Ruta Cultural Julio

 

AXKM LH @M AJVJ@JYMAJÑK W^HAO@OBNJKM AMWJ\M@ M^]XHO@ÑEJAM LH @M W^OVJKAJM LH AM^MNMZM

XQJAMZOQ ‑  AM^MNMZM  AM^MNMZM - WXKO

MÝO J

Iu`jo lh >7=:

Ljrhator9 Lmkth V`mljbjro Qotobmyor Hstrmlm

 @m au`turm pmtrjbokjo pmtrjbokjo lh `os puhn`os =

^hvjstm K· 7<

 

WMJQMIHQ XQJAMÂKOQ

Írno` lh m`jso lh Bukmypmtm tjhkh bís lh >77 mýos lh hlml

Bokth Xsjkoqm lhslh A· Wmrmcujke

Los msphatos lh `m `meukm lh @mwm`mwmkj, frokthrm aok Aomsm

Xkm vjstm lh Xsjamyos ampjtm`

M` foklo `m boktmým `hehklmrjm \mrmy``j

>

 

@m ampjtm` ljstrjtm` Xsjamyos

Vjstm lh ambpos merâao`ms lh Xsjamyos

1

 

HLJ\O^JM@ H` prhshkth hs bhs lh `ms hfhbêrjlhs pmtrjo lh `m ^hpùn`jam Whrumkm. Hstmbos ml portms lh `m ah`hnrmajñk lh `os >77 mýos lh lha`mrmajñk lh `m jklhphklhkajm kmajokm` h` >3 lh iu`jo lh =3>=.

LJ^HA\O^ LH @M WXN@JAMAJÑK Lmkth V`mljbjro Qotobmyor Qotobmyor Hstrmlm

IHFH LH ^HLMAAJÑK Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto

Wor `os ù`tjbos maokthajbjhktos po`âtjaos y haokñbjaos hk `m hsfhrm lh `os eonjhrkos lh turko, hsphaâfjambhkthh lhslh =:38 y cmstm `m fhacm `m hsphaâfjambhkt ajulmlmkâm cm sufrjlo lhsj`usjokhs, buaco por `m aokso`jlmajñk aokso`jlmaj ñk lh l h `m aorrupajñk haokñbjam-po`âtjam haokñbjam-po`âtjam y borm` hk quh cmk amâlo `os ljvhrsos kjvh`hs lh eonjhrko.

MQHQO^ @HEM@ Mnoe. ^oky H. Mpmzm Autjpm ^HLMA\O^HQ Lmkth V. Qotobmyor Hstrmlm Iosê Bmtho ]ujsph Bmytm Hlumrlo Am`ajkm Wmacm Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto Ihsùs \ovmr @jko

Hk h` amso lh Xsjamyos hstos maokthajbjhktos maokthajbjhktos cmk sjlo jkthrprhtmlos prjkajpm`bhkth por `os  profhsorhs.  profhsorh s. @os hsamsos vo`ùbhkhs vo`ù bhkhs lh cmnhrhs `os cm m`zmlo m `os pmros `mnorm`hs jklhfjkjlos y quh ko fuhrok mthkljlos lhnjlmbhkth. Qjk hbnmreo h` Hstmlo sh cm ufmkmlo lh nmtjr rhaorl lh rhamulmajñk trjnutmrjm, puhs, `os phquhýos aobhrajos cmk sjlo mfhatmlos aok ljvhrsos jbpuhstos.

© ^X\M AX@\X^M@  Xsjamyos  ‑  Amrmnmym  Amrmnmym  ‑  Wuko  Wuko Hljajñk9 iu`jo lh >7=: \jrmih9 Ljfusjñk ok`jkh Ljrhaajñk9 Ljrhaajñ k9 Am``h >: ‑  Qmk   Qmk Mktokjo - Boquheum

Mkth tolo cmy jkiustjajm vjsjn`h hk `o rhfhrhkth m rhbukhrmajokhs hk `ms ljfhrhkths

Jbprhsjñk9 hNood Wuktos lh aoktmato9

rhpmrtjajokhs lh` Hstmlo, `o quh oamsjokmlo uky lhsaokthkto ehkhrm`, ukos sùphrcm rhbukhrmlos m`eukos otros aok suh`los lh cmbnrh.

.aob   Aorrho9   phraj`hsrmbos_>7=>Gcotbmj` Aorrho9 phraj`hsrmbos_>7=>Gcotbmj`.aob

@m aokshauhkajm fuh quh `os fhsthios lhkobjkmlos shbmkm pmtrjñtjam cmk phrljlo sjekjfjamkajm aâvjam. Wor h` aoktrmrjo cmy lhsaokthktos y vh`mlms prothstms por ko rhm`jzmr lhsfj`hs aâvjao- pmtrjñtjaos, o m` bhkos sh cm trmluajlo hk rhsquhnrmimbjhkto lh `m ukjlml ljstrjtm`.

\h`êf. bñvj`9 :81:7>>6< Aorrho9   lmkth_sotobmyorGcotbmj`.aob  Aorrho9 lmkth_sotobmyorGcotbmj`.aob  \h`êf. bñvj`9 :3557>5::

 Ko onstmkth `m rhm`jlml kmajokm`  profuklmbhkth  profuklm bhkth hbpmpmlm lh aorrupth`m aorrupth `m h` shktjbjhkto aâvjao por `m ehstm jklhphkljstm ko sh lhnh phrlhr. H``mrlhnhr hs ljstjkeujhklo aoktjkumr jkau`amklo `m  pon`majñ  pon`majñk k hsao`mr hsao y ajvj` ljstjkeu jhklo `o iusto hk lh `o jkiusto. Au`tjvmr h` ajvjsbo aobo vm`or pmtrjñtjao ljstjkto lh `m aokluatm lh sus eonhrkmkths. Lhslh `uheo, shr pmtrjotm ko sh aokarhtm m `m sjbp`hzm lh uk jzmbjhkto lh nmklhrm o h` lhsfj`h hk fhacms amprjacosmbhkth jbpuhstms por jkthrês  pmrtjau`mrhs.  pmrtjau`mr hs. Mkth tolo `os hstuljmkths sok `ms `hejokhs quh lhnhk au`tjvmr hsos shktjbjhktos aâvjaos quh sh lmk hk aum`qujhr `uemr lh ehstms êpjams. Whksmbos quh `ms mutorjlmlhs lh` ljstrjto shpmk vm`ormr lhnjlmbhkth h` pmtrjotjsbo y cokrmlhz. Mthklhr lhbmklms iustms, phro sjhbprh lhktro lh `o p`mkjfjamlo y ko mkírqujambhkth mfhatmklo prhsupuhstos prhsupuhstos lhstjkmlos m otros fjkhs. <

 

AOK\HKJLO

Wmjsmihs usjamâkos > Hljtorjm` < Aokthkjlo 8 Wrhíbnu`o 6 Vjm`jlml pmrm Xsjamyos 5 @m ampj``m lh \‚u pjkm 3 Njn`jotham ^ubj Bmdj : \rmksmaajñk \rmksmaaj ñk hk Mpmachtm == Mkmarokjsboo lha`jkmkth y bolhrkjsbo msahklhkth =1 Mkmarokjsb @m ‐bhstjzmlm‒ y `m ‐jkljmlm‒ =<

@m ermtjtul m tu bmlrh =6 H` emsoluato sur phrumko =6 Qmktjmeo y h` zorro =3 Xsjamyos hbporjo mrquho`ñejao lh `m Wrovjkajm lh Amrmnmym =: H` fruto lh uk hkemýo >= Vhkhzuh`m y su rhm`jlml matum`9 sí`vhsh qujhk puhlm >1 >1 Ljfhrhkajms sonrh `m lmkzm Cmac‚mdm``m > 6

@os hsthrhotjpos lh `m nh``hzm >3 H` Jkstjtuto Mbhrjamko lh Mrth >: @ms ‐Qubmq Qjpms‒ o nh``ms mnorâehkhs 17

@m fjhstm bolhrkm y h` m`aoco`jsbo 1> Mbhkjlmlhs 11

8

 

W^HÍBNX@O Hljtmbos h` aumrto kùbhro lh kuhstrm pun`jamajñk hk am`jlml lh pruhnm pmrm kuhstros kuhstro s `hatorhs buy `jbjtmlos hk kùbhro por su ajrau`majñk por bhljo ok`jkh por vâm lh aorrhos h`hatrñkjaos phrsokm`hs. ^hjthrmbos `m jkvjtmajñk m quh kos mpoyhk aok mporth lh mrtâau`os pmrm orjhktmr y hluamr hk thbms au`turm`hs m` puhn`o. Ma`mrmklo quh ko hstmbos m` shrvjajo lh `os aoksmnjlos amulj``os quh sh proyhatmk cmajm `ms h`haajokhs lh >7>=. Lhslh `uheo, bhs m bhs kos topmbos aok kuhvos sjtumajokhs. \hkhbos `m mspjrmajñk lh bjkjbjzmr hrrorhs hk aumkto m `m forbm lh `os mrtâau`os, `o quh tmbnjêk kos majamthm onshrvmr bís rjeurosjlml hk `m rhvjsjñk lh `m forbm y  prhshktmajñk hxthrjor. Wor h` bobhkto, pmrm shr amsj pjokhros hk hsth quhcmahr hk Xsjamyos, hstmbos jkerhsmk jkerhsmklo lo sjej`osmbhkth m `m  p`mtmforbm lh kuhstros `hatorhs ajnhrkêtjaos aok `m hsphrmkzm lh arhahr hk h` tjhbpo jkaorpormklo kuhvos vm`orhs y aumlros hk hsth quhcmahr. Worquh ko cmy forbm lh arhahr sjko hs aok h` hihbp`o lh phrsjstjr ko onstmkth o nstmkth `ms `jbjtmajokhs `jbjtmajokhs.. \olo proyhato kmah lh ahro, `m hxphrjhkajm cmah quh puhlm cmahrsh rhm`jlml `oermklo onihtjvos, ko quhlm lulm. \mbnjêk hstí a`mro quh m` cínjto lh `haturm cmy quh mpoymr, phrsjstjr. \mkto sufrjbjhkto jkf`jejñ m `os trmnmimlorhs lh `ms `htrms `m rhkuhkajm lh phrsokms m `m `haturm. Cmstm h` bobhkto mùk ko cm surejlo ukm opjkjñk hxthrkm sjsthbmtjzmlm lh kuhstro trmnmio, sheurmbhkth quh hk m`eùk bobhkto rhajnjrhbos mprhajmajokhs ljvhrsms `ms quh hstmbos hsphrmklo aok mvjlhz. Lhslh m`eukm fuhkth, m vhahs, hs fíaj` `mkzmr lhkostmajokhs m `o quh ko polhbos aokthstmr hk `os bjsbos têrbjkos. Wmrm hso chbos arhmlo uk hspmajo hk hstm rhvjstm tjtu`mlo arâtjam y lhnmth. Mlhbís lhnh hstmr a`mro quh tolos `os mrtâau`os phrthkhahk m sus rhlmatorhs, por aoksjeujhkth `m ljrhaajñk ko hs rhspoksmn`h lh` aokthkjlo. Aoktjkumbos aok h` ofrhajbjhkto lh kuhstrms `âkhms thbítjams. Hk hsth aumrto kùbhro mportmbos jlhms, kmrrmbos hxphrjhkajms, cmahbos aokoahr msuktos au`turm`hs ko so`o lh Xsjamyos sjko aok hxthksjñk m tolm `m provjkajm lh Amrmnmym y kuhstro propñsjto pro pñsjto hs jka`ujr thbms ukjvhrsm`hs quh sok khahsmrjos aokoahr por h` pùn`jao. Hk `m hsphrmkzm lh shr `hâlos, hsauacmlos y maokshimlos hk kuhstro prjbhr propñsjto, prhshktmbos hstm kuhvm hljajñk lh` bhs lh iu`jo sjhbprh hxthkljhklo `m aorljm` jkvjtmajñk m quh `os amrmnmâkos o amrmnmjkjstms utj`jahk `ms  píejkms lh `ms prñxjbms hljajokhs pmrm hxpokhr su pmrtjajpmajñk hk `os aokoajlos ambpos quh chbos ofrhajlo9   =. Cjstorjm, >. Arñkjam y phrjoljsbo, 1. Hksmyo y bokoermfâm, . Aobhktmrjos. =1. Hpjsto`mrjos, =7=3 h` m`am`lh puso `m prjbhrm pjhlrm lh vâm amrrozmn`h lhslh h` nmrrjo Qmk Bmrtâk lh Qm``maokj aok ljrhaajñk m `m pon`majñk aobukm` lh Aoyormkm. Hstm vâm m aokstrujrsh shrí hk ‐nhkhfjajo lh buacm ehkth‒ porquh ‐sok onrms proluatjvms‒ pro luatjvms‒, quh Mukquh cmnrí lh sjhbprh ‐m`eukms hk mrtjau`mk hspmajos lhcmym proluaajñk y cmnjtmlos. h` ambjko‒. ]uh ko oposjajñk lh pmrah`hros lh thrrhkos acmamrjsbo hk pjhlrhajtms h` trmyhato lh

hstm onrm vjm`, fuhrok jlhms quh vhrtjñ `m mutorjlml bukjajpm` hk `m rhfhrjlm ahrhbokjm. Wor supuhsto, `m aokstruaajñk lh vâms shmk sjhbprh njhkvhkjlos pmrm `m mrtjau`majñk hspmajm` aok ljvhrsos `uemrhs lh` ljstrjto. Wmrm j`ustrmajñk cjstñrjam, m propñsjto lh` bobhkto, sok kubhrosms ym `ms vâms amrrozmn`hs chacms hk `m ehstjñk bukjajpm` quh sh mproxjbm m su aoka`usjñk. Qjk vjsos lh mlu`majñk, lhajbos quh hstm fuh `m ehstjñk bís fruatâfhrm hk aumkto m `m aokstruaajñk lh vâms lh aobukjamajñk, ko jbportm phquhýms phro buy ùtj`hs m `os usumrjos. Hk vhrlml `m mrtjau`majñk vjm` lh` ljstrjto aok sus `uemrhs pothkajm`hs lh proluaajñk y aokhxjñk aok ljstrjtos vhajkos tjhkh jbportmkajm jkkhemn`h, porquh rhphrautjrí hk h` proerhso haokñbjao y `m mbp`jmajñk lh sus rh`majokhs au`turm`hs y aobhrajm`hs quh sok khahsmrjms hk `m aokvjvhkajm ao kvjvhkajm haokñbjao-soajm`. @m po`âtjam vjm` jbp`hbhktmlm hk ehstjokhs lh` pmsmlo y `m matum`jlml hs posjn`h vjsum`jzmr m trmvês lh onrms chacms quh sjk lulm sh aokstruyhrok pmrm arhajhkth aoboljlml lh `m pon`majñk usumrjm9

Ehstjñk

Onrms

=:15 - =:77>  >77> 

=. Wu`ubpu`ukj ‑  Auyurbjkj   Auyurbjkj ‑  Xtmacmtm  Xtmacmtm

>775 ‑ >7==  >7==  >7== ‑  >7=7=7=8 ‑  >7=3   >7=3 

=. Acmampmtm ‑  W‚u``puru (Acjkeo)  >. ]uhtmpm`o ‑  Aomsmausquj  Aomsmausquj =. Umdmphaco ‑  Wcusam  Wcusam (amrrozmn`h) >. Umdmphaco ‑  ^mbmy``j   ^mbmy``j - @`oqcorj (chrrmlurm). =. @ujst‚oqokm ‑  @mwm`mwmkj  @mwm`mwmkj >. W‚u``puru ‑  Acjwjsqm``mkj 1. @ujst‚oqokm ‑  Ac‚uspjkj. 777=3  ---------------------=) M hsth rhsphato cmy prhpmrmlo `m Cjstorjm lh `m Vjm`jlml lh` ljstr ljstrjto jto lh Xsjamyos. Jkêljto.

