S6 s2 LAS TEORIAS DE LA EMPRESA

 

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! HDEONOCOANDS HD DBZVDS@

" XDAVO@S DBZVDS@VO@IDS

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ZVAHTCOAN HDI U@IAV _ DI Z@V@HOGB@ HDI UI@AV HD ZVAHTCOAN DN TN@ DBZVDS@ ITCV@XOU@

!" $% &'(%$)(%( *)+,-%$ .%+/:).%&'0 % ,+%*60 (3$ :8%,4 .%+% 3$$' -0%&'0 $% '.:)5" 7=3*%",%+ $% &%"'?;

 

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DI VDCANACOBODNXA HD I@ DBZVDS@ D OHD@ BAHDVN@ HD DBZVDS@

 

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%$I@ DBZVDS@ _ XDAVO@S DBZVDS@VO@I@DS

 

I@ DBZVDS@ HDEONOCOANDS !

Dn sdntoha gdndr`i, i` dbprds` ds i` bàs cabûn y canst`ntd `ctovoh`h arg`noz`h` par di sdr mub`na, i` cu`i, onvaiucr` un cankunta hd tr`f`ka ho`roa, i`far cabûn, dseudrza pdrsan`i a caidctova d onvdrsoands p`r` iagr`r un eon hdtdrbon`ha. ! Zar diia, rdsuit` buy obpart`ntd qud tah` pdrsan` qud ds p`rtd hd un` dbprds` (y` sd` prapo` a na) a qud podnsd dbprdnhdr un`, canazc` cuài ds i` hdeonocoón hd dbprds`, p`r` qud tdng` un` ohd` ci`r` `cdrc` hdycuàids san sus c`r`ctdrâstoc`s fàsoc`s, euncoands, afkdtovas didbdntas qud i` cabpandn.

 

HDEONOCOÓN HD DBZVDS@, SDGÛN HOUDVSAS @TXAVDS; !

Voc`rha Vabdra, `utar hdi iofra "B`rldtong", hdeond i` dbprds` caba "di arg`nosba earb`ha par pdrsan`s, fodnds b`tdro`ids, `spor`coands y rd`ioz`coands cabunds p`r` h`r s`tose`ccoands ` su ciodntdi`’

 

Sdgûn Kuioa G`rcâ` y Crostóf`i C`s`nudv`, `utards hdi iofra "Zràctoc`s hd i` Gdstoón Dbprds`ro`i", hdeondn i` dbprds` caba un` "dntoh`h qud bdho`ntd i` arg`noz`coón hd didbdntas mub`nas, b`tdro`ids, tïcnocas y eon`ncodras praparcoan` fodnds a sdrvocoas ` c`bfoa hd un prdcoa qud id pdrbotd i` rdpasocoón hd ias rdcursas dbpid`has y i` cansdcucoón hd unas afkdtovas hdtdrbon`has" hdtdrbon`has"

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Z`r` Sobón @nhr`hd, `utar hdi iofra "Hoccoan`roa hd

Dcanabâ`", i` dbprds` ds "`qudii` dntoh`h earb`h` can un c`pot`i saco`i, y qud `p`rtd hdi prapoa tr`f`ka hd su prabatar pudhd cantr`t`r ` un codrta nûbdra hd tr`f`k`hards. Su prapósota iucr`tova sd tr`hucd dn `ctovoh`hds onhustro`ids y bdrc`ntoids, a i` prdst`coón hd sdrvocoas’. sdrvocoas’.

 

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Di Hoccoan`roa hd B`rldtong, hd Cuitur`i S.@., hdeond ` i` dbprds` caba un` "unoh`h dcanóboc` hd prahuccoón, tr`nsearb`coón a

prdst`coón hd sdrvocoas, cuy` r`zón hd sdr ds s`tose`cdr un` ndcdsoh`h dxostdntd dn i` sacodh`h"

Di Hoccoan`roa hd i` Vd`i @c`hdbo` Dsp`ðai`, dn un` hd sus hdeonocoands bdncoan` qud i` dbprds` ds un` "unoh`h hd arg`noz`coón hdhoc`h` ` `ctovoh`hds onhustro`ids, bdrc`ntoids a hd prdst`coón hd

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sdrvocoas can eonds iucr`tovas"

 

C@V@CXDVÂSXOC@S HD I@S DBZVDS@S; I` dbprds` ds un cankunta hd e`ctards hd prahuccoón; !

Onst`i`coands y fodnds hd dquopa

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Xdcnaiagâ`

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Vdcursas mub`nas

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Mdrr`bodnt`s voncui`h`s ` i` cabdrco`ioz`coón y di b`rldtong Vdcursas eon`ncodras

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Dndrgâ`

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B`tdro`s prob`s

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I` dbprds` todnd eonds u afkdtovas hdeonohas par di dbprds`roa;

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B`xoboz`coón hdi fdndeocoa B`xoboz`coón hdi v`iar hd i` dbprds`

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Crd`coón hd dbpida (Caapdr`tov`s hd tr`f`ka)

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Sdrvocoa pûfioca

 

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Ias e`ctards hd i` dxostodnha dbprds` dstàn caarhon`has dntrd sâ, sodbprd; !

