Ruiz de La Peña, J. L., Las Nuevas Antropologías

 

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV R` rbta k ok tbaoamåk

 

Faobffcö` ^R@TA OCECTB

GRK@ ORCV XRCW DB OK ^BÛK

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Oks `ubvks k`trapaoamåksR` rbta k ok tbaoamåk 8. k  bdcfcö`

Bdctarcko "VKO TBXXKB" Mubvkrk, 8> - Vk`tk`dbr  

K Fkroas Dåkz, k qucb` bst bstb b ochra y su kutar dbhb` eës db oa qub ão ecsea sb icmurk.

© ;3:6  hy  Bdctarcko  Vko  Tbrrkb, Mubvkrk,   8>,   63>>;-Vk`tk`dbr 8>, 63>>;-Vk`tk`dbr Fuhcbrtk   db  Gbs÷s Mkrfåk-Khrco Fa`   oks  dbhcdks ocfb`fcks Ceprbsa   b` Bspkûk  - ^rc`tbd  c`  Vpkc`

CVH@7 :4-836->94=-; Dbpöscta Obmko7 V.K.-836 Ceprbsa   par7  Krtbs Mrëicfks Xbsek ^rao.  E. db ok  Jbrecdk,  s/`. -  63>;;-Vk`tk`dbr

 

Å@ DC FB ^ëms. Ko obftar  

3

;. OK DCKOÃFTCFK VRGBTA-AHGBTA7 JREK@CVEA S K@TCJREK@CV K@TCJREK@CVEA EA

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— Bo bxcstb`fckocse a7 u`k a`taoamåk k`trapafã` tråfk — Ok k`trapaoamåk bstrufturko — Bo ekrxcsea juek`cstk

;3 64 2;

8.   OK DCKOÃFTCFK DCKOÃFTCFK JAEHXB-K@CEKO7 HCAOAMÅK K@TXA^AOÖMCFK K@TXA^AOÖMCFK S XBDRFFCA@CVEA HCAOAMCVTK

— Bo rbduffca`csea hcaoamcstk — Bo pok`tbke cb`ta k`.trapahcaoömcfa

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=9 ;>=

6.   OK DCKOÃFTCFK EB@ TB-FBXB HXA7 B@TXB BO EA@CVEA S BO DRKOCVEA DRKOCVEA

— Cdb`tcdkd eb`tb-fbrbhra7 ok vbrscö` dbo ea`csea icscfkocstk — Cdb`tcdkd eb`tb-fbrbhra7 ok vbrscö` dbo ea`csea bebrmb`tcstk   — Dcvbrscdkd eb` tb-fbrbhr a7 bo dukocsea c`tbrkffca`cstk ... 4.   "CEKM B@ DB DCAV"

— Vahrb bo juek`csea y bo k`tcjuek`csea   — Vahrb bo prahobek dbo koek — "Cekmb` db Dcas"  

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8>4 8>: 8;3

 

Ko obftar "±[uã bs bo jaehrb1 Eufjks sa` oks apc`ca`bs qub bo jaehrb sb jk dkda y sb dk sahrb så ecsea. Dcvbrsks b c`fousa fa`trkdcftarcks. Bxkotë`dasb k så ecsea faea rbmok khsaoutk a ju`dcã`dasb jkstk ok dbsbspbrkfcö`". Bstks pkok hrks dbo Yktcfk`a CC   (Mkudcue bt Vpbs,  ;8) rbiobgk` icbo eb`tb ok frcscs b` qub sb dbhktb` oks k`trapaoamåks kftuk obs.  Ok cdbk dbo prcekda a`taoömcfa y kxcaoömcfa dbo jaehrb sahrb bo rbsta db ok frbkfcö` jk scda u`k db oks pbrsuk sca`bs hëscfks dbo Affcdb`tb frcstck`a, uevbrskoeb`tb db ib`dcdk b` bo pok`a tbörcfa par tböoamas, icoösaias y fcb` tåicfas (sc hcb` iubsb rbmuokreb`tb bsfkr`bfcdk b` bo pok`a safcaoömcfa y paoåtcfa) fa` krmueb`tas tk`ta rbocmcasas (bo jaehrb bs cekmb` db Dcas) faea ebtkiåscfas (bo jaehrb bs koma eës qub ektbrck a fubrpa). ^bra `kdk rbstk jay db bsk u`k`ce cdkd< kså oa fa`stktk bo tbxta fa`fcockr y kså rb suotk dbo fatbga db atras das, bsfamcdas ko kzkr b`trb oas eufjas db cmuko tb`ar qub padråk` kdufcrsb, y qub sa` behobeëtcfas b` su dcëik`k fa`trkdcftarcbdkd7 — "Bspbrb trbc`tk kûas y b`ta`fbs ecrb ustbd k ok Tcbrrk. Ybrë ekrkvcookspubdb sahrbustbd ekrkvcooks kûkdcdks k kquã ooks fuya `kfcecb`ta tbstcicfkr, y prbsb`fckrë bo iarecdkhob rbsu otkda 7 ¡bo jaehrb kofk`zk`da ko ic` ic` fksc su su faepobtk faepobtk bstkturk S tadkvåk frbfcb`da, frbfcb`da vcschobeb`tb ecb`trks ustbd ahsbrvk..."   (Ekrl Tcvkc`). — "K tadas kqubooas qub qucbrb` jkhokr k÷` dbo jae hrb,  db su rbc`a a db su ochbrkfcö`..., `a sb pubdb apa`br atrk fask qub u`k sa`rcsk icoasöicfk... Bo jaehrb bs u`k c`vb`fcö` fuyk ibfjk rbfcb`tb eubstrk fa` tadk ikfcocdkd ok krqubaoamåk db `ubstra pb`skecb`ta. S quczë tkehcã` su pröxcea ic`"   (Ecfjbå Iaufkuot).  

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OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^A K@TXA^AOAMÅKV OAMÅKV R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK TBAOAMÅK

@a bs ahgbta db bstb ochra rbfa`strucr bo prafbsa qub fa`dufb db Twkc` (;::3) k Iaufkuot (;399), db ok buia rck kurarko k ok bsfãptcfk ebok`faoåk frbpusfuokr, dbo fk`

KO OBFTAX

;;

hcb` sb ecrk, eës qub fa` trbs `÷fobas db prahobeks, tb `beas qub vãr`asoks fa` u` ÷`cfa prahobek eaduokhob

ta dbo mkooa ko fk`ta dbo fcs`b. Xbjkfbr pkoea k pkoea bstb trëmcfa dbseara`kecb`ta db ok ib dbo jaehrb b` så ecsea y b` sus ahrks sbråk u`k beprbsk tk` iksfc`k`tb faea askdk< b` fukoqucbr fksa `a bs oa qub kquå sb pbr scmub. Bstks pëmc`ks sb afupk`, eës eadbstkeb`tb, db oas ÷otceas kvktkrbs db ok fubstcö`, db su trkea pastrbra, bo qub dcsfurrb dbo bxcstb`fckocsea k `ubstras dåks, krtcfu ok`da oas ektbrckobs dcspa`chobs b` tar`a k trbs `udas db prahobeks qub sb pok`tbk` faea atrks tk`tks fa`trkpasc fca`bs dckoãftcfks7 sugbta-ahgbta (±bs bo jaehrb rbkocdkd suhgbtcvk, pbrsa`ko, irb`tb ko eu`da db oks fasks, a söoa jky u`k rbkocdkd ahgbtcvk ae`cfaeprb`scvk17 fkp. C), jaehrb-k`ceko (±bs bo jaehrb u`k bspbfcb zaaoömcfk eës, a dcstk fukoctktcvkeb`tb db fukoqucbr atra k`ceko1 7 fkp. CC),

b` trbs ta`as. Fkdk u`k db oks dckoãftcfks cepocfk oks atrks das,  ku`qub sus partkvafbs `a scbeprb sb kpbrfchk` db booa,  y apbrk (db iarek yk tëfctk, yk bxprbsk) fa` bob eb`tas faeu`bs. Ok tbeëtcfk dbo ochra bs, pubs, eës ja eamã`bk db oa qub ok obfturk dbo å`dcfb pudcbrk sumbrcr< bo suhsuboa fae÷` db oks trbs dckoãftcfks k`koczkdks, su rbfåprafk fa`fktb`kfcö` ta`ko, su å`daob fa`trkpu`tåstcfk (pkrk sbmucr fa` ok ebtëiark euscfko), k eës db sbr sbûk okdk ko faecb`za db oas prcebras fkpåtuoas, sb rktcicfkrë fuk`da b` bo ÷otcea sb khardb bo prahobek dbo koek, b` tb`dcb`da par tko ok fubstcö` dbo iu`dkeb`ta   ahgbtcva, rbko, db ok bspbfcicfcdkd db oa juek`a. Bspbfcicfcdkd qub ok Hchock y ok ib frcstck`k dk` par supubstk fuk`da dbscm`k` ko jaehrb faea "cekmb` db Dcas".

eb`tb-fbrbhra eb`tb bxpocfkfcö` kfkhkdk b` bo fbrbhra, (±b`fub`trk a oa eb`tko oktrksfcb`db oa ebrkeb`tb fbrb hrko1  fkp. CCC). R` ÷otcea fkpåtuoa sb dbdcfkrë k ok rbobf turk tbaoömcfk db oas dktas c`vb`tkrckdas y k fa`ira`tkr ok c`tbrprbtkfcö` frcstck`k dbo jaehrb fa` oks k`trapaoamåks bxkec`kdks. @kfcdk ko faepës db ok kftcvcdkd dafb`tb, bstk ahrk tcb`b u`k c`tb`fcö` arcmc`krckeb`tb dbsfrcptcvk a dcdëf tcfk< db oks kuoks skocö y pkrk oks kuoks jk scda pb`skdk b` prc`fcpca. Vb trktk db pa`br ko kofk`fb db oas bstudck` tbs db tbaoamåk bo ekrfa db rbibrb`fcks b` bo qub jk db eavbrsb jay bo  oamas  frcstck`a sahrb bo jaehrb sc qucbrb sbr u` dcsfursa fa`tbxtukda b c`tbocmchob. B` bstb sb`tcda, bo ochra kspcrk k sbr `a eufja eës qub u`k frö`cfk a c` iareb sc`öptcfa db oks dcsfusca`bs k`trapaoömcfks b` fursa. Db atra okda, bepbra, sb trktkrë tkehcã` db suhrkykr koma qub, k ec gucfca, rkrks vbfbs sb dbstkfk suicfcb`tb eb`tb y qub sb bfjk db eb`as c`fousa b` ok octbrkturk bs pbfckoczkdk7 bo saokpkecb`ta, ok eutuk pb`btrkfcö`, ok c`

