Safe Rigging Handbook_optimozed

.,.,.......4

LIFTINGACCESSORIES... 1.1. Wire Ropes 1.2. Chains 1.3. SyntheticWeb SLings 1.4. Hooks 1.5.ShackLes.... ......:. 1.6.EyeBol.ts. 1.7. Lifting and SpreaderBeams 1.

prtprrrd ly Tekfen Construction & lnetcllalien Totat 0uatity Management

eo,

lne

gr.phlc drrlgn Hasan Ozer Uzunboy

BfuetYapman

.......14 ......16 ......20

.........25 "......29

2.ryPESOFSL|NG|NG.... 2.l.SingLeVerticatHitch. 2.2.ChokerHitch. 2.3.BasketHitch. 2.4.Legs Bridl.e Hitches.... 2.5. Endtess Hitch . 2.6.EyeandEyeHitch. 2.7. Doubl"eWrap Basket Hitch 2.8. Examplesof Stinging 3.APPENDICIES.

2007

..... '...4 .......9

Appendix-1 Examptes for Safe Working Load Catcutation Appendix-2 TypicaL Web and Round SLings With SWL and

ModeMarkings.. Densityof Materials

......31 ......31 ......31 ......31

...........31 .

"..

.32

........32 ........32 .........33

.

......45 .

.

. .45

..........51 .......52

Appendix-3 Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations . . . . . .53 .......54 Appendix-S Lifting/Rigging

Dictionary

x 12 means that each rope has B strands and each strand has 12 wires. The way of manufacturing wire ropes is based on this principte. The etasticity of a strand increases with increased number of wires. B

.2. 8eas,er-s*l9rlryss-[erltggtUge R gleg . Setection of wrong size retative to construction or qua[ity . Handting rope in contact with the load when use. . Faiture to timeLy lubricate the rope, causing wear to occur in rope wires during Lifting and lowering the [oad.

The Lifting accessories are as foltowr,

1

. Wire Ropes

. Chains . Synthetic Web SLings . Hooks . Shackles . Eye bolts . Lifting and Spreader Beams

. Twisting

. .

1.1. Wire Ropes

Wltt, llllrtf i .1le

slsffi s$ffi 's$ffi

'$Fffi *iiiW rFrSffi

$it}ffi

-1

tt,,t,ri rtr

llrr

ttrrlrt,,lt y rrr,,rrr lr jt

t

lt' , i t' , wr'tt ;l tl

of rope. moisture and acids. of temperature, Effect

.

Stretchrng ropes on one another or in reverse direction. Kinking.

.

Overtoading.

tt-gllA/ile 33p99 ln seLecting and using a steelwire rope, the fotlowing properties shouLd

1,1,-3, $"g!qg-!ig be considered:

lrrrilirrr;,rnrl lo,rrl lillttrr; I lrt,

Rope Core

rn;t,,tttt,, wl ty

the wire ropes are preferred ratlrcr llrirrr lrrrrrr ropes are as fotlows: . They are stronger, though atthc r';rnrl wr,tr;lrl and diameter, . Their strength is constant everr irrwr,l ,rrrtl rlry conditions, . Their [ength does not changc in v;rtiott', ctimatic conditions, . They have longer lrfe and durability.

. Way of manufacturrng of wire,

1.1.1. Structures of Wire Fgp-gs

materialand rope core used, . Number of wires per strand, . Way of winding strands of

A rope is composed of 6 or 8 strand:, wotttrrl around a [inen core. Each webbing is bririrltrrl with thin metaL[ic wires among themsctvc',.

(The tength along the rope in which one strand makes a comptete revolution around the ropel

Wire Rope

rope,

.

Maximum load of rope and its carrying the load with a certain safety coefficient,

Standards timit visibte broken wire to 1 0% of totat wires in a tength of eight rope diameters

1.1.6 Rope End Attachment

o Ftexibi[ity and fatigue resistance,

r

.

Resistance to krnkings, Resistance to impacts, deformations and crushings.

1.1.6.1. Wedge Socket Connection

.

form.

1.1.4. lnspection of Wire Ropes Frequent lnspection:

ALl.

Rope is Inserted into the socket by bending it in U

. Awedge rs pl.aced

sLings shal,L be inspected by the person handting

figure on side.

the sting each day they are used. These visual checks shoutd be concerned wlth discovering gross damage, which may be an immediate hazard: Distortion of rope in the sLing such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, bird caging, main strand displacement, or short rope lengths or unevenness of outer strands shouLd provide evidence that the sting or

.