@M AMWJ@@M LH \¼XWJKM

Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto H` fuklo \‚upjkm hk `m lêamlm lêamlm lh` =:=7 aokstjtuâm aokstjtuâm pmrth lh `m propjhlml rurm` lh` Qr. F. M Mlrjík lrjík \oro (mzmkemrjko (mzmkemrj ko lh orjehk), qujhk fuh propjhtmrjo lh buacos fuklos rùstjaos aobo Myupm, Ac‚ukm, \‚upjkm,

@mwm`mwmkj y mlhbís hk otros `uemrh `uemrhs. s. Hk =1 lh iukjo lh =:75 = hstm phrsokm mpmrhah hihrajhklo h` amreo lh Eonhrkmlor lh Xsjamyos. Hk mnrj` lh =:=3 > h` Qr. \oro mpmrhah aok su fjrbm hk uk jkvhktmrjo lh `os hkshrhs lh` thbp`o Qmk Nmrto`obê. Hk `m lêamlm lh` >7 mspjrñ shr Ljputmlo lh` Wmr`mbhkto Kmajokm`, phro h` bovjbjhkto jklâehkm lh `m zokm ko ljo `uemr m h``o por aoksjlhrmr uk cmahklmlo aok prhthksjokhs lh lhspoio lh tjhrrms rùstjams hk ljvhrsos sjtjos. Xkm amrtm ljah ‐ \olos `os lh Aruahro, Xsjamyos y Aomsm aokoahk quh L. F. Mlrjík \oro cm sjlo y hs h`  prjbhr embokm` lh kuhstrm Wrovjkajm, cmnjêklosh mluhýmlo lh jkbhksos thrrhkos… lhimklo m bj``okhs lh `os kuhstros m` cmbnrh hk aobpmýâm lh sus cjios. Hk Qmk Mktñk hs aokoajlo quh mamnñ los pmrajm`jlmlhs pmrm cmahr `m Cmajhklm ^harho. Hk Wotokj thrbjkñ tolo h` ljstrjto…Mlhbís ljstrjto…Mlhbís cmahbos aaokoahr okoahr m XX quh m F. Mlrjík \oro `o cmk `mksmlo ‐…@m @jem lh `os Cmahklmlos‒ y `o mpoym h` prjbhr embokm` @ujs Fh`jph @ukm quh aobo ljputmlo hk @jbm cm chaco suprjbjr kuhstrm jkstjtuajñk lh` \mcumktjksuyo y buacms otrms aosms…‐ 1.

Hs pronmn`h quh `m ampj``m lh \‚upjkm fuhrm bmklmlo aokstrujr, aok bmko lh onrm `oam`, m jkstmkajms lh` Qhýor Frmkajsao Mlrjík \oro Kmfrjm, ‑quh fuh su kobnrh aobp`hto- hk bhior êpoam lh su polhr haokñbjao, h` embokm`jsbo hk mueh y `m rh`jejosjlml ambpmkth, por rmzokhs quh `m trmljajñk rhauhrlm ljfusmbhkth, ko quhlm otrm posjnj`jlml. Wor su prhshkajm hk lj`jehkajms lh jkvhktmrjos ha`hsjístjaos sh hstjbm quh tuvo jka`jkmajokhs arjstjmkms fjrbhs. Wor aoksjeujhkth, hsm aokstruaajñk cmnrâm sjlo jkspjrmlm por ê` m`rhlhlor lh` mýo =:77, `o quh thstjbokjm quh ko vjhkh lh `m êpoam ao`okjm` 3

 

Wosthrjorbhkth Wosthrjorbh kth h` fuklo \‚upjkm mpmrhajñ mpmrhajñ hk bmkos lh Mktokjo Mpmz Mpmzm, m, auyos cjios fuhrok Fhrbâk Fhrbâk,,

Jsjlorm y ^mybuklm Mpmzm @jvjsj, buy pronmn`hbhkth por aobprm-vhktm lh su propjhtmrjo Qr. \oro. H` `uemr hsphaâfjao aorrhspokljñ m ^mybuklm amsmlo aok Fhrkmklo Bmacmam. M pmrtjr lh hsm poshsjñk sh lhsaujlñ h` bmkthkjbjhkto lh mquh``m ampj``m cmstm su ao`mpso lhfjkjtjvo. Cmstm `os mýos =:57 hstm phquhým ampj``m y su ambpmkmrjo hstuvjhrok aok thaco lh pmim y ao`emnm ukm phquhým ambpmkm. Hk rhm`jlml ko tjhkh sjekos hxthrjorhs lh mktjeum jbportmkajm. M `m fhacm, hstí hhk k aobp`htm rujkm, so`o hxjsthk bur buros. os. Qu jkthrjor fuh fuh amraobjlo por `m ``uvjm lh `os mýos, cmstm sus smktjtos hk nu`to cmnrâmk sjlo lhrrhtjlos. Qh lhrrubnñ m fm`tm lh bmkthkjbjhkto4 sheùk jkforbmajokhs rmtjfjamlms por `os propjhtmrjos lh` `uemr tolo cm lhsmpmrhajlo lhrrujlo por `m maajñk lh` tjhbpo. Wor tmkto, jbpronmn`h jbpronmn`h aoksjlhrmrsh m hstm ampj``m aobo ukm onrm ao`okjm` y lh mmtrmatjvo trmatjvo turâstjao pmrm `m posthrjlml por suhsjksjekjfjamkajm. jksjekjfjamk ajm. ________________________________ (=) @jnro lh Matms lh` \hbp`o Qmk Nmrto`obê, mýos =:75 m =:81, píe. => (>) Jnâl, píe. =8 (1) ^MBOQ QO\O, Whraj`hs.- Vhajkos prjkajpm`hs, prjkajpm`hs, Fotoaopjm lh loaubhktos.

NJN@JO\HAM ^XBJ BMDJ Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto @m hluamajñk shauklmrjm hk Xsjamyos hbphzñ m fukajokmr hk bmyo lh =:5: hk forbm pmrtjau`mr. Whro ofjajm`bhkth lmtm lh =:37, mýos hk quh `m Yokm lh Hluamajñk lh Mzíkemro (YHM) arhmnm jkstjtuajokhs hluamtjvms hk su íbnjto m bmkos ``hkms. Hsth chaco, aobo aokshauhkajm `ñejam, arhñ `m khahsjlml lh `os shrvjajos lh ukm njn`jotham y su `oam` hsphajm` y =  propjo, jbphrmtjvos hstuljmkths, aok hxthksjñk pùn`jao. ko hxjstâm shrvjajo pmrm y quhrhforzmr tmbpoao`oskmljh hstuvo hkmamlêbjaos aokljajokhslhlh`osofrhahr`o, hktokahs h` jtm`jmko m`lok ^jamrloAobo Ejmvmrjkj Fh`ottjhsth  , quh rhsjlâm hk `m pmrroqujm hk am`jlml lh rhspoksmn`h `mjao lh `m Wrh`mturm lh Mymvjrj, buy lhsprhkljlmbhkth tobñ hk sus bmkos `m jkjajmtjvm, quh trms aoksu`tm lh opjkjokhs, sh forbm`jzñ hk ukm msmbn`hm pùn`jam susarjtm por matm lh `m bukjajpm`jlml, auyo mauhrlo aokshksum`, sjk oposjajñk, fuh cmnj`jtmr trmksjtorjmbhkth h` mbnjhkth lh` mktjeuo  nmptjsthrjo lh` thbp`o Qmk Nmrto`obê, por hktokahs ym hk lhsuso. Bjhktrms tmkto, sh nusamrâm otro `uemr y mbnjhkth pmrm hsth fjk.

H` stoad lh njn`joermfâm fuh ofrhajlo por h` bjsbo shýor Ejmvmrjkj. Qheùk bmkjfhstñ ê`, `os rhaursos fjkmkajhros `os aoksheujrâm jklhphkljhkth lh `m prh`mturm, aobo quh msâ fuh. Wor hsth mauhrlo, ^jamrlo proahljñ m mnrjr  phrsokm`bhkth ukm puhrtm cmajm h` mtrjo. Wuso ajh`o rmso y hstuañ `os jkthrjorhs aok yhso, tm` aobo coy quhlmk `ms buhstrms.

M `m jzqujhrlm sh vh m ^jamrlo Ejmvmrjkj y su hsposm Nhtcm N`mkao. M `m lhrhacm hk ukm rhukjñk, ^jamrlo hs h` >· lh `m lhrhacm

:

 

Wmrm fjhstm pmtrokm` lh` 3 lh shptjhbnrh lh mquh` mýo, hsth trmnmio hstuvo hk p`hkm hihauajñk. Hs .hktokahs quh h` sm``maokhýo Fj`obhko ]ujsph, `h ofhkljñ m ^jamrlo aok bhkajñk lh qujhkhs cmnâmbos mpoymlo lhajljlmbhkth `m jkjajmtjvm lh cmnj`jtmr `m rhfhrjlm njn`jotham (profhsorhs, pmlrhs lh fmbj`jm y m`ubkos). >

Whro mkths lh hsth m`mrjlo, h` m`am`lh lh hktokahs Qr. Mkma`hto Cumrjam``o Vj`am   cmnâm sosthkjlo aokvhrsmajokhs aok h` Jkstjtuto Kmajokm` lh Au`turm Au`turm lh Wuko lh auym jkstjtuajñk thkâm opjkjñk lhsmpronmtorjm, lhsmpronmtorjm, por shr, h` thbp`o, pmtrjbokjo bokubhktm` jktmkejn`h prothejlo prot hejlo por `hyhs hxprhsms. Hs msâ quh hsth m`am`lh aokvoañ m otrm rhukjñk lh` puhn`o. Hk msmbn`hm lh` : lh shptjhbnrh lh` rhfhrjlo mýo, aoklhkmrok hsth proahlhr lh ^jamrlo, khemklo khemklo `m vm`jlhz lh `m msmbn`hm mkthrjor. Lhspuês lh uk mam`ormlo lhnm lhnmth, th, h` m`am`lh sh aobprobhtjñ m proporajokmr pmrm `m aokstruaajñk lh proerhsjstms `m p`mktm fâsjam lhhkmrno`mnm `m njn`jotham, probhsm quh lhfjkjtjvmbhkth jkaubp`jñ prhajsmbhkthuk prhajsmbhkth porthrrhko su mkjbmlvhrsjñk m `ms jlhms quh ^jamrlo y otros ao`mnormlorhs lh `m `oam`jlml jka`ujlo h` susarjto. Mkth `m jkljfhrhkajm y hkhbjstml m `m vjstm, ^jamrlo tuvo quh mnmklokmr h` nmptjsthrjo. Hsaoejñ h` thrrhko aoktjeuo quh hstuvo vmamkth y lhajljñ jkvhrtjr `os foklos pmrtjau`mrhs quh ê` aoksjeujñ. Msâ sh jkjajñ `m aokstruaajñk lh `m njn`jotham, aok `m mphrturm lh zmkim pmrm `m ajbhktmajñk, h` lâm 3 lh oatunrh lh =:3>. Hk hsth proahso lh aokstruaajñk buacos pmrtjajpmrok aok trmnmios y m`jhktos porquh sjekjfjamnm h` ajbjhkto lh `m h`hvmajñk au`turm` lh `m iuvhktul cmstm hsh bobhkto hk mnmkloko, sjk probhsm futurjstm. Whro, m`eukms otrms jlhms rhtrñermlms, sjhbprh jkfm`tmn`hs y sjhbprh mktjsoajm`hs, quh `h cjajhrok aoro m` m`am`lh, hktorphajhrok `m onrm lhrrubnmklo `os buros frhsaos lurmkth `m koach. \rjsth rhauhrlo pmrm `m cjstorjm. @os m`ubkos pjokhros m jkstmkajms lh profhsorhs, hk aoorljkmajñk aok ^jamrlo, hk am`jlml lh fmhkm ermtujtm h`mnormrok mlonhs pmrm h` `hvmktmbjhkto lh buros lh jkfrmhstruaturm lh `m mkch`mlm njn`jotham quh sh mvjzormnm mphthajn`h. Aok tolo, hsth `oam` fuh aoka`ujlo hk =:31 y hsth bjsbo mýo hk >< lh iukjo sh jkmueurñ y sh puso m` shrvjajo lh `m ao`hatjvjlml aok h` kobnrh lh Njn`jotham ^ubj Bmdj. Auyo `hbm m jkspjrmajñk lh ^jamrlo fuh ‐matumr, vhr,  iuzemr‒. 

@oam` lh `m Njn`jotham aokstrujlm hk =:3> por jkjajmtjvm lh` jtm`jmko ^jamrlo Ejmvmrjkj, Foto =:33

H` vo`ubhk lh `m njn`joermfâm puhstm fuh vm`joso tmkto por su aosto fjkmkajhro aobo por su vmrjhlml lh hsphajm`jlml lh bmthrjms au`turm`hs. Aumklo ^jamrlo sh rhtjrñ lh Xsjamyos lhiñ hsth `hemlo suyo, aobo thstjbokjo lh su amrjýo lhsprhkljlo m`  puhn`o lh Xsjamyos, Xsjamyos, `o thkhbos jkbortm`jzmlo su rhauhrlo. =7

 

@mbhktmn`hbhkth buacms pjhzms njn`joerífjams lh jkthrhsmkths aokthkjlos cmk lhsmpmrhajlo pmu`mtjkmbhkth,  Ko sh aokoah m rhspoksmn`h rhspoksmn`h quh `o sustrmio, `o mtrjnujbos tmk sñ`o m su lhfjajhkth lhfjajhkth bolo lh mlbjkjstrmajñk. mlbjkjstrmajñk. H` mýo >77> sh susarjnjñ uk Aokvhkjo hktrh `m Wmrroqujm Qmk Nmrto`obê y `m Bukjajpm`jlml. Wor hsth mauhrlo, `m Bukjajpm`jlml mportñ, hk am`jlml lh prêstmbo, uk `oth lh njn`joermfâm kuhvm y matum`jzmlm, y por `m Wmrroqujm sñ`o `os  poaos sonrmkths. M` forbm`jzmr for bm`jzmr hsth Aokvhkjo, h` rhspoksmn`h pmrroqujm` lh l h hktokahs hkto kahs lok Vâator Aorjko Auko Cmkaao ambnjñ h` kobnrh por h` lh ‐H` kuhvo `hator‒   ]uhlm a`mro quh hsth `oam`, bís `ms trhs pjhzms aoktjeums, fuh aokstrujlo aok rhaursos fjkmkajhros pmrtjau`mrhs aoksheujlos por h` fj`íktropo lok ^jamrlo Ejmvmrjkj msâ aobo `m jbp`hbhktmajñk lh` stoad njn`joerífjao. @m Wrh`mturm lh Mymvjrj ko jkthrvjko, y tm` t m` vhz por hsto cmstm coy ko buhstrm prhoaupmajñk por jkarhbhktmr bmthrjm` hk mkmquh`hs, ko onstmkth cmnhr pmsmlo ym bís lh vhjkth mýos lh su hxjsthkajm. Ko nmstm mpropjmrsh ‐msâ lh fíaj`‒. Wor su ehstmajñk

 phrthkhah m` puhn`o hk su aokiukto. @m fjkm`jlml lh su aokstruaajñk fuh hxa`usjvmbhkth pmrm njn`jotham, quh sj  pmrm`h`mbhkth `h lmk otros usos, hs msukto msukto sunsjljmrjo. Hk h` tjhbpo, tjhkh quh fukajokmr aok bís rheu`mrjlml m` shrvjajo lh `m hluamajñk y h`hvmajñk au`turm` lh `os  iñvhkhs hstuljmkths lh` puhn`o lh Xsjamyos. Qu mlbjkjstrmajñk lhnh suphrmr tmbnjêk `ms lhfjajhkajms lh` pmsmlo, líklo`h ñptjbo y aokstmkth uso lh` `oam`. Ermajms, bj` ermajms. @m au`turm usjamâkm mermlhah m ^jamrlo por `m aokstruaajñk lh `m m`uljlm njn`jotham, yo mthstjeðê su thsokhro trmnmio jlhktjfjamlo aok h` puhn`o khahsjtmlo. Xsjamyos, >=/76/>77: ----------------------------------   =) ^jamrlo Ejmvmrjkj Fh`ottj (Jtm`jm) y hsposm Nhrtcm N`mkao (No`jvjm) ``hemrok m Xsjamyos h` lâm 3 lh shtjhbnrh lh =:3>, hkvjmlo por h` Boks. @ujs Lm``h lh `m Wrh`mturm lh Mymvjrj. Ê` fuh rhspoksmn`h lh `m Wmrroqujm Qmk Nmrto`obê por vmrjos mýos cmstm quh hk =:36 sh rhtjrñ cmajm Bmausmkj pmrm msubjr `m rhspoksmnj`jlml lh `m Mkjbmajñk ^urm` lh `m Wrovjkajm lh Amrmnmym (M^WA). Matum`bhkth sh hkauhktrm rhsjljlo hk `m Wmz (No`jvjm) sjhbprh aok rhspoksmnj`jlml soajm` lh lhfhksm lh thbms rh`majokmlos m ‐trmtm y trífjao lh kjýms y mlo`hsahkths hxp`otmlms shxum`bhkth …‒.  >) H` Qr. Mkma`hto Cumrjam``o, aobo mutorjlml bukjajpm`, sh cm bostrmlo submbhkth costj` m tolos `os proyhatos proerhsjstms surejlos lh` shko lh` puhn`o. Frustrñ `m aokstruaajñk lh ukm phquhým ahktrm` cjlroh`êatrjam quh ^jamrlo Ejmvmrjkj ofrhajñ. Amsj frustrm `m aokstruaajñk lh `oam` lh `m njn`jotham. Mausñ lh ‐thrrorjstms‒ m Whraj`hs ^mbos, Amsjbjro ^mbos, Hu`oejo Vj`am y Hbjthrjo A. @murm , sjk rmzñk m`eukm.

