BS CHANGES TO RULES OF THUMB (UK qfhedition) BG 14l2003 This publication is currently being updated. Please be aware that the data in the first 3 sections: Space and Weight Allowances, Equipment and Solar Loads, and Comfort Factors, no longer apply to prevailing construction practice. BSRIA advises that engineers should treat the data accordingly and use it with extreme care.
A BSRIA Guide
www.bsria.co.uk
Rules of Thumb (UK 4th edition)
Guidelines for building services Edited by Kevin Pennycook
BG 14/2003
Contents Contents ContentsContents Space and weight allowances TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8:
Floor space allowance for services Space allowances for plant rooms Miscellaneous services Space allowances for services Space allowances for service ducts and shafts Space allowances for catering facilities Floor space allowance per occupant Plant weight allowances
2 3 6 7 8 9 9 10
Equipment and solar loads TABLE 1: Cooling loads TABLE 2: Cooling plant TABLE 3: Solar gains TABLE 4: Heat loads
12 12 13 13
Comfort factors TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE
1: External conditions 2: Ventilation and air conditioning 3: Room air movement 4: Noise levels 5: Comfort data sheet
14 14 15 16 17
System features TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant
18
Energy and carbon issues TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE
1: Energy conversions 2: Energy benchmarks for offices 3: Energy benchmarks for local authority buildings 4: Energy benchmarks for hospitals 5: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings – volume 6: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings – area 7: Energy benchmarks for sports and recreational use 8: Energy benchmarks for hotels 9: Energy benchmarks for banks and agencies 10: Energy benchmarks for schools 11: Energy benchmarks for further and higher education 12: Energy benchmarks for MOD establishments 13: Lighting systems benchmarks
24 24 25 28 29 29 30 32 33 35 35 36 38
Water consumption TABLE 1: Hot water demand – daily TABLE 2: Water demand – daily
40 41
Electrical systems TABLE 1: Electrical supplies and loads
44
Cost data TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9:
Mechanical and electrical services costs Cost data as a percentage of total services costs Services costs as a percentage of total construction cost Capital costs Office fit-out costs Annual service charges Annual mechanical and electrical costs Annual utility costs Whole life costs (air conditioning)
References for all sections
45 46 50 50 53 55 55 57 58 60
The story behind this guide The story behindthis this guide guide The story behind The story behind this guide The story behind this guide
Acknowledgements This publication is the fourth update of the Technical Note TN 17/95: Rules of Thumb first issued in 1995. The rules have been collected from various contemporary sources in the building services industry and can reasonably be held to reflect current design practices. The sources include major design offices, individual engineers and public domain information published by BSRIA and others. The third edition of Rules of Thumb, issued in 2001, was vetted by an industry review team, comprising: John Louis Auguste (Bovis LendLease), Dennis Bastow (NHS Estates), Brian Charlesworth (Troup Bywaters & Anders), Laurie Clark (Cundall Johnston & Partners), Michelle Field (Buro Happold), Manus Freeman (SVM Partnership), Nigel Hawkes (Fulcrum Consulting), Glen Irwin (Roberts & Partners), Bob Keenan and Dr Ian Selby (Sheppard Robson, on behalf of the British Council for Offices), Nick Mead (ACDP), Nigel Pavey (Foremans), Richard Tudor (WSP Group), and Gay Lawrence Race and John Sands (BSRIA). We would also like to thank AMEC Capital Projects, BAA plc, N G Bailey, Building Design Partnership, Foggo Associates, Foremans Ltd, Hoare Lea & Partners, Max Fordham & Partners, Stanhope, and Whitby Bird & Partners for their help. This fourth edition, compiled and edited by Kevin Pennycook, contains all the data compiled for the third edition, plus updated cost information, new energy data compiled from the latest energy consumption guides, and a new section on water consumption. One or two inaccuracies and ambiguities have also been corrected since the publication of the third edition. Readers are advised to use this new edition in place of the previous one, and to transfer over any personal rules of thumb they have compiled in the light of experience.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. BSRIA Guide 14/2003
August 2003
ISBN 0 86022 626 3 Printed by The Chameleon Press Ltd
How to use this guide How to use this guide How to use this guide HowHow to use this guide to use this guide What this guide will do Rules of Thumb has been written to help engineers in the initial stages of designing a building and its services. By gathering many of the most common rules of thumb into one document, BSRIA has provided a powerful source of initial design data that every engineer should find indispensible. Thumb rules (or heuristics as they are more properly known) are extremely useful values to inform the early process of design, such as project inception and outline briefing, feasibility planning, the assessment of global loads and space requirements. They are also useful for getting a initial grasp of services costs. Rules of Thumb will help engineers carry out “what if” calculations, and assist senior engineers in checking the work of more junior engineers. The data in this book have been derived from a wide variety of authoritative sources, all of which are clearly referenced. Users will find rules of thumb for many different building types and building services systems arranged as tables, and in alphabetical order. The essential services data were originally assessed for usefulness and relevance by a panel of experienced, practising services engineers. Any data which were remotely questionable, or which might mislead users of the information, were carefully vetted.
What this guide will not do While every effort has been made to establish current practice, the guide’s authors are keen to point out that the thumb rules are merely aids to the design process. They must not be used in place of detailed design data. The responsibility for the safe and appropriate use of this data therefore rests with the engineer. This guide has been designed to be your own personal reference document. Use it, transfer your own data to it, and guard it jealously. And please let us know how it works and where it can be improved. Roderic Bunn Publisher BSRIA 2003
2
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
During the early stages of design prior to system analysis or plant selection Plant room sizes, riser cupboard locations and plant capacities Poor information that fails to allow for installation, commissioning or maintenance
26 26
15 – 30% 15 – 2 5% 3 – 4 5%
Hi-tech building
Fan coil system
VAV system
26
26
26
02 – 0 5%
1 – 2% 03 – 1% 3 – 5% 4 – 6%
Central plant
Toilet extract
Supply and extract system
All air low velocity system
Lift motor rooms
Refrigeration (excluding cooling towers)
Ventilation
For references see page 60
26
05 – 1 5%
Electrical services (excluding sub-stations and standby generation sets)
26
26
26
26
03 – 1 5%
Cooling towers and air-cooled condensers
Air conditioning (excluding boilers and refrigeration)
26
6 – 10%
Offices and commercial
26
4%
Simple factory
Ref
All services
Rule of thumb
Application
Other information
Your notes and comments
Space and weight allowances
Design area
TABLE 1: Floor space allowance for services (as a percentage of floor area)
When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
3
Boilers, pumps, piping and space for installation and maintenance
Calorifiers, pumps, pipework, controls and space for installation and maintenance
Boilers (floor area and height)
Calorifiers (floor area and height)
For references see page 60
Boiler plant and calorifiers
(1 m3) (5 m3) (10 m3) (15 m3)
25 m2 x 3 m 30 m2 x 3 m 45 m2 x 3 m 60 m2 x 3 m
10 m2 x 3 m 20 m2 x 4 m 25 m2 x 5 m 60 m2 x 3 m
Vertical (1 m3) Vertical (5 m3) Vertical (10 m3) Vertical (15 m3)
Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal
29 29 29 29
15 m2 x 3 m 25 m2 x 3 m 80 m2 x 4 m 140 m2 x 5 m
Output: 100 kW Output: 200 kW Output: 1000 kW Output: 4000 kW
29 29 29 29
29 29 29 29
26 26
29
29
29
Ref
0 8 – 1 8% 1 – 2%
Oil tank room
5 m2 per m3/s
Without extract/ recirculation
Boilers (percentage floor area)
8 m2 per m3/s
With extract/ recirculation
25 + kW/200 m2
Rule of thumb
Air handling units
Other information Space for installation and maintenance
Application
Air cooled condenser and controls
Design area
TABLE 2: Space allowances for plant rooms (floor area) Your notes and comments
Table 2 continued
4
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
With pumps, pressurisation, pipework and control panels
Located outside. Includes space for installation and maintenance
Single cold water tank Includes space for installation and maintenance but add space for pressurisation plant or circulation pumps
Minimum storage for hot and cold outlets
Chillers (water cooled) Floor area times height
Chillers (air cooled)
Cold water storage
