Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being Well-Being (PWB) Carol D. Ryff, PhD University of Wisconsin- Madison Institute on Aging 2245 Medical Science Center 1300 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706 Phone: (608) 262-1818 Fax: (608) 263-6211 Email:
[email protected]
This document provides definitions and items for six scales of psychological well-being. There is no charge for using the scales, although users are requested to send copies of any publications generated with the scales to Dr. Ryff (contact info above).
Psychometric Properties:
Below are items for six 14-item 1 4-item scales of psychological well-being (6 x 14 = 84 items total) constructed to measure the dimensions of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Internal consistency (alpha) coefficients are indicated on each scale. Corr elations of each scale with its own 20-item parent scale are also provided. (Note, embedded within the 14-item scales are shorter options (e.g., 9-item scales, 7-item scales, 3-item scales). Reliability and validity assessments of the 20-item parent scales are detailed in: Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the me aning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality (6), 1069-1081. doi:10.1037/0022Personality and and Social Psychology, Psychology, 57 (6), 3514.57.6.1069 Psychometric properties of the 3-item scales are detailed in: Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69 (4), 719-727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 The article below reviews psychometric properties of various length scales: Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83 (1), 10-28. doi:10.1159/000353263
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Interpretation Interpretation of Scores:
There are no specific scores or cut-points for defining high or low well-being. Those distinctions can be derived from distributional information from the data collected. For example, high well-being could refer to scores in the top 25% (quartile) of the distribution, where as low well-being could be scores in the bottom 25% (quartile) of the distribution. Another alternative is to define high wellbeing as scores that are 1.5 1 .5 standard deviations above the mean, whereas low well-being is scores that are 1.5 standard deviations below the mean. To obtain an overall psychological well-being score, scores on individual scales can be combined into a composite score, which could be interpreted following the above guidelines. It is possible to use only some of t he six dimensions of well-being that are meaningfully connected to the research questions of a particular study.
Response Format and Reverse Scoring:
To create the overall assessment scale, items from the separate scales are mixed by putting them in alphabetical order by scale name and then t aking one item from each scale successively into a continuous self-report instrument. somewhat (2), disagree slightly (3), agree slightly slightly Response formats: strongly disagree (1), disagree somewhat (4), agree somewhat (5), strongly agree (6).
─) are reversed in the final scoring procedures so that high Responses to negatively scored items ( ─) scores indicate high self-ratings on the dimension assessed. That is, neg atively worded items are flipped so that a "6" (Strongly Agree) is recoded as a "1", "1", “5” is recoded as a “2,” and so on. o n. In MIDUS the response options are reversed: The 7-item scales were included in MIDUS (Midlife in the United States) at the 2nd wave. This national study can be consulted for c omparative information, but note the following differences. In MIDUS a response of strongly agree corresponds to (1), agree somewhat corresponds to (2) and so on. MIDUS also includes a mid-scale response of neither agree or disagree (4). Thus, the full MIDUS response options are: strongly agree (1), agree somewhat (2), agree slightly (3), neither agree or disagree (4), disagree slightly (5), disagree somewhat (6), strongly disagree (7). Given this scoring scheme, it is the positively-worded items that are reverse-coded, whereas in the above scoring scheme negatively-worded items are reversecoded. Both approaches are correct – the difference is what items get reverse-coded. Information about MIDUS can be found at: http://www.midus.wisc.edu/findings/index.php http://midus.colectica.org
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Length Options:
Items to Include for Each Option:
The 14-item scales (84 items total) Autonomy: Environmental Mastery: Personal Growth: Positive Relations With Others: Others: Purpose In Life: Self-Acceptance:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14
The 9-item scales (54 items total) Autonomy: Environmental Mastery: Personal Growth: Positive Relations With Others: Others: Purpose In Life: Self-Acceptance:
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13
The 7-item scales (42 items total) Autonomy: Environmental Mastery : Personal Growth: Positive Relations With Others: Purpose In Life: Self-Acceptance:
2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13
The 3-item scales (18 items total) . Note, this highly condensed form is not recommended because it has psychometric problems and does not do a good job of covering the content of the six well-being constructs. Autonomy: 6, 9, 14 Environmental Mastery: 1, 2, 4 Personal Growth: 5, 11, 13 Positive Relations With Others: 2, 9, 10 Purpose In Life: 2, 10, 11 Self-Acceptance: 1, 5, 7
Formatted Questionnaires:
Formatted instruments that can be used with your study population are included below for the 84item and the 42-item scale. For other lengths, the 84-item version can be modified. modified. We do not have other formatted versions to
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AUTONOMY Definition:
High Scorer: Is self-determining and independent; able to resist social pressures to think and act in certain ways; regulates behavior from within; evaluates self by personal standards. Low Scorer: Is concerned about the expectations and evaluations of others; relies on judgments of others to make important decisions; conforms to social pressures t o think and act in cer tain ways.
