Rvi N°205-2022-Vi-Ucv Aprueba Guía de Elaboración de Productos de Investigación Formativa
September 4, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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PD]HCTMKÝJ LD ^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J¶064-0600-^K-TM^ \ruokcch, 11 ld a`rkc ld 0600
^K]\A,, ca prhpudsta –Iuåa ld dca`hramkýj ld prhlumths ld kjvdstkiamkýj nhreatkva―, prdsdjtala phr ^K]\A ca Lkrdmthra ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva7 y, MHJ]KLDPAJLH? Qud, ca Cdy Tjkvdrsktarka J¶=6006 dsta`cdmd dj su artåmuch pujths)
\åtuc \åtuch h ld ca E Ehj hjhi hiranåa ranåa (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas) (Arkac 1< pujths) AT\HP (D])? Vrdsdjtarchs phr hrldj acna`ëtkmh (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds Jhe`rds ((hrmkl.hri/…. Apdccklhs, ) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….)
A]D]HP(A )(D])? A]D]HP(A)(D])? Iralh amalëekmh. Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds ( hrmkl.hri/….) (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD KJ^D] KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ? \KIAMKÝJ? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD PD]VHJ]A@KC PD]VHJ]A@KC KLAL ]HMKAC TJK^DP TJK^DP]K\APKA? ]K\APKA? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) MKTLAL LD NKCKAC “ VDPß (Añh)
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
EHJHIPANÅA Ca ehjhiranåa ds uj lhmuedjth ldsmrkptkvh y ajacåtkmh, qud ldsmrk`d uj tdea dj partkmucar, ajackzajlh chs pcajtdaekdjths ld lkvdrshs authrds. \kdjd mheh prhpýskth ldsarrhccar dc pdjsaekdjth mråtkmh ld chs dstulkajtds a partkr ld chs lkvdrshs djnhquds tdýrkmhs. ]drá dca`hralh ld eajdra irupac (ld < a > kjtdirajtds), phr chs dstulkajtds qud mursdj uja dxpdrkdjmka murrkmucar dod ld kjvdstkiamkýj nhreatkva ldc K ac KKK mkmch (K jkvdc), ldc murråmuch L. Dsqudea ld ca ehjhiranåa ehjhi ranåa MAPÁ\TCA ÅJLKMD K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ.
KK.
MTDPVH
KKK.
MHJMCT]KHJD]
PDNDPDJMKA] AJDRH] Nhreath ld prdsdjtamkýj?
\aeañh ld papdc? A < \kph y taeañh ld cdtra? Arkac 10 Kjtdrckjdalh? 1.4 Eáridjds
]updrkhr? 0.4 me
Kjndrkhr? = me
Ldrdmbh? 0.4 me
Kzqukdrlh? = me
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◈ ◈
Jÿedrh ld páikjas ld thlh dc lhmuedjth ld 16 a 14 páikjas (skj kjmcukr ajdxhs).
Juedramkýj ld páikja dj dc earidj kjndrkhr ldrdmbh.
Juedramkýj ld páikjas prdckekjards dj rheajhs ekjÿsmucas mhj hrldj
◈ ◈
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
mhrrdcatkvh, ca marátuca jh sd djuedra y sd kjkmka djuedrajlh dc åjlkmd mhj lhs dj rheajh ekjÿsmucas.
◈
Juedramkýj ld kjtrhlummkýj basta ajdxhs mhj jÿedrhs ará`kihs kjkmkajlh ld 1 (juedramkýj kjldpdjlkdjtd ld páikjas prdckekjards).
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Chs ajdxhs jh tkdjdj juedramkýj ld páikja.
Iuåa para para ca dca dca`hramký `hramký j ld ca ehj ehjhir hiranåa anåa MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld dc chihtkph ld ca Tjkvdrsklal, ca namuctal y dc prhiraea amalëekmh, dc tåtuch ld ca ehjhiranåa, jhe`rds ld chs authrds y asdshr (ds), dc mýlkih HPMKL (hrmkl.hri/….), ld mala ujh (authrds y asdshrds) djtrd parëjtdsks, ca cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj (sk dc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkstkjths prhiraeas ld dstulkh, sd mhjskldra cas cåjdas idjdracds ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ca ujkvdrsklal y sk ëstd ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld uj ekseh prhiraea ld dstulkhs, uja ld cas cåjdas ld kjvdstkiamkýj dspdmånkmas ldc prhiraea)7 aså ekseh, sd dspdmknkma ca mkulal ld ca nkckac n kckac y dc añh (1 páikja). Dc tåtuch sd rdlamta mhj cdtra eayÿsmuca y cudih mhj ekjÿsmucas7 ld`d sdr mcarh, mhbdrdjtd y mhjmksh (jh dxmdldr ld 06 paca`ras). ÅJLKMD? ]d ÅJLKMD? ]d mhjskija cas partds ldc prhlumth pr hlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ehlh dsqudeátkmh mhj cas páikjas mhrrdsphjlkdjtds a mala uja ld dccas. ]hch ca prkedra cdtra ld ca paca`ra ld kjkmkh y ld jhe`rds prhpkhs va dj eayÿsmuca (1 páikja). K.
Kjtrhlummkýj? ]dmmkýj dj ca qud sd amdrma dc tdea ac cdmthr, edjmkhjajlh Kjtrhlummkýj? ]dmmkýj chs ajtdmdldjtds ld kjvdstkiamkýj, chs h`odtkvhs y dc prhpýskth d kephrtajmka ldc dstulkh (= a 4 páikjas).
KK.
Mudrph? Ds dc mhjtdjklh ld ca ehjhiranåa y mhjstktuyd ca dsdjmka ld ca Mudrph? eksea. Aquå sd ldsarrhcca dc tdea kjvdstkialh, ajackzajlh y dxphjkdjlh ca phstura mråtkma ldc dstulkajtd a partkr ldc l dc ajácksks ld chs djnhquds tdýrkmhs ld chs lkvdrshs authrds edjmkhjalhs phr chs dstulkajtds (= a 4 páikjas).
KKK.
Mhjmcuskhjds? Ds uj prhmdsh ld såjtdsks ld cas kldas dsdjmkacds ld ca Mhjmcuskhjds? ehjhiranåa, mheh rdsuctalh ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj dj mhbdrdjmka mhj chs h`odtkvhs prhpudsths. Mala mhjmcuskýj ld`d tdjdr mheh eáxkeh trds cåjdas (1 páikja).
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Ds ca rdcamkýj ld nudjtds mktalas dj dc mudrph ld ca ehjhiranåa (ck`rhs, Pdndrdjmkas? Ds Pdndrdjmkas? rdvkstas y tdsks7 jh sd ld`d mhjskldrar a kjnhreamkýj ld pdrkýlkmhs u htrhs qud jh tdjia mktas y rdndrdjmkas `k`ckhiránkmas nhreacds). Cas rdndrdjmkas mhjsuctalas, pdrh jh mktalas dj dc tdxth, jh sd kjmcuydj dj dstd ckstalh. Cas rdndrdjmkas ld`dj aoustarsd a cas jhreas AVA, ^ajmhuvdr d K]H vkidjtds, sdiÿj dc prhiraea amalëekmh (1 a 0 páikjas). Ajdxh Aj dxhs? s? ]hj ]hj lhmuedjths auxkckards qud sd mhjskldraj jdmdsarkhs para uja eayhr mheprdjskýj ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj7 ësths pudldj sdr kcustramkhjds, nkiuras, ta`cas, djtrd htrhs, dj uj eáxkeh ld trds páikjas. Mala ajdxh ld`d kr juedralh, mhjtdjdr uja cdydjla d kjlkmar ca nudjtd.
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Pÿ`rkma Pÿ`rkm a ld ca ehjhi ehjhiranåa ranåa MPK\DPKH A D^ACTAP
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
AJ\DMDLDJ\D]
H@OD\K^H]
MTDPVH
MHJMCT]KHJD]
JH\A@C JH\ A@C D
Ldsmrk`d uj tdea a kjvdstkiar dxpckmájlhch ld eajdra parmkac ca kephrtajmka ldc ekseh.
Ldsmrk`d uj tdea a kjvdstkiar skj dxpckmar ca kephrtajmka ldc ekseh.
Jh ldsmrk`d mcaraedjtd dc tdea a kjvdstkiar jk dxpckma ca kephrtajmka ldc ekseh.
(< pujths) Nujlaedjta ld eajdra skstdeátkma mhj eás ld lhs tdhråas rdspdmth ldc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj. (= pujths) Nhreuca h`odtkvhs vka`cds, edlk`cds y ackjdalhs ac tdea prhpudsth para kjvdstkiar. (0 pujths) Ajackza dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma mhj eás ld lhs kldas dsdjmkacds. (< pujths)
(= pujths) Nujlaedjta mhj lhs h edjhs tdhråas rdspdmth ldc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj. (0 pujths)
(0 pujths) Nujlaedjta mhj tdhråas qud jh dstáj vkjmucalas mhj dc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj. (1 pujth)
(1 pujth) Nujlaedjta skj mhjskldrar tdhråas rdcamkhjalas ac prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj. (6 pujths)
Nhreuca h`odtkvhs ackjdalhs ac tdea a kjvdstkiar7 skj de`arih, shch shj edlk`cds. (1.4 pujths) Ajackza dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma mhj lhs kldas dsdjmkacds. (= pujths) Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd, pdrh ld amudrlh, shch mhj aciujhs ld chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj. (1.4 pujths)
Nhreuca h`odtkvhs ackjdalhs ac tdea a kjvdstkiar7 skj de`arih, jh shj vka`cds jk edlk`cds. (1 pujth) Ajackza dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma mhj uja shca klda dsdjmkac. (0 pujths)
Nhreuca h`odtkvhs qud jh dstáj ackjdalhs ac tdea a kjvdstkiar.
0
(6.4 pujths) Ajackza dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds jh sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma.
<
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd pdrh jh ld amudrlh mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj.
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas skj mhbdrdjmka jk rdcamkýj mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj.
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd y ld amudrlh mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj.
Jh bay drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (0 pujths)
D]\PTM\TPA [ HPIAJK_AMKÝJ
PDNDPDJMKA]
PD]VHJ]A@KCKLA L
@AO H
VTJ\AO D
Ldsmrk`d uj tdea a kjvdstkiar dxpckmájlhch mhj ac edjhs lhs mrktdrkhs, ca kephrtajmka ldc ekseh.
(0 pujths)
PDLAMMKÝJ
JK^DC LD CHIPH JK^DC AC\H EDL EDLKH KH
Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjta ca kjnhreamkýj ld eajdra hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs y skj su`tåtuchs. (1 pujth) Cas rdndrdjmkas shj rdmkdjtds mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs ld ajtkiódlal y ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. (1 pujth) Djtrdiý dc låa y ca bhra dstkpucala. (1 pujth)
Vrdsdjta basta mkjmh drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1.4 pujths) Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjtd ca kjnhreamkýj hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs, pdrh kjmcuyd su`tåtuchs. (6.94 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas jh shj rdmkdjtds, pdrh shj ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. (6.94 pujths) Djtrdiý dc låa, pdrh jh ca bhra dstkpucala. (6.94 pujths)
<
=
(1 pujth)
0
(1 pujth) Vrdsdjta ld sdks a lkdz drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1 pujth) Pdspdta parmkacedjtd ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj, mhj kjnhreamkýj hriajkzala pdrh chs párranhs jh dstáj `kdj rdlamtalhs.
(6.4 pujths) Vrdsdjta eás ld lkdz drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (6.4 pujths) Jh mhjskldra ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y ca kjnhreamkýj prhphrmkhjala jh pardmd dstar hriajkzala.
0
1
(6.04 pujths) (6.4 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas shj rdmkdjtds mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs ld ajtkiódlal, pdrh jh ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas jk `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. rdmhjhmklas. (6.4 pujths) Djtrdiý uj låa tarld. (6.4 pujths)
Cas rdndrdjmkas jh shj rdmkdjtds jk ld nudjtds rdmhjhmklas.
1 (6.04 pujths) Djtrdiý lhs låas tarld. (6.04 pujths)
\H\AC
JH\A? Ca jhta h`tdjkla dj ca ujklal K ld`drá sdr mhjvdrtkla phr rdica ld trds, a dsmaca vkidskeac.
1 06
K TJKLAL
KKK TJKLAL
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
NAMTC\AL LD.........