\^MLJAJOKHQ

\^MKQMAAJÑK HK MWMACH\M

Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto Wor lhsvhkturm kukam fm`tmrok rhyhrtms hktrh phrsokms, shm por msuktos vm`hlhros o sjbp`hbhkth por h` amprjaco ampr jaco lh `os aormzokhs rhnh`lhs hk rhspuhstm lh ajhrtms auacuf`htms y kmlm bís. Qj tolos fuêrmbos auhrlos y aobprhksjn`hs ko cmnrâm iuhahs kj eonhrkmlorhs, bms `mbhktmn`hbhkth buacos  ‑ sj sj ko tolos- khahsjtmbos sjhbprh h` mrnjtrmih lh ukm  nuhkm o phor mutorjlml pmrm mrrhe`mr m`eùk `âo surejlo hk fmbj`jm o aok h` vhajko lh hkfrhkth. @m thrquhlml lh `os  p`hjthmlorhs, ko so`o cm mrrujkmlo hk buacos amsos, sjko jka`uso `os ``hvñ m su tubnm lh lhsamkso hthrko sjk cmnhr m`amkzmlo h` onihtjvo quh phrsheuâmk m`eukos por tjhrrms, chrhkajms, cokor, m`eùk lhrhaco lmýmlo, uk `hvh hbpuiñk o ukm fhm bjrmlm. A`mro quh cuno tmbnjêk amusms bhrjtorjms pmrm ukm nuhkm quhrh``m4 ko tolos sobos ljekos rhsphtuosos lh` lhrhaco mihko. Wor otrm pmrth, `os Eonhrkmlorhs lh phquhýos puhn`os fuhrok `os mbos y shýorhs lh `m aobmram, aok ampmajlml lh bmklo vhrtjam` y lh hstrjato aubp`jbjhkto lh sus ljsposjajokhs. Xtj`jzmrok h` am`mnozo aobo bhljo lh amstjeo y rhprhsjñk pmrm `os quh amâmk hk sus bmkos por aum`qujhr botjvo quh rhqujhrm rhatjfjamajñk. Aok hsth prhmbnu`j``o qujhro rhfhrjr`h, m usthl ljstjkeujlo `hator, quh h` shýor Iosê Mktokjo Vísquhz ``heñ m Xsjamyos kobnrmlo por `m Wrhfhaturm lh Wuko aok amreo lh Eonhrkmlor lh` ljstrjto hk =:7=5

@M ‐BHQ\JYMLM‒ Z @M ‐JKLJMLM‒ = 

Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto



Hs jkthrhsmkth, cmstm fhstjvo lhslh `m phrsphatjvm lh coy, cmahr bhborjm lh `os suahsos lh pmsmlos tjhbpos lh `m vjlm soajm` y haokñbjam lh `os `o s phquhýos puhn`os aobo Xsjamyos. @ms ehkhrm ehkhrmajokhs ajokhs iñvhkhs matum`hs lhsaokoahk hsos hsos chacos. Wor hso arho khahsmrjo, khahsmrjo, por vâm lh sobhrm j`ustrmajñk, j`ustrmajñk, mkotjajmr`hs ukm aurjosjlml cjstñrjam sñ`o aobo merjlu`ah rhfrhsamkth bhktm`, porquh sheuro quh por mcâ, prhthkljhklo khemr h` vm`or Ko o rhmnrms `m chrjlm quh ym ajamtrjzñ/ Ko rhvjvms `os cjstñrjao lh `os maokthajbjhktos, lh hktrmlm bh ljrík9 ‐ K lo`orhs y sufrjbjhktos mktjeuos/ `o quh pmsñ, pmsñ‒.

Lhslh `m phkubnrm lh `m cjstorjm y por `o quh sh aokoah por jkforbmajokhs orm`hs lh `m ehkth mktjeum, y `os loaubhktos hsarjtos quh cmk quhlmlo, sh smnh quh mquâ cm vjvjlo hkrmrhajlm pon`majñk, ljhzbmlm por hpjlhbjms `htm`hs lh `m êpoam. Mkhalñtjambhkth hsm phquhým pon`majñk hstuvo ljvjljlm hk los nmklos lh jlhms lhsjeum`hs9 lhsjeum` hs9 `m formsthrm y mrroemkth ‐bhstjz ‐bhstjzmlm‒, mlm‒, y `m ‐jkljmlm‒, boktñk lh toktos, hk h` `hkeumih lh `os prjbhros.

Hstm bothim ljvjsjokjstm cm surejlo m `m sobnrm lh `os lhspñtjaos proahljbjhktos lh thrrmthkjhkths lh `os jkjajos lh `os fjkm`hs lh` sje`o SJS h jkjajos lh` SS. @os bhstjzos y sheuklokhs ‐sh sjtumnmk hk uk p`mko buy suphrjor aobo shrhs cubmkos, au`turm` y rmajm`bhkth, hk `m `jbpjhzm êtkjam. Merhljhklo `os rmseos au`turm`hs h jlhktjlml mkljkm lh `os ambphsjkos jklâehkms aoksjlhrmlos jkfrmcubmkos…‒   aobo ljah Chrkík M. Iovh ]ujbphr >. Hk

rhm`jlml h` ùkjao quh poshâm hxthksjñk lh propjhlml rurm` rhsjljlo hk hsth `uemr fuh @ujs Nhrkmrljko Aíahrhs Aíahrhs,, `os lhbís sñ`o fuhrok mbmlrjkmlos m `os quh sus aoktrjkamkths jklâehkms `hs rhproacmnmk lh ‐accmacos‒ mnusjvos.   Hsth erupo lh `m ‐bhstjzmlm‒ sh unjamnm aobo `os prjvj`hejmlos hk `m soajhlml, uk erupo mlvhkhljzo qu h

tobñ h` polhr `oam` lhnjlo m quh hrmk `hâlos, por tmkto aok lhrhaco lh bmklo y eonjhrko sonrh `m bmsm lh jklâehkms aobp`htmbhkth mkm`fmnhtms y quhacum cmn`mkths hk su bmyorâm, êstos muk bmkhimklo qujpus pmrm h` aoktho y arjmklo sus jkfmkths hk coyos m `m usmkzm jkam. Aobo `m ljfhrhkajmajñk rmajm` hrm kotorjm, ko fuh mbjemn`h ukm aokvjvhkajm soajm` lhboarítjam sjko ljsarjbjkmtorjm m tolo lmr. H` aobp`hbhkto hfjamz fuh h` bokopo`jo lh` hihrajajo lh `m trâmlm lh mutorjlmlhs `oam`h `oam`hs9 s9 h` M`am`lh, Eonhrkmlor Eonhrkmlor y Iuhz lh Wmz hk auyms bmkos hstmnm `m tobm lh lhajsjokhs hk fmvor o hk aoktrm lh `os lhstjkos lh` puhn`o. M tm` pukto quh m `os kmturm`hs `h bjrmnmk lhslh mrrjnm aok a`mro bhkosprhajo lhkjeríklo`hs prhajsmbhkth aok h` trmtmbjhkto trmtmbjhkt o lh ‐`m jkljmlm‒, msâ

hstík hsarjtos hk ljvhrsms matms lh `m bukjajpm`jlml y `m eonhrkmajñk. Nmklos jrrhaokaj`jmn`hs hk `ms forbms lh vjlm, aostubnrhs4 kheíklosh`hs `os lhrhacos jeum`jtmrjos, phro sâ aok lhnhrhs rhamremlos y aobpu`sjvos. @os bmklmbmshs bmkhimnmk `muh` jlhmhktokahs. sherhemajokjstm buy njhk lhrm hfjkjlm propjm `os erjkeos korthmbhrjamkos korthmbhrjam `os kheros mfrjamkos lh mquh` mq Hstm aokluatm k koolhfjkjlm propjm lh lh Xsjamyos sjko ehkhrm`jzmlm ehkhrm `jzmlm kos hk h`aoktrm Whrù rhpun`jamko y embokm`jstm. =<

 

@m aokljajñk lh rurm`hs y lh oaupmajokhs merâao`ms lh `os jkljos lmnm `uemr m quh shmk aoksjlhrmlos ùtj`hs sñ`o pmrm trmnmios forzmlos lh hsm hsm kmturm`hzm, pmrm tolo tjpo lh shrvjajos y bmklmtos lh aubp`jbjhkto sjk rhsjsthkajm m puktm lh vhiíbhkhs aorporm`hs y sjao`ñejaos lhsbhljlos. Fuh on`jemtorjm h` sm`ulo lhslh ljstmkajm aok `m prhklm lhsaunjhrtm, lh rolj``ms h` nhso lh `m bmko y hxprhsjokhs lh rhvhrhkth rhkljajñk. @os jkljos hstmnmk soajm`bhkth procjnjlms lh am`zmr, lh vhstjr sjko ropm aokfhaajokmlm lh nmyhtm hxa`usjvmbhkth o lh cmn`mr h` amsth``mko mukquh botoshmlo. Aum`qujhr rhnm`sh m hstms rhe`ms hrm aoksjlhrmlo ukm bm`arjmlhz aoktrm h` Qhýor Wothktmlo. Ko sñ`o h` trmto fuh soajm`bhkth ljsarjbjkmtorjo, sjko sh `hs lhsposhâm lh sus njhkhs9 thrrhkos rùstjaos y merâao`ms, `ms bhiorhs tjhrrms sh hktjhklh, m vhahs m fuhrzm lh vjo`hkajm y otrms, aok m`hvosâm o h` hkemýo aok m`eukm pjzam m ambnjo. Wor hso `os bhstjzos rhsu`tmrok propjhtmrjos lh `os bhiorhs fuklos rùstjaos, `ms bhiorhs pmrah`ms merâao`ms. @os jklâehkms sh mrrujkmrok por hstm vâm, mermvmlo por `os phsmlos shrvjajos m `m Je`hsjm hk h` thbp`o, pmrm mfroktmr `os emstos hstmnmk on`jemlos m pjekormr sus njhkhs. @ms oaupmajokhs hk hsth shrvjajo `hs rhportmnm `m hktrhem m` vjajo lh` m`aoco` y `m aoam, `m mku`majñk lh `m hluamajñk lh sus cjios y rh`mtjvmbhkth amkah`mlm `m mutohstjbm, hso sâ aok `m rhnh`lâm hsaokljlm hk `m amnhzm y h` aormzñk. Hstm fuh ukm lh `ms forbms hfjamahs lh forimr fo rimr `m ponrhzm lh `m ehkth. Wor `m rhfrjhem phrbmkhkth hk `ms rh`majokhs jkthr rmajm`hs, quh hrmk ehkhrm`jzmlos hk tolms pmrths m `m `uz lhlhrhaco `m bhktm`jlml embo embokm` km` thrrmthkjhkth, surejñ bovjbjhkto jkth`hatum` jkljehkjstm, y kmajñ oremkjzmajñk ‐Wro jklâehkm \mcumktjksuyo‒ aok shlh hkuk @jbm. Hk Xsjamyos sh fuklñ uk Qun Aobjtê. Hk`mhstm puekm `os vhajkos prjkajpm`hs `oam`hs lhaâmk shr pmrth lh `m ‐@jem lh Cmahklmlos‒, oremkjzmajñk thrrmthkjhkth surejlm hk Mzíkemro. M` bovjbjhkto jklâehkm `h bothimrok lh ‐rubj bmdjs‒ hk m`usjñk m \holobjro Eutjêrrhz Auhvms ‐H` ^ubj Bmdj Aaorj Qokaao‒ quh hkamnhzñ ukm sun`hvmajñk jklâehkm hk =:=8 aoktrm `m tjrmkâm lh` embokm`jsbo hk Mzíkemro. Hk =:=1 h` By. H.W. \holobjro Eutjêrrhz Auhvms prhshktñ uk jkforbh m` Wrhsjlhkth lh `m ^hpùn`jam Euj``hrbo Nj``jkecurst, quh quh hk ukm lh sus pmrths p mrths sh `hâm9 ‐@os jklâehkms lh Qmbík pusjhrok m bj vjstm `os amlívhrhs amrnokjzmlos lh sus pmrjhkths y mbjeos, quh cmnâmk sjlo quhbmlos vjvos, hktrh `os amlívhrhs h` lh ukm buacmacm, cjim lh` jkljo Mklrês Mpmzm, quh mkths lh shr quhbmlm vjvm cmnâm sjlo vjo`mlm por hsos bokstruos, sh bh prhshktmrok pmrm shr hxmbjkmlos por bâ,  phrsokm`bhkth, vmrjos jklâehkms m qujhkhs `os embokm`hs `os cmnâmk amstrmlo4 vj m`eukms amsms lh `ms hstmkajms quh hsos nírnmros, lh hsh kuhvo Wutubmyo, m` ko polhrsh ``hvmr tolos `os vâvhrhs hk su rjeuroso smquho, `os cmnâmk bhza`mlo aok tjhrrm y aok ahkjzm pmrm quh `os jklâehkms fuhrmk subjlos por h` cmbnrh y `m bjshrjm‒ 1 M` `hhr hstm nmrnmrjlml aoktrm `m ‐jkljmlm‒ otrm vhz bh ljrík9 ‐ Ko rhmnrms `m chrjlm quh ym ajamtrjzñ/ Ko rhvjvms `os lo`orhs y sufrjbjhktos mktjeuos/   `o quh pmsñ, pmsñ‒.  H` Wrof. ^jamrlo Lo`orjhr lhaâm9 ‐ yo hsarjno ko  porquh sê, sjko por jkljekmajñk jkljekmajñk‒, sheurmbhkth porquh ko qujso pokhrsh lh hspm`lms kj m `m cjstorjm kj m `m rhm`jlml

ajrauklmkth. Mquh``m aokluatm prhiujajosm, ko bhkos `oam y arjbjkm`, mamnñ m pmso `hkto, buaco por `m lhsmpmrjajñk fâsjam lh `m bhstjzmlm ukos por buhrth, lhehkhrmajñk, rhtjrmlm lh otros aok lhstjko lhsaokoajlo4 h` surejbjhkto lh aorrjhkths lh jlhms kuhvms, ambnjos po`âtjaos, `m ermlum` hsao`mrjlml lh `m ehkth, `m aobprhksjñk lh `os ro`hs soajm`hs y `m mlqujsjajñk lh `m ajulmlmkâm, jka`ujlms `ms buihrhs. ¿@os lhsahkljhkths lh `m bhstjzmlm y `os cmahklmlos cmnrâmk ambnjmlo lh pmrhahr? Coy ko quhlm rmstros lh mquh` aobportmbjhkto soajm`, aobo quh kmlm hs hthrko, sñ`o thstjbokjo cjstñrjao pmrm h` rhauhrlo, `os protmeokjstms tolos hstík nmio tjhrrm, phro sus lhsahkljhkths ¿lñklh hstík y añbo hstmrík matumklo? \m` vhz shrík `os soajos o tjbokh`hs lh `m bjkhrâm matum` hk msahkso, ukm kuhvm hstoamlm o`jeírqujam ym ko aoktrm ‐`m jkljmlm‒ sjko lon`hbhkth9 aoktrm `os lhsahkljhkths lh hsm jkljmlm y `m sm`ul lh`

bhljo mbnjhkth. ¿Añbo hstmbos mcorm `os sonrhvjvjhkths m ljfhrhkajm lh mquh``os tjhbpos? H` mkí`jsjs lh `m matum`jlml ko puhlh prhsajkljr lh` pmsmlo aobo pukto lh rhfhrhkajm pmrm `m aokluatm soajm` y `m tobm lh lhajsjokhs =8

