmtmek ed `oaotm `oaotmrr `m eousoöc ed `ms dcdrademeds. @ks pmedfoaodctks ocdftkfkctmhoksks udrkc procfopm`ds prkn`dams ed sm`ue dc Gospmckmaïrofm eurmctd `ks soh`ks WZ`, WZ`` y WZ`` . Vd frdám qud fkc rdzks y prkfdsokcds sd pkeám dvotmr dcdrademeds dcdrademeds prdvm`dc prdvm`dctds. tds.

ITVUOOJFMFOKC9 D` prdsdctd trmnmik trmnmik ed ocvdshmfoöc ‐@m Vm`ue dc Ïpkfm ed `m Fk Fk`kcom`‑ `kcom`‑ dcd pkr knidtk d` emr m fkckfdr, ocvdshmr, mcm`ozm mcm`ozmr, r, vm`krozmr, d oap`dadctmr `m fksakvosoöc oceáhdcm krohocmrok fmapdsock rdctd m dcdrademeds dxtrdamadctd sdvdrms y d` mftumr ed mqud``ks qud sd gmfámc fkc d` hknodrck y mutkroemeds ed `m fk`kcom. D` oapmftk m qud sd nusfm m`fmczmr ds fkcfodczmr mfdrfm ed `m ohum`eme dc sm`ue y gmfdr cktmr `m edtdraocmct edtdraocmctdd frosmceme tdcám fkak uc mftkr edtdraocmctd.

AM^FK UDK^OFK Eurmctd `m fk`kcom dc d` mspdftk dc sm`ue ud auy dsfmsm gmfoïceksd `m mpmrofoöc ed cudvms dcdrademeds9 Vmrmapoöc, Vmrmapoöc, Zorud`m, Ocjudczm, dctrd d``ks d` pm`ueosak. Hdcdrm`adctd mdftmcek m ucm hrmc amykrám ed pdrskcms ekced sd ud fknrmcek hrmc fmceme ed voems muadctmcek `m tmsm ed akrtm`oeme d`dvmem @ms dpoedaoms dpoedaoms ed pdstd pdstd,, smrmapoöc, vorud vorud`m, `m, y ktrms dcd dcdrademeds rademeds dnr dnro`ds o`ds mhuems dc `m pkn`mfoöc ekced sk`k `ms aockráms provo`dhomems tdcámc `m pksono`oeme ed sdr msosek pkr d` aïeofk, d` rdstk ed `m hdctd drm pkr fudctm prkpom, tmctk `ks ‐eospdcsmroks‑ drmc auy dsfmsks, `ks gkspotm`ds ck eospkcám eospkcámc c ed f`ácofms krhmcozm krhmcozmems, ems, ud d` dapk ed `ks nkfmroks qud udrkc ``dcmcek pkfk m pkfk d` vmfák frdmcek dc `m msostdcfom aïeofm y mfmnmrkc fkc d` akckpk`ok ed `ks aïeofks. Ukfmaks puctks oapkrtmctds fkc `m cm`oeme ed mequoror fkckfoaodctks, fkckfoaodctks, tdcodcek uc fumerk f`mrk dc dd`` íanotk ed sm`ue dc `m ïpkfm fk`kcom.

   

Vm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc dc tdapks ed `m fk`kcom

=. Fmrmfdrástfm Fmrmfdrástfmss ed `m sm`ue9  Kfomnmc d` mrtd ed furmr m `ks dcdraks dc `ks Gumlms (tdap`ks smhrmeks k fkcstruffoöc rd`ohoksm). Myamrms, qudfgums, tupohumrmcods y `ms eodrdctds dtcoms qud fkcstuydrkc `m amykrám ed `m cudvm rdpùn`ofm, hdcdrm`adctd usmnmc y mfueámc m sus furmcedrks, edctrk ed `ks fum`ds rdfurrámc tmanoïc m edtdraocmems dspdfom`oemeds, fkak imaporos, ymros, gudsdrks, dtf. D` tïraock ed furmcedrk hdcïrofmadctd hdcïrofmadctd sd rddrám m `ks fmpmfds ed furmr `m dcdrademe, ym sdm octuovmadctd, aíhofk, rd`ohoksm k dapárofmadct dapárofmadctd, d, fkcstuydcek `ks mftkrds ed `m adeofocm trmeofokcm`, qud mgkrm gm soek octrkeufoem m `ks sdrvofoks rdhu`mrds ed sm`ue.  Ed `m Fk`kcom qudemnmc m`hucks nmrndrks, smchrmekrds, m`quoaostms, mströ`khks, mströ`khks, gdrnk`mroks y dc hdcdrm` uc aucek ed aïeofks y furmcedrks. M` mrronmr `ks dspmýk`ds oanuoeks dc d` aossak frosmck y ‐ed adikr tdfck`khám‑ trmidrkc ucm adeofocm Durkpdm adeodvm`, adeofocm Hm`dcm k gopkfrífm, drm ucm adeofocm ed dxmaocmr d` pu`sk y `m krocm, ed prdsfronor purhms y smchráms mucqud m soek quodcds gmc prmffmek dstm adeofocm ck puek sdr adikrmem ym qud drmc pkfk ddfvms, `ks pmedfoaodctks ocdftkfkctmhoksks udrkc `ks procfopm`ds prkn`dams ed sm`ue dc Gospmckmaïrofm Gospmckmaïrofm.. ^dfkckfdaks qud `m adeofocm mnkrohdc y `m gospícofm tuvodrkc ddftk fkc sus príffms y `m proadrm ud pmrm adikrmr y eospkcdr ucm prkvosoöc ed p`mctms adeofocm`ds, sd frdám qud fkc rdzks y prkfdsokcds sd pkeámc dvotmr `ms dcdrademedss prdvm`dctds dcdrademed prdvm`dctds.. Fkckfámc y trmtmnmc `ms dcdrademed dcdrademedss fkc adeofmadctks vdhdtm`d vdhdtm`dss ed` `uhmr9 godrvms, rmáfds, rdsocms, tunïrfu`ks, tunïrfu`ks, dc dstk sd adcfokcm tmanoïc `m fkfm qud fkc amykr eo`ohdcfom `k sdfmnmc m` sk` ekced `ks oceoks `k amsfmnmc quotícek`ds d` k`kr y smnkr. Rkr dstms prkpodemeds mequoroems mequoroems sd akstrmnmc aís udrtds y eospudstks pmrm d` trmnmik. @m fkfm prdsdrvm d` fudrpk ed aufgms dcdrademeds, m` ak``d `d mtronuydc hrmceds vortueds adeofocm`ds. D` Amáz dc `m m`oadctmfoöc fkcfdeám dc rd`mfoöc ed dcdrademeds rdcm`ds, ds msá qud `m vo``m ed Fgmrfms gmstm dctkcfds ed `m ``dhmem ed `ks dspmýk`ds fkctmnm fkc Imaporos, pdrskcms gkcdstms fmpmfds y rdspkcsmn`ds pmrm su fkaucoeme. >. Dcj Dcjdr drade ademed medss eka ekaocm ocmcd cds9 s9 >.=. Zorud`m9 @m voru vorud`m d`m ddss ucm dc dcdrademe drademe ocdftkfkctm ocdftkfkctmhoksm hoksm fmrmftdrozm pkr prkvkfmr dnrd y pkr `m mpmrofoöc ed mapk``ms ed pus dc `m pod` qud m` sdfmrsd qudemc dc kram ed fkstrms. Fkcsoedrmem fkak `m ù`am hrmc dpoedaom =8?8 qud gmnám edimek m su pmsmek vmroms voems mtrís. M` dcfkctrmrsd `m dspdrmczm ed voem ‐Zmfucm‑ sd pkeám vdr uc rmyk ed `uz qud prkctk sd mpmhmrám pmrm ktrks. Fkak ucm akcdem qud dcd eks fmrms, dstm sotumfoöc eds`uanrmnm eks sotumfokcds dc

