ISSN 1985 - 7284
Salaries & Wages Survey Report
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
LAPORAN PENYIASATAN GAJI & UPAH SALARIES & WAGES SURVEY REPORT
MALAYSIA 2012
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
Jun 2013 June
KATA PENGANTAR
Laporan ini membentangkan perangkaan gaji dan upah berdasarkan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah yang dijalankan pada bulan Januari hingga Jun 2012. Laporan ini turut memuatkan data siri masa gaji & upah bagi tahun 2010—2012. Objektif utama laporan ini adalah untuk menyediakan perangkaan penting bagi perancangan tenaga manusia khususnya gaji & upah di samping melengkapkan maklumat yang dikeluarkan dalam Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh. Indikator utama gaji & upah bulanan seperti purata, penengah dan jurang upah gender digunakan bagi tujuan analisis pasaran buruh. Maklumat gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, kumpulan etnik, pekerjaan dan industri merupakan sebahagian perangkaan penting yang dipersembahkan dalam laporan ini. Data yang diperoleh daripada penyiasatan ini digunakan dalam perancangan ekonomi dan pembangunan sosial, penetapan gaji minimum dan polisi fiskal. Jabatan mengambil kesempatan untuk merakamkan penghargaan kepada semua pihak yang telah menyumbang dalam penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang ulasan dan cadangan bagi meningkatkan mutu persembahan laporan ini pada masa hadapan amat dihargai.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Jun 2013
i
PREFACE
This report presents statistics on salaries and wages based on the Salaries & Wages Survey conducted from January to June 2012. It includes monthly salaries & wages time series data for the years 2010—2012. The main objective of this report is to provide statistics for human resource planning, particularly salaries & wages as well as to complete the information produced in the Labour Force Survey. Main indicators of monthly salaries & wages such as mean, median and gender wage gap are used for the labour market analysis. Information on monthly salaries & wages by sex, ethnic group, occupation and industry are part of the vital statistics presented in this report. Information obtained from this survey is used for economic planning and social development, formulation of minimum wage and fiscal policy. The Department would like to take this opportunity to record its appreciation to all parties who have contributed towards the preparation of this report. All comments and suggestions towards enhancing the quality of future reports would be greatly appreciated.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN Chief Statistician, Malaysia
June 2013
ii
KANDUNGAN CONTENTS
Muka surat Page Kata pengantar
i
Preface
Senarai jadual
v
List of tables
Ringkasan penemuan
1
Summary of findings
Jadual utama
9
Main tables
Jadual siri masa
19
Time series tables
Nota teknikal
31
Technical notes
Jadual ralat piawai relatif
47
Relative standard error tables
Lampiran
51
Appendix
iii
SENARAI JADUAL LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
Muka surat
Table
Page
SENARAI JADUAL LIST OF TABLES JADUAL UTAMA MAIN TABLES
1
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
9
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
2
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
10
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
3
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
11
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
4
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
12
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
5
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
13
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012
6
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
14
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
7
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
15
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
8
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex, Malaysia, 2012
v
16
Jadual
Muka surat
Table
Page
9
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
17
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
JADUAL SIRI MASA TIME SERIES TABLES
A1
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2010–2012
19
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2010–2012
A2
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata, Malaysia, 2010–2012
20
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia, 2010–2012
A3
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2010–2012
21
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia, 2010–2012
A4
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2012
22
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2010–2012
A5(i)
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2010
23
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2010
A5(ii)
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2011–2012
24
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2011–2012
A6
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2010–2012
vi
25
Jadual
Muka surat
Table
Page
A7
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
26
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2010–2012
A8
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 2010–2012
27
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained, Malaysia, 2010–2012
A9
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
28
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status, Malaysia, 2010–2012
A10
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2012
29
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2010–2012
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES S1
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
47
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
S2
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
48
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012
S3
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012 Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2012
vii
50
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN
1.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan
1.
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages
Bilangan penerima gaji & upah pada 2012 telah meningkat sebanyak 1.7 mata peratus daripada 8.94 juta orang pada 2011 kepada 9.09 juta orang pada 2012. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan pada 2012 masing-masing adalah RM1,881 dan RM1,400.
The number of salaries & wages recipients increased 1.7 percentage point from 8.94 million persons in 2011 to 9.09 million persons in 2012. The mean and median of the monthly salaries & wages for 2012 were RM1,881 and RM1,400 respectively.
2.
2.
Gaji & upah mengikut jantina
Purata gaji & upah bulanan lelaki (RM1,906) lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan (RM1,838) dengan jurang upah gender sebanyak 3.6 peratus. Walaupun pekerja lelaki masih menerima gaji & upah yang lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan tetapi jurang gaji & upah gender menurun sebanyak 0.5 mata peratus daripada 4.1 peratus pada 2011.
Salaries & wages by gender
The mean monthly salaries & wages of male (RM1,906) was higher than female (RM1,838) with 3.6 per cent of gender wage gap. Even though male workers still received higher salaries & wages compared to female workers, the gender wage gap declined by 0.5 percentage point from 4.1 per cent in 2011.
Jadual A: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2011—2012 Table A: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2011—2012
Bilangan Tahun penerima Year Number of recipients
Jumlah Total Purata Penengah Mean Median
Lelaki Male Purata Penengah Mean Median
(’000)
Perempuan Female Purata Penengah Mean Median
(RM)
Jurang upah gender Gender wage gap (%)
2012
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
1,906
1,400
1,838
1,446
3.6
2011
8,937.8
1,775
1,300
1,801
1,300
1,728
1,300
4.1
1
3.
Gaji & upah mengikut kumpulan etnik
3.
Salaries & wages by ethnic groups
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan bagi warganegara pada 2012 masing-masing sebanyak RM2,017 dan RM1,500, manakala bukan warganegara adalah lebih rendah iaitu RM1,075 dan RM800. Secara perbandingan purata gaji & upah bulanan warganegara hampir satu kali ganda lebih tinggi daripada bukan warganegara.
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages for citizens in 2012 were RM2,017 and RM1,500 respectively, while for non-citizens were lower which were RM1,075 and RM800. As a comparison, mean and median for citizens was higher almost one-fold than noncitizens.
Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama di Malaysia, etnik Cina menerima purata gaji & upah bulanan paling tinggi iaitu RM2,331 berbanding Melayu (RM1,990) dan India (RM1,903).
Among the major ethnic groups in Malaysia, the Chinese received the highest mean monthly salaries & wages at RM2,331 as compared to the Malay (RM1,990) and Indians (RM1,903).
Carta 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012 Purata/Mean Purata/Mean
Penengah/Median Penengah/Median
2,017
Warganegara Citizens
1,500 1,990
Melayu Malay
1,500 1,503
Bumiputera lain Other Bumiputera
1,000 2,331
Cina Chinese
1,900 1,903
India Indians
1,400 1,371
Lain-lain Others
900 1,075
Bukan warganegara Non-citizens
800 0
500
1,000
2
1,500
2,000
(RM) 2,500
Carta 2: Jurang upah gender mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 2: Gender wage gap by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012 (%) 30.0
20.8
20.0
10.0
19.3
12.5 8.3
8.2 5.7
0.0 Warganegara Citizens -10.0
Melayu Malay
Bumiputera lain Other Bumiputera
Cina Chinese
India Indians
Lain-lain Others
Bukan warganegara Non-citizens
-20.0
-30.0
-29.9
Jurang upah gender bulanan bagi warganegara adalah lebih kecil berbanding bukan warganegara masing-masing 8.2 dan 19.3 peratus.
The monthy gender wage gap for citizens was smaller compared to non-citizens, which were 8.2 and 19.3 per cent respectively.
Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama, jurang upah gender bulanan bagi etnik India adalah paling besar iaitu 20.8 peratus, diikuti oleh etnik Cina iaitu 12.5 peratus, manakala etnik Melayu pula mencatatkan jurang yang terkecil iaitu 5.7 peratus.
Among the major ethnic groups, the monthly gender wage gap for the Indians was the largest at 20.8 per cent, followed by the Chinese at 12.5 per cent while the Malay recorded the smallest gap at 5.7 per cent.
3
4.
Gaji & upah mengikut pekerjaan
4.
Perbandingan mengikut kategori pekerjaan pada 2012 menunjukkan Pengurus menerima purata dan penengah gaji & upah tertinggi iaitu RM5,213 dan RM4,000 diikuti Profesional masing-masing sebanyak RM3,807 dan RM3,440. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan bagi Pekerjaan asas adalah kurang daripada RM1,000.
Salaries & wages by occupation
In 2012 the comparison by category of occupation showed that Managers received the highest mean and median monthly salaries & wages of RM5,213 and RM4,000, followed by Professionals at RM3,807 and RM3,440 respectively. Mean and median monthly salaries & wages for Elementary occupations were less than RM1,000.