Cold water storage
For references see page 60
Application
Design area
29 29 29 29 29 29
39 m2 53 m2 75 m2 84 m2 98 m2 116 m2
45 litres/person 40 litres/person 135 litres/bed space 90 litres/bed space 7 litres/meal 15-20 litres/pupil 90 litres/pupil
135 litres/bed space
Hotel Hostel Restaurant Day school Boarding school Children’s home or residential nursery
20
20
20
20
20
20
20 20
29 29 29
29 29 29 29
50 m2 x 3 m 63 m2 x 3 m 83 m2 x 3 5 m 108 m2 x 4 m
FA: 10 + V/0 75 m2 FA: 10 + V/1 6 m2 FA: 10 + V/2 4 m2
Ref
Rule of thumb
Office – with canteen Office – no canteen
FA: Floor area V: gross storage m3 1 m high 2 m high 3 m high
Output: 200 kW Output: 400 kW Output: 600 kW Output: 800 kW Output: 1000 kW Output: 1200 kW
Output: 1000 kW Output: 2000 kW Output: 3000 kW Output: 4000 kW
Other information
TABLE 2: Space allowances for plant rooms (floor area) continued Your notes and comments
Space and weight allowances
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
5
For references see page 60
Hot water storage
Cold water storage
Design area
Minimum storage capacity
Application
21
21
35 litres/bedroom 45 litres/bedroom 5 litres/person 5 litres/person 25 litres/person
50 litres/bed 70 litres/bed 40 litres/bed
20 litres/person
Hotels, budget Hotels, 4/5 star Offices, shops and factories Schools: nursery, primary, secondary Schools, boarding Hospitals: district general, surgical ward and medical ward Hospitals, paediatric Hospitals, geriatric Sports changing: sports hall and swimming pool
Sports changing: field and all-weather pitch 35 litres/person Places of assembly such as libraries, museums and cinemas
1 litre/person (excluding staff)
21
25 litres/bed space
Children’s home, elderly sheltered and elderly care home
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
20 litres/bed space
Student and nurses’ homes
21
20
115 litres/bedroom
135 litres/bed space
Nursing or convalescent home
20
Ref
Dwellings
120 litres/bed space
Rule of thumb
Nurses’ home
Other information
Your notes and comments
Table 2 continued
6
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Single module system (add space
Uninterruptible power supply
Front panel controls, wall-mounted or floor standing
Oil storage tanks, distillate and residual fuel oils
Control panels and distribution boards
LTHW boiler plant component criteria for leakage containment
For references see page 60
Application
Design area
TABLE 3: Miscellaneous services
Standby sets and accessories
2000 kVA transformers Switchgear
Application
Standby generation
Sub-station
Cooling towers
Design area
If tank fails, walls and doors treated to contain spillage
Fixing height range (above finished floor or operating platform level)
Other information
FA: floor area
HV switchgear HV + LV switchgear
FA: floor area (kW: heat rejection)
Other information
Tank contents + 10%
1200 – 1800 mm
Rule of thumb
FA: 15 + kVA/30 m2
47 m2 14 m2 27 m2
FA: 50 + kW/66 m2
Rule of thumb
TABLE 2: Space allowances for plant rooms (floor area) continued
19
18
Ref
29
29 29 29
29
Ref
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
Space and weight allowances
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
7
250 mm 450 mm 450 mm
Chilled ceilings
Fan coils
Ducted air system
For references see page 60
Power and communications
Lighting
100 – 200 mm
200 – 250 mm
300 mm
Multi-core cables and lighting cables
Power and data (heavy line)
Computer rooms
16
16
16
16
150 – 300 mm
27
Downlighter
7 – 16 mm per m run
access) 16 100 – 150 mm (
150 mm diameter
27
27
27
16
16
16
16
16
Ref
Fluorescent
Soil and waste
250 mm
Surface chilled beams
10 – 25 mm per m run
350 – 450 mm
Recessed chilled beams
100 mm diameter
450 mm
VRV
Drainage
350 – 750 mm
VAV
Rule of thumb
Air conditioning
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 4: Space allowances for on-floor services (depth of clear space in ceiling/floor void) Your notes and comments
8
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Service ducts
Pipework
Mechanical service riser
Lift shafts
Air ducting
Design area Typical ducting size
Other information
Vertical service duct
Three-sided riser
Simple pipework riser
15 – 23 m
2:1 to 4:1
2%
Aspect ratio of vertical service duct Total duct area as a percentage of gross floor area
690 mm
100 mm x 100 mm 120 mm x 120 mm 130 mm x 130 mm
Floor space served by vertical service (radius)
Minimum depth from services to (open) access door/panel
Pipe: 20 mm diameter Pipe: 25 mm diameter Pipe: 32 mm diameter
30
30
30
17
30 30 30
17
30
30
0 2 m2/m3/s
3+A(N-4)/250 m2
Ref
Rule of thumb
Depth needed to open access door/panel when width of door varies with size/type of pipe or depth of service/duct 690 mm
Between 4 – 18 floors Internal shaft area in office-type buildings A: floor area/ storey (250 m2 min), N: floors
Application
TABLE 5: Space allowances for service ducts and shafts Your notes and comments
Space and weight allowances
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
9
Ratio of kitchen space to dining space
Ratio of kitchen space to dining space
For single sittings
For multiple sittings 1:1
033:1 to 0 5:1
04 m2/meal 0 25 m2/meal
Rule of thumb
4
4
4 – 6 m2/person
15 m2 (or more) per person
Trading desks, call centres, workstations
For references see page 60
Enclosed offices
4
12 – 17 m2/person
General offices
Other information
Ref
Application
31
31
31 31
Ref
Rule of thumb
Design area
TABLE 7: Floor space allowance per occupant (net internal area)
Minimum needs: Up to 100 meals Up to 500 meals
Kitchens including preparation and storage
Kitchen and dining facilities
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 6: Space allowances for catering facilities
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
10
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
1500 kW 3000 kW 4500 kW
500 kW 1000 kW 1500 kW
500 kVa 1000 kVa 1500 kVa
100 kVa 300 kVa 500 kVa
Single water-cooled liquid chiller
Single air-cooled liquid chiller
Single generator
Single UPS system
For references see page 60
500 kW 1000 kW 1500 kW 2000 kW
Single non-storage mild-steel heating calorifier
1250 kg 2750 kg 4250 kg
5000 kg 8000 kg 11 000 kg
6 000 kg 11 000 kg 14 000 kg
10 000 kg 20 000 kg 30 000 kg
150 kg 225 kg 275 kg 325 kg
1250 kg 2500 kg 3300 kg
4 m3 8 m3 12 m3
Single storage steel calorifier
1500 kg 4250 kg 6500 kg
500 kW 1500 kW 2500 kW
Rule of thumb
Single boiler
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 8: Plant weight allowances
59 59 59
59 59 59
59 59 59
59 59 59
59 59 59 59
59 59 59
59 59 59
Ref
Your notes and comments
Space and weight allowances
Technical Enquiry Service
The BSRIA Technical Enquiry Service offers the following great benefits to BSRIA Members Access to qualified building services engineers to answer your technical enquiries Freedom to borrow from BSRIA’s extensive stock of standards, regulations, books, reports and journals covering building services
Your notes and comments
Access to BSRIA’s database of over 100 000 abstracts via our website, or by BSRIA staff on your behalf
For references see page 60
For more information T: +44 (0)1344 426511 F: +44 (0)1344 487575 E:
[email protected] W: www.bsria.co.uk
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
11
12
Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003
34 34 34 34
160 W/m2 400 W/m2 approx 150 – 300 W/m2 125 W/m2
Banks
Computer suites
Hotels
Offices (general)
34
140 W/m2
Retail buildings
05 kW/kW 0 78 kW/kW
Central plant Distributed plant
Electrical power for refrigeration plant
For references see page 60
36 36
140 W/m2 45 W/m3
Load/m2 of floor area Load/m3 of floor vol.
Distributed cooling plant
kW/kW cooling capacity
36 36
125 W/m2 40 W/m3
Load/m2 of floor area Load/m3 of floor vol.
Central cooling plant
36 36
Rule of thumb
Other information
Design area
Ref
34
220 W/m2
Restaurants
Application
34 34
120 W/m2 180 W/m2
Perimeter zones up to 6 m
TABLE 2: Cooling plant
34
75 W/m2
Interior zones more than 7 m from windows 60% glazing 65% glazing
Ref
Other information
Rule of thumb
Design area
Application
For estimates of thermal loads used to assess plant and terminal equipment sizes To determine total solar and internal gains, multiply the loads by total floor area Actual solar gains depend on glazing and shading, and contribution of thermal mass
TABLE 1: Cooling loads
When to use: How to use: Watch out for:
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
Equipment and solar loads
Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003
13
Out-of-town building
Plus brise soleil
Plus brise soleil
Clear double-glazed with internal blinds
As above with flat slab
As above with coffered slab
34 34 34 16 16
70 W/m2 60 W/m2 110 W/m2 10 W/m2 12 W/m2
Offices
Residential buildings
Retail buildings
Heat gains
For references see page 60
Metabolic Lighting Small power loads (diversified over minimum of 1000 m2)
Offices
General offices
4
34
80 W/m2
Industrial buildings
15 W/m2
34
100 W/m2
Floor area
Educational buildings
General buildings
34
39 39
39 39
90 W/m2 (30 W/m3)
1860 W instant 1680 W lag (mass)
1860 W instant 1710 W lag (mass)
39 39
34 34
250 W/m2 of glass 150 W/m2 of glass
2650 W instant 2490 W lag (mass)
Ref
Rule of thumb
Ref
Other information
All data for 6 m deep, 1500 mm wide module. U-value 33 W/m2K.