# in 84-item formatted version below
Positive or Negative Scoring
Use in 9item Scale
Use in 7item Scale
1
─
7
+
X
X
13
+
X
X
19
─
X
X
25
+
X
31
─
X
37
+
43
─
49
+
X
X
55
─
X
X
61
─
X
67
+
X
73
─
X
Use in 3item Scale
X
X
AUTONOMY
1.
Sometimes I change the way I act or think to be more like those around me.
2.
I am not afraid to voice my opinions, o pinions, even when they are in opposition to the opinions of most people.
3.
My decisions are not usually influenced by what everyone else is doing.
4.
I tend to worry about what other people think of me.
5.
Being happy with myself is more important to me than having others approve of me.
6.
I tend to be influenced by people w ith strong opinions.
7.
People rarely talk me into doing things I don't want to do.
8.
It is more important to me to "fit in" with others than to stand alone on my principles.
9.
I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general consensus.
10.
It's difficult for me to voice my own opinions on controversial matters.
11.
I often change my mind about decisions if my friends or family disagree.
12.
I am not the kind of person who give in to social pressures to t hink or act in certain ways.
13. I am concerned about how other people evaluate the choices I have made in my life.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY Definition:
High Scorer: Has a sense of mastery and competence in managing the environment; controls complex array of external activities; makes effective use of surrounding opportunities; able to choose or create contexts suitable to personal needs and values. Low Scorer: Has difficulty managing managing everyday affairs; feels unable unable to change or improve improve surrounding context; is unaware of surrounding opportunities; lacks sense of control over external world.
# in 84-item formatted version below
Positive or Negative Scoring
Use in 9item Scale
Use in 7item Scale
Use in 3item Scale
2
+
X
X
X
1.
In general, I feel I am in charge of the situation in which I live.
8
─
X
X
X
2.
The demands of everyday life often get me down.
14
─
X
X
3.
I do not fit very we ll with the people and the community around me.
20
+
X
X
4.
I am quite good at managing the many responsibilities of my daily life.
26
─
X
X
5.
I often feel overwhelmed by my responsibilities.
32
+
6.
If I were unhappy with my living situation, I would take effective steps to change it.
38
+
7.
I generally do a good job of taking care of my personal finances and affairs.
44
─
8.
I find it stressful that I can't keep up with all of the things I have to do each day.
50
+
9.
I am good at juggling my time t ime so that I can fit everything in that needs to get done.
56
+
10.
My daily life is busy, but I derive a sense of satisfaction from keeping up with everything.
62
─
11.
I get frustrated when trying to plan my daily activities because I never accomplish the things I set out to do.
68
+
12.
My efforts to find the kinds of activities and re lationships that I need have been quite successful.
74
─
80
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY
13. I have difficulty arranging my life in a way that is satisfying to me. 14. I have been able to build a home and a lifestyle for myself that is
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PERSONAL GROWTH Definition:
High Scorer: Has a feeling of continued development; sees self as growing and expanding; is open to new experiences; has sense o f realizing his or her potential; sees improvement in self and behavior over time; is changing in ways that reflect more self-knowledge and effectiveness. Low Scorer: Has a sense of personal stagnation; lacks sense of improvement improvement or expansion over time; feels bored and uninterested with life; feels unable to develop new attitudes or behaviors.
# in 84-item formatted version below
Positive or Negative Scoring
Use in 9item Scale
Use in 7item Scale
3
─
X
X
9
+
15
+
21
─
X
27
+
X
X
33
─
X
X
39
+
45
+
51
+
X
57
─
63
+
69
+
75
─
Use in 3item Scale
PERSONAL GROWTH
1.
I am not interested in activities that will expand my horizons.
2.
In general, I feel that I continue to learn more about myself as time goes by.
3.
I am the kind of person who likes to give new things a try.
4.
I don't want to try new ways of doing things--my life is fine the way it is.
5.
I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world.
6.
When I think about it, I haven't really improved much as a person over the years.
7.
In my view, people of every age are able to continue growing and developing.
8.
With time, I have gained a lot of insight about life that has made me a stronger, more capable person.
X
9.
I have the sense that I have developed a lot as a person over time.
X
X
10. I do not enjoy being in new situations that require me to change my old familiar ways of doing things.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11.
For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth.
12.
I enjoy seeing how my views have changed and matured over the years.
13.
I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago.
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POSITIVE RELATIONS WITH OTHERS Definition:
High Scorer: Has warm satisfying, trusting relationships with others; is concerned about the welfare of others; capable of strong em pathy, affection, and intimacy; understands give and take of human re lationships. Low Scorer: Has few close, trusting relationships with others; finds it difficult difficult to be warm, open, and concerned about others; is isolated and frustrated in interpersonal relationships; not willing to make compromises to sustain important ties with others.