Carta 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012 Purata Purata/Mean
Penengah Penengah/Median
5,213
Pengurus Managers
4,000 3,807
Profesional Professionals
3,440 2,435
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Technicians and associate professionals
2,200 1,718
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers
1,500 1,299
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
1,000 1,283
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers
1,100 1,216
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
1,000 1,065
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
860 959
Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations
810 (RM)
0
4
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Carta 4: Jurang upah gender mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 4: Gender wage gap by occupation, Malaysia, 2012 (%) 50.0 45.0
43.3
40.0 35.0
35.8
33.4
31.7
30.0 26.3
25.0
25.5 22.3
20.0 15.0
10.3
10.0 5.0
4.9
0.0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Pekerjaan/Occupation
1 2 3 4 5
Pengurus Managers Profesional Professionals Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Technicians and associate professionals Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
6 7 8 9
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations
Taburan mengikut pekerjaan menunjukkan pekerja lelaki mendahului pekerja perempuan dari segi purata gaji & upah bulanan. Jurang upah gender terkecil adalah bagi Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu (4.9%) diikuti Pekerja sokongan perkeranian (10.3%).
The distribution by occupation showed that male workers were ahead of females in terms of mean monthly salaries & wages. The smallest gender wage gap was Technicians and associate professionals (4.9%) followed by Clerical support workers (10.3%).
Kategori pekerjaan yang merekodkan jurang upah gender melebihi 30.0 peratus adalah Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan, Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan, Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan dan Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang.
The categories of occupation that recorded gender wage gap of more than 30.0 per cent were Service and sales workers, Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, Craft and related trades workers and Plant and machine-operators and assemblers.
5
5.
Gaji & upah mengikut industri
5.
Salaries & wages by industries
Pada 2012, pekerja dalam industri Perlombongan dan pengkuarian menerima purata gaji & upah bulanan tertinggi iaitu RM3,358. Sebaliknya, industri Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan pula mencatatkan purata gaji & upah paling rendah iaitu kurang daripada RM1,000 sebulan.
In 2012, workers in the Mining and quarrying industry received the highest mean monthly salaries & wages at RM3,358. On the contrary, Agriculture, forestry and fishing industry recorded the lowest mean monthly salaries & wages which was below RM1,000 per month.
Pekerja lelaki menerima gaji & upah bulanan lebih tinggi kecuali bagi industri Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara dan Pembinaan.
Male workers received higher monthly salaries & wages except for Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply and Construction industries.
Carta 5: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012 Purata/Mean Purata
Penengah/Median Penengah
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian Mining and quarrying Maklumat dan komunikasi Information and communication Pendidikan Education
3,246
2,500
3,135
3,060
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful Financial and insurance/takaful activities Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Professional, scientific and technical activities Aktiviti hartanah Real estate activities Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
2,500
3,128
2,800
2,000
2,759
2,000
2,564
2,225
2,558
2,000
2,439
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Human health and social work activities
2,086
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan Transportation and storage Pembuatan Manufacturing Pembinaan Construction Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
1,500 1,200 1,200
1,933
1,647 1,608 1,568
1,300
1,427
1,190
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Arts, entertainment and recreation Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain Other service activities Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman Accommodation and food service activities Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan Administrative and support services activities
840
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Agriculture, forestry and fishing
800
1,000
1,416 1,373
1,200 900
1,146
1,106
993
0
6
3,358
2,200
500
(RM) 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
Carta 6: Jurang upah gender mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 6: Gender wage gap by industry, Malaysia, 2012 (%) 40.0 34.3 30.0
29.9
28.2
20.0 10.0
18.9
16.2
15.7
17.0
16.3 11.3
8.8
7.8
7.0
2.6 A
-20.0
25.6
15.7
8.0
0.0 -10.0
25.2
B
C
D -1.2
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
-17.9
Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia 2008 seperti di muka surat 43—44 Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classifications 2008 as described on page 43—44
Industri Aktiviti hartanah mencatatkan jurang upah gender yang paling besar iaitu 34.3 peratus. Industri Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara pula menunjukkan jurang upah gender yang paling kecil iaitu -1.2 peratus.
The Real estate activities industry recorded the highest gender wage gap which was 34.3 per cent. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply industry recorded the smallest gender wage gap at -1.2 per cent.
7
JADUAL UTAMA MAIN TABLES
Jadual 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Total Strata Stratum
9
Jumlah
Lelaki Male
Jurang upah gender
Perempuan Female
Gender wage gap
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
6,995.9
2,028
1,500
4,382.0
2,077
1,500
2,613.9
1,945
1,500
6.4
2,092.6
1,393
1,000
1,429.1
1,381
1,000
663.6
1,419
900
-2.8
Total
Bandar Urban
Luar bandar Rural
Jadual 2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah
Lelaki
Perempuan
Total
Male
Female
Jurang upah gender
Kumpulan umur
Gender wage gap
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
15—19
316.5
720
678
200.7
741
700
115.8
684
650
7.7
20—24
1,345.5
1,121
930
824.4
1,101
945
521.1
1,152
920
-4.6
25—29
1,953.3
1,630
1,350
1,188.5
1,589
1,275
764.9
1,693
1,500
-6.5
30—34
1,536.9
1,924
1,500
970.5
1,849
1,500
566.5
2,053
1,771
-11.0
35—39
1,184.8
2,159
1,650
766.7
2,183
1,600
418.1
2,116
1,764
3.1
40—44
965.5
2,345
1,800
620.7
2,412
1,800
344.8
2,225
1,700
7.8
45—49
789.4
2,475
1,807
524.9
2,588
1,945
264.5
2,250
1,520
13.1
50—54
592.9
2,670
2,000
410.3
2,781
2,000
182.7
2,421
1,915
12.9
55—59
294.8
2,270
1,600
215.1
2,290
1,700
79.7
2,217
1,350
3.2
60—64
108.9
1,787
1,085
89.5
1,936
1,200
19.5
1,099
750
43.2
Age group
Jumlah Total
10
Jadual 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012 Jumlah
Lelaki
Perempuan
Total
Male
Female
Jurang upah gender
Kumpulan etnik Ethnic group
Jumlah
Gender wage gap
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
7,784.8
2,017
1,500
4,746.3
2,083
1,530
3,038.5
1,912
1,500
8.2
4,164.2
1,990
1,500
2,523.0
2,036
1,500
1,641.2
1,920
1,500
5.7
839.0
1,503
1,000
555.9
1,546
1,080
283.1
1,417
900
8.3
2,063.2
2,331
1,900
1,214.9
2,457
2,000
848.3
2,149
1,800
12.5
667.6
1,903
1,400
420.2
2,062
1,500
247.4
1,634
1,200
20.8
50.8
1,371
900
32.3
1,236
900
18.5
1,606
900
-29.9
1,303.7
1,075
800
1,064.8
1,115
856
238.9
900
678
19.3
Total
Warganegara
11
Citizens
Melayu Malay
Bumiputera lain Other Bumiputera
Cina Chinese
India Indians
Lain-lain Others
Bukan warganegara Non-citizens
Jadual 4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Pekerjaan
Jumlah
Lelaki
Perempuan
Total
Male
Female
Jurang upah gender Gender wage gap
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
1
302.0
5,213
4,000
214.2
5,644
4,500
87.8
4,159
3,400
26.3
2
1,134.7
3,807
3,440
492.1
4,358
3,700
642.6
3,384
3,171
22.3
3
1,188.6
2,435
2,200
805.9
2,474
2,200
382.8
2,354
2,200
4.9
4
1,136.5
1,718
1,500
328.7
1,853
1,695
807.8
1,663
1,500
10.3
5
1,685.3
1,299
1,000
992.7
1,506
1,200
692.6
1,003
800
33.4
6
133.6
1,065
860
118.5
1,110
900
15.1
713
500
35.8
7
950.0
1,283
1,100
876.9
1,327
1,155
73.1
752
650
43.3
8
1,389.9
1,216
1,000
1,070.0
1,311
1,200
319.9
896
800
31.7
9
1,167.9
959
810
912.1
1,015
900
255.8
756
600
25.5
Occupation
Jumlah Total
12
1 2 3 4 5
Pengurus Managers Profesional Professionals Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Technicians and associate professionals Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
6 7 8 9
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations
Jadual 5: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012 Jumlah Total Industri Industry
Jumlah
Lelaki Male
Jurang upah gender
Perempuan Female
Gender wage gap
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
471.5 80.4 1,968.8 60.6 64.6 865.9 1,396.0 474.2 552.4 184.8 287.1 51.1 256.4 451.1 673.2 739.2 303.6 80.1 124.6
993 3,358 1,647 2,558 1,568 1,608 1,427 1,933 1,146 3,246 3,128 2,759 2,800 1,106 2,564 3,135 2,439 1,416 1,373
800 2,200 1,200 2,000 1,300 1,200 1,190 1,500 900 2,500 2,500 2,000 2,000 840 2,225 3,060 2,086 1,000 1,200
406.4 64.2 1,320.5 50.1 52.9 767.2 867.7 402.0 274.3 105.2 124.9 30.3 119.9 313.6 465.6 244.0 86.1 53.1 60.9
1,015 3,413 1,815 2,553 1,615 1,576 1,537 1,941 1,350 3,358 3,433 3,207 3,234 1,200 2,636 3,539 2,762 1,450 1,457
830 2,000 1,300 2,083 1,375 1,200 1,200 1,500 1,040 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 900 2,290 3,365 2,000 1,020 1,200
65.2 16.2 648.3 10.5 11.8 98.7 528.3 72.2 278.1 79.6 162.3 20.8 136.5 137.5 207.6 495.2 217.5 27.0 63.7
856 3,141 1,304 2,583 1,353 1,858 1,247 1,890 946 3,097 2,893 2,107 2,418 893 2,404 2,936 2,311 1,348 1,293
600 2,800 990 1,800 800 1,500 1,000 1,500 780 2,700 2,500 1,800 2,000 650 2,095 3,000 2,126 1,000 1,200
15.7 8.0 28.2 -1.2 16.2 -17.9 18.9 2.6 29.9 7.8 15.7 34.3 25.2 25.6 8.8 17.0 16.3 7.0 11.3
Total
13
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
Jadual 6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 6: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Pencapaian pendidikan Educational attainment
Jumlah
Jumlah
Lelaki
Perempuan
Total
Male
Female
Jurang upah gender
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
Gender wage gap
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
196.6
786
700
146.8
849
800
49.9
601
530
29.2
1,251.7
987
840
978.0
1,060
900
273.6
726
650
31.5
5,010.2
1,463
1,200
3,362.4
1,554
1,300
1,647.8
1,279
1,000
17.7
2,630.1
3,185
2,680
1,323.9
3,542
2,895
1,306.2
2,824
2,500
20.3
Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 14
No formal education
Rendah Primary
Menengah Secondary
Tertiari Tertiary
Jadual 7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012 Jumlah
Lelaki
Perempuan
Total
Male
Female
Jurang upah gender
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh Highest certificate obtained
Jumlah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Gender wage gap
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
1,043.9
1,058
900
827.1
1,133
1,000
216.8
770
700
32.0
1,195.1
1,271
1,056
908.9
1,366
1,200
286.1
972
800
28.8
3,469.1
1,567
1,300
2,171.5
1,684
1,475
1,297.5
1,372
1,200
18.5
291.9
1,958
1,500
144.3
2,250
1,879
147.6
1,672
1,373
25.7
251.2
1,889
1,600
166.0
1,944
1,610
85.2
1,784
1,600
8.2
915.7
2,698
2,458
441.8
2,909
2,500
473.8
2,501
2,300
14.0
1,138.5
4,230
3,500
551.9
4,940
4,000
586.6
3,561
3,140
27.9
Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
15
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf SPM or equivalent
STPM atau yang setaraf STPM or equivalent
Sijil 1 Certificate
Diploma Ijazah Degree
Tiada sijil
586.9
943
800
452.9
1,008
870
134.0
727
650
27.9
196.3
786
700
146.6
849
800
49.7
601
530
29.2
No certificate
Tidak berkenaan Not applicable 1
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi. Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education.
