S3a12 - Seminario de Investigacion

 

 AH^FRFNAN 15 LAUHI ^JIUFHI

Buknaljktis nj Kjmihfis Fktjrkahfikadjs

 

KJMIHFIX FK^JUKAHFIKADJX

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

FK^UINZHHFØK Jshuhgar giy jk nìa sierj da rjspiksaefdfnan, pujnj quj kis hikbuknalis hik rjspjhti ad tfpi njd huad privfjkj jsa rjbjrjkhfa, njefni a quj jxfstjk nfstfktis tfpis, sfk jlearmi, jd jkb jkbiquj iquj quj quj utf utfdfz fzar arjl jlis is sjr jráá jd nj kjmi kjmihf hfis is,, jk sf nj da dass jlpr jlprjs jsas as hik hik rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad.

Xf efjk ki jxfstj uka njbfkfhføk ÿkfha sierj jd sjktfni nj da rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad jlprjsarfad, pir di mjkjrad sj jktfjknj quj js jd hilprilfsi quj anqufjrj uka jlprjsa nj fnjktfbfhar y anlfkfstrar nj lakjra rjspiksaedj sus rjdahfikjs j flpahtis nj haráhtjr  sihfad, jhikølfhi y alefjktad. Da UXJ js uk halpi rjdatfvaljktj kujvi0 da ahtfvfnan jk sf sj fkfhfa nuraktj da næhana nj dis kivjkta hili hiksjhujkhfa nj da mdieadfzahføk, jk  partfhudar da nfslfkuhføk njd pritjhhfikfsli y hiktridjs muejrkaljktadjs sierj jd sjhtir   prfvani, y da njshikbfakza hrjhfjktj nj da sihfjnan hfvfd jk jd pinjr jlprjsarfad.

Da rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad quj tfjkjk das jlprjsa u ir irmakfzahføk makfzahføk hik da sihfjnan js uk tjla hasf kujvi, sj jlpfjza jk Jstanis Zkfnis jk da næhana nj dis :3¾s. Jsti para gahjr  ljkhfikjs nj das irmakfzahfikjs quj ki sidi vjk i sj prjihupak jd nfkjri, sfki talefæk  pir kisitris hili sihfjnan, kujstri alefjktj quj kis rinja y jd efjk mjkjrad, hik rjspjhti rjspj hti a di quj flpahtj nfhga jlprjsa u irmakfzahføk.

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

HIK^JKFNI? Hapìtudi 1 1?? LJOIUAKNI J JD D AL ALEFJK^J NJ NJK^UI NJ NJ D DI IX K KJ JMIHFIX

5

 Aspjhtis nj da rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad alefjktad

5

Ujspiksaefdfnan sihfad jlprjsarfad? razikjs y ieojtfvis

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Hapftudi 5?

Biljkt kta akn kni i dda aU Uj jspi spiksaefdfnan A Al lefjktad j jk k ddi is K Kj jmihf hfi is ZKA RFXFØK NJD BZ^ZUI JLSUJXAUFAD

: 2

Hapftudi 8?

LAU@J^FKM JHIDØMFHI!9

6

Bujktjs

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HASÌ^ZDI 1

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

LJOIUAKNI JD ALEFJK^J NJK^UI NJ DIX KJMIHFIX Da Ujspiksaefdfnan sihfad alefjktad js da hikhfjkhfa hidjhtfva para ljoirar jd lukni, da huad sj hidiha nj birla hili uka nj das kujvas tjknj tjknjkhfas, khfas, jktrj das pjrsikas quj njsjak ljoirar das hiknfhfikjs ahtuadjs jk jd lukni. Xj hikihj hili rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad alefjktad a da sjrfj nj ahhfikjs y jsbujrzis quj ddjvak a haei das jlprjsas para hilpatfefdfzar sus ahtfvfnanjs hiljrhfadjs y hirpiratfvas hik da prjsjrvahføk njd ljnfialefjktj, asì hili nj dis jktirkis jk dis quj ipjrak. Jsti sj njej a quj da prjihupahføk pir jd ljnfialefjktj sj ga hikvjrtfni jk uki nj dis puktis jstratæmfhis y nj flpahti ljnfátfhi jk jstis tfjlpis. Xf ki hufnalis jd pdakjta, das hiksjhujkhfas pujnjk sjr njvastaniras y jk eÿsqujna nj prjsjrvardi, sj jkhujktrak nfstfktis livflfjktis jk nfstfktis áleftis nj da vfna gulaka. Da rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad jlprjsarfad sik das ahhfikjs viduktarfas ddjvanas a haei pir uka jlprjsa para ljoirar jd lukni, jspjhfadljktj njsnj uka pjrspjhtfva sihfad y ljnfialefjktad. Js luy flpirtaktj tjkjr jk hujkta quj sj trata nj ahhfikjs quj sik ddjvanas a haei nj birla viduktarfa. Js njhfr, vak lás addá nj da djy. Jxfstjk hfjrtas djyjs quj iedfmak a das jlprjsas a rjadfzar ahhfikjs quj ljoirak jd lukni.hik Sirdisjojlpdi, das jlprjsas jsták iedfmanas djy a pamar  hfjrtis flpujstis quj sj bfkakhfak dis sjrvfhfis pÿedfhis. pir Xfk jlearmi, jd ahti ahti nj pa pama marr fl flpu pujs jsti tiss ki pu pujn jnj j sjr sjr hiks hiksfn fnjr jran ani i hili hili uka uka ahhf ahhføk øk nj rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad jlprjsarfad, ya quj js admi quj tfjkjk quj gahjr nj birla iedfmatirfa pir djy. Sir jsi, rjsudta buknaljktad hikhfjkhfarkis y hikhfjkhfar a dis quj kis rinjak nj da flpirtakhfa nj dis pjqujñis mjstis y ahhfikjs hitfnfakas, dis huadjs, pjsj a quj qu j jk ap aparf arfjk jkhf hfa a pa pasak sak nj njsap sapjrh jrhfe fefn fnis is,, a da darmi rmi pdaz pdazi i an anqu qufj fjrj rjk k uk pa papj pjdd flpi flpirt rtak aktj tj.. Jk ku kujs jstr tras as la laki kiss jstá jstá ap apdfdfha harr y jk jksj sjña ñarr a das das sfmu sfmufj fjkt ktjs js mjkjr mj kjrah ahfi fikj kjss a rj rjhf hfhd hdar ar,, a utfd utfdfz fzar ar ljkis ljkis pa papj pjd,d, a ddddjv jvar ar eids eidsas as nj tj tjda da ad supjrljrhani, jktrj itras ahhfikjs, pujs kujstri jojlpdi js sfk nuna da ljoir  rjbjrjkhfa. V sfhik jstas das trasdanalis ad sjhtir jlprjsarfad, jkhiktralis das eujkas pidìtfhaspráhtfhas nj rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad alefjktad, quj sikkis su lakuad nj ahtuahføk para hufnar jd pdakjta.