kutar tada `a sbb`skya ob afuotk fkrëftbr b` db pafks ecscö`pëmc`ks cepaschob qub Ko rbvcstb db bosc`tbtczkr (y b` saoctkrca) bo pratbcfa eu`da db oks k`trapaoamåks kftuk obs.  Bo b`gkehrb db eadboas k`trapaoömcfas y bo  puzzob db prahobeks b` booas c`vaoufrkdas fa`vcbrtb b` za`k ec `kdk bo tbrrctarca qub sb dcspa`b k trk`sctkr. Oks kfusk fca`bs db qub pubdb sbr ahgbta vk` dbo c`truscsea ("jb kquå db `ubva k ok tbaoamåk kook`k`da earkdks kgb`ks") ko dcobttk`tcsea (pubs `kdcb pubdb sbr bspbfckocstk db   ta  da s   oas fa`tc`b`tbs db bstb vksta eu`da), bo bfobftcfcsea a bo crã`cfa fa`fardcsea (qub rbda`dbk pbricobs, ocek ks pbrbzks y sahrbpugk jbmbock`keb`tb b`fa`kdks k`tåtbscs pkrk kjarekr b` hrbvb bspkfca u`k kpkfchob så`tbscs), btf. Dcas eb ochrb db dbfokrkreb vcrtuaskeb`tb c`eu`b db tkobs pbfkdas, oa qub obs kmrbmkråk bo db prbsu`fcö`. Eks, par sc scrvcbrk db ktb`uk`tb, eb ktrbva k jkfbr ko obftar dbpasctkrca db u`k dahob fa`icdb`fck. B` prcebr oumkr, b` bo praybfta arcmc`ko dbo ochra c`tbrvb`åk`, gu`ta ko qub kjark oa icrek tbebrkrckeb`tb saoa, u` kvbzkda fuotcvkdar db ok k`trapaoamåk icoasöicfk (Fkroas Dåkz) y u` bxpbrta

tbrdbpb`db`fck db ok trcpob dckoãftcfk k`tbs b`u`fckdk. Vc

icoösaia db ok fcb`fck (Koia`sa ^ãrbz db Okhardk). K ok

 

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OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅ TBAOAMÅK K

KO OBFTAX

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pastrb, y faea jk afurrcda yk eës db u`k vbz, bo praybf ta trcpkrtcta pkrbfcö db bgbfufcö` jkrta ob`tk y `a pafa faepocfkdk. ^bra sc koma db ão vb kjark ok ouz, sb dbhb b` hub`k pkrtb k qucb`bs tb` dråk` qub jkhb r scda sus FA7 kutarbs, db fuyas pourkobs skhbrbs, cepkrtcdas dbsdb ok b` trkûkhob kecstkd, bo qub bsta bsfrchb sb jk hb`bicfckda ke pockeb`tb. B` sbmu`da tãrec`a, y supubstks oks dcicfuotkdbs dbo praybfta, eb kdbok`ta mustasa k rbfa`afbr sc` kehkmbs qub, b` su prbsb`tb rbkoczkfcö`, tada bs dcsfutchob, dbsdb ok dbocectkfcö` fra`aoömcfk jkstk ok sbobffcö` db kutarbs y db ahrks, pksk`da `kturkoeb`tb par oas gucfcas db vkoar qub sb kvb`turb` k oa okrma db sus pëmc`ks. ±^ar quã, b` bibfta —-y par bgbepoa—, krrk`fkr dbo bxcstb`fckocsea1 B` B`mbos sb b`fub`trk` yk bspbftkfuokrbs k`tbfbdb`tbs dbo bstrufturkocsea (oks obybs db ok dckoãftcfk "dbhb` rbmcr tk`ta pkrk bo eavcecb`ta b` ok `kturkobzk, faea pkrk bo qub sb dk b` bo fkepa dbo pb`skecb`ta"<   Dckoãftcfk db ok `kturkobzk,  Eãxcfa ;39;, 88:) a db ok rbduffcö` iåscfkocstk db ok eb`tb ko fbrbhra ("sc sb fa`scdbrk eës db fbr fk quã sbk` pb`skecb`ta y fa`fcb`fck y db dö`db pravcb `b`, sb vb qub sa` bo pradufta dbo fbrbhra"<   chcd.,   ;2). ^bra a sb kfatk dcsfrbfca`koeb`tb bo fkepa db c`dkmkfcö` ebrfbd ko bepoba db u` frctbrca eës a eb`as rkza`khob (koma sb dcrë sahrb bsta ko faecb`za dbo prcebr fkpåtuoa) a sb pa`b b` ekrfjk u`   rbmrbssus c` c`ic`ctue   (ok dckoãftc fk sugbta-ahgbta, k`tbs qub b` bo bstrufturkocsea, sb rbfa

fa`fb`trkfcö` db `aehrbs y tåtuoas par rkza`bs db bxtb` scö` (iarzaskeb`tb ocectkdk) y fokrcdkd bxpasctcvks. Kdb eës,   dkr fub`tk db tadks oks dceb`sca`bs bsb`fckobs db fk dk u`k db oks trbs dckoãftcfks fa`scm`kdks, y `a bsfkeatbkr `c`mu`k db oks pascfca`bs scm`cicfktcvks kdaptkdks b` sus rbspbftcvas ëehctas, oa qub cepocfö, par bgbepoa, ok rbib rb`fck k ok safcahcaoamåk b` bo fkpåtuoa sbmu`da a ok c` fouscö` db u` pbrsa`kgb tk` sbfu`dkrca faea Ekflky b` bo fkpåtuoa tbrfbra. B` ic`, qub oas gucfcas bectcdas sahrb kutarbs y tbaråks sbk` dcsfutchobs, bs fask qub sb dk pkfåicfkeb`tb par fa` vb`cdk. Fa` tada, bstb ochra jk scda dcftkda par ok fa`vcf fcö` db qub ok c`tbrprbtkfcö` frcstck`k dbo prahobek ju ek`a mazk jay db (ko eb`as) tk`tks paschcocdkdbs faea fukoqucbr atrk pkrk fa`furrcr dbfaraskeb`tb b` bo ebrfk da db oks k`trapaoamåks. K dbfcr vbrdkd, y sbm÷` bståpuok ok fãobhrb dcstc`fcö` ekrfbock`k, bo frcstck`csea dbtbftk b` bo jaehrb koma eës qub u` prahobek< jkhok db ão b` tãrec`as db "b`cmek" (MV ;:7 "bo b`cmek db ok fa`dc fcö` juek`k...") a "ecstbrca"   (chcd.,   887 "bo ecstbrca dbo jaehrb..."). ^breåtksbeb ic`koczkr bstks oå`bks c`traduf tarcks fa` das kprbfckfca`bs k bstb prapöscta7 par iartu `k, `a bs söoa ok vaz frcstck`k ok qub fa`icbsk jay ok db` scdkd b`cmeëtcfk, bo ja`da bspbsar db oa juek`a, sc`a qub atrks vafb vafbss ssbb suek` k ok suyk suyk farrah arë` daok < kooå da`db bo bstudca dbo jaehrb sb beprb`db faea sc db u` prahobek bxjkustcvkeb`tb saouhob sb trktksb, bo ahgbta db

mb ok m`asbaoamåk y, k`tbs qub b` ãstas, b` b` Jbmbo y b` Lk`t,dby Ekrx-B`mbos k`tbs...   Bt ctk parra)  qub kfkhk par pkrkoczkr tada pramrkek db c`vbstcmkfcö`. Cmukoeb`tb dcsfutchob sb prbsb`tk ok sbobffcö` qub sb jk bibftukda fa` oas kutarbs y oks ahrks. ±^ar quã Jbcdbmmbr y `a Gkspbrs, Mkrkudy y `a Ekfjavbf, Ea`ad y `a Gkfah,   Ibcmo y `a Xyob, btf.1 ±^ar quã `a kpkrbfb` sc`a Gkfah, iumkzeb`tb icmurks db ok tkook db Vlc``br, Kybr, ^ckmbt, Fjaesly1 Bo frctbrca ek`bgkda ko rbspbfta jk scda dahob< k`tb tada, dbgkr jkhokr k oas prapcas kutarbs scbeprb qub booa sbk paschob, oa qub fa`duga yk k u`k dbfk`tkfcö` y

c`dkmkfcö` b`trb oas dbdas y dbokprbfckfca`bs, ecsea sb rbtcb `b tk` söoa sb u`kbsfurrb ikokz fkrcfkturk. Db bstks kså faea db atrks vkrcks fa` books rbokfca`kdks, fa`iåa b` qub jk` db dkr fuepocdk rkzö` oks pëmc`ks scmucb`tbs.

; Ok dckoãftcfk sugbta-ahgbta7 juek`csea y k`tcjuek`csea

 

R`a db oas eãrctas c``bmkhobs dbo bxcstb`fckocsea rkdc fk b` jkhbr kftukda faea dbta`k`tb db ok rbkffcö` b` fk db`k qub, b` tar`a k oas fa`fbptas sugbta-ahgbta, juek`cs ea-k`tcjuek`csea, fa`eavcö b` oas ÷otceas trbc`tk kûas k u`k irk`gk scm`cicfktcvk dbo pb`skecb`ta k`trapaoömcfa burapba. [uã bs ok bxcstb`fck fa`frbtk dbo jaehrb fa`frb ta ,  quã bs ok suhgbtcvcdkd, b` quã fa`scstb` ok tbeparkocdkd y ok eu`dk`cdkd bspbfåicfkeb`tb juek`ks, bo parquã db ok k`mustck, bo sb`tcda db ok eubrtb y, sahrb tada, bo scm `cicfkda db ok bxcstb`fck7 jb kjå bo pkqubtb db fubstca`bs qub `a pubdb` eb`as db c`tbrbskr ko jaehrb y qub oas bxcstb`fckocstks dbpasctkra` sahrb ok ebsk db trkhkga db oas icoösaias. Bo jarcza`tb irb`tb ko qub sb kozk bo bxcstb`fckocsea bs u` fcboa vkfåa (Dcas jkhåk eubrta k ek`as db oas trbs "ekbstras db ok saspbfjk"), u`k tcbrrk rbdufcdk k bsfae hras par oks fa`vuosca`bs hãocfks, u`k safcbdkd dbsmkrrk dk par k`tkma`cseas paoåtcfas y bfa`öecfas c`sk`khobs y, b` ic`, u`k juek`cdkd b` bo ktaookdbra, qub sb prbmu`tk sc ok jcstarck `a sbrë u`k hraek sc`cbstrk a u`k kvb`turk c`sb`sktk. K`tb bstb pk`arkek, ±quã skocdk ob fkhb ko c` tbobftuko, fuk`da oas dcvbrsas c`tbrbsbs y pkrtcdas b` oczk oa saocfctk` pkrk qub taeb pasturk1 Ok prapubstk bxcstb`fckocstk fa`scstcrë b` aptkr par bo sugbta juek`a sc`muokr7 ok fa`ibscö` paokrcdkd dbsugbta-ahgbta, hrb-fask, y ok fa`scmucb`tb ib juek`cstkjae sa` bo db`aec`kdar fae÷` db oas dcvbrsas bxcstb`fckocseas. Faea bs hcb` skhcda, bstk prapubstk bgbrfcö u`k iksfc`k fcö` ekm`ãtcfk sahrb bo pb`skecb`ta y ok octbrkturk dbo pbråada db b`trbmubrrks y db ok dãfkdk scmucb`tb k ok sb mu`dk mrk` mubrrk. Oks rbspubstks bxcstb`fckocstks padåk` a `a sbr bstcekdks vëocdks< oa qub `a sb dcsfutåk brk ok vkocdbz db sus prbmu`tks.  •  

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OKV   @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV.  R@   XBTA  K OK  TBAOAMÅK

±[uã afurrcråk, sc` behkrma, sc sb `bmksb bo prbsu pubsta bxcstb`fckocstk, k skhbr, ok rbkocdkd y ok scm`cicfktcvcdkd bspbfuoktcvk db ok cdbk db   jaehrb1  Bsa bs oa qub vk k jkfbr ok eadk icoasöicfk qub taeö bo rbobva dbo bxcstb`fckocsea7 ok k`trapaoamåk bstrufturko. Bo biåebra rbc `kda dbo sugbta bxcstb`fckocstk dkrë pksa k ok dcftkdurk dbo ahgbta bstrufturkocstk< dbo juek`csea fa`ibsa db Jbcdbmmbr y Vkrtrb   ;  sb mcrkrë ko k`tcjuek`csea tbörcfa db Iaufkuot y Kotjussbr. ^bra ok eadk bstrufturkocstk rbsuotö k÷` eës iumkz qub ok dbo bxcstb`fckocsea7 durö kpb`ks bo dbfb`ca db oas sb

Bo bxcstb`fckocsea7 u`k a`taoamåk k`trapafã`trcfk  8 ;. 