# in 84-item formatted version below
Positive or Negative Scoring
Use in 9item Scale
Use in 7item Scale
4
+
X
X
10
─
X
X
16
─
X
X
22
+
X
X
28
+
34
─
40
+
46
─
X
52
+
X
Use in 3item Scale
X
X
X
X
POSITIVE RELATIONS WITH OTHERS
1.
Most people see me as loving and affectionate.
2.
Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me
3.
I often feel lonely because I have few close friends with whom to share my concerns.
4.
I enjoy personal and mutual conversations with family members or friends.
5.
It is important to me to be a good listener when close friends talk to me about their problems.
6.
I don't have many people who want to listen when I need to talk. t alk.
7.
I feel like I get a lot out of my friendships.
8.
It seems to me that most other people have more friends than I do.
9.
People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time with others.
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PURPOSE IN LIFE Definition:
High Scorer: Has goals in life and a sense sense of directedness; feels there is meaning to present present and and past life; holds beliefs that give life purpose; has aims and objectives for living. Low Scorer: Lacks a sense of meaning in life; has few goals or aims, lacks sense of direction; does not see purpose of past life; has no outlook or beliefs that give life meaning.
# in 84-item formatted version below
Positive or Negative Scoring
Use in 9item Scale
5
+
11
─
X
17
─
X
23
+
29
─
35
Use in 7item Scale
Use in 3item Scale
PURPOSE IN LIFE
1.
I feel good when I think of what I've done in the past and what I hope to do in the future.
2.
I live life one day at a time and don't really think about the future.
3.
I tend to focus on the present, because the future nearly always brings me problems.
X
4.
I have a sense of direction and purpose in life.
X
X
5.
My daily activities often seem trivial and unimportant to me.
─
X
X
6.
I don't have a good sense of what it is I'm trying to accomplish in life.
41
─
X
7.
I used to set goals for myself, but that now seems like a w aste of time.
47
+
X
8.
I enjoy making plans for the future and working to make them a reality.
53
+
X
9.
I am an active person in carrying c arrying out the plans I set for m yself.
59
+
X
X
X
10.
Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them.
65
─
X
X
X
11.
I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life.
X
X
X
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SELF-ACCEPTANCE Definition:
High Scorer: Possesses a positive attitude toward the self; acknowledges and accepts multiple aspects of self, including good and bad qualities; feels positive about past life. Low Scorer: Feels dissatisfied with self; is disappointed disappointed with what has occurred in past life; is troubled about certain personal qualities; wishes to be different than what he or she is.
# in 84-item formatted version below
Positive or Negative Scoring
Use in 9item Scale
Use in 7item Scale
Use in 3item Scale
6
+
X
X
X
12
+
X
X
18
─
X
X
24
─
30
+
X
36
+
X
42
─
X
48
SELF-ACCEPTANCE
1.
When I look at the story of my life, I am pleased please d with how things have turned out.
2.
In general, I fee l confident and positive about myself.
3.
I feel like many of the people I know have gotten more out o f life than I have.
4.
Given the opportunity, there are many things about myself t hat I would change.
5.
I like most aspects of my personality.
6.
I made some mistakes in the past, but I feel that all in all everything has worked out for the best
7.
In many ways, I feel disappointed about my achievements in life.
+
8.
For the most part, I am proud of who I am and the life I lead.
54
─
9.
I envy many people for the lives t hey lead.
60
─
X
X
X
X
X
X
10. My attitude about myself is probably not as positive as most people feel about themselves.
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Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Psy chological Well-Being Well-Being (PWB) • 84 Item 84 Item Version Formatted Scales & Items:
Items shaded grey (# 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 73, 74, 75, 76, 81, 83, 84) should be reverse scored: Six Scales:
Autonomy Environmental Mastery Personal Growth Positive Relations with Others Purpose in Life Self-Acceptance
Items in that Scale (in the questionnaire questionnaire below): 1 7 13 19 25 2 8 14 20 26 3 9 15 21 27 4 10 16 22 28 5 11 17 23 29 6 12 18 24 30
31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70 71 72
73 74 75 76 77 78
79 80 81 83 83 84
Formatted 84-Item Instrument:
The following set of questions deals with how you feel about about yourself and your life. Please remember that there are no right or wrong answers.
Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
1.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat
1
2
Agree
Slightly
Agree slightly
Somewhat
Strongly agree
3
4
5
6
Sometimes I change the way I act or think to be more like those around
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
7.
I am not afraid to voice my opinions, o pinions, even when they are in opposition to the opinions of most people.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat
1
Agree
Slightly
Agree slightly
Somewhat
Strongly agree
2
3
4
5
6
8.
The demands of everyday life often get me down.
1
2
3
4
5
6
9.
