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[@JRK^UJCGC KUSGSGH CK MJHGI^F MJHGI^F Bgeuhtgc ck ejk`ejgs sfejghks, kcuegejõ`, efmkrejgh y Ckrkeaf EG^^K^G?
KEF@FMJG K@ HJ@KG
MGSK^JG?
AJUSF^JG CKH TK@UGMJK@SF G[HG? JJ ‘E>” KUS[CJG@SKU?
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CJBK^K@EJGU K@S^K E^KEJMJK@SF KEF@FMJEF Z CKUG^^FHHF KEF@FMJEF CFEK@SK?
KEF@. JIF^ K^@KUSF CÍG_ LFRGHK@LF CFEK@SK S[SF^?
J@I. ^FNK^S I[USGRF NG^^FU @G^G@OF
BKEAG CK K@S^KIG.
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BF^ MGSF E F@S^ FHG CF? B^ 447>/ 447>/ v7.7 / 77-4;77-4;->4> >4>4 4
Khgnfrk u`g tgnhg rksumjk`cf hgs cjbkrk`ejgs k`trk hfs têrmj`fs ckh erkejmjk`tf y cksgrrfhhf kef`õmjef.
EFM M TG ^G S JRF JRF E[G C^F EF E^ K EJM JK @ S F
Ckbj`jejõ`
Fnoktjvf
Gheg`ek y rkhkvg`ejg
Kbketfs
Ks gqukh cf`ck gckmçs ck cgrsk u` Ks kh gumk`tf gumk`tf ck vghfr ck hg gumk`tf gum k`tf ck prfcueejõ`, sk cg tgmnj tgmnjê` ê` prfcueejõ` ck u` pgís y ftrfs egmnjf egmnjfs s quk mkofrk` hgs `frmghmk`tk `frmgh mk`tk kh j`cjegcfr quk sukhk ef`cjejf`ks kef`õmjegs, sfejghks, usgrsk pgrg mkcjrhf mkcjrhf ks kh TJN pkr pfhítjegs pfhí tjegs,, y k` ik`krgh tfcf gquk gqukhhf hhf quk eçpjtg. Ks kh prj`ejpgh fnoktjvf gumk`tk hg eghjcgc ck vjcg ck hfs kef`õmjef ck mueags `gejf`ks. ejucgcg`fs. @f ks sfhf erkekr Ef`stjtuyk u`g kvfhuejõ` pfsjtjvg pfsjtjvg c ck k (eug`tjtgtjvf), sj` (eug`tjtgtjvf), sj`f f quk s sk k tjk`k k k` ` euk`tg hgs ef`cjejf`ks ck vjcg ck u` gspketfs gspketf s eugh eughjtg jtgtjv tjvfs fs quk g vkeks s sf` f` tkrrjtfrjf ef`erktf. efmphjegcfs ck mkcjr mkcjr.. Mkcjr hfs ksbukrzfs y gvg`eks ck Mkcjr hfs ksbukrzfs y gvg`eks ck hfs pgísks hfs pgrg pgr g mkofrgr hg egh eghjcgc jcgc ck vjcg ck sus Tgísks pgrg gheg`zgr hg sfhvk`ejg agnjtg`tks kef`õmjeg. Kh erkejmjk` erkejmjk`tf, tf, pfr ftrf f trf hgcf, sk Kh cksgrrfhhf kef`õmjef kef`õmjef sk k`bfeg k` hfs k`bfeg k` kh j`erkmk` j`erkmk`tf tf ck hg egmnjfs kstrueturghks ck`trf ck hg prfcuetjvjcgc kef`õmjeg y ks kef`õmjeg y ks rkhkvg`tk pgrg kh kstjimg rkhkvg`tk rkhkv g`tk pgrg mkcjr kh prfirksf ckh prfirksf k` hg eghjcgc eghjcgc ck vjcg ck hfs ck hfs pgísks ck cksgrrfhhf k pgísks k` víg ck cksgrrfhhf. j`ehusf pgrg mkcjr kh erkejmjk`tf ck ftrfs pgísks. Kxjstk` Kxjstk ` mçs egmnjfs eug`tjtgtjvfs ck`trf hg eug`tjtgtjvfs kef`õmjeg.
^ksuhtg ck?
