S11 Disipadores de Energia

   

OFCZD\FL LJ BI@JIBJUËFS XUA@UFKF XUJ@UFLA JI BI@JIBJUËF CB_BD

CZUSA UJCZUSAS MBLUÆZDBCAS \JKF LBSBXFLAUJS LJ JIJU@BF

SJKFIF I¸ 66

LACJI\J K` NFB NFBKJ KJ BS BSFË FËFS FS DZN ZNFI FI VZ VZBN BNFI FILU LUBF BF

 

\JKF LJ DF SJSBÓI Caitjiblas lj df sjsbói>

Lbsbpflarjs Lj Jijr`ëf   @jijrfdblfljs   Djcmas Fkartb`uflarjs @jijrfdbzflas • • • • •

  Jstfiquj lj Fkartb`ufkbjita SFO  Jirjnfla Lbspjrsflar    Crbtjrba lj Sjdjccbói

 

DA@UAS Jd caiacbkbjita lj Lbsjöfr jstructurfs cbvbdjs pfrf pf rf jv jvbtbtfr fr lj ljtj tjrbrbar arjs js lj Bior Biorfj fjstr struc uctu turf rfss f` f`uf ufss fefna ji uif dëijf lj cailuccbói tbpa cfifd lj ljrbvfcbói quj tbjij fdtfs pjilbjitjs.

 

LBSBXFLAUJS LJ JIJU@BF Jstructurfs jicfr`flfs lj lbsbpfr df jijr`ëf cbiâtbcf quj flqubjrj jd oduna ji su

ljscjisa ljslj ibvjdjs lj f`uf fdtas, mfstf ibvjdjs biojrbarjs. Lbskbiuyj dfs fdtfs vjdacblfljs aenjtbva quj ia acurrfi sbtufcbaijs ia ljsjflfs f`ufs fefna lj dfs lbstbitfs aerfs. usas pfrf> ▮

  Fdbvbfljras,

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  Jstructurfs lj cfëlfs,

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  Sfdblfs lj aerfs lj takfs,

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  Sfdblfs lj fdcfitfrbddf, cfifdjs, jtc.

 

LBSBXFLAUJS FLAUJS LJ JIJU@BF JI CFIFDJS LBSBX Jdjkjitas cuya aenjtbva js > ✓  Sai jstructurfs jicfr`flfs lj fkartb`ufr df `rfi jijr`ëf quj flqubjrj jd f`uf ji su cfëlf df jijr`ëf jijr`ëf cbiâtbcf a pfrtj lj jddf ji cfdar. ✓  @jijrfr orbccbói jitrj jd f`uf y df supjrobcbj

\rfisoarkfr fr ✓   \rfisoark

lj ljd d cf cfif ifd, sf sfdtdtas as mblr mb lræu dbca cass ljd j bk bkpf pfct ctas as a `adpjs ljdd,f`uf caitrf jdæudb oaila cfifd. ✓  rjlucbr df vjdacblfl y pfsfr jd oduna lj râ`bkji supjrcrëtbca f sue crëtbca. ✓   \fkebâi

j dj cpazfs, aiacj jtccaka tfiqujs, cadcmaijs, scujicas,

 

Ouicbaijs lj Lbsbpflarjs lj Jijr`ëf ❖

  Df jijr`ëf f da da dfr`a lj dfs jstructurfs mblræudbcfs sai `jijrfdkjitj `rfiljs sb dfs

ljscfr`fs sai f trfvâs lj cailuctas lj sfdblf a cfëlfs, par da quj jd `fsta lj jijr`ëf lj das odunas f fdtfs vjdacblfljs js rjqujrblf pfrf prjvjibr jd bkpfcta ji das cfucjs, y prjvjibr praedjkfs ji dfs jstructurfs mblræudbcfs. ❖

  Jd kjcfibska kjcfibska lj caitrad caitrad kæs cakþi, pfrf jstructurf jstructurfss f supjrobc supjrobcbj bj dberj, js df prjsjicbf ljd oduna crëtbca (iþkjra lj oraul)j ; 6 )ji uif uebcfcbói ebji ljobiblf, yf quj ji jstj puita js lailj sj prjsjitf df jijr`ëf këibkf.

 

Arb`ji lj dfs Xârlblfs lj Jijr`ëf Dfs cfusfs quj pralucji df trfisoarkfcbói lj jijr`ëf, lf arb`ji f df cdfsbobcfcbói lj dfs ddfkflfs pjrlblfs lj jijr`ëf quj sai lj las tbpas> ➥  Xârlblfs par dai`btul a prbkfrbfs ➥  Xârlblfs dacfdjs a sjcuilfrbfs

 

UJSFD\A \A MBLUÆZDB MBLUÆZDBCA CA UJSFD Js jd fscjisaljderusca qujljsjf`uf prjsjitf jifui cfifdvjdacblfl. febjrta f caisjcujicbf rjtfrlaljd qujibvjd suorj ljd uif f`uf carrbjitj quj oduyj jdjvflf

Acurrjicbf> Sj tbjij du`fr ui cfkeba vbadjita ljd râ`bkji lj oduna, lj supjrcrëtbca f sue-crëtbca.