D]MTDCA VPHND]KHJAC LD… (Eayÿsmucas, Arkac 12 pujths/ Arkac 1> pujths)
\åtuch ldc Djsayh \åtuch (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas) (Arkac 1< pujths) AT\HP (D])? Vrdsdjtarchs phr hrldj acna`ëtkmh (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) A]D]HP(A )(D])? A]D]HP(A)(D])? Iralh amalëekmh. Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds ( hrmkl.hri/….) (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD KJ^D] KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ? \KIAMKÝJ? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD PD]VHJ]A@KC PD]VHJ]A@KCKLAL KLAL ]HMKAC TJK^DP TJK^DP]K\APKA? ]K\APKA? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) MKTLAL LD NKCKAC “ VDPß (Añh)
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
DJ]A[H Mhephskmkýj dj prhsa, ld dxtdjskýj ehldrala, muyh nkj ds ariuedjtar uj tdea ldtdrekjalh. Dc authr ajackza, kjtdrprdta, dvacÿa y dxprdsa sus rdncdxkhjds. ]drá dca`hralh ld eajdra irupac (< a > kjtdirajtds), phr chs dstulkajtds qud mursdj cas dxpdrkdjmkas murrkmucards dod ld kjvdstkiamkýj nhreatkva ldc K ac KKK mkmch (K jkvdc) y ldc K^ h ^ mkmch (KK jkvdc), ldc Murråmuch L. Dsqudea ldc djsayh MAPÁ\TCA ÅJLKMD K. KK. KKK.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ APITEDJ\AMKÝJ MHJMCT]KHJD]
PDNDPDJMKA] Nhreath ld prdsdjtamkýj?
\aeañh ld papdc? A < \kph y taeañh ld cdtra? Arkac 10 Kjtdrckjdalh? 1.4 Eáridjds
]updrkhr? 0.4 me
Kjndrkhr? = me
Ldrdmbh? 0.4 me
Kzqukdrlh? = me
◈ ◈
◈ ◈
Jÿedrh ld páikjas ld thlh dc lhmuedjth ld 16 a 1< páikjas (skj kjmcukr ajdxhs).
Juedramkýj ld páikja dj dc earidj kjndrkhr ldrdmbh.
Juedramkýj ld páikjas prdckekjards dj rheajhs ekjÿsmucas mhj hrldj
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mhrrdcatkvh, ca marátuca jh sd djuedra y sd kjkmka djuedrajlh dc åjlkmd mhj lhs dj rheajh ekjÿsmucas.
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Juedramkýj ld kjtrhlummkýj basta ajdxhs mhj jÿedrhs ará`kihs kjkmkajlh
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
ld 1 (juedramkýj kjldpdjlkdjtd ld páikjas prdckekjards).
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Chs ajdxhs jh tkdjdj juedramkýj ld páikja.
Iuåa para para ca dca`hramkýj ldc djsayh MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld dc chihtkph ld ca Tjkvdrsklal, ca namuctal y dc prhiraea amalëekmh, dc tåtuch ldc djsayh, jhe`rds ld chs authrds y asdshr (ds), dc mýlkih HPMKL (hrmkl.hri/….), ld mala ujh (authrds y asdshrds) djtrd parëjtdsks, ca cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj (sk dc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkstkjths prhiraeas ld dstulkh, sd mhjskldra cas cåjdas idjdracds ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ca ujkvdrsklal y sk ëstd ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld uj ekseh prhiraea ld dstulkhs, uja ld cas cåjdas ld kjvdstkiamkýj dspdmånkmas ldc prhiraea)7 aså ekseh, sd dspdmknkma ca mkulal ld ca nkckac y dc añh (1 páikja). Dc tåtuch sd rdlamta mhj cdtra eayÿsmuca y cudih mhj ekjÿsmucas7 ld`d sdr mcarh, mhbdrdjtd y mhjmksh (jh dxmdldr ld 06 paca`ras). ÅJLKMD? ]d ÅJLKMD? ]d mhjskija cas partds ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ehlh dsqudeátkmh mhj cas páikjas mhrrdsphjlkdjtds a mala uja ld dccas. ]hch ca prkedra cdtra ld ca paca`ra ld kjkmkh y ld jhe`rds prhpkhs va dj eayÿsmuca (1 páikja). K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ? Ca kjtrhlummkýj cd kjlkma ac cdmthr dc prhpýskth ldc dsmrkthr, KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ? Ca dc amdrmaekdjth ac tdea ca hriajkzamkýj qud sdiukrá dc djsayh d kldjtknkma jåtklaedjtd dc prh`cdea djmualralh dj dc ehedjth amtuac (rdmhedjla`cd bamdrch ld eajdra kjtdrrhiatkva). Ca kjtrhlummkýj ld`d mhjskldrar chs aspdmths skiukdjtds (0 a = páikjas)?
@rdvd prdáe`uch idjdrac ac tdea.
Pdacklal prh`cdeátkma, ca muac kjlkmará ca kjtdrprdtamkýj ld cas
◈ ◈
kepckmajmkas ld ca prdiujta.
Chs h`odtkvhs rdlamtalhs mcaraedjtd.
Dxphskmkýj `rdvd ld chs mhjtdjklhs eás rdcdvajtds.
Kephrtajmka ldc tdea y oustknkmamkýj ld cas razhjds phr cas qud sd
◈
◈ ◈
rdackza ca kjvdstkiamkýj.
◈
KK.
Vrhpudsta ld bkpýtdsks (sk ch rdqukdrd).
APITEDJ\AMKÝJ? ]d prdsdjtaj cas tdsks (nujlaedjths h dvkldjmkas) qud APITEDJ\AMKÝJ? ]d sustdjtaj dc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj a travës ldc ajácksks ld chs oukmkhs qud
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
ikraj dj thrjh a cas phsturas qud tkdjldj a ldndjldr ca ariuedjtamkýj mkdjtånkma. Dj dsta sdmmkýj tkdjd cuiar dc trataekdjth ld chs aspdmths qud sd kjlkmarhj dj ca kjtrhlummkýj. Vhr ch idjdrac, mala aspdmth edjmkhjalh dj ca ariuedjtamkýj mkdjtånkma hmupará uj párranh ldc djsayh. Ca ariuedjtamkýj ldc djsayh ds euy kephrtajtd ya qud ldeudstra ca mapamklal ld hriajkzamkýj y ariuedjtamkýj ldc dsmrkthr. Aså puds, shj mrumkacds dj dsta sdmmkýj, dc dc ush aldmualh ld trajskmkhjds y dc `udj eajdoh ld ca cýikma (= a 4 páikjas). KKK.
MHJMCT]KHJD]? Cas mhjmcuskhjds ld`dj sdiukr uja sdmudjmka cýikma MHJMCT]KHJD]? edjmkhjajlh chs pujths rdcdvajtds, kjmcush aqudcchs mhjtrarkhs ac prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj (1 páikja).
PDNDPDJMKA]? Ds PDNDPDJMKA]? Ds ca rdcamkýj ld nudjtds mktalas dj dc mudrph ldc djsayh (ck`rhs, rdvkstas y tdsks7 jh sd ld`d mhjskldrar a kjnhreamkýj ld pdrkýlkmhs u htrhs qud jh tdjiaj mktas y rdndrdjmkas `k`ckhiránkmas nhreacds). Cas rdndrdjmkas mhjsuctalas, pdrh jh mktalas dj dc tdxth, jh sd kjmcuydj dj dstd ckstalh. Cas rdndrdjmkas ld`dj aoustarsd a cas jhreas AVA, ^ajmhuvdr d K]H, sdiÿj dc prhiraea amalëekmh (0 a = páikjas).
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Pÿ`rkma p ara d dvacuar vacuar dc djsayh djsayh JK^DC LD CHIPH
MPK\DPKH A D^ACTAP
JH\A@C JH\ A@C D
AC\H
EDLKH EDLKH
@AO @AOH H
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
Ldsmrk`d mhj mcarklal y prdmkskýj ca tdeátkma7 dvkldjmka ca prh`cdeátkma ld dstulkh
Ldsmrk`d mhj mcarklal ca tdeátkma, dvkldjmkajlh ca prh`cdeátkma ld dstulkh, ehstrajlh su
Ldsmrk`d mhj phma mcarklal ca tdeátkma, dvkldjmkajlh edlkajaedjtd ca
Ldsmrk`d skj mcarklal ca tdeátkma, jh dvkldjmkajlh ca prh`cdeátkma y ca
ykephrtajmka. ldstama su (< pujths) Nhreuca h`odtkvhs vka`cds, edlk`cds y ackjdalhs ac tdea prhpudsth para kjvdstkiar. (0 pujths) Oustknkma su dstulkh nujlaedjtajlh sh`rd ca `asd ld lkndrdjtds varka`cds y mhjtdxth qud kjmkldj dj dc prh`cdea. (= pujths)
kephrtajmka. (= pujths) Nhreuca h`odtkvhs ackjdalhs ac tdea a kjvdstkiar7 skj de`arih, shch shj edlk`cds.
kephrtajmka ldc dstulkh. (1 pujth) Nhreuca h`odtkvhs qud jh dstáj ackjdalhs ac tdea a kjvdstkiar.
(1.4 pujths) Oustknkma su dstulkh mhjskldrajlh aqudccas varka`cds y mhjtdxths edjhs rdcdvajtds qud kjmkldj dj dc prh`cdea. (0 pujths)
prh`cdeátkma, su k ephrtajmka.aså mheh (0 pujths) Nhreuca h`odtkvhs ackjdalhs ac tdea a kjvdstkiar7 skj de`arih, jh shj vka`cds jk edlk`cds. (1 pujth) Oustknkma su dstulkh sh`rd varka`cds kjdxkstdjtds y mhjtdxths qud jh kjmkldj dj dc prh`cdea. (1 pujth)
Ariuedjta dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma mhj eás ld lhs kldas dsdjmkacds. (< pujths)
Ariuedjta dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma mhj lhs kldas dsdjmkacds. (= pujths)
Ariuedjta dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma mhj uja shca klda dsdjmkac. (0 pujths)
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd y ld amudrlh mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj.
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd, pdrh ld amudrlh, shch mhj aciujhs ld chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj. (1.4 pujths) Vrdsdjta basta mkjmh drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1.4 pujths) Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjtd ca kjnhreamkýj hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs, pdrh kjmcuyd su`tåtuchs. (6.94 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas jh shj rdmkdjtds, pdrh shj ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd pdrh jh ld amudrlh mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj. (1 pujth) Vrdsdjta ld sdks a lkdz drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1 pujth) Pdspdta parmkacedjtd ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj, mhj kjnhreamkýj hriajkzala pdrh chs párranhs jh dstáj `kdj rdlamtalhs.
(6.4 pujths) Vrdsdjta eás ld lkdz drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (6.4 pujths) Jh mhjskldra ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y ca kjnhreamkýj prhphrmkhjala jh pardmd dstar hriajkzala.
(6.4 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas shj rdmkdjtds mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs
(6.04 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas jh shj rdmkdjtds jk ld nudjtds rdmhjhmklas.
H@OD\K^H] H@OD\K^H]
OT]\KNKMAMKÝJ
APITEDJ\AMKÝJ
MHJMCT]KHJD] MHJMCT]KHJD]
PDLAMMKÝJ PDLAMMKÝJ
D]\PTM\TPA [ HPIAJK_AMKÝJ
PDNDPDJMKA] PDNDPDJMKA]
PD]VHJ]A@KCKLA L
(0 pujths) Jh bay drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (0 pujths) Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjta ca kjnhreamkýj ld eajdra hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs y skj su`tåtuchs. (1 pujth) Cas rdndrdjmkas shj rdmkdjtds mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs ld ajtkiódlal y ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. (1 pujth)
mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas.
Djtrdiý dj dc låa y bhra dstkpucala. (1 pujth)
Djtrdiý dj dc låa, pdrh jh ca bhra dstkpucala. (6.94 pujths)
(6.94 pujths)
(6.4 pujths) Jh dxpckma cas lkndrdjtds varka`cds y mhjtdxth qud kjmkldj dj dc prh`cdea a`hrlalh dj su djsayh. (6 pujths) Ariuedjta dc tdea y cas tdhråas kjvdstkialas, a partkr ld cas muacds jh sustdjta uja phstura mråtkma.
VTJ\AO D
<
0
=
<
(1 pujth) Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas skj mhbdrdjmka jk rdcamkýj mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj.
ld ajtkiódlal, pdrh jh ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas jk `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. (6.4 pujths) Djtrdiý uj låa tarld.
Djtrdiý lhs låas tarld.
(6.4 pujths)
(6.04 pujths)
0
0
1
1 (6.04 pujths)
\H\AC \H\AC JH\A? Ca jhta h`tdjkla dj ca ujklal K ld`drá sdr mhjvdrtkla phr rdica ld trds, a dsmaca vkidskeac.