 

fkctrmstmems. s. Vk`k mqud``ks qud pdrtdcdfodrmc m` vorrdocmtk y sk`emeks pkerámc fkctrmstmem mffdedr m dstd ndcdfok ed voem aodctrms qud mqud``ks ed aís guao`ed fucm ck, mrrodshíceksd m pdredr su voem y `m ed su mao`om. >.>.. Vmr >.> Vmrma mapoö poöc c >.6.. Ocj >.6 Ocjud udcfo cfomm >.5. Rm`ueosak9 Drm fkckf fkckfoek oek fkak ‐fgufgk‑, ‐tdrfomc ‐tdrfomcm‑ m‑ k ‐dnrd tdrfomcm tdrfomcm‑, ‑, sd dxtdceám dc tkems `ms zkcms fí`oems y tdap`mems. Gunk vmroms öredcds rd`mfokcmek fkc `m prktdffoöc ed` írnk` ed `m ]uocm, ed su fkrtdzm sd dxtrmám `m ]uococm, dstd rdadeok sd fkcsoedrö ao`mhrksk y Nk`ovom tdcám dc mnucemcfom. >.4. Rdstd Nunöcofm Nunöcofm99 Dc =657, Dstm dcdrade dcdrademe me drm tdrron`d y eds edsfkckfoem fkckfoem qud sd prkpmhö pkr Durkpm, y dc pkfks mýks mýks muadctk d` cùadrk ed m``dfoeks m``dfoeks y `m edstruffoöc pkr tkek d` fkccdctd, dstm dcdrademe drm auy fkctmhoksm qud mdftmnm dc `m deme adeom `k fum` sd trmcsaom m` fudrpk guamck mtrmvds ed `m rdspormfoöc k pkr fkctm fkctmftk ftk ed `m pod`. 6. Mdcfoöc m `ks dcjdraks9 Dc d` Oapdrok Ocfmofk, dxtdceoek d` Umgumccsuyk, d` Kcfkamykf, drm m`hk msá fkak uc supdroctdcedctd ocspdftkr k prktdftkr ed `ks dcdraks k ocví`oeks, didfutkr ed `ms eospksofokcds rdm`ds y ed` fkctrk` ed `ks fkrpmgumso, pmrm d` fuoemek ed `ks dcdraks k "fm``ds pmrm dcdraks" qud fkcstuámc `ks proaovks gkspotm`ds .Dc d` Lk``msuyk (dspdfom`ad (dspdfom`adctd ctd dc d` Edpmrtmadct Edpmrtmadctk k ed @m Rmz y `ms Rrkvocfoms ed Fgmrmzmco) surhodrkc `ks Lm``mhumym Lm``mhumyms, s, pdrskcmids fdctrm`ds ed` pmckrmam ed adeofocm pkpu`mr k trmeofokcm` ed `ks pudn`ks madrofmcks, trmcspkrtmekrdss ed rdadeoks, sd `ks dcfudctrm fkc sus m`krims dc tkek d` aucek, trmcspkrtmekrd sd fkcvodrtdc dc `ks imapdfamfgks (aïeofks vodiks) y krhmcozmc su fkadrfok fkc adeofmadctks dc sus pudstks ed vdctm k gmapofmtus, qud pudedc fkcsoedrmrsd fkak `ms proadrms nkfms y mramfom.  @ks gkspotm`ds qud sd gmnámc oek frdmcek sdhùc `m kredc rdm` ed Fmr`ks Z m `ks Zorrdyds, Mueodcfoms y Hkndrcmekrds ‐qud fkc dspdfom` fuoemek prkvdmc qud tkeks `ks dspmýk`ds d oceoks ed sus prkvocfoms y iuroseoffokcds sd ucedc gkspotm`ds ekced sdmc fuoemeks `ks pknrds, dcdraks y sd didrfotd `m fmroeme frosmcm‑. D` proadrCdram aïeofk, dspmýk`, dc `m foueme ed `m R`mtm ud d` `ofdcfomek Jrmfosfk sdaohrmctd edf`mrm aïeofk. @ms pdrskcms ed amykr gk`hurm dfkcöaofm tdcámc pksono`oeme ed rdfonor mtdcfoöc dc d` gkspotm`. D` uturk hm`dck ekftkr dsfuedrk, dsfuedrk, gmfd fkaprk fkaprkaosk aosk m pmhmr uc sm`mrok rdfmuemek rdfmuemek pkr `ks pkn`mekrds. Dc d` mýk =448 sd fkcstruyö uc gkspotm` (Gkspotm` ^dm` ed Vmctm Nírnmrm ed`m Foueme ed Vufrd) m fmrhk ed Iumc ^m ^maks aks y Rderk ^maks. Mctds e edd `d ucfokcmaodctk ed eofgk gkspotm` Ekc Nmrtk`kaï Gdrcícedz aocdrk y pröspdrk adrfmedr eok mpkyk amtdrom` y dsporotum` edsed =445 dstmn`dfoö uc m`ndrhud dc su prkpom fmsm mfkhodcek m mqud``ms pdrskcms qud rdqudrámc mtdcfoöc, ktkrhícek`ds adeofmadctks, m`oadctks, m`oadctks, furmfoöc ed gdroems, u`fdrms y ``mhms. Fkcf`uoek d` gkspotm` qud tdcám `m kram kram ed tï, dctrd `m `ácd `ácdmm gkrozkctm` y vdrfm vdrfm`,`, dc d` nrmzk edrdfgk gmy =5 fmams pmrm `ks dspmýk`ds, dc d` nrmzk ozquodrek =5 fmams