Jadual 8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Total
Lelaki Male
Jurang upah gender
Perempuan Female
Taraf perkahwinan Marital status
Jumlah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Gender wage gap
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
3,366.4
1,416
1,100
2,183.6
1,357
1,050
1,182.8
1,524
1,200
-12.3
5,427.4
2,193
1,600
3,545.0
2,253
1,600
1,882.4
2,080
1,600
7.7
139.2
1,464
1,000
39.5
1,545
1,200
99.7
1,432
950
7.3
155.6
1,469
1,000
43.0
1,491
1,170
112.6
1,460
1,000
2.1
Total
16
Tidak pernah berkahwin Never married
Berkahwin Married
Balu/Duda Widowed
Bercerai/Berpisah tetap Divorced/Permanently separated
Jadual 9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012 Jumlah
Lelaki
Perempuan
Total
Male
Female
Jurang upah gender
Negeri
Gender wage gap
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Bil. Penerima
Purata
Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
Number of recipients
Mean
Median
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
('000)
(RM)
(RM)
(%)
9,088.6
1,881
1,400
5,811.1
1,906
1,400
3,277.5
1,838
1,446
3.6
Johor
1,131.2
1,903
1,500
756.4
1,987
1,500
374.8
1,735
1,300
12.7
Kedah
477.0
1,440
1,000
307.9
1,457
1,080
169.2
1,411
900
3.2
Kelantan
297.0
1,580
1,000
186.6
1,509
1,000
110.4
1,699
850
-12.6
Melaka
258.0
1,769
1,300
158.0
1,802
1,300
100.0
1,716
1,250
4.8
Negeri Sembilan
305.8
1,756
1,300
190.6
1,779
1,400
115.1
1,718
1,200
3.4
Pahang
402.4
1,613
1,200
275.1
1,596
1,200
127.3
1,649
1,200
-3.3
Pulau Pinang
591.0
1,906
1,450
353.6
1,982
1,500
237.4
1,794
1,320
9.5
Perak
633.4
1,634
1,200
403.5
1,662
1,200
229.9
1,585
1,000
4.6
Perlis
50.5
1,588
1,000
30.2
1,588
1,170
20.4
1,589
800
-0.1
2,252.9
2,283
1,800
1,379.5
2,360
1,800
873.4
2,161
1,800
8.4
Terengganu Sabah
259.8
1,702
1,100
172.2
1,690
1,100
87.6
1,725
1,200
-2.1
961.0
1,251
800
652.3
1,202
800
308.7
1,356
800
-12.8
Sarawak
723.7
1,629
1,080
500.4
1,644
1,080
223.3
1,598
1,050
2.8
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
673.8
2,617
1,900
405.2
2,732
1,800
268.6
2,444
1,989
10.5
W.P. Labuan
33.3
1,785
1,328
22.1
1,822
1,400
11.3
1,714
1,200
5.9
W.P. Putrajaya
37.8
3,070
2,540
17.5
3,344
2,640
20.3
2,832
2,500
15.3
State
Jumlah Total
17
Selangor
JADUAL SIRI MASA TIME SERIES TABLES
Jadual A1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2010–2012
(RM) 2010
2011
2012
Kategori Categories
19
Jumlah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
1,810
1,280
1,801
1,300
1,906
1,400
1,702
1,250
1,728
1,300
1,838
1,446
Total
Lelaki Male
Perempuan Female
Jadual A2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia, 2010 –2012
(RM) 2010
2011
2012
Kategori Categories
Jumlah 20
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
1,970
1,500
1,912
1,495
2,028
1,500
1,260
850
1,369
930
1,393
1,000
Total
Bandar Urban
Luar bandar Rural
Jadual A3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia, 2010 –2012 (RM) 2010
2011
2012
Kumpulan umur Age group
Jumlah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
15—19
650
600
699
650
720
678
20—24
1,062
850
1,067
900
1,121
930
25—29
1,536
1,300
1,528
1,250
1,630
1,350
30—34
1,745
1,400
1,815
1,500
1,924
1,500
35—39
1,986
1,495
2,090
1,598
2,159
1,650
40—44
2,031
1,500
2,225
1,600
2,345
1,800
45—49
2,287
1,560
2,306
1,750
2,475
1,807
50—54
2,476
1,768
2,429
1,895
2,670
2,000
55—59
2,566
1,568
2,570
1,653
2,270
1,600
60—64
1,577
950
1,737
1,000
1,787
1,085
Total
21
Jadual A4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2010 –2012 (RM) 2010
2011
2012
Kumpulan etnik Ethnic group
Jumlah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
1,887
1,480
1,921
1,500
2,017
1,500
1,893
1,447
1,877
1,500
1,990
1,500
1,450
1,000
1,485
1,000
1,503
1,000
2,130
1,700
2,235
1,800
2,331
1,900
1,725
1,200
1,812
1,260
1,903
1,400
1,163
850
1,202
843
1,371
900
1,134
783
926
729
1,075
800
Total
Warganegara Citizens
22
Melayu Malay
Bumiputera lain Other Bumiputera
Cina Chinese
India Indians
Lain-lain Others
Bukan warganegara Non-citizens
Jadual A5 (i): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2010 Table A5 (i): Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2010 (RM) 2010
Pekerjaan Occupation
Jumlah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
4,736
3,800
3,924
3,325
2,404
2,095
1,564
1,415
1,276
950
711
640
1,192
1,000
1,113
900
926
800
Total
Penggubal undang-undang, pegawai kanan dan pengurus Legislators, senior officials and managers
Profesional Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu
23
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja perkeranian Clerical workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan pekerja kedai dan jurujual Service workers and shop and market sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian dan perikanan Skilled agricultural and fishery workers
Pekerja pertukangan dan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations Nota/Note : Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 1998 Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 1998
Jadual A5 (ii): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2011–2012 Table A5 (ii): Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2011–2012
(RM) 2011
Pekerjaan Occupation
Jumlah
2012
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
4,945
4,000
5,213
4,000
3,474
3,115
3,807
3,440
2,327
2,000
2,435
2,200
1,645
1,500
1,718
1,500
1,254
950
1,299
1,000
954
800
1,065
860
1,259
1,000
1,283
1,100
1,115
950
1,216
1,000
901
800
959
810
Total
Pengurus Managers
Profesional Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Technicians and associate professionals
24
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations Nota/Note : Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008 Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 2008
Jadual A6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A6: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2010–2012 (RM)
Industri Industry
Jumlah Total
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Purata
2010 Penengah
2011
2012
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
871
700
901
750
993
800
3,368
2,180
3,340
2,100
3,358
2,200
1,489
1,000
1,468
1,020
1,647
1,200
2,862
2,000
2,528
2,100
2,558
2,000
1,418
1,200
1,689
1,300
1,568
1,300
1,498
1,170
1,547
1,200
1,608
1,200
1,357
1,000
1,397
1,000
1,427
1,190
1,923
1,400
1,828
1,500
1,933
1,500
1,038
800
1,055
840
1,146
900
3,246
2,500
3,073
2,500
3,246
2,500
2,972
2,400
2,926
2,500
3,128
2,500
2,759
2,500
3,016
2,300
2,759
2,000
2,615
1,800
2,617
2,000
2,800
2,000
1,228
848
1,178
800
1,106
840
2,374
2,045
2,466
2,140
2,564
2,225
2,898
2,800
2,895
2,850
3,135
3,060
2,349
1,980
2,330
2,000
2,439
2,086
1,545
1,200
1,429
1,000
1,416
1,000
1,319
1,000
1,303
1,000
1,373
1,200
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian Mining and quarrying
Pembuatan Manufacturing
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Pembinaan Construction
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan
25
Transportation and storage
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman Real estate activities
Maklumat dan komunikasi Information and communication
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Aktiviti hartanah Real estate activities
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Professional, scientific and technical activities
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan Administrative and support services activities
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Pendidikan Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Human health and social work activities
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Arts, entertainment and recreation
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain Other service activities Nota/Note : Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008 Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Clasification (MSIC) 2008
Jadual A7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2010 –2012 (RM) 2010
2011
2012
Pencapaian pendidikan Educational attainment
Jumlah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
739
650
689
600
786
700
907
800
931
800
987
840
1,375
1,150
1,399
1,200
1,463
1,200
3,125
2,521
3,049
2,590
3,185
2,680
Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi No formal education
26 Rendah Primary
Menengah Secondary
Tertiari Tertiary
Jadual A8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained, Malaysia, 2010 –2012 (RM) 2010 Sijil tertinggi diperoleh Highest certificate obtained
Jumlah
2011
2012
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
982
800
1,047
875
1,058
900
1,158
950
1,190
990
1,271
1,056
1,488
1,221
1,502
1,250
1,567
1,300
1,908
1,500
1,891
1,565
1,958
1,500
1,855
1,500
1,867
1,500
1,889
1,600
Diploma
2,637
2,335
2,605
2,348
2,698
2,458
Ijazah
4,249
3,480
4,106
3,500
4,230
3,500
879
780
857
720
943
800
739
650
689
600
786
700
Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf SPM or equivalent
27
STPM atau yang setaraf STPM or equivalent
Sijil ¹ Certificate
Degree
Tiada sijil No certificate
Tidak berkenaan Not applicable 1
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi. Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education.