Aspjhtis nj da rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad alefjktad Da rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad alefjktad talefæk pujnj jktjknjrsj hili jd hilprilfsi quj anqufjrjk das hilpañìas para prjsjrvar y hufnar jd ljnfi alefjktj. Jd ieojtfvi js jvaduar tinis dis rjhursis katuradjs quj da jlprjsa utfdfza para da hrjahføk nj sus prinuhtis i sjrvfhfis, pir jojlpdi, jd amua da jkjrmìa jdæhtrfha i das latjrfas prflas quj sj utfdfzak para jd jleadaoj, jktrj itris. Nj gjhgi, jd fktjræs nj das jlprjsas pir jd ljnfi alefjktj jstá luy rjdahfikani hik das njlaknas nj dis hiksulfnirjs. Hana vjz js lás hilÿk quj sus hdfjktjs

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

sjak pjrsikas hik —hikhfjkhfa alefjktad“, js njhfr, quj tfjkjk uk jstfdi nj vfna jk jd quj sj prjihupak pir jd ljnfialefjktj y ad rjadfzar sus hilpras hitfnfakas jxfmjk quj dis prinuhtis i dis sjrvfhfis quj rjqufjrjk sj ahipdjk a su birla nj pjksar y nj vfvfr. Sir jd hiktrarfi, sf uka jlprjsa ddjva a haei ahhfikjs pisftfvas para da sihfjnan i jd ljnfialefjktj hili uk añanfni lás ad hulpdflfjkti iedfmatirfi nj da djy, jktikhjs sì quj sj pinrá hiksfnjrar hili uk jojlpdi nj rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad jlprjsarfad. Sir jojlpdi, jstarìalis gaedakni nj ahhfikjs nj rjspiksaefdfnan sihfa sih fadd jl jlpr prjs jsarf arfad ad jk di diss ha hasi siss nj uk uka a jl jlprj prjsa sa qu quj j nj njst stfk fkj j pa part rtj j nj sus ejkjb ej kjbfh fhfi fiss a rj rjbi birj rjst star ar ár árjas jas abjht abjhtan anas as pi pirr fk fkhj hjkn knfi fis, s, i jk jd ha hasi si nj uk uka a jlprjsa quj njstfkj partj nj sus ejkjbfhfis ejkjbfhfis a da prjstahfø prjstahføk k nj ejhas nj jstunfi para pjrsikas sfk rjhursis. Jk aleis hasis, sj tratarìa nj nis ahhfikjs quj vak lás addá nj da iedfmahføk djmad nj da djy, js njhfr, hikstftuyjk uka ahhføk sihfad añanfna, di quj hiktrfeuyj a ljoirar jd vadir añanfni nj da jlprjsa jk partfhudar.

Ujspiksaefdfnan sihfad jlprjsarfad? razikjs y ieojtfvis Jxfstjk nfbjrjktjs litfvis pir di quj das jlprjsas pujnjk iptar pir rjadfzar  ahhfikjs nj rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad jlprjsarfad. Sir di mjkjrad, haej njstahar nis litfvis buknaljktadjs?  