Faea `a sb jk fk`skda db rbpbtcr ão ecsea , ok fubstcö` qub c`tbrbsk prceardckoeb`tb k E. Jbcdbmmbr bs

sb`tk. Vbm÷` ok fa`ibscö` dbo prapca Oãvc-Vtrkuss, oas sufb sas db ekya dbo 9: sbûkok` bo ic` db su kpamba. B`trbtk` ta bo pb`skecb`ta bxcstb`fckocstk jkhåk bstceuokda k u` puûkda db tbörcfas ekrxcstks qub b`fa`trkhk` pok`tbkdks b` ão fubstca`bs pkrk oks qub bo ekrxcsea foëscfa jkhåk scda fcbma y euda. Bstas pb`skdarbs `a bstë` dcspubstas k dkr par hub`a bo suhgbtcvcsea c`dcvcdukocstk db u` Jbcdbmmbr a dbo Vkrtrb db ok prcebrk ãpafk. ^bra dcsfrbpk` fa` c`dcm`kfcö` db ok rbobfturk qubprëf Ko tjussbr jkfb tk`ta dbo ekrxcsea faea dbok`tcjuek`cstk k`tcjuek`csea tcfa dbo bstkoc`csea. Bo pã`duoa sb pa`b, pubs, b` eavc ecb`ta db `ubva, dbrcvk`da kjark jkfck u` juek`csea ekrxcstk rbstkhobfbdar db ok dcëstkscs sugbta-ahgbta y dbo prcekda dbo jaehrb sahrb ok rbkocdkd. Bs k trkvãs db bstk trkybftarck fkehck`tb faea taek fubrpa ok dckoãftcfk rbfamcdk b` bo tåtuoa dbo prbsb`tb fk påtuoa y sb dbocectk bo prcebr fårfuoa db fubstca`bs b` oks qub sb dbhktb` oks k`trapaoamåks kftukobs7 ok fa`scstb`fck a`taoömcfk y ok rbobvk`fck kxcaoömcfk dbo ib`öeb`a   jaehrb.

;

  JBCDBMMBX,  E .,  Hrcbi ÿhbr db` Juek`cseus,  Hbr` ;324 (bsfrcta b` bo qub, sc`taeëtcfkeb`tb, su kutar dbgk fkbr bo tãrec`a   Dksbc`  b` ikvar dbo vafkhoa fae÷`   jaehrb)  k. Bo tãrec`a   Dksbc`  jk scda vbrtcda ko fkstbook`a db iareks tk` dcvbrsks qub pkrbfb eës prudb`tb dbgkroa sc` trkdufcr.

 

8>

OKV @RBYKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOA TBAOAMÅK MÅK

rbokfcö` bs rbiobgkeb`tb fa`sfcb`tb y vbrhkoczkhob< sbrvcrë ekm`åicfkeb`tb pkrk bo ahgbtcva prapubsta. Faea sb vb, ku` kpu`tk`da k ok fa`struffcö` db u`k a`taoamåk, oa qub Jbcdbmmbr beprb`db bs bo dcsbûa db u`k k`trapaoamåk, dbsdb fuyas fcecb`tas sb suhrkyk b`iëtcfk eb`tb ok apascfcö` sugbta-ahgbta, jaehrb-fask7 bo   Dksbc` bs sbr< oas dbeës bxcstb`tbs sa` "b`tbs"   (Vbcb`db`).  Oks ahrks pastbrcarbs k   Vbc` u`d Wbct  fa`tc`ukrë` ktb`cã`dasb icrebeb`tb k bstk fa`fbpfcö` k`trapafã`trcfk db ok a`ta oamåk < ko ö`tcfa-a`taoömcfk", jae hrb ob fa`fcbr`b, irb`tbqub k oasbo b`tbs, "u` k dbo rb obvk`fck pubsta prahobek sbr `a pubdb faeprb`dbrsb "juyb`da jkfck oa ahgbtcva, sc`a ebrfbd k u`k pbsqucsk, fa`stk`tbeb`tb rbkhcbrtk, kfbrfk db ok suhgbtcvcdkd dbo sugbta"   2 < bo b`tb "bs pubsta (mbstboot cst)   par bo jaehrb" y bxcstb faea "rbprbsb`tk fcö`"   (Yarstboou`m)  dbo pa`b`tb qub bo jae hrb b s k < oa qub bxcstb iubrk dbo jaehrb bxcstb faea ahgbta irb`tb ko sugbta kutafa`sfcb`tb   =. Vcmucb`da u` eãtada k`koåtcfa-dbsfrcptcva, Jbcdbmmbr sbûkok oas rksmas qub, b` u`k prcebrk kpraxcekfcö`, fk rkftbrczk` ko   Dksbc`,  y qub sa` jay atras tk`tas oumkrbs faeu`bs db oks k`trapaoamåks fa`tbeparë`bks. Fa`vcb`b kdvbrtcr, bepbra, qub k`tbs db Jbcdbmmbr fa`stctuåk` mb`uc`ks `avbdkdbs y qub, par tk`ta, bo eãrcta db su pubstk b` fcrfuokfcö` farrbspa`db k `ubstra kutar. K`tb tada, bo   Dksbc`  bs kqubo bxcstb`tb k qucb` su sbr ob bs dkda faea tkrbk7 "ok bsb`fck dbo   Dksbc`  bstë b` su bxcstb`fck". S booa bs kså par fuk`ta bo   Dksbc`  bs sbr-b`-botcbepa, fkpkz db kutarrbkoczkfcö` y ekdurkfcö` pramrbsc vk7 ok tbeparkocdkd bs fa`stctutcvk dbo   Dksbc`.  Oks trbs dceb`sca`bs b` qub sb krtcfuok bo tcbepa (pkskda-prbsb`tb2   9

Yae ]bsb` dbs Fru`ëbs,  Jkoob ;383, p. 6>.   "D ks Vbcb`db ce Mk `zb `... brst u` d `ur sbcb`d cst. sai saibr` br` bs durfj db` varstboob`d-jbrstboob`db` Eb`sfjb` mbstboot cst",  Jaozwbmb, Irk`l iurt k.E . ;396 *, p. :6 < `ötbsb bo gubma db pk okhrks, tåpcfkeb`tb jbcdbmmbrck`a,   stboob`-varstboob`-jbrstboob`. =   Dbr Vktz vae   Mru`d,   ^iuoocmb` ;3=; *,  p. ;687 "Dks Vbcb`db cst Vbcb`dbs kcs Mbmb`stk`d iÿr bc` Hbwusstsbc`".

;.

OK DCKO DCKOÃFTC ÃFTCFK FK VRGBTA-AHGBTA

8;

iutura) sa` ookekdks par Jbcdbmmbr "oas trbs ãxtkscs db ok tbeparkocdkd"   (Blstksb` dbr Wbctocfjlbc Wbctocfjlbct)< t) Gustkeb`tb parqub bs-b`-bo-eu`da, bo   Dksbc`  sb b`fub` trk faea krragkda b` u`k sctukfcö` dkdk qub ão `a jk bs

DCKOÃFTCFK CFK VRGBTA-AHGBTA VRGBTA-AHGBTA ; .   OK DCKOÃFT

86

vbrsks. Bo ecbda `kfb db u`kOkkeb`kzk fa`frbtk, iëfcoeb` tb sbûkokhob k prcebrk vcstk. k`mustck, b` fkehca, pub db bxpbrceb`tkrsb sc` qub bxcstk u` eövco dbtbrec`kda. Kskotk ko  Dksbc`  db cepravcsa, fuk`da ãstb sb kutadbsvbok faea purk ikftcfcdkd, faea fa`tc`mb`fck rkdcfko, faea bxcstb`fck krragkdk k ok k`masturk db u`as oåectbs c`fk`fbokhobs< fuk`da ok bxcstb`fck sb kprbjb`db aprcecdk, fbr fkdk, "k` mustckd k" ( 5 b` kprcbta)  ;8. Bs ãstk u`k vcvb` fck arcmc`ko, u`k subrtb db fa`magk ebtkiåscfk dbo jaehrb k`tb bo vkfåa db så, k`tb su dbsvkocecb`ta a`taoömcfa. Kpbr fchcã`dasb faea k`mustckda, bo   Dksbc`  sb kutafaeprb`db faea "fuopkhob", `a b` u` sb`tcda ãtcfa, sc`a a`taoömcfa< fuko sbr kyu`a db iu`dkeb`ta, kibftkda db u`k tksk c`sk `khob db `bmktcvcdkd, bxcstb`tb b` prbfkrca y, `a ahstk`tb, rbspa`skhob db så y db su prapck ic`ctud. B` tada fksa, sc` behkrma, ok k`mustck rbfokek ko   Dksbc`  k ok fa`fcb`fck db

famcda, b` ok qub sb scb`tb bxtrkûa y khk`da`kda< sb kprb jb`db faea "ikftcfcdkd" qub ob tcb`tk ko aovcda db så ecs ea y k ok suhebrscö` b` oa sc` `aehrb. Bsk sctukfcö`, qub Jbcdbmmbr dbscm`k faea "fkådk", fa`dufb, sc bo   Dksbc`

su ya parqub sb dboktk faea k`mustck db ok prapck ecsecdkd.