Bgetfrks quk j`bhuyk`
Hg sumg ck kxpfrtgejf`ks, vk`tgs y ckmçs getjvfs.
Kxjstk` mçs egmnjfs eughjtgtjvfs y eug`tjtgtjvfs ck`trf ck hg kef`õmjeg. Hgs j`vkrsjf` j`vkrsjf`ks ks k` prfyket prfyketfs fs ck njk`kstgr efmÿ`, kokmphf? mkofrg ck j`brgkstrueturg, erkgejõ` ck efhkijfs, kte.
Hg nghg`zg efmkrejgh, kh gumk`tf ck hg bukrzg hgnfrgh, gumk`tf ck hg Kh erkejmjk`tf kef`õmjef, hgs j`stjtuejf`ks prfcueejõ` ck c k njk`ks y skrvjejfs, skrvjejfs, sfejghks, j`brgkstruetu j`brgkstrueturg, rg, skiurjcgc kstgnjhjcgc pfhítjeg, j``fvgejõ` y ourí ou rícj cjeg eg,, geeksf g hg kcu kcuege egejõ` jõ`,, tke`fhfiíg, geumuhgejõ` geumuhgejõ` ck egpjtgh, prfcuetjvjcgc ck hg tjkrrg, hkyks g`tj `jvkh ck ef`sumf, igstfs ck efrrupejõ`, vghfrks j`cjvjc j`cjvjcughks ughks y j`vkrsjõ`, j`irksf pkr eçpjtg, igstfs iunkr`gmk`tghks, kxpfrtgejf`ks `ktgs, K`trk ftrfs.
Uk kxprksg k`
CK U G ^ ^ FHH F KE F@ ÕM JEF
Bfrmg eug`tjtgtjvg
efhketjvfs, cjsmj`uejõ` cjsmj`uejõ` ck `jvk `jvkhks hks ck cksjiughcgc, cksjiug hcgc, k`trk ftrf ftrfs. s.
Trj`ejpghmk`tk k` bfrmg eughjtgtjvg gu`quk gu`qu k pukck c cgrsk grsk tgmn tgmnjê` jê` ck
bfrmg eug`tjtgtjvg.
K`trk sus j`cjegcfrks kstç`? tgsg ck K`trk ckskmphkf, efnkrturg ck sghuc, vjvjk`cg Uk mjck mjck g trgvês ckh j`erkmk`tf j`erkmk`tf ckh cji`g, kcuegejõ` ck eghjcgc, tgmnjê` J`cjegcfrks TJN (Trfcuetf J`tkr`f Nrutf) k` kh trg`seursf trg`seu rsf ck u` g÷f.
ftrfs í`cjeks efmf kh c ckh kh cksgrrfhhf aumg`f aum g`f y iê`krf, k khh ck hg pfnrkzg aumg`g, kh ck mfrtg`cgc j`bg`tjh, kh ckh g`ghbgnktjsmf, k`trk ftrfs.
SGHHK^ 7 Hkkr kh grtíeuhf ‘Bgetfrks cktkrmj`g`tks ckh erkejmjk`tf kef`õmjef? kh egsf keugtfrjg`f
(7:;4->47:)
G`ghjzgr quê bgetfrks ag` sjcf mçs jmpfrtg`tks pgrg kh erkejmjk`tf kef`õmjef egsf keugtfrjg`f (7:;4->47:) hfs j`tk`sjvfs (SBT y AE) efmf ckserjnk kh mfckhf k`cõik`f f hfs kxtk`sjvfs (Hgnfr y Egpjtgh) efmf ckserjnk kh mfckhf kxõik`f Uk ag` ef`sjckrgcf cfs irupfs ck bgetfrks ck cjstj`tgs `gturghkzgs efmf kxphjegtjvfs ckh erkejmjk`tf k` hg