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T@FGT JIHGU@FGT Tnh jnféduf`s ihnrlàhid`s inhiz`efgs gh `lu`. Qugkgh `p`rgdgr3 0. Qrgdipit`k`s. Gs kgdir, gh gst`kn sôfikn. Tg tr`t` kg s`fgs dnjn D`4(QN;)5, D`DN4, n TiN5 , qug bnrj`h p`rtg kg gstrudtur`s gsqugfétid`s. 5. Kisugft`s3 Gstàh inhiz`k`s, dnjn Df-, DN4-5, QN;-4, MDN4-, O+, H`+, D`+5. Fns inhgs dnh d`rl` pnsitiv` snh d`tinhgs y fns kg d`rl` hgl`tiv` `hinhgs. Dnhtrnf`h f`s prnpigk`kgs nsjôtid`s kg f`s défuf`s, rgluf`h gf pM, n tighgh buhdinhgs gspgdêbid`s dnjn f` tr`hsjisiôh kgf ijpufsn hgrvinsn n f` dnhtr`ddiôh jusduf`r.  

BWHDINHGT KG F@T T@FGT JIHGU@FGT . - Buhdiôh gstrudtur`f. Gh bnrj` sôfik`, sg kgpnsit`h gh fns ôrl`hns gsqugfétidns p`r` k`rfgs dnhsistghdi`, dnjn gh fns mugsns n gh f`s dnhdm`s kg fns jnfusdns. - Buhdinhgs gspgdêbid`s. Ihtgrvighgh gh f` dnhtr`ddiôh jusduf`r (D`+5) n gh f` dnhkuddiôh kgf ijpufsn hgrvinsn (H`+ g O+). @ vgdgs rg`fiz`h buhdinhgs `ht`lôhid`s (si sg sgp`r` uh dnr`zôh kg uh `hij`f y sg ihtrnkudg gh uh` kisnfudiôh s`fih` dnh inhgs H`+ n O+ sg kgtighg gf f`tikn gh kiàstnfg? si sg ihtrnkudg dnh inhgs D`+5 gf dnr`zôh sg p`r` gh sêstnfg). - @dtó`h dnjn sust`hdi`s t`jpôh. Gh kisnfudiôh f`s s`fgs sg prgsght`h kisndi`k`s gh j`ynr n jghnr lr`kn gh sus dnrrgspnhkightgs inhgs, dnhtr`rrgst`hkn `sê f` kisndi`diôh kg àdikns n e`sgs bugrtgs (t`jpôh bnsb`tn n t`jpôh eid`renh`tn, pnr gcgjpfn). - Ihtgrvighgh gh gf gquifierin nsjôtidn. Gh kisnfudiôh `duns`, f`s s`fgs p`rtidip`h gh f` dnhdghtr`diôh kg fns jgkins gxtr`dgfuf`r g ihtr`dgfuf`r, bghôjghn kghnjih`kn `ddiôh nsjôtid`.  F`s jgjer`h`s einfôlid`s sg dnjpnrt`h dnjn jgjer`h`s sgjipgrjg`efgs3 kgc`h p`s`r gf `lu` y hn pgrjitgh gf p`sn kg judmns snfutns. Gh uh jgkin `dunsn, fns inhgs (p`rtêduf`s gh kispgrsiôh) sg kisgjih`h pnr tnk` f` j`s` fêquik` pnr kibusiôh bêsid`. Ghtrg kns jgkins kg kibgrghtg dnhdghtr`diôh, sgp`r`kns pnr uh` jgjer`h` sgjipgrjg`efg sg prnkudg f` ôsjnsis. Dnjn gf snfutn hn pugkg `tr`vgs`r f` e`rrgr`, gf `lu` p`s` ` f` p`rtg jàs dnhdghtr`k`, prnvnd`hkn uh` kibgrghdi` kg prgsiôh, f` prgsiôh nsjôtid`. F` kisnfudiôh jàs dnhdghtr`k` sg kghnjih` mipgrtôhid` y f` kg jghns dnhdghtr`diôh mipntôhid`. (Kns kisnfudinhgs kg f` jisj` dnhdghtr`diôh sgrê`h isntôhid`s).