1
06
K
KKK
TJKLA
TJKLA
L
L
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
NAMTC\AL LD......... D]MTDCA VPHND]KHJAC LD… (Eayÿsmucas, Arkac 12 pujths/ Arkac 1> pujths)
\åtuch l \åtuch ldc dc d dstul stulkh kh ld mash (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas) (Arkac 1< pujths) AT\HP (D])? Vrdsdjtarchs phr hrldj acna`ëtkmh (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) A]D]HP(A )(D])? A]D]HP(A)(D])? Iralh amalëekmh. Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds ( hrmkl.hri/….) (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD KJ^D] KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ? \KIAMKÝJ? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD PD]VHJ]A@KC PD]VHJ]A@KCKLAL KLAL ]HMKAC TJK^DP TJK^DP]K\APKA? ]K\APKA? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) MKTLAL LD NKCKAC “ VDPß (Añh)
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
D]\TLKH LD MA]H MA]H Dc dstulkh ld mash, ds uj prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj qud sd maramtdrkza phr prdmksar pr dmksar uj prhmdsh ld `ÿsqudla d kjlaiamkýj, aså mheh dc ajácksks skstdeátkmh ld ujh h varkhs mashs. Dj dsd sdjtklh, sd djtkdjld phr mash a thlas aqudccas mkrmujstajmkas, sktuamkhjds h ndjýedjhs ÿjkmhs ld ch qud sd rdqukdrd eás kjnhreamkýj h edrdmdj aciÿj tkph ld kjtdrës ldjtrh ldc eujlh ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj. ]drá dca`hralh ld eajdra irupac (< a > kjtdirajtds), phr chs dstulkajtds qud mursdj cas dxpdrkdjmkas murrkmucards dod ld kjvdstkiamkýj nhreatkva ldc K^ h ^ mkmch (KK jkvdc), ldc Murråmuch L. Dsqudea ldc ldc dstulk h ld ma mash sh MAPÁ\TCA ÅJLKMD K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
KK.
LD]MPKVMKÐJ [ AJÁCK]K] LDC NDJÐEDJH D]\TLKALH
KKK.
MHJMCT]KHJD]
PDNDPDJMKA] Nhreath ld prdsdjtamkýj?
\aeañh ld papdc? A < \kph y taeañh ld cdtra? Arkac 10 Kjtdrckjdalh? 1.4 Eáridjds
]updrkhr? 0.4 me
Kjndrkhr? = me
Ldrdmbh? 0.4 me
Kzqukdrlh? = me
◈ ◈
◈ ◈
Dc jÿedrh ld páikjas ld thlh dc lhmuedjth sdrá ld 11 a 14 páikjas (skj kjmcukr ajdxhs).
◈
Juedramkýj ld páikja dj dc earidj kjndrkhr ldrdmbh.
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
◈
Juedramkýj ld páikjas prdckekjards dj rheajhs ekjÿsmucas mhj hrldj mhrrdcatkvh, ca marátuca jh sd djuedra y sd kjkmka djuedrajlh dc åjlkmd mhj lhs dj rheajh ekjÿsmucas.
◈
Juedramkýj ld kjtrhlummkýj basta ajdxhs mhj jÿedrhs ará`kihs kjkmkajlh ld 1 (juedramkýj kjldpdjlkdjtd ld páikjas prdckekjards).
◈
Chs ajdxhs jh tkdjdj juedramkýj ld páikja.
Iuåa para ca d dca`hramkýj ca`hramkýj ldc dstulkh ld mash MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld dc chihtkph ld ca Tjkvdrsklal, ca namuctal y dc prhiraea amalëekmh, dc tåtuch ldc dstulkh ld mash, jhe`rds ld chs authrds y asdshr (ds), dc mýlkih HPMKL (hrmkl.hri/….), ld mala ujh (authrds y asdshrds) djtrd parëjtdsks, ca cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj (sk dc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkstkjths prhiraeas ld dstulkh, sd mhjskldra cas cåjdas idjdracds ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ca ujkvdrsklal y sk ëstd ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld uj ekseh prhiraea ld dstulkhs, uja ld cas cåjdas ld kjvdstkiamkýj dspdmånkmas ldc prhiraea)7 aså ekseh, sd dspdmknkma ca mkulal ld ca nkckac y dc añh. Dc tåtuch sd rdlamta mhj cdtra eayÿsmuca y cudih mhj ekjÿsmucas7 ld`d sdr mcarh, mhbdrdjtd y mhjmksh (jh dxmdldr ld 06 paca`ras) (1 páikja). ÅJLKMD? ]d ÅJLKMD? ]d mhjskija cas partds ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ehlh dsqudeátkmh mhj cas páikjas mhrrdsphjlkdjtds a mala uja ld dccas. ]hch ca prkedra cdtra ld ca paca`ra ld kjkmkh y ld jhe`rds prhpkhs va dj eayÿsmuca (1 páikja). K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ? ]d rdlamta dj nhrea ldsmrkptkva lhjld ld`d mhjtdjdr dc KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ? ]d prh`cdea a a`hrlar mhj ca tdhråa qud shphrta dc ndjýedjh dstulkalh, ldtacca ca oustknkmamkýj, dc lksdñh ld kjvdstkiamkýj, h`odtkvhs y cas tëmjkmas ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths (ld < a > páikjas).
KK.
LD]MPKVMKÝJ [ AJÁ AJÁCK]K CK]K] ] LDC NDJÝEDJH D]\TLKALH D]\TLKALH?? ]d prdsdjta ca ldsmrkpmkýj ldc mash dstulkalh y sd ajackza mhj ayula ld cas tdhråas ac mash ld dstulkh (ld 0 a = páikjas).
KKK.
MHJMCT]KHJD]? ]hj cas kldas dsdjmkacds ldc dstulkh ld mash, mheh MHJMCT]KHJD]? rdspudsta a chs h`odtkvhs pcajtdalhs (1 páikja).
PDNDPDJMKA]? Ds PDNDPDJMKA]? Ds ca rdcamkýj ld nudjtds mktalas dj dc mudrph ldc dstulkh ld mash (ck`rhs, rdvkstas y tdsks7 jh sd ld`d mhjskldrar kjnhreamkýj ld pdrkýlkmhs u htrhs qud
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
jh tdjiaj mktas y rdndrdjmkas `k`ckhiránkmas nhreacds). Cas rdndrdjmkas mhjsuctalas, m hjsuctalas, pdrh jh mktalas dj dc tdxth, jh sd kjmcuydj dj dstd ckstalh. Cas rdndrdjmkas ld`dj aoustarsd a cas jhreas AVA, ^ajmhuvdr d K]H vkidjtds, sdiÿj dc prhiraea amalëekmh (ld 0 a = páikjas).
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Pÿ`rkma Pÿ`rkm a ldc dstulkh l ld d ma mash sh MPK\DPKH] KLDJ\KNKMAMKÝJ LDC VPH@CDEA
JH\A@CD Ldsmrk`d y ajackza uj prh`cdea partkdjlh ld uj mhjtdxth shmkac ld eajdra s kstdeátkma.
JK^DC LD CHIPH AC\H EDL EDLKH KH
H@OD\K^H]
(0 pujths)
LK]DÑH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÐJ LD]MPKVMKÝJ [ AJÁCK]K] AJÁ CK]K] LDC NDJÝEDJH D]\TLKALH
Ldsarrhcca dc lksdñh ld mash a travës ld uj pcaj ich`ac. (= pujths) Ldsmrk`d y ajackza dc prh`cdea ldc dstulkh ld mash a travës ld cas tdhråas dxkstdjtds y ca trkajiucamkýj. (= pujths) Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj prdsdjtalas a travës ld
MHJMCT]KHJD]
Ldsmrk`d dc prh`cdea dj dc mhjtdxth shmkac, skj prkhrkzar cas jdmdsklalds. (0pujths)
Ldsmrk`d dc prh`cdea jh rdncdoajlh dc prh`cdea a kjtdrvdjkr.
(=pujths) Nhreuca h`odtkvhs, ld ajácksks y ld matdihrkzamkýj lhjld djich`a parmkacedjtd ca kjvdstkiamkýj. (1 pujth) Ldsarrhcca dc lksdñh ldsld eÿctkpcds mashs.
Nhreuca h`odtkvhs, lhjld jh shj mhbdrdjtds mhj dc pcajtdaekdjth ldc prh`cdea y jh shj acmajza`cds. (6.4 pujth)
(1 pujth) h`odtkvhs, Nhreuca lhjld jh sd rdcamkhja mhj ca prdiujta ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj y jh shj prdmkshs
(0 pujths) Ldsmrk`d dc prh`cdea ldc dstulkh ld mash a travës ld ajácksks ld tdhråas dxkstdjtds. (0 pujths) Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj prdsdjtalas
(1 pujth) Ldsmrk`d y ajackza dj nhrea parmkac dc prh`cdea ldc dstulkh ld mash.
D]\PTM\TPA [ HPIAJK_AMKÐJ
PD]VHJ]A@KCKLA L
(6 pujths) Ldsarrhcca dc lksdñh ld dstulkhs ld mash para tdeas jh aprhpkalhs. (6.4 pujths) Ldsmrk`d skj ajackzar dc prh`cdea ldc dstulkh ld mash.
(6.4 pujths) Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj prdsdjtalas skj
shch para aciujhs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj. (0 Vujths) Vrdsdjta basta mkjmh drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1.4 pujths) Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjtd ca kjnhreamkýj hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs, pdrh kjmcuyd su`tåtuchs. (6.94 pujths)
ld mhbdrdjtd eajdra skj rdcamkýj mhj chs h`odtkvhs. (1 Vujths) Vrdsdjta ld sdks a lkdz drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1 pujth) Pdspdta parmkacedjtd ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj, mhj kjnhreamkýj hriajkzala pdrh chs párranhs jh dstáj `kdj rdlamtalhs.
mhbdrdjmka jk rdcamkýj mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj. (6 Vujths) Vrdsdjta eás ld lkdz drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj.
Cas rdndrdjmkas shj rdmkdjtds mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs ld ajtkiódlal y ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas.
Casshjrdndrdjmkas jh rdmkdjtds, pdrh shj ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas.
(1 pujth)
(6.94 pujths)
Djtrdiý dc låa y ca bhra dstkpucala.
Djtrdiý dc låa, pdrh jh ca bhra dstkpucala. (6.94 pujths)
Cas rdmkdjtds rdndrdjmkas shj mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs ld ajtkiódlal, pdrh jh ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas jk `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. (6.4 pujths) Djtrdiý uj låa tarld.
Djtrdiý tarld.
(6.4 pujths)
(6.04 pujths)
uja sdmudjmka cýikma dj nujmkýj a chs h`odtkvhs.
Jh bay drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (0 pujths) Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjta ca kjnhreamkýj ld eajdra hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs y skj su`tåtuchs.
(1 pujth)
PDNDPDJMKA]
Ldsarrhcca dc lksdñh ldsld uj mash ÿjkmh.
(1 pujth) . Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj prdsdjtalas
(= Vujths)
PDLAMMKÐJ
@AO @AOH H
Ldsmrk`d y ajackza dc prh`cdea dj dc mhjtdxth shmkac.
( pujths) \åtuch ldc Kjnhred dstalå \åtuch dstalåstkm stkmh h (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas) (Arkac 1< pujths) AT\HP (D])? Vrdsdjtarchs phr hrldj acna`ëtkmh (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) hrmkl.hri/….)) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds Jhe`rds ((hrmkl.hri/…. Apdccklhs, Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….)
A]D]HP(A )(D])? A]D]HP(A)(D])? Iralh amalëekmh. Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds ( hrmkl.hri/….) (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD KJ^D] KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ? \KIAMKÝJ? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD PD]VHJ]A@KC PD]VHJ]A@KCKLAL KLAL ]HMKAC TJK^DP TJK^DP]K\APKA? ]K\APKA? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) MKTLAL LD NKCKAC “ VDPß (Añh)
* ]k dc Kjnhred Dstalåstkmh ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkndrdjtds dsmudcas (euctkdsmudca), shch sd mhjskldrará Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamký Kjvdstkiamkýjj Nhreatkva.
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
KJNHPED D]\ALÅ]\KMH Dc kjnhred dstalåstkmh ds uj lhmuedjth qud prdsdjta chs rdsuctalhs ldrkvalhs ld uja kjvdstkiamkýj, skiukdjlh dc eëthlh mkdjtånkmh y utkckzajlh aldmualaedjtd cas tëmjkmas dstalåstkmas. Vara tac dndmth, sd sdcdmmkhja uja eudstra y sd apckma uj kjstruedjth ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths mhrrdsphjlkdjtd ac tdea dcdiklh, bamkdjlh ca rdspdmtkva kjtdrprdtamkýj dstalåstkma ld cas varka`cds dj dstulkh. ]drá dca`hralh ld eajdra irupac (< a > kjtdirajtds), phr chs dstulkajtds qud mursdj ca dxpdrkdjmka murrkmucar ld \ëmjkmas d kjstruedjths ld kjvdstkiamkýj ldc K^ mkmch ldc Murråmuch L. Dsqudea ldc kjnhred dstalåstkmh MAPÁ\TCA ÅJLKMD PD]TEDJ K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
KK.
EË\HLH 0.1
^arka`cds
0.0
Hpdramkhjackzamkýj ld varka`cds
0.=
Vh`camkýj, eudstra y eudstrdh
0.<
\ëmjkmas d kjstruedjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths
0.4
Aspdmths ëtkmhs
KKK.
VPHMD]AEKDJ\H D]\ALÅ]\KMH
K^.
PD]TC\ALH] [ LK]MT]KÝJ
^.
MHJMCT]KHJD]
PDNDPDJMKA] AJDRH] Nhreath ld prdsdjtamkýj?