South facing East-West facing
Other information
Rule of thumb
Design area
Application
(June-Sept) (June-Sept)
Windows with internal blinds
TABLE 4: Heat loads
Application
Design area
TABLE 3: Solar gains (over floor area)
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
14
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Offices
Offices
Type A IT rooms
Ventilation: recommended maximum temperature
Air conditioning: recommended maximum temperature
IT rooms by classification
For references see page 60
Application
Design area
TABLE 2: Ventilation and air conditioning
Summer design temperature for air conditioning
Rate of lowering outdoor design temp. with altitude above sea level
Specifically designed and built for IT equipment (ideally, isolated from office areas)
95% operation/year
95% operation/year
Other information
Dry bulb temperature Wet bulb temperature
Dedicated IT room required
24C (or lower)
25C
38
4
4
Ref
37 37
28C 19 C
Rule of thumb
37
-06 C/100 m
37 37
-3C -1C
With 20% surplus boiler capacity
Single-storey building Other buildings
37
-4C
Without surplus boiler capacity
Winter design temperatures for heating
Ref
Rule of thumb
Application
Design area
Other information
During the early stages of design When setting inernal environmental conditions based on known or assumed loads Specific client requirements, and contexts that allow greater latitude in design settings
TABLE 1: External conditions
When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
Table 2 continued
Comfort factors
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
15
For references see page 60
Maximum recommended mean air velocities
Design area
Application
08 m/s 02 – 0 3 m/s
Papers will lift at velocities in excess of Television and broadcasting studios
2
37
37 37 37 37 37 37 37
015 m/s 0 25 m/s 0 15 m/s 0 2 m/s 0 25 m/s 0 3 m/s 0 2 m/s
In Winter In Summer At 21C At 22C At 23C At 24C On back of neck
38
38
Ref
Ref
Non air-conditioned office, room or workspace
Air-conditioned office, room or workspace
Rule of thumb
Rule of thumb
Other information
Room where IT equipment is used at workstations (may use natural or mechanical ventilation)
Type C IT rooms
TABLE 3: Room air movement
Designed for intensive use of IT equipment at workstations (where air-conditioning must be used)
Type B IT rooms
IT rooms by classification (continued)
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 2: Ventilation and air conditioning continued
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
16
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Bedrooms, theatres, churches Small offices, libraries, living rooms General offices, classrooms, small shops NR 35 Reception areas, restaurants Kitchens, computer rooms, large shops Factories
Quiet rooms
Private rooms
Public rooms
General areas
Work areas
Industrial areas
For references see page 60
Up to NR 40 Up to NR 45 Up to NR 50 Up to NR 55 Over NR 70
7m 4m 2 2 m 1 2 m Too noisy
Marginal
If less than 5 dBA
Limiting distances for speech intelligibility (background noise level)
Complaints expected
If more than 10 dBA
External noise level criteria for new noise (above background noise)
Up to NR 50 Up to NR 60 Up to NR 75 Over NR 75
Satisfactory Slightly difficult Difficult Unsatisfactory
Intelligibility of telephone conversation at background noise levels
NR 50 or above
NR 45
NR 40
NR 30
NR 25
NR 20
Concert halls, sound studios
Very quiet rooms
Rule of thumb
Recommended maximum background noise levels
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 4: Noise levels
37 37 37 37 37
37
37
37 37 37 37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
Ref
Your notes and comments
Comfort factors
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
17
21-23C
21-23C
21-23C
18C
23-25C
21-23C
24-25C
Education (teaching spaces)
Exhibition hall/conference facilities
Factory/warehouse
Fitness/health clubs (equipment rooms)
Hospitals (ward and patient areas)
Hotels (bedrooms)
Libraries (reading rooms)
21-23C
23-26C
Retail (shops/stores)
Swimming pools (pool halls)
For references see page 60
Your notes and comments
British Council for Offices
2
Various sources including CIBSE Guide
1
24C
Offices (general, BCO data)
1
21-23C
21-23C
Computer rooms (general)
Museums and galleries (display, storage)
21-23C
23-26C
19-21C
22C
19-21C
22-23C
19-21C
22-24C
12-18C
11-21C
19-21C
19-21C
19-21C
19-21C
Internal design temperature Summer Winter
Cinemas (sedentary role)
Building Type
TABLE 5: Comfort data sheet1
05 ac/h
05-1 ac/h
025-05 ac/h
1 ac/h
025-075 ac/h
1 ac/h
2 ac/h
075 ac/h
025-25 ac/h
025-05 ac/h
2 ac/h
1 ac/h
05 ac/h
Infiltration (ac/h)
0-15 l/s/m (of wetted area)
2
8 l/s/person
8-12 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
10 – 12 ac/h
8 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
8 l/s/person
Ventilation fresh air
300 lux
500-750 lux
300-500 lux
200 lux
300 lux
50-100 lux
50-100 lux
300 lux
750-1000 lux
300 lux
300 lux
300 lux
300 lux
Lighting level (Lux)
NR40-NR50
NR35-NR45
NR25-NR40
NR30-NR35
NR30-NR35
NR20-NR30
NR30-NR35
NR30-NR40
NR45-NR65
NR40
NR25-NR35
NR35-NR45
NR25-NR30
Noise level (NR)
18
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
During outline design before the architect has finalised space planning For determining the spatial and operational characteristics of main plant The rules for boiler and cooling plant are based on unit floor area or unit volume
For references see page 60
Condensing boilers
Boiler efficiency Efficiency losses
Boiler plant efficiency
Boiler plant Typical seasonal efficiencies
Power per unit area
Sill diffusers
Ceiling diffusers
Underfloor or warm water system
Typical efficiency Blowdown (steam) Casing Flue
Allowance for grille
Maximum height
Limit of throw Surface projections
36 36
120 W/m2 floor area 40 W/m3 volume
90%
22
36 36 36 36
36
Allow 0 3 m width
75% 2% 3% 15 – 20%
36
36
36
16 36
66% of ceiling height
8m Not to exceed 50 mm within 1m of diffuser outlet
10 – 40 kPa 033 – 1 72 bar
36
06 – 2 m/s
Air discharge
16 16
30C (max) 13C (min)
Air supply temperatures
Ref
36 16
Rule of thumb 2 5 – 4 m/s 10 – 2 5 m/s
Heating mode Cooling mode
Other information
Heating coil Cooling coil
Application
Boiler plant capacity
Non-zoning partitions
Air distribution From source
Water pressure drop Steam pressure drop
Coil water velocity
Air handling units Air face velocity
Design area
TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant
When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:
Your notes and comments
Table 1 continued
System features
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
19
Electrical input (kW)
Air temperature rise
Fans
For references see page 60
1C per kPa
Low pressure systems Class A Medium pressure systems Class B High pressure systems Class C
Air leakage system loss percentage
Total fan pressure
16 x total fan pressure (kPa) times volume flow rate (m3/s) 36
Low velocity supply Low velocity extract High velocity supply 6% 3% 2%
900 Pa 400 Pa 1 5 – 2 kPa
36
15 15 15
36 36 36
36 36
Typical system resistances (including air handling plant)
1 Pa/m 8 Pa/m
Low velocity systems High velocity systems
36
25 m/s
Maximum pressure drop rates (per metre run)
Through free area
36 36
3 – 5 m/s 7 5 – 15 m/s
Inlet louvres
Low velocity systems High velocity systems
36
36
22
22
22
22
22
Ref
Ductwork
Ductwork Typical duct velocities
40 litres/kW
Fuel storage
Volume per kW
1 kW/person
Class D oil
70%
80 – 82%
Typical good boiler
High efficiency boilers
Non-condensing boilers
85%
75%
83/72C flow/return
Standard fixedtemperature emitters
87%
Rule of thumb
Good boiler design closely matched to demand
Weather compensated
Other information
Standard size radiators variable temperature circuit
Application
Chiller plant capacity
Boiler plant Typical seasonal efficiencies (continued)
Design area
Your notes and comments
Table 1 continued
20
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003 15 – 50 mm pipe diameter 075 – 1 5 m/s
0 25 litres/m 0 4 litres/m 0 6 litres/m 1 2 litres/m 1 5 litres/m
For references see page 60
1 m/s 1 2 m/s 2 m/s maximum
Small bore Microbore Corrosive water
Water velocity (system)
6%
Conventional pipe systems Over 50 mm diameter 100 – 300 Pa/m
Initial pressure per 100 m pipe run
Conventional pipe systems Over 50 mm diameter 125 – 3 m/s
Water velocity
15 mm diameter pipe 20 mm diameter pipe 25 mm diameter pipe 32 mm diameter pipe 40 mm diameter pipe
36 36 36
16
36
36
36
36 36 36 36 36
36 36
1 2 litres/kW 5 litres/kW
Extruded aluminium Steel panel radiators
Water pressure
Steam pressure drop
Pipework Capacity per unit length of of steel pipe
36 36
1 5 litres/kW 3 litres/kW
Boilers Aluminium cast radiator
Capacity per unit of power produced (boilers, radiators)
23 23 23
Ref
6 x boiler size (kW)+10% 3 10 x boiler size (kW)+10% 3
1 4 litres/s per m3 35 litres/s per m3 2 1 litres/s per m3
Rule of thumb
36
Conventional system
Capacity per unit area of radiator surface
Approximate value Approximate value
Other information
1 litre/m2
Domestic systems Commercial systems
Offices Restaurants Retail stores, halls, theatres
Application
Heating systems Total system volume (system size, in litres)
Fans (continued) Fan capacity of ventilated space
Design area
TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant continued Your notes and comments
Table 1 continued
System features
