Ruta Crítica en Una Construcción

 

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Bj`ui Bj `uitjk tjk ka Jrqu Jrqufta`tu fta`turj rj

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Jiedras Oufiiæc Bjefêc  ‐ F`ð Rêzquaz Kjodeartd Gjcuai Uuçz ]æraz Akojrkd  ‐ Pêc`naz Astrjkj _fiifjg Akujrkd @ruz Oðgaz @jrids ka Hasøs

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KD@AC[A8 Jrqufta`td. Brjc`fs`d Kêvfij @jgarjs

5> KA JEUFI, [Q^[IJ OQ[FÆUUAX, @NFJ]JP< 5=5=.

 

FC[UDKQ@@FÐC Ac jkgfcfstrj`fðc y oastfðc ka prdya`tds, ucj rutj `rçtf`j as ij sa`uac`fj ka ids aiagactds targfcjias ka ij rak ka prdya`tds `dc ij gjydr kurj`fðc actra aiids, katargfcjckd ai tfagpd gês `drtd ac ai qua as pdsfeia `dgpiatjr ai prdya`td. Ij kurj`fðc ka ij rutj `rçtf`j katargfcj ij kurj`fðc kai prdya`td actard. Zuakjckd, jsç `dgd ai gdkaid ka ouçj pjrj ucj euacj aha`u`fðc ka prdya`tds, `dc uc drkac aspa`çbf`d y prdorjgj`fdcas jka`ujkjs. Drfofcjigacta, ai gætdkd ka ij rutj `rçtf`j `dcsfkarð sdijgacta kapackac`fjs actra ids aiagactds targfcjias. Qc `dc`aptd raij`fdcjkd as ij `jkacj `rçtf`j, ij `uji joraoj kapackac`fjs ka ra`ursds. @jkj ra`ursd kapacka kai gjcahjkdr ac ai gdgactd kdcka ij rutj `rçtf`j sa prasacta. [jias `dgd sa gac`fdcjrêc ac ijs pêofcjs kai kd`ugactd qua sa prasactj j `dctfcuj`fðc.

 

AC ZQÆ @DCPFP[A @DCPFP[A A^J@[J A^J@[JGAC[A GAC[A AI AI GÆ[DKD KA IJ UQ[J @UÇ[F@J @UÇ[F@ J AC IJ OAP[FÐC OAP[FÐC KA ]UDVA@[DP Ai gætdkd ka ij rutj `rçtf`j (@]G) as uc jiodrftgd gjtagêtf`d qua sfrva pjrj prdorjgjr ucj sarfa ka j`tfvfkjkas ac uc prdya`td. Buckjgactjigacta, pjrj usjr ai @]G as ca`asjrfd kasjrrdiij kasjrrdiijrr uc gdkaid kai prdya`td qua fc`iuyj id sfoufacta8   ucj ifstj ka tdkjs ijs j`tfvfkjkas ca`asjrfjs pjrj bfcjifzjr bfcjifzjr ai prdya`td,

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  ijs kapackac`fjs actra kf`njs j`tfvfkjkas, y

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  ucj jprdxfgj`fðc kai tfagpd (d kurj`fðc) ka `jkj j`tfvfkjk.

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@dc astds vjidras, ai @]G cdrgjigacta `ji`uij ij rutj gês ijroj pjrj iiavjr j `jed ijs j`tfvfkjkas pijcfbf`jkjs njstj ai bfcji kai prdya`td, y ids puctds gês tagprjcds y gês tjrkçds ac ids qua `jkj j`tfvfkjk puaka agpazjr y bfcjifzjr sfc qua pdr aiid sa ratrjsa ai prdya`td. Asta prd`asd katargfcj quæ j`tfvfkjkas sdc "`rçtf`js" (as ka`fr, puakac jijrojr ij rutj kai prdya`td) y `uêias tfacac "biaxfefifkjk tdtji" (as ka`fr, sa puakac kagdrjr sfc qua ai prdya`td sa ratrjsa). Ij rutj `rçtf`j ac ac uc prdya`td pr dya`td sac`fiid . 

J `dctfcuj`fðc, trjtjragds ka fiustrjr asta `dc`aptd `dc uc prdya`td sac`fiid ka ij vfkj `dtfkfjcj8 `diojr uc `ujkrd ac ij pjrak. ´Zuæ njy qua nj`ar pjrj `dgpiatjr asta paquaúd prdya`td `drra`tjgacta4 Ac prfgar iuojr, tacagds qua kabfcfr y acugarjr tdkjs ijs tjrajs qua njy qua iiavjr j `jed pjrj bfcjifzjr ai prdya`td.   Aiaofr uc iuojr ac ij pjrak

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  @dgprjr ids tj`ds

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  Aiaofr ai `ujkrd

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  Uajifzjr uc jouhard `dc ai tjijkrd

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  @did`jr ids tj`ds

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@ujckd pacsjgds ac astjs tjrajs, cds kjgds `uactj ka qua jioucjs ka aiijs cd sa puakac agpazjr jctas ka bfcjifzjr dtrjs. As ka`fr, ucjs tjrajs kapackac ka ijs dtrjs. Bçhjta ac ai sfoufacta orêbf`d8

Cdgera ka ij tjraj Aifoa uc iuojr iu ojr ac ij pjrak. @dgprjr tdrcfiids . Aiaofr ij pfcturj. [jijkrjr [jij krjr uc jouhard jouhard..  Jtd  Jt d rc fi ijr id idss tdr t drc c fifiid idss . @did`jr @did` jr ij fgjoac.