Jadual A9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status, Malaysia, 2010–2012 (RM) 2010 Taraf perkahwinan Marital status
2011
2012
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
Tidak pernah berkahwin Never married
1,322
1,000
1,347
1,000
1,416
1,100
Berkahwin Married
2,037
1,500
2,074
1,522
2,193
1,600
Balu/Duda Widowed
1,437
900
1,416
840
1,464
1,000
Bercerai/Berpisah tetap
1,381
900
1,563
1,000
1,469
1,000
Jumlah Total
28
Divorced/permanently separated
Jadual A10: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A10: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2010 –2012 (RM) Negeri
2010
2011
2012
State
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Jumlah
1,772
1,265
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
Johor
1,669
1,200
1,808
1,350
1,903
1,500
Kedah
1,407
1,000
1,471
1,000
1,440
1,000
Kelantan
1,493
900
1,593
1,000
1,580
1,000
Melaka
1,629
1,200
1,646
1,200
1,769
1,300
Negeri Sembilan
1,712
1,325
1,805
1,310
1,756
1,300
Pahang
1,472
1,185
1,575
1,250
1,613
1,200
Pulau Pinang
1,792
1,350
1,838
1,300
1,906
1,450
Perak
1,475
1,128
1,538
1,096
1,634
1,200
Perlis
1,630
1,170
1,637
1,178
1,588
1,000
Selangor ¹
2,368
1,800
2,085
1,500
2,283
1,800
Terengganu
1,601
1,080
1,573
1,040
1,702
1,100
Sabah
1,206
750
1,211
750
1,251
800
Sarawak
1,606
950
1,613
1,000
1,629
1,080
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2,450
1,800
2,379
1,800
2,617
1,900
W.P. Labuan
1,879
1,200
1,736
1,300
1,785
1,328
2,786
2,240
3,070
2,540
Total
29
W.P. Putrajaya 1
-
Tahun 2010 termasuk W.P. Putrajaya/Year 2010 includes W.P. Putrajaya
-
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES
NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES 1.
Pengenalan
1.
Introduction
Konsep dan definisi yang digunapakai dalam Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah adalah berdasarkan kepada An Integrated System of Wages Statistics, International Labour Office (ILO).
The concept and definition of Salaries & Wages Survey are based on An Integrated System of Wages Statistics, International Labour Office (ILO).
Statistik mengenai gaji & upah merupakan maklumat penting pasaran buruh yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai taraf kehidupan dan keadaan kerja. Keperluan terhadap statistik berkaitan gaji & upah dan apa-apa jua bentuk ganjaran ke atas sesuatu kerja yang dilaksanakan semakin mendesak terutamanya bagi kegunaan perancangan ekonomi dan pembangunan sosial, penetapan polisi fiskal, pendapatan, struktur upah, penggunaan buruh dan lain-lain.
Statistics on salaries & wages are important labour market information that can be used to evaluate the standard of living and conditions of work. There is crucial need for statistics relating to salaries & wages particularly for the economic planning and social development, fiscal policy formulation, earnings, wage structure, usage of labour and others.
2.
Objektif dan kegunaan statistik upah
2.
Objective and usage of wages statistics
2.1
Gaji membawa fungsi yang berbeza dan oleh yang demikian, pengukuran statistik gaji perlu membezakan konsep gaji sebagai kos buruh, pendapatan kepada pekerja dan juga kos kepada majikan. Statistik siri masa kadar upah (wage rate), pendapatan, pampasan pekerja dan kos buruh setiap satunya mengukur aspek gaji yang berbeza. Antaranya ialah:
2.1
Salary bears different functions and therefore, the measurement of statistics for salaries need to differentiate the concept of salaries as labour cost, earnings for employees and also cost to employer. Each time series for statistics of wage rate, earnings, compensation of employees and labour cost measure the different aspects of salary, such as:
tahap kehidupan pekerja;
employee’s standard of living;
penetapan upah termasuk perundingan majikan pekerja dan productivity linked wage system;
wage decision includes collective bargaining and productivity linked wage system;
indikator ekonomi;
economic indicator;
trend gaji & upah;
salaries & wages trend;
teori empirik data dan upah;
data and wage empirical theory; 31
perancangan, kajian dan analisis ekonomi, sosial dan guna tenaga; dan
planning, research and analysis of economic, social and manpower; and
polisi upah, pendapatan dan harga.
wage, income and price policy.
2.2
Maklumat terperinci mengenai statistik gaji & upah, pemboleh ubah yang perlu dikutip, pendekatan dan kegunaannya adalah seperti di Lampiran 1.
2.2
Detailed information on salaries & wages statistics, variables to be collected, its approach and usage is as in Appendix 1.
2.3
Setelah dikaji kesesuaian maklumat yang boleh dikutip dengan pendekatan isi rumah, maklumat gaji & upah yang dikutip ialah maklumat kadar upah. Maklumat kadar upah boleh dipungut melalui dua pendekatan iaitu:
2.3
Having studied the suitability of the information to be collected using the household approach, wage rate information was selected as the most appropriate variable for data collection purposes. Wage rate data can be collected through two approaches which are:
a. kadar upah sebagai pekerja; atau
a. wage rate as a worker; or
b. kadar upah daripada pekerjaan utama.
b. wage rate from principal job.
Memandangkan maklumat kadar upah yang diperlukan adalah mengikut pekerjaan, maka adalah sesuai agar pendekatan kadar upah daripada pekerjaan utama digunakan. 2.4
As the information of wage rate is needed by occupation, it is suitable to use wage rate from principal job approach.
Maklumat kadar upah dapat digunakan untuk mengukur perbezaan upah dan juga menilai kaitan gaji & upah dengan mobiliti buruh. Maklumat gaji & upah bagi mengukur kos buruh, pampasan pekerja, pendapatan dan productivity linked wage system lebih sesuai dikutip dengan pendekatan pertubuhan. Ini adalah kerana hanya majikan yang dapat membekalkan maklumat yang lebih lengkap dan tepat bagi pemboleh ubah kemudahan bukan tunai (bayaran ditanggung majikan) seperti perumahan, pengangkutan, makanan, perkhidmatan, kesihatan, insurans, percutian dan lainlain.
2.4
32
Wage rate information can be used to measure wage differentials and also to analyse the correlation between salaries & wages and labour mobility. Salaries & wages information used to measure labour cost, employee’s compensation, earnings and productivity linked wage system are more suitable to be collected using the establishment approach. This is because, only employers are able to supply complete and accurate information on facilities in kind (payment by employer) such as housing, transportation, food, services, health, insurance, vacation and others.
3.
Liputan
3.
Coverage
3.1
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah yang merupakan salah satu modul Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh meliputi populasi penyiasatan yang sama di kedua-dua kawasan bandar dan luar bandar bagi semua negeri di Malaysia.
3.1
Salaries & Wages Survey which is a module under the Labour Force Survey covers the same survey population for both urban and rural areas for all the states in Malaysia.