Tn` arg`noz`coón !

Tn` hordccoón Tn` paiâtoc` Tn` dstr`tdgo`

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I` dbprds` ds un sostdb`

Dstà cabpudst` par un cankunta hd didbdntas a sufsostdb`s ontdrrdi`coan`has dntrd sâ qud tr`t`n hd caarhon`rsd p`r` `ic`nz`r di afkdtova giaf`i.

 

XOZAS HD DBZVDS@S;

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I` topaiagâ` hd i` dbprds` sd pudhd dst`fidcdr sdgûn hostontas crotdroas, qud pudhdn cabfon`rsd dntrd sâ; !

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Sdgûn su t`b`ða; Zdqudð`s, bdho`n`s y Gr`nhds. ! Sdgûn su `ctovoh`h;

Sdctar prob`roa (@grocuitur`, g`n`hdrâ`, pdsc`, bondrâ`, dtc.) !

Sdctar sdcunh`roa (Onhustro` tr`nsearb`har` dn gdndr`i) !

Sdctar tdrco`roa (Sdrvocoas).

 

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Sdgûn su àbfota hd `ctu`coón;

N`coan`ids, buiton`coan`ids d Obpart`har`s/Dxpart`har`s. Sdgûn su earb` kurâhoc`; Onhovohu`i (Di totui`r ds un` pdrsan` eâsoc`) !

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Saco`i (Di totui`r ds un` pdrsan` kurâhoc`).

   

;   FÀSOC@S HD I@S DBZVDS@S XV@NSEAVB@HAV@S XV@NSEAVB@HA V@S _ HD ZVDSX@COÓN HD SDVUOCOAS. C`r`ctdrâstoc`s hd i`s dbprds`sC`r`ctdrâstoc C`r`ctdrâstoc`s `s hd i`s dbprds`s hd tr`nsearb`har`s

hd sdrvocoas - Fronh`Zrdst`coón ` sus ciodntds fodnds ont`ngofids

- Di prahucta na sd pudhd rdvdnhdr. Na Ds tr`nsedrofid. Di prahu prahucta ctant`roa na sdhd pu pudhd dhd rdvdn rdvdnhdr hdr Dxostd onvd onvdnt`roa pra prahucta hucta eon eon`i `i - Na dxostd onvdnt`roa hd prahucta eon`i. Di «prahucta¼ sd gdndr` dn di onst`ntd Ds b`s sdn sdncoiia coiia bdho bdhorr i` c`ioh`h hd h`r di sdrvocoa. Cansu Cansuba ba y prahu prahuccoón ccoón san - I` bdhocoón bdhocoón hd i` c`ioh`h c`ioh`h ds b`s sobuitàndas. sufkdtov` . Dxostd tr`n tr`nspartd spartd hd pra prahucta hucta eon eon`i `i - Na dxostd tr`nspartd hd prahucta eon`i,

- Fodn Fodnds ds t`ng t`ngofid ofidss -

hd ias `gdntds qud fronh`n di - Castd d dss ci`vd dn i` iac`io iac`ioz`coón z`coón Sona sdrvocoa. - Ds b`s sdn sdncoiia coiia dst`n dst`nh`roz` h`roz`rr - I` iac`ioz` iac`ioz`coón coón hdpdnhd hdpdnhd hd hd i` - F`ka ca cant`cta nt`cta can di ciod ciodntd ntd apartunoh`h. - Ontdn Ontdnsovas sovas d dn n c`p c`pot`i ot`i

- @ita cant`cta cant`cta can can di ciodntd ciodntd - F`k` utoioz`coón hd c`pot`i y `it` hd rdcursas mub`nas

 

XOZAS HD DBZVDS@S; ZVAZAVCOÓN HD I@ @ZAVX@COÓN HD I@S DBZVDS@S _@ SD@ DN ZVAHTCXA A DN SDVUOCOA, SDGÛN IAS HOEDVDNXDS ÀBFOXAS HD @CXOUOH@H.  

Zrahuctas

Sdrvocoas

@utabóvoids Arhdn`hards Vdst`ur`ntds hd caboh` ràpoh` Vdst`ur`ntds tr`hocoan`ids Vdp`r`coón hd vdmâcuias Maspot`ids @gdnco`s hd Zufiocoh`h Eanhas hd onvdrsoón 0::%

74%

4:%

64%

:%

0::%

74%

4:%

Zarcdnt`kd hd Zrahucta

Zarcdnt`kd hd Sdrvocoa

 

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I` dbprds` NA ds un dntd `osi`ha y sobpid, sona qud dstà sukdt` ` eudrtds, cabpidk`s y honàboc`s ontdrrdi`coands can su dntarna.

Iar`ngd (0?=:) hobdnsoands dsdnco`ids dn i` tab` hd hdcosoands qudohdntoeoc` `sdgurdnhas i` cabpdtotovoh`h y supdrvovdnco` hd i` dbprds`; Di pracdsa hd gdndr`ioz`coón `h`pt`tov`, qud prdp`r` i` dbprds` p`r` i` `h`pt`coón ` euturas c`bfoas hdi dntarna.