 

trmsahklhktm`hs pmrm coy y h` futuro. H` aokahpto lh trmsahklhktm`hs l h rmajsbo ko hstí suphrmlo, mùk hstí vjvo mukquh lhnh quhlmr mtrís hk hstos tjhbpos lh mvmkahs lh `m ajvj`jzmajñk. @m ‐jkljmlm‒ lh myhr, coy lhnh oaupmr su `uemr protmeñkjao hk `m soajhlml aobo cobnrhs lh `jnhrtml y

njhk. -------------------------------------=) ^MBOQ QO\O, Whraj`hs. MWXK\HQ CJQ\Ñ^JAOQ LH@ BOVJBJHK\O QOAJM@ HK XQJAMZOQ, =:3=. Jkêljto. Mracjvo lh loaubhktos9 VHAJKOQ W^JKAJWM@HQ, jkêljto, =:37. >) Ljmrjo @os Mklhs K· >7==, píe. =3.  1) Em``heo, @ujs. ^ubj Bmdj, opùsau`o pun`jamlo por QJKMBOQ =:51 =:51,, píe. 6

@M E^M\J\XL M \X BML^H Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto H` sheuklo lobjkeo lh` bhs lh bmyo hstí lhljamlo m `ms bmbís aobo lâm aoksmermlo m su cokor9 ‐Lâm lh `m bmlrh‒. Mukquh `os aobhrajmkths y `ms fjkmkajhrms sok `ms quh bís emkmk aok hsh botjvo. Hsh lâm, kos hkaoktrmbos tolos por `o bhkos hk trhs sjtumajokhs ljfhrhkths9 bmlrh prhshkth, bmlrh mushkth y bmlrh ljfuktm. Xkm f`or roim o n`mkam jkthrprhtm kuhstrm ermtjtul o lhsthbp`mkzm cmajm `m buihr quh kos ljhrm `m vjlm lhslh sus hktrmýms aok mnkhemlo au`tjvo lh aujlmlo, lhrroach lh amrjýoso c cmstm mstm h` lhsvh`o. Lh `os tmktos quh sobos, ko tolos tmbpoao thkhbos h` bjsbo psjqujs, kj `ms bjsbms hboajokhs, kj `ms bjsbms matjtulhs kj hxprhsjokhs lh mfhato pmrm aok kuhstrm bmlrh. M`eukos buy kon`hbhkth `ms bjbmk aok mlbjrmn`h mbor fj`jm`, aobo hs bhrhajlo hk vhrlml. Wor `o bâkjbo hsm hs `m matjtul quh tolos lhshmbos9 `m ermtjtul mkth `m hstupjlhz lh `m lhsmfhaajñk. Cmy amsos @os cjios quh fuhrok aok tmktm so`jajtul, aok lhrroach lh mbor pmthrkm` auyo lhsaujlo `h cmbm`cmlmlos. amusmlo `íerjbms m torrhkths, m` arjmlos fjkm` rhsu`tmk aok ‐lobjkeo sjhth‒ aobo ljahk hk h` mreot popu`mr. Wonrh buihr bmlrh thklrí quh soportmr soportmr aok `m pmajhkajm lh ssu u mnkhemajñk `ms lhsthbp`mkzms lh cjios hbpmpmlos lh jkermtjtul y orljkmrjhz. @m bmbí vm`h aumklo hstí hk vjlm. Buhrtm, msâ hstê hbnm`smbmlm aobo frhsam bmkzmkm ko sjekjfjam kmlm, kmlm. Wor hso, hs uk lhnhr lh` aormzñk eumrlmr aobposturm lhnjlm m `m bmbí quh lhljañ `m bhior êpoam lh su vjlm m `m arjmkzm lh sus cjios. @m bmbí losjfjam, mlhbís, por jeum` m tolos `os bjsbos amrjýos, ko cmy prhfhrhkajms kj ljsarjbjkmajokhs. Msâ shmbos mlu`tos, lhsaoksjlhrmlos y cmstm lh`jkauhkths, h``m, hstmklo hk vjlm, sufrh hk su aormzñk aormzñk h` lo`or quh sjhkth sjhkth por `ms bm`ms pjsmlms lh su su pro`h. Cmy cjios quh aumklo su bmbí hstí hk vjlm `ms bm`trmtmk lh chaco y pm`mnrm, `ms jkf`jehk sufrjbjhkto oamsjokíklo`ms `íerjbms jksufrjn`hs, y ko fm`tmk amsos lh merhsjñk fâsjam y cmstm h` bmtrjajljo. ¡]uê `ístjbm! Aumklo buhrtms hk sus `ípjlms pokhk hpjtmfjos cjpñarjtms, supuhstmbhk supuhstmbhkth th ‐hxtrmýmklo su mushkajm‒ y ukm `íerjbm mkth su tubnm. ¿Vm`hk? Ko. M tu bmbí rhspêtm`m, íbm`m, myùlm`m, euâm`m, mkâbm`m y cmstm bâbm`m. Lm`h `m oportukjlml lh quh sh smtjsfmem aok `m bjsjñk bmthrkm` aubp`jlm. Ko `h pjlms aosms fuhrm lh su m`amkah, ko prhthklms hxp`otmr`m lhsaoksjlhrmlmbhkth, porquh tù cjio h cjim shrík pmlrh y bmlrh hk lâms mlh`mkth, porquh th toamrí lhshbphýmrth hk hsh bjsbo ro` y mamso rhajêk th lmrís auhktm aobo qujsjhrms quh th trmthk tus cjios. cjios . @m cjpoarhsâm, `m m`tmkhrâm y h` bm` ehkjo sok `os phorhs `mstrhs quh lmýmk h` cokor y `m ljekjlml lh tu bmlrh. Kukam `h cmems ``ormr, porquh h``m hs ùkjam fâsjam y borm`bhkth. Ko cmnrí otrm jeum`. H` tmrlh mrrhphktjbjhkto lh kmlm sjrvh, hso hs aobo ormr m ukm jkshksjn`h pjhlrm, sjk rhspuhstm m`eukm. Wor hso, `m ermtjtul m tu bmlrh lhnh shr uk vm`or lh sjkahrjlml totm`. Ko ukm boijemthrâm cjpñarjtm.

AOBHK\M^JO H@ EMQOLXA\O QX^ WH^XMKO (Aoka`usjokhs) Ihsùs \ovmr @jko  

=6

 

H` ems kmturm` hs uk rhaurso hstrmtêejao quh sh aokstjtuyh hk `m bís ermklh oportukjlml pmrm h` lhsmrro``o lh`  pmâs, ko sñ`o por h` mnmrmtmbjhkto lh `m hkhreâm, lh` aoksubo lobêstjao y trmksporth, sjko tmbnjêk pmrm `m ljvhrsjfjamajñk lh `m haokobâm m trmvês lh `m jklustrjm phtroquâbjam. Hk uk mutêktjao lo`or lh amnhzm sh cm aokvhrtjlo trmhr h` ems pmrm h` sur lh` pmâs. Lhspuês lh =7 mýos lh cmnhrsh fjrbmlo h` aoktrmto pmrm h` proyhato, hk hkhro lh >7=5 sh rhso`vjñ thrbjkmr `m aokahsjñk lh` Emsoluato Qur Whrumko (EQW), lhnjlo m quh h` aoksorajo aoksora jo hkamremlo, ko aubp`jñ aok lhbostrmr quh thkâm `m fjkmkajmajñk khahsmrjm pmrm aoka`ujr `m onrm, hsto trms h` hsaíklm`o lh aorrupajñk por h` amso @mvm Imto. Mcorm h` proyhato sh hkauhktrm iuljajm`jzmlo por ahram lh XQ$ >.777 bj``okhs, quh hs `m jkvhrsjñk quh h` aoksorajo, aokforbmlo por Hkmeís, Olhnrhact y, Ermým y Bokthro, mfjrbm cmnhr emstmlo hk su mvmkah lh` proyhato. @m aokljajñk lh bokopo`jo lh hsth aoktrmto cm `jbjtmlo `m hxp`ormajñk m otrms hbprhsms lh hxp`ormr y am`au`mr rhaursos y rhshrvms, unjamr kuhvos ymajbjhktos quh emrmktjahk y proyhathk trmnmios bmyorhs aobo `m jklustrjm y `m  phtroquâbjam. Auzao, Mrhqujpm, Boquheum, puko y tolo h` Qur lh` Whrù lhnhk ukjr fuhrzms pmrm jbpu`smr h` proyhato  phtroquâbjao porquh su jbpmato ljkmbjzmrâm ko sñ`o `m haokobâm rhejokm` lh` lh ` sur, sjko `m lh` pmâs hkthro. Mutorjlmlhs rhejokm`hs, `oam`hs y `m soajhlml ajvj` oremkjzmlm lhnhbos ukjrkos pmrm hxjejr m` eonjhrko `m boljfjamajñk lh` proyhato lh` Emsholuato y h` jbpu`so lh` proyhato Whtroquâbjam. Matum`bhkth, h` 81% lh` ems kmturm` sh hxportm, h` ==% sh lhstjkm m `m jklustrjm, 17% m `m ehkhrmajñk lh hkhreâm, 6% m` trmksporth y sñ`o uk 7.3% m` aoksubo lobêstjao. Amnh rhaorlmr quh `m aokstruaajñk lh` emsholuato quh lhshbnoam hk `m aostm ahktrm` `o fjkmkajmbos tolos `os phrumkos aok uk mporth hsphajm` hk kuhstros rhajnos lh `uz, nmio `m probhsm lh quh `m hxp`otmajñk lh` ems lh Ambjshm shrâm pmrm nhkhfjajo ljrhato lh `m pon`majñk, y cmstm h` bobhkto sñ`o cm nhkhfjajmlo m >77,777 fmbj`jms `jbhýms, bjhktrms h` rhsto lh phrumkos sheujbos usmklo E@W quh sh pmem m  prhajo jkthrkmajokm` lh` phtrñ`ho. H` emsholuato Qur Whrumko (auym aokstruaajñk hstí hk aurso) sñ`o aoksjlhrm h` luato lh ems quh shrvjrí ljrhatmbhkth pmrm h` kolo hkhreêtjao, y ko aokthbp`m h` luato lh `âqujlos quh shrâm khahsmrjo pmrm `m jklustrjm  phtroquâbjam. H` mvmkah lh hsth bolh`o lh emsholuato ko sñ`o m`him `m posjnj`jlml lh` po`o phtroquâbjao sjko quh  pmrhah hstmr ljshýmlo hxp`âajtmbhkth hxp`âajtmbhkth pmrm hxportmr `m hkh hkhreâm reâm h`êatrjam sonrmkth m Acj`h. Z `o ù`tjbo, h` Bjsthrjo lh Hkhreâm y Bjkms, bmkjfhstñ, arhmr `m rutm bmrjkm, pmrm lmr`h ems nmrmto m `m bjkhrâm lh` korth lh acj`h, sh hbnmrquh hk nuquhs hk pmbpm Bh`acorjtms, ``hvmr`o m acj`h pmrm quh acj`h hxporth hsh ems m Mrehktjkm porquh ym tjhkhk su tunhrâm, porquh Mrehktjkm sh cm quhlmlo sjk ems. Mlhbís arhmr ukm p`mktm phtroquâbjam  pmrm trmtmr`m h` ems lh` Whrù. Lhiíklo`o m uk `mlo h` emsoluato y cmahr uk hbnmramlhro lh ems quh mbp`âh `m hxportmajñk hxportmajñk m acj`h lhimklo m` Whrù sjk phtroquâbjam sjk jklustrjm`jzmajñk y sjk ems m` sur phrumko.

M`eukms kotjajms Bjkjstro Bmyorem9 ‐emsoluato ehkhrmrí kuhvo po`o lh lhsmrro``o hk Mrhqujpm‒   H` tjtu`mr lh` BHB lhstmañ quh `m aokahsjñk lh` hsphrmlo proyhato aoktrjnujrí aok uk kuhvo po`o lh lhsmrro``o hk

Mrhqujpm. ‐H` luato lh ems kmturm` phrbjtjrí, mlhbís, jkarhbhktmr `m sheurjlml hkhreêtjam lh` pmâs …..Msâ sh hvjtmrâm   aum`qujhr jkthrrupajñk lh` shrvjajo lh trmksporth lh ems kmturm` y,…. hvjtmrí quh sh susphklm h` proahsmbjhkto lh E@W, quh mnmsthah h` 37% lh` aoksubo kmajokm`‒, hxp`jañ…tmbnjêk trmh aoksjeo `m aokstruaajñk ahktrm`hs h`êatrjams,

jkvhrsjokhs hk ljstrjnuajñk lh ems kmturm` hk ljstjktms ajulmlhs4 `m aokstruaajñk buy posjn`h lh` po`jluato y phrbjtjrí mvjzormr h` lhsmrro``o lh `m phtroquâbjam lh` htmko (htj`hko y p`ístjaos) y lh` bhtmko (urhm, fhrtj`jzmkths y hxp`osjvos). Hihauajñk lh` proyhato lh ems hk h` sur lh` Whrù ko trms`mlmrí fjkmkajmbjhkto m `ms tmrjfms lh `uz lh `os coemrhs H` bjkjstro lh Hkhreâm y Bjkms, Frmkajsao Âsbolhs, jkforbñ quh `m futurm jkvhrsjñk quh sh hihautmrí por h` lhkobjkmlo  proyhato ‐Qjsthbm Jkthermlo lh \rmksporth lh Ems - Yokm Qur l h` Whrù (QJ\ EMQ)‒ shrí aofjkmkajmlo aok rhaursos lh` Hstmlo y lh `m hbprhsm prjvmlm y ko sh prhvê aonrmr amreos hk `ms tmrjfms h`êatrjams lh `os coemrhs pmrm su fjkmkajmbjhkto. H` tjtu`mr lh` BHB rhaorlñ quh mukquh h` mkthrjor proyhato lh` Emsoluato Qur Whrumko (EQW) hrm fjkmkajmlo hk su totm`jlml por h` shator prjvmlo, h` aosto msubjlo por `m hbprhsm aokahsj aokahsjokmrjm okmrjm por `m emrmktâm pmrm h` lhsmrro``o lh lh``  proyhato hrm trms`mlmlo trms`mlmlo m `os rhajnos lh `uz lh `os usum usumrjos rjos lh` shrvjajo lh hkhreâm h`ê h`êatrjam. atrjam. =5

 

kuhvo proyhato quh sh vjhkh hvm`umklo hs aofjkmkajmlo y hso sjekjfjam quh su jkvhrsjñk ko shrí amremlm hk `os rhajnos lh h`hatrjajlml lh `os usumrjos, por `o tmkto `ms tmrjfms h`êatrjams ko thklrâmk quh jkarhbhktmrsh aumklo hbpjhah `m jkvhrsjñk‒, shým`ñ.   ‐H`