The rope end is pulLed so as to ensure that the wedge enters into the socket and tightens the rope. . U clamp is mounted such that it wi[[ be at a distance of 4 rope diameters to the socket and 5 rope diameters to the roPe end. . Rope socket is mounted by placing the U bolts of the cLamp in a manner that they wit[ not be at the rope end. U boLt ctamps must never face to the

slings shoutd be replaced. Genera[ corrosion condition, number, distribution, and type of visibte broken wires shoutd atso be considered in the inspection, Periodic lnspection: A periodic inspection shatl. be performed by designated person at least annuatly and shatl be recorded.

rope end. Correct Method

a

1.1.5. Removat Criteria for Wire Rope Sling No precise rutes can be given for determination of the exact time for reptacement of a wire rope sting since many variabte factors are invotved.

Conditions such as the foLLowings shoutd be sufficient reason for rep[acement. . Flve broken wires in one strand in one lay or ten randomty distributed broken wires in one [ay. . Regulations [imit visible broken wire 10 % of totatwires in a tength of

eight rope diameters,

. Severe Locatized abrasion or scraping. . Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage

resutting in

distortion of the roPe structure.

. Evldence of heat damage. . End attachment are cracked, .

deformed, or worn to the extent that the strength of the sling is substantiaLLy affected. Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

in rope bend as shown in the

1.1.6.2. Cabl.e Cl.iP Connection

.

Rope is bent in U form

.

and ctamped at a Ptace ctoser to the roPe end. The eye piece of the

.

rope is ctamped. Other ctamps are mounted such that there witl be a distance of 6 rope diameters between both end ctamps.

U bolts of at[ ctips shouLd be on dead end of rope. Live ends rest in ctip saddte.

1.1.7. Maintenance and Lubrication of Steet Wire Ropes The first point to be noticed in maintaining steeL wire ropes is that the r opes are correctly unwound from sheaves.

As mentioned above, U boLts of the ctamps shoutd be at the rope end. Ctamps must never be offset mounted.

lFis

Since breaks and kinks reduce the life-cycte of a wire rope, such breaks irnd kinks shoutd be prevented. lf there is no possibiLity of fixing a sheave Do not stagger clips

e)

ln the fotlowing tab[e, the number of clips, distance between ctips and ctip size to be used according to rope diameter are provided.

of mm inch ctips 8-16 5116-518 4

Rope

Diameter

1? 314 7/B

25

Number

Wrre rope sheaves should not be unwound by puLling from wire rope. Otherwise, breaks occur in the rope.

U bolts on live end

between Clip ctips lmml size lmmt 80 9,5_14

Distance

5

5 L

110------T

130

with steelwire rope wound on it in a manner to altow it to rotate freety, one end of the wrre rope shoutd be fixed at a proper ptace and the :;heave shoutd be rotated as much as required.

18

J

150

16

11/8

5

180

18

1 1/4

6

2A0

22

1318

7

230

22

1 1t2

B

250

22

When winding a newwire rope overa wire rope sheave ordrum, the rnrtiatwinding is very rmportant. lf the windings of a rope are wound closer to one another regutarly and tightty, the subsequent rows properl"y follow depending on the initiaIwinding rows. A properLy wound rope wiLl have less wear and [onger life compared to an improperLy wound rope. several parts and wires of a rope have relative movements. The strands ,

1.1.6.3. lnterconnecting Two Ropes

formed by thin wires as wel[ as the wires of such strands rub against one another during Lifting and lowering of the load since they move continuousty. As a resutt of such rubbing, they abrade one another. ln order to prevent wear of steel ropes, entend their tife and avoid their rusting, the steel ropes shoutd be [ubricated . Lubrication should be done with a hard brush appl,ied on steel ropes. Before [ubrication, the steel rope should be cteaned with a hard brush.

Never use any kind of cl.ip to directLy connect two straight lenqths ol rope. lf this is necessary, use the cLips to form on eye fwith thimbte) irr

1.2. Chains

28 31 34 38

1

each length and connt-.r;l

the eyes together.

IFis Correct

10)

Due to their structure, chains aTe more stronger and easier-

to-use lifting components. Chains have a wider range of fietds of use since they are used as a sting, resistant to impacts, suitabte to use for sharp-edge loads and they are safe.

Hardened chains are durabte. Furthermore, depending on the characteristics of a job, the high strength steel chains are atso used. When chains are not used property, rustings, crackings, wears, stretchings and bendings may occur.