Di pracdsa hd dspdco`ioz`coón `h`pt`tov`, qud `kust` ontdrn`bdntd ` i` dbprds` p`r` i`s canhocoands hd supdrvovdnco` dn di dntarna `ctu`i. Hdi `capi`bodnta `hdcu`ha hd `bf`s, pudhd hdhucorsd di ïxota dbprds`ro`i `ctu`i y i` supdrvovdnco` eutur` hd i` dbprds`. dbprds` .

I@ DBZVDS@ _ ST DNXAVNA

 

IAS SOSXDB@S DCANÓBOCAS _ I@ DBZVDS@ !

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Dxostdn hovdrsas topas hd sostdb`s dcanóbocas, pdra tahas diias sd dncudntr`n dntrd dstas has dxtrdbas;

i. Di sostdb` hd iofrd bdrc`ha, b drc`ha, dn di cu`i tah`s i`s dbprds`s sd sabdtdn ` i` cabpdtdnco`, tab`n sus prapo`s hdcosoands y todndn sus prapoas afkdtovas.

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6. Di sostdb` hd dcanabâ` cdntr`ioz`h`, dn di cu`i tah`s i`s dbprds`s sd dncudntr`n sabdtoh`s ` i` `utaroh`h hdi Dst`ha, di cu`i ontdrvodnd dn sus hdcosoands, ydst`t`ids. todndn caba afkdtova pi`n prdvosta par i`s `utaroh`hds Dstd ds di c`sacubpior hd i`s di dcanabâ`s tat`ibdntd pi`noeoc`h`s obpdr`ntd dn ias p`âsds can rdgâbdnds cabunost`s, `ctu`ibdntd dn er`nca hdciovd hdciovd a dxtoncoón hdfoha ` praf`h` ondeoc`co` bastr`h` par di bosba (`ntogua bahdia savoïtoca, p`rco`ibdntd bahdia `ctu`i cmona a tat`ibdntd bahdia narcard`na `ctu`i)

 

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Dn Accohdntd, i` b`yar p`rtd hd i`s dbprds`s san prov`h`s y sd dncudntr`n sabdtoh`s ` un sostdb` hd iofrd bdrc`ha dn di qud

m`n hd m`cdr erdntd ` i` cabpdtdnco`. Dn di sostdb` hd dbprds` prov`h` di ïxota y di er`c`sa hdpdnhdn hd i` c`p`coh`h qud sd tdng` p`r` cansdguor i` `cdpt`coón hd ias cansubohards erdntd ` ias cabpdtohards. I` cabpdtdnco` `sdgur` qud, ` i`rga pi`za, i`s dbprds`s qud s`tose`g`n i`s hdb`nh`s hd ias cansubohards tdng`n ïxota y qud `qudii`s qud na ia m`g`n hds`p`rdzc`n y sd`n rddbpi`z`h` rddbpi`z`h`s. s.

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Di p`pdi hdi bdrc`ha dn i` deoc`co` hdi sostdb` dcanóboca ds hd un` dnarbd obpart`nco`. obpart`nco`. Su «b`na onvosof onvosofid¼ id¼ (@h`bhd Sbo Sbotm, tm, 0775) `sdgur` qud sóia i`s bdkards dbprds`s safrdvov`n, b`ndr` sdbdk`ntd `i baha dn di qud ias sostdb`s dcaiógocas g`r`ntoz`n i` pdredccoón hd i`s hostont`s dspdcods, dxostodnha, `sâ, un` Xdarâ` Dcaiógoc` hd i`s Arg`noz`coands Arg`noz`coands..

 

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I@ B@NA ONUOSOFID HD I@ DBZVDS@

Dn proncopoa, cu`iquodr pdrsan` qud ndcdsotd un prahucta, pahrâ` cansdguoria `cuhodnha ` c`h` una hd ias e`ctards hd prahuccoón ndcds`roas p`r` di`far`ria, pdra can diia sd oncurrorâ` dn unas castds supdroards qud so ontdrvodnd i` arg`noz`coón dbprds`ro`i, par ia qud, un` hd i`s r`zands hd qud i` dbprds` sustotuy` ` i`s tr`ns`ccoands hdi bdrc`ha ds, par t`nta, qud ïst`s cabpart`n unas castds supdroards.

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Atr` r`zón ds qud ias `gdntds hospandn hdhd tah` onearb`coón ndcds`ro`, par saco`ids ia qud, sona prdsconhodr`n i` i` dbprds`, oncurrorâ`n dn un` sdrod hd rodsgas qud sd dvot`n can I@ ’B@NA UOSOFID HD I@ DBZVDS@‒ i` ontdrvdncoón hd ds` arg`noz`coón dn i` qud sd rdûndn i`s ndcds`ro`s dxpdrodnco`s, m`foioh`hds, canacobodntas y c`p`coh`hds.

 

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I` dbprds` dst`fidcd rdi`coands dntrd ias `gdntds dcanóbocas dn sustotucoón hdi bdrc`ha. @ctû` caba un ontdrbdho`roa, ca can n ia qud di nûbdra hd rdi`coands sd rdhucd, ia qud m`cd qud sd`n t`bfoïn bdnards ias castds hd tr`ns`ccoón. Hanhd di bdrc`ha euncoan` bdkar qud i` dbprds`, ïst` na dxostd. So dxostdn has dbprds`s dn cabpdtdnco` y un` ia m`cd bdkar qud i` atr`, dst` ûitob` todnhd ` hds`p`rdcdr.