Da jlprjsa hili litir sihfad? Jd prfljri y jd lás flpirtaktj nj tinis, js quj da jlprjsa hiktrfeuyj a ljoirar jd lukni jk uki nj dis aspjhtis jspjhìbfhis jk dis quj hidaeira nj jsa ahhføk sihfad. Jsti sj njej a quj, aukq au kquj uj jd li litftfvi vi irfmf irfmfka kadd nj hu huad adqu qufj fjrr jl jlprj prjsa sa sja sja da ietj ietjkh khfø føk k nj ejkjbfhfis, das jlprjsas talefæk hikstftuyjk amjktjs sihfadjs hapahjs nj pril priliv ivjr jr hale halefi fiss pi pisf sftftfvi viss i kj kjma matftfvi viss jk da sihf sihfjn jnan an y jd lj ljnf nfi i alefjktj. Nj jstj lini, njtjrlfkanas jlprjsas sj hikhfejk a sì lfslas hili litirjs sihfadjs para jd halefi. Jsti partj nj da prjlfsa nj quj, hana jlprjsa, anjlás nj eushar jd ejkjbfhfi, talefæk sj fnjktfbfha hik njtjrlfkanis vadirjs, prfkhfpfis liradjs i fnjas quj vak lás addá nj da nfljksføk jhikølfha nj da jsbjra nj da ahhføk jlprjsarfad. Nj jstj lini, pirr jojl pi jojlpd pdi, i, uk uka a jl jlpr prjs jsa a qu quj j baer baerfq fquj uj ri ripa pa,, pi pinr nrá á fl flpd pdjl jljk jkta tar  r  njtjrlfkanas ahhfikjs quj jstæk rjdahfikanas hik su ahtfvfnan y hik dis vadirjs jk dis quj hrjj hili hilpañìa. Sir jojlpdi, uka jlprjsa quj baerfquj ripa, pujnj tilar da fkfhfatfva nj rjadfzar halpañas nj rjhimfna nj ripa usana para ayunar a das pjrsikas kjhjsftanas. I talefæk pinrìa ddjvar a haei halpañas nj rjhimfna nj ripa usana hik jd ieojtfvi nj rjhfhd rjh fhdar ar jst jstis is tjofni tjofniss para lfk lfkflf flfzar zar su flp flpaht ahti i ljn ljnfia fialef lefjkt jktad ad jk da baerfhahføk nj sus prinuhtis. Jstratjmfa nj bfnjd Jstratjmfa bfnjdfzahf fzahføk? øk? Sir itri dani, anjlás njd prfljr litfvi quj ddjva djva a das das jl jlpr prjs jsas as a tila tilarr ahhf ahhfik ikjs js nj rj rjsp spik iksa sae efdf fdfna nan n si sihf hfad ad jlprjsarfad, jkhiktralis itri lás quj ljrjhj da pjka ljkhfikar, quj js

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

da hapahfnan quj jstj tfpi nj ahhfikjs tfjkjk para bfnjdfzar a njtjrlfkanis pÿedfh pÿe dfhis. is. Hil Hili i hiks hiksulf ulfnir nirjs, js, hana hana pjr pjrsik sika a tal talefæ efæk k sj fnj fnjktf ktfbfh bfha a hik njtjrlfkanis vadirjs, prfkhfpfis liradjs i fnjas. Nj jstj lini, ad saejr  quj kujstras ahhfikjs hili hiksulfnirjs abjhtak ad lukni quj kis ri rinja nja,, nf nfrf rfmf mfli liss kujs kujstr tri i hi hiks ksul uli i a aq aqujd ujddi diss pr prin inuht uhtis is qu quj j lá láss sj fn fnjk jktftfbfbfha hak k hi hik k ku kujst jstris ris va vadi dirj rjs. s. Sir Sir jojl jojlpd pdi, i, uk uka a pjrsi pjrsika ka qu quj j jstæ jstæ hikhfjkhfana hik da hiktra jdyladtrati js luy prieaedj quj eusquj prinuhtis njduhga adfljktahføk ripa qujakflad, ki abjhtjk kjmatfvaljktj a dis akfladjs. Nj jsta birla, js luy prieaedj quj jvftj jd hiksuli nj ripa y hilpdjljktis baerfhanis hik hujri, i js luy prieaedj quj, ad gahjr da hilpra, hil pra, sjd sjdjhh jhhfik fikj j prinuht prinuhtis is vjm vjmjta jtarfak rfakis is i vjm vjmaki akiss i jvf jvftj tj hil hilprar  prar  gujvis nj maddfka quj saej quj gak jstani jkoaudanas. Nj jsta lakjra, nfrfmfrá su hiksuli a aqujddis prinuhtis i sjrvfhfis nj jlprjsas quj jstæk jk hikhirnakhfa hik jstj tfpi nj vadirjs. Jsti, hili js katurad, anjlás nj mjkjrar uk flpahti pisftfvi jk jd lukni talefæk mjkjra uk flpahti jhikølfhi jk da jlprjsa. Nj jst jstj j lini, lini, das jlpr jlprjsa jsass puj pujnjk njk bfbfnjd njdfza fzarr a njt njtjrlf jrlfkan kanis is hdfjkt hdfjktjs js mrahf mr ahfas as a su suss pr prinu inuht htis is.. Js Jsti ti sj vj vjrá rá rjb rjbirz irzani ani hi hik k da dass ahhf ahhfik ikjs js nj rjsp rj spik iksa saef efdfdfna nan n sihf sihfad ad jl jlpr prjs jsar arfa fad,d, qu quj j ki kirl rlad adlj ljkt ktj j jsta jstará rák k jk hiksikakhfa hik jstj tfpi nj hdfjktjs. Hiktfkuakni hik jd jojlpdi nj uka jlprjsa quj baerfquj ripa dferj nj hujri y apta para pjrsikas vjmakas, js luy prieaedj quj jsta jlprjsa pujna ddjvar ddjvar ahhfik ahhfikjs js nj rjspiks rjspiksaefdfn aefdfnan an sihfad jlprjsarfad jk jstj álefti, pir jojlpdi, njstfkakni partj nj sus ejkjbfhfis jk halpañas a bavir njd efjkjstar akflad, i ddjvakni a haei halpañas nj aniphføk nj akfladjs quj gak subrfni ladtrati.