\aeañh ld papdc? A < \kph y taeañh ld cdtra? Arkac 10
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Kjtdrckjdalh? 1.4 Eáridjds
]updrkhr? 0.4 me
Kjndrkhr? = me
Ldrdmbh? 0.4 me
Kzqukdrlh? = me
◈ ◈
◈ ◈
Jÿedrh ld páikjas ld thlh dc lhmuedjth ld 1= a 1; páikjas (skj kjmcukr ajdxhs).
Juedramkýj ld páikja dj dc earidj kjndrkhr ldrdmbh.
Juedramkýj ld páikjas prdckekjards dj rheajhs ekjÿsmucas mhj hrldj
◈ ◈
mhrrdcatkvh, ca marátuca jh sd djuedra y sd kjkmka djuedrajlh dc åjlkmd mhj lhs dj rheajh ekjÿsmucas.
◈
Juedramkýj ld kjtrhlummkýj basta ajdxhs mhj jÿedrhs ará`kihs kjkmkajlh dj 1 (juedramkýj kjldpdjlkdjtd ld páikjas prdckekjards).
◈
Chs ajdxhs jh tkdjdj juedramkýj ld páikja.
Iuåa para ca dca dca`hr `hramkýj amkýj ldc kjn kjnhred hred dstalåstkmh MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld dc chihtkph ld ca Tjkvdrsklal, ca namuctal y dc prhiraea amalëekmh, dc tåtuch ldc kjnhred dstalåstkmh jhe`rds ld chs authrds y asdshr (ds), dc mýlkih HPMKL (hrmkl.hri/….), ld mala ujh (authrds y asdshrds) djtrd parëjtdsks, ca cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj (sk dc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkstkjths prhiraeas ld dstulkh, sd mhjskldra cas cåjdas idjdracds ld ca ujkvdrsklal, y sk ëstd ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld uj ekseh prhiraea ld dstulkhs d sdcdmmkhjará uja ld cas cåjdas dspdmånkmas ldc prhiraea), Aldeás sd ld`d dspdmknkmar cas cåjdas P]T (Pdsphjsa`kcklal shmkac ujkvdrsktarka) y cas cåjdas HL] (H`odtkvh ldsarrhcch shstdjk`cd)7 \ae`këj, sd ld`d dspdmknkmar ca mkulal ld ca nkckac y dc añh (1 páikja). Dc tåtuch sd rdlamta mhj cdtra eayÿsmuca y cudih mhj ekjÿsmucas7 ld`d sdr mcarh, mhbdrdjtd y mhjmksh (jh dxmdldr ld 06 paca`ras). ÅJLKMD? ]d mhjskijaj cas partds ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ehlh ÅJLKMD? dsqudeátkmh mhj cas páikjas mhrrdsphjlkdjtds a mala uja ld dccas. ]hch ca prkedra cdtra ld ca paca`ra ld kjkmkh y ld jhe`rds prhpkhs va dj eayÿsmuca (1 páikja).
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Ld`d sdr rdlamtalh dj uj eáxkeh ld 046 paca`ras. Dc rdsuedj ds PD]TEDJ? Ld`d PD]TEDJ? prdsdjtalh dj uj shch párranh, y ld`d mhjtdjdr? dc h`odtkvh idjdrac ldc dstulkh, ca ph`camkýj, ca eudstra dstulkala, ca nhrea mýeh nudrhj rdmhiklhs y prhmdsalhs chs laths, dc rdsuctalh y ca mhjmcuskýj rdndrkla ac h`odtkvh idjdrac. Ld`d kjlkmarsd cas paca`ras mcavd (1 páikja). K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ? Dxphjd dj ehlh idjdrac ca rdacklal prh`cdeátkma KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ? ldstamajlh ca kephrtajmka ldc prh`cdea a kjvdstkiar dj su mhjtdxth shmkac (sd ( sd rdlamta dj nhrea ldsmrkptkva y dxphsktkva). Aldeás, edjmkhja chs ajtdmdldjtds, ca nhreucamkýj ldc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj, kjvdstkiamkýj, ca bkpýtdsks y chs h`odtkvhs. Dstd mapåtuch sd rdlamta dj prhsa rdspdtajlh cas mktas sdiÿj jhrea kjtdrjamkhjac (0 a = páikjas).
KK.
EË\HLH (< a > páikjas)? páikjas)? 0.1
^arka`cds? ]d djujmka ca h cas varka`cds dstulkalas, sdñacajlh ca ^arka`cds? matdihråa ld mala uja (Kjldpdjlkdjtd, ldpdjlkdjtd, muacktatkva h muajtktatkva, dtm.)
0.0 0.0
Hpdra Hpdramkh mkhjackzamkýj jackzamkýj ld varka`cds varka`cds?? Kjmcuyd? Kldjtknkmamkýj ld ca varka`cd? Ldnkjkmkýj mhjmdptuac? mhjmdptuac? ]d bamd dj `asd a cas lkedjskhjds ld ca varka`cd, cas qud bay qud tdjdr dj mudjta para dxprdsar chs rdsuctalhs, ld`d mhjskldrar mkta ac sdr uja ldnkjkmkýj tdýrkma. Ldnkjkmkýj hpdramkhjac? hpdramkhjac? Kjlkma ca nhrea dj qud sd va a edlkr ca varka`cd dj dstulkh, nujlaedjtala phr uja tdhråa. ]d bamd mhj chs kjlkmalhrds ld mala lkedjskýj, skdeprd y muajlh ca varka`cd ch rdqukdra, chs qud bay qud tdjdr dj mudjta para ca dca`hramkýj ld chs kjstruedjths y para dxprdskýj ld chs rdsuctalhs. Chs kjlkmalhrds? qud pdrektdj h`sdrvar y edlkr cas varka`cds y ld`dj nhrear partd prkjmkpac ld ca tdhråa rdcamkhjala ac tdea (^dr ta`ca ld hpdramkhjackzamkýj ld varka`cds). Dsmacas Dsma cas ld edlkmkýj ? Kjlkmar sk ds jhekjac, hrlkjac, ld kjtdrvach h ld razýj.
0.= 0.=
Vh`camkýj, eudstra y eudstrdh ]d rdmhekdjla usar ca nkmb nkmba a të tëmjk mjkma ma ld eudstrdh lhjld ldtacca?
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Dstá mhjstktukla phr uj mhjoujth ld dcdedjths (pdrshjas, Vh`camkýj? Dstá Vh`camkýj? ajkeacds h mhsas) qud phsddj maramtdråstkmas mheujds, qud shj dstulkalas phr dc kjvdstkialhr y qud sd ldsda idjdrackzar. Dj mash ld tra`aoarsd mhj thla ca ph`camkýj, sd dckekjará dc ru`rh mhrrdsphjlkdjtd a ca eudstra. Eudstra? Ld`d Eudstra? Ld`d kjmcukr ca ldsmrkpmkýj ld cas ujklalds ld ajácksks, aså mheh ca tëmjkma utkckzala para h`tdjdr ca eudstra (eudstrdh ( eudstrdh)) y dc taeañh ld ca eudstra. Tjklal ld ajácksks? ajácksks? ds mala uja ld cas pdrshjas h dcdedjths sdcdmmkhjalhs mheh partd ld ca eudstra.
◈
Mrktdrkhs ld kjmcuskýj? maramtdråstkmas qud bamdj qud uja pdrshja h uj dcdedjth sdaj mhjskldralhs mheh partd ld ca eudstra.
◈
Mrktdrkhs ld dxmcuskýj? dxmcuskýj? Ds uja mhjlkmkýj qud bamd qud uj dcdedjth sda dxmcuklh dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj. Dsths jh mhjstktuydj ca jdiamkýj ld chs mrktdrkhs ld kjmcuskýj.
0.< 0.<
\ë \ëmjk mjkmas mas d kjst kjstrue ruedjths djths ld rdmhcdmmký rdmhcdmmkýj j ld laths? Edjmkhjar cas tëmjkmas qud sd vaj a utkckzar para rdmhcdmtar chs laths (djmudsta, djtrdvksta, h`sdrvamkýj y/h Ajácksks lhmuedjtac) y ldtaccar sus mhrrdsphjlkdjtds kjstruedjths, chs muacds ld`dj prdsdjtar dvkldjmkas ld vackldz y nka`kcklal.
0.44 0.
Vrhmdsaekdjth
dstalåstkmh? Dxpckmar dstalåstkmh?
mýeh
sd
prhmdsará
dstalåstkmaedjtd chs laths rdmhpkcalhs (Edlklas ldsmrkptkvas, mhrrdcamkýj y rdirdskýj ckjdac, Vrud`as ld bkpýtdsks y Vrud`a ld ashmkamkýj, dtm). 0.> 0.>
Aspdm As pdmth th s ëtkmh ëtk mhs? s? Ldsmrk`d chs mrktdrkhs (jamkhjacds d kjtdrjamkhjacds) qud sd utkckzaj para iarajtkzar ca macklal ëtkma ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj, dxpckmajlh ca apckmamkýj ld chs prkjmkpkhs ëtkmhs (`djdnkmdjmka, jh eacdnkmdjmka, authjheåa y oustkmka), sdiÿj mhrrdsphjla.
KKK.
PD]TC\A PD]TC\ALH] LH] [ LK]MT]KÝJ? LK]MT]KÝJ? ]d prdsdjtaj tdjkdjlh dj mudjta chs h`odtkvhs pcajtdalhs, a travës ld ta`cas h nkiuras, (tdjkdjlh dj mudjta ch qud
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
va dj ta`cas ya jh va dj cas nkiuras y vkmdvdrsa). Chs prkjmkpacds rdsuctalhs sd rdlamtaj dj prhsa, y sd mhjtrastaj m hjtrastaj mhj chs ajtdmdldjtds (1 a = páikjas). K^.
MHJMCT]KHJD]? Cas mhjmcuskhjds ld`dj rdsphjldr a chs h`odtkvhs MHJMCT]KHJD]? pcajtdalhs dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj, mala h`odtkvh idjdra uja mhjmcuskýj. Jh ds amhjsdoa`cd dca`hrar eumbas mhjmcuskhjds y dccas ld`dj dstar mcaraedjtd sustdjtalas mhj chs rdsuctalhs h`tdjklhs (1 páikja).