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IAS HDVDCMAS ONHOUOHT@IDS _ I@ ONXDVUDNCOÓN HD IAS ZAHDVDS ZÛFIOCAS !

Di sostdb` hd dbprds` prov`h` sd sustdnt` dn un` sdrod hd hdrdcmas hd ias couh`h`nas, caba di hdrdcma hd prapodh`h prov`h`, di hdrdcma ` i` aftdncoón hd iucra a fdndeocoas, di hdrdcma ` i` iofdrt`h hd didccoón, a di prapoa hdrdcma ` un` cabpdtdnco` mandst`.

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Son dbf`rga, ias pahdrds pûfiocas ontdrvodndn dn i` dcanabâ`, ia cu`i, dn `igunas c`sas, supand un` iobot`coón hd ias hdrdcmas y

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i`s iofdrt`hds onhovohu`ids. Cu`nha di Dst`ha ontdrvodnd dn i` dcanabâ`, pudhd m`cdria can afkdtovas paiâtocas, dstroct`bdntd saco`ids, a dcanóbocas.

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Ias proncop`ids afkdtovas hd i` ontdrvdncoón hd ias dntds pûfiocas dn i` dcanabâ` san ias soguodntds;

 

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Zratdgdr ias hdrdcmas y iofdrt`hds hd i`s pdrsan`s.

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Zrahucor fodnds y sdrvocoas hd ontdrïs pûfioca (hdedns` n`coan`i, vâ`s hd tr`nspartd, dhuc`coón, dtc.). Vdgui`r i`s `ctovoh`hds dcanóboc`s, can narb`s rdi`tov`s ` i` hdedns` hd i` cabpdtdnco` (dvot`nha i`s `ctovoh`hds banapaiost`s), ` i`s `ctovoh`hds hd i`s dntoh`hds eon`ncodr`s, ` i` dxostdnco` hd un s`i`roa bânoba, dtcïtdr`.

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Zrabavdr i` dst`foioh`h y di crdcobodnta dcanóbocas.

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Aerdcdr `yuh`s hordct`s ` pdrsan`s qud i`s prdcos`n par r`zands hd s`iuh, dh`h, hdsdbpida, dtc.

 

I@ AVODNX@COÓN SACO@I HD I@ DBZVDS@ !

Sdgûn ias bahdrnas dneaquds hd gdstoón, (Bahdia DEPB), sd sdð`i` i` ndcdsoh`h y i` canvdnodnco` hd qud i`s dbprds`s oncarpardn afkdtovas qud e`vardzc`n di fodndst`r hd i` sacodh`h.

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Di prafidb` ds qud i`s `ctovoh`hds arodnt`h`s saco`ibdntd, ` proaro, gdndr`n castds y rdhucdn i` rdnt`foioh`h y i`s pasofoioh`hds hd crdcobodnta hd i` dbprds`.

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Dvohdntdbdntd, sdrâ` hdsd`fid qud i`s dbprds`s dstuvodr`n arodnt`h`s saco`ibdntd, pdra, p`r` cansdguoria y qud sd` hd baha qud i` c`rg` sd rdp`rt` dntrd tah`s dii`s, m` hd m`cdrsd hd baha obpdr`tova y gdndr`ioz`ha.

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Na afst`ntd, par su prapoa ontdrïs, dn ac`soands i`s dbprds`s oncarpar`n afkdtovas saco`ids onciusa `ntocopànhasd ` i`s prapo`s hdb`nh`s hd i` sacodh`h. (Bahdia caapdr`tova hd eabdnta hdi dbpida)) dbpida

 

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@hdbàs, i`s dbprds`s, tr`t`nha hd aptoboz`r i` cansdcucoón hd sus afkdtovas dcanóbocas, hds`rraii`n `ctovoh`hds qud cantrofuydn `i fodndst`r fodndst`r saco`i. Zar dkdbpia, p`r` pahdr p`g`r sust`ncoasas hovohdnhas, dn i`s dbprds`s sd onvdstog`, sd hds`rraii`n nudv`s tdcnaiagâ`s, sd dstuho` di bdrc`ha p`r` hdtdct`r pasofids hdsdas y ndcdsoh`hds qud ias cansubohards tah`vâ` na tdng`n cufodrtas, sd hds`rraii`n nudvas prahuctas

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p`r` s`tose`cdrias y sd crd` roqudz` y dbpida. Euncoan`nha can dcanabocoh`h, deoc`z y deocodntdbdntd, i`s dbprds`s cantrofuydn `i fodndst`r saco`i.

 

XDAVÂ@S SAFVD I@ DBZVDS@

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Hdi bosba baha qud q ud na dxostd un` hdeonocoón ûnoc` hd i` dbprds`, t`bpaca dxostd un` tdarâ` gdndr`i `cdpt`h` par tahas, sona un cankunta hd tdarâ`s c`h` un` hd i`s cu`ids ontdnt` dxpioc`r di euncoan`bodnta hd i` dbprds` hdshd un punta hd vost` hoedrdntd.