Biljktakni da Ujspiksaefdfnan Alefjktad jk dis Kjmihfis Giy jk nìa js flpirtaktj pjksar jk jd buturi njd lukni nj uka birla hikoukta, njktri nj das jlprjsas pinjlis njtjrlfkar quj ahhfikjs sik las flpirtaktjs, huadjs pinjlis ddjvar tilar a haeipara y huadjs pinjlis fkhjktfvar, pir tiljlis di takti gay ahhfikjs quj sj njejk partfhfpar sja huad sja jd árja, jk hujkta das sfmufjktjs? Hilukf Hilu kfha hahf hføk øk.. Ak Aktj tjss nj fl flpd pdjl jljkt jktar ar hu huad adqu qufj fjrr lj ljnf nfna na jhi jhidø dømf mfha ha js fl flpi pirt rtak aktj tj mj mjkj kjrar rar uk jspa jspahf hfi i nj nf nfád ádim imi i hik ti tinas nas da dass ár árja jass nj da jlprjsa, ya quj sik jddas qufjkjs nìa a nìa hikvfvjk hik das sftuahfikjs nj pitjkhfad halefi.  Afrj dflpfi. Xj njej hiktar hik uka eujka hfrhudahføk njd afrj para jvftar da ahuludahføk nj sustakhfas tøxfhas mjkjranas pir dis aparatis jdæhtrfhis0 uka eujka fnja sjrìa da fkstadahføk nj Oarnfkjs Rjrtfhadjs Katuradjs, dis huadjs ayunak a mjkjrar ixìmjki y lás.

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

 Agirri nj jkjrmìa Jdæhtrfha. Zka eujka fkvjrsføk sjrìa da hidihahføk nj Sakjdjs Bitividtafhis, asì sj mjkjrarìa jkjrmìa jdæhtrfha pir ljnfi njd sid y gaerìa uka rjnuhhføk nj histis hiksfnjraedj. Ujnuhfr. Ujnuhhføk njd hiksuli js jd prfljr pasi y jd lás flpirtaktj para nfslfkufr da gujdda jhidømfha. Ujutfdfzar. Hiksfstj jk ki njsjhgar tini aqujddi quj pujnj tjkjr uk sjmukni usi nfbjrjktj a da fkfhfad, js adarmar da vfna ÿtfd nj uk prinuhti. Ujhfhdar. Da rjutfdfzahføk nj nfvjrsis latjrfadjs hili das gioas nj papjd, flprflfr pir aleas haras i sidi huakni sja kjhjsarfi, jth..  Anqufrfr prinuhtis prinuh tis jhidømfhis. Xupdfr dis artìhudis nj ibfhfka, fkhduyjkni dis tj tjhk hkid idøm ømfh fhis, is, hi hik k pri prinu nuht htis is nj la latj tjrf rfad adjs js rj rjhf hfhd hdan anis is i hi hik k admuk admuka a hjrtfbfhahføk jhidømfha.  Árjas Rjrnjs. ^jkjr uka Azitja Rjrnj erfkna varfis ejkjbfhfis, uk jojlpdi js quj rjmudar da tjlpjratura fktjrfir, di huad rjnuhj mastis jk sfstjlas nj vjktfdahføk. ^rakspirtj. Srilivjr a sus jlpdjanis jd usi nj trakspirtj adtjrkatfvi hili da efhfhdjta, jd trakspirtj pÿedfhi i jd harri hilpartfni. Jstas sik admukas ahhfikjs hik da quj sj pujnj jlpjzar jd halefi alefjktad, y aÿk gay luhgas iphfikjs pir aprivjhgar. Hana vjz lás jlprjsas traeaoak para hiksulfr ljkis jkjrmìa y prjsjrvar dis rjhursis katuradjs.