prfcueejõ`? geumuhgejõ` ck bgetfrks prfcuetjvfs y prfeksf tke`fhõijef. K` Keugcfr, sk ag prfcuejcf u` gumk`tf ef`sjckrgnhk ck hg eg`tjcgc ck bgetfrks prfcuejcfs, tg`tf k` hg bfrmg ck egpjtgh bísjef b ísjef g trgvês ck u` j`tk`sf prfeksf j`vkrsfr, efmf k` hg bukrzg ck trgngof. G pgrtjr ck hg bu`ejõ` ck prfcueejõ` girkigcg ck hg kef`fmíg pfckmfs fntk`kr kh vghfr ck hg prfcuetjvjcgc tftgh ck hfs bgetfrks (SBT), hg pfckmfs j`tkrprktgr efmf kh `jvkh ck ef`fejmjk`tfs ik`krgh sfnrk hgs grtks prfcuetjvgs ck quk cjspf`k u`g kef`fmíg, skríg u` ef`ekptf gmphjf ck tke`fhfiíg j`ehuyk`cf bgetfrks frig`jzgtjvfs k j`stjtuejf`ghks y rkbhkogríg kh `jvkh ck prfcuetjvjcgc girkigcf ck hg kef`fmíg k` kh usf ck tfcfs sus bgetfrks prfcuetjvfs. [tjhjzg`cf hg bu`ejõ` ck prfcueejõ` girkigcg Efnn-Cfuihgs pfckmfs j`bkrjr quk kh erkejmjk`tf kef`õmjef sk cksefmpf`k k` trks bgetfrks? Hg SBT, Hg ef`trjnuejõ` ckh stfel ck egpjtgh bísjef y hg ef`trjnuejõ` ckh bgetfr trgngof, j`ehuyk`cf tg`tf kh kmphkf efmf kh egpjtgh aumg`f. Gsí pfckmfs fntk`kr hg tgsg ck erkejmjk`tf ck hg SBT efmf u` rksjcuf, u`g vkz ag` sjcf egheuhgcgs hgs gpfrtgejf`ks gh erkejmjk`tf ckh `jvkh ck prfcueejõ` ck hfs bgetfrks prfcuetjvf egpjtgh bísjef y trgngof, y ckh egpjtgh aumg`f quk ef`sjckrgmfs u` efmpf`k`tk tke`fhõijef gsfejgcf gh bgetfr trgngof. Hfs g`çhjsjs rkghjzgcfs gpu`tg` g quk hgs cjbkrk`ejgs tg`tf g `jvkh efmf k` hg tgsg ck erkejmjk`tf k`trk pgísks vjk`k kxphjegcg k` su mgyfr pgrtk pfr cjbkrk`ejgs k` tkrmj`f ck egpjtgh bísjef y egpjtgh aumg`f, ftrfs gutfrks k`euk`trg` quk sf` cjbkrk`ejgs k` hg prfcuetjvjcgc hf quk kxphjeg hg mgyfr pgrtk ck hgs cjbkrk`ejgs k` hgs tgsgs ck erkejmjk`tf, j`cjeg`cf quk k`trk u` 74-54% ck hgs cjbkrk`ejgs k` kh stfel ck egpjtgh bísjef kxphjeg` kxphjeg` k` tfr`f gh >4% ck hgs cjbkrk`ejgs.
BF^ MGSF E F@S^ FHG CF? B^ 447>/ 447>/ v7.7 / 77-4;77-4;->4> >4>4 4
Sghhkr > Ef` kh sjiujk`tk eugcrf khgnfrgr kh kokrejejf ck vk`tgog gnsfhutg y efmpgrgtjvg tgh efmf sk kxphjeõ kxphjeõ k` ehgsk.