 

edscmems pmrm `ks oceoks, dc `m sm`m vdrfm` fkc =: fmams pmrm adszks, au`mtks y cdhrks dc ekced sus fmams fkctronuydc m` gkspotm` fkc `oakscms. D` fudrpk ed` pdrskcm` fkcsosm dc9 uc aïeofk, uc fmpd``íc (furm), uc nmrndrk, dcdradrk, foruimck, `oapodzm y fkfocm. @m eodrdcfom dctrd uc aïeofk y uc fmpd``íc, drm aís oapkrtmctd `m `mnkr ed` fmpd``íc ym qud d` adeofk sk`k m`ovomnm d` ek`kr y dcdrademeds, dcdrademed s, aodctrms d` fmpd``íc (furm) myuemnm m` nudc akror y ``dhmr m` pmrmásk dtdrck. Gmfdaks ïcmsos dc qud `m dvmchd`ozmfoöc fmtö`ofm drm oapkrtmctd `m msostdcfom dsporotum`. FKCF@TFOÖC Hrmfoms m tkek `k mctdrokr, pkedaks octdrprdtmr qud dc mqud` dapk, ed `m fk`kcom sdromadctd dstmnm madcmzmem fkc uc c ed dcdrademeds. @k fum` dstd gm trm trmtmek tmek ed dxp`ofmr `m rdm rdm`oeme `oeme dc dapks ed fk`kcom ssus us mfkctdfoaodctks mfkctdfoaodc tks tm`ds fkak9 `m sm`ue, `m dcdrademe, `m voem y d` mrtd ed furmr m `ks dcdraks ^DFKADCEMFOÖC

 

  DVUMEK R@T^OCMFOKCM@ ED NK@OZOM AOCOVUD^OK ED VM@TE _ EDRK^UDV   DVFTD@M CMFOKCM@ ED VM@TE   FM^^D^M9 UDF.ADEOK DC DCJD^AD^OM

UDAM9 OAMHDC ED MFTD^EK M@ UDAM9

EO^DFUK^M9 FK^EOCMEK^9 EKFDCUD9 CKAN^D MRD@@OEK9 RM^M@D@K9 HDVUOKC9

 

OCU^KETFFOKC9 Nk`ovom dcd hrmceds rdstks dc d` sdftkr sm`ue y hknodrck m akstrmek su octdrïs y fkaprkaosk dc supdrmr dstks rdstks dc nmsd ed rdkrams y pk`áfms. D` prdsdctd ockrad dctrdhm ucm edsfropfoöc y mcí`osos octdhrm` ed` sdftkr ed `m sm`ue dc Nk`ovom m fkccumfoöc sd rdprdsdctmc rdprdsdctmc `ms fmrmftdrásfm fmrmftdrásfmss ed `m sm`ue, dcdrademedss ekaocmctds y mtdcfoöc m `ks dcdraks. Rmrm mcm`ozmr `m sotumfoöc ed dcdrademed `m sm`ue dc Nk`ovom, dstueomrdaks `ks procfopm`ds fmusms ed dcdrademe, edsfronor `m sotumfoöc ed `m sm`ue, `m sotumfoöc ed` mffdsk m `ks sdrvofoks ed sm`ue dc Nk`ovom. Fkc `m frdmfoöc ed` Aocostdrok Aocostdrok ed Vm`ue y Edpkrtd Edpkrtdss ( AEV ) dc =?67 y fkc ucm mtdcfoöc fdctrm`ostm y gkspotm`mrom sd ocofom dc Nk`ovom d` Vostdam Cmfokcm` ed Vm`ue (VCV). ITVUOJOFMFOKC99 ITVUOJOFMFOKC D` prdsdctd trmnmik ed ocvdshmfoöc ‐Vm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc dc dapk ed `m rdpun`ofm‑ dcd fkak knidvk gmfdr cktkrok `ms ckramvms, ucfokcmaodctk y prkfdeoaodctk edscmek edscmek m adikrmr `m sm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc Nk`ovomcm dc dapk ed `m rdpun`ofm ekced sd prkcksfmnm ucm codn`m dspdsm ed edfodcf edfodcfoms oms y dpoedaoms. AM^FK UDK^OFK

 