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

HASF^ZDI 5 ZKA RFXFØK NJD BZ^ZUI JLSUJXAUFAD Da Ujspiksaefdfnan Xihfad Alefjktad (UXA) js giy luhgi lás quj uka fkfhfatfva nj rjhfhdaoj i nj hiksjrvahføk nj da jkjrmìa. Xjr uka Jlprjsa Alefjktadljktj Ujspiksaedj (JAU) js hiksfnjrar tinis dis flpahtis jhidømfhis quj mjkjrak da prinuhhføk y ipjrahføk nj da jlprjsa. ^ini Anlfkfstranir Jlprjsas nfrfoa uka irmakfzahføk, fknfstfktaljktj njd talañi y njd árja anj quj æsta sj quj njnfquj, njej irfjktarsj a uk jkbiquj nj —Jlprjsas Rjrnjs i Dflpfas“, niknj tilj ad alefjktj hili jdjljkti flprjshfknfedj para jd njsarriddi nj sus ahtfvfnanjs. Jstj jkbiquj asjmurará a das mjkjrahfikjs buturas su hrjhflfjkti, sfjkni uka hiknfhføk flprjshfknfedj para dis sfstjlas nj prinuhhføk njd sfmdi WWF. ¹Sir quæ js flpirtaktj da práhtfha nj da Ujspiksaefdfnan Xihfad Alefjktad9, da tjknjkhfa ahtuad nj das jlprjsas sj easa jk jd njsarriddi sistjkfedj jk aspjhtis alefjk ale fjktad tadjs, js, ad huad gahj rjb rjbjrjk jrjkhfa hfa Xtj Xtjpga pgak k Xhglfn Xhglfngjf gjfky, ky, prjsfnjk prjsfnjktj tj nj da Buknahføk Avfka-Xufza? —Das Hilpañìas prøspjras jk uk lukni sistjkfedj sjrák das quj supjrjk a sus hilpjtfnirjs jk hikhjnjr jspjhfad flpirtakhfa a tinis sus mrupis nj fktjr fktjrjsanis, jsanis, ki sødi a hdfjktjs hdfjktjs y jlpdja jlpdjanis nis sfki talef talefæk æk bavirjhfjkn bavirjhfjkni i ad ljoiralfjkti nj su jktirki alefjktad“ (hursfva njd autir) (Zdda, 5338, p.17). Hana nìa sj hiljtjk atrihfnanjs i —asjsfkatis“ alefjktadjs jk jd lukni, quj njsjkhanjkak uka sjrfj nj priedjlas sihfijhikølfhis y sj panjhjk sus jbjhtis nj birla ljnfata j fkljnfata. Dis jbjhtis nj da fknustrfadfzahføk sik hana vjz lás vfsfedjs y, sfk jlearmi, luhgas jlprjsas ki gahjk di subfhfjktj para rjvjrtfr  jsta hirrfjktj nj njstruhhføk, a saefjknas nj quj js jd buturi quj njoak a sus gfois (uk lukni hiktalfkani y hik pihas pisfefdfnanjs nj njsarriddi). Sjri ki tini js kjmatfvi, admukas irmakfzahfikjs ukjk sus jsbujrzis j flpdjljktak jsttrat js ratjmfas para ljoir ira ar jd jktirki alefjkt kta ad, jsták sik Jlprj rjssas  Alefjktadljktj Ujspiksaedjs (JAU), ki sødi pir hulpdfr kirlas ourìnfhas, sfki pir da hikhfjkhfa nj ljoirar das ahtfvfnanjs prinuhtfvas, eushakni adtjrkatfvas tjhkidømfhas niknj jd flpahti alefjktad sja rjnuhfni a su lìkfla jxprjsføk. Jd hikhjpti nj rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad sj ga tilani nj birla luy eásfha, js njhf nj hfr, r, sj ga jkbi jkbiha hani ni i dflf dflfta tani ni pr prfk fkhf hfpa padl dljk jktj tj a da sidu siduhf hføk øk nj admu admuki kiss priedjlas sihfadjs hili jnuhahføk, nrimas, pierjza, jktrj itris, y jk latjrfa alefjktad sik pihis dis jsbujrzis. Xfk jlearmi, hana nìa sj gahj lás kjhjsarfa da práhtfha nj Ujspiksaefdfnan Xihfad Alefjktad (UXA). Da Ujspiksaefdfnan Xihfad  Alefjktad (UXA) sj pujnj jktjknjr hili jd hikoukti nj ljhakfslis nj njsarriddi dflpfi apdfhanis pir das jlprjsas pÿedfhas i prfvanas, para lfkflfzar  su flpahti ad ljnfi alefjktj jk jd jspahfi niknj njsarridda sus ahtfvfnanjs nj prinuhhføk, hiktrfeuyjkni asì a ljoirar da hadfnan nj vfna nj dis gaeftaktjs nj dis adrjnjnirjs. adrjnj nirjs. A pjsar nj dis anjdaktis dimr dimranis anis jk huakti a da Ujspiksaef Ujspiksaefdfnan dfnan Xihfad, jxfstjk jlprjsas quj sj rjsfstjk a da fnja nj quj uki nj dis ieojtfvis irmakfzahfikadjs njejrìa sjr hiktrfeufr ad njsarriddi y primrjsi njd sjhtir niknj