Zm sh emstmrok us$ :1,5 bj``okhs hk prhshrvmajñk lh tunos lh pmrm`jzmlo emsoluato lh` sur, Ermklhs emstos. Bjhktrms h` eonjhrko emstm XQ$ >. Emsoluato sur phrumko9 Hkmeís y Ermým y Bokthro mubhktmrík su pmrtjajpmajñk, H` `mreo proahso lh vhktm lh `ms maajokhs lh Olhnrhact hk h` Emsoluato Qur phrumko hkfrhktm ukm kuhvm jkstmkajm lhajsjvm. @os hihautjvos lh Olhnrhact, Hkmeís, Ermým y Bokthro, Nroodfjh`l Mssht Bmkmehbhkt y \hacjkt sh lhnâmk rhukjr pmrm lhfjkjr h` mauhrlo fjkm` lh` jkerhso lh hstos los ù`tjbos m` proyhato. @os posjn`hs kuhvos soajos (Nroodfjh`l y \hacjkt) ym mahptmrok quh ko sh rhtjrh `m a`íusu`m mktjaorrupajñk hstjpu`mlm hk h` aoktrmto. @os >> nmkaos quh fjkmkajmk h` proyhato ym ljhrok uk prjbhr vjsto nuhko m` mauhrlo y `m  propuhstm lhnhrí, mcorm, shr mahptmlm por h` Hihautjvo. H ihautjvo. M aoktjkumajñk, QHBMKM QH BMKM haokñbjam haokñ bjam rhvh`m hk hxa`usjvm `os  prjkajpm`hs lhtm``hs lhtm ``hs lh `ms kheoajmajokhs….`m kheoajmajñk hstmrí suihtm m quh `os soajos matum`hs “ Hkmeís Hkmeís y Ermým y Bokthro “  mbp`âhk  mbp`âhk su pmrtjajpmajñk. Msâ, Hkmeís h`hvmrí su pmrtjajpmajñk matum` lh >8% cmstm uk 7% cmstm mproxjbmlmbhkth 17%. Aok h``o, Nroodfjh`l sñ`o mlqujrjrí ahram lh` 17% lh `ms maajokhs lh` Emsoluato Qur Whrumko  phrthkhajhkths m Olhnrhact. Olhnrhact. Wor su pmrth, `m âtm`o-mrehktjkm \hacjkt ym ko jkerhsmrí m` aoksorajo aoksorajo ophrmlor lh` proyhato, m  phsmr lh cmnhr thkjlo `m jkthkajñk jkthkajñk jkjajm` lh mlqujrjr h` 8%. Emsoluato sur9 Vjzamrrm shým`m quh sh hvm`ùm "sj sh cmah uk so`o proyhato o sh pmrth hk los‒, H` prhsjlhkth Bmrtâk Vjzamrrm shým`ñ quh su eonjhrko hstí trmnmimklo pmrm sheujr aok h` proyhato lh` Emsoluato Qur Whrumko, ‐Cmy quh vhr `ms forbms añbo `o rh`mkzmbos y hsm hs `m prjkajpm` tmrhm lh` Bjkjstro lh Hkhreâm y Bjkms‒, jkljañ m` a`musurmr hk Boquheum h` Foro Qheurjlml Hkhreêtjam lh` Bmaro Qur. ‐Hstmbos aok h` onihtjvo lh  `mkzmr kuhvmbhkth h` proyhato,

bmkthkjhklo h` trmzo orjejkm`. @o quh hstí hk hvm`umajñk. >7-76->7=: rhvjstm lh hkhreâm y bjkms.- H` tjtu`mr lh` Bjkjsthrjo lh Hkhreâm y Bjkms, Frmkajso Âsbolhs, aobhktñ quh hxjsth `m ermk posjnj`jlml lh quh `m `jajtmajñk lh` bhkajokmlo p`mk lh trmnmio rhajêk sh lmrâm h` mýo quh vjhkh. Lh hstm bmkhrm hk amso sh ``heuh m aokvoamr `m `jajtmajñk hk h` >7>7, aobo `o bhkajokñ h` tjtu`mr lh` Bjkhb, pmrm h` >7>> sh mliuljamrâm rhajêk h` proyhato, y pmrm iu`jo lh` >7>8 sh aokarhtmrâm `m onrm, jkljañ hk lha`mrmajokhs m` ljmrjo Ehstjñk. ** @m njn`joermfâm utj`jzmlm9 aopjms, trmksarjpajokhs, rhaorths lh ljfhrhkths pun`jamajokhs phrjolâstjams quh ajrau`mk, rhvjstms lh hktjlmlhs lh` Hstmlo.

M^\H, FO@A@O^ Z A^HMAJÑK @J\H^M^JM

QMK\JMEO Z H@ YO^^O (Auhkto) Lmkth V. Qotobmyor Hstrmlm Hk h` ambjko lh sus mklmkzms h` zorro sh hkauhktrm aok Qmktjmeo, qujhk vhkâm hk shktjlo aoktrmrjo amnm`emklo su amnm``o n`mkao. Mquê` soamrrokmbhkth `h mnrh m nrh aokvhrsmajñk9 -¿Qmktjdu añbo hstís? -Njhk. Z tù? ‑ aokthstm aokthstm Qmktjmeo. -Mloklh hstíjs yhklo? -Buy `hios m nusamr bj m`jbhkto  ‑ rhpuso rhpuso h` zorro. Qmktjmeo jnm amnm`emklo su amnm``o n`mkao =3

 

-¿Mlñklh vms Qmktjmeo? -Zo tmbnjêk voy buy `hios Hk `m ljrhaajñk lh su vjmih, m``í `hios hstí amyhklo ermkjzmlm aok truhkos hstruhklosos. Hktokahs h` zorro `h jkthrroem -Ko tjhkhs bjhlo m` rh`íbpmeo? -Ko. Z tù? -yo tmbnjêk puhlo rhvhktmr aobo rh`íbpmeo -M vhr cmz rh`mbpmeuhmr hk hsth bobhkto. -phro, ko th msustmrís Qmktjdu. Cjzo rhstm``mr `m puktm lh su ao`m aobo sj fuhrm ukm coklm @uheo `h prheuktm m Qmktjmeo -\h msustmsth? Ko  ‑ ljio ljio Qmktjmeo. -@m ao`m lh bj amnm``o tmbnjêk suh`tm truhko. -M vhr quê rhvjhkth ‑ jkjsjtjñ jkjsjtjñ h` zorro -Whro ko th vmyms m msustmr ‑ ljio ljio Qmktjmeo Hktokahs Qmktjmeo cjzo quh h` amnm``o cjajhrm rhvhktmr su ao`m tmk mtrokmlorm. @o lhsphlmzñ h` auhrpo lh` zorro hk bj`  phlmzos. Otro truhko `o rhaoejñ, y uk thrahro `h lhvo`vjñ `m vjlm. Qmktjmeo `h prheuktñ -\h msustmsth? Aok `os oios ``orosos y tolo amrjmaokthajlo h` zorro aokthstm -Bh cms lhstrozmlo tolo h` auhrpo. Qmktjmeo `h ljah -Aoktjkùm tu ambjko, aokbjeo ym kos vhrhbos Z mbnos sh fuhrok aok lhstjko lh su vjmih. ^hsu`tm quh h` zorro prhthklâm nur`mrsh lh Qmktjmeo. Wor hso `h jkfjrjñ tm` eo`pjzm Borm`him9 Ko hs nuhko nrobhmr aok kmljh nur`okmbhkth aobo h` zorro

XQJAMZOQ HBWO^JO M^]XHO@ÑEJAO M^]XHO@ÑEJAO LH @M W^OVJKAJM LH AM^MNMZM Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto

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Xsjamyos hs uk puhn`o jkbhborjm`. H` topñkjbo provjhkh lh` voamn`o yuxtmpuhsto lh orjehk quhacum Dusjqm``o, kobnrh lh uk phrsokmih `hehklmrjo lh` `uemr, quh lhsaobpokjêklo`o lhsaobpokjêklo`o rhsu`tm9 Dusj 2 m`herh, aokthkto, fh`jz ]m``o 2 `hkeum. Lh loklh Dusjqm``o rhsu`tm, lu`ah cmn`mr. Aok h` trmksaurso lh `os tjhbpos sh aokvjhrth hk Dusjqm``os y fjkm`bhkth Xsjamyos hk `m noam lh `os amsth``mkos. =:

 

@ms rmâahs lh su pon`mbjhkto sh oau`tmk hk `os lhshktrmýmn`hs p`jheuhs lh `os mýhios bj`hkjos. Wrhsajkljhklo lh hxêehsjs hstêrj`, sosthkeo quh hsth puhn`o hs chrhlhro lh `os `hemlos au`turm`hs lh `ms bj`hkmrjms au`turms quh f`orhajhrok hk hstm tjhrrm unjamlm hk h` ubnrm` lh `m sh`vm bmlrhljoshtmkm. @os thstjbokjos lh hstm rjam tjhrrm hstík prhshkths. Qh aokshrvmk lhsmfjmklo `os sje`os, tmkto hk onrms ajvj`hs aobo hk `m hsfhrm lh os bjtos y arhhkajms mutêktjambhkth kmtjvms y m`eukms aok lhp`ormn`hs cjnrjlmajokhs jkthrau`turm`hs. Wor `m quhnrmlm prjkajpm` hstík ljshbjkmlms amsm auhvms y rhstos lh cmnjtmajokhs mktjeums, aokstrujlms hk rhsqujajos lh phýmsaos, tm`hs aobo hk Aoyormkm Wukau, Quacud‚uaco, Hsam`hrm, Mymbpukj, Xamkamacu, hta. Hk m`eukos

lh hstos `uemrhs hstík hstmbpmlms `ms onrms pjatñrjams phrhkkjzmklo h` smnhr mrtâstjao lh `os cobnrhs prjbjtjvos lh Xsjamyos. Hstms amsm-auhvms sok `m vhrsjñk bís rhbotm lh` pon`mbjhkto lh hsth `uemr quh pronmn`hbhkth lmtm lh tjhbpos mùk mkthrjorhs m `m au`turm tjwmkmaotm. @m hxtjkajñk lh su pon`majñk hstí hxp`jamlm por uk bjto ch`jofñnjao aokoajlo aobo bjto lh ‐Muqmy Qukdcm‒.   @ms aokstruaajokhs lh erupos lh bmyor aokahktrmajñk pon`majokm` posthrjorhs sok Bo``hpukau, Cmdmktmrm, Aruz dukdm, Bmrambmram lh \jamkmsm y Bmrambmram lh Acoqhacmbpj, tolos hstík unjamlos hk arhstms lh `ms hstrjnmajokhs sheurmbhkth por rmzokhs lh lhfhksm lh `os mtmquhs euhrrhros y posjajokhs hstrmtêejams lh vjsjñk lobjkmkth lh su hktorko. Hstos aokiuktos mrquho`ñejaos hstík aokstrujlos buy aoksjsthkthbhkth aok pjhlrms mpmrhkthbhkth ajkah`mlms hk forbm lh aumlrj`íthros. @m quhnrmlm lh Xsjamyos, lh a`jbm nhkjeko y lh pmjsmihs pjktorhsaos, lhslh \otormkj cmstm ^mbmy``j y vm``h mlhktro, hstí aunjhrtm lh mklhkhrâms quh buhstrmk aok sonrjhlml `m `mnorjosjlml lh `os mktjeuos usjamâkos, auyo ejro  prjkajpm` lh su haokobâm fuh `m merjau`turm aobo ao bo aoktjkùm sjhklo coy. co y. Mlhbís hs jbposjn`h jkthrprhtmr lh otro bolo hstm froklosm onrm mermrjm sjk prhsubjr quh hsth thrrjtorjo cmym sjlo lhksmbhkth pon`mlo por h` `mreo trhaco lh` tjhbpo vjvjlo. Qhým`hs lh jkaísjao tjhkhk `os jbpokhkths em`pokhs y hspmajos lh Wcjsqmpukau unjamlo hk h` matum` ahktro  pon`mlo lh Wcusam (Xacuy (Xacuy ]osqo) lh auyo orjehk sh tjhkh tjhkh h` bjto lh` Jkam ^hy ‑  Oqcosjrj  Oqcosjrj y Acuacmphm. M trmvês lh` tjhbpo hstos rhstos y aokiuktos mrquho`ñejaos sufrjhrok lhstrozos lh bmkos profmkms, m`eukms vhahs aok mpmrhkths ‐fjkhs cjstñrjaos‒ kukam ljvu`emlos, y `ms bís lh `ms vhahs por aurjosjlmlhs phrsokm`hs lh buacm

ehkth hsphajm`bhkth foríkhm. Mcorm meokjzmk hsphrmklo quh sus chrhlhros lh `m bhior fh `hs lhk `m bmko lh soaorro por su hstuljo, rhvm`ormajñk y aokshrvmajñk aokshrvmajñk aok fjkhs turâstjaos tur âstjaos h cjstñrjaos. Wor vâm lh hstm profmkmajñk cmk lhsmpmrhajlo vm`josms buhstrms lh auhrpos bobjfjamlos, pjhzms thxtj`hs, onihtos ahríbjaos, orkmbhktm`hs, mrbms lh euhrrm y otros otro s hsphaâbhkhs lh vm`or cjstñrjao jbportmkths. @m rhl vjm` lh `os `himkos tjhbpos hs hvjlhkth tmbnjêk. Wor ajtmrsh so`o `os prjkajpm`hs ambjkos quh pmrthk lh Xsjamyos hk ljrhaajokhs lh `os puktos amrljkm`hs9 cmajm h` Hsth, `os ambjkos lh Oqcosjrj aok cuh``ms lh pjsmlms lh ``mbms lh \jamkmsm y Wcjacu, y h` quh aokluah cmajm Wcusam aok cuh``ms lh ``mbms hk D‚ujd‚uaco. Cmajm h` Ohsth, `os

ambjkos lh Aoyormkm y \otormkj por `os quh mcorm sh thkljñ amrrhthrm. Cmajm h` korth, h` ambjko quh pmsmklo por Bmrambmram aokluaâm m `os aoam`hs y râos murâfhros lh` Jkmbnmrj. Hk h` msphato `jthrmrjo fo`d`ñrjao hxjsthk bjtos y profjaums arhhkajms jkthrhsmkths. Hktrh hstos thkhbos9 `os bjtos lh Muqmy Qukdcm, Quacud‚uacu, lh` Jkam ^hy, Qhrpjhkth lh W‚mtmtm. Arhhkajms hk `m aokluaajñk lh` tjhbpo4 lmkzms aobo `m merâao`m Cmac‚mdm``m, `m nur`hsam mnorjehk arjstjmkjzmlm lh `m Acmkzokhtm, Wu`jpu`j, `m ym hxtjktm

Mymrmacj, hta. Wor tolm hstm chrhlml, Xsjamyos buy poao tjhkh quh hkvjljmr m otros puhn`os lh fmaturm bj`hkmrjm unjamlms hk `m pmrth orjhktm` lh `m matum` Wrovjkajm lh Amrmnmym, buaco rhsphto por h``os. Hstm mnuklmkth rjquhzm mrquho`ñejam ymah, rhjthro, sjk hstuljo hsphajm`jzmlo kj por h` JKA kj por `os jkvhstjemlorhs o profhsjokm`hs pmrtjau`mrhs, bís njhk hstík hxpuhstos m `m maajñk lhprhlmlorm lh jkau`tos o sjbp`hbhkth mfjajokmlos o mvhkturhros. Aobo Aobo mkthburm` lh hsth ph`jero, `m Bukjajpm`jlm Bukjajpm`jlml l lh Xsjamyos `os lha`mrñ ‐Wmtrjbokjo ‐Wmtrjbokjo au`turm` jktmkejn`h lh` ljstrjto lh Xsjamyos‒ por ^hso`uajñk lh M`am`lâm K¹ 7>3 -::/M-BLX lh` >= lh iu`jo lh =:::. >7

 

H` o`vjlo y mkokjbmto hk quh sh hkauhktrmk hstms buhstrms mrquho`ñejams, sjk hbnmreo, ko jbpjlh quh hsth ljstrjto shm h` lhposjtmrjo bmyor lh `m chrhkajm au`turm` bj`hkmrjm lhktro lh` aokajhrto lh `os ljstrjtos lh `m trmljajokm` Wrovjkajm murâfhrm lh Amrmnmym. Hk aokshauhkajm, hxjsthk rmzokhs sñ`jlmbhkth susthktmn`hs pmrm aoksjlhrmr m Xsjamyos aobo ao bo h` jkaoktrovhrtjn`h ‐Ampjtm` Mrquho`ñejam lh `m Wrovjkajm lh Amrmnmym‒. Xsjamyos, mnrj` lh >777.