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Tn` tdarâ` hd i` dbprds` ds un cankunta sostdbàtoca hd rdgi`s, idyds y proncopoas qud ontdnt`n dxpioc`r su euncoan`bodnta.

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I`s proncop`ids tdarâ`s vogdntds san;

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Xdarâ` ndaciàsoc`

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Xdarâ` hd i` `gdnco`

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Xdarâ` hd ias castds hd tr`ns`ccoón

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Xdarâ` hd ias hdrdcmas hd prapodh`h. prap odh`h.

 

XDAVÂ@ NDACIÀSOC@ Ias dcanabost`s ndaciàsocas cansohdr`n qud i` dbprds` ds un bdc`nosba qud sd sotû` dntrd di bdrc`ha hd e`ctards (fodnds onoco`ids) y di bdrc`ha hd prahuctas y sdrvocoas (fodnds eon`ids) y su `ctu`coón cansostd dn cabfon`r ias e`ctards p`r` tr`nsearb`rias dn prahuctas a sdrvocoas. ! F`ka dst` tdarâ`, i` dbprds` ds un` ’c`k` ndgr`‒ afsdrv`fid par sus cabpart`bodntas dxtdrnas dn di bdrc`ha, pdra son dntr`r ` `n`ioz`r ia qud acurrd dn su ontdroar. Na tr`t` hd dxpioc`r di euncoan`bodnta euncoan`bodnta rd`i hd i`s dbprds`s. !

 

XDAVÂ@ HD I@ @GDNCO@ !

Dst` tdarâ` cancofd ` i` dbprds` caba un cankunta hd rdi`coands hd `gdnco`.

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I` rdi`coón hd `gdnco` ds un cantr`ta dn di cu`i un` a bàs pdrsan`s quodnds sd hdnabon` proncop`i) `i sdrvocoa hd atr` u (` atr`s (di `gdntd) p`r` qud cubpi`rdcurrdn un` t`rd` dn su nabfrd, ia qud obpioc` hdidg`r `igun` `utaroh`h.

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Di cubpiobodnta hd dst` rdprdsdnt`coón, na rdeidk`, dn i` b`yarâ` hd ias c`sas, eodibdntd ias hdsdas hdi proncop`i.

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Dst` earb` hd cabpart`bodnta obpioc` qud ias `gdntds tr`t`ràn hd `pravdcm`r ias e`iias qud tdng`n ias cantr`tas can di proncop`i, par ia cu`i `p`rdcdn unas castds hd `gdnco`.

 

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X`ids castds san hd trds topas;

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Castds dxpiâcotas hd vogoi`nco` y cantrai hdi proncop`i `i `gdntd.

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Castds dxpiâcotas hd `tdncoón hdi `gdntd `i proncop`i p`r` qud dstd b`ntdng` su caneo`nz`.

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Castds hd apartunoh`h pravac`has par i`s hovdrgdnco`s hd ontdrïs, dntrd di proncop`i y di `gdntd.

 

XDAV V @ HD HD IAS IAS CAS CASXDS XDS HD XDA XV@NS@CCOÓN !

I` tdarâ` hd ias castds hd tr`ns`ccoón pi`ntd` i` hosyuntov` dntrd i` `sogn`coón hd rdcursas vâ` bdrc`ha y i` rd`ioz`h` par i` dbprds`. Sd tr`t`, dn hdeonotov`, hd rdspanhdr ` i` prdgunt` safrd i` r`zón par i` cu`i, dn un` dcanabâ` hd bdrc`ha, surgd i` dbprds` caba pracdhobodnta hd caarhon`coón hd i` `ctovoh`h dcanóboc` `itdrn`tov` `i sostdb` hd prdcoas.

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I` dbprds` na rd`ioz` un` supi`nt`coón hdi bdrc`ha caba sostdb` hd `sogn`coón, sona qud id sustotuyd cu`nha di sostdb` dbprds`ro`i pudhd cansdguor un` `sogn`coón bàs deocodntd qud di prapoa bdrc`ha. So di bdrc`ha rd`i euncoan`r` son castds, pahrâ` c`rdcdr hd sdntoha i` dxostdnco` hd pracdhobodntas `itdrn`tovas hd `sogn`coón caba di dbprds`ro`i. Zdra i` utoioz`coón hdi sostdb` hd prdcoas cabpart` oncurror dn un` sdrod hd castds hd cansdcucoón hd onearb`coón, hd ndgaco`coón, hd cantr`t`coón y hd bdhocoón, qud sd rdhucdn sust`nco`ibdntd `i utoioz`r di sostdb` dbprds`ro`i. I` dbprds` na crdcd oiobot`h`bdntd parqud iidg` un babdnta dn di qud ias castds hd caarhon`coón hdbdrc`ha. i`s `ctovoh`hds dn di ontdroar hd i` dbprds` supdr`n ` ias castds hd tr`ns`ccoón hdi

XDAVÂ@ HD IAS HDVDCMAS HD ZVAZODH@H

 

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I` tdarâ` cantr`ctu`i hd i` dbprds`, a tdarâ` hd ias hdrdcmas hd prapodh`h, sd dncudntr` buy iog`h` ` i` tdarâ` hd ias castds hd tr`ns`ccoón pdra, ` hoedrdnco` hd ïst`, cansohdr` ` i` dbprds` caba un cankunta hd cantr`tas foi`tdr`ids, y na hd rdi`coands hd `utaroh`h.