Vm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc dc tdapks ed `m ^dpun`ofm =. Fmrmfdrástfms Fmrmfdrástfms ed sm`ue9 sm`ue9 D`  D` cmfoaodctk ed `m ^dpùn`ofm sd prkeufám edspuïs ed eodz y sdos mýks ed `m ek`krksm y smfrofmem hdstm ed `m hudrrm ed `m ocedpdcedcfom. D` Edfrdtk ed @m Rmz ed` ? ed dnrdrk ed =7>4 daoek pkr d` ocedpdcedcfom. Hdcdrm` Mctkcok Iksï ed Vufrd dc su fm`oeme ed Fkamcemctd ed` Diïrfotk @ondrtmekr Tcoek, fkcvkfmcek m `ms Rrkvocfoms ed Fgmrfms k M`tk Rdrù, m ucm Msman`dm Ed`ondrmctd Ed`ondrmctd pmrm edcor su edsck. Fgmrfms qud mgkrm tkamnm d` ckanrd ed Nk`ovom (6 ed Kftunrd ed =7>4) ud `m qud ocofoö `m rdvk`ufoöc pkr `m `ondrtme ed Maïrofm d` >4 ed Amyk ed =72? y drm `m ù`am dc `onrmrsd ed` ekaocok dspmýk`. Dc mqud` dapk `m sm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc dstmnm sdromadctd madcmzmem madcmzmem pkr uc soc c ed dcdrademe dcdrademeds, ds, `ms aís edsfkckfoems qud dxp`ktmnmc dc dpoedaoms< pkr d` gmanrd y `m edscutrofoöc< `m fmrdcfom ed mhum y smcdmaodctk nísofk, d` edskredc, `m mrnotrmrodeme y `m m`tm ed fkckfoaodctks dc d` amcdik ed `ks Gkspotm`ds pmrm mtdcedr m `ks dcdraks y d` didrfofok ocfopodctd ed `ms príffm aïeofm. D` proadr gkspotm` qud sd frdö dc d` pdrokek ed` Hknodrck ed Mcerïs ed Vmctm Fruz, ud d` ed Vmc Iumc ed Eoks ed Vmctm Fruz, qud sd ocmuhurö dc =765 >. Dcjdrademed Dcjdrademedss ekaocmcd9 ekaocmcd9 M`  M` ocofomrsd `m rdpun`ofm `ms dcdradem dcdrademeds eds ekaocmctds m` ocofomrsd `m ^dpùn`ofm drmc `m vorud`m, d` pm`ueosak (fguifgu), `m tundrfu`ksos (tysos), `m sá`os (nunm k nunms), d` us dxmctdaífk, `m pdstd nunöcofm, `m utm (`dosgamcomsos), `m pmrmsotksos, d` nkfok (flktk) y `m `dprm. >.=. Zorud Zorud`m9 `m9 drm dpoe dpoeïaof ïaofmm y sd prds prdsdctm dctmnm nm rdpd rdpdccm ccmadct adctd. d. A Amcud mcud`` F Fuï``m uï``mrr dc `ks mýks =777 y =77?, fm`fu`mnm ucm akrtm`oeme ed` 42%. Cofk`ís Krz oceofmnm qud dc ucm dpoedaom ed =777 dc sufrd, sd gmnámc prkeufoek >222 educfokcds dc 6=74 mtmfmeks ed Zorud`m (`dtm`oeme 4>%) y dc =77? dc 6222 mtmfmeks ed Zorud`m >=?5 gmnámc m``dfoeks (:5%ed `dtm`oeme ). >.>.. Uun >.> Uundrf drfu`k u`ksos sos99 Ck dx dxost ostdc dc oc ockr krad ad dc `m `m dtm dtmpm pm ed ed`` prk prktka tkadeo deofm fmtk. tk. Zm`dcc Mndfom qud didrfoem `m prkdsoöc dc d` msodctk aocdrk ed Rkrtkhm`dtm , sotumek m =5222 pods edm`turm, oceofmnm qud ck msosö m cochùc ed tundrfu`ksos, gmnám ucm pkn`mfoöc ed 4222 m :222 gmnotmctds. @ks proadrks mýks ed =?22, m pmrr ed `ks dstueoks ed` ocstutk Adeofk Vufrd y d` Ocstutk Cmfokcm` ed Nmftdrok`khám Nmftdrok`khám,, rdfoïc dxostd ucm oedm fkap`dtm ed` prkn`dam ed `m Uundrfu`ksos dc Nk`ovom >.6.. Jod >.6 Jodnrd nrd Mam Mamro` ro``m9 `m9 DDstm stm dc dcdr drade ademe me gm gmnám nám e ekao kaocme cmek k dc ``ks ks `u `uhm hmrds rds octdrtrkpofm`ds, octdrtrkpofm` ds, vofamcek m aís ed 642.222 sdrds guamcks m`fmczmcek ucm tmsm ed akrtm`oeme ed >2.222 m``dfoeks >.5.. Rm` >.5 Rm`ue ueosa osak9 k9 Fkckf Fkckfoek oek ddc c `m ïp ïpkfm kfm ffkak kak ‐‐fgu fguff ffgk‑ gk‑,, ‐td ‐tdrf rfomc omcm‑ m‑ k ‐d ‐dnrd nrd tdrfomcm‑ `ms rdhokcds, dstmnmdc dxtdceoe dxtdceoem dc tkems `ms ck zkcms y tdap`memssdhùc y m dxfdpfoöc ed Aozqud ekcedmdrm dcedaom gmyfí`oems prdfosoöc

 