`a rbkffca`k k tcbepa, ok c`kutb`tcfcdkd. Bo bxcstcr c`kutã`tcfa, b` vbz db tb`brk par sugbta ko ya prapca b c`trksibrchob, aptk par bo "sb"   (ek`)  cep brsa `ko7 sb vcvb, sb trkhkgk, sb mazk, sb eubrb... Bo ya sb kutadcsubovb b` bo c`föm`cta, sb pcbrdb k så ecsea ". Fa` oa qub, kdbeës, trkc fca`k su jcstarcfcdkd fa`stctutcvk, pubs söoa sc jky u` ya pubdb jkhbr u` prafbsa db «eåa-rbkoczkfcö`. Bo   sb  c`kutã`tcfa,   bo b`tb k`ö`cea, oa qub `a tcb`b `aehrb prapca, tke tcfa, pafa tcb`b, `c pubdb tb`br, jcstarck< b` atra oumkr db bstb fkpåtuoa sb `as rbvkocdkrë bstk hk`ko ahsbrvkfcö`. ±Fuëo bs bo rbsartb qub cepcdb ko   Dksbc`  dciuec`krsb b`trb oas b`tbs, ekoamrkrsb b` ok c`kutb`tcfcdkd1 Bs ok k` mustck. K`mustck   (K`mst)  y ecbda  (Iurfjt)  sa` fasks dc-

db bfjkrfuk`ta ek`a k`tbfbdb kjark db `as ok prahobeëtcfk db ok u`k eubrtb. B` bibfta, jk praparfca`kda kpraxc ekfcö` ko   Dksbc`  qub kdaobfb db u` dahob dbibfta. B` prc ebr oumkr `as jk prbsb`tkda u`   Dksbc`  c`faepobta< sc k ãstb ob ktkûb, faea sb jk vcsta, su praybftkrsb jkfck kdb ok`tb b` fuk`ta qub bs pbrek`b`tb c`kfkhkecb`ta, `a pa dbeas bspbrkr jkhbroa fkptkda jkstk bo eaeb`ta b` su tatkocdkd. ^ar atra okda, db oa vcsta jkstk kjark sb dbsprb` db u`k cekmb` dbo   Dksbc`  hksfuok`da b`trb ok kutb`tcfcdkd y ok c`kutb`tcfcdkd. Oamrkr u`k vcscö` db ok c`tbmrcdkd db bsk bxcstb`fck, b` trk`fb fa`tc`ua db sahrbpugkrsb k så ecs ek< kprbskr bo   Dksbc`  b` ok kutb`tcfcdkd db su sbr pra pc a7  a7  jb kjå oas eatcvas qub cepa`b` bo rbfursa k ok eubr tb pkrk fahrkr u`k c`tbrprbtkfcö` fkhko dbo bxcstb`tb ju ås ek`a.

>   VW. ;>

pp.  4;-46.   VW, pp. 28-2=< oas b`tbs rbfchb` dbo  Dksbc`  su rkzö` db sbr ÷otc ek, su c`tbocmchcocdkd y vbrdkd (VW, pp. :>-;;6< ;44 ss.). @ötbsb bo pra `u`fckda k`ttapafb`trcsea db bstk faeprb`scö` dbo eu`da. ;;

Kofk`zkda bstb pu`ta b` ok dcoufcdkfcö` k`koåtcfa-dbsfrcptcvk dbo sbr dbo   Dksbc`,  ok rbiobxcö` jbcdbmmbrck`k jk

;8 ;6

  VW, pp. ;89-;6>, ;4>-;46, ;=2 s.

  VW, pp. ;:> ss.   VW, pp. 86; ss.

 

84

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV R@ XBTA K OK TBAO TBAOAMÅK AMÅK

Eks u`k mrkvb dcicfuotkd sahrbvcb`b kquå y pkrbfb fa`db`kr ko irkfksa ok beprbsk db fkptkr bo   Dksbc`  b` su tatkocdkd. ^ubs scb`da ok eubrtb ok paschcocdkd bxtrbek dbo Dksbc`,   bo sbr å`tbmra db ãstb söoa bstkrë ocsta fuk`da kquã ook oobmk. ^bra, oobmk`da, `as oa krrbhktk, bsta bs, `as prcvk dbo ahgbta ecsea db k`ëocscs7 "ecb`trks bo   Dksbc`  bs bxcs tcb`da, `a jk kofk`zkda `u`fk su tatkocdkd. ^bra, b` fuk` ta ok mk`k, sb fa`vcbrtb su mk`k`fck b` purk y scepob pãr dcdk db su sbr-b`-bo-eu`da". @ötbsb kdbeës qub `a vkob kpbokr k ok ahsbrvkfcö` k`koåtcfk db ok eubrtb kgb`k y trk`sibrcr k`ëocscs couec`kfcö` db ok bxcstb`fck pra pck, pubstabo qub u`a kdbok oas rksmas dcstc`tcvas dbo   Dksbc` bs su ecsecdkd7 `kdcb pubdb b`daskr su eubrtb ko atra `c taekr ok dbo atra sahrb så." Jbcdbmmbr dbsea`tk ok dcicfuotkd sbûkok`da qub b` book ok eubrtb bs c`tbrprbtkdk faea u` sufbsa ö`tcfa-pu`tuko, koma qub tadkvåk `a bs y qub kfa`tbfbrë kom÷` dåk ko   D k sbc`   dbsdb iubrk. K bstk c`tbrprbtkfcö` fa`vb`fca`ko `ubs tra kutar apa`b ok suyk7 ok eubrtb `a rbprbsb`tk u` "komak÷`-`a-oobmkda"   (Kusstk`d),  sc`a eës hcb` u`k c`ec`b` fc k   (Hbvarstk`d).  B` fuk`ta c`mrbdcb`tb a`taoömc a`taoömcfa fa (`a ebrkeb`tb ö`tcfa) dbo sbr dbo  Dksbc`,  book bs u`k paschcoc dkd pbrpbtukeb`tb prbsb`tb,   u` eada db sbr.  [ub bo jae hrb,  `kdk eës `kfbr, sbk suicfcb`tbeb`tb vcbga pkrk ea rcr, scm`cicfk qub ok eubrtb pbrtb`bfb k ok bstrufturk fa`s tctutcvk db ok bxcstb`fck. "Ok eubrtb bs u` eada db sbr qub bo   Dksbc`  ksueb tk` pra`ta faea bs"  os , jkfcb`da db ão u` sbr-pkrk-bo-ic`   (Vbc` zue B`db),  bsta bs, u` sbr-pkrk ok eubrtb   (Vbc` zue Tadb).  Faea tko, `a dbhb sbr fa`iu` dcdk fa` bo bvb`ta ö`tcfa-pu`tuko (bo `a sbr eës b` bo eu`da) a fa` bo kfkhkr   (Ybrb`db`)  db oas sbrbs vcvas `a juek`as, qub   oobmk` ko ic`  pbra qub  `a sa`-pkrk-bo-ic`.  S kså bo  Dksbc`  eubrb "`a söoa... b` ok vcvb`fck dbo iëftcfa bxpcrkr... Bo  Dksbc`  eubrb iëftcfkeb`tb ecb`trks bxcstb". " ;4   ;2

VW, pp. 869-84;.   VW, p. 842. VW, pp. 84=, 82;.

;.   OK DCKOÃ DCKOÃFTCFK FTCFK VRGBTA-AHGBTA

82

Ok rbsubotk c`tbr`koczkfcö` db ok eubrtb qub kquå sb `as prapa`b, k eës db c`vbrtcr su rbprbsb`tkfcö` trkdcfca `ko faea kskota bxtbrcar b c`fkofuokhob db oks ^krfks, ob scrvb k Jbcdbmmbr pkrk rbfupbrkrok b` ardb` k oas ic`bs fa`scm`kdas eës krrchk. C`frustkdk b` ok b`trkûk dbo   D k sbc`,   bs yk paschob kffbdbr k u`k fkptkfcö` c`tbmrko db ãstb.  Vc bo  Dksbc`  bs  paschcocdkd,  söoa söoa,, sb padrë dkr fub`tk fkhko db ão sc jkfbeas b`trkr b` su dbsfrcpfcö`   ok  paschc ocdkd krqubtåpcfk, k skhbr, ok eubrtb. Book bs, b` bibfta, ok paschcocdkd "eës kutã`tcfk"   (bcmb`stb),  ko sbr ok qub eës sbûkokdkeb`tb ob dcsfcbr`b dbo rbsta db oas b`tbs< ok paschcocdkd "crrbibrchob"   (u`hbzÿmocfjb),  pubsta qub, fa` trkrckeb`tb k oa qub afurrb fa` oks dbeës, `a rbokfca`k k o  Dksbc`,  sc`a qub oa dbspasbb db tadk rbokfcö` y oa rb ectb b` bxfouscvk k så ecsea< ok paschcocdkd "c`trksfb`dchob"   (u`ÿhbrjaohkrb),  dkda qub, faea paschcocdkd bx trbek, bo   Dksbc`  `a pubdb `c sartbkrok `c sahrbvaokrok.;= Faeprbjb`dcda kså bo   Dksbc`  b` su tatkocdkd, ko fa` tbepokroa k ok ouz db su paschcocdkd par bxfbob`fck, rbstk kjark kscroa b` su tatkocdkd   kutã`tcfk.  Tkehcã` pkrk bsta bs eb`bstbr kpbokr k ok eubrtb. K`tb su keb`kzk, bo   D k sbc`   sb dcstrkb fa` ok trk`qucoczk`tb apc`cö` p÷hocfk dbo ta " s b " 7   sb eub rb, u`a jk db earcr komu`k vbz ..., pbra ta dkvåk `a. Bo jaehrb rbprceb kså bo fkrëftbr db paschcoc dkd pbrek`b`tb qub fa`fcbr`b k ok eubrtb. Fa` bstk jucdk b`fuhrcdark, bo "u`a" fakrtk ok k`mustck a sb prbafupk par trkdufcrok b` tbear k`tb u` kffcdb`tb eës a eb`as pröxcea. ;:   Vasokyk`da kdbeës ok paschcocdkd sbûbrk db su bxcstb`fck, bo   Dksbc`  fkpctuok y sb pcbrdb b` ok c`kutb`tcfcdkd. Euy atrk bs ok sctukfcö` fuk`da, b` vbz db ok jucdk k`tb ok eubrtb, oa qub tcb`b oumkr bs "bo farrbr ko b`fub` tra db ok eubrtb"   (Yarokuib` c` db` Tad),  ok o÷fcdk ksu` fcö` db ok ecsek faea ok ÷`cfk paschcocdkd dbo padbr-sbr ;=   E

VW, pp. 82> s.   VW, pp. 828 ss.