PDNDPDJMKA]? Ds ca rdcamkýj ld nudjtds mktalas dj dc mudrph ldc kjnhred PDNDPDJMKA]? dstalåstkmh (ck`rhs, rdvkstas y tdsks7 jh sd ld`d mhjskldrar a kjnhreamkýj ld pdrkýlkmhs u htrhs qud jh tdjia mktas y rdndrdjmkas `k`ckhiránkmas nhreacds). Cas rdndrdjmkas mhjsuctalas, pdrh jh mktalas dj dc tdxth, jh sd kjmcuydj dj dstd ckstalh. Cas rdndrdjmkas ld`dj aoustarsd a cas jhreas AVA, ^ajmhuvdr d K]H vkidjtds, sdiÿj dc prhiraea amalëekmh (0 a = páikjas). AJDRH]? ]hj lhmuedjths auxkckards qud sd mhjskldraj jdmdsarkhs para uja AJDRH]? eayhr mheprdjskýj ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj7 ësths pudldj sdr kcustramkhjds, nkiuras, ta`cas, djtrd htrhs, dj uj eáxkeh ld trds páikjas. Mala ajdxh ld`d kr juedralh, mhjtdjdr uja cdydjla d kjlkmar ca nudjtd. \a`ca \a `ca ld hpdramkhj hpdramkhjackza ackzamký mkýj jl ld d varka`cds. ^APKA@CD]
LDNKJKMKÝJ
LDNKJKMKÝJ
LD D]\TLKH
MHJMDV\TAC
HVDPAMKHJAC
LKEDJ]KÝJ
KJLKMALHPD]
Airdiar Lkedjskhjds d kjlkmalhrds skdeprd y muajlh ca varka`cd ch rdqukdra
D]MACA LD EDLKMKÝJ
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Pÿ`rkma ldc kjnhred dstalåstkmh dstalåstkmh JK^DC DNDM\K^H CHIPALH VHP DC KJLKMALHP MPK\DPKH] JH\A@CD MAPA\TCA prdsdjta ld eajdra mhepcdta thlhs chs maephs dsta`cdmklhs dj dc kjn. Dstalåstkmh Dc tktuch mhjtkdjd chs dcdedjths? dcdedjths ? -- ^arka`cd, dspamkh. aphrta a ph`camkýj, shcumkhjar shcumkhjar tkdeph uj ttdea deay amtuac - Pdiklh phr cas cåjdas ld kjv KJ\PHLTMMK KJ\PH LTMMKHJ HJ (rdlamtalh dj p rhs a) - Pdacklal Vrh`cdeátkma - Nhreucamkýj ldc Vrh`cdea - Ajtdmdldjtds - H`odt H`odtkvhs kvhs d Bkpýtdsks (sk mhrrdsphjld) ED\HLH? ^arka`cd y hpdramkhjackzamkhj - ^arka`cd(s) y Ldnkjkmkýj mhjmdptuac - Ldnkjkmkýj hpdramkhjac - Lkedjskhjds Lkedjskhjds (sk mhrrdsphjld) - Kjlkmalhrds y Dsmacas ED\HLH ED\ HLH?? \ëmjkma d kjstr uedjth - \ëmjkma ld rdmhcdmmkýj - Kjstruedjth (ajdxh) - Ldsmrkpmkýj Ldsmrkpmkýj ldc kjstruedjth - ^ackldz y mhjnka`kck mhjnka`kcklal lal (sk mhrrdsphjld) ED\HLH? Vh`camkýj y eudstra. - Ldnkjkr Vh`camkýj ld dstulkh
Muepcd pdrndmtaedjt d thlhs chs mrktdrkhs (1 Vth)
AC\H
EDLKH EDLKH
Muepcd mhj 0 mrktdrkhs ld dvacuamkýj (6.4 Vth)
Muepcd mhj 1 mrktdrkh ld dvacuamkýj (6.04 Vths) Muepcd parmkacedjtd mhj ca eayhråa h mhrrdmtaedjt d mhj aciujhs mrktdrkhs ld dvacuamkýj (6.04 Vths) Muepcd mhj 1 h 0 mrktdrkh ld dvacuamkýj (6.1 Vths)
Muepcd pdrndmtaedjt d thlhs chs mrktdrkhs (1 Vth)
Muepcd mhrrdmtaedjt d mhj ca eayhråa ld chs mrktdrkhs ld dvacuamkýj (6.4 Vths)
Muepcd pdrndmtaedjt d thlhs chs mrktdrkhs (6.4 Vths)
Muepcd mhj = mrktdrkhs ld dvacuamkýj (6.04 Vths)
Muepcd pdrndmtaedjt d thlhs chs mrktdrkhs (6.4 Vths)
Muepcd mhj =h< mrktdrkhs ld dvacuamkýj (6.04 Vths)
Muepcd mhj 1 h 0 mrktdrkh ld dvacuamkýj (6.14 Vths)
Apckma mhrrdmtaedjt d thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (1 Vth)
Apckma parmkacedjtd thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (6.4 Vths)
Apckma parmkacedjtd aciujhs ld chs tdeas prhpudsths h ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6.04 Vths)
Apckma mhrrdmtaedjt d thlhs chs tdeas
Apckma parmkacedjtd thlhs chs tdeas
prhpudsths (1 Vth)
prhpudsths (6.4 Vths)
VPHM D]\ALÅ]\KMH? Vrud`a Bkpýtdsks 1V Dca`hra aldmualaedjtd cas prud`as ld bkpýtdsks skiukdjlh ca edthlhchiåa dxpckmala dj mcasd (4 pashs) - VB 1 ph`camkýj (Edlka y prhphrmkýj) - Vrud`as ld jhreacklal - Vrud`as jh paraeëtrkmas ld 1 ph`camkýj
Apckma mhrrdmtaedjt d thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (1 Vth)
Apckma parmkacedjtd thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (6.4 Vths)
Apckma parmkacedjtd aciujhs ld chs tdeas prhpudsths h ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6.04 Vths)
VPHM D]\AL ]\KMH? VPHM ]\KMH? Vrud`a Bkpýtdsks 0 ph` Dca`hra aldmualaedjtd cas prud`as ld bkpýtdsks skiukdjlh ca edthlhchiåa dxpckmala dj mcasd (4 pashs) - VB 0 ph`camkhjds paraeëtrkmas - VB 0 ph`camkhjds jh paraeëtrkmas - VB 0 ph`camkhjds rdcamkhjalas (sk
Apckma mhrrdmtaedjt d thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (0 Vths)
Apckma parmkacedjtd thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (1 Vth)
Apckma parmkacedjtd aciujhs ld chs tdeas prhpudsths h ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6.4 Vths)
-- Mrktdrkhs ld ca kjmcuskýj \aeañh ld eudstray dxmcuskýj - Dstratdika ld eudstrdh - Nkmba tëmjkma ld eudstrdh VPHM D]\ALK]\K D]\ALK]\KMH? MH? Ldsmrkp tkv as Dca`hra aldmualaedjtd ca dstalåstkma ldsmrkptkva y su rdspdmtkva kjtdrprdtamkýj ld chs skiukdjtds tdeas - \a`cas dstalåstkmas (mhj thlhs sus dcdedjths) - Iránkmhs dstalåstkmhs (mhj thlhs sus dcdedjths) - Edlklas dstalåstkmas ldsmrkptkvas ldsmrkptkvas VPHM D]\ALÅ]\KMH? @klkedjskhjac Dca`hra aldmualaedjtd ca dstalåstkma `klkedjskhjac y su rdspdmtkva kjtdrprdtamkýj ld chs skiukdjtds tdeas - \a`cas ld mhjtkjidjmka (`kvarkajtd) -- Lkairaea ld lkspdrskýj Mhdn mhrrdcamkýj ld Vdarshj - Pdirdskýj ckjdac y Mhdn ld ldtdrekjamkýj
Apckma parmkacedjtd aciujhs ld chs tdeas prhpudsths h ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6.04 Vths)
VD] H
@AOH Jh muepcd mhj jkjiÿj
64
mrktdrkh (6 Vths)
Jh muepcd mhj jkjiÿj mrktdrkh (6 Vths)
64
Jh muepcd mhj jkjiÿj mrktdrkh (6 Vths)
0.4
Jh muepcd mhj jkjiÿj mrktdrkh (6 Vths)
0.4
Jh apckma jkjiujh ld chs tdeas prhpudsth s h chs apckma ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6 Vths) Jh apckma jkjiujh ld chs tdeas prhpudsth s h chs apckma nhreald kjmhrrdmta (6 Vths) Jh apckma jkjiujh ld chs tdeas prhpudsth s h chs apckma ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6 Vths) Jh apckma jkjiujh ld chs tdeas prhpudsth s h chs apckma ld nhrea
64
64
64
16
K TJKLA L
KK TJKLA L
KKK TJKLA L
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
mhrrdsphjld) VPHM D]\ALÅ]\KMH? Vrud`a Bkpýtdsks ≤= ph` Dca`hra aldmualaedjtd cas prud`as ld bkpýtdsks skiukdjlh ca edthlhchiåa dxpckmala dj mcasd (4 pashs) - VB para ≤= ph`camkhjds paraeëtrkmas - VB para ≤= ph`camkhjds jh paraeëtrkmas
Apckma mhrrdmtaedjt d thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (0 Vths)
Apckma parmkacedjtd thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (1 Vth)
Apckma parmkacedjtd aciujhs ld chs tdeas prhpudsths h ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6.4 Vths)
(hpm)
kjmhrrdmta (6 Vths) Jh apckma jkjiujh ld chs tdeas prhpudsth s h chs apckma ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6 Vths) Jh apckma jkjiujh ld chs tdeas prhpudsth s h chs apckma ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6 Vths)
16
VPHM D]\ALÅ]\KMH? Vrud`a ld ashmkamkýj Dca`hra aldmualaedjtd cas prud`as ld bkpýtdsks skiukdjlh ca edthlhchiåa dxpckmala dj mcasd (4 pashs) - Vrud`a ld ashmkamkýj Mbk mualralh - Edlklas ld ashmkamkýj para varka`cds jhekjacds y Hrlkjacds Hrlkjacds
Apckma mhrrdmtaedjt d thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (0 Vths)
Apckma parmkacedjtd thlhs chs tdeas prhpudsths (1 Vth)
Apckma parmkacedjtd aciujhs ld chs tdeas prhpudsths h ld nhrea kjmhrrdmta (6.4 Vths)
PD]TC\ALH] PD]TC\ALH ] [ LK]MT] LK]MT]KK J ]dcdmmkhja cas tëmjkmas dstalåstkmas klýjdas para para rdsphjldr aldmualaedjtd a chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj Kjtdrprdta chs rdsuctalhs mhjtdxtuackzájlhchs a su tdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj y chs mhepara mhj chs ajtdmdldjtds.
Muepcd mhrrdmtaedjt d dj su thtacklal ae`hs mrktdrkhs (0 Vths)
Muepcd mhrrdmtaedjt d 1 shch mrktdrkh (1 Vth)
Muepcd parmkacedjtd mhj 1 shch mrktdrkh (6.4 Vths)
Jh muepcd mhj jkjiÿj mrktdrkh (6 Vths)
16
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd, pdrh ld amudrlh, shch mhj aciujhs ld chs h`odtkvhs ld ca Kjvdstkiamkýj (6.4 Vth)
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd pdrh jh ld amudrlh mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj . (6.04 Vth)
Cas mhjmcuskhj ds shj pcajtdala s skj mhbdrdjmk ay jkjiuja rdcamkýj mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamk ýj (6 Vths)
64
Jh muepcd mhj jkjiÿj mrktdrkh (6 Vths)
06
Jh Pdikstra h jh su`d dc armbkvh (6 pths)
64
\H\AC
166
◈
◈
MHJMCT]KHJD] Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd y ld amudrlh mhj thlhs chs h`odtkvhs ld kjvdstkiamkýj.
Cas mhjmcuskhjds shj pcajtdalas ld eajdra mhbdrdjtd y ld amudrlh mhj chs h`odtkvhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj . (1 Vth)
D]\PTM\T D]\PT M\TPA PA [ HPIAJK_ HPIAJK_AMK AMK J - Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc kjnhred - ]andAsskij 304% ld skekcktul - ]kj drrhrds ld i iraeátkma raeátkma u hrthiránkmhs hrthiránkmhs PDNDPDJMKA] @K@CKHIPÁNKMA] [ MK\AMKÝJ [ PDNDPDJMKAMKÝJ - Pdspdta cas cas jhreas kjtdrjamkhjacds ld rdlammkýj (AVA, ^AJMHT^DP, dtm) dtm) - Cas rdndrdjmkas 316 añhs ld ajtkiódlal - h`tdjklas ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas rdmhjhmklas
Muepcd pdrndmtaedjt d thlhs chs mrktdrkhs (< Vths)
PD]VHJ]A@KCKLAL Pdikstra mhrrdmtaedjtd dc kjnhred ld kjv. dj \PKCMD y @CAMG@HAPL
Pdikstra y su`d dc armbkvh dj dc låa y bhra dstkpucala (1 pths) 06
Muepcd mhrrdmtaedjt d mhj ca eayhråa ld chs mrktdrkhs ld dvacuamkýj (0 Vths) Pdikstra y su`d dc armbkvh dj dc låa, pdrh jh ca bhra dstkpucala (6.94 pths)
Muepcd parmkacedjtd mhj ca eayhråa h mhrrdmtaedjt d mhj aciujhs mrktdrkhs ld dvacuamkýj (1 Vth) Pdikstra y su`d dc armbkvh mhj rdtrazh (6.04 pths)
16
vkids keac, sdiÿj sd ba dsta`cdmklh dj cas rÿ`rkmas JH\A?? Ca jhta h`tdjkla dj mala uja ld cas ujklalds ld`drá sdr mhjvdrtkla a dsmaca vkidskeac, JH\A phr ujklalds dj ca marpdta pdlaiýikma ld @camg`harl.
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
NAMTC\AL LD......... D]MTDCA VPHND]KHJAC LD…
(Eayÿsmucas, Arkac 12 pujths/ Arkac 1> pujths)
\åtuch ldc A \åtuch Artåmuch rtåmuch ld hpkjkýj (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas) (Arkac 1< pujths) AT\HP (D])? Vrdsdjtarchs phr hrldj acna`ëtkmh (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….)
A]D]HP(A )(D])? A]D]HP(A)(D])? Iralh amalëekmh. Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds ( hrmkl.hri/….) (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD KJ^D] KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ? \KIAMKÝJ? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths)
CÅJDA LD PD]VHJ]A@KC PD]VHJ]A@KCKLAL KLAL ]HMKAC TJK^DP TJK^DP]K\APKA? ]K\APKA? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) MKTLAL LD NKCKAC “ VDPß (Añh)
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
AP\ÅMTCH A P\ÅMTCH LD HVKJKÝJ Dc artåmuch ld hpkjkýj ds uj lhmuedjth dsmrkth dj dc qud sd dxprdsa cas rdncdxkhjds sh`rd uj tdea ld amtuacklal. ]drá dca`hralh ld eajdra irupac (< a > kjtdirajtds), phr chs dstulkajtds qud mursdj cas dxpdrkdjmkas murrkmucards dod ld kjvdstkiamkýj nhreatkva ldc ^K h ^KK mkmch (KKK jkvdc), ldc Murråmuch M. Dsqudea ld prdsd prdsdjtamký jtamký j ldc artåmuch ld hpkjk hpkjkýj ýj MAPÁ\TCA ÅJLKMD K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
KK. HVKJKÝJ KKK. APITEDJ\AMKÝJ K^. MHJMCT]KÝJ PDNDPDJMKA] Nhreath ld prdsdjtamkýj?
\aeañh ld papdc? A < \kph y taeañh ld cdtra? Arkac 10 Kjtdrckjdalh? 1.4 Eáridjds
]updrkhr? 0.4 me
Kjndrkhr? = me
Ldrdmbh? 0.4 me
Kzqukdrlh? = me
◈ ◈
◈ ◈
Jÿedrh ld páikjas ld thlh dc lhmuedjth ld 10 a 1> páikjas (skj kjmcukr ajdxhs).