1.2.1. Points to be Noticed in Handling thains Chains shoutd be setected depending on the characterlstics of a job for which they are to be used and the weight of load to be lifted. Chain setection should be done by the competent technical staff quatified in this

Like hooks, chains can atso be X-rayed to detect some defects. Conditions such as the above shoutd be sufficient reason for reptacement.

J.,2.f,_tlgalDamggg Do not expose a chain to temperatures greater than 260'C. Safe working

loads need to be reduced when chains have been exposed to such temperatures. When exposed to 480'C or greater, chain must be condemned.

fiel.d. 1' ?r.9

1.2.2. The Grades of Chain The grade number of a chain is stamped on approximately every twentieth [ink or every meter. lf there is any doubt as to the grade making or if there is no load tag attached to the chain, it must be regarded as the [owest grade ; that is , Grade 30.

1.2.3. lnspection of Chains At[ chains used for lifting purposes shoutd be inspected before and after use. lt shou[d atso be inspected very ctosety for the defects every month. The fotlowing defects shoutd be looked for in each inspection: . Stretching or bending in any [ink of more than 10 percent, . Damaged [inks from sharp edges, . Deep rust, . Nicks, cut or gouges that reduce the Link diameter by 10 percent, . Cracks in any [ink I by soaking the chain in oit, cleaning the oiI off, then dusting it with powder, cracks witlappear as a discotoration; a powder

. .

s

qge

=""-clet-o-U

Never exceed a chain's safe working load. Do not use a damaged chain. . Avoid shock-toading chain ; that is, loading chain suddenty. r Do not cross , twist, kink or knot chain. . Do not drop chain from a height. . Use packing on loads with sharp edges. . Use onty the correct size and grade of chain. . Do not wetd or oxycut. . Hammerlocks and pin lock fitting may be used to atter or repair chains. . Ensure that chain fittings have a safe working load equatto or more than the chain attached. . Do not use mild steel chain of less than 8mm diameter or attoy steel chain of less than 6mm diameter. . Do not place the [inks of a chain on the load hook, but use a ring or an attachment I for exampte, a chain shortenedJ. . Onty use chains with a safe working load tag.

mixed with magnetic particles and dust onto the chain witl atso reveal

1.2.6. Storage and Maintenance

cracksJ,

. A number

of smatl dents like peen hammer marks lthis is an indication

of fatigue or work hardeningl,

. Wear in Link seat in more than 10 percent of [ink diameter, . Wetd defects and any other [ink deformation,

.

lnspect every chain regutarty, and remove damaged sections or reptace the whote chain. Do not repair or hammer chain, and do not heat-treat it.

Knotted chains.

10

11

Chains shoutd atways be inspected before being stored. They should be stored under cover in a dry area. Where possible, chains shoutd be hung off racks or pegs. Chains that are not to be used for long periods shoutd be LightLy oiLed.

@

The depth of al[ chips, cuts etc. must not exceed that

ldentification ol ofAttoysteet chain

a[[owed.

Extreme Wear at Bearing Surfaces Measure the remaining material and discard if it is less than altowed

R.Maarura tha trma srctlon

aftrr

& @

ur

@

lnspect Atl Links for wear at the Bearing Surfaces

to

d?trrmlna Nmount ot

str!tch

Look for chain stretch During lnspections

( Twisted Link

+

ffi(o'n'lrws, @

lnspect Att Links for Bends, Twlsts and Damrgc

@

Never Twist or Knot a chain

oon'txnot

1.3. Synthetic Web Stings

synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purpose: ' Their retative softness and width means that they have much less tendency to mar or scratch finety machined, highty potished or painted surfaces and have tess tendency to deformation, crush fragiLe objects compared to fibre rope, wire rope or chain sLings. Because of their ftexibil.ity ,they tend to mol,d themsetves to the shape

'

of load. o They

. They

are not affected by moisture and certain chemicats. do not rust and thus do not stain ornamental precast concrete or

stone.