3.2
Definisi populasi penyiasatan meliputi penduduk yang tinggal di tempat kediaman persendirian di Malaysia dan tidak termasuk mereka yang tinggal di tempat kediaman institusi seperti hotel, rumah tumpangan, asrama, hospital, rumah orang tua, berek tentera dan penjara.
3.2
The survey population is defined to cover persons who live in private living quarters in Malaysia and hence exclude persons residing in institutions such as hotels, lodging houses, hostels, hospitals, old folk’s homes, military barracks and prisons.
3.3
Maklumat gaji & upah hanya dipungut bagi responden yang berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang berstatus guna tenaga pekerja kerajaan atau pekerja swasta dan memenuhi kriteria berikut:
3.3
Salaries & wages data is only collected from respondents aged 15 years and over whom status in employment are either government or private employees and fulfill the following criteria:
3.4
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta) yang bekerja sepenuh masa;
employees (government private) working full-time;
pekerja yang tidak bekerja dalam bulan rujukan tetapi bergaji dan pasti akan dipanggil bekerja semula;
employees who did not work during the reference month but receiving salaries & wages and will definitely be called for work;
kerja dibuat sekurang-kurangnya 6 jam sehari atau sekurangkurangnya 20 hari sebulan bagi pekerjaan biasa yang dilakukan secara tetap pada setiap bulan; atau
work done for at least 6 hours a day or at least 20 days a month for usual occupation every month; or
pekerja kontrak kerajaan.
contract workers government sector.
di
sektor
Maklumat gaji & upah tidak dipungut bagi responden berikut:
3.4
the
Salaries & wages data are not collected for the following respondents:
majikan;
employers;
bekerja sendiri;
own account workers;
pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji;
unpaid family workers; 33
in
or
pekerja sambilan seperti pelajar yang bekerja di restoran makanan segera dan menerima upah mengikut jam bekerja;
temporary workers such as students working in fast food restaurants and receive wages at hourly rate;
seorang perantis yang menerima elaun dalam bulan rujukan;
an apprentice allowances in month;
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta) yang bercuti tanpa gaji dalam bulan rujukan walaupun ada kerja yang akan dikembalikan;
employees (government or private) on unpaid leave in the reference month even though they have work to return to;
pekerja yang menerima gaji terlalu rendah daripada biasa. Contohnya, disebabkan berhenti kerja dan tamat kontrak;
employees who receive low amount of salaries & wages than usual. For example, due to expiration of contract or quit working;
Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) di sektor kerajaan; dan
Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) in government sector; and
pekerja kasual.
casual workers.
who receives the reference
3.5
Bagi tujuan analisis, Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah mengambil kira umur bekerja 15 hingga 64 tahun. Ini bersesuaian dengan konsep Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang menggunakan kumpulan umur tersebut dalam mengukur penduduk yang aktif dalam ekonomi.
3.5
For analysis purposes, the Salaries & Wages Survey takes into account the working age group of 15 to 64 years. This is in line with the concept of Labour Force Survey which defines this group as the economically active population.
4.
Tempoh rujukan
4.
Reference period
4.1
Tempoh rujukan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah adalah satu bulan sebelum temu ramah atau pungutan data dijalankan. Bagi Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012, terdapat enam tempoh rujukan iaitu:
4.1
The reference period for Salaries & Wages Survey is one month prior to interview session or data collection. For 2012 Salaries & Wages Survey, there were six reference periods i.e:
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012 Salaries & Wages Survey 2012 Tempoh rujukan Reference period Disember/December 2011 Januari/January 2012 Februari/February 2012 Mac/March 2012 April 2012 Mei/May 2012
Bulan penyiasatan Survey month Januari/January 2012 Februari/February 2012 Mac/March 2012 April 2012 Mei/May 2012 Jun/June 2012 34
5.
Rangka pensampelan
5.
Sampling frame
5.1
Rangka pensampelan bagi Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah adalah daripada Rangka Pensampelan Isi Rumah Kebangsaan yang terdiri daripada Blok Penghitungan (BP) yang diwujudkan untuk Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia 2010. BP ialah satu kawasan muka bumi yang diwujudkan secara rekaan dan biasanya mempunyai sempadan tertentu. Secara puratanya, setiap BP mengandungi 80 hingga 120 tempat kediaman. Pada amnya, kesemua BP dibentuk di dalam lingkungan sempadan yang diwartakan iaitu di dalam daerah pentadbiran, mukim atau pihak berkuasa tempatan.
5.1
The frame used for the Salaries & Wages Survey is from the National Household Sampling Frame which is made up of Enumeration Blocks (EBs) created for the 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. EBs are geographically contiguous areas of land that is created with identifiable boundaries. On average, each EB contains about 80 to 120 living quarters. Generally, all EBs are formed within gazetted boundaries i.e. within administrative district, mukim or local authority areas.
5.2
BP dalam rangka pensampelan juga dikelaskan mengikut kawasan bandar dan luar bandar. Kawasan bandar ditakrifkan sebagaimana yang telah digunakan dalam Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia 2010. Kawasan bandar ialah kawasan yang diwartakan serta kawasan tepu bina yang bersempadan dengannya dan gabungan kedua-dua kawasan ini mempunyai penduduk seramai 10,000 orang atau lebih semasa Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia 2010. Kawasan selainnya yang diwartakan dan mempunyai jumlah penduduk kurang daripada 10,000 orang serta kawasan yang tidak diwartakan, dikelaskan sebagai luar bandar. Kawasan tepu bina ditakrifkan sebagai kawasan yang terletak bersebelahan kawasan yang diwartakan dan mempunyai sekurangkurangnya 60 peratus penduduk (berumur 15 tahun dan lebih) yang terlibat dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian.
5.2
The EBs in the sampling frame are also classified by urban and rural areas. Urban areas are as defined in the 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. Urban areas are gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas which has a combined population of 10,000 or more at the time of the 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. All other gazetted areas with a population of less than 10,000 persons and non-gazetted areas are classified as rural. Built-up areas are defined as areas contiguous to a gazetted area and has at least 60 per cent of their population (aged 15 years and over) engaged in non-agricultural activities.
35
5.3
Pengelasan kawasan mengikut strata adalah seperti berikut:
5.3
The classification of areas by stratum is as follows:
Bilangan penduduk
Stratum
75,000 dan lebih
Metropolitan
75,000 and over
Bandar besar
10,000 hingga 74,999
Urban large
10,000 to 74,999
Bandar kecil
1,000 hingga 9,999
Urban small
1,000 to 9,999
Luar bandar
Kawasan selebihnya
Rural
All other areas
Strata Metropolitan
Number of population
5.4
Bagi tujuan pensampelan, pengelasan yang luas seperti di atas adalah memadai untuk semua negeri di Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi Sabah dan Sarawak, memandangkan masalah kesukaran untuk akses ke kawasan pedalaman, strata luar bandar dibahagikan lebih lanjut berdasarkan kepada jangka waktu yang diambil untuk sampai ke sesuatu tempat dari pusat bandar yang terdekat.
5.4
For sampling purposes, the above broad classification is found to be adequate for all states in Malaysia. However, due to problems of accessibility for Sabah and Sarawak, the rural stratum has to be substratified based on the time taken to reach the area from the nearest urban centre.
5.5
Bagi tujuan analisis bandar/luar bandar, strata dicantum seperti berikut:
5.5
For the purposes of urban/rural analysis, the stratum are collapsed as follow:
Bandar = Metropolitan + Bandar besar Luar = Bandar kecil + Luar bandar bandar
Urban = Metropolitan + Urban large Rural = Urban small + Rural
6.
Reka bentuk pensampelan
6.
Sampling design
6.1
Reka bentuk pensampelan berstrata dua peringkat telah digunakan. Terdapat dua peringkat strata iaitu:
6.1
A stratified two-staged sampling design is adopted. There are two levels of stratification that is:
Strata utama Terdiri daripada negeri di Malaysia. Strata kedua Terdiri daripada strata bandar dan luar bandar seperti yang ditakrifkan di perkara 5.5 dan dibentuk di dalam strata utama. 6.2
Primary stratum Made up of the states in Malaysia. Secondary stratum Made up of the urban and rural stratum as defined in para 5.5 and formed within the primary stratum.
Sampel telah dipilih secara bebas bagi setiap peringkat pada strata kedua. Unit pensampelan peringkat pertama ialah BP, sementara unit peringkat kedua ialah tempat kediaman (TK) di dalam BP tersebut. TK terpilih meliputi kesemua
6.2
36
Samples are drawn independently within each level of the secondary stratum. The first stage units of sample selection are the EBs while the second stage units are the living quarters (LQs) within the EBs. All households and persons within the
isi rumah dan orang yang tinggal di dalamnya. Di setiap peringkat pemilihan, unit telah dipilih secara sistematik dengan kebarangkalian yang sama dalam strata kedua.
selected LQs are canvassed. At every stage of selection, the units are selected systematically with equal probability within each level of the secondary stratum.
7.
Saiz sampel
7.