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
21
For references see page 60
IT facilities Sizing guidelines for downflow units
Water treatment Additives required
Pumps Head pressure (pump head)
Capacity per unit of finned area
Steam velocity
Design area
Width 700 mm Depth 400-700 mm Height 2000 mm Width 1300 mm Depth 400-700 mm Height 2000 mm Width 1900 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 2500 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 3000 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 3700 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm Width 5000 mm Depth 800 mm Height 2000 mm
16-20 kW
25-32 kW
39-50 kW
60-70 kW
77-90 kW
100 kW
30% of system volume
Add 10% to water
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
16
36
36
36
49 litres/m2
036 x index circuit length
36 36 36
Ref
40 – 60 m/s 30 – 40 m/s 20 – 30 m/s
Rule of thumb
3-12 kW
Glycol concentration
Frost protection
Net sensible cooling
With steel pipework
Pressure (in kPa), length (m)
Superheated steam Saturated steam Exhaust
Other information
Copper pipework
Finned tube coils
Application
Your notes and comments
Table 1 continued
22
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Airflow rates
Operating conditions
Typical cooling and power requirements for IT cabinets and racks
IT facilities continued
Design area
53
53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53
53
025 to 0 35 1/sm2
Range: 5 to 35oC Change: +/- 0 3oC/min Range: 20 to 80% rh Change: +/- 10%/h Range: 22 +/- 1oC Change: +/- 0 5 K/min Range: 40% to 60% Change: +/- 10%/h 1 m3/s of air for 12 kW of cooling
Equipment temperature
Equipment humidity
Room temperature
Room humidity
Per m2 of cabinet/ rack floor area
Cooling with water
53
Ref
53
Per m2 of cabinet/ rack floor area
Cooling with air
3 to 4 kW/m2
Rule of thumb
300 to 400 l/sm2
Per kW/m2 of cabinet/rack floor area
Other information
Electrical load
Application
TABLE 1: Sizing and operating characteristics of plant continued Your notes and comments
System features
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
23
For references see page 60
Your notes and comments
24
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Natural Gas Oil Electricity Coal
Application
Average
For references see page 60
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Gas or oil (delivered)
Electricity (delivered)
Good practice Typical
Electricity (delivered)
Energy costs over treated floor area
Good practice Typical
Gas or oil (delivered)
Naturally ventilated (open plan) Type 2, purpose-built, sometimes converted industrial space, 500 – 4000 m2
Good practice Typical
Energy costs over treated floor area (tfa)
Naturally ventilated (cellular) Type 1, simple relatively small building, sometimes converted residential, 100 – 3000 m2
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 2: Energy benchmarks for offices – annual consumption
CO2 to carbon
Carbon dioxide emission (Kg CO2/kWh delivery) by fuel
Design area
Other information
When determining total building energy consumption From briefing onwards through to design and operation (See also CIBSE TM22) Change to the carbon conversion ratios which are continually being updated
TABLE 1: Energy conversions
When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:
kg kg kg kg
CO2/kWh CO2/kWh CO2/kWh CO2/kWh
Ref 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
£3.50 m2 tfa £6.00 m2 tfa 79 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2 33 kWh/m2 54 kWh/m2 £4.50 m2 tfa £7.00 m2 tfa 79 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2 54 kWh/m2 85 kWh/m2
1
1 1 1 1
Ref
Rule of thumb
Divide by 3 67
019 025 046 030
Rule of thumb
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
25
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
97 kWh/m2 178 kWh/m2 128 kWh/m2 226 kWh/m2
£13.00 m2 tfa £20.00 m2 tfa 114 kWh/m2 210 kWh/m2 1 1
1 1
£8.00 m2 tfa £14.00 m2 tfa
234 kWh/m2 358 kWh/m2
Ref
Rule of thumb
Your notes and comments
For references see page 60
Naturally ventilated civic offices
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Air conditioned civic offices
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Town hall
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Rule of thumb 84 kWh/m2 111 kWh/m2 112 kWh/m2 170 kWh/m2 97 kWh/m2 178 kWh/m2 128 kWh/m2 226 kWh/m2 54 kWh/m2 85 kWh/m2 79 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
TABLE 3: Energy benchmarks for local authority buildings (annual consumption for net lettable area)
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Gas or oil (delivered)
Electricity (delivered)
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Electricity (delivered)
Energy costs
Good practice Typical
Gas or oil (delivered)
Air conditioned (prestige) Type 4, national or regional head office, purpose-built to high standards, intensively used and extensive storage, parking and leisure facilities, 4000 – 20 000 m2
Good practice Typical
Energy costs
Air conditioned (standard) Type 3, purpose-built, speculative often intensively used, 2000 – 8000 m2
Other information
Application
Design area
Table 3 continued
26
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Museums
Libraries
Leisure centre (with swimming pool)
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Small pool
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Dry sports centre
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
Rule of thumb 64 kWh/m2 105 kWh/m2 158 kWh/m2 343 kWh/m2
152 kWh/m2 237 kWh/m2 573 kWh/m2 1336 kWh/m2
164 kWh/m2 258 kWh/m2 573 kWh/m2 1321 kWh/m2
32 kWh/m2 47 kWh/m2 112 kWh/m2 172 kWh/m2
26 kWh/m2 68 kWh/m2 82 kWh/m2 192 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
TABLE 3: Energy benchmarks for local authority buildings (annual consumption for net lettable area) continued
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
27
For references see page 60
Depots
Day centre
Community centres
Temporary homeless units
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity
Good practice Typical
Electricity
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Hostels
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Residential care homes
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
Rule of thumb 59 kWh/m2 75 kWh/m2 310 kWh/m2 390 kWh/m2
46 kWh/m2 68 kWh/m2 278 kWh/m2 385 kWh/m2
48 kWh/m2 71 kWh/m2 287 kWh/m2 339 kWh/m2
22 kWh/m2 33 kWh/m2 115 kWh/m2 164 kWh/m2
51 kWh/m2 68 kWh/m2 156 kWh/m2 245 kWh/m2
101 kWh/m2 120 kWh/m2 133 kWh/m2 152 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
Table 3 continued
28
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Electricity
Electricity
Car parks, open
Car parks, closed
Typical
Typical
Other information
Ref 40 40
Rule of thumb 1 kWh/m2 25 kWh/m2
For references see page 60
Long-stay hospital
Cottage hospital
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Acute hospital
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Teaching hospital
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41
Rule of thumb 107 GJ/100 m3 151 GJ/100 m3 420 GJ/100 m3 510 GJ/100 m3 9 2 GJ/100 m3 134 GJ/100 m3 524 GJ/100 m3 633 GJ/100 m3 6 8 GJ/100 m3 9 7 GJ/100 m3 55 0 GJ/100 m3 61 0 GJ/100 m3 6 0 GJ/100 m3 8 9 GJ/100 m3 49 7 GJ/100 m3 64 3 GJ/100 m3
TABLE 4: Energy benchmarks for hospitals (annual consumption for heated volume)
Application
Design area
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
TABLE 3: Energy benchmarks for Local Authority buildings (annual consumption for net lettable area) continued
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
29
Space heating (fossil fuel)
Factory
42
130 kWh/m2
125 kWh/m2
Medium-weight construction up to 5000 m2 Good practice Medium-weight construction over 5000 m2 Good practice 42
42
Lightweight construction over 5000 m2 Good practice 92 kWh/m2
Ref
42
Rule of thumb
Lightweight construction up to 5000 m2 Good practice 96 kWh/m2
Other information
Your notes and comments
For references see page 60
Good practice Good practice Good practice
Fans, pumps, controls(electricity)
Lighting (electricity)
Other (electricity)
Good practice
Other (electricity) Good practice
Good practice
Lighting (electricity)
Heating and hot water (fossil fuel)
Good practice
Fans, pumps, controls (electricity)
Factory with office
Good practice
Heating and hot water (fossil fuel)
General manufacturing
Other information
Application
Design area
43
20 kWh/m2
43 43 43
10 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 25 kWh/m2
43
43
20 kWh/m2
100 kWh/m2
43
43
Ref
10 kWh/m2
125 kWh/m2
Rule of thumb
Your notes and comments
TABLE 6: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings (annual consumption for gross floor area)
Application
Design area
TABLE 5: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings (annual consumption for heated area)
Table 6 continued
30
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003 Good practice Good practice
Lighting (electricity)
Other (electricity)
43
10 kWh/m2
43 43 43
5 kWh/m2 5 kWh/m2 10 kWh/m2
43
43
15 kWh/m2
80 kWh/m2
43
43
Ref
6 kWh/m2
90 kWh/m2
Rule of thumb
Your notes and comments
Good practice Typical
Heating fuel
For references see page 60
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Local dry sports centre
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 44 44
44 44
Rule of thumb 64 kWh/m2 105 kWh/m2