@

svnthetic web stings do not Damage or Crush Like Wire Ropes or Chain

@

Pipe handting ltlustrates the tendency of webbing slings to mold themselves to [oad, This allows handling irregu[arly shaped loads securely.

r They are non-sparking and can be used safety in explosive atmosphere.

r They minimize twisting and spinning during

Lifting,

. Their light weight

permits ease of rigging, their softness prectudes hand cuts ,and the danger of harm from a bump by a free swinging is

minimat. o They are etastic and

stretch under load more than either wire rope or chain and are thus abte to absorb heavy shocks and cushion the toad,

synthetic web stings are avaitable in a number of configurations find application in the industry: Endtess or Grommet Sting - both ends of one piece of webbing are Lapped and sewn to form a continuous piece. They can be used as verticat hitches, bridte hitches, in choker arrangements or as basket stings .Because load contact points can be shifted with every [ift, wear is eventy distributed and sting life is extended. Standard Eye and Eye - webbing assembted and sewn to form a flat body sLing with an eye openings in the same ptane as the sr.ing body. The eyes may either be futtweb width or may be tapered by being fol.ded and sewn to a width narrower than the webbing width. Twisted Eye - an eye and eye type with twisted terminations at both ends, The eye openings are at 90oto the plane of the sting body. This configuration is atso avaitabte with either ful.twidth or tapered eyes.

@

Endless or grommet stings.

@r*isted

@

Eye stings.

st"ndard

Eye and Eye stings.

1.3.1. lnspectio_n of Synthetic Web Stings

t.A.t. Correct

Synthetic web sLings must be vrsualty inspected before each use' sting shaLL be removed from service if inspections reveal any one of the fottowing defects.

when the incl.uded angLe is greater than 90", use shacktes to attach the sLing Legs to the hook. Using a shackLe prevents the slings from coming out of the hook and the rated capacity of the hook from being reduced' when using two sLings pLaced in a hook ensure that the inctuded angte between the sl.ings is not greater than 90 Degrees. This prevent the stings from coming out of the hook and prevents point loading which

1. lf sLings rated capacity

tag is missing or not readabte,

ACID CAUSTIC DAMAGE AND/OR BURNS

E_

2. Acid or caustlc burns,

3. Mel.ting or charring of any part of sLings surface, 4. Snags, punctures, tears or cuts, 5. Broken or worn

reduces hook capacity. [Fig. 25)

H ABRASION

stitches,

EET

CFI

6. GeneraI wear, stretch,

or tensite damage exceeding the

TENSILE DAMAGE

manufacturer's standards, 7. Expose " Core Warning" threads.

U

EXPOSED

.,CORE

WARNING" THREADS

1.4. Hooks

Hooks are one of the mostty used type of rigging hardware. They are made in many different sizes and shapes to meet a wide range of appl,ications. They can be attached to load btocks, slings, and other lifting devices such as Lifting beams. PreferabLy, hooks shoutd be embossed with the size, rated capacity and equipped with latcheslcatches).

H TI

tr EET Er Hl GN EN

ru

rFn EFI F{

't6

Never side Load, back Load, or point load a hook. ALL reduce hook strength and create an unsafe condition. Point Loading can reduce hook capacity as much as 60 %. tFig. 26)

Side Load

Back Load

17

Point Load

H

The sting or lifting device must

rrl

always be seated property in the bowl of the hook. lFig.271

1.4.2. lnspection of Hooks Before use, hooks must be inspected by a competent person and removed

from service when any of ihe fottowi ng conditions exists:

I

I

hook. [Fig. 28]

Latch engagement, damage or matfunction.

. Throat opening exceeding 15 %. IFig. 28) . Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension. (Fig. 281

. r

Damage from heat. Unauthorized repairs

Never repair, atter, or reshape a hook byweLding, heating burning or bending, untess approved by the hook manufacturer.

EI EI ET ET HT

cb

-t -b

l0olo maxlmum

twist allowable wear

Check for signs of oPening uP

Check for wear and cracks

@sl@

Batanced

1t,.

Load

0fl Center

HooK lnspecrton Areas

1tz 0ff Center

3t.

Point

ofl Center

Loading

Ell

GT

10% maximum

Check for cracks & twisting

cr cr

I

. Cracks, nicks or gouges. . Twist exceeding 10 degrees from ptane of unbent

.

Hl Hl

fl

Correct

Check for wear and deformation

LOAD Can Carry 100 % of rated toad

J. d-

LOAD Can Carry Approx.80% of rated toad

LOAD Can Carry

APProx.86% of rated load

|!ll!@@

+

@

LOAD Can Carry Approx' 40% of rated toad

Elfect of Eccentric Loads on Hook capacity

d. dd.