 

89

OKV @RBY @RBYKV KV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK

tatko y kutã`tcfkeb`tb. Bo  Dksbc`  qubdk b`ta`fbs ochbrkda db ok dcftkdurk dbo "sb" c`föm`cta y kffbdb k ok vcvb`fck db ok k`mustck ", b` ok qub sb ob rbvbok su dbsvkocecb`ta b` bo c`jöspcta eu`da db oas b`tbs, ok k`masturk c`jbrb`tb k su ic`ctud y bo jarcza`tb ÷otcea db su fa`dcfcö`. "Ok fkrrbrk jkfck ok eubrtb bxpuosk tadk fksuko b c`tbrc`k pa schcocdkd... y fa`dufb ko   Dksbc`  k ok scepocfcdkd db su dbstc`a". Db bstk iarek bo   Dksbc`  rbfkpctuok b` su prbsb` tb bo fa`tc`ua rbtar`a ko pkskda (b` bo kfamcecb`ta dbo sbr pkrk ok eubrtb ko qub jk scda krragkda) y bo praybfta jk fck bo iutura (b` ok kfbptkfcö` k`tcfcpkdk dbo   dbhbr ea rcr)7  "bo kutã`tcfa kutã`tcfa sbr-pkrk-ok-e ubrtb... bs bo afuota iu` iu` dkeb`ta db ok jcstarcfcdkd dbo   Dksbc`".8>   Bo   Dksbc`,  b` suek, sb kutarrbkoczk tatko y kutã`tcfkeb`tb b` ok c`trãpc dk fa`ira`tkfcö` fa` oa qub bs su pastrbrk y dbic`ctcvk vbrdkd, "b` ok ochbrtkd kpksca`kdk pkrk ok eubrtb". 8 ; Ok ÷otcek pkokhrk db ok k`trapaoamåk jbådbmmbrck`k bs bstb tctk`csea trëmcfa dbo kear k ok eubrtb. Vöoa "padb

;.   OK DCKOÃFT DCKOÃFTCFK CFK VRGBTA-AHG VRGBTA-AHGBTA BTA

8=

8 .   K sbebgk`zk sbebgk`zk db Jbcdbmm br, Vkrtrb sb prapa `b jk   Bo sbr y ok `kdk  oobvk faea suhtåtuoa fbr u`k a`taoamåk< "B`skya db u`k a`taoamåk ib`aeb`aoömcfk". S ko cmuko qub afurrcbrk fa` bo prbfbdb`tb jbcdbmmbrck`a, oa qub jk rë b` rbkocdkd bs u`k k`trapaoamåk, pbrmbûkdk db kom÷` eada b` u` bsfrcta tctuokda   Ok trk`sfb`db`fb db o'Bma , fa` bo qub c`cfckhk su tkrbk icoasöicfk y b` bo qub b`skyk u`k ib`aeb`aoamåk db ok fa`fcb`fck (db oa qub eës tkrdb db`aec`krë bo sbr-pkrk-så). @a kfkhk` kquå oks k`koamåks b`trb kehas pb`skdarbs b` oa tafk`tb ko pu`ta db pkrtcdk db su rbiobxcö`. ^ubs tkehcã` Vkrtrb, faea Jbcdbmmbr, dbs dahok bo ekpk a`taoömcfa b` das bsibrks `åtcdkeb`tb dcib rb`fckdks7 ok dbo   "sb r-b`-sc" (ãtrb-b`-sac7   bo ahgbta, ok fa sk) y ok dbo "sbr-pkrk-så"iãårb-pakr-sac7 bo sugbta, bo jae hrb). 84 B o sbrsbr-b`-så b`-så bs dbic`cda fa` iöreuoks faea ãstk s7 "B o 9br bs. Bo sbr bs b` så. Bo sbr bs oa qub bs." Fa` books qucbrb scm`cicfkrsb qub pasbb u`k b`tcdkd db`sk, faepkf tk, bspbsk, sc` icsurks. Bo sbr-b`-så bs purk pasctcvcdkd< sce

eas "   (vbreamb`)  kqubooa db qub "mustke as"  (eamb`).  B o jaehrb "pubdb" ok eubrtb (ok eubrtb bs su paschcocdkd) 8 parqub ok"mustk" db book ss., 46 s.

 

8:

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA K@TXA^AOAMÅ ^AOAMÅKV KV

R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK TBAOAMÅK

faepartkecb`ta juek`a qub bs ok fkpkfcdkd pkrk ok prb mu`tk. Bo `a-sbr, b` bibfta, bebrmb db ok c`tbrramkfcö` par trbs våks dcvbrsks. ^rcebra, parqub sb prbmu`tk oa qub   `a sb skhb. Vbmu`da, parqub k tadk prbmu`tk sb pubdb rbspa` dbr kicrektcvk a   `bmktcvkeb`tb   > fa` atrks pkokhrks7 bo sbr sbr ochrb bstë bstë fa`db`kda k tb`br qub ap tkr< y bo jbfja db aptkr bqucvkob k k`uokr kqubooa par oa qub `a sb jk aptkda. Vbr dbicfcb`tb, sbr qub `a bs tadkvåk, ebzfok db sbr y `a sbr, sbmrbmkdar db ok `kdk b` fuk`ta kpta pkrk ok c` tbrramkfcö` y ok apfcö` ochrb< tada bsta scm`cicfk qub ok prapck `kdk sb kpasb`tk b` bo c`tbrcar dbo sbr-pkrk-så,  bs su `÷foba.  Fuk`da bo jaehrb rbpkrk b` qub bstë jkhctkda par ok `kdk, bo sb`tcecb`ta qub oa kskotk y b`sbûarbk bs, `a yk ok krcstafrëtcfk k`mustck jbcdbmmbrck`k, sc`a (ocsk y ook`keb`tb) ok `ëusbk. Ok `ëusbk ob sahrbvcb`b ko jae hrb skrtrck`a faea ok k`mustck ko jaehrb jbcdbmmbrck`a, k skhbr, faea u`k s÷hctk rbvbokfcö`, dbsouehrk`tb, dbvks tkdark. Kså ob afurrb k Xaqub`tc`, bo pratkma`cstk db ok prcebrk `avbok db Vkrtrb< sb`tkda u` dåk b` bo hk`fa db u` pkrqub p÷hocfa, k ok saehrk db u` vcbga fkstkûa, db pra`ta tada sb ob couec`k. Ok rbkocdkd db fuk`ta ob fcrfu` dk (ok rkåz dbo ërhao, bo hk`fa, ok vbrgk ..) y db så ecsea sb ob cepa`b faea koma ahsfb`keb`tb mrktucta, khsurda, supbrioua. eaeb`ta Sa bstkhk kooå, c`eövco"Bstb y ybrta, suecdaiubb` bxtrkardc`krca. u` jarrarasa krrahkecb` ta .   B` bo sb`a ecsea db bstb ãxtkscs koma `ubva vb`åk k

8:

83   6>

B@, p. 9;< fir.  O'bxcstb`tckocseb...,  p. 6=.   B@, p. 92.

 

6>

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBA TBAOAM OAMÅK ÅK

kpkrbfbr7 ya faeprb`dåk ok `ëusbk, ok pasbåk... Oa bsb` fcko bs ok fa`tc`mb`fck... Bxcstcr bs   sbr kjå  scepobeb`tb... Tada mrktucta,   6; bstb gkrdå`, bstk fksk, ya ecsea... Jb kjå ok bs`ëusbk." K bstk ecsek fa`fouscö`, k`tcfcpkdk b` fokvb `krrk tcvk, oobmk Vkrtrb tkehcã` par ok våk bspbfuoktcvk. Vb jk dcfja k`tbs qub bo jaehrb bs su praybfta. ^bra bo sbr qub ya pbricoa b` bo praybfta bs dbic`ctcva, c`dbstruf tchob7 "ok rbkocdkd juek`k bs k`jboa db sbr-b`-så". 68   Sa qubrråk fcbr tkeb`tb sbr-pkrk-eå, pbra b` ok iarek c`eutkhob y söocdk dbo sbr-b`-så. Kjark hcb`, bo praybfta fa`tb`cda b` bstk iöreuok bs fokearaskeb`tb quceãrcfa (bo b`-så y bo pkrkså sb k`uok` eutukeb`tb) y scrvb tk` söoa pkrk dbsvbokr ok fukocdkd c`sb`sktk db ok fa`dcfcö` juek`k7 bo sbr qub icgk su   dbscdbrëtue  b` u` ahgbtcva ahgbtcva fa`trkdcftarca bs u` sbr dbsmrkfckda, u` khsurda, "u`k pkscö` c`÷tco". 6 6 Vc Jbcdbmmbr pum`khk par atarmkr sb`tcda ko   Dksbc` ebrfbd k ok fa`suekfcö` qub ok eubrtb ob fa`icbrb, Vkr trb db`u`fck bo fkrëftbr krhctrkrca db ok tk`ktaoamåk jbcdbmmbrck`k< ok eubrtb `a astb`tk `c`mu`k db oks `atks fa` qub kqubook ob kdar`khk. @a bs u` sufbsa bspbrkhob< oobmk dbeksckda pra`ta... a dbeksckda tkrdb, pbra, b` fukoqucbr fksa, `a k su dbhcda tcbepa< bo kzkr ob quctk

;.

OK DCKOÃFT DCKOÃFTCFK CFK VRGB VRGBTA-AH TA-AHGBTA GBTA

6;

hatå` db oas supbrvcvcb`tbs. Obgas, pubs, db faeu`cfkr u` sb`tcda k ok vcdk, ok eubrtb ob krrbhktk tadk bvb`tuko scm `cicfkfcö`. "Bs 64khsurda qub jkykeas `kfcda y bs khsurda qub eurkeas". Oks pkokhrks ic`kobs db   jk `kusbb  kdbok`tkhk` yk fa` hrutko ratu`dcdkd bstb hkok`fb dbsb`fk`tkda dbo k`ëocscs skrtrck`a db ok fa`dcfcö` juek`k7 "tada bxcstb`tb `kfb sc` rkzö`, sb praoa`mk par dbhcocdkd y eubrb par trapcb za".   Tada bs khsurda parqub tadf bstë fa`skmrkda k ok `kdk. Bo ÷`cfa rbsta db bstb `kuirkmca sc` pb`k `c moarck bs ok sahbrk`k kutkrquåk db u`k ochbrtkd cocectkdk, pkrk ok qub tada bstë pbrectcda fa` tko qub sb bgbrzk, parqub bgbrfcã`dasb  kutakicrek k su sugbta irb`tb ko eu`da db oas ahgbtas.   Bstk ochbrtkd khsaoutk y khsaoutkeb`tb c`dbtbrec `kdk, kutërqucfk y k`ërqucfk, krhctrkrck, cepraduftcvk b c`÷tco, bs fa` tada bo tbstcea`ca pktãtcfa db ok fa`fcb`fck dbo ya, bo krramk`tb jbrkoda db u`k kotcvk suhgbtcvcdkd qub pubdb sbr rbputkdk khsurdk, eks fuyk bxcstb`fck `a pubdb sbr dbsfa`afcdk a `bmkdk. 6 .  Xbfkpctuobe as. Bo bxcstb`fckocsea jk oobvkda oobvkda k fk

ha a`taoömcfa par  h) u`  okdahob prc`fc p ca  suk)praybfta   ok bxkotkfcö` db ok mucë`dasb suhgbtcvcdkd< khramkfcö`

tada ksaea db ic` krea`casa, db kfardb tbrec`ko db u`k eboadåk. @a bs bs db `c`mu`k iarek u` sufbsa sufbsa pbrsa`k o7 "`a jky `c`mu`k vcrtud pbrsa`koczk`tb qub sbk pkrtcfuokr k   e c eubrtb". @a bs ec paschcocdkd, "hcb` ko fa`trkrca, bs ok k`cqucokfcö` db tadks ecs paschcocdkdbs". @a pbrtb`bfb k ok bstrufturk a`taoömcfk dbo pkrk-så< scb`da faepobtkeb` tb bxtrkûk k ok prapck suhgbtcvcdkd, k ok qub kdvcb`b scbe prb dbsdb iubrk y par kffcdb`tb, fascicfk ko sbr-pkrk-så, dbmrkdë`daoa k sbr-b`-så. ^ar ok eubrtb, b` bibfta, sb eb bxprapck db tada ec sbr y ec jkhbr y sb eb fa`vcbrtb b` 6;

  Ok `kusbb, 

^krås ;36:, p. ;=;< fir.  chcd.,  p. ;=27 tada bs cm`a-

db ok sustk`tcvcdkd, bo skfrcicfca db ok bsb`fck b` hb`bicfca db ok bxcstb`fck. B` fuk`ta k "k)", rbfuãrdbsb ok apascfcö` Dksbc`/Vbcb`d, ãtrb-paur-sac/ãtrb-b`-sac,   y ok rbduffcö` pra mrkeëtcfk db ok a`taoamåk k ok k`trapaoamåk y db ãstk k u`k bspbfcb db k`trapafb`trcsea bxcstb`fcko pkrk bo qub bo eu`da, ok rbkocdkd bxtrkjuek`k, pksk k sbr ebrk iu`fcö` dbo sugbta juek`a y pkrbfb faea sc bxcstcbrk tk` söoa pk rk qub db ãstb pubdk prbdcfkrsb ok eu`dk`cdkd. B` vbr dkd, faea bstcpuok Vkrtrb, "bo prcebr prc`fcpca dbo bxcs tb`fckocsea bs oa qub sb ookek ok suhgbtcvcdkd". 62 64   62

B@, pp, 9;2-968.