Kapacka Ka packa ka. Aiaofr uc iuojr ac ij pjrak. @dgprjr ids tdrcfiids y parbdrjr uc jouhard. Jtdrcfiijr ids tdrcfiids y aiaofr ij fgjoac.

Ijs j``fdcas "rajifzjr uc jouhard `dc ai tjijkrd", "`did`jr ids tj`ds" y " `diojr ai `ujkrd" bdrgjc ucj sa`uac`fj ka tjrajs qua sa kaea rajifzjr sfoufackd uc drkac `dc`ratd, ucj katrês ka dtrj, pjrj ojrjctfzjr uc euac rasuitjkd. Kf`njs tjrajs sa kacdgfcjcc "sa`uac`fjias". kacdgfcj Astjs tras tjrajs, huctd `dc ai fcf`fd kai prdya`td ("aiaofr uc iuojr ac ij pjrak") ac cuastrd ahagpid, sdc ids pjsds buckjgactjias sa kaeac kjr pjrj iiaojr j ucj sdiu`fðc jprdpfjkj pjrj cuastrd prdeiagj. ]dr id tjctd, astjs j``fdcas sa fc`iuyac ac ij rutj `rçtf`j pjrj rajifzjr asta prdya`td. Ij `ijva kai gætdkd ka ij rutj `rçtf`j as qua cd puakas agpazjr katargfcjkjs katargfcjkjs j`tfvfkjkas njstj qua cd bfcjif`as dtrjs. dtr js. Njy qua rajifzjr astjs j`tfvfkjkas sfoufackd uc drkac y `dgpiatjr `jkj bjsa gês d gacds jctas ka qua agpfa`a ij bjsa sfoufacta.

 

Ac asta ahagpid puakas var `uêi sarçj ai rasuitjkd (kfjorjgj ka Ojctt)8

Ij rutj `rçtf`j astê bdrgjkj pdr ij sa`uac`fj gês ijroj ka j`tfvfkjkas, kaska ai fcf`fd njstj ai bfcji kai prdya`td, qua tfaca qua agpazjr y targfcjr axj`tjgacta `uêckd sa nj pravfstd pjrj ojrjctfzjr ij bfcjifzj`fðc kai prdya`td ac ucj ba`nj katargfcjkj. katargfcjk j. Ijs j`tfvfkjka j`tfvfkjkass ka ij rutj `rçtf`j kaeac oastfdcjrsa gfcu`fdsjgacta. Pf ijs tjrajs bjiijc, njy qua tdgjr gakfkjs fcgakfjtjs pjrj qua ai prdya`td sfoj saoøc id prdorjgjkd. Ka id `dctrjrfd, cd sa pdkrê `dgpiatjr j tfagpd. Fgjofcj qua tfacas uc prdya`td qua vj j kurjr 0== kçjs ac `dgpiatjrsa. Pf ij prfgarj j`tfvfkjk j`tf vfkjk ka ij rutj `rçtf`j bfcjifzj uc kçj gês tjrka ka id pravfstd, ai prdya`t prdya`tdd kurjrê 0=: kçjs ac `dgpiatjrsa, j gacds qua dtrj j`tfvfkjk ka ij rutj `rçtf`j sa puakj `dgpiatjr uc kçj jctas ka id pravfstd. Ka astj gjcarj, ij rutj `rçtf`j acoidej tdkjs ijs tjrajs qua katargfcjc ij ba`nj bfcji kai prdya`td. ]uaka njear gês ka ucj rutj `rçtf`j `rçtf` j ac uc prdya`td, ka bdrgj qua njyj vjrfjs rutjs rutj s qua sa aha`utac ac pjrjiaid. ]dr ahagpid, ac cuastrd `jsd, "aiaofr uc `ujkrd" y "`diojr ai `ujkrd", jsç `dgd "`dgprjr ids tj`ds", "`did`jr ids tj`ds" y "`diojr ai `ujkrd" bdrgjc dtrjs sa`uac`fjs ka tjrajs qua tjgefæc sdc fgpdrtjctas pjrj qua pdkjgds `dgpiatjr ai prdya`td.