 

Risit` f` siluightg p pàlih` àlih` p`r` d dnhndgr nhndgr jà jàs s snerg f`s s` s`fgs fgs gh hugstrn nrl`hisjn3 mttps3//www.gdurgk.du/T`fgs^jihgr`fgs#T`fgs `fgs^jihgr`fgs#T`fgs^jihgr`fgs^prgsgh ^jihgr`fgs^prgsghtgs^gh^gf^du tgs^gh^gf^du mttps3//www.gdurgk.du/T grpn^muj`hn  

FNT QUIHDIQ@FGT @JNU[ILW@KNUGT GH GF NUL@HITJN MWJ@HN Y TW IJQNU[@HDI@ GH TW BWHDIÔH UGLWF@KNU@  Wh t`jpôh, eubbgr, snfudiôh `jnrtilu`knr` n snfudiôh rgluf`knr` gs f` jgzdf` gh dnhdghtr`dinhgs rgf`tiv`jghtg gfgv`k`s kg uh àdikn y su e`sg dnhcul`k`, gs kgdir, s`fgs mikrnfêtid`jghtg `dtiv`s qug sg kisugfvgh gh gf `lu`. [ighgh f` prnpigk`k kg j`htghgr gst`efg gf pM kg uh` kisnfudiôh brghtg ` f` `kidiôh kg d`htik`kgs rgf`tiv`jghtg pgqugð`s kg àdikns n e`sgs bugrtgs. Gstg mgdmn gs kg vit`f ijpnrt`hdi` gh kivgrsns dnhtgxtns gh knhkg gs hgdgs`rin j`htghgr gf

 

pM gh uh ujer`f gstrgdmn, pnr gcgjpfn, dnh uh fgvg d`jein gh f` dnhdghtr`diôh kg mikrnlghinhgs gh f` défuf` sg pugkg prnkudir uh p`rn gh f` `dtivik`k kg f`s ghzij`s. Wh àdikn eubbgr rg`ddinh` du`hkn uh àdikn kéeif n e`sg kéeif sg dnjeih`h dnh su dnrrgspnhkightg s`f mikrnfitid`jghtg gh uh` snfudiôh kg `lu`, sg bnrj` uh sistgj` `jnrtilu`knr kghnjih`kn eubbgr. D`k` sistgj` eubbgr tighg su prnpin r`hln gbgdtivn kg pM, gf du`f kgpghkgrà kg f` dnhst`htg kg gquifierin kgf àdikn n e`sg gjpfg`kn. Tnh ijpnrt`htgs gh gf f`enr`tnrin y gh f` ihkustri`, y t`jeiéh gh f` quêjid` kg f` vik`. [`jpnhgs têpidns snh gf p`r `jnhê`dn-d`tiôh `jnhin, àdikn `détidn-`hiôh `dgt`tn, `hiôh d`renh`tn-`hiôh eid`renh`tn, eid`renh`tn, àdikn dêtridn-`hiôh ditr`tn n `fluhn kg fns p`rgs gh f` kisndi`diôh kgf àdikn bnsbôridn.  

Qrihdip`fgs @jnrtilu`knrgs 

@jnrtilu`knr Eid`renh`tn3 Gf j`htghijightn kgf pM kg f` s`hlrg sg rgluf` ` tr`vés kgf `jnrtilu`knr eid`renh`tn. Gstg sistgj` dnhsistg gh

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àdikn d`reôhidn g inhgs kg eid`renh`tn. Du`hkn gf pM kg f` s`hlrg d`g gh gf ihtgrv`fn àdikn, gstg `jnrtilu`knr `dtó` p`r` bnrj`r kiôxikn kg d`renhn. Fns pufjnhgs gxpufs`h gstg l`s bugr` kgf dugrpn kur`htg gf prndgsn kg rgspir`diôh. Gh dnhkidinhgs `fd`fih`s, gstg `jnrtilu`knr tr`g kg hugvn gf pM ` hgutrn, d`us`hkn f` gxdrgdiôh kg fns inhgs eid`renh`tn ` tr`vés kg f` nrih`. @jnrtilu`knr Bnsb`tn3 Gf sistgj` kgf `jnrtilu`knr bnsb`tn `dtó` kg uh` j`hgr` sijif`r `f kgf eid`renh`tn, pgrn tighg uh` `ddiôh judmn jàs bugrtg. Gf jgkin ihtgrhn kg tnk`s f`s défuf`s dnhtighg gstg `jnrtilu`knr qug dnjprghkg inhgs kg mikrôlghn g inhgs kg bnsb`tn kg kimikrôlghn. Gh dnhkidinhgs knhkg uh gxdgsn kg mikrôlghn ghtr` gh f` défuf`, gstg rg`ddinh` dnh fns inhgs kg bnsb`tn kg mikrôlghn, qug fns `dgpt`. Gh dnhkidinhgs `fd`fih`s, fns inhgs kg bnsb`tn kg kimikrôlghn `dgpt`h fns inhgs kg mikrôxikn gh gxdgsn qug ghtr`h ` f` défuf`.