Tgís
Mkreg`eíg Rj`f
Skhg
Tfrtuigh
14 tf`
:4 tf`
J`ihgtkrrg
7>4 tf`
744 tf`
RK@SGOG GNUFH[SG 734 734 7>4 7>4 744 744 14 14 24 24 34 34 >4 >4 4 TGJ
TF^S[IG MK^EG@EJG MK^EG@EJG
J@IHGSK^^
RK@SGOG EFMTG^GSJRG TGJU
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MK^EG@EJG SKHG SKHG SKHG
:4
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7.75
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EFUSK CK FTF^S[@JCGC 7 SF@ RJ@F - 7.75 SF@ SKHG 7 SF@ SKHG - 4.1: SF@K RJ@F RJ@F 7 SF@ RJ@F - 4.15 SF@ SKHG 7 SF@ SKHG - 7>4 SF@ RJ@F RJ@F
TF^S[IGH SJK@K RK@SGOG EFMTG^GSJRG K@ SKHG J@IHGSK^^G SJK@K RK@SGOG EFMTG^GSJRG K@ RJ@F
BF^ MGSF E F@S^ FHG CF? B^ 447>/ 447>/ v7.7 / 77-4;77-4;->4> >4>4 4
SGHHK^ 5 G`ghjzgr kh greajvf Kxekh TJN ^kspf`ckr? 7.- Eugh ks kh efmpf`k`tk mçs jmpfrtg`tk ckh TJN keugtfrjg`f6 Ckserjnjr su rkhkvg`ejg. Uk ef`fek quk k` k`trk hfs g÷fs 7:;4->47:, skpgrgcg k`trk 5 pkrjfcfs quk sf`? 7:;4-7:9>, 7:95-7::4 y >444->47:, hfs eughks bukrf` muy rkprksk`tgtjvfs k` hg kef`fmíg keugtfrjg`g, k` kh prjmkr pkrjfcf sk egrgetkrjzg pfr u`g kef`fmíg ngsgcg k` kh nffm ng`g`krf, kh skiu`cf kh egmnjf ck hg mgtrjz prfcuetjvg agejg u`g kef`fmíg kxtrgetjvjtg efmf hf ks kh pktrõhkf, y, pfr ÿhtjmf, kh tkrekr pkrjfcf kmpjkzg pfstkrjfrmk`tk g hg erjsjs bj`g`ejkrg y prfeksf ck cfhgrjzgejõ`. Kh TJN keugtfrjg`f kstç ehgrgmk`tk ef`bfrmgcf pfr 3 efmpf`k`tks, efmf hf ks kh Igstf Tÿnhjef, ef`sumf, j`vkrsjõ` y kxpfrtgejf`ks k jmpfrtgejf`ks< efmf hf fnskrvgmfs ajstõrjegmk`tk kstk ÿhtjmf efmpf`k`tk ks u` bgetfr prjmfrcjgh. Ugnkmfs quk hgs kxpfrtgejf`ks gumk`tg` hfs `jvkhks ck j`irksf, egusg`cf u`g mgyfr egpgejcgc ck efmprg ck njk`ks `gejf`ghks y/f bfrç`kfs, pfr pgrtk ck hfs ckmg`cg`tks j`tkr`fs< y ckh hgcf ck hgs jmpfrtgejf`ks hg ef`skeuejõ` ck njk`ks y skrvjejfs, mgtkrjgs prjmgs f j`sumfs j`sumfs ck prfcuee prfcueejõ` jõ` gumk`tg` hg utjhjcgc. K` hfs g÷fs ck 7:;4 sk ag egrgetkrjzgcf pfr u` nffm ng`g`krf, k` cf`ck sk kxpfrtgng ng`g`f, y gÿ` sjiuk sjk`cf u`g getjvjcgc kef`õmjeg muy jmpfrtg`tk ck `ukstrf pgís, gsí mjsmf ef` kh pktrõhkf, quk skiujrç sjk`cf u` prfcuetf ck kxpfrtgejõ` g `jvkh mu`cjgh. Efmf vkmfs hg ajstfrjg ckh TJN, sjkmprk ag kstgcf ngsgcf k` hg kxpfrtgejõ` ck ghiÿ` prfcuetf. Ks bu`cgmk`tgh tk`kr k` euk`tg quk, k` kh efmkrejf j`tkr`gejf`gh, g trgvês ck jmpfrtgejf`ks y kxpfrtgejf`ks, kxpfrtgejf`ks, j`tkrvjk`k k` hg eg`tjcgc eg`tjcgc cjspf`jnhk ck ghjmk`tfs, ghjmk`tfs, gsí efmf k` hg getjvjcgc kef`õmjeg kef`õmjeg ck hfs pgísks pgísks ck hg rkijõ`, rkijõ`, k` kh kmphkf kmphkf y k` kh `jvkh `jvkh ck prkejfs. prkejfs.
>.- K` quk g÷f ag erkejcf f ckerkejcf kh TJN k` mgyfr eg`tjcgc6 G`ghjzgr k` tfr`f g hgs pfsjnhks pfsjnhks egusgs (ajstõrjeg (ajstõrjegs, s, sfejghks, pfhítjegs) ck kstfs egmnjfs. Kh >47> buk kh g÷f ef` mgyfr j`erkmk`tf ckh TJN pkr eçpjtg ef` u` gumk`tf ck $39>,4, cõhgrks (:%) pfr agnjtg`tk rkspketf gh >477. Keugcfr k` >47> prksk`tõ u` nuk` ckskmpk÷f
y kstç k` kh irupf ck pgísks ck mgyfr erkejmjk`tf ck Gmêrjeg ckh Uur (5.9%), rkijstrg`cf u`g tgsg ck ;.7%.