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Di hdrdcma ` i` prapodh`h prov`h` ds una hd ias didbdntas eunh`bdnt`ids dn ias qud sd f`s` di sostdb` hd dcanabâ` hd bdrc`ha. Ias prapodt`roas hd ias onputs hd prahuccoón pahrâ`n cdhdrias hordct`bdntd ` ias cansubohards son i` ontdrbdho`coón hd i` dbprds`.

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Dst` `p`rdcd cu`nha ias prapodt`roas hd ias e`ctards hd prahuccoón dn vortuh hd un `rrdgia cantr`ctu`i sd ias cdhdn ` un `gdntd cdntr`i cuy` euncoón ds horogor y cantrai`r di pracdsa hd prahuccoón, sustotuyïnhasd `sâ i` «b`na onvosofid¼ hdi bdrc`ha par i` ’b`na vosofid‒ hdi dbprds`roa.

 

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@ hoedrdnco` hd i` pdrspdctov` hd i` tdarâ` hd i` eorb`, qud cansohdr` ` i` dbprds` caba un` c`k` ndgr`, f`ka i` pdrspdctov` cantr`ctu`i i` dbprds` sd cancofd caba un sostdb` hd c`k` «tr`nsp`rdntd¼ dn i` qud sd dedctû` un` supdrpasocoón hd e`ctards prahuctovas arg`noz`has tïcnoc`bdntd, tr`s i` cu`i dxostd un` arg`noz`coón hd pdrsan`s qud hdtdnt`n i` prapodh`h hd ias bosbas.

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Zar diia, di rdsuit`ha dbprds`ro`i na sóia hdpdnhd hd i` earb` hd dxpiat`coón hd un`s pasofoioh`hds eâsoc`s, h`h` un` tdcnaiagâ` y un novdi hd canacobodntas, sona qud t`bfoïn hdpdnhd hdi sostdb` hd cantr`tas y hd hdrdcmas hd prapodh`h f`ka di qud apdrd i` dbprds`.

 

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Tn sostdb` ds un cankunta hd didbdntas ontdrrdi`coan`has dntrd sâ y can di sostdb` giaf`i, qud todnd unas afkdtovas.

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Ias didbdntas pudhdn sdr hd cu`iquodr topa; pudhdn sdr afkdtas (un` bàquon`, par dkdbpia), pdrsan`s (un` e`boio`), ohd`s (un

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sostdb` eoiasóeoca), dtc. Dstructur`ibdntd un sostdb` sd pudhd hovohor dn p`rtds, pdra euncoan`ibdntd ds onhovosofid, dn di sdntoha hd qud so sd hovohd sd podrhdn `igun`s hd sus prapodh`hds dsdnco`ids.

 

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Zar un` p`rtd, un sostdb` gaz` hd prapodh`hds qud na sd dncudntr`n dn nonguna hd sus didbdntas (di batar hd un `utabóvoi `osi`ha na pudhd tr`nspart`r ` n`hod hd un iug`r ` atra) y, par atr` p`rtd, di pdrtdndcdr ` un sostdb` pudhd patdnco`r a hosbonuor i` c`p`coh`h hd c`h` didbdnta (un fudn batar hd un `utabóvoi sorvd hd fodn paca bodntr`s na sd id onst`id dn di sostdb` `hdcu`ha< `h dcu`ha< so sd id onst`i` dn un c`boón pudhd qud dstd sostdb` na euncoand). I` dbprds`un` ds un sostdb` `fodrta< un sostdb` qud rdcofd hd su dntarna sdrod hd onputs a dntr`h`s (b`tdro`ids, eanhas eon`ncodras, onearb`coands) y qud dnvâ` ` su dxtdroar atr` sdrod hd autputs a s`ioh`s hd hovdrsa topa.

 

I@ DBZVDS@ CABA SOSXDB@ !

So i`s s`ioh`s gdndr`h`s par i` dbprds` sd `p`rt`n hd codrtas iâbotds, cabodnz` un pracdsa hd rdtra`iobdnt`coón, a eddh f`cl, par di cu`i sd bahoeoc`n i`s dntr`h`s m`st` cansdguor qud i`s s`ioh`s sd `kustdn ` ias iâbotds hdsd`has.

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Di prapoa sostdb` sd `h`pt` y `utacantrai` p`r` cansdguor sus afkdtovas. hd atradbprds`; baha, dii`sos sostdb` tdb` hd ds cantrai sd dncudntr` Hocma dn i` prapo` dbprds` un sostdb` `utarrdgui`ha, ds hdcor, un sostdb` dn di qud sd prahucd mabdast`sos.

 

I@ DBZVDS@ CABA SOSXDB@ !

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Sdgûn sd` i` earb` hd rd`ioz`r i`s `grup`coands, ds pasofid hostonguor dn i` dbprds` hoedrdntds topas hd sufsostdb`s, qud, ` su vdz, sd cabpart`n dn sâ bosbas caba sostdb`s.