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

njsjlpjña sus ahtfvf njsjlpjña ahtfvfnanjs nanjs y, sjkhfd sjkhfddaljkt daljktj, j, sj apiyak jk jkbiqu jkbiqujs js hili jd nj Brfjnlak (167>) quj abfrla? —Jk uka jlprjsa dferj, jk uk sfstjla nj pripfjnan prfvana, prfvan a, uk jojhut jojhutfvi fvi hirpiratfv hirpiratfvi i js uk jlpdj jlpdjani ani nj dis pripfjtarf pripfjtarfis is njd kjmihf kjmihfi. i. Jd tfjkj tfjkj uka rjspiks rjspiksaef aefdfn dfnan an nfr nfrjht jhta a hik sus patriki patrikis. s. Jsa rjsp rjspiks iksaef aefdfn dfnan an hiksfstj jk nfrfmfr da jlprjsa hikbirlj a sus njsjis, dis huadjs mjkjradljktj hiksfstfrák hiksfst frák jk makar takti nfkjri hili sja pisfedj hikbirláknisj hikbirláknisj a da vjz a das rjmdas eásfhas sihfjnan,ætfhas…“ aqujddas(Lfdtik fkhirpiranas jk das djyjs y aqujddas fkhirpiranas jk nj das da histulerjs jk Xudearák, 166:, p. 587). Js kjh kjhjsa jsarf rfi i ddddal alar ar a da rjb rjbdj djxf xføk øk a jl jlprj prjsar sarfi fis, s, jl jlpd pdja jani nis, s, jst jstun unfa fakt ktjs js y hilukfnan jk mjkjrad, quj tjkmak vìkhudis hik da ahtfvfnan prinuhtfva para quj tiljk hikhfjkhfa y pikmak jk práhtfha adtjrkatfvas tjhkidømfhas para lfkflfzar jd mravj nañi quj sj dj jstá gahfjkni ad pdakjta. Ejkjbfbfhf Ejkj hfis is nj da Uj Ujsp spik iksa saef efdfdfna nan n Xi Xihf hfad ad Al Alef efjk jkta tadd (UXA (UXA)) Das Das jlpr jlprjs jsas as hilpril hil priljtf jtfnas nas hik da apd apdfha fhahfø hføk k nj Ujspik Ujspiksae saefdf fdfnan nan Xih Xihfad fad Al Alefj efjkta ktadd (UXA) (UXA) ietfjkjk ejkjbfhfis takti huadftatfvis hili huaktftatfvis. Jd Hjktri Jlprjsarfad nj Fkvjrsføk Xihfad (533>) ljkhfika admukis? —auljkti njd rjknflfjkti jhikølfhi y bfbfka kakhf khfjri jri,, rj rjnuh nuhhf hføk øk nj his histi tiss nj pr prinu inuhh hhfø føk, k, lj ljoi oirr ha hadfdfnan nan nj pr prinu inuht htis is,, auljkta da rjputahføk“5 (p. >). Xfk jlearmi, jxfstjk itris ejkjbfhfis quj sik flpirtaktjs nj njstahar? a) Ujk Ujknfl nflfjk fjkti ti jhikølfhi jhikølfhi y bfbfkakh kakhfjr fjri. i. Jstunf Jstunfis is hil hilpruj prujeak eak quj das jlprjsas hik práhtfhas nj Ujspiksaefdfnan Xihfad ietjkìak tasas nj rjtirki a sus fkvjrsfikjs luy supjrfirjs a das jxpjhtatfvas. Sara pinjr pi njr jst jstfl flar ar di diss rj rjknf knflf lfjkt jktis is jsp jspjra jranis nis nj uk uka a jl jlprj prjsa sa,, sj rjadfzak akádfsfs sierj das prjvfsfikjs nj vjktas, mastis y ejkjbfhfis. e) Ujn Ujnuhh uhhføk føk nj histi histiss nj pri prinuhh nuhhføk føk.. Da prá práhtf htfha ha nj UXA dimra eao eaoar  ar  histis sfmkfbfhatfvaljktj, rjnuhfjkni mastis j flprinuhtfvfnan0 pir  jojlpdi, jd rjhfhdaoj pujnj mjkjrar fkmrjsis jxtras, jd hiktrid nj njsjh nj sjhgis gis,, usi jbfh jbfhfj fjkt ktj j nj da jk jkjrm jrmìa ìa,, nf nfsp spis isfh fhfø føk k nj rj rjsf sfnu nuis is (mastis jdjvanis paraej jdkjbf lakjoi nj disd, njsjhgis latjrfadjs pjdfdfmri pj mrisis sis) ) y, hi hili li ejkj bfhf hfi i anf anfhf hfika ikad, lj ljoi oira ra danjha hadf dfnan nan nj njdd prinuhti bfkad. h) Au Aulj ljkt kta a da rj rjpu puta tahf hføk øk j fl flam amjk jk nj da la larh rha. a. Hilÿ Hilÿkl kljk jktj tj dis dis hiksulfnirjs sj fkhdfkak gahfa das jlprjsas y prinuhtis hik uka rjhikihfna rjputahføk, pir jddi hana nìa lás irmakfzahfikjs iptak pir apd apdfha fharr ljnfna ljnfnass nj Ujspiksa Ujspiksaefd efdfna fnan n Xih Xihfad fad Alefjk Alefjktad tad.. Jk di hilÿ hi lÿk k jd pÿ pÿed edfh fhi i ipt ipta a pi pirr pr prin inuht uhtis is hi hik k ad adti ti rj rjhi hikih kihfl flfj fjkt kti i y rjputahføk. n) Atra Atrahh hhfø føk k nj fkvj fkvjrs rsfi fikj kjss (h (hap apftftad ad). ). Da Dass jl jlpr prjs jsas as qu quj j ap apdfdfha hak k ljnf lj nfna nass nj Ujspi Ujspiksa ksaef efdfdfna nan n Xi Xihf hfad ad Al Alef efjk jkta tadd tftfjk jkjk jk ahhj ahhjsi si a hapftad quj nj itri lini pujnj   sjr luy nfbìhfd. Anjlás, jstj tfpi nj jlprjsas sik atrahtfvas a dis fkvjrsfikfstas pir sus prieaefdfnanjs nj hrjhflfjkti.