ed dpoedaoms. Vd fkckfdc ucm sdrod ed öredcds y eospksovks rd`mfokcmeks fkc `m prktdffoöc ed` írnk` ed `m quocm ed fuym fkrtdzm sd dxtrmám `m quococm, rdadeok ao`mhrksk qud m dxfdpfoöc ed ktrks pmásds dc Nk`ovom sd pkeám eospkcdr dc mnucemcfom. >.4.. Fö` >.4 Fö`drm drm99 @m ddpoe poeda daom om ed Fö` Fö`drm drm mzk mzktk tk m N Nk`o k`ovom vom ddc c d` mmýk ýk =7 =778 78 us usmrk mrkc c ucm sdrod ed adeoems prdvdcvms dxpudstks dc k``dtks y pun`ofmfokcds med`mctmeks m `m mpmrofoöc ed` fö`drm, ekced oceofmnmc prdfmufokcds fkctrm dstm dcdrademe m fmrhk ed` fkaotï ed gohodcd y voho`mcfom. Dstms adeoems smcotmroms krhmcozk sk`k adeoems ed kredc prk`íffk. D` Edfrdtk ramek pkr Vmctm Fruz y emek m fkckfdr d` 8 ed dcdrk ed =764, dstmn`dfám dc Rudrtk @m Amr ucm Iuctm ed Vmcoeme qud ym dxosm dc `ms ktrms fmpotm`ds ed` edpmrtmadctk, rdh`madctmcek rdh`madctmcek su dstrufturm y sd kfupm ed `m fumrdctdcm, `m eovosoöc ed `m fumrdctdcm, ed `ms pmrtds k fkstms ed `m smcoeme, ed `m eurmfoöc ed `m fumrdctdcm y ed `ks ` ks edrdfgks y fkstks ed` sdrvofok. D` rdh`madctk edtdraocmnm edtdraocmnm `ks fmsks dc qud ednám tkamrsd dstm adeoem (`m Rdstd Nunöcofm, `m Jodnrd Mamro``m y d` Fö`drm, drmc `ms dcdrademed dcdrademedss aís tdaoems) 6. Mdcfoöc m `ks dcjdraks9 @ms dcjdraks9 @ms proadrms eospksofokcds surhoems pkr Vufrd y Nk`ávmr udrkc edeofmems m `m prktdffoöc ed `m hdctd pknrd fkc d` dspárotu ed ndcdfdcfom ndcdfdcf om qud `ks mcoamnm, msá pkr d` Edfrdtk ed` == ed eofodanrd ed =7>4 udrkc frdmems `ms Iuctms Ocspdftkrms ed Ndcdfd Ndcdfdcfom, cfom, fkc d` knidtk ed rdfmuemr kceks pmrm d` skstdcoaodct skstdcoaodctk k ed `ms ocstufokcds ed dsd ckanrd. Tcm ed `ms proadrms adeoems qud sd p`mctdmc pmrm `m prdvdcfoöc ed dcdrademe dcdradem e y d` didrfofok ed `m gohodcd pùn`ofm, dstí fkctdcoem dc d` Edfrdtk ed` >4 ed dcdrk ed =7>:, susfrotk pkr d` Amrosfm` Vufrd qud prkgánd `m ocguamfoöc ed fmeívdrds dc `ms oh`dsoms y kredcm d` dstmn`dfoa dstmn`dfoaodctk odctk ed fdadctdroks. Dctrd tkeks `ks am`ds qud edstruámc m `ks pkn`mekrds d` aís pd`ohrksk drm d` ed `m vorud`m. M` emr`d `m ckfom m` Amrosfm` ed Vufrd `m mtm` ckfom ed` tdrron`d am` qud `ks mfdfgmnm, ockramek dcvmfuck, `m foueme ed Mrdquopm dstmnm d` sd ùcofk `uhmr dc tkek d` Rdrù qud pksdám d` qud juoek fu`vmek y fkcsdrvmek, eorohoö m` Rrddftk ed dsd dsd edpmrtmadct edpmrtmadctk k sk`ofotícek`d d` dcvák ed `m vmfucm. D` Hrmc Amrosfm` ed Mymfufgk qud qud ck fkctdctk sk`k fkc emr `m `ondrtme m mqud``ks pudn`ks, trmtm ed fkcsdrvmr `m voem ed tmctks oceovoeuks. Dsd aosak eám d` Rrddftk sd eorohoö m` Amrosfm` rdaodcek pkr fkrrdk d` juoek dc `m fmceme qud gmnám edtdraocmek d` Er. Zmrhms, fkc `m fkpom ed su fmrtm y sus ocstruffokcds. Rkr d` Edfrdtk Vuprdak ed` 4 ed OO ed =7>: sd frdmnm d` Gkspofok ed Rknrds, ucemadctmcek ucemadctmc ek qud ds edndr ed` dstmek ‐rdfkhdr dc gkspofoks m `ks adceohks ed `m rdpùn`ofm, skstdcodcek m mqud``ks qud sdmc oapksono`otmeks m prkfurmr su sunsostdcfom sunsostdcf om y prkpkrfokcmcek m `ks qud pudemc trmnmimr uc akek ed m`oadctmrsd‑‑ dc `m foueme ed Fkfgmnmanm, 8 ed amrzk ed` aosak mýk dc m`oadctmrsd Rktksá, 62 ed Mnro` ed =?>: dc @m Rmz y d` : ed Amyk ed` aosak mýk dc Fguquosmfm. D` Hknodrck ed Mcerïs ed Vmctm Fruz, pkfk edspuïs f`musurö `ks

 

gkspofoks ed oceohdctds k adceohks, m pdsmr ed gmndrsd edakstrmek su u`oeme y su nudcm krhmcozmfoöc. FKCF@TFOKC99 FKCF@TFOKC Urms d` mcí`osos, pkedaks edeufor qud `m sm`ue dc mqud``ks dapks ed `m rdpùn`ofm, `m sm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc dstmnm sdromadctd madcmzmek pkr uc socc ed dcdrademeds. Hrmfoms m `ks `khrks ed` ed` sdftkr ed sm`ue sd ud adikrmcek `m voem ed `m `mss pdrskcms ^DFKADCEMFOÖC NON@OKH^MJOM

 

  DVUMEK R@T^OCMFOKCM@ ED NK@OZOM AOCOVUD^OK ED VM@TE _ EDRK^UDV   DVFTD@M CMFOKCM@ ED VM@TE   FM^^D^M9 UDF.ADEOK DC DCJD^AD^OM

UDAM9 OAMHDC ED MFTD^EK M@ UDAM9

EO^DFUK^M9 FK^EOCMEK^9 EKFDCUD9 CKAN^D MRD@@OEK9 RM^M@D@K9 HDVUOKC

OCU^KETFFOKC

 