158 kWh/m2 343 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
TABLE 7: Energy benchmarks for sports and recreational use (annual consumption for gross floor area)
Good practice
Fans, pumps, controls (electricity)
Good practice
Other (electricity)
Good practice
Good practice
Lighting (electricity)
Heating and hot water (fossil fuel)
Good practice
Fans, pumps, controls (electricity)
Storage and distribution
Good practice
Heating and hot water (fossil fuel)
Light manufacturing
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 6: Energy benchmarks for industrial buildings (annual consumption for gross floor area) continued
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
31
For references see page 60
Ice rink
Sportsground changing facility
Fitness centre
Combined centre
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Heating fuel
Good practice Typical
Heating fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Heating fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Heating fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Heating fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Heating fuel
Leisure pool centre
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Local 25 m swimming pool centre
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 44 44 44 44
44 44 44 44
44 44 44 44
44 44 44 44
44 44 44 44
44 44 44 44
Rule of thumb 152 kWh/m2 237 kWh/m2 573 kWh/m2 1336 kWh/m2
164 kWh/m2 258 kWh/m2 573 kWh/m2 1321 kWh/m2
96 kWh/m2 152 kWh/m2 264 kWh/m2 598 kWh/m2
127 kWh/m2 194 kWh/m2 201 kWh/m2 449 kWh/m2
93 kWh/m2 164 kWh/m2 141 kWh/m2 216 kWh/m2
167 kWh/m2 255 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2 217 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
32
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Smaller hotel Extra for air conditioning
Smaller hotel No pool or air conditioning
Business or holiday hotel Extra for air conditioning
Business or holiday hotel No pool or air conditioning
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Luxury hotel Extra for air conditioning
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Luxury hotel No pool or air conditioning
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 8: Energy benchmarks for hotels (annual consumption)
1160 kWh/bedroom 2900 kWh/bedroom
13 920 kWh/bedroom 20 880 kWh/bedroom
4640 kWh/bedroom 6960 kWh/bedroom
1740 kWh/bedroom 2320 kWh/bedroom
1740 kWh/bedroom 3480 kWh/bedroom
15 080 kWh/bedroom 23 200 kWh/bedroom
4640 kWh/bedroom 8120 kWh/bedroom
1740 kWh/bedroom 2320 kWh/bedroom
2320 kWh/bedroom 4060 kWh/bedroom
17 400 kWh/bedroom 26 680 kWh/bedroom
5220 kWh/bedroom 8700 kWh/bedroom
Rule of thumb
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
Ref
Your notes and comments
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
33
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
1740 kWh/bedroom 2900 kWh/bedroom
580 kWh/bedroom 1160 kWh/bedroom
1160 kWh/bedroom 1740 kWh/bedroom
Rule of thumb
45 45
45 45
45 45
Ref
Your notes and comments
For references see page 60
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Fossil fuel
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Bank, gas heating, no cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Bank, gas heating, with cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Bank, all electric, no cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Bank, gas heating, no cooling
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 45 45 45 45
45 45
45 45 45 45
45 45 45 45
Rule of thumb 70 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2 70 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2
100 kWh/m2 140 kWh/m2
100 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 70 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2
70 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2 70 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
TABLE 9: Energy benchmarks for banks and agencies (annual consumption for gross floor area)
Note: based on 58 m2 of hotel gross floor area per bedroom
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Extra for pool All hotel categories
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Smaller hotel continued Extra for air conditioning
Other information
Application
Design area
Table 9 continued
34
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Good practice Typical Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Fossil fuel
Bank, gas heating, with cooling
For references see page 60
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Agency, all electric, with cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Agency, gas heating, with cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Agency, all electric, no cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Agency, gas heating, no cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Bank, all electric, with cooling
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Bank, all electric, no cooling
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
Rule of thumb 100 kWh/m2 140 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 70 kWh/m2 100 kWh/m2 130 kWh/m2 190 kWh/m2 55 kWh/m2 75 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 230 kWh/m2 90 kWh/m2 160 kWh/m2 85 kWh/m2 125 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 230 kWh/m2 120 kWh/m2 210 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
TABLE 9: Energy benchmarks for banks and agencies (annual consumption for gross floor area) continued
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
35
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Ref 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
Rule of thumb 20 kWh/m2 28 kWh/m2 126 kWh/m2 173 kWh/m2 24 kWh/m2 30 kWh/m2 136 kWh/m2 174 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel Electrical consumption Fossil fuel
Research
Lecture hall
Office
Library
Catering
Recreation
For references see page 60
Electrical consumption Fossil fuel
Teaching
Further and higher education (target energy consumption)
Other information
Application
Design area
Ref 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Rule of thumb 22 kWh/m2 151 kWh/m2 105 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 108 kWh/m2 412 kWh/m2 36 kWh/m2 95 kWh/m2 50 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 650 kWh/m2 1100 kWh/m2 150 kWh/m2 360 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
TABLE 11: Energy benchmarks for further and higher education (annual consumption for gross floor area)
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Good practice Typical
Fossil fuel
Secondary schools
Good practice Typical
Electricity consumption
Primary schools
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 10: Energy benchmarks for schools (annual consumption for gross floor area)
36
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Hangers
Stores/warehouses
Motor transport facilities
Workshops
Multi occupancy facility
Design area
Low heating and uninsulated
Heated and uninsulated
Unoccupied
Occupied
Application
54 54
12 kWh/m2 315 kWh/m2
Fossil fuel
54
444 kWh/m2
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
21 kWh/m2
54
54 kWh/m2
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
3 kWh/m2
54
187 kWh/m2
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
34 kWh/m2
54
317 kWh/m2
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
20 kWh/m2
54
175 kWh/m2
Electricity consumption
Fossil fuel
54
29 kWh/m2
54
225 kWh/m2
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
Ref
29 kWh/m2
Rule of thumb
Electricity consumption
Other information
Your notes and comments
TABLE 12: Energy benchmarks for MOD establishments (annual consumption for treated floor area)
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
37
For references see page 60
Catering facilities
Messes with integral accommodation
Heated, insulated and refurbished
Hangers (continued)
Junior ranks’ mess
Officers’/sergeants’ combined mess
Sergeants’ mess
Officers’ mess
Unheated
Very low heating or store with low activity
Application
Design area
54 54
14 kWh/meal 25 kWh/meal
Fossil fuel
54
36 kWh/meal
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
21 kWh/meal
54
39 kWh/meal
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
22 kWh/meal
54
44 kWh/meal
Fossil fuel Electricity consumption
54
54
235 kWh/m2
25 kWh/meal
54
75 kWh/m2
54
Electricity consumption
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
nil
Fossil fuel
54
54
100 kWh/m2 9 kWh/m2
54
54
220 kWh/m2 9 kWh/m2
54
Ref
23 kWh/m2
Rule of thumb
Electricity consumption
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Fossil fuel
Electricity consumption
Other information
Your notes and comments
38
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Sports and recreational buildings (Gross floor area)
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Sports halls
Good practice Typical
Long stay
Leisure and conventional pool hall
Good practice Typical
Cottage
Good practice Typical
Type 4 office
Good practice Typical
Good practice Typical
Type 3 office
All acute
Good practice Typical
Type 2 office
Hospitals (Treated floor area)
Good practice Typical
Type 1 office
Offices (Treated floor area) See page 24 and 25 for type definition