 

Ai gætdkd ka ij rutj `rçtf`j ac ij oastfðc ka prdya`tds puaka `dctagpijr tdkjs ijs j`tfvfkjkas fgpdrtjctas, d cd. Ka na`nd, jioucjs va`as ijs j`tfvfkjkas ka ij rutj `rçtf`j cd sdc ijs pjrtas prfc`fpjias kai prdya`td. Ji gfsgd tfagpd, puaka njear tjrajs qua cd astæc ac ij rutj `rçtf`j, pard qua katargfcjc ai æxftd kai prdya`td. @dcd`ar ij rutj `rçtf`j fgpif`j astjeia`ar quæ j`tfvfkjkas kaeac `dgpiatjrsa j tfagpd. Pfc agejrod, dtrjs j`tfvfkjkas, qua sa sftøjc buarj ka ij rutj `rçtf`j, tjgefæc puakac sar vftjias y raquarfr ucj kfifoac`fj y ucj `dc`actrj`fðc jkf`fdcjias. Ifgftj`fðc ka ra`ursds y p dr quæ as fgpdrtjcta. 

Ids prdorjgjs trjkf`fdcjigacta karfvjkds ka ij rutj `rçtf`j sa ejsjc øcf`jgacta ac kapackac`fjs `jusjias (iðof`js). Vj nagds saújijkd astjs kapackac`fjs ac cuastrd pijc (as ka`fr, as fgpdsfeia rajifzjr uc jouhard ac ij pjrak jctas ka aiaofr uc iuojr ac aiij). Cd destjcta, uc prdya`td puaka tacar ifgftj`fdcas ka ra`ursds qua tjgefæc kaearçjc tacarsa ac `uactj. Astjs ifgftj`fdcas `rajrêc gês kapackac`fjs. Astjs raij`fdcas j gacukd sa kacdgfcjc "ifgftj`fdcas ka ra`ursds". Pf trjejhjs ac aqufpd, ai prdya`td sa puaka kfvfkfr actra sus gfagerds. Ac cuastrd `jsd, gfactrjs aifoas uc iuojr ac ij pjrak y rajifzjs uc jouhard `dc ai tjijkrd, ucd ka tus jgfods puaka `dgprjr ids tj`ds pdr tf y tu aspdsj puaka aiaofr ai `ujkrd. Ijs tjrajs sa puakac iiavjr j `jed ac pjrjiaid, `dgd ac ai orêbf`d jctarfdr. Pfc agejrod, sf aras ij øcf`j parsdcj raspdcsjeia kai prdya`td, tfacas ucj ifgftj`fðc ka ra`ursds (as ka`fr, cd puakas tjijkrjr ai jouhard a fr j `dgprjr ids tj`ds sfguitêcajgacta). sfguitêcajgacta). Ac asta `jsd, tu rutj `rçtf`j tackrê uc jspa`td kfbaracta.

 

  Ac ij orêbf`j jctarfdr, jctarfdr , sa supdca qua prfgard tfacas qua aiaofr ai `ujkrd y, kaspuæs, kaspu æs, `dgprjr ids tj`ds. Pfc agejrod, kapackfackd ka ijs `dckf`fdcas kai prdya`td, astjs tjrajs sa puakac rajifzjr sfoufackd uc drkac kfbaracta. Astj rutj `rçtf`j sa iijgj rutj ka "ra`ursds `rçtf`ds". Asta gætdkd sa prdpusd `dgd axtacsfðc ji @]J trjkf`fdcji pjrj pargftfr ij fc`iusfðc ka ra`ursds raij`fdcjkds `dc `jkj j`tfvfkjk. Qc prdorjgj aqufiferjkd pdr ids ra`ursds pdkrçj fc`iufr kagdrjs kaefkjs j destê`uids prdvd`jkds pdr astds (pdr ahagpid, cd kfspdcar ka uc ra`ursd ac ai gdgactd ca`asjrfd) y pdkrçj d`jsfdcjr ij prdidcoj`fðc ka ucj rutj qua jctas arj gês `drtj. Asd as id qua sa rabiahj ac ij orêbf`j jctarfdr. Ai `êi`uid ka ij kurj`fðc kai prd ya`td.

Ac ai êgeftd ka ij oastfðc ka prdya`tds, ucj rutj `rçtf`j as ij sa`uac`fj ka j`tfvfkjkas kai prdya`td qua vjc sugjckd tfagpd j ij kurj`fðc tdtji. Astd katargfcj ai pijzd gês `drtd pdsfeia pjrj `dgpiatjr ai prdya`td. Rdivfackd j cuastrd ahagpid, supdcojgds qua tfacas qua nj`arid tdkd tø sdid. @dcsfkarj ij kurj`fðc astfgjkj ka `jkj j`tfvfkjk. Jkagês, tfacas qua astjeia`ar ai gdgactd fcf`fd jprdxfgjkd ka `jkj tjraj ac ij rutj `rçtf`j. J `dctfcuj`fðc, ta gdstrjgds `ðgd sa puaka nj`ar ac cuastrd ahagpid.