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I`s proncop`ids `grup`coands san i`s soguodntds; I` probdr` hostongud, sdgûn sd m` sdð`i`ha `ntdroarbdntd, dntrd di sostdb` pracds`har hd onputs dn autputs y di sostdb` hd cantrai.

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I` sdgunh` hostongud dntrd di sufsostdb` mub`na, di sufsostdb`

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b`tdro`i, di sufsostdb` tdcnaiógoca y di sufsostdb` hd onearb`coón. I` tdrcdr` hoscodrnd dntrd di sufsostdb` hd eiukas eâsocas, di sufsostdb` hd eiukas eon`ncodras y di sufsostdb` hd eiukas hd onearb`coón.

 

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C`h` una hd diias, ` su vdz, canstotuyd un sostdb` dn di cu`i sd pudhdn hostonguor atras sufsostdb`s; Di probdra ds `qudi par di cu`i corcui`n eiukas hd b`tdro`s b`tdr o`s prob`s, prahuctas sdbodi`far`has, prahuctas tdrbon`has qud sd hostrofuydn ` ias ciodntds, dtc., y dstà earb`ha par ias sufsostdb`s hd prahuccoón y hd b`rldtong.

Dn di sdgunha sd tr`nsearb` `marra dn onvdrsoón b`tdro`ioz`h` dn c`pot`i prahuctova y sd dncudntr` ontdgr`ha par di sufsostdb` hd eon`nco`coón (dn di qud sd aftodndn ias bdhoas eon`ncodras) y par di sufsostdb` hd onvdrsoón (dn di qud dsas bdhoas sd b`tdro`ioz`n dn onvdrsoands prahuctov`s). ! Di tdrcdr sufsostdb` ds di hd hordccoón, qud `ctû` safrd ias atras has y qud, ` su vdz, sd dncudntr` earb`ha euncoan`ibdntd par ias sufsostdb`s hd pi`noeoc`coón, arg`noz`coón, hordccoón prapo`bdntd hocm` a gdstoón, y cantrai.

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I@ DBZVDS@ CABA SOSXDB@

 

I@ CABZDXOXOUOH@H HD I@ DBZVDS@ !

I` nacoón hd cabpdtotovoh`h surgd f`ka i` pdrspdctov` hd

tr`t`r hd cansdguor y b`ntdndr un` hdtdrbon`h` vdnt`k` hdcosov` qud pdrbot` sastdndr un` hdtdrbon`h` pasocoón dn di dntarna sacoadcanóboca dn di qud `ctû` i` dbprds`. !

I` cabpdtotovoh`h ds t`bfoïn un` dxogdnco` hd ias grupas a caidctovas can ontdrdsds a ontdrds`has dn i` arg`noz`coón dbprds`ro`i; ! !

Ias `ccoanost`s

Di dquopa hordctova

Ias dbpid`has Ias subonostr`hards y ias ciodntds !

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I` `hbonostr`coón pûfioc`

 

I@ DSXVTCXTV@ HDI B@VCA CABZDXOXOUA Dxostdn hovdrsas novdids ` i` mar` hd hdeonor di b`rca; ! Tn novdi earb`ha par i` prapo` dbprds` ! Di sdctar dn di qud `ctû` i` dbprds` ! Di àrd` a c`hdn` hd `ctovoh`hds dbprds`ro`ids `eonds ! Di dntarna gdagràeoca !

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Di dntarna giaf`i

 

I@ DBZVDS@ DN DI DKD HD I@ CABZDXOXOUOH@H Di euncoan`bodnta hd i` arg`noz`coón dbprds`, cansostd dn cabfon`r hd b`ndr` `hdcu`h` i`s ohd`s y ias rdcursas, ia cu`i obpioc` hdshd un` pdrspdctov` dbprds`ro`i dbprds`ro`i `bpio`, caarhon`r i` dstr`tdgo` y i` dstructur` hd i`s arg`noz`coands. ! I` dstr`tdgo` sd canearb` caba di cankunta hd ohd`s qud, p`rtodnha hdi eon u afkdtova giaf`i hd i` arg`noz`coón, sd cancrdt` dn i` hdeonocoón hd ias prahuctas, ias bdrc`has, tdcnaiagâ` y su bahus apdr`nho. apdr`nho. !

 

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I` dstructur` san ias didbdntas qud sd b`ndk`n ` tr`vïs hd i` dstr`tdgo`; san ias rdcursas y bdhoas p`r` hds`rraii`r i` dstr`tdgo`.

 

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Di `nàiosos hdi sdctar sd cdntr` dn di dstuhoa hdsd`n i` bdhoh` dn qud dbprds`s c`p`cds hd atr`s rddbpi`z`rnas caba eudntd hd subonostra, sustotuor nudstr` prahuccoón can prahuctas `itdrn`tovas a `bdn`z`r nudstr` pasocoón `ctu`i par i` hdshd oncarpar`coón hd nudvas subonostr`hards sdctards `eonds. !

DI SDCXAV

 

DI ÀVD@ A C@HDN@ HD DBZVDS@S CAN @CXOUOH@HDS @EONDS !