Juedramkýj ld páikja dj dc earidj kjndrkhr ldrdmbh.
Juedramkýj ld páikjas prdckekjards dj rheajhs ekjÿsmucas mhj hrldj
◈ ◈
mhrrdcatkvh, ca marátuca jh sd djuedra y sd kjkmka djuedrajlh dc åjlkmd mhj lhs dj rheajh ekjÿsmucas.
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
◈
Juedramkýj ld kjtrhlummkýj basta ajdxhs mhj jÿedrhs ará`kihs kjkmkajlh ld 1 (juedramkýj kjldpdjlkdjtd ld páikjas prdckekjards).
◈
Chs ajdxhs jh tkdjdj juedramkýj ld páikja.
Iuåa para ca dca`hramkýj ldc artåmuch ld hpkjk hpkjkýj ýj MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld dc chihtkph ld ca Tjkvdrsklal, ca namuctal y dc prhiraea amalëekmh, dc tåtuch ldc artåmuch ld hpkjkýj, jhe`rds ld chs authrds y asdshr (ds), dc mýlkih HPMKL ld mala ujh (authrds y asdshrds) djtrd parëjtdsks, aså mheh ca cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj idjdrac ld ca ujkvdrsklal sk dc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkstkjths prhiraeas ld dstulkh y mhj cas cåjdas ld kjvdstkiamkýj dspdmånkmas sk ëstd ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld uj ekseh prhiraea ld dstulkhs7 aså ekseh sd dspdmknkmará ca mkulal ld ca nkckac y dc añh (1 páikja). Dc tåtuch ld`drá kjkmkar mhj cdtra eayÿsmuca y prhsdiukr mhj ekjÿsmucas, ld`d sdr mcarh, mhbdrdjtd y mhjmksh (jh dxmdldr ld 14 paca`ras). ÅJLKMD? ]d ÅJLKMD? ]d mhjskija cas partds ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ehlh dsqudeátkmh mhj cas páikjas mhrrdsphjlkdjtds a mala uja ld dccas. ]hch ca prkedra cdtra ld ca paca`ra ld kjkmkh y ld jhe`rds prhpkhs va dj eayÿsmuca (1 páikja). K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ? Vdrektd ldsmrk`kr dc prh`cdea dj mudstkýj y dc prhpýskth ldc dstulkh (0 a = páikjas). páikjas).
KK.
HVKJKÝJ? Ds ca klda dj ca qud dc authr mrdd y qud kjedlkataedjtd ds ldndjlkla mhj uja sdrkd ld ariuedjths (0 a = páikjas). páikjas).
KKK.
APITEDJ\AMKÝJ? ]ustdjth tdýrkmh ld ca hpkjkýj vdrtkla phr dc authr (= a < páikjas). páikjas).
K^.
MHJMCT]KÝJ? Ds ca klda dsdjmkac ldc artåmuch ld hpkjkýj, mheh rdsuctalh ld ca ariuedjtamkýj, ld`dj dstar mcaraedjtd sustdjtalas mhj chs rdsuctalhs h`tdjklhs (1 páikja). páikja).
PDNDPDJMKA]? Ds ca rdcamkýj ld nudjtds mktalas dj dc mudrph ldc artåmuch ld PDNDPDJMKA]? hpkjkýj (ck`rhs, rdvkstas y tdsks7 jh sd ld`d mhjskldrar a kjnhreamkýj ld pdrkýlkmhs u htrhs qud jh tdjia mktas y rdndrdjmkas `k`ckhiránkmas nhreacds). Cas rdndrdjmkas mhjsuctalas, pdrh jh mktalas dj dc tdxth, jh sd kjmcuydj dj dstd ckstalh. Cas rdndrdjmkas ld`dj aoustarsd a cas jhreas AVA, ^ajmhuvdr d K]H vkidjtds, sdiÿj dc prhiraea amalëekmh (0 a = páikjas).
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Pÿ`rkma ldc ldc artåmuch ld hpkjkýj MPK\DPKH A D^ACTAP
VPD]DJ\AMKÝJ LD MAPÁ\TCA
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
HVKJKÝJ
APITEDJ\AMKÝJ \DÝPKMA
MHJMCT]KÝJ
PDLAMMKÝJ
D]\PTM\TPA [ HPIAJK_AMKÝJ
PDNDPDJMKA]
PD]VHJ]A@KCKLA L
JK^DC JK^D C LD CHIPH
VTJ\AOD
JH\A@CD
AC\H
EDLKH EDLKH
@AOH
Vrdsdjta ca marátuca mhjtdjkdjlh dc tåtuch tåtuch y cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj, thlhs ld eajdra mcara y mhbdrdjtd. (1 pujths)
Vrdsdjta ca marátuca mhjtdjkdjlh dc tåtuch y skj cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj.
Vrdsdjta ca marátuca skj tåtuch y skj cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj.
(1.4 pujths) Mheprdjld aspdmths depårkmhs y tdýrkmhs mhrrdmtaedjtd rdcamkhjalhs y mhjtdxtuackzalhs ld ch idjdrac a ch dspdmånkmh. Jh ds ldc thlh pdrtkjdjtd, cýikmh y mhrrdmtaedjtd rdlamtalh.
Vrdsdjta ca marátuca mhjtdjkdjlh dc tåtuch skj atdjldr dspdmknkmamkhjds y skj cåjda ld kjvdstkiamk kjvdstkiamkýj ýj (1 pujth) Mheprdjld aspdmths depårkmhs y tdýrkmhs mhrrdmtaedjtd rdcamkhjalhs y mhjtdxtuackzalhs ld ch idjdrac a ch dspdmånkmh. Jh ds pdrtkjdjtd, taephmh cýikmh y rdlamtalh ld eajdra kjmhrrdmta.
(= pujths)
(0 pujth)
Ariuedjta su hpkjkýj mhj mcarklal, mhbdrdjmka y rkiurhsklal mkdjtånkma skj mhjskldrar cas nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mhjsuctalas. (0 pujths) Ca ariuedjtamkýj tdýrkma iuarla rdcamkýj mhj dc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj, pdrh sd prdsdjtaj ld eajdra kjmhbdrdjtd.
Ariuedjta su hpkjkýj mhj mcarklal, mhbdrdjmka skj rkiurhsklal mkdjtånkma y skj mhjskldrar cas nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mhjsuctalas. (1 pujth) Ca ariuedjtamkýj tdýrkma iuarla mkdrta rdcamkýj mhj dc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj y aldeás prdsdjta kldas ldshrldjalas y phmh mhbdskvas. (1 pujths) Cas mhjmcuskhjds sd ldrkvaj ld kjtukmkhjds pdrshjacds.
Jh mheprdjld aspdmths depårkmhs y tdýrkmhs mhrrdmtaedjtd rdcamkhjalhs y mhjtdxtuackzalhs ld ch idjdrac a ch dspdmånkmh. Jk pdrtkjdjtd y cýikmh y aldeás dstá rdlamtalh ld eajdra kjmhrrdmta. (1 pujths) ]u hpkjkýj jh ds mcara, mhbdrdjtd y jh prdsdjta rkiurhsklal mkdjtånkma jk `k`ckhiránkma.
Mheprdjld aspdmths depårkmhs y tdýrkmhs mhrrdmtaedjtd rdcamkhjalhs y mhjtdxtuackzalhs ld ch idjdrac a ch dspdmånkmh, iuarla mhbdrdjmka aldmuala mhj dc prh`cdea. Ds pdrtkjdjtd, cýikmh y mhrrdmtaedjtd rdlamtalh. (< pujths) Ariuedjta su hpkjkýj mhj mcarklal, mhbdrdjmka y rkiurhsklal mkdjtånkma aphyájlhsd dj cas nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mhjsuctalas. (= pujths) Ca ariuedjtamkýj tdýrkma iuarla rdcamkýj mhj dc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj.
(= pujths)
(0 pujths)
Cas mhjmcuskhjds sd ldrkvaj lkrdmtaedjtd ld ca ariuedjtamkýj pcajtdala.
Vrdsdjta mhjmcuskhjds, pdrh jh sd ldrkvaj lkrdmtaedjtd ld ca ariuedjtamkýj pcajtdala. 1.4 (pujths) Mask jh bay drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1.4 pujths) Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjtd ca kjnhreamkýj hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs, pdrh kjmcuyd su`tåtuchs. (1.4 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas jh shj rdmkdjtds, pdrh shj ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas.
(0pujths) Jh bay drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (0 pujths) Pdspdta ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y prdsdjta ca kjnhreamkýj ld eajdra hriajkzala mhj párranhs `kdj rdlamtalhs y skj su`tåtuchs. (0 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas shj rdmkdjtds mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs ld ajtkiódlal y ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. rdmhjhmklas. (0 pujths) Djtrdiý dc låa y ca bhra dstkpucala. (1 pujths)
(1.4 pujths) Djtrdiý dc låa, pdrh jh ca bhra dstkpucala. (6.94 pujths)
(6.4 pujths)
=
=
(6 pujths) Ca ariuedjtamkýj tdýrkma jh iuarla rdcamkýj mhj dc prh`cdea ld kjvdstkiamkýj.
=
(6 pujths) Jh prdsdjta mhjmcuskhjds.
0
(1 pujth) Tjhs phmhs drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamkýj. (1 pujth) Pdspdta parmkacedjtd ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj, mhj kjnhreamkýj h riajkzala pdrh chs párranhs jh dstáj `kdj rdlamtalhs.
(6.4 pujths) Eumbhs drrhrds ld iraeátkma, hrthiranåa h pujtuamký pujtuamkýj. j. (6.4 pujths) Jh mhjskldra ca dstrumtura ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj y ca kjnhreamkýj prhphrmkhjala jh dstá hriajkzala.
(1 pujth) Cas rdndrdjmkas shj rdmkdjtds mhj uj tkdeph jh eayhr ld mkjmh añhs ld ajtkiódlal, pdrh jh ld nudjtds `k`ckhiránkmas mkdjtånkmas y jk `asd ld laths rdmhjhmklas. (1 pujth) Djtrdiý ujh låa tarld.
(6.4 pujths) Cas rdndrdjmkas jh shj rdmkdjtds jk ld nudjtds r dmhjhmkla dmhjhmklas. s.
(6.4 pujths)
0
0
0
0 (6.4 pujths) Djtrdiý lhs tarld. (6.04 pujths)
VTJ\AOD \H\AC JH\A? Ca jhta h`tdjkla dj ca ujklal K ld`drá sdr mhjvdrtkla phr rdica ld trds, a dsmaca vkidskeac.
låas
1 06
K TJKLAL
KKK TJKLAL
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
NAMTC\AL LD.........* D]MTDCA VPHND]KHJAC LD…
* (Eayÿsmucas, Arkac 12 pujths/ Arkac 1> pujths) \åtuch ldc \ra \åtuch \ra`aoh `aoh ld kjvdst kjvdstkiamkýj kiamkýj (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas) (Arkac 1< pujths) AT\HP (D]) ?** Vrdsdjtarchs phr hrldj acna`ëtkmh (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds (hrmkl.hri/….) A]D]HP(A )(D])? A]D]HP(A)(D])? Iralh amalëekmh. Apdccklhs, Jhe`rds ( hrmkl.hri/….) (Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) CÅJDA LD KJ^D] KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ? \KIAMKÝJ? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) CÅJDA LD PD]VHJ]A@KC PD]VHJ]A@KCKLAL KLAL ]HMKAC TJK^DP TJK^DP]K\APKA? ]K\APKA? ………………………..
(Eayÿsmucas y ekjÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) MKTLAL LD NKCKAC “ VDPß (Añh) (Eayÿsmucas, Arkac 10 pujths) * **
]k dc \ra`aoh ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Kjvdstkiamkýj ds dc dca`hralh a`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkndrdjtds dsmudcas (euctkdsmudca),, shch sd mhjskldrará Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva. (euctkdsmudca) Dj ^KKK chs authrds authrds pudldj sdr lld d lhs lhs a muatrh, mheh eáxkeh.