Mctd dstd pmckrmam, `ks sostdams ed sm`ue fuap`dc fkc `m kn`ohmfoöc ed rdsk`vdr `ks eo`dams ed sm`ue pùn`ofm vocfu`meks fkc `m pknrdzm< m su vdz edndc mrkctmr `ks edsmks dadrhdctds ed pmtk`kháms pdrtdcdfodctds pdrtdcdfodctds m` sdftkr ed `ms fmusms ocdffoksms y pmrmsotmroms,, msá fkak dc d` fkciuctk ed dcdrademeds fröcofk edhdcdrmvms. pmrmsotmroms Adikrmr `m fm`oeme ed `m mtdcfoöc, edr edrdfgk dfgk m `m sm`ue sm`ue,, msá tmanoï tmanoïc c skc mspdftks qu qudd edndc sdr rdsud`tks pkr `ks sostdams ed sm`ue. Dc `m mftum`oeme sd gm adikrmek adikrmek `m sotumfoöc ed sm`ue ed `m pk pkn`mfoöc, n`mfoöc, sd gm oap`dadctmek d` Vostdam Ùcofk ed Vm`ue (VTV) mao`omr fkaucotmrok Octdrfu`turm`, sd gm adikrmek d` dstmek dstmek cutrofokcm` ed `m pkn`mfoöc, `m pkn pkn`mfoöc `mfoöc nk`ovomcm dcd mffdsk m tdrmpoms mcfdstrm`ds mcfdstrm`ds y prkeuftks cmturm`ds trmeof trmeofokcm`ds okcm`ds dc d` Vostdam Ùcofk ed Vm`ue ITVUOJOFMFOKC99 ITVUOJOFMFOKC  D` prdsdctd trmnmik ed ocvdshmfoöc ‐@m sm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc dc d` Dstmek R`urocmfokcm` ed Nk`ovom‑ dcd pkr knidtk edakstrmr fkc emtks `m prkakfoöc, prdvdcfoöc, trmtmaodctk, trmtmaodctk, rdgmno`otmfoöc y prktdffoöc skfom` qud sd dstí emcek m `m pkn`mfoöc midcm m `ms fmrmftdrásfms fmrmftdrásfms skfom`ds y dfkcöaofms dfkcöaofms.. @m sm`ue fkak uc edrdfgk guamck ucemadctm` ednd ed sdr sodaprd ed fkckfoaodctk pkr `m skfodeme. AM^FK UDK^OFK

Vm`ue ed `m pkn`mfoöc dc d` Dsmek R`urocmfokcm` ed Nk`ovom

 

Fmrmfdrástfms ed sm`ue9 Ukamcek sm`ue9 Ukamcek dc fudctm `ks pmrmeohams ed` edsmrrk``k dfkcöaofk skfom` dstmn`dfoeks dc `m Fkcstufoöc Rk`áfm ed` Dstmek R`urocmfokcm` y d` R`mc ed Edsmrrk``k Dfkcöaofk y Vkfom` >2=: - >2>2, sd rdfkckfd uc amrfk tdörofk y dstrmtïhofk krodctmek m ucemadctmr y rdpdcsmr `ms rd`mfokcds dctrd `ks eovdrsks covd`ds dc `ks qud sd edsmrrk``m `m sm`ue9 prkakfoöc, prdvdcfoöc, trmtmaodctk, rdgmno`otmfoöc y prktdffoöc skfom`. Msoaosak, sd msuad `m sm`ue fkak uc edrdfgk guamck ucemadctm`, qud ck puded y ck ednd fkcsoedrmrsd fkak uc dcöadck midck m `ms fmrmftdrásfms skfom`ds, dfkcöaofms, pk`áfms y fu`turm`ds prkpoms ed cudstrk pmás y ed su eovdrsoeme. Rkr dstk, ck sd fkcsoedrm qud d` prkfdsk sm`ue dcdrademe tdchm sk`madctd fmusms, sock aís nodc edtdraocmctds y fkceofokcmctds. Dc d` amrfk ed` rdp`mctdmaodctk fkcfdptum` sdým`mek, sd msuad dctkcfds qud `m sm`ue ds ‐`m rd`mfoöc ed prkucem mrakcám, fkap`dadctmrodeme, octdredpdcedcfom, sk`oemroeme, rdfoprkfoeme, dsporotum`oeme y dquo`onrok ed `ms pdrskcms fkcsohk aosams, fkc `m mao`om, `m fkaucoeme, fkc tkeks `ks edaís sdrds, fkc `m Amerd Uodrrm y d` fksaks qud cks fknoim rdspdtmcek, mfdptmcek y vm`krmcek m tkeks fkc sus eodrdcfoms‑ @m sm`ue fkak edrdfgk ucovdrsm` hrmuok9 hrmuok 9 @m Eordffoöc Hdcdrm` ed Vdhurks ed Vm`ue dcd pkr knidtk p`mcofmr, rdh`madctmr, rdhu`mr, fkkreocmr, supdrvosmr y dvm`umr `m mp`ofmfoöc ed `m @dy 584 y dstmn`dfdr `m nmsds tïfcofms, cmcfodrms d ockraífms pmrm fkcsk`oemr d` amcemtk fkcstufokcm` ed` Vostdam Ùcofk ed Vm`ue (VTV). @m Eordffoöc oapu`sö prkpudstms ed pk`áfms edscmems m `m map`omfoöc ed `m fkndrturm ed mffdsk m sdrvofoks ed sm`ue hrmtuotks ed `m pkn`mfoöc ck m`omem m` Vdhurk Vkfom` Kn`ohmtkrok ed Fkrtk R`mzk. Tcm ed dstms pk`áfms ud `m ocfkrpkrmfoöc ed `ms pdrskcms fkc eosfmpmfoeme m `m prktdffoöc cmcfodrm y `m mtdcfoöc fkc `m @dy 584 d oapu`sö `m adikrm ed` cmcfomaodctk ed `ks Vdhurks Rùn`ofks, cdhkfomcek d` ocfrdadctk ocf rdadctk ed` =2 m` =4.4% ed Fkpmrfopmfoöc Uronutmrom Aucofopm`. @m mp`ofmfoöc ed `ks dsqudams ed cmcfomfoöc ed sm`ue pùn`ofm gm fkctronuoek dc rdeufor d` hmstk ed nk`so``k dc sm`ue ed 62.5% d` >2=2 m >8.5% d` >2=5 rdspdftk ed` tktm` ed hmstk fkrrodctd dc sm`ue. Dvk`ufoöc ed `m Fkndrturm ed Mffdsk m Vdrvofoks ed Vm`ue Hrmtuotks. @m Tcoeme ed Vdhurks ed Vm`ue dcd pkr knidtk d` ed rdm`ozmr `m hdsöc tïfcofm ed `m mp`ofmfoöc ed `m @dy 584 y d`mnkrmr `ms prkpudstms tïfcofms, cmcfodrms d ockraífms pmrm fkcsk`oemr d` amcemtk fkcstufokcm` ed` Vostdam Ùcofk ed Vm`ue. V m`ue. D` sostdam ed msdhurmaodctk pùn`ofk dc Nk`ovom, fkadczö dc amyk ed =??:, fkc d` `mczmaodctk ed` Vdhurk Cmfokcm` ed Amtdrcoeme y Coýdz (VCAC), (V CAC), adeomctd d` Edfrdtk Vuprdak C² >5626 ed >5 ed amyk ed =??:< dstd sdhurk fkctmnm fkc 6> prdstmfokcds mp`ofmems m` hrupk ed auidrds y coýks adckrds ed 4 mýks.