 

   Sb

jd iukjra lj Oraulj js 9 f df uiblfl (O69 (O696), jd oduna sj ljiakbif Supjrcrëtbca

   Sb

jd iukjra lj Oraulj js ; f df uiblfl (O6;6), jd oduna sj ljiakbif Crëtbca.

   Sb

jd iukjra lj Oraulj js 4 f df uiblfl (O646), jd oduna sj ljiakbif Suecrëtbca.

 

\bpas lj Ujsfdta Mblræudbca Jxbstji lbojrjitjs tbpas lj rjsfdta mblræudbca, cuyf efsj lj cdfsbobcfcbói js jd iþkjra lj Oraulj f`ufs frrbef (fitjs lj quj sj praluzcf jd rjsfdta)>

 

Cfrfctjrëstbcfs ljd rjsfdta mblræudbca ❖  Xârlblf

lj jijr`ëf ❖  Jobcbjicbf ❖  Fdturf ljd rjsfdta ❖   Dai`btul Ujdfcbói flbkjisbaifd pfrf df dai`btul ljd rjsfdta mblræudbca

Ujdfcbói flbkjisbaifd pfrf df dai`btul ljd rjsfdta mblræudbca

 

\bpas lj Lbsbpflarjs> Sfdta lj Jsquë Cfifdjs ljitflas \fiqujs Fkartb`uflarjs Jstfiqujs Fkartb`uflarjs

 

Sfdtas lj Jsquë> Sj utbdbzf pfrf `rfiljs ljscfr`fs, prbicbpfdkjitj ji das vjrtjljras. Âstf sj mfcj lbrjctfkjitj saerj jd rëa.

Sj utbdbzfi uias trfkpadbijs pfrf mfcjr sfdtfr jd oduna mfcbf ui puita f`ufs fefna rjlucbjila fsë df jrasbói ji jd cfucj y jd pbj lj df prjsf.

SZKJU@BLA

JS\UBFLA

 

Cfifdjs Ljitflas> Jstj tbpa lj dazfs ljitflfs, pfrf cfifdjs a ljscfr`f lj vjrtjlarjs, sj usf ji cf cfif ifdj djss lail lailjj jd f`uf f`uf ljej ljej efnf efnfrs rsjj lj uif uif jdjv jdjvfc fcbó bóii f atrf atrf,, pfr frff bk bkpj pjlb lbr r  fcjdjrfcbaijs bicaivjibjitjs ljd oduna f kjlblf quj jd f`uf fvfizf par jd vjrtjljra.

➥  Cfifd ➥

cai edaqujs

 Cfifd cai rjkftj ljitfla ➥  Cfifd cai pbdfrjs ljodjctarjs

 

\fiqujs Fkartb`uflarjs> Js jd sbstjkf kæs cakþi lj lbsbpfcbói lj jijr`ëf quj caivbjrtj jd oduna supjrcrëtbca ljd vjrtjljra ji ui oduna sue-crëtbca cakpftbedj cai jd râ`bkji ljd rëa f`ufs fefna. Jd kâtala pfrf da`rfr jstf trfisbcbói ljd oduna caisbstj ji ui sbkpdj sfdta sukjr`bla, oarkfila ui tfiquj lj fkartb`ufcbói lj sjccbói trfisvjrsfd rjctfi`udfr. Xujlji pralucbrsj vfrbfila df fdturf quj cfj jd f`uf ljd vjrtjljra a cfkebfila jd ficma fd pbj lj df jstructurf vjrtjlarf.

Lbsbpflar tbpa tfiquj par cfkeba lj praouilblfl

Lbsbpflar tbpa tfiquj par cfkeba lj ficma

 

Jstfiqujs Fkartb`uflarjs>

\bjiji su fpdbcfcbói ji vjrtjljras lj jxcjljicbfs, ræpblfs y jstructurfs lj cfëlf dberj. Ji jddas df jijr`ëf sj lbsbpf par kjlba lj cmaquj yf quj jd f`uf cfj dberj y vjrtbcfdkjitj ji ui jstfiquj ji jd djcma ljd rëa. Ljebla fd `rfi paljr jrasbva ljd f`uf, sj tbjij quj rjvjstbr jd cfucj y sus pfrjljs cai racfs a caicrjta.

 

Xfrf df sjdjccbói ljd tbpa lj lbsbpflar  sj ljej tjijr  dfs sb`ubjitjs caisbljrfcbaijs> ▮   Jijr`ëf lj df carrbjit carrbjitj. j. ▮   Jcaiakëf y kfitjibkbjita yf quj âstj jdjvf kucma jd casta casta ▮   Cailbcbaijs ljd cfucj f`u f`ufs fs fefna (racf, sujda jralfed jralfedj, j, jtc.). ▮   Zebcfcbói lj dfs vëfs lj fccjsa, cfsf lj kæqubifs, y ljkæs

jstructurfs mblræudbcfs yf quj su sj`urblfl ia pujlj qujlfr cakprakjtblf. ▮   Cai`jdfkbjita.

jd vfpar lj f`uf saerj dfs bistfdfcbaijs. ▮   Jojcta lj dfs sue-prjsbaijs y lljd

▮   Lföas cfusflas f df ofuif y df odarf par df jrasbói jrasbói..    