  O'bxcstb`tckocseb..., 

hob 6ekrebokdb . 8   B@, p. 926. 66   B@, p. =>:7 'Tjaeeb bst u`b pkssca` c`utcob .

p. 69< fir. chcd. chcd.,, p. 967 @ubstra pu`ta db pkrtcdk bs bibftcvkeb`tb ok suhgbtcvcdkd dbo c`dcvcdua , k skhbr, bo jbfja db qub bo jaehrb `a pubdb sbr fa`scdbrkda faea ahgbta db c`qucscfcö` bxtbr`k, sc`a faea sugbta db ok kutabxpbrcb`fck.

68

DCKOÃFTCFK FK VRGBTA-AHGBTA ;.   OK DCKOÃFTC

 

OKV @RB @RBYKV YKV K@TXA^AO K@TXA^AOAMÅKV AMÅKV.. R@ XBTA K OK TBA TBAOAMÅ OAMÅK K

66

B` fuk`ta k "h)", dbsdb bo eaeb`ta b` qub sb dcsubo vb bo prahobek dbo sbr b` bo dbo bxcstcr, sb fkrkftbrczk ko jaehrb faea prafbsa khcbrta b c`fa`fousa (fa`trkrckeb`tb k oas dbeës b`tbs, qub sa` b` så parqub bstë` kfkhkdas y fbrrkdas) y sb kûkdb kdbeës qub, b` bo ebgar db oas fksas (Jbcdbmmbr), bo prafbsa db kutarrbkoczkfcö` sb rbektk b` ok eubrtb ( ¡ b` ok ok fbskfcö` fbskfcö` dbo sbr db db su su gbt a ), tcb`b qub cepa`brsb bo prcekda   69  db ok bxcstb`fck sahrb u`k bsb` fck b` rcmar crrbobvk`tb a`taoömcfkeb`tb. ^bra `a s   bs paschob paschob ek`tb`br saocdkrckeb`tb durk`tb eufja tcbepa bstks das kprbfckfca`bs7 ok pa`dbrkfcö` rb törcfk dbo ya y ok dbsb`fk`tkdk kdecscö` db su bsfuëocda

c`tbrprbtkfcö` dafbtcstk db ok rbkocdkd qub bs, b` ÷otcea k`ëocscs, "u`k iarek hkstkrdk   db cdbkocsea .63   ^bra bo pra pca pb`skdar   irk`fãs  `a skob  b`  bstb ksu`ta ebgar ochrkda, pbsb   k  sus bsiubrzas  pa parr  dbsekrfkrsb  dbo pbocmra suhgbtcvcstk  4 >7 su tbscs db   u`k ochbrtkd kutërqucfk, krhctrkrck, sb m÷` ok fuko  [   qu b  cepartk bs bo ebra jbfja db bobmcr, `a oa   bobmcda, dboktk u`k fa`fbpfcö`  saocpscstk, `krfcscstk, dbo sugbta, c`dcibrb`tb k tada oa qub `a sbk su kutakicrekfcö`. B` suek, bo ya bxcstb`fckocstk brk u` pradufta rbvkoukda krtcicfckoeb`tb par ok c`iokfcö` y, b` fa`sbfub`fck, ik tkoeb`tb   fa`db`kda  k u`k drëstcfk dbprbfckfcö`. Fuk`da oks c`dkmkfca`bs sahrb bo vkoar rbko db bstb fa`fbpta db

bspbsar rbko (qub bs, k ic` sahrb db fub`tks, oa qub Bibftcvk scm`cicfk "bo prcekda db okbsabxcstb`fck ok bsb`fck"). eb`tb, u` sugbta sc` bsb`fck bs u`k ekm`ctud `a iu`dkdk y, k ok pastrb, c`fa`scstb`tb, c`sastb`chob. "Bo pkrk-så `a bs b` eada komu`a u`k sustk`fck kutafa`scstb`tb", kdectb Vkrtrb fa` skoudkhob irk`q ubzk< ok fa`fcb`fck fa`fcb`fck bs "u` kh saouta `a-kutafa`scstb`tb". 6=   Bo pkpbo dbfcscva qub rbfchb ok eubrtb b` ok k`koåtcfk bxcstb`fcko jkfb db ok k`trapaoa måk u`k tk`ktaoamåk< bo sugbta juek`a tbrec`k scb`da db ic`cda b` hksb k u` trapcsea c`dbfoc`khob jkfck bo `a-sbr qub dbgk ko dbsfuhcbrta su bstrbfjåscea pkrb`tbsfa fa` ok `kdk. "Bxcstcr —bsfrchb Jbcdbmmbr— scm`cicfk7 bstkr sas tb`cã`dasb db`tra db ok `kdk", db iarek qub "ok `kdk... pbrtb`bfb arcmc`krckeb`tb k ok bsb`fck dbo sbr ecsea".   : Iareuokfca`bs qub rbctbrk` ok dbsmkrrkdk dbsfrcpfcö` skrtrck`k   kdufcdk k`tbrcareb`tb7 "ok `kdk bstë b` bo sb`a ecsea dbo sbr, b` su farkzö`, faea u` musk`a". Ok suhgbtcvcdkd bxcstb`fckocstk kffbdb kså k u` suhgb tcvcsea fuksc cdbkocstk. Vkrtrb kfjkfkrë k Jbcdbmmbr   u`k

sugbta   oobmk` sb   (sugbta   bs

ko c`fa`scstb`tb, pu`ta db c`iobxcö` qub kfkhkoa db fa`scm`kr oa oa c`iu`dkda, dbsia`dkda), sb cepa`b b` hub`k oömcfk dbfrbtkr su khsarfcö` b` bo eu` da db oas ahgbtas7 db ok c`fa`scstb`fck k ok c`bxcstb`fck, pksk`da par ok crrbobvk`fck a`taoömcfk, jky söoa u` pksa. Bo fcfoa c`iokfcö`-dbiokfcö` sb fuepocrë, bibftcvkeb`tb, b` bstb fksa fa` ok ebfë`cfk c`bxarkhcocdkd db ok oby db ok aibrtk y ok dbek`dk. S bo hrkza bgbfutar db bstk oby db jcbrra sbrë bo bstrufturkocsea. 63   4>

B@, p. 6>9.   Fir.  O'bxcstb`tckocseb... O'bxcstb`tckocseb...,, p.  84, fa` ok dcstc`fcö` bxprbsk b`trb suh gbtcvcdkd y suhgbtcvcsea.

6:   Jbcdbmmbr jkhok db "prbbec`b`fck"  (Yarrk`¼)   Oa qub, dcfja sbk db pksa, airbfb u`k `kdk dbsdb ûkhob fakrtkdk k ok kusb`fck db bxpocfkfca`bs qub dbpoa rëhkeas k`tbrcareb`tb b` oa tafk`tb ko fkehca db bpcstb-

;.

OK DCKO DCKOÃFTC ÃFTCFK FK VRGBTAVRGBTA-AHGBTA AHGBTA

63

rkczkda b` bo c`fa`sfcb`tb< sc oks fcb`fcks juek`ks sb jk` fa`stctucda prceardckoeb`tb ebrfbd k iu`fca`bs c`fa`s fcb`tbs, par iubrzk jk db rbsuotkr sahrbek`brk krdua rks trbkr su mã`bscs y gustcicfkr su `kfcecb`ta. R`k vbz qub sb jk prafbdcda, b` ok iarek jkstk kjark rbfb`sca`kdk, k ok dbsfkocicfkfcö` db oks fcb`fcks juek `ks, :;   `as kpraxcekeas yk ko ebaooa db `ubstrk tbeëtc fk, bsta bs, ko prahobek dbo jaehrb. f) Bo jaehrb, frc frckturk kturk rbfcb`tb.. rbfcb`tb.... y biåebrk.  Ok fa` vcffcö` db hksb db fuk`ta sb kfkhk db bstcpuokr sahrb oks fcb`fcks juek`ks y ok jcstarck jk scda kdbok`tkdk b` ok c`traduffcö` c`traduffc ö` k bstk sbffcö`. Xbfa rdãeasok 7 sc `a jky, `c pubdb jkhbr, fcb`fcks juek`ks bs parqub `a jky jaehrb. Vc `a jky, `c pubdb jkhbr, jcstarck bs parqub `a jky sugb ta db ok jcstarck.   Jaehrb, sugbta,  sa` ebras fa`struftas bspbfuoktcvas. Fa`vcb`b kjark fa`scm`kr oas tbxtas da`db sb scb`tk` tkobs ksbrfca`bs< b` booas ok pkrëhaok bstrufturkocstk, k ok vbz qub kofk`zk su eaeb`ta fb`ctko, sb b`fkec `k jkfck su vbrtcmc`asa dbfocvb. "K`tbs dbo ic` dbo scmoa xve bo   jaehrb  `a bxcståk... Bs u`k frckturk euy rbfcb`tb qub ok dbecurmck dbo skhbr jk ikhrcfkda fa` sus ek`as jkfb eb`as db dasfcb`tas kûas". Lk`t rbprbsb`tk u` pkpbo bstbokr b` bstk dbecurmck, ko pok` tbkrsb ok fubstcö` dbr Eb`sfj1)  .

cst `burëomcfk db k`tbs quã bsdbbobstk jaehrb Eks ±par quã ibfjk  (cvks `a bxcs

tb bo jaehrb1 Ok rbspubstk db Iaufkuot, hkstk`tb fråptcfk, bfjk ek `a `ubvkeb`tb db ok cdbk dbo mcra bpcstbeaoömcfa. Jkstk hcb` b`trkda bo scmoa xve "`a jkhråk u`k fa`fcb`fck bpcs tbeaoömcfk dbo jaehrb faea tko. Ok bpcstbeb foëscfk sb krtcfuok scmucb`da oå`bks qub `a kcsok`, b` eada komu`a,

e b

^F, pp. 629-62:.