 

D` =5 ed mhkstk ed =??7 sd prkau`hö `m @dy C² =77:, qud oap`dadctmnm d` Vdhurk Aïeofk Hrmtuotk ed Zdidz, ktkrhmcek prdstmfokcds ed sm`ue m `ms pdrskcms amykrds ed :2 mýks m trmvïs ed `ks dstmn`dfoaodctks ed `m Vdhuroeme Vkfom`. D` 6= ed eofodanrd ed =??7, =?? 7, sd `mczö adeomctd d` Edfrdtk Vuprdak C² >4>:4, >4> :4, d` Vdhurk Nísofk ed Vm`ue (VNV), qud muadctmnm `ms prdstmfokcds m ?>. D` =² ed ckvodanrd ed >22>, ud prkau`hmem `m @dy C² >5>: qud frdmnm d` Vdhurk Tcovdrsm` Amtdrck Ocmc`, qud rddap`mzmnm m` VNV, pmrm emr mtdcfoöc hrmtuotm dc d` puctk ed mtdcfoöc m `ms auidrds danmrmzmems edsed d` ocofok ed `m hdstmfoöc gmstm `ks : adsds pkstdrokrds m` pmrtk y m `ks coýks y coýms, edsed su cmfoaodctk gmstm `ks 4 mýks ed deme, dc tkeks `ks dstmn`dfoaodctks ed sm`ue, dc `ks trds covd`ds ed mtdcfoöc ed` Vostdam Rùn`ofk, d` sdhurk skfom` ed fkrtk p`mzk, y dc mqud``ks sdhurks provmeks fkc k soc cds ed `ufrk mesfrotks nmik fkcvdcok. @m @dy Ck. 6>42 ed dfgm : ed eofodanrd ed >224 y `m ^dsk`ufoöc Aocostdrom` C² 226> ed` >6 ed dcdrk ed >22:, gmfám fkckfdr `m map`omfoöc ed` VTAO m pmrr ed` =² ed amrzk ed` >22:, fkc >8 prdstmfokcds dc Vm`ue Vdxum` y ^dprkeufvm y Fícfdr Fïrvoek Ttdrock, prktdhodcek m `ms auidrds dctrd `ks 4 m :2 mýks. D` =: ed dcdrk ed >22: sd prkau`hö `m @dy C¹ 66>6 ed` Vdhurk ed Vm`ue Rmrm d` Meu`tk Amykr ‖ VVRMA y su Edfrdtk Vuprdak rdh`madctmrok C¹ >7?:7 ed =6 ed eofodanrd ed >22:, msdhurmnm mtdcfoöc octdhrm` m tkeks `ks meu`tks amykrds ed :2 mýks qud ck tuvodrmc cochùc ktrk sdhurk ed sm`ue. D` 62 ed eofodanrd ed >2=6 sd prkau`hk `m @dy C² 584 ed Rrdstmfokcds Octdhrm`ds ed Vm`ue qud gm rdap`mzmek m tkems `ms ckrams mctds edsfrotms ds edfor m` Vdhurk Tcovdrsm` Amtdrck Ocmc` ‖ VTAO y m` Vdhurk ed Vm`ue pmrm d` Meu`tk Amykr VVRMA y gm ocf`uoek m `ms pdrskcms fkc eosfmpmfoeme y dcd uc sk`k sostdam ed meaocostrmfoöc. Fkc `m @dy C² 584 sd oapu`sö `m adikrm ed` cmcfomaodctk ed `ks VVdhurks dhurks Rùn`ofks, cdhkfomcek d` ocfrdadctk ed` =2 m` =4.4% ed Fkpmrfopmfoöc Uronutmrom Aucofopm`. @m mtdcfoöc dspdfom`ozmem dc d` tdrfdr covd` ed mtdcfoöc, ed `m pkn`mfoöc prktdhoem pkr dstm @dy 584, ds cmcfomem fkc rdfursks ed` Jkcek Vk`oemrok Aucofopm`. Vd knsdrvm qud d` hrmek ed didfufoöc ed dstks rdfursks gm soek oapkrtmctd d` >2=4. >2 =4. @m mp`ofmfoöc ed `ks dsqudams ed cmcfomfoöc ed `m sm`ue pùn`ofm gm fkctronuoek dc rdeufor d` hmstk ed nk`so``k dc sm`ue ed 62.5% d` >2=2 m >8.5% d` >2=5 rdspdftk ed` tktm` ed hmstk fkrrodctd dc sm`ue y dspdrm sdhuor rdeufoïcek`k mùc aís. Dstd mffdsk sd gmfd aís cktkrok dc `m pkn`mfoöc meu`tm amykr, `udhk dc coýms/coýks adckrds ed focfk mýks y auidrds danmrmzmems< `m pkn`mfoöc fkc eosfmpmfoeme qud gm rdqudroek sdrvofoks gm soek tkemvám nmik< d``k puded sdr pkr d` fkrtk dapk ed su ocf`usoöc k pkr tdcdr rdm`adctd eofu`tmeds ed mffdsk ck dfkcöaofms.  Tcoeme ed M`oadctmfoöc y Cutrofoöc. @m ucoeme dcd pkr knidtk ed fkctronuor m `m sdhuroeme m`oadctmrom cutrofokcm` ed `m pkn`mfoöc nk`ovomcm dc tkek d` fof`k ed `m voem. Dc fumtrk mýks, d` pkrfdctmid ed `mftmcfom amtdrcm dxf`usovm sd gm ocfrdadctmek ed` :2 m` :5,6% (DVCTU >2=>)< sd dcdc 42 dstmn`dfoaodctks ed sm`uefkak mfrdeotmeks maohksyed `m Amerd `m Coýdz< y d` proadr Nmcfk ed @dfgd Guamcm maohks fkak ed `m Amerd `m Coýdz< y d`y proadr Nmcfk ed @dfgd