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
\PA@AO \PA@ AOH H LD KJ KJ^D]\K ^D]\KIAMKÝJ IAMKÝJ Dc tra`aoh ld kjvdstkiamkýj, ds uj tdxth amalëekmh qud prdsdjta chs rdsuctalhs ld uja kjvdstkiamkýj, skekcar a ca tdsks, pdrh mhj edjhr prhnujlklal, qud muepcd mhj dc eëthlh mkdjtånkmh (eëthlhs, tëmjkmas, mhbdrdjmka ariuedjtatkva y tdýrkma). ]drá dca`hralh ld eajdra irupac phr chs dstulkajtds qud mursdj ca dxpdrkdjmka murrkmucar dod ld kjvdstkiamkýj nhreatkva ldc ^KKK mkmch (K^ jkvdc) ldc murråmuch M y phr chs qud mursdj ca dxpdrkdjmka murrkmucar ld Edthlhchiåa ld ca Kjvdstkiamkýj Mkdjtånkma ldc ^ mkmch y cas dxpdrkdjmkas murrkmucards dods ld kjvdstkiamkýj nhreatkva ldc ^K y ^KK mkmchs (KKK jkvdc), ldc murråmuch L. Chs iruphs ld tra`aoh para chs dstulkajtds ldc ^ ac ^KK mkmchs sdrá s drá ld < a > kjtdirajtds y, ld 0 a < kjtdirajtds para dc ^KKK mkmch. Dsqudea Dsqud ea ldc tra`aoh ld kj vdstkia vdstkiamkýj mkýj muajtktatkvh MAPÁ\TCA LDLKMA\HPKA AIPALDMKEKDJ\H ÅJLKMD PD]TEDJ A@]\PAM\ K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
KK.
EAPMH \DÝPKMH
KKK.
EË\HLH =.1
\kph y lksdñh ld kjvdstkiamkýj
=.0
^arka`cds y hpdramkhjackzamkýj
=.=
Vh`camkýj, eudstra y eudstrdh (kjmcukr mrktdrkhs ld sdcdmmkýj)
=.<
\ëmjkmas d kjstruedjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths, vackldz y mhjnka`kcklal.
=.4
Vrhmdlkekdjth.
=.>
Eëthlh ld ajácksks ld laths.
=.9
Aspdmths ëtkmhs
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
K^.
PD]TC\ALH]
^.
LK]MT]KÝJ
^K.
MHJMCT]KHJD]
^KK.
PDMHEDJLAMKHJD]
PDNDPDJMKA] AJDRH] Dsqudea ldc tra`aoh ld kjvdstkiamkýj muacktatkva MAPÁ\TCA LDLKMA\HPKA AIPALDMKEKDJ\H ÅJLKMD PD]TEDJ A@]\PAM\ K.
KJ\PHLTMMKÝJ
KK.
EAPMH \DÝPKMH
KKK.
EË\HLHCHIÅA =.1
\kph y lksdñh ld kjvdstkiamkýj
=.0
Matdihråas, su`matdihråas y eatrkz ld matdihrkzamkýj.
=.=
Dsmdjarkh ld dstulkh.
=.<
Vartkmkpajtds.
=.4
\ëmjkmas d kjstruedjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths.
=.>
Vrhmdlkekdjth.
=.9
Pkihr mkdjtånkmh.
=.2
Eëthlh ld ajácksks ld laths.
=.;
Aspdmths ëtkmhs.
K^.
PD]TC\ALH] [ LK]MT]KÝJ
^.
MHJMCT]KHJD]
^K.
PDMHEDJLAMKHJD]
PDNDPDJMKA] AJDRH]
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
Nhreath ld prdsdjtamkýj ldc tra`aoh ld kjvdstkiamkýj \aeañh ld papdc? A < \kph y taeañh ld cdtra? Arkac 10 Kjtdrckjdalh? 1.4 Eáridjds
]updrkhr? 0.4 me
Kjndrkhr? = me
Ldrdmbh? 0.4 me
Kzqukdrlh? = me
◈ ◈
◈ ◈
Jÿedrh ld páikjas ld thlh dc lhmuedjth ld 00 a =6 dj kjvdstkiamkhjds muajtktatkvas y ld 01 a 0; páikjas dj kjvdstkiamkhjds muacktatkvas (skj kjmcukr ajdxhs).
Juedramkýj ld páikja dj dc earidj kjndrkhr ldrdmbh.
Juedramkýj ld páikjas prdckekjards dj rheajhs ekjÿsmucas mhj hrldj
◈ ◈
mhrrdcatkvh, ca marátuca jh sd djuedra y sd kjkmka djuedrajlh dc åjlkmd mhj lhs dj rheajh ekjÿsmucas.
◈
Juedramkýj ld kjtrhlummkýj basta ajdxhs mhj jÿedrhs ará`kihs kjkmkajlh ld 1 (juedramkýj kjldpdjlkdjtd ld páikjas prdckekjards).
◈
Chs ajdxhs jh tkdjdj juedramkýj ld páikja.
Iuåa para d dcc ldsarrhc ldsarrhcch ch l ld d tra`a tra`aoh oh ld kjvdstk kjvdstkiamkýj iamkýj MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld MAPÁ\TCA? Mheprdjld dc chihtkph ld ca Tjkvdrsklal, ca namuctal y dc prhiraea amalëekmh, dc tåtuch ldc tra`aoh ld kjvdstkiamkýj, jhe`rds ld chs authrds y asdshr (ds), dc mýlkih HPMKL ( hrmkl.hri/….), ld mala ujh (authrds y asdshrds) djtrd parëjtdsks, ca cåjda ld kjvdstkiamkýj (sk dc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld lkstkjths prhiraeas ld dstulkh, sd mhjskldra cas cåjdas idjdracds ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ca ujkvdrsklal y sk ëstd ds dca`hralh phr dstulkajtds ld uj ekseh prhiraea ld dstulkhs, uja ld cas cåjdas ld kjvdstkiamkýj dspdmånkmas ldc prhiraea)7 aså ekseh, sd dspdmknkma ca mkulal ld ca nkckac n kckac y dc añh (1 páikja). Dc tåtuch sd rdlamta mhj cdtra eayÿsmuca y cudih mhj ekjÿsmucas7 ld`d sdr mcarh, mhbdrdjtd y mhjmksh (jh dxmdldr ld 14 paca`ras). LDLKMA\HPKA?? Ds ld nhreath ck`rd, sd rdmhekdjla usar nrasds mhrtas (1 páikja). LDLKMA\HPKA
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
AIPALDMKEKDJ\H AIPA LDMKEKDJ\H?? Dc authr ds ck`rd ld airaldmdr a ca(s) pdrshja(s) h kjstktumkýj(ds) qud mhjskldrd mhjvdjkdjtd. ]d rdmhekdjla mhchmar uj earidj ld 9.4 bamka ca ldrdmba dj ca partd kjndrkhr ldrdmba ld ca páikja (1 páikja). páikja). ]d mhjskija cas partds ldc prhlumth ld kjvdstkiamkýj ld ehlh dsqudeátkmh ÅJLKMD? ]d ÅJLKMD? mhj cas páikjas mhrrdsphjlkdjtds a mala uja ld dccas. ]hch ca prkedra cdtra ld ca paca`ra ld kjkmkh y ld jhe`rds prhpkhs va dj eayÿsmuca (1 páikja). PD]TEDJ? ]d prdmksa dc h`odtkvh ldc dstulkh, cas tdhråas h nujlaedjths ldc tra`aoh, dc tkph ld kjvdstkiamkýj, ca ph`camkýj, ca eudstra, chs kjstruedjths utkckzalhs, chs prkjmkpacds rdsuctalhs y cas mhjmcuskhjds. Ca dxtdjskýj ldc rdsuedj pudld sdr basta 046 paca`ras. Ld`aoh ldc rdsuedj sd kjmcuydj cas paca`ras mcavd (eåjkeh =, eáxkeh 4). Cas paca`ras shj aqudcchs tërekjhs qud nrdmudjtdedjtd nudrhj utkckzalhs dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj y sd dxtradráj ldc tdxth mhrrdsphjlkdjtd a ca dspdmkacklal. ]d sdparaj phr mheas (1 páikja). A@]\PAM\ A@ ]\PAM\ [ GD[YHPL] GD[YHPL]?? Ds ca tralummkýj ldc rdsuedj y ld cas paca`ras mcavds ac kjicës (1 páikja). K.
KJ\P KJ\PHLT HLTMMK MMKÝJ ÝJ (Djnhq (Djnhqud ud muajt muajtktktatkvh atkvh y muack tatk tatkvh). vh). ]d rdlamta dj prhsa y skj su`tåtuchs dj tdrmdra pdrshja y pasalh. Dxphjd ld ehlh idjdrac ca rdacklal prh`cdeátkma ldstamajlh ca jdmdsklal ld kjvdstkiar dc prh`cdea para su árda prhndskhjac y dc mhjtdxth shmkac, ca nhreucamkýj ldc prh`cdea, ca oustknkmamkýj ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj, dc h`odtkvh idjdrac y dspdmånkmhs. Alkmkhjacedjtd, mhjtkdjd ca bkpýtdsks dj mash ld sdr pdrtkjdjtd (ld 0 a = páikjas).
KK.
EAPM EAPMH H \DÝP \DÝPKMH KMH (Djnhq (Djnhqud ud muajt muajtktktatkv atkvh h y muack tatk tatkvh). vh). ]d rdlamta dj prhsa y skj su`tåtuchs, ds uja såjtdsks ld chs ajtdmdldjtds kjvdstkialhs a jkvdc jamkhjac d kjtdrjamkhjac, cas tdhråas, chs djnhquds mhjmdptuacds lhjld sd djearma ca kjvdstkiamkýj (ld = a 4 páikjas).
Kjnhred ld kjvdstkiamkýj muajtktatkvh KKK.
ED\HLHCHIÅA (0 a < páikjas, páikjas, sd rdlamta dj tkdeph pasalh). =.1 =.1
\kph y lks lksdñh dñh ld kjvdstk kjvdstkiamkýj iamkýj??
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
=.1.1 \kph ld kjvdstkiamkýj? Vudld sdr `áskma h apckmala (MHJM[\DM 0612). =.1.0
Lksdñh
ld
kjvdstkiamkýj?
Lksdñh dxpdrkedjtac (prd
dxpdrkedjtac, muask dxpdrkedjtac) y dxpdrkedjtac purh. Lksdñh jh dxpdrkedjtac? trajsvdrsac ldsmrkptkvh (skepcd, mheparatkvh, mhrrdcamkhjac, mhrrdcamkhjac mausac h prdlkmtkvh) y dxpckmatkvh, chjiktulkjac u htrhs sdiÿj dspdmkacklal. =.0 =.0
^a ^arka`cds rka`cds y hpdramkhj ackza ackzamký mkýj? j? ]d djujmka ca h cas varka`cds dstulkalas, sdñacajlh ca matdihråa ld mala uja (Kjldpdjlkdjtd h ldpdjlkdjtd, muacktatkva h muajtktatkva). Dj ajdxhs sd mhjskldrará ca ta`ca ld hpdramkhjackzamkýj ld varka`cds, ca eksea qud ld`d kjmcukr mheh
eåjkeh?
ldnkjkmkýj
mhjmdptuac,
ldnkjkmkýj
hpdramkhjac,
kjlkmalhrds y dsmaca ld edlkmkýj, mhjskldrajlh dc marámtdr ld cas varka`cds ld cas lkndrdjtds lksmkpckjas.
◈
Ldnkjkmkýj mhjmdptuac? Ldnkjd ca varka`cd dj nujmkýj a ca mhjmdpmkýj qud sd tkdjd ld ësta dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj7 ld`d kjmcukr ca mkta rdndrdjmkac.
◈
Ldnkjk Ld nkjkmkýj mkýj hpdra hpdramkhjac? mkhjac? Ldtacca ca nhrea dj qud sd va a edlkr cas varka`cds dj dstulkh. ]k ds jdmdsarkh sd mhjskldrará lkedjskhjds ld ca varka`cd.
◈
Kjlkmalhrds? Vdrektdj edlkr maramtdråstkmas ld cas varka`cds ld eajdra idjdrac sdiÿj lkedjskhjds. Ld`d tdjdr mhbdrdjmka mhj dc earmh tdýrkmh y mhj ch prhpudsth dj chs kjstruedjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths.
◈
Dsmaca ld edlkmkýj? Vudld sdr jhekjac, hrlkjac, ld kjtdrvach h ld razýj.
=.= =.=
Vh`camkýj, eudstra y eudstrdh =.=.1 Vh`camkýj? Vh`camkýj ? Dstá mhjstktukla phr uj mhjoujth ld pdrshjas h dcdedjths qud phsddj maramtdråstkmas mheujds (mrktdrkhs ld sdcdmmkýj? kjmcuskýj y dxmcuskýj), qud shj dstulkalas phr dc kjvdstkialhr,
cas
ekseas
qud
pdrektdj
rdackzar
cas
idjdrackzamkhjds a partkr ld ca h`sdrvamkýj ld ca eudstra. Dj
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
mash ld tra`aoarsd mhj thla ca ph`camkýj, sd dckekjará dc ru`rh mhrrdsphjlkdjtd a ca eudstra y eudstrdh. ◈
Mrktdrkhs Mrktd rkhs ld kjmcusk kjmcuskýj ýj?? Maramtdråstkmas qud bamdj qud uja pdrshja h uj dcdedjth sdaj mhjskldralhs mheh partd ld ca ph`camkýj.
◈
Mrktdrkhs ld dxmcuskýj? dxmcuskýj ? Mhjlkmkýj qud jh tkdjd ca ph`camkýj y qud hrkikja su dxmcuskýj ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj7 ësths jh mhjstktuydj ca jdiamkýj ld chs mrktdrkhs ld kjmcuskýj.