Sample size
7.1
Saiz sampel dalam Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012 adalah seperti berikut:
7.1
The sample size for the 2012 Salaries & Wages Survey is as follows:
Negeri State Johor Kedah Kelantan Melaka Negeri Sembilan Pahang Perak Perlis Pulau Pinang Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu W.P. Kuala Lumpur W.P. Labuan W.P. Putrajaya Malaysia
Bilangan BP terpilih Number of selected EBs 534 438 498 444 402 498 540 300 378 552 396 600 348 246 78 72 6,324
Bilangan TK terpilih Number of selected LQs 4,289 3,504 4,012 3,604 3,292 3,645 4,281 2,431 3,031 4,384 2,997 4,818 2,900 1,922 1,293 1,149 51,552
8.
Prosedur penganggaran
8.
Estimation procedures
8.1
Maklumat gaji & upah yang dikutip melalui Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh dianggarkan menggunakan prosedur penganggaran yang sama. Teknik anggaran nisbah bergabung (adjusted weight dan faktor penduduk) digunakan untuk mendapatkan anggaran sesuatu ciri tertentu bagi populasi penyiasatan. Faktor penduduk menggunakan anggaran penduduk separuh tahun pertama 2012 mengikut kumpulan umur, jantina, etnik dan negeri sebagai penanda aras.
8.1
The salaries & wages information collected through the Labour Force Survey was estimated using the same estimation procedures. The combined ratio estimated method (adjusted weight and population factor) was used to obtain the estimates of a specific characteristic in the survey population. Population factor uses population estimates of first half 2012 by age group, sex, ethnic and state as benchmarks.
37
8.2
Perlu diambil perhatian bahawa tiada pengubahsuaian dilakukan untuk mengasingkan penduduk institusi daripada anggaran penduduk walaupun Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah tidak meliputi penduduk institusi. Penduduk institusi dianggarkan kurang daripada tiga peratus jumlah penduduk berdasarkan Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010, penduduk institusi adalah kurang daripada empat peratus daripada penduduk.
8.2
9.
Konsep dan definisi
9.
Concepts and definitions
9.1
Data gaji & upah dikutip menggunakan pendekatan isi rumah melalui Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh. Berdasarkan pendekatan ini, maklumat kadar upah diperoleh daripada penyiasatan ini.
9.1
Salaries & wages data are collected using household approach via the Labour Force Survey. Based on this approach, wage rate is derived from the survey.
9.2
Kadar upah merangkumi gaji pokok, elaun sara hidup dan lain-lain elaun yang dibayar secara tetap dan berkala. Ini tidak termasuk bayaran kerja lebih masa, bonus dan gratuiti, elaun keluarga dan lain-lain bayaran keselamatan sosial oleh majikan.
9.2
Wage rates include basic wages, cost-ofliving allowances and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances, but exclude overtime payments, bonuses and gratuities, family allowances and other social security payments made by employers.
9.3
Data gaji & upah yang diperlukan adalah bagi pekerjaan biasa yang dilakukan oleh pekerja kerajaan atau swasta dalam bulan rujukan.
9.3
Salaries & wages data collected are based on the regular occupation of the private or government employees in the reference month.
9.4
Maklumat kadar upah dapat digunakan untuk mengukur perbezaan upah dan juga menilai kaitan gaji & upah dengan mobiliti buruh. Di samping itu, maklumat ini juga digunakan untuk mengukur jurang gaji & upah antara pekerja lelaki dan perempuan (gender wage gap).
9.4
Wage rates information can be used to measure wage differentials as well as the correlation between salaries & wages to labour mobility. Besides that, it is used to measure the gap of salaries & wages between male and female employees (gender wage gap).
38
It should be noted that no attempt was made to adjust for the exclusion of the institutional population from the population estimates although the Salaries & Wages Survey did not cover the institutional population. The institutional population was estimated less than three per cent of the total population, based on the 2010 Population and Housing Census, the institutional population was less than four per cent of the total population.
9.5
Indikator utama
9.5
Jurang upah gender = 100% - peratus gaji & upah gender
Gender wage gap = 100% - gender wage percentage
Peratus gaji & upah gender
Gender wages percentage
=
Purata gaji & upah bulanan perempuan Purata gaji & upah bulanan lelaki
=
X 100
Indikator jurang upah gender secara umumnya menerangkan jurang gaji yang diterima oleh pekerja lelaki berbanding pekerja perempuan. Apabila nilai yang diperoleh menghampiri sifar, bermakna purata gaji yang diterima menuju kesamarataan di antara lelaki dan perempuan. Bagi nilai negatif pula, menunjukkan bahawa gaji & upah yang diterima oleh pekerja perempuan adalah lebih tinggi. 9.6
9.7
Main indicator
Mean monthly salaries & wages for female Mean monthly salaries & wages for male
X 100
Indicator of gender wage gap is generally to explain the gap in salaries & wages received by working males as compared to females. When the value obtained is approximately approaching zero, its means that the mean salaries & wages received is heading towards equality between males and females. A negative value indicates that the salaries & wages received by female worker is higher.
Kumpulan etnik
9.6
Ethnic group
Kumpulan etnik dikategorikan di kalangan warganegara Malaysia setelah mengasingkan bukan warganegara Malaysia. Pengelasan adalah seperti berikut:
The ethnic group is categorised within Malaysian citizens after separating those who are non-Malaysian citizens. The classification is as follows:
Warganegara Malaysia Bumiputera Melayu Bumiputera lain Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara Malaysia
Malaysian citizens Bumiputera Malay Other Bumiputera Chinese Indians Others Non-Malaysian citizens
Taraf perkahwinan
9.7
(i) Tidak pernah berkahwin Merujuk kepada mereka yang belum pernah berkahwin pada masa temu ramah.
Marital status (i) Never married Refers to those who have never been married at the time of interview.
39
9.8
(ii) Berkahwin Merujuk kepada mereka yang masih berkahwin pada masa penghitungan. Istilah ‘perkahwinan’ adalah termasuk perkahwinan mengikut undang-undang atau peraturan keagamaan atau pun tinggal bersama atas persetujuan bersama.
(ii) Married Refers to persons who are currently married at the time of the enumeration. The term ‘married’ includes those married by law or by religious rites or are living together by mutual agreement.
(iii) Balu/duda Merujuk kepada mereka yang belum berkahwin semula selepas kematian suami/isteri pada masa temu ramah.
(iii) Widowed Refers to those who have not remarried after the death of the spouse at the time of interview.
(iv) Bercerai/berpisah tetap Merujuk kepada mereka yang perkahwinannya telah dimansuhkan melalui perceraian mengikut undang-undang atau peraturan keagamaan atau tidak lagi tinggal bersama bagi satu jangka masa yang lama dan tiada kemungkinan untuk bersatu semula.
(iv) Divorced/permanently separated Refers to those whose marriages were annulled through divorced by law or religious arrangement or separated for a long duration without any possibility of reconciliation.
Pencapaian pendidikan
9.8
Merujuk kepada peringkat tertinggi seseorang itu telah menamatkan atau sedang mengikuti persekolahan di institusi pendidikan awam atau swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan rasmi. Ia dikategorikan seperti berikut:
Educational attainment Refers to the highest level which a person has completed schooling or is currently attending, in a public or private educational institution that provides formal education. It is categorised as follows:
(i)
Tiada pendidikan rasmi Merujuk kepada mereka yang tidak pernah menghadiri manamana institusi pendidikan yang menyediakan pendidikan rasmi.
(i)
(ii)
Rendah Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di peringkat Tahun 1 hingga 6 atau yang setaraf.
(ii) Primary Refers to those whose highest level of education attained is from Standard 1 to 6 or equivalent.
40
No formal education Refers to person who never attended school in any of the educational institutions that provides formal education.
9.9
(iii)
Menengah Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah mencapai pendidikan tertinggi di peringkat Tingkatan 1 (termasuk kelas peralihan) hingga Tingkatan 5, General Certificate of Education O Level atau yang setaraf. Termasuk program kemahiran asas di institusi latihan kemahiran khusus dan teknikal yang mana tempoh pengajian adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan seperti GIATMARA.
(iii) Secondary Refers to those whose highest level of education attained is from Form 1 (including remove class) to Form 5, General Certificate of Education O Level or equivalent. Includes basic skill programmes in specific trades and technical skills institutions whereby the training period is at least six months e.g. GIATMARA.
(iv)
Tertiari Merujuk kepada mereka yang telah mencapai pendidikan tertinggi selepas Tingkatan 5.
(iv) Tertiary Refers to those whose highest level of education is above Form 5.
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh
9.9
Merujuk kepada sijil tertinggi diperoleh dari institusi pendidikan awam atau swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan rasmi. Mulai 2008, klasifikasi sijil tertinggi diperoleh adalah mengikut konsep International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).
Highest certificate obtained Refers to the highest certificate obtained from the public or private educational institution that provides formal education. Commencing 2008, classification of highest certificate obtained is according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).
(i)
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf Merujuk kepada Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah/Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah Agama atau yang setaraf.
(i)
(ii)
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf Merujuk kepada Penilaian Menengah Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah Agama atau yang setaraf.
(ii) PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf Merujuk kepada Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia atau yang setaraf (Senior Cambridge Certificate, General Certificate of Education O Level dan Sijil Pelajaran
(iii) SPM or equivalent Refers to Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or equivalent (Senior Cambridge Certificate, General Certificate of Education O Level and Malaysia Certificate of Vocational Education).
(iii)
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent Refers to Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah/Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah Agama or equivalent.
Refers to Penilaian Menengah Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran, Lower Certificate of Education, Sijil Rendah Agama or equivalent.