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 13: Lighting systems benchmarks (annual consumption) Ref 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41 41 41 41 41 41 44 44
44 44
Rule of thumb 12 kWh/m2 15 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 18 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 20 kWh/m2 40 kWh/m2 12 kWh/m2 23 5 kWh/m2 11 kWh/m2 22 kWh/m2 26 kWh/m2 50 kWh/m2
26 kWh/m2 43 kWh/m2
Your notes and comments
Energy and carbon issues
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
39
Good practice Typical
Common areas
For references see page 60
Good practice Good practice
Good practice Typical
Spectator areas
300 lux 500 lux
Good practice Typical
Fitness/health suites
General factory lighting (Treated floor area)
Good practice Typical
Ice rink
Sports and recreational buildings (Gross floor area)
Other information
Application
Design area
44 44 44 44
44 44
41 kWh/m2 61 kWh/m2 30 kWh/m2 46 kWh/m2
41 kWh/m2 61 kWh/m2
42 42
44 44
26 kWh/m2 50 kWh/m2
5-6 W/m2 8-10 W/m2
Ref
Rule of thumb
Your notes and comments
40
Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003 200 litres/bed
110 litres/bed 125 litres/bed 70 litres/bed
With canteen No canteen
Day school Boarding school
District general
Surgical and medical wards
Paediatric wards
Geriatric wards
Offices, shops, factories
Schools
Hospitals
For references see page 60
115 litres/bedroom 135 litres/bedroom
Budget Four/five star
Hotels
15 litres/pupil 114 litres/pupil
15 litres/person 10 litres/person
90 litres/bedroom
Care home
55 litres/bedroom
More than three bedrooms
70 litres/bedroom
75 litres/bedroom
Two bedrooms
Student accommodation, nurses , childrens and sheltered home
115 litres/bedroom
Single bedroom
Dwellings
Rule of thumb
Application
Design area
Other information
When determining user water needs and storage From briefing onwards through to design and operation Extraneous loads that may increase required pumping capacity/hours of operation
TABLE 1: Hot water demand, daily
When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:
21
21
21
21
21 21
21 21
21 21
21
21
21
21
21
Ref
Your notes and comments
Water consumption
Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003
41
135 – 150 litres/bedroom 21 200 litres/bedroom 21
Budget Four/five star
With canteen No canteen
Hotels
Offices, shops, factories
For references see page 60
150 litres/inmate
Prison
45 litres/person 40 litres/person
135 litres/bed space
Children’s home, and elderly care home
21 21
21
21
21
21
21
120 litres/bed space
Over three bedrooms
21
Nurses’ homes and sheltered home
100 litres/bedroom
Two bedrooms
21
90 – 100 litres/bedroom
130 litres/bedroom
Single bedroom
Dwellings
Ref
21
21
21
21
Ref
Student accommodation
210 litres/bedroom
Application
Design area
Rule of thumb
1 litre/person (excluding staff)
Museum, theatre, cinema and night club
TABLE 2: Water demand, daily
2 litres/person (excluding staff)
Art gallery, bars and library
Other information
35 litres/person
Field and all weather pitch
Places of assembly
20 litres/person
Sports hall and swimming pool
Rule of thumb
Sports changing rooms
Other information
Application
Design area
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
Table 2 continued
42
Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Places of assembly
Sports changing rooms
140 litres/bed
Geriatric wards
6 litres/person (excluding staff) 3 litre/person (excluding staff) 4 litres/person (excluding staff)
Art gallery, library and museum
Theatre and cinema
Bars and night club
35 litres/person
300 litres/bed
Paediatric wards
Field and all weather pitch
220 litres/bed
Medical wards
20 litres/person
220 litres/bed
Surgical wards
Sports hall and swimming pool
600 litres/bed
90 litres/pupil
Boarding
District general
20 litres/pupil
Secondary
Hospitals
15 litres/pupil
Nursery and primary
Rule of thumb
Schools
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 2: Water demand, daily continued
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
Ref
Your notes and comments
Water consumption
Rules Of Thumb BSRIA 2003
43
For references see page 60
Your notes and comments
44
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Total load (kVA) Design allowance for future expansion (percentage)
35
35
16
16
35
60 W/m2
10 W/m2
200 – 400 W/m2
500 – 1000 W/m2 Total kW/0 8
Add 25% to existing capacity
Net area
Net area
Air conditioning
Passenger lifts
Small computer room
Bespoke call centre
Total building load
Percentage increase in load
35
4
15 W/m2
16
16
Small power diversified over a minimum of 1000 m2
Assisted start
16
16
Ref
10 – 12 W/m2
Electrical motors
3-phase supply Direct on-line starting
Rule of thumb
Lighting
Above 4 kW rating
Electrical motors Electrical motors
Electrical supply
Electrical services load Per square metre of building floor area for offices unless otherwise stated
Above 3 kW rating Up to and including 3 kW rating
Application
Design area
Other information
To determine electrical supply requirements in buildings When assessing the connected capacity in terms of unit floor area Allowances for expansion, particularly for on-floor communications rooms
TABLE 1: Electrical supplies and loads
When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:
Your notes and comments
Electrical systems
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
45
As a general guide to the outline services costs of specific building types At the briefing stage onwards and during assessment of m&e tenders Additions or amendments to the generic building type which might alter costs
Non air-conditioned Fully air-conditioned Fully air-conditioned
District general Private
For letting (category A standard)
Owner occupied
Civic
Hospitals
Offices
Offices
For references see page 60
Warehouses
High bay
£220 – £346 £308 – £364 £346 – £407
Science buildings:
Physics Biology Chemistry
£230 – £285
Arts buildings
Universities
£89 – £177
£168 – £252
Secondary and middle schools
£73 – £100 £99– £130
Schools
Two-storey houses Medium-rise flats
Local authority
£361 – £516
£217 – £289 £320 – £516
£175 – £196 £271 – £423
£405 – £573 £428 – £674
£66 – £166
Rule of thumb
Residential housing
Non air-conditioned Fully air-conditioned
Owner occupied
Factories
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 1: Mechanical and electrical services costs (£/m2 of total floor area)
When to use: Where to use: Watch out for:
25
25
25
25
25 25
25
25 25
25 25
25 25
25
Ref
Your notes and comments
Cost data
Cost of m&e services by building type
46
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Mechanical services, public health services and fire protection
Offices: urban commercial Category A fit-out
For references see page 60
Public health installation Mechanical services Electrical services Fire protection
Offices: urban commercial Shell and core only
Electrical services
Space heating and air 2000 data treatment Electrical installation Protective installation Communication installation BMS and associated equipment Builders work in connection
Offices: city Category A fit-out
1999 data
1999 data
Sanitary fittings 2000 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Protective installation Communication installation BMS and associated equipment Builders work in connection
Offices: city Shell and core only
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 2: Cost data as a percentage of total services cost
34%
66%
12
12
12 12 12
47% 32% 8%
6
3%
12
6
6%
13%
6
4%
6
3%
6 6
6
10%
31% 10%
6
8%
6
6 6 6
47% 14% 7%
46%
6 6 6
Ref
2% 6% 3%
Rule of thumb
Your notes and comments
Cost data
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
47
Space heating and 2001 data air treatment Ventilation systems Electrical installations Protective installations Communications installations BMS and associated equipment
Public health 2000 data installation Mechanical installation Refrigeration installation Electrical installation Protective installation Communication installation Specialist installation (BMS and point of sale installation) Builders work in connection
Public health 2002 data installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation
Public health installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation Medical gases installation
Data / computer services
Supermarkets Services fit-out
School buildings
Hospital Standalone specialist unit
For references see page 60
Mechanical services Electrical services
Offices: out of town commercial Category A fit-out
1999 data
1991 data
Public health Mechanical services Electrical services
Offices: out of town commercial Shell and core
Other information
Application
Design area
10% 41% 37% 6% 6%
12% 48% 38% 2%
1%
3% 16% 47% 21% 5% 4% 3%
56 56 56 56 56
55 55 55 55
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
14
14
8% 2%
14 14 14 14
11 11
11 11 11
Ref
30% 6% 51% 3%
78% 22%
13% 57% 30%
Rule of thumb
10
Your notes and comments
Table 2 continued
48
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Public health 2002 data installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation
University buildings
For references see page 60
Cinemas: multiplex (shell construction)
Sanitary fittings 1999 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Lift installation Protective installation Communication installation Ice floor refrigeration BMS Builders work in connection Disposal installation 2000 data Water installation Electrical installation Lift installation