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Dn tarna ` un` b`tdro`, prahucta a `ctovoh`h sd `rtocui`n `grup`coands hd dbprds`s earb`nha hostrotas onhustro`ids. Dn gdndr`i pudhd hdcorsd qud p`r` qud sd pudh` b`tdro`ioz`r un hostrota onhustro`i, sd hdfdn rdunor i`s soguodntds c`r`ctdrâstoc`s. Dn di zan` dxostdn un grupa hd pybds qud sd hdhoc`n ` `ctovoh`hds onhustro`ids cabpidbdnt`ro`s. Su prahuccoón sd vdnhd sobuitànd`bdntd `i bdrc`ha hd earb` hordct` y ` atr`s onhustro`s caba onsuba hd ïst`s. Dxostdny `cudrhas hd cai`far`coón dxpiâcotas adn tàcotas dntrd dii`s a dntrd ïst`s un` onhustro` proncop`i ` dst`fidcdrsd i` zan`. M`y cannat`coands saco`ids obpart`ntds dn i` zan` hanhd h anhd m` hd ufoc`rsd di hostrota onhustro`i.

 

DI ÀVD@ A C@HDN@ HD DBZVDS@S CAN @CXOUOH@HDS @EONDS

 

DI DNXAVNA GDAGVÀEOCA !

I` dbprds` na pudhd cansohdr`rsd caba un dntd `utónaba sona qud `hdbàs hd ias e`ctards `saco`has ` su dbpi`z`bodnta a àrd` onhustro`i pdrobdtr`i, hdfdn cansohdr`rsd e`ctards rdi`coan`has can su dntarna gdagràeoca dn un sdntoha bàs `bpioa. @i pi`ntd`r i` vdnt`k` cabpdtotov` hd i`s n`coands, Zartdr (0??:) cansohdr` i` dxostdnco` hd ia qud hdnabon` ’di ho`b`ntd‒ earb`ha par cu`tra didbdntas; !

 

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I`s canhocoands hd ias e`ctards (hospanofoioh`h y castd hd ias rdcursas ndcds`roas p`r` i` `ctovoh`h)

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I`s canhocoands hd i` hdb`nh`.

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I` dstructur`, dstr`tdgo` y rov`ioh`h hd i`s dbprds`s. Ias sdrvocoas candxas y hd `paya.

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DI DNXAVNA GIAF@I !

Di ûitoba novdi, soguodnha di rdcarroha m`co` eudr`, qud c`h` vdz todnd un` hobdnsoón bàs `bpio` d ontdns`, hdfoha eunh`bdnt`ibdntd `i ednóbdna hd ontdrn`coan`ioz`coón hd i` `ctovoh`h dcanóboc`.

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Dn dstd novdi, i`s canhocoands ` dstuho`r san;

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I`s canhocoands gdndr`ids hd i` dcanabâ`

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I` tdcnaiagâ`

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I` paiâtoc`, di pdns`bodnta y i` sacodh`h

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I` n`tur`idz` y ias mdcmas eartuotas

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I` `ctovoh`h dbprds`ro`i dn atr`s àrd`s

 

I@S F@VVDV@S HD DNXV@H@ _ HD S@IOH@ !

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Ias fdndeocoas qud un` dbprds` aftodnd dn un hdtdrbon`ha sdgbdnta hdi dntarna hdpdnhdn dn gr`n bdhoh` hdi gr`ha hd hoeocuit`h qud todnd p`r` pahdr dntr`r a s`ior hd un c`bpa hd `ctovoh`h.

So i` pasofoioh`h hd dntr`r pacas cabpdtohards dn un bdrc`ha ds f`k`, ds bàs praf`fid qud ias y`nudvas prdsdntds pudh`n m`cdr fudnas ndgacoas dn ïi. Zar atra i`ha so i` dbprds` todnd hoeocuit`hds p`r` s`ior hd un bdrc`ha a rdcanhucor su `ctovoh`h, tdnhrà bàs afstàcuias p`r` m`cdr fudnas ndgacoas dn ïi.

 

I@ VOU@IOH@H DNXVD DBZVDS@S

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I` rov`ioh`h dntrd cabpdtohards dstà dn gr`n bdhoh` hdtdrbon`h` par i` dxostdnco` hd f`rrdr`s hd dntr`h`. Son cabpdtohards y` dn prdsdntds dniucm` un bdrc`ha, vdndbf`rga, dnvuditasias pdrb`ndntdbdntd un` hur` par i` sd cuat` hd bdrc`ha, qud ` bdnuha `bdn`z` i` prapo` rdnt`foioh`h hd un` dbprds` onhovohu`i a i` hd un bdrc`ha a sdctar dn gdndr`i.

 

E@CXAVDS DN I@ VOU@IOH@H DNXVD DBZVDS@S Ias soguodntds soguodntds e`c e`ctards, tards, `n `n`ioz` `ioz`has has par M`x y B`kiue (0?=8) h`n un un` ` ohd` hd i`s `bdn`z`s y apartunoh`hds dxostdntds dn un hdtdrbon`ha c`bpa hd `ctovoh`h;; `ctovoh`h   !"##$#"% '"#" $()#"#* !

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  @39"03:": $()#$ ,-.'$)3:-#$%* ,-.'$)3:-#$%*

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  1#$,3.3$()- :$0 %$,)-#

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