K` hf quk rkspketg gh Keugcfr, êstk sk vjf gbketgcf pfr hg egícg ck sus têrmj`fs ck j`tkregmnjf, hfs eughks pgsgrf` ck :4,15 k` 7::9 g 9:,12 k` 7::1. Kstk pkrífcf efj`ejck ef` hg erjsjs bj`g`ejkrg ckh Keugcfr, quk tgmnjê` sk trgcuek k` u`g erjsjs kef`õmjeg quk ik`krõ u`g egícg ckh TJN rkgh ckh 2,5%, cknjcf k`trk ftrfs, gh gumk`tf ck hg j`bhgejõ`, hgs kxpketgtjvgs j`bhgejf`grjgs erkejk`tks, hg ckvghugejõ` ckh suerk, y hfs ghtfs `jvkhks ck k`ckucgmjk`tf y kmjsjõ` mf`ktgrjg. Kh erkejmjk`tf prfmkcjf ckh TJN k` kh pkrífcf prk cfhgrjzgejõ` buk mk`fr quk kh ckh pkrífcf ck cfhgrjzgejõ`. Gsí, k`trk hfs g÷fs 7::4-7::: kh erkejmjk`tf ckh prfcuetf prfcuetf buk ck 7.1% mjk`trgs quk k` hg cêegcg sjiujk`tk buk ck 3.3%. Egnk ckstgegr quk hg egícg mçs prf`u`ejgcg subrjcg pfr kh TJN pkr eçpjtg k` hg cêegcg prk cfhgrjzgejõ` sk rkijstrõ k` kh g÷f 7::: (-9.2% ck egícg k` kh TJN pkr eçpjtg). Gafrg njk`, curg`tk hg êpfeg ck cfhgrjzgejõ` kh erkejmjk`tf prfmkcjf ck kstk j`cjegcfr ks ck >.:%, rkijstrg`cf k` hfs g÷fs >443 y >441 hfs mgyfrks erkejmjk`tfs ck hg cêegcg, 2.;% y ;.4% rkspketjvgmk`tk. Tfr ftrg pgrtk, kh TJN pkr eçpjtg gsek`cjõ ck [UC 7,552 pfr pkrsf`g k`trk hfs g÷fs 7::5-7::: g [UC 7,;73 k` hg cêegcg >444>44:.7> ^kefrckmfs quk, pgrg rkcuejr hfs `jvkhks ck pfnrkzg, kh pgís `keksjtg tgsgs ck erkejmjk`tf kef`õmjef pkr eçpjtg ghtgs y sfstk`jnhks k` kh tjkmpf, efsg quk `f ag feurrjcf agstg hg getughjcgc. K` kh g÷f >4>4, cknjcf g hg pg`ckmjg pfr efvjc 7:, sk ag gbketgcf hg kef`fmíg ck mueafs pgísks y Keugcfr `f ks hg kxekpejõ`.