A

LOAD Can Carry Approx. 70% of rated toad

st"ndard choker Hook

@aaiustabte

sling choker Hook

H

1.5. Shacktes

1.5.1. Correct Use of Shacktes

t^*-,.ffid

in a mannerthat attows the shackle

body to take load in a true Line atong its centertine. Not in such a way that

bending loads are induced, other than those forwhich the shackie has been designed. [Fig. 34)

rn

The correct way to use a shackte with a hook is with the shackte pin positioned across the hook. IFig. 36)

FI FT EI H ET ET

cr

Never reptace shackle pin with a bolt

GT

Correct

tl

ry Hl

The toad witt bend the bolt

lncorrect reptacement of shackle pin

A g

ddr d-

lncorrect

dt J;r dt

20

+

When the used hook is smatt, some packing is required to stabilize the

shackte [Fig.

37)

Avoid using a shackte with the sting riding across the pin. This movement coutd cause it to unscrew. IFig. 38)

&$ Correct

lncorrect

Shackte pin must be in the hook and the stings should be instatted into

'A

the shackte body.

IFis.3el

Y

Screw pin anchor

Round pin anchor

Safety type anchor

shackle

shackle

shackle

Screw pin chain

Round pin chain

shackle

shackle

Safety type chain shackIe

l--l ,n.o..".,

r

U

1.5.2. lnspection of Shacktes Shacktes shoutd be inspected before use to ensure that:

. The body of the shackte . . . . .

'

and the pin are both identifiabl.e as being of the same quatity grade, A[[ markings are readabte speciatty the Safe Working Load. ISWLI, The pin is of the correct type, The threads of the pin and the body are undamaged and seated wett, The shackte and pin are not distorted and must be aLigned, The shackte and pin are not undutyworn [in case of more than 10% reduction in diameter, they must be reptaced), The shackle and pin are free from nicks, gouges, cracks and corrosion,

@rvpicat

shacktes

Never replace a shackle pin with a bott Check for wear Check for wear and

straightness

Never Exceed 120 Degrees inctuded angte. Because the capacity of the shackte wiLl" be tremendousty reduced.

Check that pin is atways seated

Check that shackte is not "opening up"

The load witt bend the bott

@

22

@

Reptacing shackte Pins

23

sn"ckte lnspection Area3

1.5. Eye Botts Eye Bol.ts are often al.ready instalted in etectric motors, etc, but stitLthey

have to be checked atways for a safe working load stamp before using them to tift a Load. lf there is no safe working load stamped on the bo[t, do not use it and find atternative means of slinging the [oad.

There are two types of eye botts used: Ptain or shoutderl.ess eye botts: onty to be used for lifting at an ang[e, as with two or more stings.

Poor Practice Never allow shackle to be putted at an angle -the tegs wi[[ open up

Good Practice Pack in the pin with

washers to centralize the shackle--

@

Cottared or fLanged eye botts: can be used for Lifting at an angte, as with two or more stings.

Eccentric shackte Loads

1-.6.1.

Correct Use of Eye Botts

lf using a singl.e eye boLt to Lift a load, use some means to prevent the load from turning and the bol.t from undoing. Attach a fibre rope ltagl,ine)

to controtthe [oad. Do not Lift the load any higher than is absotutely necessary'

The correct method of attaching a sling to an eye bolt is to use a shackte. Never pass the sLings through the eye and back to the hook. Before using an eye bolt to lift a load: o lt must be checked for defects, o lt must be packed so that the eye bott is screwed down ftush with packing or surface, o lt must be turned to the direction of the putt, . The Safe Working Load ISWLJ shoutd be checked. lf the toad shifts the sting witt unscrew the shackte pin

@

Do not use Screw Pin Shacktes if the Pin can Rol[ Under Load end Unscrcw

INCORRECT -

lf shoulderless and ring bolts are pulled at an angle as shown they witl either bend of break.

-

CORRECT

Shoulderless eye and ring bolts are

CORRECT

INCORRECT

Load is in the ptane of

When the toad is apptied to the eye in this direction it will bend.

the eye.

\

w

designed for vertical toads

only

CORRECT -use a

shackle

Shoulderless ring bott Shoulderless eye bott

INCORRECT

Shouldertess ring bott

shoutdertess eye bott

@o.i"ntation

@

of Eye Botts

Neverlnsertthe Point

of a Hook in an Eye Bolt

@ur"of

EyeBotts

Never run a sling through a pair of eye as shown. The loads in this tifting resutt in an effective load at much more severe

Correct for Shoulder Type Eye & Ring Botts Providing loads are reduced to account for angular loading

INCORRECT

-z

Ensure

Nut must be property

torqued.

Ensure that that tapped hote is deep tightened enough.

bott is

Pack with washers to ensure that shoutder is

The load angle is reduced from P to 0 and the loads A and B combine to give C.