Arenas (indoor)
Other information
Application
Design area 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 13 13 13 13
8% 8% 1% 1% 3% 3% 1% 1% 0 6% 0 2% 4 0% 5 8%
Ref
2% 1% 1%
Rule of thumb
58 58 58 58
57
9% 8% 38% 50% 4%
57 57 57 57
Ref
7% 50% 33% 1%
Rule of thumb
TABLE 3: Services costs per square metre as a percentage of total construction cost
Public health 2003 data installation Mechanical installation Electrical installation Lift installation Services associated with swimming pool
Sports and leisure centres
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 2: Cost data as a percentage of total services cost continued
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
Cost data
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
49
Sanitary fittings 1998 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Lift installation Protective installation Communication installation Builders work in connection
Health clubs
For references see page 60
Sanitary fittings 2000 data Disposal installation Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Lift installation Protective installation Communication installation BMS Builders work in connection
Convention centre
2000 data
Other information
Water installation Space heating and air treatment Electrical installation Communication installation BMS Builders work in connection
Protective installation Communication installation Builders work in connection
Application
Cinemas: multiplex (cinema fit-out)
Design area 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
34% 04% 14% 18 4% 90% 40% 20% 10% 02% 07% 12% 72% 69% 30% 06% 34% 10% 14% 10% 06% 10% 125% 71% 05% 03% 36% 16%
Ref
06%
Rule of thumb
Your notes and comments
TABLE 3: Services costs per square metre as a percentage of total construction cost continued
50
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2
Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2
Full air conditioning using VAV
Full air conditioning, using fan-assisted VAV
Full air conditioning, using three-pipe VAV
Full air conditioning, ventilated (active) chilled beams
Full air conditioning, chilled beam, exposed multi-service raft
Full air conditioning, concealed (passive) chilled beams
Full air conditioning, chilled ceiling
Full air conditioning, displacement ventilation
Office up to 3000 m2
Comfort cooling, two-pipe VRV
Full air conditioning using fan coils
Office over 3000 m2
Comfort cooling, two-pipe variable refrigerant volume
£108 – £144/m2
£165 – £195/m2
£135 – £165/m2
£190 – £220/m2
£155 – £185/m2
£118 – £139/m2
£155 – £185/m2
£155 – £185/m2
£155 – £175/m2 £139 – £160/m2
£93 – £113/m2
£93 – £113/m2
£113 – £134/m2 £108 – £124/m2
Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2
Comfort cooling, two-pipe fan coil
Air conditioning, including ventilation
Rule of thumb
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 4: Capital costs (for gross area)
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25 25
25
25
25 25
Ref
Your notes and comments
Cost data
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
51
For references see page 60
£93 – £113/m2 £155 – £175/m2 £139 – £160/m2
Office over 3000 m2 Office up to 3000 m2 Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2
Comfort cooling, two-pipe variable refrigerant volume
Comfort cooling, two-pipe VRV
Full air conditioning with fan coils
Full air conditioning with VAV
£155 – £185/m2
£190 – £220/m2 £135 – £165/m2 £165 – £195/m2
Office up to 3000 m2
Full air conditioning, ventilated (active) chilled beams Office over 3000 m2
Office over 3000 m2
Office over 3000 m2
Office over 3000 m2
Full air conditioning chilled beam exposed multi-service raft
Full air conditioning, concealed (passive) chilled beams Office over 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2
Full air conditioning three-pipe VAV
Full air conditioning, chilled ceiling
Full air conditioning displacement ventilation
Full air conditioning, chilled ceiling/perimeter chilled beam
£175 – £205/m2
£108 – £144/m2
£118 – £139/m2
Office over 3000 m2
Full air conditioning with fan-assisted VAV £155 – £185/m2
£155 – £185/m2
£93 – £113/m2
£108 – £124/m2
Office over 3000 m2
two-pipe fan coil
including ventilation continued
£113 – £134/m2
Office up to 3000 m2
Comfort cooling,
Air conditioning,
Rule of thumb
Other information
Application
Design area
25
25
Ref
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25 25
25
25
Your notes and comments
Table 4 continued
52
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Normal services
Dry risers
Water installation
Fire protection
For references see page 60
BMS including motor control panels and control cabling
Normal services
Sanitaryware and above ground disposal installation
£20 – 25/m2 £20 – 25/m2
Full air conditioning, with chilled beams
25
£15 – 20/m2
Full air conditioning, variable air volume
25
£1 – 2/m2
25
25
25
25 25
25
25
25 25
25 25
25 25
25 25
25 25
Ref
£5 – 15/m2 £9 – 17/m2
£22 – 35/m2
Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2
£10 – 15/m2
£4 – 12/m2
Office up to 3000 m2 Low rise office over 3000 m2
£57 – 67/m2 £45 – 62/m2
Office up to 3000 m2 Office over 3000 m2
Full air conditioning, fan coil/chilled ceiling
Sprinkler installation
LPHW
Heating installation including gas installations
£220/m2 £191/m2
£235/m2 £202/m2
3000 m2 office 10 000 m2 office
Chilled ceiling with perimeter chilled beams 3000 m2 office 10 000 m2 office
£224/m2 £179/m2
3000 m2 office 10 000 m2 office
Fan coil system
Passive chilled beam system
£246/m2 £195/m2
3000 m2 office 10 000 m2 office
VAV
Air conditioning Cost for all plant and equipment, distribution ductwork and pipework, BMS and all associated electrical work
Rule of thumb
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 4: Capital costs (for gross area) continued Your notes and comments
Cost data
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
53
For references see page 60
Extension of lighting into general office areas, Lighting Guide 3 luminaires to 350 – 400 lux
Electrical installations Extension of small power distribution into general office areas
Radiators and pipework
LPHW perimeter heating
Conventional or modular
Wiring
Luminaires to ceiling and wall washers to cores
Including luminaires, wiring and emergency packs
Including lead and plug; one per10 m2
Floor outlet boxes
Generally
No floor boxes
Busbar and cables only
Extension of control/ BMS into general office areas
Extra over raised floors; one per 5 m2
Extra over suspended ceiling
Floor diffusers
Chilled ceiling
Underfloor a/c system
£25 – 30/m2
£8 – 10/m2
£33 – 40/m2
£5 – 6/m2
£10 – 15/m2
£10 – 20/m2
£20 – 30/m2
£10 – 20/m2
£115 – 160/m2
£125 – 150/m2
£20 – 30/m2
No heating
Underfloor displacement ventilation
52
£95 – 135/m2
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Ref
Rule of thumb
£100 – 140/m2
VAV
Mechanical installations Extension of hvac into general office areas
Other information
Four-pipe fan coil units
Application
Design area
TABLE 5: Office fit-out costs Your notes and comments
Table 5 continued
54
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Extension of sprinkler network into general office areas
Protective installations
For references see page 60
£3000 – 3500 each
£2000 – 2500 each
Access control to door including recessed lock, card readers
Internal closed circuit television (fixed)
£3 – 8/m2
£4 – 8/m2
£3 – 4/m2
£9 – 12/m2
Rule of thumb
£18 – 30/m2
One box per 10 m2 with four outlets each
Fully addressable
Other information
IT/data cabling (category 6 including cabinets and patch panels)
Public address system
Fire alarms
Passive infrared lighting controls for general office areas
Lighting continued
Communications
Application
Design area
TABLE 5: Office fit-out costs continued
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Ref
Your notes and comments
Cost data
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
55
For references see page 60
48 48
48 48 48
£700/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £1800/100 m2 £1050/100 m2 £1950/100 m2 £1700/100 m2
Factory/office
Warehouses
Offices, air conditioned
Offices, non air conditioned
Call centres
Banks/building societies
48
48
£550/100 m2
Factories
Mechanical and electrical maintenance costs
Ref
Other information
47 47 47
47 47
£0.52/ft2 £3-8/m2 £0.36/ft2 £0.32/ft2 £0.13/ft2
46
46
46
Ref
£0.22/ft2
£0.49/ft2
£0.91/ft2
Rule of thumb*
Rule of thumb
Application
Design area
TABLE 7: Annual M&E maintenance costs (gross floor area)
*Note all values are in Imperial values as per the original source
Enclosed, non-air conditioned Part enclosed Open
Enclosed Air conditioned
Average service charge for lift maintenance
Lifts
Average service charge for m&e services maintenance
Average service charge for heating maintenance
Non air conditioned
Shopping centres
Average service charge for heating and air conditioning maintenance
Air conditioned
Offices (let)
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 6: Annual service charges (lettable area)
Your notes and comments
Your notes and comments
Table 7 continued
56
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
48 48
£900 / 100 m2 £1400 / 100 m2
For references see page 60
48
£1250 / 100 m2
48 48 48
48 48 48 48 48 48
£850 / 100 m2 £1850 / 100 m2 £1150 / 100 m2
£1550 / 100 m2 £1000 / 100 m2 £800 / 100 m2 £1300 / 100 m2 £1200 / 100 m2 £1250 / 100 m2