H@ F^X\O LH XK HKEMÝO Auhkto kuhvo 

Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto M `m cjim kmajlm, h` rhfjkmlo eusto pmthrkm` `h msjekñ por kobnrh Hf`ñrjlm. Êstm cmnâm m`amkzmlo, mýos bís tmrlh, `m hlml pmrm aubp`jr `m chrojam y mnkhemlm bjsjñk lh phrphtumr `m hsphajh. Wor `os zjezmeuhmkths ambjkos lh` mborâo cmnâmk mahptmlo `m probhsm shktjbhktm` lh uk bozuh`o rhajêk sm`jlo lh` amsamrñk lh `m kjýhz, aok qujêk hstrhkñ `ms lh`jajms lh` mfhato jkthrphrsokm`. H` rhsu`tmlo fuh jkhvjtmn`h9 aokajnjñ m` shr quh uk lâm, `uheo lh aubp`jlo su jkquj`jkmto hk `m hktrmým bmthrkm, sm`lrâm trjukfmkth m `m `uz lh `m hxjsthkajm. Wor `os vmjvhkhs lh `m vjlm, Hf`ñrjlm sh bulñ m puhn`o mihko loklh, hkaoktrmklo pmk y sosjheo âktjbos, sh mvhajklñ. H` em`ík lh prjbhrm bmko quhlñ hk h` rhauhrlo kmlm bís. Hstm buacmacm, m` aokoahrsh lh ermlm hk ermlm sh mahrañ m `m jktjbjlml lh` iovhk Í`ajlo, aobo sh ``mbmnm `m kuhvm hstrh``m lh sus mborhs. @m kmajhkth pmrhijtm, hktrh  poao, sh jkthrkñ ajhembhkth hk `ms hspjkosms rutms lh` mborâo, m borâo, ajheo m `ms onshrvmajokhs lh` pùn`jao pù n`jao y sorlo mkth tolm aokshim. Aobo `ms cjrvjhkths m`bms lh `m iuvhktul pùnhr, ``hkm lh j`usjokhs y pmsjokhs, khahsjtmk aobpmrtjr h` am`or lh` shxo opuhsto, hstm buacmacm, buacmacm, m` aokoahrsh, lh ermlm sshh mahrañ m `m jktjbjlml lh` iovhk Í`ajlo su kuhvo em`ík em`ík.. @uheo lh `os sufrjlos, phro lu`ahs bobhktos bobhktos sh``mrok h` aobprobjso aok uk sun`jbh sun`jbh y rhaâproao iurmbhkto lh forbm`jzm forbm`jzmrr `m ukjñk bmrjtm` m `m quh so`o `m shpu`turm polrâm ljso`vhr`m. Lh otro `mlo, `os pmlrhs, lh shbhimkths aokljajokhs haokñbjams y soajm`hs, vhâmk aok mermlo h` porvhkjr lh sus cjios4 por `o quh, ko `hs bhrhaâm botjvo pmrm jbphljr mquh` ehrbhk lh` mbor hktrh `os jkoahkths pjacokhs. @m bmlrh lh Hf`ñrjlm hrm ukm buihr bmlurm mlhbís quh vjulm y, aokforbh m su hxphrjhkajm lh `m vjlm, aoksajhkth lh su lhnhr bmthrkm`, m so`ms ljo hstos aokhios m su cjim, aobo vjtm` y ùkjam loth lh su pmrth9 -Cjim bâm, m` aoktrmhr aobprobjso aok hsh iovhk cms lh smnhr quh `m vjlm hstí ao`bmlm lh jkermtjtulhs4 tù, oim`m thkems `m ermtjfjamkth suhrth pmrth pmrm quh tu porvhkjr shm ``hvmlhro, aok bhkos phkm`jlmlhs y sjk por quê thkems quh ``ormr m`eùk lâm. Mcorm, hsaùacmbh njhk y ko o`vjlhs kukam. Hsto quh th ljeo shrí rhsu`tmlo lh quh `h eumrlhs, m tu bmrjlo, `hm`tml y rhsphto hkkon`hahlorhs. Qheujlmbhkth mn`mklmrís tus nhrrjkachs. @os ah`os, sj cunjhrm botjvos, lhnhrík shr ukm fjkm y ljsjbu`mlm ``mbmlm lh mthkajñk m `m aokajhkajm lh` m`bm rhspoksmn`h lh tu pmrhim. Lhthstm `m vmkjlml `m jkf`mbmlm osthktmajñk, shrís mcorrmtjvm, phro ko mvmrm rjlâau`m. Kukam shms fmnrjamkth kj vhcâau`o lh acjsbhs quh sok sjhbprh vhkhkosos pmrm `m aokvjvhkajm y, por ù`tjbo, arâm m tus cjios hk mbor y msho. Wrmatjamklo tolo hsto ko thklrís `mbhktmajokhs, tu vjlm sh mpmemrí hk trmkquj`jlml aobo aumklo h` so` sh oau`tm lhspuês lh aubp`jr su bjsjñk lh` lâm. Aorrjhklo `os bhshs, Í`ajlo aokthbp`mnm aok smtjsfmaajñk pmthrkm` h` lhsmrro``o lhsmrro ``o lh` furtjvo hbnmrmzo lh Hf`ñrjlm. Hsto `h jktjbñ m lhajljr `m forbm`jzmajñk lh su coemr. Aokvhkajñ m sus pmlrhs pmrm quh pjljhrmk `m bmko lh `m mrobítjam kjkfm. @os pmlrhs, njhk maokshimlos por `m hxphrjhkajm, mpronmrok lh nuhk ermlo `m aokvjvhkajm lh `os futuros hsposos. Lhslh hktokahs quhlñ hstmn`hajlo h` kuhvo coemr. Am`au`mklo `m proxjbjlml lh` m`ubnrmbjhkto, h` iovhk aoksorth pmrtjñ cmajm `uemr `himko hk nusam lh provjsjokhs  pmrm mthklhr `os emstos emsto s lh` coemr. @m lu`ah mbmlm quhlñ hk amsm lh `m suherm aok `ms rhaobhklmajokhs r haobhklmajokhs sup`jamtorjms rhjthrmlms por ukm mthkajñk y trmto mfmn`hs. Whro, sorprhsjvmbhkth, m ukos aumktos lâms lh `m m`uljlm mushkajm, m `m buacmacm `h vjkjhrok `os sâktobms lh`  pmrto. Wor fjk, lh hktrh meulhzms lh lo`or lo `or y mihtrhos msjsthkajm`hs, kmajñ uk ro``jzo r o``jzo bmbokaj``o auyos pothkths vmejlos cmaâmk rhtubnmr h` phquhýo rhajkto lh `m bolhstm cmnjtmajñk. cmnjtmajñk. ¿Wmrto prhaoz? ¡Mc ko! Ko sh trmtmnm lh hso. >=

 

H` mbnjhkth fmbj`jmr sh trokñ amklhkth por h` acmsao. Hsth amso hxjeâm ukm hxp`jamajñk aokvjkahkth. Hsth amso hxjeâm ukm hxp`jamajñk aokvjkahkth y smtjsfmatorjm. @os hkthkljlos hk hsto lh kmajbjhktos ljihrok quh h` lhsmrro``o fhtm` hrm korbm` hk aumkto m tjhbpo, phso, tm``m. ]uh hrm oportukm `m corm lh `m oaurrhkajm. Hsto ljseustñ m `os pmlrhs lh Í`ajlo, qujhkhs miustmklo auhktms frukajhrok h` ahýo. Lhsaokahrtmlos por `m kotjajñk y hk bobhkto lh bmyor khahsjlml `h rhtjrmrok `m aokfjmkzm y `ms mthkajokhs m `m  pmrturjhktm aok `m lunjtmtjvm lunjtmtjvm rharjbjkmajñk9 ¡Hsto ko puhlh shr! Ajhrto hs quh h` tjhbpo lh ehstmajñk ko aokaorlmnm aok `m fhacm hk quh `os iñvhkhs hstmn`hajhrok aokoajbjhkto y posjn`hs rh`majokhs aopu`mtjvms, hktokahs quê cmnâm suahljlo? @m ljso`utm Hf`ñrjlm cmnâm lmlo su aokshktjbjhkto ym ehstmklo `os prjbhros bhshs pmrm su em`ík orjejkm`, phro hsth chaco fuh hsaokljlo m su kuhvo hkmbormlo. @m jkhxphrtm lmbjtm, jekormnm quh eumrlmr hsth sharhto por buaco tjhbpo hrm jbposjn`h. Hk `os prjbhros bobhktos lh` rhajhkth pmrto, Hf`ñrjlm fuh lhfhkljlm mrlorosmbhkth por su jkoahkth bmlrh. Whro h``m prokto sh phrsumljñ quh hstm lhfhksm lhfhksm bmthrkm` hrm jksosthkjn`h jksosthkjn`h.. M` phrlhr pjso, por lhktro mrrmstrmnm h` phsm phsmlo lo bo`h lh` sufrjbjhkto y vmkmbhkth trmtmnm lh ljsjbu`mr su vhreðhkzm. Hk hsth bmrtjrjo, boktmlo hk añ`hrm, prhsjokñ m `m cjim  pmrturjhktm pmrm quh `h aokfhsmrm aokfhsmrm `m vhrlml m fjk lh pokhr mrrhe` mrrhe`oo m `ms aoktrovhrtjlms aokihturms. ¡Quhrth lh Hf`ñrjlm! Êstm sjk cm``mr hsampmtorjm mlbjtjñ quh h` pmlrh lh su kjýo ko hrm Í`ajlo, sjko uk fu`mko lh otro, qujhk smnh vjvo o buhrto. - Hf`ñrjlm, ¿quê msquhrosjlml cms oau`tmlo? ¿Wor quê tjhkhs t jhkhs quh cubj``mrbh msâ? Bjs aokshios th rhsnm`mrok aobo h` roaâo sonrh h` `jbno. \jhkhs bj phrlñk phro ko h` o`vjlo  ‑  ljio  ljio `m bmlrh vhrtjhklo ``mkto aokbovhlor. Í`ajlo, m su ``hemlm, hktmn`ñ merjm ljsausjñk aok sus pmlrhs, `os quh ko ahimrok hk jksjstjr`h quh lhimsh h` bmrjlmih aok tm` y aum` lhscokhstm. M tolo h``o ljo ukm aoktuklhkth rhspuhstm9 H` kjýo kjkeukm au`pm puhlh amremr y m su bmlrh `m mbo. @h lmrê bj pmthrkjlml, lmrê prothaajñk, vjlm y sm`ul, futuro y lhstjko, aok tolo hsto ko phrlhrê ermk aosm. Lêihkbh m bj `jnrh m`nhlrâo quh hsto hs msukto bâo, soy cobnrh rhspoksmn`h, ko uk phriuro  ‑ aoka`uyñ aoka`uyñ mejtmklo `m añ`hrm lh sus proehkjtorhs. Hk trjnuto lh rhsphto msubjñ su on`jemajñk frhkth m` iurmbhkto lh kovjmzeo. Aok h` tjhbpo aoktrmio bmtrjbokjo aok Hf`ñrjlm. @m arjmturm arhajñ. Qu ‐pmlrh‒ `h nrjklñ `ms proljem`jlmlhs y `h ljo hluamajñk

aokforbh m sus rhm`hs posjnj`jlmlhs. Hf`ñrjlm ko tuvo bís cjios quh hsth hst h prjboeêkjto. Qu iuvhktul rhsp`mklhaâm aobo f`or lh prjbmvhrm pr jbmvhrm lhsphrtmklo h` jkthrês lh buacos em`mkhs, m qujhkhs `hs aokahlâm ermtos bobhktos lh aorthio. Wmrm Í`ajlo, poao m poao sh mpmeñ `m  nrmzm lh` mbor lh `os prjbhros tjhbpos. @ms mthkajokhs coemrhýms ljsbjkuyhrok y sùnjtmbhkth surejñ uk mnjhrto ljshktjbjhkto pmrm sheujr aobpmrtjhklo h` `haco aokyuem`. \hrbjkñ bmracíklosh hk nrmzos lh otro cobnrh y ko sh supo bís lh h``m. H` hsposo ``orñ hsth mnmkloko4  phro, por phrsumsjñk lh su ‒cjio‒ `o aobprhkljñ aok shrhkjlml y hacñ hk h` mracjvo lh sus rhauhrlos. Bís tmrlh, h` cjio chaco cobnrh hk lhrhaco y luhýo lh sus amnm`hs rhproacñ `m aokluatm lh su bmlrh aoksjlhríklo`m jkaorrhatm. jkaorrhatm. Mnobjkñ probhtjhklo ko bís bís thkhr por bmlrh mquh` kobnrh4 bís nj njhk, hk, sh ukjñ ukjñ m su  pmlrmstro lhbostríklo`h tolo h` amrjýo lh quh hrm ampmz su aormzñk, `h rhjthrñ subjsjñk hk h k onhljhkajm cmstm h` fjkm` lh lh su hxjsthkajm. Í`ajlo, quh trmksjtmnm por `m aubnrh lh su vjlm, sh subjñ hk profuklm pro fuklm lhsj`usjñk. Hso sj, ko sh aoktro`ñ hk kjkeùk hxahso, porquh aobprhkljñ aobprhkljñ njhk quh `ms torphzms lh `ms pmsjokhs pmsjokhs ko `h lhvo`vhrâmk m su añkyueh kj `h rhpmrmrâm `os lmýos borm`hs ym aoksubmlos. Lh bmkhrm quh m tmk bm`m sjtumajñk ko quhlmnm sjko pokhr`h nuhkm amrm, rhbhljo jkfm`jn`h. @o cmnâm phksmlo buaco, aoksjlhrmklo tolos `os fmtm`hs lhshk`mahs pmr rhvh`mr m su cjimstro `m vhrlml lh su orjehk. Aok rhaobpuhstm frjm`lml, uk lâm Í`ajlo cmn`ñ m su cjimstro9 mkthsQoy lh cobnrh lhajrth m`eo, th pjloy quh hkfrâhslhtushr`o, shrhkjlml y ko shm quh aormzñk thkem lh bmklo sonrh -tuCjio, amnhzm. lh rhatjtul ko lhimrê ko soy mbjeo lh `mtuvhkemkzm kj lh suprhbmaâm `ms rhprhsm`jms. Hso sâ, >>

 

arho quh pmrm m`amkzmr uk sjtjm` lh cokor hk kuhstrms vjlms, `ms vhrlmlhs lhnhk shr `ms ùkjams rh`jqujms vhrlmlhrmbhkth  phrsheujlms y hstjbmlms hstjbmlms sjk tmpuios. - Bjrm, cjio, tu bmbí sh fuh lh kuhstro `mlo on`jemlo por `ms pmsjokhs lh su vo`un`h aormzñk. Ko jbportm,  phrlokêbos`m. Zo `m cmnâm mbmlo lhslh `ms rmâahs lh bj iuvhktul y hk h` tjhbpo ko `h lj botjvo pmrm arhmr`h lhslhkhs. M` aokoahrbh aok h``m, tù ym cmnâms hxjstjlo hk sus hktrmýms, `o aum` yo frmkambhkth jekormnm. Whrlokê hsto quh otros kukam `o cunjhrmk chaco4 aumklo kmajsth th lj bj pmthrkjlml y tolm bj prothaajñk por bmklmto suprhbo lh bj aokajhkajm cubmkm `o quh pmrm bâ ko hs vhreðhkzm, qujzís sj shm uk cokor, ko hs corm lh `mbhktmajokhs4 cms arhajlo  nmio bj mbpmro, m`eukms vhahs tm` t m` vhz ch sjlo luro aoktjeo por m`eo iusto, chbos sufrjlo iuktos buacos rjeorhs r jeorhs lh `m vjlm, mcorm vmbos mlh`mkth. \h ruheo quh aumklo cmym ``hemlo bj shkhatul ko bh lhsmbpmrhs. M bj buhrth shpù`tmbh sjk nobnos kj rhemthos, th mktjajpo bj` mermlhajbjhktos4 ko th ljeo bís. @os oios lh` hkthkmlo y pmlrmstro sh cukljhrok hk uk bmr lh `íerjbms cmstm quh m`eukms eotms rhnm`smrok. Aokbovjlo y maonmrlmlo por `ms ermvhs pm`mnrms pm `mnrms lh` pmlrh sh mnm`mkzñ y sh mnrmzmrok `mrembhkth. Aokbovjlo y m` pmrhahr maonmrlmlos por `ms ermvhs pm`mnrms lh` pmlrmstro, h` hkthkmlo sh mnm`mkzñ, sh mnrmzmrok y sh quhlmrok `mrembhkth hk pruhnm lh aokfjrbmajñk aokfjrbmajñk lh `m aoktjkujlml lhahkth lh `m vjlm hk ``hm`tml hm`tml jksonorkmn`hs. Mbnos `jbpjíklosh `ms `íerjbms, aoktjkumrok hk sus quhcmahrhs aok h` iurmbhkto tjhrko lh fjlh`jlml cmstm h` fjkm` lh `m vjlm. Cobnrhs cmy lh jkth`jehkths amnhzms y kon`hs aormzokhs.