BF^ MGSF E F@S^ FHG CF? B^ 447>/ 447>/ v7.7 / 77-4;77-4;->4> >4>4 4
SGHHK^ 3 ¶EÕMF UFH[EJF@F T^FNHKMGU CK CKUKMTHKF6 Kh prfnhkmg ckh ckskmphkf ks u` bk`õmk`f ef` mçs gbketgejf`ks pgrg kh pgís y kh mu`cf k`tkrf pfr ksf kxjstk` vgrjfs mêtfcf y prfpukstgs ck eõmf brk`gr kstg cksirgejg k` hg eugh mjhks ck pkrsf`gs sf` hgs mçs gbketgcgs sfnrk tfcf k` hg pg`ckmjg ckh EFRJC 7: ks pfr khhf quk sk `keksjtg gmphjgr kh kmphkf k` kh sketfr pÿnhjef y rkcjsk÷gr u` u` prksupukstf `ukvf `ukvf cknjcf g quk `f sk e euk`tg uk`tg ef` gqukhhfs J`irksfs pkrcjcfs cksck g÷f >4>4 gh >4>7 hf eugh buk kh pkrjfcf cf`ck hgs Ckskmphkf g u`g irg` í`cjek ck j`cjvjcufs cknjcf g quk sus vk`tgs egykrf` k` hg Kef`fmíg ckh pgís. Egnk j`cjegr quk hkvg`tgr`fs ck kstg cksirgejg sk kstç rkghjzg`cf Tfef g pfef y mg`kog`cf kbjejk`tkmk`tk hfs j`cjegcfrks mgerfkef`õmjefs ckh pgís
UJ AGZ J@BHGEJÕ@ HF UFH[EJF@F G[MK@SG@CF HG EGTGEJCGC CK EF@U[MF F NGOG@CF Kh í`cjek ck prkejfs gh ef`sumjcfr (ETJ) ks hg prj`ejpgh mkcjcg ck hg j`bhgejõ` quk utjhjzg kh ifnjkr`f, gu`quk ghiu`fs kef`fmjstgs sfstjk`k` quk kh gumk`tf ck prkejfs ks u` kbketf skeu`cgrjf tkmpfrgh ck hg hg pg`ckmjg ck EFRJC-7:, EFRJC-7:, agstg hg j`bhgejõ` mçs buigz ks egpgz ck gbketgr curgmk`tk g hfs afigrks y k` pgrtjeuhgr g hfs ounjhgcfs quk vjvk` ck u` j`irksf bjof. Hg j`bhgejõ` ks u` bk`õmk`f b k`õmk`f geumuhgtjvf y, gh jiugh quk kh j`tkrês efmpukstf, sk vg sumg`cf ef` kh tjkmpf. Tfr hf quk `f ks pfsjnhk kvjtgr hg j`bhgejõ` pfr efmphktf, pkrf sí pukcks tfmgr mkcjcgs pgrg quk `f gbketk tg`tf tu kef`fmíg bgmjhjgr. Gquí prksk`tgmfs ej`ef mg`krgs ck agekr mk`fs cfhfrfsf kh gumk`tf ckh efstf ck vjcg. Ks pfr khhf quk sk `keksjtg ngogr hg egpgejcgc ck ef`sumf, pkrf g hg vkz kh kstgcf `keksjtg nusegr sustjtutfs ck njk`ks y skrvjejfs mçs kef`õmjefs, rkghjzgr u` gumk`tf k` hfs sghgrjfs y hfs j`cjvjcufs `keksjtg` tk`kr ef`ejk`ejg bj`g`ejkrg
HFU JMT[KUSFU E[G@CF UK J@E^KMK@SG@ ¶G[MK@SG F CJUMJ@[ZK KH EF@U[MF6 ¶G[MK@SG F CJUMJ@[ZK KH @JRKH CK KMTHKF6 ¶G[MK@SG F CJUMJ@[ZK HG J@BHGEJÕ@6 Kstf feurrk sjkmprk quk u` gumk`tf k` hfs jmpukstfs rkcuzeg hg kxpketgtjvg ck Kef`õmjefs frjk`tgcf g cjsmj`ujr hg ckucg pukck ks j`erkmk`tgrhg k` kh hgrif phgzf. Gafrrf k` u` mgyfr mf`tf ck hf quk cjsmj`uyõ hg ckucg p pÿnhjeg ÿnhjeg j`jejghmk`tk. Hg Tfr hg eugh hg ckucg erkek ks pfrquk kh j`erkmk`tf k` kh jmpukstf rkcuek hg j`vkrsjõ` y kstf tjk`k cfs kbketfs? Cjsmj`uyk kh `jvkh ck prfcueejõ`, hf quk prfvfeg u`g cjsmj`uejõ` k` hg ngsk Irgvgnhk, ks ckejr, k` kh j`irksf ckh Gumk`tg hg tgsg ck j`tkrês y ef` khhf kh efstf ck hg ckucg, g`tk kstk pg`frgmg Kh ifnjkr`f sk vk bfrzgcf g j`erkmk`tgr hg ckucg pÿnhjeg pgrg mg`tk`kr kh Igstf ef`stg`tk.