Ok pb`sãb sftuvkmb, ^krås ;398,   O'krfjãaoamcb...,  p. 88. @a bs

p. 6;2. prbfcsa kdvbrtcr qub ok saehrk db Irbud sb fcbr`b sahrb bo tbarbek c`fa`sfcb`tb fuko rbsartb ÷otcea dbo kfkbfbr juek`a. coustrkdas, oas bstrufturkocstks sb kik`k` par prbstkr k krmueb`tue kuftarctktcs.

ko kvcskda obftar bstrufturkocstk dbo K iubr db hub`as sus pastuokdas bo

u` daec`ca prapca y bspbfåicfa dbo jaehrb". B` bibfta, 2;   Iaufkuot sb fa`tb`tk, b` bibfta, fa` bsta. Bs dbfcr, `a `cbmk qub oks fcb`fcks juek`ks rbprbsb`tb` "fa`icmurkfca`bs dbo skhbr", sc`a qub sbk` bqucpkrkhobs b` rcmar, prbfcscö` y ahgbtcvcdkd k oks fcb`fcks prapck eb`tb dcfjks. s8   ^F. pp. 6>>, 66;.

 

OKV @RBYK @RBYKVV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK

4>

bsk bpcstbeb apbrkhk fa` bo supubsta db qub ok `kturkobzk bs u`   fa`tc`uue  jaeamã`ba, b` bo qub oa juek`a kpkrbfb rbskotkda eës b` oa qub tcb`b db cdã`tcfa fa` bo rbsta db oas sbrbs qub b` oa qub tcb`b db dcvbrsa y prapca. Oas tb eks db oas qub sb afupk` oks fcb`fcks juek`ks `a tb`åk` fkhcdk b` bo pb`skecb`ta foëscfa7 "b` kqubo tcbepa `a brk paschob qub sb kozkrk, b` bo oåectb dbo eu`da, bstk bs tktuk bxtrkûk db u` sbr fuyk `kturkobzk... sbråk bo fa`afbr ok `kturkobzk y k så ecsea b` fuk`ta sbr `kturko". ^ubs "bo ob`mukgb foëscfa faea   dcsfursa fae÷`  db ok rbprbsb` tkfcö` y db oks fasks, faea oumkr b` bo c`tbrcar dbo fuko sb b`trbfruzk` ok `kturkobzk y ok `kturkobzk juek`k, bx fouyb b` khsaouta koma qub sbråk   ok fcb`fck dbo jaehrb". Ecb`trks durö bo dcsfursa foëscfa, `a padåk dchugkrsb u`k c`tbrramkfcö` dbo bstcoabo dbeada ok lk`tck`k (quã bsdbobo sugbta jaehrb)< `a padåk fubstca`krsb db sbr prapca famctktcva db Dbsfkrtbs. Afurrb b` bsk ãpafk fa` bo jaehrb oa qub afurrb fa` bo rby b` "Oks Eb`c`ks"< Iaufkuot sb b`trbmk k u` saicstcfkda k`ëocscs dbo fukdra, qub sbråk b` su apc`cö` ok kobmaråk prbea`ctarck dbo mcra bpcstbeaoömc fa qub vb`ceas faeb`tk`da. Faea bo rby sb qubdk iubrk dbo bsfb`krca, pbsb k sbr bo ahgbtcva db tadks oks ecrkdks y rbiobgkrsb b` bo bspbga db ok skok, kså bo jaehrb bstë kusb`tb dbo pb`skecb`ta foëscfa, sc hcb` ok c`ec`b`fck db su kpkrcfcö` ioatk yk b` bo kehcb`tb. Fuk`da ok jcstarck `kturko, bo k`ëocscs db ok rcqubzk y ok mrkeëtcfk mb`brko dk` pksa rbspbftcvkeb`tb k ok hcaoa måk, ok bfa`aeåk y ok icoaoamåk, dbskpkrbfb bo dcsfursa foë scfa<   gustkeb`tb b`ta`fbs, "b` bo eavcecb`ta praiu`da db tko eutkfcö` krqubaoömcfk, kpkrbfb bo jaehrb fa` su pa scfcö` kehcmuk db ahgbta db u` skhbr y db sugbta qub fa `afb<   sahbrk`a suecsa, bspbftkdar fa`tbepokda, surmb kooå, b` bstb oumkr dbo rby qub ob sbûkokhk db k`tbek`a   Oks Eb `c`ks,  pbra dbo fuko qubdö bxfoucdk durk`tb eufja tcbe pa su prbsb`fcko rbko". 2 6 26

  ^F, pp. 6>;-6>4.

;.

OK DCKO DCKOÃFTC ÃFTCFK FK VRGBTA-AHGBTA

4;

Kjark hcb`, bstk bebrmb`fck dbo jaehrb, k fkhkooa db ok `ubvk bpcstbeb, vk k sbr biåebrk. "Ok ic`ctud dbo jae hrb sb k`u`fck —y db ek`brk cepbrcask— b` ok pasctcvc dkd dbo sk hbr< sb skhb skhb qub bo bo jaehrb bs ic`cta". S, par fcbrta, ok suyk bs "u`k ic`ctud iu`dkeb`tko", pbrfbptchob b` tadks y fkdk u`k db sus ek`cibstkfca`bs. Kså pubs, "bo jaehrb eadbr`a... söoa bs paschob k tåtuoa db icmurk db ok ic`ctud. Ok fuoturk eadbr`k pubdb pb`skr ko jaehrb parqub pcb`sk oa ic`cta k pkrtcr db ão ecsea". :4   Fa` atrks pkokhrks7 bo ecsea eavcecb`ta qub jk skfkda k ok ouz ko jaehrb keb`kzk fa` dbvaovbroa ko asfura fa`tc`b`tb db ok ahgbtcvcdkd sc` sugbta. d) Vahrb ok c`bxcstb`fc c`bxcstb`fckk dbo sugbta.  Tko dbvaoufcö` bstë scb`da pu`tukoeb`tb bgbfutkdk par bo dcsfursa fa`tbe parë`ba, qub sb pok`tbk yk sc` kehkmbs "u`k fubstcö` qub sc` dudk pkrbfb khbrrk`tb... Bstk fubstcö` fa`scstcråk b` prbmu`tkrsb vbrdkdbrkeb`tb sc bo jaehrb bxcstb... Bstkeas tk` fbmkdas par ok rbfcb`tb bvcdb`fck dbo jaehrb qub yk `c scqucbrk mukrdkeas bo rbfubrda dbo tcbepa, pafa obgk ` a ,  sc` behkrma, b` qub bxcståk` bo eu`da, su ardb` y oas sbrbs juek`as, pbra `a bo jaehrb". 22 Ok krqubaoamåk dbo skhbr, b` fuk`ta eãtada k`koåtcfa, jk db icgkrsb faea ebtk bo eastrkr jkstk quã pu`ta sa` supbriouks oks cdbks db "sugbta" a "fa`fcb`fck"< b` quã mrkda rbsuotk c``bfbskrca "husfkr eës kooë db oas b`u`fck das ecseas ok c`tb`fcö` dbo sugbta jkhok`tb, su kftcvcdkd fa`sfcb`tb, oa qub jk qubrcda dbfcr...". ^krk bo bstudca db u` dbtbrec`kda dcsfursa `a bs prbfcsa rbfurrcr "ko `÷ foba db ok suhgbtcvcdkd iu`dk`tb"< eës hcb` sbråk eb`bs tbr rbfuskr "oas padbrbs db u`k fa`fcb`fck fa`stctuyb`tb", pa`br b`trb pkrã`tbscs "ok c`stk`fck dbo sugbta frbkdar". 2: Xbfarrcb`da oks trbs mrk`dbs ërbks db skhbrbs b` oks 2?   ^F, pp. 6>2, 6>3. Bo dkta   ic`ctud juek`k,  qub b` bo bxcstb`fckocsea prafbdåk db ok bxpbrcb`fck suhgbtcvk, sb jkfb kquå dbrcvkr, euy fk rkftbråstcfkeb`tb, db ok fcb`fck, "db ok pasctcvcdkd dbo skhbr". 22   ^F. p. 6;6. 23   O'krfjãatamcb...,  pp. 89, 63, ;23, 892.

 

48

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^ K@TXA^AOAMÅKV AOAMÅKV R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK TBAOAMÅK

qub jk bfoasca`kda ok icmurk dbo jaehrb, `as tapkråkeas —b` apc`cö` db Iaufkuot— fa` oks rkza`bs qub kha`k` bstk dbramkfcö` dbo sugbta juek`a. "±Föea pubdb sbr bo jaehrb bstk vcdk fuyk rbd, fuyks puoskfca`bs, fuyk iubrzk b`tbrrkdk dbshardk` c`ic`ctkeb`tb ok bxpbrcb`fck qub db books ob bs dkdk db c`ebdckta1 ±Föea pubdb sbr bstb trk hkga fuyks bxcmb`fcks y obybs sb ob cepa`b` fa` u` rcmar bxtrkûa1 ±Föea pubdb sbr bo sugbta db u` ob`mukgb qub dbsdb jkfb ecookrbs db kûas sb jk iarekda sc` ão1" Bs dbfcr7 b` ok hcaoamåk, ok bfa`aeåk y ok icoaoamåk sb ksaek y sb ju`db k ok vbz ok iumkz kpkrcfcö`   jaehrb.  Db ok ek`a db bstas trbs skhbrbs oobmkeas k u` pu`ta b` bo qub "bo pcb`sa   `a fa`dufb k ok bvcdb`fck dbo  sa y  \faea frbybrk DbsfkrtbsU 7 ±kfksa pu bda d bfcr, b` bibfta, qub say bstb bstb ob`mukgb qub jkhoa... pbra qub, sc` behkrma, `a bxcstb eës qub b` ok pbsk`tbz db sbdceb`tkfca`bs qub `a sbrã fkpkz db kftukoczkr par faepobta1 ±^ubda dbfcr qub say bstb trkhkga qub jkma fa` ecs ek`as, pbra qub sb eb bsfkpk... ku` k`tbs ecsea db qub oa jkyk c`cfckda1 ±^ubda dbfcr qub say bstk vcdk qub scb`ta b` bo ia`da db eå, pbra qub eb b`vubovb y... qub eb prbsfrchb ec eubrtb1". 2= Bo krquböoama dbo skhbr dbhb, b` ic`, rbjuskrsb k så ecsea ok prapck cdb`tcdkd< jb kjå bo så`taek c`bquåvafa db su fokrcvcdb`fck. "@a eb prbmu`tãcs qucã` say, `c eb pc dëcs qub pbrek`bzfk bo ecsea< bsa bs u`k earko db   bstkda fcvco   qub rcmb `ubstras fkr`bts db cdb`tcdkd", pbra qub, iubrk db bsb ekrfa hurafrëtcfa, `a tcb`b bo eb`ar c`tbrãs. 2: Vc, fa` tada, ok fubstcö` dbo sugbta scmub pkrbfcb`da scm`cicfktcvk k komu`as, bs parqub vcvceas k÷` b` "bo sub ûa k`trapaoömcfa"< `a bs iëfco fartkr db u` tkga fa` ok k`trapaoamåk, qub jk rbprbsb`tkda "u` pkpbo fa`stctutcva b` bo pb`skecb`ta eadbr`a" y db ok qub "b` hub`k pkrtb `a `as jbeas sbpkrkda tadkvåk". 2:   Vc` behkrma, prbtb`dbr