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

j) Ejk Ejkjbf jbfhfi hfiss bfshad bfshadjs. js. Das pis pisfef fefdfn dfnanjs anjs nj jxi jxikjra kjrahfø hføk k nj flp flpujst ujstis is sik layirjs para jstj tfpi nj jlprjsas, asì hili da ietjkhføk nj ejkjbf ejk jbfhfi hfiss hik jktfna jktfnanjs njs bfkakhf bfkakhfjras jras y jlp jlprjsa rjsass nj sjmuris sjmuris.. Jd Jstani vjkjzidaki prjvæ das hiktrfeuhfikjs nj dis partfhudarjs y jlprjsas a priyjhtis hili njsmraváljkjs a dis flpujstis. Xjmÿk da Hikstftuhføk nj da Ujpÿedfha Eidfvarfaka nj Rjkjzujda, art. 138 —…Das hiktrfeuhfikjs nj disljnfi partfhudarjs a priyjhtis primralas jnuhatfvis pÿedfhis a kfvjd y ukfvjrsftarfi sjrákyrjhikihfnas hili hi li njsm njsmrav ravál áljk jkjs js ad fl flpu pujst jsti i si sier erj j da rjkta rjkta sj sjmÿk mÿk da dj djyy rjspjhtfva“. b) Jst Jstflu fluda da da fkki fkkivah vahføk føk y da hilpj hilpjtft tftfvf fvfnan nan gahfa gahfa jd nfsj nfsjñi ñi y hrjah hrjahføk føk nj kuj kujvis vis pri prinuht nuhtis, is, sjrvfhf sjrvfhfis is y prih prihjsi jsiss alefjk alefjktad tadljk ljktj tj lás sakis. m) Aul uljk jktti nj da sjm jmur urfn fnan an daeir aeirad ad y nfslf fslfku kuhf hfø øk nj rf rfjs jsm mis a jkbjrljnanjs. Luhgas jlprjsas jsták njoakni nj pjrhfefr jstis ejkjbfhfis, ad ki apdfharda UXJ i UXA, anjlás nj das eiknanjs jhikølfhas jhikøl fhas y sihfad sihfadjs js quj jsti rjprjsj rjprjsjktarì ktarìa a para su irmakfz irmakfzahføk, ahføk, gahfæknida hana nìa lás hilpjtftfva y jstaedj.

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

HASF^ZDI 8 LAU@J^FKM JHIDØMFHI!9 Js prieaedj quj a dahulpda gira njhfjrtis njhfnfrtj a hilprar uk prinuhti flpirtaktj para tf quj su baerfhahføk rjqufsftis nj rjspjti pir jdsja ljnfialefjktj. Qufzás gayas iìni gaedar njd —lar`jtfkm jhidømfhi“ i —lar`jtfkm vjrnj“, quj kahj, prjhfsaljktj, njrfvani nj jsta kujva hirrfjktj nj hiksulfnirjs —vjrnjs“. Das hilpañì hil pañìas as pik pikjk jk jk larhga larhga das jst jstrat ratjmf jmfas as nj lar lar`jt `jtfkm fkm jhid jhidømf ømfhi hi nj nis lakjras nfbjrjktjs. Zka nj jddas sj hjktra jk jd árja hiljrhfad y jlprjsarfad y gahj rjbjrjkhfa a dis prihjsis nj hrjahføk nj dis prinuhtis. Da bfkadfnan js pikjr jk larhga das ljnfnas ipirtukas para ki nañar ad ljnfi alefjktj y hiljrhfadfzar uk prinuhti i uk sjrvfhfi bfkad quj ki hrjj kfkmÿk tfpi nj hiktalfkahføk, quj ki mjkjrj njspjrnfhfis y quj sj gaya hrjani iptflfzakni rjhursis. Da itra jstratjmfa njd lar`jtfkm jhidømfhi sj hjktra jk jd árja sihfad, js njhfr, sj prilujvjk fkfhfatfvas para hikhfjkhfar a su pjrsikad fktjrki y a sus hdfjktjs jxtjrkis nj da kjhjsfnan nj pritjmjr y hufnar jd ljnfi alefjktj. Jk jstj hasi jkhik ikttral ralis a F@ F@JA JA,, uki uki nj di diss jo jojl jlpd pdis is nj rjsp rjspik iksa saef efdf dfna nan n si sihf hfad ad alef al efjk jkta tad, d, js uka nj das jlprjsas quj jk da ahtuadfnan lás sj asihfa ad hikhjpti nj rjspiksaefdfnan sihfad alefjktad js da ludtfkahfikad F@JA. Nj gjhgi, da jlprjsa sujha ddjva luhgis añis hilpriljtfna hik jstratjmfas sistjkfedjs. Da rjspi rjspiksa ksaed edj j nj sistj sistjkf kfef efdfdfna nan n nj F@ F@JA JA Fe Feær ærfh fha, a, Ljrhj Ljrhjnjs njs Mutf Mutfærr ærrjz jz,, ga jxpdfhani quj aprivjhgak da sistjkfefdfnan para —fkkivar, traksbirlar kujstri kjmihfi, kjmihf i, ljoira ljoirarr das fkvjrsfikjs y njshue njshuerfr rfr kujvas ipirtukfnanjs ipirtukfnanjs hiljrh hiljrhfadjs“ fadjs“.. Dis rjsudtanis nj jsta jstratjmfa gaedak pir sì sidis? da jlprjsa vjknfø >2,6 lfddikjs nj juris jk 5318 jk siduhfikjs sistjkfedjs para jd gimar. Da hdav hdavj, j, sj sjmÿ mÿk k ap apuk ukta ta Mu Muttfærr færrjz jz,, rj rjsf sfnj nj jk —r —ril ilpj pjrr jd lf lftti nj quj da sistjkfefdf sistjk fefdfnan nan js uk duoi“. Nj gjhgi, sj hadhuda quj jk tini jd lukni dis hdfjktj hdfjktjss nj F@JA hilprarik 15 lfddikjs nj eilefddas djn quj ayunarik, jk su hikoukti, a agirrar 72 lfddikjs nj juris jk sus rjhfeis nj jdjhtrfhfnan. Sjri da ludtfkahfikad sujha ki js da ÿkfha jlprjsa hik uka jstratjmfa nj lar`jtf lar` jtfkm km jhi jhidøm dømfhi fhi.. Jxf Jxfstj stjk k itr itras as fmuadl fmuadljkt jktj j jxf jxftis tisas as jk jst jstj j asp aspjht jhti, i, pir  jojlpdi, da hilpañìa jstaniukfnjksj Jkvføk, da brakhjsa HftfMrjjk, da larha hadfbirkfaka hadfb irkfaka nj tjoani tjoaniss Xjmdjt Xjmdjt,, dis ljrhanis hilukf hilukftarfis tarfis nj Xtir`E Xtir`Eri`jrs, ri`jrs, jktrj itras.