 

Cdgera Aiaofr ucj uc j fgjoac @dgprjr ids tdrcfiids Aiaofr uc iuojr ac ij pjrak [jijkrjr uc jouhard  Jtd  Jt d rc fi ijr id idss tdr t drc c fifiid idss @did`jr ucj fgjoac

Kurj`fðc 0= gfcutds 0= gfcutds 1 gfcutds

680= jg :=8== jg

:1 gfcutds 1 gfcutds : gfcutd

:=8=1 jg :=8 5= jg :=8 51 jg

Jndrj, sf sugjgds ij kurj`fðc tdtji ka ijs tjrajs `rçtf`js, detacagds uc `êi`uid jprdxfgjkd kai tfagpd ca`asjrfd pjrj `dgpiatjr tdkd ai prdya`td. Ac cuastrd `jsd, : ndrj y 52 gfcutds. Jújka ij kurj`fðc j ij ndrj ka fcf`fd y pdkrês `ji`uijr ai pijzd gês erava pjrj targfcjr ai prdya`td (:=852 j. g. ac cuastrd ahagpid). Ij biaxfefifkjk ka ij rutj `rçtf`j. 

Ai gætdkd ka ij rutj `rçtf`j sa kasjrrdiið pjrj prdya`tds `dgpiahds, jucqua ejstjcta praka`feias. Cd destjcta, ac ij vfkj raji, guy pd`js va`as oastfdcjgds asta tfpd ka prdya`tds. Qc prdorjgj kasjrrdiijkd sfoufackd ai gætdkd ka ij rutj `rçtf`j cdrgjigacta cd sa `ugpia `dc pra`fsfðc. @dgd yj nagds gac`fdcjkd, tdkj kagdrj ka ucj j`tfvfkjk ka ij rutj `rçtf`j fcbiuya kfra`tjgacta ac ij ba`nj ka bfcjifzj`fðc pravfstj kai prdya`td. ]uakac jpjra`ar cuavds raqufsftds, jsç `dgd dtrjs ifgftj`fdcas ka ra`ursds. Pupdcojgds qua astês pijcfbf`jckd ij raka`drj`fðc ka ij sjij ka astjr huctd `dc tu pjrahj. Actra ijs tjrajs sa fc`iuyac ijs sfoufactas8 :. [frjr ids guaeias vfahds 5. ]fctjr ijs pjrakas 0. Jrraoijr ai ta`nd ;. @did`jr ids guaeias cuavds

 

[u pjrahj sa ac`jrojrê ka id sfoufacta8 :. Aiaofr ijs `drtfcjs cuavjs 5. @diojrijs Ijs tjrajs raij`fdcjkjs `dc ijs `drtfcjs bdrgjc uc sueprdya`td y sa puakac trjtjr `dgd rutj cd `rçtf`j. [u pjrahj puaka "aiaofr ijs `drtfcjs cuavjs" y "`diojrijs" ac `ujiqufar gdgactd jctas ka ij bfcjifzj`fðc kai prdya`td. ]dr id tjctd, astjs tjrajs sdc biaxfeias raspa`td j ijs ba`njs ka fcf`fd y bfcjifzj`fðc. Pdc tjrajs pjrjiaijs y qua cd sa ac`uactrjc ac ij rutj `rçtf`j. J `dctfcuj`fðc, sa guastrj `uêi sarçj ai jspa`td kai prdya`td ac uc kfjorjgj ka Ojctt8

Cd destjcta, sf jioucj ka ijs tjrajs pjrjiaijs subra uc ratrjsd `dcsfkarjeia, astd fgpakfrçj qua tdkd ai prdya`td bfcjif`a j tfagpd. ]dr id tjctd, `dctrdij sfagpra ijs tjrajs pjrjiaijs. Jndrj, supdcojgds qua aiaofr ijs `drtfcjs ia iiavð j tu pjrahj gês tfagpd kai asparjkd fcf`fjigacta. fcf`fjigacta. Asta na`nd ratrjsjrê ij ba`nj bfcji kai prdya`td.

 

  Ij raka`drj`fðc astjrê fc`dgpiatj sfc ijs `drtfcjs cuavjs, pdr id qua ij rutj qua jctas arj cd `rçtf`j pjsjrê j sar `rçtf`j pjrj bfcjifzjr ai prdya`td. Jsç puas, kaeas `jgefjr ij rutj `rçtf`j fcf`fji. ]jrj `dctrdijr ijs tjrajs cd `rçtf`js, tfacas qua gjctacar j`tujifzjkd ai prdorjgj. Astj as ij øcf`j øcf` j bdrgj ka sjear axj`tjgacta ac quæ puctd sa ac`uactrj ai prdya`td ac uc gdgactd katargfcjkd y sf sa actraojrê saoøc id pravfstd.