In general, I feel that I continue to learn more about myself as time goes by.
1
2
3
4
5
6
10. Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me.
1
2
3
4
5
6
11. I live life one day at a time and don’t really think about the future.
1
2
3
4
5
6
12. In general, I fee l confident and positive about myself.
1
2
3
4
5
6
13. My decisions are not usually influenced by what everyone else is doing.
1
2
3
4
5
6
14. I do not fit very we ll with the people and the community around me.
1
2
3
4
5
6
15. I am the kind of person who likes to give new things a try.
1
2
3
4
5
6
16. I often feel lonely because I have few close friends with whom to share my concerns.
1
2
3
4
5
6
17. I tend to focus on the present, because the future nearly always brings me problems.
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat
24. Given the opportunity, there are many things about myself that I would change.
1
25. Being happy with myself is more important to me than having others approve of me.
Agree
Slightly
Agree slightly
Somewhat
Strongly agree
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
26. I often feel overwhelmed by my responsibilities.
1
2
3
4
5
6
27. I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world.
1
2
3
4
5
6
28. It is important to me to be a good listener when close friends talk to me about their problems.
1
2
3
4
5
6
29. My daily activities often seem trivial and unimportant to me.
1
2
3
4
5
6
30. I like most aspects of my personality.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
31. I tend to be influenced by people w ith
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat
41. I used to set goals for myself, but that now seems like a waste of time. tim e.
1
42. In many ways, I feel disappointed about my achievements in life.
Agree
Slightly
Agree slightly
Somewhat
Strongly agree
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
43. It is more important to me to “fit in” with others than to stand alone on my principles.
1
2
3
4
5
6
44. I find it stressful that I can’t keep up with all of the things I have t o do each day.
1
2
3
4
5
6
45. With time, I have gained a lot of insight about life that has made me a stronger, more capable person.
1
2
3
4
5
6
46. It seems to me that most other people have more friends than I do.
1
2
3
4
5
6
47. I enjoy making plans for the future and working to make them a reality. r eality.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
48. For the most part, I am proud of who I
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat
58. I have not experienced many warm and trusting relationships with others.
1
59. Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them.
Agree
Slightly
Agree slightly
Somewhat
Strongly agree
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
60. My attitude about myself is probably not as positive as most people feel about themselves.
1
2
3
4
5
6
61. I often change my mind about decisions if my friends or family disagree.
1
2
3
4
5
6
62. I get frustrated when trying to plan my daily activities because I never accomplish the things I set out to do.
1
2
3
4
5
6
63. For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
64. I often feel as if I’m on the outside looking in when it comes to
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat
73. I am concerned about how other people evaluate the choices I have made in my life.
1
74. I have difficulty arranging my life in a way that is satisfying to me.
Agree
Slightly
Agree slightly
Somewhat
Strongly agree
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
75. I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago.
1
2
3
4
5
6
76. I find it difficult to really open up when I talk with others.
1
2
3
4
5
6
77. I find it satisfying to think about what I have accomplished in life.
1
2
3
4
5
6
78. When I compare myself to friends and acquaintances, it makes me feel good about who I am.
1
2
3
4
5
6
79. I judge myself by what I think is important, not by the values of what others think is important.
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Psychologi cal Well-Being Well-Being (PWB) • 42 Item Version Formatted Scales & Items:
Items shaded grey (# 3, 5, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 41) should be reverse scored: Six Scales:
Autonomy Environmental Mastery Personal Growth Positive Relations with Others Purpose in Life Self-Acceptance
Items in that Scale (in the questionnaire questionnaire below): 1 7 13 19 25 2 8 14 20 26 3 9 15 21 27 4 10 16 22 28 5 11 17 23 29 6 12 18 24 30
31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
Formatted 42 Item Instrument:
The following set of questions deals with how you feel feel about yourself and your life. Please remember that there are no right or wrong answers.
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree Somewhat
Disagree Slightly
Agree Slightly
Agree Somewhat
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
10. Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me.
1
2
3
4
5
6
11. I have a sense of direction and purpose in life.
1
2
3
4
5
6
12. In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.
1
2
3
4
5
6
9.
I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world.
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree Somewhat
Disagree Slightly
Agree Slightly
Agree Somewhat
Strongly Agree
25. I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general consensus.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
26. I often feel overwhelmed by my responsibilities. 27. I do not enjoy being in new situations that require me to change my old familiar ways of doing things. 28. People would describe me as a
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Circle the number that best describes your present agreement or disagreement with each statement.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree Somewhat
Disagree Slightly
Agree Slightly
Agree Somewhat
Strongly Agree
40. I know that I can trust my friends, and they know they can trust me.
1
2
3
4
5
6
41. I sometimes feel as if I’ve done all there is to do in life.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
42. When I compare myself to friends and acquaintances, it makes me feel good about who I am.