Use a pair of shackles instead.

@Lifting

in contacl with surface

into place.

must be in

futl contact with surface.

When the eye botts cannot be

@

with Eye Bott

firmly

aligned

Use a shim or washer

use of Shoutder Type Eye and Ring Botts

@nrisnmentof

Eye Bott

H

1.5.2. lnspection of Eye Botts Before use, eye botts must be inspected visuatty by a competent person. lf any of the fottowing conditions exists, the eye bott must be removed off service: . Bent or distorted eye or shank, . Nicks and gouges, . Obvious wear, . Worn, corroded and/or distorted threads, o Heat damage, . Absence of Safe Working Load [SWL) marking.

f,n FT

Inr

Grr

H G[

+ dr # + H

1.7. Lifting and Spreader Beams

Lifting beams support a load during a Lift. They are designed for bending, and have a top-centered lug or hole at each end on the bottom side. Spreader Beams help to maintain the distance of a rigging device [sling, [ink, shackte) so that side-toading on a load or Lifting lug does not occur. Lifting and Spreader Beams hetp to eliminate the possibility of a load tipping, siiding, bending or being crushed by a sting. A Lifting Beam, Spreader or Equatizer Beam should be designed by a quatified engineer. For questions or concerns retated to any beam used in tifting on a project, contact your safety representative. A Lift or Spreader Beam shoutd be: . lnspected frequentty by a quatified engineer, . Stamped with a maximum capacity, . ldentified by some recordable marking/number, . Load tested to design specifications.

dr

A d.

ln addition, tapped receiving hotes must be cleaned and inspected for thread wear and deterioration. Any atteration or repair to eye botts, such as grinding, machining, wetding, notching, stamping, etc. is not

-b d*

permissibte. Eye bolts which have visibte signs that alterations or repairs have been made must be removed from service and shouLd be

dt

destroyed.

* * *

28

+

Lifting Beam

Spreader Beam

C{

Irl H 2.1. Singte Verticat Hitch

ln this type of sLinging, it is very difficul't to control the [oad. A srngle vertrcal sling may turn when the Load is hung' As a resutt of such turning, the rope may be broken or scraped. Since the whole load is on a single

Spreader Beams

AB

l-l ill HW

sLing, Lifting and carrying

*fu

performed safelY. [Fig.

v

wi[[not

54)

2.2. Choker Hitch

W

Loads in A & B do not change when beam angle changes Loads in C & D wltt chrngr beam angle chrngu

ll

{x

be

W&

The choker hitch is used for b[ock loads with baLanced center of gravity' The loads are choke-hitched exactty at their center of gravity. The weight of load equal.l,y distributed over both [egs'

is '

# ffi

IFis

55)

2.3. Basket Hitch

ln this type of sl.inging, either a singl.e sling atone or two stings are used together in form of a basket. ln a basket hitch, the load is this type equalLy drstributed over both Legs' ln of sl.inging, care shoutd be taken to avoid

crushing of the sLing under

Load

or jamming

ffiW

etsewhere. [Fig. 56) 2.1. Legs Bridl'e

@

spreader and Equatlzer Bcrm!

ffiffi

H

itches

are ln this type of hitches, the I'egs of the sling downward. The sLing ends are instalted on

the [oad, whil.e its center is instat[ed on the hook. [Fig. 57)

2.5. Endtess Hitch

&Ae

AAA

2.8. Examptes of Stinging

This type of hitch is mostty used in chain stings. The load is equatty distributed over both tegs. The center of gravity of the [oad shoutd be taken into account in rigging, Special.ty for cytindricattoads, care should be taken to avoid sLiding of the load through the

Leg length can be adiusted with turnbuckles

sting. IFig. 58)

@

2.5.Eye and Eye Hitch Eye and Eye hitches have two types: wire rope or chaln, varying according to the name of use. Singte eye sling

shoutd never be used atone. Othen,uise, It causes the load to turn and retease. IFig. 5e)

Leg Bridte Hitches

12

tegsl

Ij\A/fu

Noter Load may be supported

on onty 2 legs while 3rd leg batances it.

AA& bLr&

2.7. Double Wrap Basket Hitch

@

Leg Bridte Hitch 13 tegsl

A doubte wrap basket hitch is used for tifting

UA

ptain cylindrical loads. Since the load is kept within sting wrapping, the sting keeps contact with the Load by 360o. Care shoutd be taken for slinging cytindrica[ [oads at their center of gravity. IFig. 601

Note: The capacity of basket hitches are affected by their sting angles.