 

@DC[UDIAP @DG]IAGAC[JUFDP UABAUAC[A J IJ UQ[J @UÇ[F@J @UÇ[F@ J V ]UDOUJGJP ]UDOUJGJ P KA J]DVDP ZQA PA Q[F Q[FIFXJ IFXJC. C. FC[UDKQ@@FÐC

Ids pjsds sfoufactas, kabfcfkd ai `dstd tdtji ka uc prdya`td ka akfbf`j`fðc, akfbf`j`fðc, sdc8 :.- Ij ]rdorjgj`fðc ka Derj, qua as katargfcjr ai prd`asd ka aha`u`fðc kai prdya`td ac ai trjcs`ursd kai tfagpd. 5.- Ai Biuhd ka Bdckds d ka @jhj, qua as ij prasactj`fðc j `drtd pijzd ka ids raquarfgfactds ka kfcard, saoøc ai `dstd ka ijs j`tfvfkjkas kabfcfkjs ac ai prasupuastd y katargfcjkjs su tfagpd ka aha`u`fðc ac ij prdorjgj`fðc ka derj. Rjgds j kakf`jr astj `jrtfiij Cd. > j ij ]rdorjgj`fðc ka Derjs y ij Cd. 6 ij trjtjragds `dc ai tagj ka Biuhd ka Bdckds ka @jhj.

]UDOUJGJ@FÐC KA DEUJ ]UDOUJGJ@FÐC Njstj id prasacta, nagds pijcfbf`jkd cuastrd prdya`td ka ucj akfbf`j`fðc (`jsj njeftj`fðc), jrrjc`jgds ac ai `ursd ka @dstds y ]rasupuastds `dc uc kfsaúd ka ucj `jsj njeftj`fðc `dctacfkd ac ucds pijcds `dc sus `drraspdckfactas pijctjs, jizjkjs y katjiias `dcstru`tfvds qua fouji cds pargftac iiaojr j ucjs aspa`fbf`j`fdcas tæ`cf`js. Astjeia`fgds ai `dstd pjrj ij aha`u`fðc ka asta prdya`td, `dstds kfra`tds ac cuastrd `ursd Cd. 5 y `dstds fckfra`tds ac ai prasacta `ursd.

Jndrj as ca`asjrfd `ddrkfcjr ac ai tfagpd y ac ai aspj`fd ijs kfstfctjs pjrtas qua fctarvfacac y sdc ca`asjrfjs pjrj ij rajifzj`fðc ka ij derj, bfhjckd ij fctarkapackac`fj actra ijs kfbaractas j`tfvfkjkas qua sa kasjrrdiijc pjrj ij aha`u`fðc ka ij gfsgj. Jctas ka iiavjr j `jed ucj ]rdorjgj`fðc ka Derj kaeagds jgefactjrcds ac ijs sfoufactas vjrfjeias8 :.- [F]D KA DUOJCFXJ@FÐC KA IJ AG]UAPJ @DCP @DCP[UQ@[DUJ8 [UQ@[DUJ8

Njy vjrfds tfpds ka drojcfzj`fðc ka agprasjs, qua sa `ijsfbf`jc ka j`uarkd ji Drojcforjgj ka Buc`fdcjgfactd, Buc`fdcjgfactd, ac asta drkac ka fkajs tacagds8 Drojcfzj`fðc raoijgactjrfj8 Uaoijgactds rçofkds y praastjeia`fkds. As ucj drojcfzj`fðc qua deaka`a j ucds raoijgactds rçofkds astjeia`fkds ka jcta gjcd ka bdrgj qua asds raoijgactds `dckf`fdcjc ij bdrgj ka j`tuj`fðc. [faca ucj vactjhj fgpdrtjcta qua as ij ka kjr ij gfsgj raspuastj jcta prdeiagjs foujias pijctajkds ac sftfds kfstfctds. Pu fc`dcvacfacta as qua as uc tfpd ka drojcfzj`fðc iactd, tdrpa, kfbç`fi ka jkjptjrsa j sftuj`fdcas cuavjs, ahagpid8 ai Astjkd.

 

Drojcfzj`fðc ifcaji8 Içcaj parba`tjgacta parba`tjgacta astjeia`fkj y `ijrj ac ij trjcsgfsfðc ka ðrkacas, j`tuj`fdcas, deifoj`fdcas y raspdcsjefifkjkas. Ractjhjs8 ij rjpfkaz, ijs ðrkacas sa huctjc `dc gu`nj `aiarfkjk. Fc`dcva Fc`dcvacfactas8 cfactas8 ac ids jitds gjckds ka asj içcaj vj j njear parsdcjs `dc jitd orjkd ka raspdcsjefifkjk ka bdrgj fckfvfkuji, tacfackd qua sar guy aspa`fjifzjkjs. Drojcfzj`fðc b uc`fdc ji8 Jpjrf`fðc ka jsasdras d `dcsahards. As ucj drojcfzj`fðc Drojcfzj`fðc sfgfijr j ij ifcaji, pard pjrj jkjptjrsa j sftuj`fdcas cd tjc orjvas cf tjc içgftas. Ij gdkfbf`j eus`jckd orupds ka jsasdrjgfactd ac ids jitds `jrods. Ij agprasj `dcstru`tdrj vj j tacar jiod ka ids tras tfpds ka drojcfzj`fðc, vjrfjckd ijs prdpdr`fdc as ka uc tfpd d ka dtrd. 5. DUOJCFXJ@FÐC KAI PA@[DU KA IJ @DCP[UQ@@FÐC8