41
Vokasional Malaysia). Termasuk sijil kemahiran asas yang diperoleh dari institusi latihan kemahiran khusus dan teknikal yang mana tempoh pengajian adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan seperti sijil GIATMARA.
Includes basic skill certificate obtained from specific trades and technical skills institutions whereby the training period is at least six months e.g. GIATMARA certificate.
(iv)
STPM atau yang setaraf Merujuk kepada Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia, Higher School Certificate atau kelulusan yang setaraf (Sijil Tinggi Agama dan General Certificate of Education A Level).
(iv) STPM or equivalent Refers to Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia, Higher School Certificate or equivalent (Sijil Tinggi Agama and General Certificate of Education A Level).
(v)
Sijil Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi. Tempoh pensijilan adalah tidak kurang daripada enam bulan.
(v) Certificate Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education. Duration of certification should not be less than six months.
(vi)
Diploma Merujuk kepada diploma atau sijil setaraf dengannya dan diperoleh selepas kategori (iii), (iv) atau (v) daripada universiti, kolej, maktab atau politeknik sebelum peringkat ijazah.
(vi) Diploma Refers to diploma or equivalent certificate obtained after category (iii), (iv) or (v) from university, college or polytechnic prior to a degree qualification.
(vii) Ijazah Merujuk kepada ijazah (Ijazah Sarjana Muda, Sarjana atau Doktor Falsafah) yang diperoleh dari institusi pengajian tinggi awam atau swasta atau yang setaraf.
(vii) Degree Refers to degree (Bachelor, Masters or PhD) obtained from public or private higher institution or equivalent.
(viii) Tiada sijil Merujuk kepada mereka yang masih di bangku sekolah atau tamat persekolahan tanpa memperoleh sebarang sijil.
(viii) No certificate Refers to those persons who are currently attending school or who have completed schooling without receiving any certificate.
(ix)
(ix) Not applicable Refers to those persons who have no formal education.
Tidak berkenaan Merujuk kepada mereka yang tiada pendidikan rasmi. 42
9.10
Pekerjaan
9.10
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008 berasaskan kepada International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). Bagi seseorang yang mempunyai lebih daripada satu pekerjaan, hanya pekerjaan yang mengambil masa terbanyak semasa tempoh rujukan dianggap sebagai pekerjaan utamanya. Jika masa bekerja bagi tiap-tiap pekerjaan itu sama, maka pekerjaan yang menghasilkan pendapatan tertinggi adalah pekerjaan utamanya. Dalam kes di mana bilangan jam bekerja dan pendapatannya adalah sama bagi setiap pekerjaan, pekerjaan di mana dia telah bekerja paling lama dianggap sebagai pekerjaan utamanya. 9.11
Occupation Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupations (MASCO) 2008 based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). For a person having more than one job, only the job at which he worked for the longest number of hours during the reference week is treated as his principal occupation. Should the number of hours worked for each job is the same, then the job with the highest income is the principal occupation. In cases where the number of hours worked and the income earned from each job are the same, the job at which he was working for the longest period of time is considered as the principal occupation.
Industri
9.11
Industry
Pengelasan industri merujuk kepada pekerjaan utama. Mulai 2010, industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008 berasaskan kepada International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Kategori industri adalah seperti berikut:
Classification of industry refers to principal occupation. Starting from 2010, industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification (MSIC) 2008 based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. The category of industries are as follows:
A
A
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
B C D
Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
B C D E
F G
H I
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Perlombongan dan pengkuarian Pembuatan Bekalan elektrik, gas,wap dan pendingin udara Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Pembinaan Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan
E
F G
H I 43
Transportation and storage Accommodation and food service activities
J K L M N O
P Q R S
minuman Maklumat dan komunikasi Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful Aktiviti hartanah Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib Pendidikan Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain
J K L M N O
P Q R S
Information and communication Financial and insurance/takaful activities Real estate activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other service activities
10.
Kepersisan data
10.
Data precision
10.1
Memandangkan anggaran penyiasatan adalah berdasarkan kepada penyiasatan sampel, ia adalah tertakluk kepada ralat pensampelan dan bukan pensampelan.
10.1
Since the survey estimates are based on a sample survey, they are subjected to sampling and non sampling error.
(i) Ralat pensampelan
(i) Sampling error
Ralat pensampelan berpunca daripada anggaran data yang dibuat berasaskan sampel berkebarangkalian, bukan berdasarkan banci. Ralat ini dalam statistik dikenali sebagai ralat piawai relatif dan kerap ditandakan sebagai RSE dan diberikan dalam peratusan. Ralat ini digunakan sebagai penunjuk kepada kepersisan anggaran parameter yang dikaji. Dengan kata lain, ia boleh memberi gambaran tentang tahap variasi anggaran penyiasatan berbanding dengan lain-lain anggaran yang berdasarkan pemilihan sampel.
Sampling error is a result of estimating data based on a probability sampling, not on census. Such error in statistics is termed as relative standard error and often denoted as RSE and is given in percentage. This error is an indication to the precision of the parameter under study. In other words, it reflects the extent of variation with other sample-based estimates.
44
Anggaran ralat pensampelan telah dikira secara berasingan untuk beberapa pembolehubah penting bagi peringkat nasional dan negeri seperti di Jadual S1, S2 dan S3. Bagi Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012, purata gaji & upah bulanan Malaysia ialah RM1,881 dengan RSE 0.85 peratus dan ralat piawai (SE) RM16.06. Pada 95 peratus selang keyakinan ( = 0.05), purata gaji & upah bulanan boleh berada di antara RM1,850 hingga RM1,913.
Sampling errors of estimates on a few important variables at national and state level are calculated separately as shown in the Table S1, S2 to S3. For Salaries & Wages Survey 2012, mean monthly salaries & wages Malaysia was RM1,881 with an RSE of 0.85 per cent and standard error (SE) of RM16.06. At 95 per cent confidence interval ( = 0.05), mean monthly salaries & wages could be between RM1,850 to RM1,913.
(ii) Ralat bukan pensampelan
(ii) Non-sampling error
Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada pada tahap yang tinggi, langkahlangkah telah diambil untuk meminimumkan ralat bukan pensampelan. Berbeza dengan ralat pensampelan, ralat ini tidak boleh diukur dan hanya boleh diatasi melalui beberapa langkah pentadbiran. Ralat ini boleh berpunca daripada liputan penyiasatan yang tidak lengkap, ketidaksempurnaan rangka, ralat maklum balas, ralat tiada sambutan, kesilapan semasa prosesan seperti di peringkat penyuntingan, pengekodan dan tangkapan data.
To ensure high quality of data, several steps were taken to minimise non-sampling errors. Unlike sampling errors, these errors cannot be measured and can only be overcome through several administrative procedures. These errors can arise as a result of incomplete survey coverage, frame defect, response error, non-response and processing such as during editing, coding and data capture.
Ralat maklum balas boleh berlaku disebabkan kesukaran dan perbezaan dalam tafsiran soalan, sama ada daripada penemu ramah ataupun responden. Bagi meminimakan ralat ini, latihan intensif kepada penyelia dan penemu ramah telah dijalankan. Di samping itu, semakan rambang juga dijalankan ke atas isi rumah yang telah diliputi oleh penemu ramah untuk memastikan kesahihan maklum balas yang dicatatkan. Untuk memastikan liputan penyiasatan yang menyeluruh, rangka sampel dikemas kini dan tempat kediaman telah dipilih
Response error can occur due to difference and difficulty in interpreting questions, either by the enumerator or respondent. To minimise this error, intensive training was conducted for the enumerators as well as supervisors. In addition, random checks were carried out on households that were already canvassed by the enumerators to ensure the validity of the information recorded. To ensure the completeness of the survey coverage, the sampling frame is frequently updated and the living quarters were selected after the EB listing exercise. 45
selepas penyenaraian BP dijalankan. Berhubung dengan ralat penyuntingan dan prosesan, beberapa peringkat semakan konsistensi telah dilaksanakan sama ada secara manual atau berkomputer bagi memastikan penghasilan data yang bermutu dan boleh diterima pakai.
11.
With regard to editing and processing errors, several consistency checks were done, either manually or computerised, to ensure the quality and acceptability of the data produced.
Pembundaran anggaran
11.
Hasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori mungkin tidak sentiasa sama dengan jumlah yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual yang berkaitan kerana pembundaran secara bebas kepada satu titik perpuluhan. Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan ini tidak signifikan.
12.
Rounding of estimates The sum of individual figures may not always equal to the totals shown in related tables because of independent rounding to one decimal place. However, the differences are insignificant.
Nota dan simbol
12.