AOBHK\M^JO VHKHYXH@M Z QX ^HM@JLML MA\XM@9 QÍ@VHQH ]XJHK WXHLM cttps9//www.aokso`mtm.ore/.../= lh fhnrhro rhm`jzmk ukm aostubnrh aoktjkumlm lh` ‐bm``j‒ y hs hk hsm oamsjñk nmj`mk `m lmkzm Cmac‚mdm``m. Bjhktrms quh `m ehkth mlvhkhljzm lh Aruahro cmnrâmk sjlo bjkhros y

 pmstorhs por hstmr unjamlo hk `m `m hsthpm m`tjp`íkjam. Qj Xsjamyos, uk puhn`o  prhao`obnjko au`tjvñ arhñ y au au`tjvñ `tjvñ `m Cmac‚mdm``m ko cmy sust susthkto hkto lh quh Or Oruro uro lh Aruahro rhsu`th aobo arhmlor pmrm fjkhs lh amrkmvm`. Qh prokukajmk hk têrbjkos merhsjvos merhsjvos y ofhksjvos aoktrm `m ehkth lh Xsjamyos hk torko m `m orjejkm`jlml lh hsm lmkzm. @m au`tjvmlm hk Oruro ko tjhkh kmlm quh sh pmrhzam m `m Cmac‚mdm``m lh Xsjamyos, hxahpto `m prhklm lh amnhzm9 uk bokthrñk m`mlo aokfhaajokmlo lh p`ubms lh cum``mtm y pmrjeumkm. pmr jeumkm. M fjk lh quh kuhstros `hatorhs m ljstmkajm h jbpmrajm`bhkth sh ljhrmk auhktm rhsphato m hsth msukto, mquâ vm jkshrto ukm aobpmrmajñk aobpmrmajñk lh jlhms rhsphato m hstm lmkzm lmkzm hktrh `os puhn`os lh Xsjamyos Xsjamyos y Aruahro. Vhmk9 Aokahptos

Xsjamyos

Aruahro

Orjehk prhao`obnjko. Cjstorjm mktjeum, rhm` h jkf`ujlm posthrjorbhkth por `m bjermajñk \jwmkmaotm, h` jkamkmto y h` = vjrrhjkmto hspmýo`.  Wor tolo hso coy hs

Orjehk Ao`okjm`. Cjstorjm rhajhkth y fmktmshmlm. Aruahro tjhkh orjehk bâtjao lh` lh` tjhbpo lh `m ao`okjm hspmýo`m y posthrjor jkf`uhkajm  no`jvjmkmm aobo rhaokoahk sus  no`jvjmk sus rhajhkths bhktorhs.

lha`mrmlm ‐Ampjtm` Mrquho`ñejam lh `m Wrovjkajm lh Amrmnmym‒.  

Orâehkhs aobo  puhn`o

]uhlmk `os rhstos lh `m mktjeðhlml  prhcjspíkjam (Wcjsqmpukdu y ajulmlh`ms  prhcjspíkjam lhkobjkmlms bmrdmbmrdms y mklhkhs merâao`ms). Qu matum` thbp`o hs lh orjehk ao`okjm`. Qus `âbjths thrrjtorjm`hs hstík bhktmlos  por hsarjto lh` 73/75/=3>6 aok botjvo lh `m jkvmsjñk lh` thrrjtorjo usjamâko lh 1 Osaoroquh.  

Mph`mklo m ukm vhrsjñk bâtjam, ljahk h``os9 ‐Auhktm `m trmljajñk quh a umklo uk erupo lh robhros sh ljrjeâm m `m f`orhajhkth pon`majñk lh Qmk Iumk lh` Oro, portmklo `m jbmehk lh Kuhstrm Qhýorm lh ^osmrjo hk nu`to, pmrm shr vhkhrmlm hk mquh``m  pon`majñk, mambpñ m` norlh lh `m `meukm, ao`oamklo `m prhajmlm jbmehk lh oro bmajzo sonrh h` norlh lh h``m. Amksmlo por `m iorkmlm fmtjeosm y `mrem sh lurbjhrok  p`íajlmbhkth. Aumklo lhsphrtmrok hktrmlm ym `m bmýmkm su msobnro ko tuvo `âbjths, m` aokthbp`mr quh bhljm loahkm lh formijlos trmtmnmk lh `hvmktmr `m urkm quh aokthkâm `m jbmehk,  sjk polhr bovhr`m. @os robhros ukjhrok sus fuhrzms m `m lh `os formijlos y hrm jkùtj` bovhr`m. Xkos y otros sh bjrmrok mtñkjtos y aobprhkljhklo quh mamso `m vo`uktml lh `m vjrehk hrm quhlmr mcâ. Qh pusjhrok lh mauhrlo y `hvmktmrok ukm phquhým Ampj``m quh `uheo sh ``mbñ Qmktumrjo lh ^osmrjo.‒  ^osmrjo.‒  ‐Qheùk h` profhsor Euj``hrbo Autjpm Qokaao , h` orjehk lh` kobnrh lh `m aobukjlml

H`hvmlo m amtheorâm lh ljstrjto por  provjhkh lh Oruro No`jvjm, No`jvjm, trmâlo por por `os ambjkmkths quh sh lhljamnmk m kheoajos kheoajos y sh Lharhto lh` 7>/78/=386

 

thrrjtorj thrrj torjm`hs m`hs `hem`hs. `hem`hs.

`uemrhs tjhkhk lhkobjkmajñk hk Mybmrm tm` hs h` amso Acjwjsq‚m``mkj, Wjacjksmkj, hta.  Mlhbís sh lmkzmnm lmkzmnm `os W Wu`j u`j Wu`js, sh toamnm h` jkstrubhkto jkstrubhkto lh Wjkquj``o. Wjkquj``o.  Hk m`eukos amsos `os mktjeuos pon`mlorhs lh Oruro-No`jvjm hktrmrok m hstos `uemrhs

>

aobo yhrkos y sh phrbmkhajhrok hk `m matum` aobukjlml.‒   

Aruahro hs h`hvmlo m amtheorâm lh ljstrjto, hk am`jlml lh ampjtm` lh `m Wrovjkajm lh Amrmnmym, por Lharhto lh` lh` 7> lh bmyo lh =38< y lhiñ hstm aokljajñk aokljajñk por @hy lh` 78 lh fhnrhro lh =358 quh shpmrm `m Wrovjkajm lh Qmkljm, ampjtm` Qmkljm y Amrmnmym, ampjtm` Bmausmkj.  Ko tjhkh `âbjths `âbjths thrrjtorjm`hs, por hso su po`âtjam po`âtjam lh frokthrms hs jkvmsjñk jkvmsjñk hxpmksjok hxpmksjokjstm. jstm. Ljahk quh `os no`jvjmkos arhmrok hstm lmkzm hk `m matum` aobukjlml ambphsjkm lh Oruro. @híbos`hs9

Orâehkhs lh `m lmkzm

Arhmajñk au`turm` lh` puhn`o lh Xsjamyos m` `mlo lh `m mpmrjajñk lh `m merjau`turm, pmrm cobhkmihmr m `m  proluaajñkk merâao`m y pronmr `ms  proluaajñ  prjbjajms lh pmpm pmpm lhkobjkmlo ‐bm``j‒.

 Ko tjhkh mkthahsor, mkthahsor, mukquh pulo thkhr jkf`uhkajm m`tjp`íkjam hk aumkto m` uso lh lh quhkms aobo jkstrubhkto bùsjao.

Qhtos ``mbmlos cmac‚dm``m quh arhahk

Qjekjfjamlo

hk tjhbpo lh ``uvjms hk `os ambpos y acmarms. M hstm jbmehk sh aokfhaajokmrok `ms bokthrms ermklhs lhkobjkmlms pmkjsm9 p`ubms aoajlms sonrh sobnrhros lh pmim.

‐Líbmso ]ujsph Bmacmam hx ^hejlor lh `m Bukjajpm`jlml Ljstrjtm` lh Aruahro, y  pon`mlor lh `m Aobukjlml lh Oruro, Mfjrbm quh h` kobnrh lh Oruro provjhkh lh `m  No`jvjm , buacos hbjermkths vjkjhrok m hstos `uemrhs y, `os sus (sja) rhejñk lh Oruro  ‑  No`jvjm mnuh`os hrmk phrsokm quh rmljamnmk hk Oruro No`jvjm, por h``o bjsbo pusjhrok ar hmrr ok `m lm lmkzm kzm kobnrhs hk Mybmrm m `os shatorhs lh `m aobukjlml, y tmbnjêk arhm  Cmac‚mdm``ms‒ . 

8  

6 Ljahk quh hs lmkzm euhrrhrm, lhrjvmlo lh` Mymrmacj. M ymrmacj.  , mukquh m ukquh por hsos `uemrhs kukam sh au`tjvñ h` Mymrmacj, quh fuh ukm lmkzm fùkhnrh hk cokor lh `m buhrth lh` Jkam Mtmcum`pm. ¿Aoktrm qujêk euhrrhmnmk `os no`jvjmkos? Hk `m êpoam ao`okjm` ko cuno trjnus orjejkmrjos euhrrhros por `m zokm lh Aruahro. ¿Añbo sh ``mbmrâmk `ms trjnus? Ko cmy lmtos cjstñrjaos. ‐ Matum`bhkth hstm lmkzm Cmac‚mdm``m Cmac‚mdm``m ko hs aokoajlm hk `m rhejñk lh Wuko, kj buaco bhkos por `os fo`d`orjstms, so`mbhkth hs aokoajlm hk h` ljstrjto lh Aruahro, (o shm hk `m tjhrrm orjuklm Aruahro, aobukjlml Oruro), `os aobukhros m` rjtbo y aobpís lh hstm lmkzm rjklh m sus Mpus y m` tmbnjêk lh hstm amzmlos lmkzm shlâm ah`hnrmk `os amrkmvm`hs amlm au`to mýo hk cobhkmih acmao maobpmýmlo (mkjbm`hs sj`vhstrhs mkths lh` acmao‒ acmao ‒. Xk puhn`o forbmlo rhajhkthbhkth hk `m ao`okjm hspmýo`m sh mtrjnuyh orjehk jkamjao. Worquh `m Cmac‚mdm``m y h` Mymrmacj sok prhao`obnjkos. Cjstñrjambh Cjstñrjambhkth kth ¿]uê

aochrhkajm cmy?

Qu fjkm`jlml

Hs lmkzm pmrm ``mbmr `m ``uvjm, sm`ulmr y hxtrmhr `ms prjbjajms lh `m proluaajñk mermrjm. Mpmrhah so`o h` > lh fhnrhro y kukam bís. Hs aostubnrjstm lmkzmlo hk  pmrhims bjxtms lh cobnrhs y buihrhs, buihrhs, maobpmýmloss lh lokosos phrsokmihs maobpmýmlo lhkobjkmlos ‐bmacus‒. 

‐@os aobukhros m` rjtbo y aobpís lh hstm lmkzm rjklh au`to m sus Mpus y tmbnjêk maobpmýmlo lh hstm lmkzm sh ah`hnrmk `os amrkmvm`hs amlm mýo hk cobhkmih m` acmao.‒ ‐Hk `m lmkzm ko sh mlbjth buihrhs por ukm fuhrth arhhkajm lh quh mtrmhk `m shquâm,  por h``o hs hihautmlm so`mbhkth por vmrokhs y lhnjlo m hsto `ms otrms aobukjlmlhs `o bm mrj ao aokh khss  o m`eo sjbj`mr lhkobjkmrok Cmac‚mdm``ms Cmac‚mdm``ms quh  pronmn`hbhkth  sjekjfj am b

5

 sheùk `os jkforbmkths jkforbmkths lh `m aobukjlml  aobukjlml ..‒ ‒   Njhk a`mro9 pmrm rhkljr au`to m sus Mpus y maobpmýmr ‐acmau‒ lh amrkmvm`hs. 

Aorhoermfâm

Wrotmeokjs bos

Qhbhimkzms y Ljfhrhkajms

Aoka`usjok hs

Wmsmam``h Burmkzm Iuheo Bùsjam9 trhs vmrjmajokhs maobpmýmlo aok tmbnor.

Qjbp`h bokotokâm bokotokâm aok pmsos pms os sjbj`mr m `m pmklj``m pukhým. Bùsjam9 uko so`o, buy pmusmlo maobpmýmlo lh uk nobnjto

‐… sh @m lmkzm Cmacmdm``m lh Xsjamyos sh cm Wrhshktmk h` sínmlo lh acmao lh amrkmvm`hs mkth `ms mutorjlmlhs lh Aruahro ‐… sh 3  prhshktmlo ym por vmrjms vhahs hk h`  prhpmrm pmrm pmrtjajpmr hk `m fhstjvjlml lh `m Vjrehk Vjrehk lh `m Amklh`mrjm‒ Amklh`mrjm‒..    sjk Aokaurso lh lmkzms mutñatokms hk `m hbnmreo, kukam sh prhshktmk. ajulml lh Wuko.

H` bokthrñk9 pmkjsm. Qu aorhoermfâm9 burmkzm. Maobpmýmbjhkto9 uk erupo lh ‐bmacudukm‒. 

Qo`o h` bokthrñk9 jbjtmajñk lh `m pmkjsm usjamâkm. Qu aorhoermfâm9 Hs ljstjktm. Maobpmýmbjhkto9 Maobpmýmb jhkto9 - Buihrhs mtmvjmlms.

Qmamk ‐bm``j‒9 prjbjajm lh pmpm.  

lmkzm euhrrhrm).

@m Cmac‚mdm``m hs arhmajñk orjejkmrjm

mshktmlos hk `m aobukjlml lh Oruro - Aruahro. Hs aoksjlhrmlm lmkzm lh bmrjaokhs  porquh nmj`mk nmj`mk hktrh cobnrhs. (¿Qhrí lmkzm lmkzm euhrrhrm?).

lh` puhn`o lh Xsjamyos. Lmkzmk hktrh cobnrhs y buihrhs. Qu fjkm`jlml hs khtmbhkth mermrjm h` > lh fhnrhro. ‐Bm``j‒ lh `ms prjbjajms lh `m

Wmrm rhkljr au`to m `os Mpus y maobpmýmr h` ‐acmdu‒ hk amrkmvm`. (Hktokahs ko shrâm

Qheùk `os aruahrhýos `m lmkzm Cmac‚mdm``m hs ‐arhmlm‒ por ` os no`jvjmkos jkbjermkths,

Qu fjkm`jlml hs rhkljr au`to m `os Mpus y maobpmýmr h` ‐acmdu‒ lh Aruahro hk

amrkmvm`hs.

 pmpm kuhvm. kuhvm. @ms ljfhrhkajms sok sjekjfjamtjvms

H` pmrhajlo so`o hs `m pmkjzm. >5

 

Xsjamyos, >> lh hkhro lh >7=3 Fuhkths9 =) ^mbos ^mbos Qoto, Whraj`hs. (s/f). Xsjamyos Chrhkajm Chrhkajm Bu`tjau`turm`. Bu`tjau`turm`. Jkêljto. >) Qokaao Autjpm, M`himklro M`himklro y otros. (>77:). @os my``us lh` \mcumktjksuyo \mcumktjksuyo K¹ >  ‑   Xrjksmym My``u Jkamjao. Iu`jmam9 Iu`jmam9 Erífjam h Jbprhsjokhs H` M`tjp`mko. Qokaao Bu``jsmam, ^ñehr, (>7=8). \hsjs pmrm optmr tâtu`o lh `jahkajmlo hk mktropo`oeâm. XKM Wuko 1) Hxphljhkth iujajo lh Bmyac‚mkj (=385 -=3:1) 7==). Oreu``o Oruro. Iu`jmam. Erífjam h Jbprhsjokhs H` M`tjp`mko(5) Qokaao Bu``jsmam, ^ñehr Op. ajt. 3) Qokao Bu``jsmam, ^ñehr. Op ajt.

@OQ HQ\H^HO\JWOQ LH @M NH@@HYM cttp9 mpukthshsthtjam.ovhr-n`oe.hs/mrtja`h-`os-hsthrhotjpos-lh-`m-nh``hzm-::66>3

 

¡Qj `o arhhs, `o hrhs!."