 

UJXSIKXAEFDFNAN HILI SFDAU NJK^UI NJ DA XIHFJNAN

 Asì pujs, hiksjmufr uk lukni lás sistjkfedj y lás hufnani js tarja nj tinis. Hana uki jk da ljnfna nj kujstras pisfefdfnanjs y nj kujstra rjspiksaefdfnan, jlpj jl pjza zak kni pi pirr kujs kujsttra vfna vfna hi hitf tfnf nfak aka a y hi hikt ktam amfa fakn kni i jd rj rjsp spjt jti i pi pirr jd ljnfialefjktj. V sfjlprj hik uk bfk y uk ieojtfvi hilÿk? traeaoar para njoar uk pdakjta vjrnj y sadunaedj a dis quj vfjkjk tras kisitris.

Bujktjs gttps?//www.jxpi`kjws.hil/hasi-nj-jxfti-nj-rsj-f`ja/ gttps?//www.rjspiksaefdfnansihfad.kjt/da-rjspiksaefdfnan-sihfad-quj-js-njbfkfhfikhikhjpti-y-tfpis/ |gttps?//www.jh gttps?//www.jhidimfavjrn idimfavjrnj.hil/rjsp j.hil/rjspiksaefdfna iksaefdfnan-sihfad-jlp n-sihfad-jlprjsarfad-joj rjsarfad-jojlpdislpdis- 1=3>.gtld gttps?//mjkjrahfikvjrnj.hil/edim/alefjktad/ gttps?//mjkjrahfikvjrnj.hil/ edim/alefjktad/ahhfikjs-biljkta ahhfikjs-biljktar-da-rjspiks r-da-rjspiksaefdfnanaefdfnan-   alefjktad-uka-jlprjsa/ gttps?//www.mjstfipidfs.hil/irf gttps?//www.mjstfipid fs.hil/irfmjkjs-y-ejkjbfhf mjkjs-y-ejkjbfhfis-nj-da-rj is-nj-da-rjspiksaefdfn spiksaefdfnan-sihfad-jkan-sihfad-jkljxfhi/   ljxfhi/ gttps?//www.rjspiksaefdfnansihfad.kjt/rjspiksaefdfnan-sihfad-jlprjsarfad-rsj-quj-jsnjbfkfhfik-ejkjbfhfis-y-jojlpdis/ gttps?//edim.ixbalfktjrlik.irm/rjspi gttps?//edim.ixbalfktj rlik.irm/rjspiksaefdfnan-sihf ksaefdfnan-sihfad-alefjkt ad-alefjktad-da-hikhfjkhfa ad-da-hikhfjkhfa--  hidjhtfva-para-ljoirar-jd-lukni/ gttps?//www.sgipfby.hil.lx/jkhfhdipjnfa/lar`jtfkm-jhidimfhi

gttps?//www.hjljbf.irm/jsr/flamjs/stirfjs/pnb/jsr/hikhjptiYjsr.pnb