Swimming pools
Sports centres
Sports centres with swimming pools
Primary schools
Secondary schools
Universities
Museums
Libraries
Nursing homes and hospices
Hospitals
Shops (non-food)
Supermarkets
48
£550 / 100 m2
Shopping centres, non air-conditioned
48
£750 / 100 m2
Ref
Shopping centres, air-conditioned
Rule of thumb
Mechanical and electrical maintenance costs continued
Other information
Application
Design area
TABLE 7: Annual M&E maintenance costs (gross floor area) continued Your notes and comments
Cost data
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
57
For references see page 60
51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51
£500/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £2050/100 m2 £900/100 m2 £3000/100 m2 £1300/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £450/100 m2 £3100/100 m2 £1350/100 m2 £1250/100 m2 £1050/100 m2 £2200/100 m2 £1200/100 m2 £1650/100 m2 £550/100 m2 £600/100 m2 £1050/100 m2 £1450/100 m2 £1050/100 m2
Factory/office
Warehouses
Call centres
Banks/building societies
Shopping centres, air-conditioned
Shopping centres, non air-conditioned
Supermarkets
Shops (non-food)
Hospitals, general and acute
Nursing homes and hospices
Swimming pools
Sports centres
Sports centres with swimming pools
Primary schools
Secondary schools
Universities
Museums
Libraries
Offices, non air-conditioned
Offices, air-conditioned
51
£700/100 m2
Factories
Utility costs
Ref
Other information
Rule of thumb
Application
Design area
TABLE 8: Annual utility costs (gross floor area) Your notes and comments
58
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
For references see page 60
6 6 6 6 6
£780/m2 £680/m2 £640/m2 £430/m2 £340/m2
Two-pipe fan coil unit
Four-pipe fan coil unit
Chilled ceiling
Displacement ventilation
Ref
Variable air volume
All 2000 price levels whole-life (net present) costs
Rule of thumb
6
Fan-assisted variable air volume
Air conditioning systems for City of London office
Other information
£820/m2
Application
Design area
TABLE 9: Whole life costs for air conditioning systems (gross floor area) Your notes and comments
Cost data
For references see page 60
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
59
60
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
Energy use in offices Television studios, Section B2, page B2-14 Fry Technology (Fernox Manufacturers) Best Practice in the Specification for Offices Cost model: Convention centres Cost model: City offices Cost model: Indoor arenas Cost model: Call centres Cost model: Private health clubs Cost model: Supermarkets Cost model: Out-of-town commercial offices Cost model: Urban commercial offices Cost data: Multiplex cinemas Cost model: Data/computer centres DW/144 Specification for Sheet Metal Ductwork, Part 8, Appendix A Air leakage from ductwork, system leakage loss Industry review – Rules of Thumb publication, May 2001 Space requirements for plant access, operation and maintenance: Defence Works Functional Standard, Design and Maintenance Guide 08 – Section 4, Figure D4 mechanical surface risers Space requirements for plant access, operation and maintenance: Defence Works Functional Standard, Design and Maintenance Guide 08 – Section 4, Figure D10 control panels and distribution boards Space requirements for plant access, operation and maintenance: Defence Works Functional Standard, Design and Maintenance Guide 08 – Section 5, Section 5.1 central station plant, 5.1.1 LTHW boilers Public health engineering, extract from Table 2.3 Recommended minimum storage of cold water for domestic purposes for hot and cold outlets Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide Energy efficiency in buildings, Table 9.1 seasonal (boiler) efficiencies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
21 22
20
19
18
17
16
Title
Ref
1998
1999 2002 1998
CIBSE Guide G CIBSE Guide F
1999
1996
1996
1996
CIBSE Guide G
Defence Estate Organisation (Works), MoD
Defence Estate Organisation (Works), MoD
Defence Estate Organisation (Works), MoD
2001
Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association Rules of Thumb Industry Review Committee
2000 1986 2000 2000 2000 2000 1999 1999 1998 2000 1999 1999 2000 2001
Year
Energy Consumption Guide 19 CIBSE Guide B Fry Technology UK Ltd BCO Guide 2000 Building 3 November 2000 Building 24th March 2000 Building 10th September 1999 Building 16th July 1999 Building 31st December 1998 Building Services Journal April 2000 Building Services Journal April 1999 Building Services Journal February 1999 Building 5th May 2000 Building Services Journal January 2001
Publication
CIBSE Institute of plumbing CIBSE
CIBSE
HMSO
HMSO
HMSO
BSRIA
HVCA
BRECSU CIBSE Fry Technology British Council of Offices The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group
Publisher
0-900953-87-X 1-871956-40-4 0-900953-861
0-900953-87-X
0-11-772785-7
0-11-772785-7
0-11-772785-7
Not published
0-903783-27-4
0-9524131-2-4 0007-3318 0007-3318 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671 ISSN 1365-5671
ISBN
References
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
61
Energy efficiency in buildings, Table 6.2 basic fan capacity benchmarks Energy efficiency in buildings, Table 7.1 chiller plant capacity Spon’s Mechanical and Electrical Services Price Book 2003 Space allocation for services, Table 2: floor space Space allocation for services, Table 3: depth of ceiling space Space allocation for services, Table 4: depth of floor space Space allocation for plant rooms, Table 6: floor area Space allocation for service ducts and shafts, Table 7 Space allocation for catering facilities, Table 9 Cost of m&e services by type of building and service, Table 10 System capital and maintenance costs, Table 11 Thermal loads, Table 12 Electrical loads by type of load, Table 14 Sizing and operating characteristics of air system plant, Table 16 Design requirements or rules of thumb for air systems, Table 17 Guide to the Accommodation and Operating Environment for Information Technology (IT) Equipment Facade Engineering: Fun with Facades Preliminary guidance on Best Value Performance Indicator 180 Energy consumption in hospitals
Benchmarking tool for industrial buildings: heating and internal lighting
Energy efficiency in industrial buildings and sites
Energy use in sports and recreational buildings
Energy Assessment and Reporting Methodology: Office Assessment Method (latest appendix) Service charge analysis for offices Service charge analysis for shopping centres Review of maintenance costs Saving Energy in Schools: A Guide for Headteachers, Governors, Premises Managers and School Energy Managers
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
42
43
44
45
46 47 48 49
39 40 41
Title
Ref
of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd of Thumb, 2nd
Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition
CIBSE CIBSE Spon Press BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA BSRIA
Publisher 0-900953-861 0-900953-861 0-415-30122-X 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8 0-86022-419-8
ISBN
1999 2002 2002 2003 1998
Energy Consumption Guide 73
2001
2002
2002
Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme
CIBSE Jones Lang LaSalle Jones Lang LaSalle RICS
Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme
1-90085-8924
0-900953-93-4
1996 BSI 0-580-26705-9 1997 The Builder Group ISSN 1365-5671 (To be published as an energy consumption guide by Action Energy) 1999 Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme
1998 1998 2003 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995
Year
CIBSE Technical Memorandum TM22 Office OSCAR Retail OSCAR BMI Special Report
Energy Consumption Guide 78
Energy Consumption Guide 18
Energy Consumption Guide 81
BS 7083, 1996 Building Services Journal, August 1997 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Energy Consumption Guide 72
Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules Rules
CIBSE Guide F CIBSE Guide F
Publication
62
Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
55 56 57 58 59
54
School Buildings Hospitals Sports and Leisure Centres University Buildings Space and weight allowances for building services plant, inception stage design
Energy efficiency in further and higher education: cost effective low energy buildings Review of Occupancy Costs 2003 Cost models Cooling Solutions for IT: A Guide to Planning, Design and Operation Energy use in Ministry of Defence Establishments
50
51 52 53
Title
Ref
TN 9/92
Services Services Services Services
Journal Journal Journal Journal
January 2002 March 2002 June 2002 September 2002 1992
2002 2002 2002 2002
2003 1999
BG 5/2003 Energy Consumption Guide 75 Building Building Building Building
2003 2003
1999
Year
BMI Special Report Building 17 April 2003
Energy Consumption Guide 54
Publication
BSRIA
BSRIA Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group The Builder Group
Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme RICS The Builder Group
Publisher
1365-5671 1365-5671 1365-5671 1365-5671 0-86022-345-0
ISSN ISSN ISSN ISSN
0-86022-616-6
1-90085- 8932 ISSN 0007-3318
ISBN
References
Available now from BSRIA Design tools and practical guides to help you in your daily design routines
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Rules of Thumb BSRIA 2003
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