H@ JKQ\J\X\O MBH^JAMKO LH M^\H LH WXKO (Nrhvh rhshým cjstñrjam) cttp9 jmmpuko.n`oespot.aob/

H` Jkstjtuto Mbhrjamko lh Mrth (JMM), hs fj`jm` lh sjbj`mr hktjlml arhmlm hk Nuhkos Mjrhs (^hpùn`jam Mrehktjkm) y `m lh Auzao quh m jkjajmtjvm lh` hsarjtor Xrjh` Emraâm, sh aokstjtuyh h` 8 lh Oatunrh lh =:15. Qus fuklmlorhs sok mnoemlos, `jthrmtos, mrtjstms p`ístjaos y bùsjaos. Hs `m hktjlml quh fusjokm m `os suahsorhs lh` Erupo

Au`turm`

‐Ordopmtm‒

arhmlor

lh`

Wrjbhr

Bovjbjhkto @jthrmrjo Jkljehkjstm lh` Whrù, y lh `os mrtjstms p`ístjaos quh hk `m lêamlm lh `os mýos 17 lh` sje`o  pmsmlo, fuklmrok h` Aârau`o Aârau`o Wjatñrjao ‐@mjdmdotm‒.  Qok 57 mýos lh vjlm au`turm` phrbmkhkth quh vm`h `m phkm rhaorlmr`os. Aumklo h` buklo lh `ms `htrms phrumkms hvoam `m onrm y `m jbmehk lh ermklhs vm`orhs lh`  phksmbjhkto ukjvhrsm` y lh hsth Aoktjkhkth9 Bjeuh` lh Ahrvmkths y Qmmvhlrm, mutor lh ‐H` ]ujioth lh  `m Bmkacm‒. H` Jkam Ermaj`mzo lh   `m Vhem, hkshýíklokos quh `m ‐Cjstorjm lh `os puhn`os sh ``hvm hk `m bhborjm lh` aormzñk‒. Iosê Amr`os Bmrjítheuj, Bmr jítheuj, quh rhprhshktm m uk hspârjtu

mlbjrmn`h, mnjhrto ko sñ`o m `ms ermklhs trmksforbmajokhs lh su tjhbpo, sjko quh su vjlm y phksmbjhkto, hstík `jemlos m `ms mspjrmajokhs lh uk kuhvo orlhk haokñbjao y soajm`, lhslh su iuvhktul nochbjm lh phrjoljstm hk `m @jbmlh =:=6 m =:>:

 

@MQ ‐QXBM] QJWMQ‒ O NH@@MQ MNO^ÂEHKHQ Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto H` Jkstjtuto Mbhrjamko lh Mrth lh Wuko (JMMW) fuh arhmlo h` 8 lh oatunrh lh =:15 y lh sus prjkajpm`hs matjvjlmlhs jkstjtuajokm`hs posthrjorhs sh lhstmam9 ‐Qok 57 mýos quh hstm Jkstjtuajñk Au`turm`, quh cm rhajnjlo hk su `oam` m `o bís jbportmkths lh `os mrtjstms pjatñrjaos, pohtms, bùsjaos y `jthrmtos quh cmk vjsjtmlo Wuko .  Hs arhmlorm lh `os aokaursos lh lmkzms mutñatokms, trmihs lh `uahs y lh orjehk bhstjzo aobo ‐@m Wmklj``m Wukhým‒4 lh hstuljmktjkms,  ‑  lh `m kmtj kmtjvm vm quhacums y mybmrms ( sunrmymlo sunrmymlo kuhstro  ) ynh``hzm otrms bmkjfhstmajokhs popu`mrhs. M su jkjajmtjvm, sh arhm `m Hsauh`m lh Nh``ms Mrths -coy Hsauh`m Quphrjor lh Forbmajñk mrtâstjam‒. mrtâstjam‒. Z mlhbís  ‐lhslh cmah bís lh vhjkth mýos, rhm`jzm `os ‐Vjhrkhs au`turm`hs‒, loklh  sh prhshktmk `jnros, rhvjstms y sh muspjajms aokfhrhkajms, rhajtm`hs lh bùsjam, pohsâm y hxposjajokhs pjatñrjams mrtjstms = lh` `uemr y vjsjtmkths‒ vjsjtmkths‒  

Wor otro `mlo rhvjshbos `os phksmbjhktos mktjeuos mahram lh `m buihr. H` aíustjao hsarjtor Lk. Bmkuh` Eokzí`hs Wrmlm aoksjekm hk su onrm9 ‐Vmrokhs amkokjzmlos y thkjlos por  eo`fos lh smnjlurâm, ``mbmk m `ms buihrhs ambjko lh tolms `ms jkjqujlmlhs, puhrtm lh` jkfjhrko, f`hacm lh Qmtmkís, cjim lh` lhbokjo, pokzoým lh` nmsj`jsao, nurrm bmýosm, hsaorpjñk >  sjhbprh `jsto m pjamr‒ pjamr‒..    \jhbpo bís mlh`mkth `m rhvjstm hk quh `ms buihrhs sñ`o hrmk buýhams ermklhs, quh ko thkâmk bís  pukhým O kljkm Okljkm lh burm``ms =:>= kos lh ljrí9 l jrí9 Cu no ‐tjhbpos corjzokths quh `ms su Cuno puhn`o kj otro porvhkjr quh `os vjeorosos puýos lh m`eùk hstmkajhro o shýor lh `m aobmram qujhk, ``hemlo m `m aokljajñk lh hsposo, aokvhrtâm m su aokiuktm hk ukm hsphajh lh vmam eorlm auyms 1 aum`jlmlhs sh mprhajmk por h` kùbhro lh thrkhros y `m amktjlml lh `hach quh proluah‒ proluah ‒.  Nrmvos aokahptos.

Hk Xsjamyos tuvjbos maahso m `os `jnros lh matms lh `m Bukjajpm`jlml lh mquh``os mýos hk `os quh sh rhejstrmk hstos aokaursos lh `m ‐nh``hzm ambphsjkm‒. Nh``m emkmlorm lh` mýo =:869 Qjbokm Aoklorj <

Wor matm lh fhacm >3/=7/=:8:  `os rhsu`tmlos lh` aokaurso lh nh``hzm mutñatokm fuhrok9 Wrjbhr puhsto Qheuklo puhsto \hrahr puhsto Aumrto puhsto

9 Ahaj`jm ]uj``m Bmbmkj, 9 Meustjkm Zukemkjkm Bmbmkj, 9 @jvjm Bmbmkj Wubm, 9 F`orhkajm ]ujsph Bmbmkj,

=3 mýos lh hlml >= mýos =5 mýos =5 mýos

]ujkto puhsto

9 Hufrmajm Cmkaao Mrah,

=6 mýos 8

H` ahrtmbhk lh am`jfjamajñk lh `ms amkljlmtms lh` mýo lh =:61 , tuvo nmshs lh aokaurso hbjtjlms por h` JMMW, auyos rhsu`tmlos, lhspuês lh `os toambjhktos jklhnjlos, fuhrok msâ9 ^mkdjke

Kobnrhs y mph``jlos

Ajkturm 57 ab

Arjthrjos lh am`jfjamajñk Amlhrm Bus`o Wjhrkm :5 ab ·

Merjpjkm Bmbmkj Amcumkm

:6 ab

51 ab

:6 ab

ab

5> ab

:6 ab

. Aauko ]ujsph 1. Nrâejlm Iumkm Bmbmkj Bmbmkj 17

 

Hk `m matum`jlml ko sh `hs lhkobjkm  nh``hzm mutñatokm mutñato km sjko ‐Qubmq Q jpms‒, hs lhajr ‐Iovhk chrbosm‒. Hstms  iñvhkhs sh h`jehk m jkjajmtjvm lh `m Bukjajpm`jlml lhktro lh vmrjms amkljlmtms y aok botjvo lh` mkjvhrsmrjo lh` ljstrjto. Hk `ms jkstjtuajokhs hluamtjvms, m jkjajmtjvm lh `m Ljrhaajñk lh` p`mkth`, tmbnjêk hstj`mk rhm`jzmr hstm matjvjlml prhajsmbhkth  pmrm h` lâm lh su mkjvhrsmrjo mkjvhrsmrjo jkstjtuajokm`. @ms lhkobjkmk ‐Qhýorjtm …‒  Wmsmrok `os mýos y aok h``os buacms aostubnrhs sh mracjvmrok, otrms  phrsjsthk, m`eukms m `eukms sh rhbozmrok y otrms mpmrhajhrok mpmrhajhrok aokforbh m `ms jlhms y eustos eusto s lh `ms ehkhrmajokhs jtjkhrmkths. Cmy quh thkhr prhshkth quh vjvjbos hstrmtjfjamlos hk soajhlmlhs nureuhsms y soajhlmlhs popu`mrhs. Amlm hstrmto tjhkh sh``o lh a`msh lh sus eustos y aostubnrhs. Hk amlm@ms hstrmto sh tjhkhk aubp`hk ljfhrhkths haokñbjao-po`âtjaos y soajm`hs tmbnjêk. buihrhs ljstjkto trmto hkro`hs `os ljfhrhkths hstrmtos soajm`hs, pruhnm `m hbjsjñk lh proermbms th`hvjsjvos, au`tjvo lh lmkzms, bùsjam vhrkíau`m y cmstm `m propjm pro pjm jklubhktmrjm. M `m `uz lh `ms jlhms hk noem hk `m mktjeðhlml y `ms matjvjlmlhs m `m vjstm shktmbos kuhstrm kmturm` jkthrroemkth. ¿Wor quê h` JMMW probovjñ `os aokaursos lh ‐nh``hzm ‐nh``hzm kmtjvm -quhacums y mybmrms-‒ mybmrms-‒  hktrh `ms buihrhs ambphsjkms  iñvhkhs lh `os ljstrjtos l jstrjtos o aobukjlmlhs? aobukjlmlhs? ¿Wor auhstjñk lh hstêtjam, pmrm qujêk? Hk H k hsos tjhbpos h` bmacjsbo hrm ukm jlhm y príatjam pmrm bm`trmtmr nrutm`bhkth m `ms buihrhs shm mquâ y hk tolo aokfâk. Quejhrh quh hsh hvhkto hs ukm matjvjlml ‐au`turm`‒ aumklo hs ukm jbposjajñk rjlâau`m h jbphrtjkhkth lh aostubnrhs nureuhsms m `m a`msh mnorjehk. Msjbjsbo por h` phksmbjhkto rmajstm mnusmnmk y ljsarjbjkmnmk m `ms buihrhs. M `o quh sh msoajmnm su fm`hkajm lh hluamajñk quh `ms aokvhrtâmk hk ambpo propjajo pmrm prmatjamr tolm a`msh lh vhiíbhkhs aoktrm `ms lhsmfortukmlms buihrhs lh` puhn`o. Hk `m matum`jlml, aok mvmkahs lh jlhms kuhvms ko bh pmrhah njhk quh aoktjkùhk bmkjpu`mklo `m jbmehk y `m ljekjlml lh `ms buihrhs aobo aobo sj fuhrm ukm fhrjm lh mkjbm`hs hk hxcjnjaj hxcjnjajñk ñk y rhbmth, pmrm mzuzmr `m bornosjlml lh`  pùn`jao lh ljvhrsos hstrmtos. Hso lh ‐submq sjpms‒ -o `o quh sh ``mbh- probuhvh ljsarjbjkmajñk y rhkaj``ms hktrh h``ms, vmkjlml prhsuktuosm, porquh m`eujhk hs bís y kmljh qujhrh shr bhkos quh otrm. @ms acjams sh prhstmk m hsth iuheo hk su lhforbmlm jlhm lh hxcjnjajokjsbo fjeurmtjvm lh buacmacms jkoahkths. @m nureuhsâm y su ê`jth ljspokhk lh tolms `ms aoboljlmlhs y suktuosjlmlhs pmrm sh`haajokmr m sus buihrhs aobo pjhzms lh buhstrho hk h` hsampmrmth lh uk suphrbhramlo y ¿hs khahsmrjo jbjtmr hsm matjtul? Qok príatjams kmrajsjstms phrthkhajhkths m h``os. Whro ¿por quê jkau`amr `m hxthksjñk koajvm lh hsms príatjams m `ms a`mshs popu`mrhs? @ms aorrjhkths lh `m `jnhrmajñk fhbhkjkm lhnjhrok rhljbjr lh hsms jksu`sms h jkljekms príatjams lh bmkosho lh `ms buihrhs por pmrth lh ehkth quh ko tjhkh otrm jlhm quh hsm ponrhzm bhktm`.  Otrm jkthrroemkth ¿]uê phrfj` bjsñejkm lhnh thkhr `m amkljlmtm m `m tm` nh``hzm lh ‐submq sjpms‒? Msphato fâsjao9 ¿tm``m, ao`or, aokthxturm, rostro mtrmatjvo, pmsos prhsuktuosos, lokah``hz? Msphato sunihtjvo9 buy hluamlm, lu`ah ehkjo, aoquhtokm, amrjtmtjvm, acmr`mtmkm? Qok msphatos sunihtjvos lh amlm tjhbpo y aokforbjlml lh amlm phrsokm, ko  puhlh hxjstjr h xjstjr uk pmtrñk ukjvhrsm` pmrm sh`haajokmr m ukm phrsokm, smnjêklosh, mlhbís, quh kjkeùk jkljvjluo tjhkh sus  phrfhaajokhs lh proporajokm`jlml propor ajokm`jlml aorporm`. Qheuro quh hstmbos ahram lh sh`haajokmr uk ‐emy nh``o‒, ‐`hsnjmkm nh``m‒ o qujzí ‐submq wmjkm‒. ¿Eustos lh `os tjhbpos?  H` hbphrmlor robmko Amyo Iu`jo Aêsmr Ehrbíkjao (Am`âeu`m) hxtrmýmbhkth sh hkmborñ lh su amnm``o amnm``o ``mbmlo Jkajtmtus, `uheo `o amsñ aok Whkê`oph. Aê`hnrhs hxahktrjajlmlhs. \olos `os arjthrjos quh lmbos, sj fuhrmk `os rhqujsjtos, sok pmríbhtros quh so`o sh puhlhk mp`jamr m mkjbm`hs lh rmzm bhiormlm quh ko sh hxprhsmk vhrnm`bhkth mahptmklo o prothstmklo, phro lh kjkeukm bmkhrm m uk shr aoksajhkth lh su vjlm9 `m buihr. Onshrvmn`h hs quh cmstm `os mrtjstms lh tolos `os tjhbpos `ms cmk amktmlo y amktmk m `ms buihrhs `htrms onsahkms hk lhsbhlro lh su pulor jkajtmklo `m vjo`hkajm por jkfjlh`jlml o sjbp`h hkmbormbjhkto, y otrms trjvjm`jlmlhs merhsjvms kmlm ljekjfjamkths. Hsms matjtulhs ko bhrhahk hacmr`h f`orhs. @ms buihrhs lh coy lhnhk lhimr lh shr shr onihto lh bmkjpu`majokhs aok fjkhs lhaormtjvos -bmkoshmlms aobo aobo uk aokaurso lh bmsaotms quh cmn`mkcmn`mk- rhpmrtjlorms lh nhsos vo`mlos, `uheo jrrhs jrrhsphtuosmbhkth phtuosmbhkth mrroimlms m` rjkañk lh` o`vjlo. Hs prhajso quh `ms iñvhkhs mnorâehkhs rhacmahk hsth bmkosho jrrhsphtuoso lh su ljekjlml cubmkm. >=/75/=:   ---------------------------------------=) cttp9 jmmpuko.n`oespot.aob/ >) Eokzí`hs Wrmlm, Bmkuh`. Corms lh @uacm. Hljt. Bhraurjo, B hraurjo, píe. =56. 1) ^hvjstm Okljkm K¹ >1, Wuko Whrù. Ljajhbnrh =:>=, píe. =. /8:, fo`jos < y 8. 8) Jnâl, 17/7:/61, fo`jos =15 y =13. 6) @jnro lh matms =:63, píe.=37.

1=

 

OWJKJÑK FJHQ\M BOLH^KM Z M@AOCO@JQBO Whraj`hs ^mbos Qoto Hs `jbjtmlm phrahpajñk lh quh sñ`o `m aoamâkm, `m bmrjcumkm, otros otro s kmrañtjaos y soporâfhros shmk lroems koajvms aoktrm `m sm`ul y njhkhstmr lh `ms phrsokms. Cmy jkfjkjlml lh lroems lh ljvhrsos hfhatos9 nhkêfjaos y bm`êfjaos (m`aoco`jsbo). H` aoksubo lh meumrljhkths ko lhim lh shr tmk koajvms aoktrm `m sm`ul cubmkm. @m soajhlml korthmbhrjamkm y `os pmâshs lhsmrro``mlos `uacmk m fjk lh quh `ms lroems ko jkerhshk m sus pmâshs m phrvhrtjr m sus  pon`majokhs iuvhkj`hs. Hs onihtjvo lh sus mutorjlmlhs `m bmkthkajñk lh `m purjlml lh ê`jth qujhkhs hstík ``mbmlms m sosthkhrsh hk `m aubnrh lh` polhr haokñbjao y po`âtjao hk aoktrmsth aok `os pmâshs lh` thrahr buklo. Hsto hs njhk a`mro mkths quh vh`mlo, ko lm `uemr m ljsausjokhs. Hk Xsjamyos puhlm quh ko ajrau`hk lroems hstuphfmajhkths, phro sâ `ms lroems `hem`hs quh sok `os meumrljhkths hk mnuklmkajm, lhslh h` m`aoco` lh 7=>

MBHKJLMLHQ Bhbh lh` lâm =5/5/=: por fmahnood M`mk Emraâm `h ljah m \o`hlo9 -Buacm suhrth hk `m aírah`, aco`jto M `o quh \o`hlo `h aokthstm -Bís vm`h aco`o vjvo quh acoro buhrto.

11