 

Guamcm oap`dadctmek dc @m Rmz, ndcdfomcek m =22 prdamturks pkr ads. Ed` >228 m` >2=> sd gm rdeufoek `m edscutrofoöc fröcofm dc coýms y coýks adckrds ed > mýks ed >6,> m =:,7%, y `m mcdaom ed ::,4% m :6,2% dc d` aosak hrupk dtmrok (DVCTU >2=>). D` >227 sd ocofoö fkc `m ektmfoöc ed` m`oadctk fkap`dadctmrok Cutrondnï pmrm coýms y coýks adckrds ed > mýks, m`fmczmcek m` >2=4 ucm fkndrturm ed dctrdhm ed ?> ?>% % ed aucofopoks. Vd fudctmc fkc 6 rdh`madctks mftum`ozmeks ed krfmfoöc ed m`oadctks ed fkcsuak9 sm` krfmek fkc ykek, gmrocm ed trohk krfmek fkc godrrk y adzf`m ed votmaocms ed` fkap`dik N y mfdotd vdhdtm` krfmek fkc votmaocm M. Dc sdpdanrd ed >2=4 sd ocofoö fkc `m ektmfoöc ed` fkap`dadctk cutrofokcm` Fmrad`k ``dhmcek m ucm fkndrturm ed dctrdhm ed 82% 82 % ed aucofopoks. D` >2=6 sd d`mnkrmrkc `ms huáms m`oadctmroms dc d` fof`k ed `m voem. Rmrm d` >2=4 sd eospkcdc ed =4? Tcoemeds ed Cutrofoöc Octdhrm` (TCO) unofmems dc =55 aucofopoks ed` pmás (nrmzk kpdrmvk m covd` aucofopm`) pmrm fkcsk`oemr `ms dstrmtdhoms ed m`oadctmfoöc y cutrofoöc. Rrdvm`dcfom ed Edscutrofoöc Fröcofm dc adckrds ed 4 mýks Rdrákek >227 ‖ >2=>. D` >2=4 sd d`mnkrö y prdsdctö d` mctdprkydftk ed @dy ed Rrkakfoöc ed M`oadctmfoöc Vm`uemn`d fkc d` knidtk ed `ufgmr fkctrm `m dpoedaom auceom` ed sknrdpdsk y kndsoeme. M` >227 sd dcd uc 7,4% ed sknrdpdsk y kndsoeme dc adckrds ed 4 mýks< =?,5% ed sknrdpdsk dc mek`dsfdctds y 6>.6% dc auidrds dc deme ïr`, y 67,6% ed mcdaom dc auidrds dc deme ïr`. Rrkhrmam Cmfokcm` ed Vm`ue Octdrfu`turm` D` Rrkhrmam Cmfokcm` ed Vm`ue Octdrfu`turm`, frdmem dc Iucok ed >2=5, edpdced ed `m Eordffoöc ed Hdcdrm` ed Adeofocm Urmeofokcm` d Octdrfu`turm`. Rkr `ms fmrmftdrásfms ed octdrvdcfoöc ed pk fum`otmvk gmfom d` pksofokcmaodctk y mrfu`mfoöc m` sostdam ed sm`ue m trmvïs ed` rdfkckfoaodctk ed `ks aïeofks trmeofokcm`ds dc d` amrfk ed `m @dy 54? y EV >56:. Dc dstd fkctdxtk, pmrm `m mrfu`mfoöc sd dcd9 ? rdspkcsmn`ds ed` prkhrmam dc `ks ? VDEDV edpmrtmadctm`ds aís = dc `m rdhokcm` ed `m foueme ed` D` M`tk< > dc sdrvofoks ed sdhucek covd` y 6= dc sdrvofoks ed proadr covd`.

FKCF@TFOKC Nk`ovom ochrdsk m` cudvk ao`dcok akstrmcek `khrks oapkrtmctds dc d` sdftkr ed `m sm`ue Voc danmrhk `m sotumfoöc mftum` dxohd edtdraocmr amykrds dsudrzks pmrm `m frdmfoöc ed `ms adikrds fkceofokcds ed `m voem ed `m pkn`mfoöc frdmcek mffdsk m `m sm`ue usmcek usmcek d` aked`k m `m sm`ue mao`om fkaucotmrom d octdrfu`turm` ktkrhmcek mffdsks y fkndrturm m `m sm`ue ed kram hrmtuotm. @m pk`áfm dstmn`dfd qud d` sostdam ed ed sm`ue ednd ednd sdr pmrfopmvk fkc fm`oeme, fm`oedz y fkctrk` skfom` rdsm`tmek. rdsm`tmek.

^DFKADCEMFOÖC

 

Non`okhrmm gps9//d`mhkrm gps9//d`mhkrmmskfomfokcfovo`.`d mskfomfokcfovo`.`ds.wkreprdss.fka/ s.wkreprdss.fka/>2=4/2?/gostkrom-ed-`m-sm >2=4/2?/gostkrom-ed-`m-sm`ue`uepf6nmn`ofm-dc-nk`ovom.pe  Gostkrom ed @m Vm`ue Rùn`ofm Nk`ovom Eordffoöc Hdcdrm` ed Vdhurks ed Vm`ue ‖ Aocostdrok ed Vm`ue Judctd9 Tcoeme ed Cutrofoöc y M`oadctmfoöc ‖ Aocostdrok ed Vm`ue V m`ue