Joactas qua fctarvfacac ac ij `dcstru``fðc ka ucj derj8 ]rdgdtdr8  @dc`fea, pdca ac gjr`nj tdkd prd`asd. As ij parsdcj d agprasj qua tfaca ucj ca`asfkjk `dcstru`tfvj y tfaca `jpj`fkjk a`dcðgf`j pjrj rajifzjrij. ]rdya`tfstj8 Jrqufta`td `dgpatacta, rasuaiva jspa`tds tæ`cf`ds y ka kfsaúd. @dctrjtfstj8 @dctrjtj ij aha`u`fðc ka ij derj. @dcstru`tdr8 Aha`u`fðc gjtarfji kai prdya`td. Kfra``fðc ka Derj / Agprasj @dcstru`tdrj8  Oaracta d Jsasdras [æ`cf`ds.

Cdrgjigacta ai `dctrjtfstj y ai `dcstru`tdr sdc ij gfsgj parsdcj. Axfsta uc ka`ratd qua deifoj j rajifzjr uc astukfd ka saourfkjk ac derjs `uyd prasupuastd saj suparfdr j ids `fac gfiidcas ka pasds. Ac ij j`tujifkjk axfstac parsdcjs `dgpatactas kakf`jkjs j asta rjgd ka ij saourfkjk, qua sa njc jújkfkd j ij kfra``fðc ka ij derj `dc `dgpatac`fj ac ij saourfkjk ka ij derj y `jpj`fkjk pjrj ij pjrjifzj`fðc ka ij gfsgj. Qc fckfvfkud qua pdsaj ijs kds tftuij`fdcas ka jrqufta`td y saourfkjk / d jrqufta`td tæ`cf`d cd pdkrê ahar`ar ij kfra``fðc bj`uitjtfvj ka jgejs tftuij`fdcas ac ij gfsgj derj. Ai jrqufta`td puaka sar prdgdtdr, prdya`tfstj, kfra`tdr ka derj, `dctrjtfstj y `dcstru`tdr ka ij gfsgj derj gfactrjs ai rasfkacta ka derj (Jrqufta`td d Fcoacfard) puaka sar tdkd gacds prdya`tfstj (jucqua puakj rajifzjr prdya`tds ka rabdrgj kactrd ka ij derj sfagpra y `ujckd cd tdqua aiagactds astru`turjias).

 

0.- RAC[JH RAC[JH JP V ]UDEIAGJP ZQA PA ]U ]UAPAC[J APAC[J QCJ DUOJCFXJ@FÐC KA DEUJP8

Ractjhjs8 A`dcðgf`js, tagpdrjias, ka drkac. ]rdeiagjs8  Qcfkjk ka ]rdku``fðc8 @jkj derj as kfbaracta. Ij derj j prdku`fr as sfagpra kfstfctj, cd njy kds derjs foujias. Agpijzjgfactd8  Kfbaracta, cd sa nj`ac kds derjs ac ai gfsgd gfs gd sftfd. @dcsfkarj`fdcas `ifgêtf`js8  [rjejhd fctagparfa. Bdrgj`fðc kai parsdcji8  ]arsdcji `dc as`jsj ``ujifbf`j`fðc ujifbf`j`fðc prdbasfdc prdbasfdcji. ji. ]rdya`td8  Fc`dgpiatd y suhatd j `dctfcuds `jgefds. Ai prdya`td cd suaia tacar uc cfvai ka kabfcf`fðc subf`facta j ij ndrj ka `dgaczjr ij derj y sa ac`uactrj suhatd j `dctfcuds `jgefds. ;.- @DC@A][DP @DC@A][DP OACAUJIAP PDE PDEUA UA OUÊBF@DP8

As uc orjc gakfd ka `dgucf`j`fðc ejsjkd ac ai pdkar y rjpfkaz ka `jptj`fðc kai dhd. As `dcvacfacta utfifzjr uc gætdkd orêbf`d qua saj sa j `jpjz ka trjcsgftfr ucj orjc fcbdrgj`fðc, ac iuojr ka kjrid tdkd pdr as`rftd yj qua as gês acodrrdsd. OUÊBF@DP PFG]IAP (AHAG]IDP)

DUOJCFOUGJ Ai drojcforjgj raij`fdcj aiagactds ka uc `dchuctd `dgd puaka sar ij astru`turj ka drojcfzj`fðc ka ucj agprasj. Pfagpra sa puaka astjeia`ar ucj harjrqufzj`fðc `ujckd sa agpiaj ac ucj astru`turj agprasjrf agprasjrfji. ji.