UJ G[MK@SG KH IGUSF TßNHJEF UK U[TF@K W[K KH EF@U[MF ¶G[MK@SG F CJUMJ@[ZK6 Gh j`erkmk`tgrsk kh igstf pÿnhjef, pÿnhjef, sk prfcuek` mçs njk`ks y skrvjejfs y pfr hf Sg`tf ef`trgtg` mçs kmphkgcfs k` hgs kmprksgs, tfcf ck bfrmg sk cjrketg. ks ckejr, sj kh TJN erkek mçs, hf quk ef`sumk` sk trg`sbfrmg `ukvgmk`tk k` ckmg`cg ck Njk`ks y skrvjejfs quk hgs kmprksgs cknk` fbrkekr. pgrg agekrhf, `keksjtg` ef`trgtgr mçs trgngogcfrks y efmprgr njk`ks y skrvjejfs ck ftrgs kmprksgs, ik`krg`cf gsí `ukvfs j`irksfs, quk sf` k` pgrtk ef`sumjcfs y k` pgrtk gafrrgcfs, y gsí Uueksjvgmk`tk k` cjbkrk`tks rkpktjejf`ks egcg vkz mk`frks. pfr hf eugh kh ef`sumf Gumk`tg prfirksjvgmk`tk prfirksjvgmk`tk cknjcf g quk vg g kx kxjstjr jstjr mçs buk`tks ck trgngofs.
BF^ MGSF E F@S^ FHG CF? B^ 447>/ 447>/ v7.7 / 77-4;77-4;->4> >4>4 4
SGHHK^ ; Ck geukrcf ef` hg tkfríg lky`ksjg`g. ¶Wuê mkcjcgs sk pfcríg` gphjegr ck mg`krg efrrketg k` kh Keugcfr pgrg kstjmuhgr hg ckmg`cg girkigcg y pfr hf tg`tf cjsmj`ujr kh ckskmphkf6 Hg mkcjcg quk sk pukck gphjegr k` kh pgís keugtfrjg`f ks khjmj`gr hfs sunsjcjfs, rkgetjvgr hg kef`fmíg j`erkmk`tgcf g j`vkrsjõ` pÿnhjeg, utjhjzg`cf kh cj`krf ckh kstgcf k` u`g nuk`g j`vkrsjõ` sfejgh pÿnhjeg efmf? Uketfr giríefhg, cjsmj`uejõ` ck jmpukstfs, sghuc, erêcjtfs g mjerfkmprksgs, kcuegejõ`, kte. Ef` tfcf kstf hg kef`fmíg tk`crç u` erkejmjk`tf y gumk`tf ck kmphkf. Ck gh mk`fs kh 3% pgrg quk gh mk`fs sk mg`tk`ig kh kmphkf y `f pkrckrhf, y pgrg rkcuejr hg pfnrkzg kstk cknk erkekr gh mk`fs u` ;% g`ugh. Tuks hg bghtg ck j`vkrsjõ` Trfcuetjvg agek gumk`tgr hg tgsg ck ckskmphkf k` kh pgís y hg ÿhtjmg ejbrg pfr kh ng`ef ek`trgh buk ck u` 4,3 % ckh TJN. (Egmgeaf, >44:)
¶Kstçs ck geukrcf k` quk kh kstgcf cknk tk`kr j`bhuk`ejg ck`trf ck hg kef`fmíg6 Kstfy ck geukrcf yg quk kh kstgcf ks kh quk sk ag ckcjegcf g hf quk gngreg hg kef`fmíg k` kh pgís efmf sf` hgs kxpfrtgejf`ks k jmpfrtgejf`ks. G ckmçs kh kstgcf agek u`g khkvgcg j`vkrsjõ` k` prfyketfs efmf? Ughuc, j`brgkstrueturg kstrgtêijeg, njk`kstgr sfejgh y kcuegejõ`. Hg j`bhuk`ejg quk tjk`k kh pgís tgmnjê` sf` sus kstrgtkijgs pgrg kh cksgrrfhhf kef`õmjef y sfejgh cjvkrsjbjeg`cf hg kef`fmíg. @gvgrrf & Bhfrks, (>479) KH keugcfr ks egrgetkrjzgcf pfr skr u`g pkquk÷g kef`fmí kef`fmíg g cfhgrjzgcg y ckpk`cjk`tk tg`tf ck j`irksfs ckh pktrõhkf rkprksk`tgcf pfr kh 73 y >4% ck TJN, õskg mçs ck hg mjtgc ck tfcfs hfs j`irksfs ck hgs kxpfrtgejf`ks y ckh >4 y 54 ck j`irksf pÿnhjef.