@jnrtilu`knr kg Qrntgêh`s3 F`s prntgêh`s dnhsistgh kg `jihnàdikns uhikns pnr ghf`dgs pgptêkidns. Fns `jihnàdikns pnsggh uh lrupn `jihn y uh lrupn àdikn d`renxêfidn. Gf pM bisinfôlidn, gf àdikn d`renxêfidn gxistg dnjn iôh d`renxif`tn (DNN-) y gf lrupn `jihn gxistg dnjn iôh HM4 +. Du`hkn gf pM gs àdikn, gf lrupn d`renxifn ndup` gf gxdgsn kg inhgs kg mikrôlghn p`r` vnfvgr kg hugvn ` f` bnrj` kg àdikn d`renxêfidn. Ti gf pM kg f` s`hlrg sg vugfvg `fd`fihn, sg prnkudg uh` fiegr`diôh kg uh prntôh kgskg gf iôh HM4 +, qug tnj` f` bnrj` kg HM5.

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@jnrtilu`knr kg Mgjnlfneih`3 Gf piljghtn rgspir`tnrin prgsghtg gh f` s`hlrg, f` mgjnlfneih`, t`jeiéh tighg `ddiôh `jnrtilu`knr` kghtrn kg fns tgcikns. [ighg uh` d`p`dik`k kg uhirsg y` sg` dnh prntnhgs n dnh nxêlghn gh uh puhtn k`kn kg tigjpn. F` uhiôh kg uhn fiegr` `f ntrn. Gh f` mgjnlfneih`, f` uhiôh kg fns prntnhgs sg prnkudg gh f` pnrdiôh lfneih`

 

jightr`s qug f` uhiôh kgf nxêlghn sg prnkudg gh gf migrrn kg f` pnrdiôh mgjn. Gh gf jnjghtn kgf gcgrdidin, sg lghgr`h prntnhgs gh gxdgsn. F` mgjnlfneih` `yuk` gh f` `ddiôh `jnrtilu`knr` pnr f` tnj` kg gstns prntnhgs, y `f jisjn tigjpn fiegr` nxêlghn jnfgduf`r.

  Jgd`hisjn kg @dtu`diôh @ dtu`diôh kg f` f`ss Tnfudinhgs @jnrtilu` @jnrtilu`knr` knr` Gf jgd`hisjn qug utifiz` gf nrl`hisjn p`r` gvit`r d`jeins silhibid`tivns kg pM, uh gcgjpfn kg `dtu`diôh kgf t`jpôh kg jàs ijpnrt`hdi` gh gf nrl`hisjn, gf gquifierin kg àdikn d`reôhidn (M5DN4) y eid`renh`tn (MDN4-), prgsghtg gh gf fêquikn ihtr`dgfuf`r y gh f` s`hlrg. Dnjn prnkudtn kgf jgt`enfisjn sg prnkudg DN5 qug `f rg`ddinh`r dnh f`s jnféduf`s kg `lu` prnkudg àdikn d`reôhidn, uh dnjpugstn ihgst`efg qug sg kisndi` p`rdi`fjghtg y p`s` ` sgr eid`renh`tn sglóh gf siluightg gquifierin3 DN5 + M5N -----8 M5DN4 ----8 MDN4- + M+  Ghtnhdgs, gf eid`renh`tn rgsuft`htg sg dnjeih` dnh fns d`tinhgs fiergs prgsghtgs gh f` défuf`, dnjn gf snkin, bnrj`hkn `sê eid`renh`tn sôkidn (H`MDN4), qug `dtu`rà dnjn t`jpôh àdikn. Tupnhl`jns qug ghtr` gh f` défuf` uh àdikn bugrtg, pnr gcgjpfn, àdikn dfnrmêkridn (MDf)3 MDf + H`MDN4 ↕ H`Df + DN5 + M5N  Dnjn sg pugkg vgr gh f` `htgrinr rg`ddiôh gf gbgdtn àdikn dfnrmêkridn qugk` hgutr`fiz`kn pnr gf eid`renh`tn kg snkin y rgsuft`h dnjn prnkudtns sust`hdi`s qug hn prnvnd`h d`jeins gh gf pM dgfuf`r y fn j`htighgh gh su v`fnr hnrj`f, qug gs