 

OUÊBF@DP AP]A@FBF@DP AC @DCP[UQ@@FÐC

Axfstac tdkj ucj sarfa ka orêbf`ds qua ac `dcstru``fðc `dcstru``fðc sa puakac agpiaj agpiajr, r, pard ids gês aspa`çbf`ds ac ij `dcstru``fðc sdc ids sfoufactas8 ]UDOUJGJ@FÐC ]DU KFJOUJGJP

KFJOUJGJ KA OJC[[ D KA EJUUJP8

As uc kfjorjgj ka tfpd ifcaji ac ai qua ijs ejrrjs sa kfeuhjc ac ndrfzdctji fckf`êckdsa ijs j`tfvfkjkas ka uc prdya`td, ids tfagpds ka `dgfaczd ka `jkj ucd ka aiids y su s u kurj`fðc. Cd as cfcoøc gætdkd ka prdorjgj`fðc, sdid trjcsgfta ij fcbdrgj`fðc qua `dc dtrds gætdkds nagds rajifzjkd. Ai kfjorjgj ka Orjctt pjrj iiavjr uc `dctrdi tagpdrji ka ij derj. Guastrj ij d`urrac`fj ka j`tfvfkjkas ac pjrjiaid d ac sarfa ka uc parfdkd. Ijs j`tfvfkjkas raprasactjkjs pdr ejrrjs qua sa trjsijpjc puakac rajifzjrsa sfguitêcajgacta, pdr id gacds ac ij pdr`fðc kdcka sa varfbf`j ai trjsijpa. Ijs j`tfvfkjkas raprasactjkjs pdr ejrrjs ac sarfa (`ujckd ucj j`jej, fcf`fj ij dtrj) kaeac rajifzjrsa ac oacarji ac ij sa`uac`fj fckf`jkj. Astds kfjorjgjs ka ejrrjs tfacac vactjhjs y j ij vaz ifgftj`fdcas fgpdrtjctas8 :.- Cd pdcac ka gjcfbfastd ij fctarkapackac`fj ka vjrfjs j`tfvfkjkas. 5.- Ij kfbf`uitjk ka kabfcfr axj`tjgacta ai trjejhd qua kaea rajifzjrsa ac uc fcstjcta pra`fsd. 0.- Ij kfbf`uitjk ka katargfcjr ai prdorasd ka uc prdya`td `ujckd ucj ejrrj raprasactj uc parfdkd ka tfagpd ijrod. Ai na`nd ka qua axfstjc j`tfvfkjkas prdorjgjkjs ac tfagpds trjsijpjkjs d sfguitêcads cd fckf`j ca`asjrfjgacta qua astæc raij`fdcjkjs d sajc fctarkapackfactas. @jea kastj`jr qua astjs ifgftj`fdcas sa vac gfcfgfzjkjs ac ij prê`tf`j j ij ndrj ka utfifzjr prdorjgjs ka `ðgputd (Gf`rdsdbt ]rdha`t, pdr ahagpid).

 

 

KFJOUJGJ KA A[J]JP8

As ucj vjrfjcta kai kfjorjgj ka Ojctt, ac asta kfjorjgj ka atjpjs pjrj `jkj j`tfvfkjk sa fckf`jc vjrfjs ejrrjs `drraspdckfactas j ijs atjpjs ac qua sa njyjc kfvfkfkd ij j`tfvfkjk d ij derj, sa usj pd`d yj qua as kfbç`fi kfvfkfr ij derj ac atjpjs `ijrjgacta kfbarac`fjkjs.

 

]UDOUJGJ@FÐC ]DU BIA@NJP8

Ij raprasactj`fðc vfsuji ka ids gætdkds ka ij Uutj @rçtf`j as ai kfjorjgj ka bia`njs d rak ka j`tfvfkjkas. Asta `dcsfsta ac ij fiustrj`fðc orêbf`j kai `dchuctd ka dparj`fdcas ka uc prdya`td y sus fctarraij`fdcas. Ij rak astê bdrgjkj pdr bia`njs (j`tfvfkjkas) y cukds (avactds). (a vactds). Avactd8   Qc ac sfouac. ai tfagpd, utfifzjkd pjrj sapjrjr ucj j`tfvfkjk ka ijs qua prd`akac y kapuctd ijs qua  J` tf vf kjk 8   çtag ka trjejhd fkactfbf`jkd pjrj ai prdya`td qua sa prdorjgj. @jkj j`tfvfkjk as pjra`fkj pdr uc avactd y saoufkj ka uc avactd. PFP[AGJP KA ]UDOUJGJ@FÐC ]AU[, @]G, UDV8

Gætdkd ka ]AU ]AU[8 [8  Pa vjia ka kjtds astjkçstf`ds y cds iiavj j kjtds prdejeias, cds ka ij fcbdrgj`fðc ac buc`fðc ka prdejefifkjkas. ]AU[8  ]rdorjgj`fðc, avjiuj`fðc, ravfsfðc tæ`cf`j. Gætdkd @]G8  Qtfifzjc kjtds katargfcçstf`ds y cds `dcku`ac j rasuitjkds `fartds. @]G8  Gætdkd kai `jgfcd `rçtf`d. Gætdkd UDV8  Qtfifzj kjtds katargfcçstf`ds y cds `dcku`a j rasuitjkds `fartds. UDV8  Cdgera kai fcvactdr.