Sj`þi jd \bpa lj Oduna sj djs pujlj Cdfsbobcfr ji>

 

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Odunaa Zi Odun Ziboboar arkj kj Xj Xjrk rkfij fijit itj> j> Df  Df praouilblfl ljd oduna ia cfkebf lurfitj jd bitjrvfda lj tbjkpa ji caisbljrfcbói.

Ob`. 6. Xraouilblfl caistfitj.

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Odunaa Zi Odun Ziboboar arkj kj Ia Xj Xjrkf rkfij ijit itj> j> df  df supjrobcbj ljd f`uf oductþf lj ui tbjkpa f at atra ra,, pj pjra ra pjrkf pjrkfij ijcb cbji jila la pfrf pfrfdj djdf df fd oail oailaa ljd ljd cfifd cfifd.. Js pr præc æctbtbcf cfkj kjit itjj bkpasbedj.

Ob`. 5. Cfkeba lj df praouilblfl ji jd tbjkpa

 

Oduna vfr Oduna vfrbfl bfla> a> Df praouilblfl ljd oduna cfkebf f da dfr`a ljd cfifd. Sj prjsjitf ji cuijtfs, f da dfr`a lj cfrrjtjrfs, ji vjrtjljras lj cfifd dftjrfd, ji

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cfifdjtfs lj f`ufs lj dfvfla lj obdtras, cfifdjs prbicbpfdjs lj rbj`a, cfifdjs lj jodujitjs fdrjljlar fdrjljlar lj pdfitfs lj trftfkbjita lj dëqublas rjsblufdjs, ji lrjifnj lj sbstjkfs lj brrb`fcbói, jtc.

Ob`urf 3. Oduna `rflufdkjitj vfrbfla ( Oduna ia pjrkfijitj).

Ob`urf > lj caicrjta (f) ➥  Edaqujs lj jitrflf a cmutj Edacgs (e ( e) ➥   Zkerfd lj sfdblf a jil sbdd ( c ) (l) ➥  Edaqujs lj pbsa a odaar edacgs (l ➥  Dasf

 

FCCJSAUBAS JI ZI JS\FIVZJ FKAU\B@ZFLAU

 

Df dazf lj caicrjta ljej sjr fdtfkjitj rjoarzflf pfrf ia suorbr jrasbói. ❖

Das ed edaq aquujs lj ji jitr trfl flff sj uebcfi fd pbj lj df cfëlf lj bi`rjsa, lj kala quj df jitrflf fd djcma fkartb`uflar rjsudtf lj oarkf ljitflf a fsjrrflf. Ouicbó cbóii prb prbicb icbpfd pfd js jdjvfr fd`a fd cmarra jitrfitj lj f`uf pfrf rjlucbr df ✓ Oui dai`btul ljd rjsfdta.

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 js uifs vjcjs ljitfla y atrfs vjcjs carrbla. Jd uker uk erfd fdói ljprbic sfdbdblf sf lf Ouicbói prbicbpfd bpfd js rjlucbr ui paca kfs df dai`btul ljd rjsfdta. ✓ Ouicb

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Das eda daqu qujj lj pbs bsaa, vfi ficdflas f df dasf lj caicrjta ljd djcma. Ouicbó cbóii prb prbicb icbpfd pfd  js caistrubr mf fukjitfr df lbsbpfcbói lj jijr`ëf par df ✓ Oui

fccbói ljd bkpfcta. Xfrf cflf uia lj das djcmas fkartb`uflarjs lj lbsjöa `jijrfdbzflas sj praparcbaif>   Su cfkpa lj usa kfs fprapbfla (f), `jakjtrëf ljtfddflf (e), y ➥   Su `jakjtrëf ➥ ➥

  Dfs rj`dfs pfrf jd lbsjöa mblræudbca ( c )

 

Ljscrbpcbói djcmas lj fkartb`uflarjs> Djcm cmaa Fk Fkar artbtb`u `ufl flar ar ZS ZSEU EU BBBB.-.Dj f)   Sj usf fd pbj lj vjrtjljras lj ljsearljs fdtas caka das fdbvbfljras dberjs. \fkebâi ji jd jxtrjka obifd ljd cfifd lj ljscfr`f.

 

Sj usf tfkebâi fd pbj lj dfs jstructurfs lj cfëlfs ji das cfifdjs `rfilj lj cailuccbói. Sj rjcakbjilf su utbdbzfcbói ji cfsas ljscrbtas sbjkprj quj O6 9