=.=.0 Eudstra? ]hj chs dcdedjths ld uja ph`camkýj7 sd dxpckma dc taeañh ld ca eudstra y dc mýeh sd ldtdrekjý ësta. Ca ldtdrekjamkýj ldc taeañh ld ca eudstra, sd mhjskldrará dj ajdxhs. =.=.= Eudstrdh? Eudstrdh ? Ldsmrk`d ca tëmjkma dstalåstkma utkckzala para ca h`tdjmkýj ld ca eudstra. =.< =.<
\ë \ëmjk mjkmas mas d kjs kjstru truedjths edjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths laths?? Kjmcuyd cas tëmjkmas (djmudsta, djtrdvksta, h`sdrvamkýj h ajácksks lhmuedjtac) d kjstruedjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths (mudstkhjarkh, iuåa ld djtrdvksta, iuåa ld h`sdrvamkýj ld maeph h nkmba ld kjvdstkiamkýj)7 aså ekseh, sk ch rdqukdrd, sd ldsmrk`d ca vackldz y mhjnka`kcklal ld chs kjstruedjths. Chs kjstruedjths, su vackldz y mhjnka`kcklal sd mhjskldraj dj ajdxhs.
=.4 =.4
Vrhmdlkekdjt Vrhmdlkekdjth h ld rdmhcdmmký rdmhcdmmkýj j ld laths? Ldsmrk`d dc ehlh ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld kjnhreamkýj, ca eajkpucamkýj h mhjtrhc ld varka`cds y cas mhhrlkjamkhjds kjstktumkhjacds rdqudrklas para ca rdackzamkýj ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj, muyh lhmuedjth ld amdptamkýj ld`d sdr kjmcuklh dj ajdxhs.
=.> =.>
Eë Eëthl thl h ld ajá ajácks cksks ks ld laths? Kjmcuyd dc eëthlh ld prhmdsaekdjth y ajácksks ld laths, tajth a jkvdc ldsmrkptkvh mheh kjndrdjmkac.
=.9 =.9
Aspdmths ëtkmhs? Ldsmrk`d chs mrktdrkhs (jamkhjacds d kjtdrjamkhjacds) qud sd utkckzaj para iarajtkzar ca macklal ëtkma ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj,
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
dxpckmajlh ca apckmamkýj ld chs prkjmkpkhs ëtkmhs (`djdnkmdjmka, jh eacdnkmdjmka, authjheåa y oustkmka), sdiÿj mhrrdsphjla. K^.
PD]TC\ALH] ]d rdlamta dj tkdeph pasalh7 sd prdsdjtaj ld amudrlh ac hrldj ld chs h`odtkvhs ldc tra`aoh ld Kjvdstkiamkýj. ]d prdsdjta uja ta`ca h nkiura phr páikja, mhj uja `rdvd kjtdrprdtamkýj. Ldpdjlkdjlh ldc tkph ld kjvdstkiamkýj, sd rdackzará ca mhjtrastamkýj ld ca bkpýtdsks idjdrac y dspdmånkma (ld 0 a = páikjas).
^.
LK]MT]KÝJ ]kjtdtkza chs prkjmkpacds baccazihs, aphya y mhepara chs rdsuctalhs djmhjtralhs mhj cas tdhråas y cktdratura mkdjtånkma amtuac. Aldeás, ldsmrk`d cas nhrtacdzas y ld`kcklalds ld ca edthlhchiåa utkckzala, d kjmcuyd ca rdcdvajmka ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj dj rdcamkýj mhj dc mhjtdxth mkdjtånkmh shmkac dj ca qud sd ldsarrhcca (ld 0 a = páikjas).
^K.
MHJMCT]KHJD]? ]d prdsdjtaj chs prkjmkpacds baccazihs mheh såjtdsks ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj, dj mhbdrdjmka mhj chs h`odtkvhs ldc dstulkh (1 páikja).
Kjnhred ld kjvdstkiamkýj muacktatkvh KKK.
ED\HLHCHIÅA (Ld 0 a < páikjas, páikjas , sd rdlamta dj tkdeph pasalh). =.1 =.1
\kph y lks lksdñh dñh ld kjvdstk kjvdstkiamkýj iamkýj?? =.1.1 \kph ld kjvdstkiamkýj? Vudld sdr `áskma h apckmala
(MHJM[\DM 0612). =.1.0
Lksdñh
ld
kjvdstkiamkýj?
Vudld
sdr
`khiránkmh,
ndjhedjhcýikmh, tdhråa nujlaedjtala, dtjhiránkmh, dstulkh ld mashs, kjvdstkiamkýj ammkýj, u htrhs sdiÿj dspdmkacklal. =.0
Ma Matdih tdihråas, råas, ]u`matdih råas y eatr eatrkz kz ld matdihr matdihrkzamký kzamkýj. j. ]d djujmka ca h cas matdihråas y su`matdihråas utkckzalas dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj. Dj ajdxhs sd mhjskldrará ca ta`ca ld matdihrkzamkýj aprkhråstkma, ca eksea qud ld`d kjmcukr mheh eåjkeh? Áe`kth tdeátkmh, prh`cdea ld
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
kjvdstkiamkýj, prdiujtas ld kjvdstkiamkýj, h`odtkvhs idjdracds y dspdmånkmhs y matdihråas y su`matdihråas (aprkhråstkmas). =.= =.=
Dsmd Dsmdjarkh jarkh ld dstulk dstulkh? h? ]d ldsmrk`dj cas maramtdråstkmas ldc ae`kdjtd nåskmh h djthrjh, ldsmrk`kdjlh taeañh, arrdich dspdmkac h lkstrk`umkýj, sdñacds, ammdshs, aså mheh ldc ae`kdjtd shmkac y bueajh, ds ldmkr, nhreas ld hriajkzamkýj dj iruphs y su`iruphs (patrhjds ld kjtdrammkýj h vkjmucamkýj, prhpýskths, rdlds, lkrdmmkýj ld ca mheujkmamkýj,
odrarquåas
y
prhmdshs
ld
ckldrazih,
dtm.),
maramtdråstkmas ld chs iruphs y su`iruphs (dlal, hrkidj ëtjkmh, jkvdc shmkh dmhjýekmh, hmupamkýj, dstalh earktac, vdstkedjta, dtm.). =.<
Vartkmkpajtds? ]d ldsmrk`d qukdjds sdráj chs partkmkpajtds ld ca bksthrka h sumdsh h kjnhreajtds qud kjtdrvdjlráj dj dc dstulkh h muácds sdráj cas nudjtds ld lhjld sd h`tdjlrá ca kjnhreamkýj. Chs partkmkpajtds tae`këj pudldj sdr dxpdlkdjtds ourålkmhs para ajácksks ld mhjtdjklhs.
=.4 =.4
\ë \ëmjk mjkmas mas d kjs kjstru truedjths edjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths? Kjmcuyd cas tëmjkmas (ca h`sdrvamkýj, ca djtrdvksta a prhnujlklal, chs iruphs ld lksmuskýj, nhth `khiranåa, bksthrka ld vkla, jarratkva, iruph nhmac, kjvdstkiamkýj djlýidja y dc ajácksks ld lhmuedjths) d kjstruedjths ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld laths (iuåa ld h`sdrvamkýj ld maeph, iuåa ld djtrdvksta, cksta ld mhtdoh h mbdmg ckst, ira`amkhjds y/h nkmba ld kjvdstkiamkýj).
=.> =.>
Vrhmdlkek Vrhmdlkekdjth djth ld rdmhcdmmký rdmhcdmmkýj j ld laths? Kjmcuyd dc ehlh ld rdmhcdmmkýj ld kjnhreamkýj, ca matdihrkzamkýj (Matdihråas y su`matdihråas), ca apckmamkýj ld kjtdrvdjmkhjds, dc prhmdsh ld trkajiucamkýj, sdiÿj mhrrdsphjla.
=.9 =.9
Pkihr mkdjtånk mkdjtånkmh? mh? Dstá lalh phr cas rdmhjstrummkhjds tdýrkmas y phr ca `ÿsqudla ld mhbdrdjmka djtrd cas kjtdrprdtamkhjds. Ds dqukvacdjtd a ca vackldz y mhjnka`kcklal ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj muajtktatkva, depcdajlh para dcch? ca ldpdjldjmka h mhjskstdjmka cýikma, ca mrdlk`kcklal, ca aulkta`kcklal h mhjnkrea`kcklal y ca trajsndrk`kcklal h apckma`kcklal (Bdrjájldz, Ndrjájldz y @aptksta, 0616).
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
=.2 =.2
Eë Eëthl thl h ld ajá ajácksk cksk s ld ca kjnh reamký reamkýj? j? ]d thea dj mudjta chs lkndrdjtds ehldchs h traydmthrkas ld ajácksks ldpdjlkdjlh ldc nhmh ld ld kjtdrës y dc lksdñh sdcdmmkhjalh.
=.; =.;
Aspdmths ëtkmhs? Ldsmrk`d chs mrktdrkhs (jamkhjacds d kjtdrjamkhjacds) qud sd utkckzaj para iarajtkzar ca macklal ëtkma ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj, dxpckmajlh ca apckmamkýj ld chs prkjmkpkhs ëtkmhs (`djdnkmdjmka, jh eacdnkmdjmka, authjheåa y oustkmka), sdiÿj mhrrdsphjla.
K^.
PD]TC\ALH] [ LK]MT]KÝJ ]d rdlamta dj tkdeph pasalh. Dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj muacktatkva, ca ldsmrkpmkýj ld rdsuctalhs sd ccdva a ma`h edlkajtd ajácksks kldhiránkmh, jhehtëtkmh (ndjhedjhchiåa) y ajácksks dtjhiránkmh (taxhjýekmh, ld tdeas, dtm.). ]d prdsdjtaj ld amudrlh ac hrldj ld chs h`odtkvhs ldc tra`aoh ld kjvdstkiamkýj. Vara ca ldsmrkpmkýj ld rdsuctalhs, sd prhmdsa ca kjnhreamkýj y su vkjmucamkýj mhj cas ujklalds ld ajácksks. Dj dstd prhmdsh dstas lkedjskhjds shj vácklas h jh mheh matdihråas ld ajácksks ldc dstulkh. dst ulkh. \ae`këj sd prdsdjtaj aqudccas matdihråas qud jh baj sklh prdvkstas y qud shj rdcdvajtds para dc h`odth ld dstulkh. Nkjacedjtd, sd ldsmrk`dj, dxpckmaj y lksmutdj chs rdsuctalhs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj mhj cas tdhråas y chs ajtdmdldjtds prdsdjtalhs dj ca kjtrhlummkýj. Dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj muacktatkva, dc kjvdstkialhr tae`këj dxprdsa su hpkjkýj amdrma ld ca vackldz ld sus rdsuctalhs, dj nujmkýj ldc eëthlh utkckzalh (ld = a 4 páikjas).
^.
MHJMCT]KHJD]? Dj ca kjvdstkiamkýj muacktatkva, cas mhjmcuskhjds shj dqukvacdjtds a cas mhjskldramkhjds nkjacds qud rdsphjldj ac prhpýskth ldc dstulkh (1 páikja).
Kjnhred ld kjvdstkiamkýj kjvdstkiamkýj muajtkt muajtktatkvh atkvh y muacktatkvh ^K.
PDMHEDJLAMKHJD]? Cas rdmhedjlamkhjds pudldj rdcamkhjarsd mhj chs baccazihs ld ca kjvdstkiamkýj, dc eëthlh, chs kjstruedjths utkckzalhs, ca apckma`kcklal h dc pcajtdaekdjth ld judvhs prh`cdeas, bkpýtdsks h tdeas ld kjvdstkiamkýj (1 páikja), kjlkmajlh dj hrldj odrárqukmh a qukdj sd rdmhekdjla.
^KMDPPDM\HPALH LD KJ^D]\KIAMKÝ KJ^D]\KIAMKÝJ J
Vrhiraea ld Kjvdstkiamkýj Nhreatkva
PDNDPDJMKA]? Ds ca rdcamkýj ld nudjtds mktalas dj dc mudrph ldc tra`aoh ld PDNDPDJMKA]? kjvdstkiamkýj (ck`rhs, rdvkstas y tdsks)7 jh sd ld`d mhjskldrar kjnhreamkýj ld pdrkýlkmhs u htrhs qud jh tdjia mktas y rdndrdjmkas `k`ckhiránkmas nhreacds). Cas rdndrdjmkas mhjsuctalas, pdrh jh mktalas dj dc tdxth, jh sd kjmcuydj dj dstd ckstalh (Ld = a < páikjas). Cas rdndrdjmkas ld`dj aoustarsd a cas c as jhreas AVA, ^ajmhuvdr d K]H vkidjtds, sdiÿj dc prhiraea amalëekmh. Dc jÿedrh ld rdndrdjmkas ld`d sdr eåjkeh 6% ld cas rdndrdjmkas ld`d mhrrdsphjldr a artåmuchs ld
◈ ◈
rdvkstas mkdjtånkmas kjldxalas.
◈
Dc
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