Ij kfstrfeu`fðc ka tfagpd qua supdca ai ]AU[ pjrj ucj j`tfvfkjk j`tfvfkj k as ucj kfstrfeu`fðc eatj. Ij kfstrfeu`fðc pjrj `ujiqufar j`tfvfkjk sa kabfca pdr tras astfgjkds8 :.- Ai astfgjkd ka tfagpd gês prdejeia, g. 5.- Ai astfgjkd ka tfagpd gês dptfgfstj, j. 0.- Ai astfgjkd ka tfagpd gês pasfgfstj, e. Ij bdrgj ka ij kfstrfeu`fðc sa guastrj ac ij sfoufacta bfourj.

 

UQ[J @UÇ[F@J

Ai gætdkd ka Uutj @rçtf`j as uc prd`asd jkgfcfstrjtfvd ka pijcaj`fðc, prdorjgj`fðc aha`u`fðc y `dctrdi ka tdkjs y `jkj ucj ka ijs j`tfvfkjkas `dgpdcactas ka uc prdya`td qua kaea kasjrrdiijrsa kactrd ka uc tfagpd `rçtf`d y ji `dstd ðptfgd. GA[DKDIDOÇJ8

Ai gætdkd ka Uutj @rçtf`j bdrgjigacta `dcstj ka kds `f`ids8 :.:.- ] ]ijcaj`fðc ijcaj`fðc y ]rdo ]rdorjgj`fðc rjgj`fðc

:.: Kabfcf`fðc kai prdya`td pr dya`td :.5 Ifstj ka j`tfvfkjkas :.0 Gjtrfz ka sa`uac`fjs :.; @dstds y packfact packfactas as :.2 @dgprasfðc ka ij rak :.? Ifgftj`fdcas ka tfagpd, ka ra`ursds y a`dcðgf`ds :.> Gjtrfz ka aijstf`fkjk :.6 ]rdejefifkjk ka ratrjsd 5.5.- Aha Aha`u`fðc `u`fðc y @dctrd i

5.: Jprdej`fðc kai prdya`td 5.5 Drkacas ka trjejhd 5.0 Orêbf`js ka `dctrdi 5.; Uapdrtas y jcêifsfs ka ids jvjc`as 5.1 [dgj ka ka`fsfdcas y jhustas

 

]UDOUJGJ@FÐC ]UDOU JGJ@FÐC KA J J@[FRF @[FRFKJKAP KJKAP AC IJ I J @DCP @DCP[UQ@@F [UQ@@FÐC8 ÐC8

]jrj idorjr ij gahdr `dgefcj`fðc ka ids ra`ursds, ai prd`asd `dcstru`tfvd sa kfvfka ac j`tfvfkjkas. Astjs j su vaz fckf`jrêc raquarfgfactds ka ids ra`ursds. ]rfgard sa fkactfbf`jc tdkjs ijs tjrajs d j`tfvfkjkas jsd`fjkjs `dc ai prdya`td y sus fctarraij`fdcas. ]dr ahagpid, sa supdckrê prdorjgj`fðc ka ucjprdxfgjkj prdya`td (`dcstru``fðc ka ucj vfvfackj ucfbjgfifjr). Kaearêijfc`ifcjrsa ij kurj`fðc y ij pra`akac`fj ka ijs j`tfvfkjkas. Ahagpid :. @jsj njeftj`fðc, êraj ka `dcstru``fðc 2>.1gt5.

 

EFEIFDOUJBÇJ nttps8//as.wflfpakfj.dro/wflf/G%@0%J6tdkdTkaTijTrutjT`r%@0%JKtf`j   nttps8//as.wflfpakfj.dro/wflf/G%@0%J6tdkdTkaTijTrutjT`r%@0%JKtf`j nttps8//as..dro/wflf/G%@0%J6tdkdTkaTijTrutjT`r%@0%JKtf`j  nttps8//as..dro/wflf/G%@0%J6tdkdTkaTijTrutjT`r%@0%JKtf`j  nttps8//oddoia j`jkægf`d dro/wflf/G%@0%J6tdkdTpjrj qua as rutj `rftf%@0%JKtf`j  `rftf%@0%JKtf`j