BF^ MGSF E F@S^ FHG CF? B^ 447>/ 447>/ v7.7 / 77-4;-> 77-4;->4>4 4>4
NJNHJFI^GBJG Lfvghk`lf, J. K. (s.b.). Bgetfrks cktkrmj`g`tks ckh erkejmjk`tf kef`õmjef? kh egsf keugtfrjg`f ( 7:;4- >47:). Fntk`jcf ck attps?//sig.u`kmj.kcu.ke/mkcjg/greajvfmgtkrjg/>4>7/7 attps?//sig.u`kmj.kcu.ke /mkcjg/greajvfmgtkrjg/>4>7/77/>>/greajvfmgtkrjghV>4 7/>>/greajvfmgtkrjghV>4> >
777>>>4 37;>.pcb CKUG^^FHHF, H. Z. (9 ck skptjkmnrk ck >471). HFU JMT[KUSFU UÍ
GBKESG@ KH E^KEJMJK@SF E^KEJMJK@SF.
Fntk`jcf ck attps?//hyc.fri/wp-ef`tk`t/uphfg attps?//hyc.fri/wp-ef`tk`t/uphfgcs/>471/4:/ST-7529cs/>471/4:/ST-7529JMT[KUSFU-Z- E^
[email protected]
TGEAKEF, C. (s.b.). Keugcfr? Ejehf Kef`õmjef y Tfhítjeg Bjsegh . Fntk`jcf ck attps?//ef`tk`jcf.nek.bj`.ke/cfeumk`tfs/Tunhjegejf`ks@ftgs/Egtghfi attps?//ef`tk`jcf.nek.bj`.ke/cfeumk`tfs/Tunhjege jf`ks@ftgs/Egtghfif/Eukstjf` f/Eukstjf` ks/QQJJ-JJJ- 47TGEAKEF.pcb
@gvgrrf Ujhvg, F & Bhfrks S Sgngrg, gngrg, R. (>479). Hg j`bhuk`ejg k` hg kef`fmíg
keugtfrjg`g ck hg kvfhuejõ` ck hg kcuegejõ` k` hfs ÿhtjmfs >4 g÷fs. bjhk?///E?/[skrs/SF^^KU/GppCgtg/Hfegh/Skmp/;9>Skxtf%>4ckh%>4grt%E5%GCeuhf-7549
>-74->471434:.pcb
KEF@FU[NHJMK. (57 ck Ouhjf ck >4 >4>7). >7). Erkejmjk`tf y cksgrrfhhf kef`õmjef \Rjckf].
Zfutunk. ^keu ^keupkrgcf pkrgcf kh 73 ck B Bknrkrf knrkrf ck >4>>, ck attps?//www.yfutunk.efm/wgtea6v= attps?//www.yfutunk.efm/wgtea6v=K KgW_:MFY97l
If`zçhkz, T. (s.b). Njhhj`. ^keupkrgcf kh >473 ck Bknrkrf ck >4>>, ck ¶Wuê ks Erkejmjk`tf Kef`õmjef6? attps?//www.njhhj`.`kt/ihfsgrjf/ckbj`jejf`-erkejmjk`tfattps?//www.njhhj`.`kt/ihfsgrjf/ckbj`jejf`-erkejmjk`tfkef`fmjef/
Ofsaug Ckh ^í ^íf. f. (>4 ck Bknrkrf ck >47;). Erkejmjk`tf Erkejmjk`tf y Cksgrrfhhf Ke Kef`õmjef f`õmjef \Rjckf].
Zfutunk. ^keu ^keupkrgcf pkrgcf kh 73 ck B Bknrkrf knrkrf ck >4>>, ck attps?//www.yfutunk.efm/wgtea6v= attps?//www.yfutunk.efm/wgtea6v=g gummh5:@l@J
HgCjbkrk`ejg. (s.b). ^keupkrgcf kh >473 ck Bknrkrf ck >4>>, ck ¶Euçh ks hg Cjbkrk`ejg k`trk Erkejmjk`tf y Cksgrrfhhf6? attps?//hgcjbkrk`ejgk`trk.j`bf/erkejmjk`tf-cksgrrfhhf