Note and symbol W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan
W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan
46
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES
Jadual S1: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Table S1: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
Pekerjaan Occupation
Purata gaji & upah bulanan Mean monthly salaries & wages (RM)
47
Jumlah Total Pengurus Managers Profesional Professionals Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Technicians and associate professionals Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Clerical support workers Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan Craft and related trades workers Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Plant and machine-operators and assemblers Pekerjaan asas Elementary occupations
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Ralat piawai Relative value Standard error (%)
(RM)
Julat gaji & upah purata pada 95 peratus selang keyakinan Range of average salaries & wages at 95 per cent confidence interval (RM)
1,881
0.85
16.06
1,850
-
1,913
5,213
3.61
188.42
4,844
-
5,582
3,807
1.48
56.35
3,697
-
3,917
2,435
1.05
25.68
2,385
-
2,485
1,718
0.98
16.86
1,685
-
1,751
1,299
1.22
15.86
1,268
-
1,330
1,065
3.53
37.62
991
-
1,139
1,283
1.37
17.61
1,248
-
1,318
1,216
1.19
14.47
1,188
-
1,244
959
1.20
11.54
936
-
982
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 Table S2: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Industri Industry
Purata gaji & upah bulanan Mean monthly salaries & wages
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Ralat piawai Relative value Standard error
Julat gaji & upah purata pada 95 peratus selang Range of average salaries & wages at 95 per cent confidence (RM)
(RM)
(%)
(RM)
1,881
0.85
16.06
1,850
- 1,913
993
2.73
27.09
940
- 1,046
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian Mining and quarrying
3,358
7.52
252.60
2,863
- 3,853
Pembuatan Manufacturing
1,647
1.63
26.77
1,595
- 1,699
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
2,558
6.28
160.61
2,243
- 2,873
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
1,568
4.80
75.31
1,420
- 1,716
Pembinaan Construction
1,608
3.75
60.38
1,490
- 1,726
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
1,427
1.45
20.63
1,387
- 1,467
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan Transportation and storage
1,933
3.47
67.17
1,801
- 2,065
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman Accommodation and food service activities
1,146
2.45
28.05
1,091
- 1,201
Jumlah ¹ Total Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Agriculture, forestry and fishing
48
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.) Table S2: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)
Industri Industry
Purata gaji & upah bulanan Mean monthly salaries & wages
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Ralat piawai Relative value Standard error
Julat gaji & upah purata pada 95 peratus selang Range of average salaries & wages at 95 per cent confidence interval (RM)
49
(RM)
(%)
(RM)
Maklumat dan komunikasi Information and communication
3,246
5.18
168.29
2,916
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful Financial and insurance/takaful activities
3,128
4.51
140.97
2,852 -
3,404
Aktiviti hartanah Real estate activities
2,759
10.59
292.12
2,186 -
3,332
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Professional, scientific and technical activities
2,800
4.91
137.48
2,531 -
3,069
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan
1,106
2.46
27.25
1,053 -
1,159
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
2,564
1.29
32.96
2,499 -
2,629
Pendidikan Education
3,135
1.18
37.06
3,062 -
3,208
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Human health and social work activities
2,439
3.56
86.94
2,269 -
2,609
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Arts, entertainment and recreation
1,416
8.05
113.96
1,193 -
1,639
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain Other service activities
1,373
4.11
56.44
1,262 -
1,484
- 3,576
Administrative and support service activities
¹ Jumlah termasuk bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam kategori Aktiviti badan dan pertubuhan luar wilayah Total includes number of employed persons in Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies category
Jadual S3: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012 Table S3: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2012
Negeri State
Purata gaji & upah bulanan Mean monthly salaries & wages (RM)
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran Standard error of estimate Nilai relatif Ralat piawai Relative value Standard error (%) (RM)
Julat purata gaji & upah pada 95 peratus selang Range of average salaries & wages at 95 per cent (RM)
50
Jumlah Total
1,881
0.85
16.06
1,850
-
1,913
Johor
1,903
1.90
36.10
1,832
-
1,974
Kedah
1,440
2.01
29.01
1,383
-
1,497
Kelantan
1,580
2.65
41.94
1,498
-
1,662
Melaka
1,769
2.42
42.79
1,685
-
1,853
Negeri Sembilan
1,756
2.09
36.63
1,684
-
1,828
Pahang
1,613
1.77
28.57
1,557
-
1,669
Pulau Pinang
1,906
2.38
45.45
1,817
-
1,995
Perak
1,634
1.85
30.22
1,575
-
1,693
Perlis
1,588
2.55
40.43
1,509
-
1,667
Selangor
2,283
1.95
44.53
2,196
-
2,370
Terengganu
1,702
2.26
38.50
1,627
-
1,777
Sabah
1,251
2.24
28.07
1,196
-
1,306
Sarawak
1,629
2.24
36.53
1,557
-
1,701
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
2,617
4.15
108.64
2,404
-
2,830
W.P. Labuan
1,785
2.85
50.82
1,685
-
1,885
W.P. Putrajaya
3,070
2.36
72.52
2,928
-
3,212
LAMPIRAN APPENDIX
KEY WAGES STATISTICS Item Measure/Use of Statistics
51 Approach General Definition
Earnings
Labour Cost
i. Employees by wage rate and earnings valuable for study of wage differentials. ii. Wage drift is the extent to which earnings over a period have changed more (or less) than the rates which are fixed The collective agreements, wage boards or awards. The reasons for wage drift are many and include changes in the structure of the labour force, the proportion of overtime payment, changes in working hours etc. iii. Assessing the relationship between wages and labour mobility and, in particular, the rural and urban migration. Establishment Statistics on earning should relate to employees’ gross enumeration, i.e. the total before any deductions are made by the employer in respect of taxes, contributions of employees to social security and pension schemes, life insurance premiums, union dues and other
i. Provide the full dimension of the cost of the employment of labour. ii. Input to the measurement of cost of doing business; iii. Input to the measurement of productivity; iv. Input to wage negotiations and wage policies e.g. productivity linked wage system (PLWS)
Establishment Labour cost is the cost incurred by the employer in the employment of labour. It comprises remuneration for work performed, payments in respect of time paid for not worked, bonuses and gratuities, the cost of food, drink and other employers’ social security expenditures, cost to the employer for
APPENDIX 1
Compensation of Employees (SNA) i. Wage measure used in the System of National Account.
Employee Income Provisional i. Applied to the study of redistribution of wage income through the mechanism of social security schemes. ii.Useful for wage fixing, collective bargaining and certain practical problems of incomes and price policies.
Establishment The compensation of employees comprises all payments by producers of wages and salaries to their employees, in kind as well as in cash, and of contributions in respect of their employees to social security and to
Establishment i. All the components of earnings; and ii. Net current benefit from social security and insurance schemes (such as maternity benefit, health and sickness benefits, casualty (temporary loss of wages) benefits, unemployment benefit,
Wages Rates i. Employees by wage rates and earnings valuable for study of wage differentials. ii.Wage drift is the extent to which earnings over a period have changed more (or less) than the rates which are fixed The collective agreements, wage boards or awards. The reasons for wage drift are many and include changes in the structure of the labour force, the proportion of overtime payment, changes in working hours etc. iii.Assessing the relationship between wages and labour mobility and, in particular, the rural and urban migration.
Establishment Wage rates should include basic wages, cost of living allowances and other guaranteed and regularly paid allowances, but exclude overtime payments, bonuses and gratuity, family allowances and other social security payment made by employers. Ex gratia payments in kind, supplementary to normal
KEY WAGES STATISTICS
Item
I.
52
Direct Wages and Salaries II. Remuneration for time not worked (1)Annual vacation, other paid leave (2)Public and other holidays (3)Other time off granted with pay (4)Severance and termination pay III. Bonuses and gratuities (1)Year-end and seasonal bonuses (2)Profit sharing bonuses (3)Supplementary vacation pay and other bonuses and gratuities.
Earnings
Labour Cost
obligations to employees.
vocational training, welfare services and miscellaneous items, such as transport of workers, work clothers and recruitment, together with taxes regarded as labour cost.
+
APPENDIX 1
Compensation of Employees (SNA) private pensions, casualty insurance, life insurance and similar schemes.
Employee Income Provisional family allowances regarded as social security benefit, severance and termination pay etc.)
Wages Rates
+
+
+
+ (Refer to general definition)
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
wage rates, are also excluded.
-
KEY WAGES STATISTICS Item
Earnings
Labour Cost
IV.Food, drink, fuel and other payments in kind
+
V.Housing and allowances
53 51
Employee Income Provisional +
Wages Rates
+
Compensation of Employees (SNA) +
+
+
+
+
Refer to general definition
-
+
2
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
for
-
+
+
+
-
of
-
+
+
-
-
rent
VI.Social security, pension, etc. (1)Direct payments by employer to employees regarded as social security payments. (2)Employers contributions to social security schemes and pension schemes (statutory and other) (3)Imputed contributions of employer in respect of unfunded pension and other social security schemes (4)Current receipts from social security schemes organized on behalf of employees VII.Employer’s cost vocational training VIII.Employer’s cost 3 welfare sevices
APPENDIX 1
-
KEY WAGES STATISTICS Item
Earnings
Labour cost
IX. Employer’s other labour 4 cost X. Taxes regarded as labour cost
-
APPENDIX 1 Employee Income Provisional -
Wages Rates
+
Compensation of Employees (SNA) +
+
-
-
-
-
Sources: 1. An Integrated Wages Statistics: A Manual of Methods, International Labour Organization (ILO) 2. Developments in International Labour Statistics, International Labour Organization (ILO) Notes:
1
Where not regarded as social security expenditure (as such, included under VI). Including termination pay regarded as social security benefit. Including also assimilated payments in respect of former employees. 3 Including canteens and assimilated services; educational, cultural and recreational facilities and services; grants to credit unions and cost of assimilated services for employees 4 Including such items as; work clothes, recruitment costs, etc. 2
54
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