DCKOÃFTCFK TCFK VRGBTA-AHG VRGBTA-AHGBTA BTA ;. ;.   OK DCKOÃF

46

taekr b` sbrca "oas `ubvas juek`cseas" sbråk c`furrcr b` "qucebrks" k`kfrö`cfks. Irb`tb k tb`tkfca`bs db bstk å`da ob ,  "rbfa`iartk y trk`qucoczk bo pb`skr qub bo jaehrb bs söoa u`k c`vb`fcö` rbfcb`tb, u`k icmurk qub `a tcb`b `c das scmoas, u` scepob pocbmub b` `ubstra skhbr, y qub dbskpk rbfbrë b` fuk`ta ãstb b`fub`trb u`k iarek `ubvk". 2> Bstb fkrëftbr rbscduko, ocqucdkhob k farta pokza, db ok ib b` bo jaehrb vk k dcftkrob k Iaufkuot u` përrkia dbfc dcdkeb`tb k`taoömcfa, b` bo qub bo obftar `a skhb quã kd ecrkr eës 7 sc ok cepbrturhkhob sbmurcdkd b` bo prapca pu`ta db vcstk a ok kotk`brk dcspocfb`fck qub ob c`spcrk bo pu`ta db vcstk kgb`a. Bstks sa` sus pkokhrks7 "K tadas kqubooas qub qucbrb` jkhokr k÷` dbo jaehrb, db su rbc`a a db su ochbrkfcö`, k tadas kqubooas qub pok`tbk` k÷` prb mu`tks sahrb oa qub bs bo jaehrb b` su bsb`fck, k tadas

kqubooas qub qucbrb` pkrtcr db ão pkrk tb`br kffbsa k ok

vbrd kd, k tadas kqu booas ... qub `a qucbrb` pb`skr sc` sc` pb` skr tkehcã` qub bs bo jaehrb bo qub pcb`sk, k tadks bstks iareks db rbiobxcö` tarpb y dbsekûkdk `a sb pubdb apa `br atrk fask qub u`k rcsk icoasöicfk, bs dbfcr, b` fcbrtk iarek, scob`fcask." " b) Ok eubrtb dbo jaehrb.   Vc koma qubdk k÷` par jk fbr, b` bstk oå`bk db dbeaocfcö` dbo "subûa k`trapaoömcfa", bs scepobeb`tb b`ta`kr par bo jaehrb dbo scmoa xx bo ecs rãqucbe obqubsahrk` bo scmoa xcx b`ta`krk par Dcas. S k ib qub keaIaufkuot krrbstas pkrk aicfckr db safjk`trb b` bstb sbrvcfca i÷`bhrb sc` qub ob tcbehob ok vaz. Ku`qub, kdvcbrtb, b` rbkocdkd iub @cbtzsfjb qucb` sb kpbrfchcö bo prcebra db ok pröxcek eubrtb dbo jaehrb, ko b`fa`trkr bo pu`ta b` bo fuko jaehrb y Dcas sb pbrtb`bfb` eutuk eb`tb, db tko iarek qub "ok eubrtb dbo sbmu`da bs sc`ö `cea db ok dbskpkrcfcö` dbo prcebra" y "ok praebsk dbo supbrjaehrb scm`cicfk prcebra, y k`tbs qub `kdk, ok c`ec `b`fck db ok eubrtb dbo jaehrb".

9:

^F, pp. 6;4-6;9.

:>

  O'krfjãaoamcb..., p.  8:.

«• ^F, p. 66;.

  ^F, p. 3. ^F p. 666.

 

44

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅ K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. KV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAM TBAOAMÅK ÅK

@a sb pcb`sb, sc` behkrma, qub bstk eubrtb k`u`fckdk sbk u` kfa`tbfcecb`ta `biksta. Euy ko fa`trkrca. "Bo ic` dbo jaehrb bs bo rbtar`a ko faecb`za db ok icoasaiåk. Kf tukoeb`tb söoa sb pubdb pb`skr b` bo vkfåa dbo jaehrb dbskpkrbfcda... Bstb vkfåa... `a bs `kdk eës y `kdk eb `as qub bo dbspocbmub db u` bspkfca b` bo qub par ic` bs paschob pb`skr db `ubva"." A dcfja db atra eada7 ok dbs kpkrcfcö` dbo sugbta sbråk ok   fa`dctca sc`b quk `a`  pkrk jkfbr db `ubva   fcb`fck   Oa ecsea sb dcmk db ok cdbk db "pbrsa`koc dkd", cdbk "c`bxcstb`tb b` ok tbaråk ekrxcstk", pbra qub apbrk faea fkhkooa db Trayk db oas dbsvckfca`cseas ju ek`cstks qub jay kqubgk` ko ekrxcsea mb`uc`a   = _ y db ok cdbk db "sugbta", `afcö` gurådcfa-cdbaoömcfk fc`fbokdk par bo cdbkocsea. "^krk sbr ektbrckocstk-dckoãftcfk, ok icoasaiåk ekrxcstk dbhb raepbr fa` ok fktbmaråk cdbkocstk db   Vugbta faea Arcmb`, Bsb`fck y Fkusk rbspa`skhob". =8 B` fa`sbfub`fck, sc par jcstarck jk vb`cda b`tb`dcã` dasb trkdcfca`koeb`tb bo bsfb`krca db ok ochbrtkd dbfcsa rck db sugbtas rbspa`skhobs, qub fa`dufb` oas kfa`tbfcecb` tas jkfck dbtbrec`kdas ic`bs, jkhrë qub dbfcr qub tko jcs tarck `a bxcstb. Bo ekrxcsea-ob`c`csea b`tcb`db par jcsta rck "u` prafbsa sc` sugbta", "u` prafbsa dckoãftcfa, sc` Vugbta `c Ic`". Ok bxpok`kfcö` db bstk tbscs sb jkfb b` oas tãrec`as scmucb`tbs7 "oas jaehrbs `a sa`   oas sugbtas db  ok jcstarck. Oas c`dcvcduas `a sa` sugbtas ochrbs y fa`stctu yb`tbs. Ahrk` b` y hkga oks dbtbrec`kfca`bs db oks iareks db bxcstb`fck jcstörcfk db oks rbokfca`bs juek`ks db pra duffcö` y rbpraduffcö`". ^ubdb, pubs, fa`foucrsb7 "ok jcs tarck `a tcb`b, b` bo sb`tcda icoasöicfa dbo tãrec`a,   sugbta, sc`a   eatar7  ok oufjk db foksbs".=6 =>   Chcd.,   pp. 86, 2;. Fir.  Xãpa`sb ë Gaj` Obw cs,  ^krås ;3=6, pp. 667 "ok cdbk db   jaehrb,  pu`ta db pkrtcdk khsaouta, bs bo ia`da db tadk cdbaoamåk hurmubsk... Bo jaehrb bs u` ecta db ok cdbaoamåk hurmubsk". HOAFJ,  B.,   Dbrbfja `kturko y dcm`cdkd juek`k,  Ekdrcd ;3:>, p. 92. sastb`drë, par bo fa`trkrca, qub "ok rkzö` ekrxcstk tcb`b u`k mrk` dbu dk db mrktctud fa` bo dbrbfja `kturko rkfca`kocstk, `a söoa par su tbaråk db =;ok rbvaoufcö`, sc`a par su dbfokrkfcö` db oas dbrbfjas juek`as".   Xãpa`sb...,  p. 99. =8   Chcd.,   pp. =;-=8. =6   Chcd.,   pp. 93 s., =9. Fir.   chcd.,   p. 6;7 "ok fubstcö` dbo  sugbta  db ok jcstarck dbskpkrbfb \b` ok tbaråk ekrxcstkU... Ok jcstarck bs u` prafb

sa,  y u` prafbsaparsc`rkza`bs rbhok`dbfcb`da sugbta".tãf`cfks B` ;3=4(okKotjussbr kvk`zkdkbeprb`dåk burafaeu`cstk) su kutafråtcfk, ok fru dbzk db su "k`tcjuek`csea tbörcfa"7   Bobeb`ts d'kutafrctcqub,  ^krås ;3=4.

;. 

OK DCKO DCKOÃFTC ÃFTCFK FK VRGBT VRGBTA-AHGBTA A-AHGBTA

43

6.   K`tbs db fbrrkr bstk pk`arëe cfk dbo bstrufturkocsbstrufturkocsea,   `a bstkrë db eës rbibrcr`as rbibrcr`as k su eës tkrdåa kvktkr, qub,  fa` ok icrek db u` mrupa db b`skycstks bspkûa obs, rb `ubvk   C[V  yk ek`cdas focfjãs dbo cepbrsa`kocsea, ok c`c`-

db`tcdkd, ok dbsc`tbmrkfcö` dbo sugbta, ok `bmkfcö` db ok jcstarck, btf. Bo bpcma`csea rkepk`tb db bstas tbxtas (ce pëvcdkeb`tb fbrfk`as ko pokmca b` komu`k afkscö`) y su pkoekrca k`kfra`csea (ahsãrvb`sb oks ibfjks b` qub vb` ok ouz) `as dcspb`sk` db tada faeb`tkrca< ko obftar sbmu rkeb`tb ob hkstkrë fatbgkroas fa` oas eadboas irk`föia`as rbfamcdas eës krrchk pkrk b`maoikrsb b` u`k ebok`föocfk ebdctkfcö` sahrb ok dudask   arcmc`kocdkd dbo pb`skecb`ta jcspk`a fa`tbeparë`ba. Jb kquå u` fbûcda eubstrkrca (euotcpocfkr oks fctks `a b`rcqubfbråk oas fa`tb`cdas) dbo bstrufturkocsea kutöfta`a7 "Bo jaehrb, ok pbrsa`k juek`k, ok bxcstb`fck juek`k a bo sugbta juek`a fa`stctuyb`   ibtcfjbs.  Bo juek`csea, bo suhgbtcvcsea, bo  pbrsa`kocsea,  bo bxcstb`fckocsea, jk` kha `kda u` fcbrta ibtcfjcsea7 icgkr u` pkpbo safcko, u`k eës fkrk a dcsirkz faea pktrö` db u`k prbtb`dcdk cdb`tcdkd a scm`cicfk, pa r tk`ta, ok dcsaou dcsaou sboi.  Ok e ubrtb dbo jae hrb scm`cicfk, fcö` db bsk cdb`tcdkd y ok ochbrkfcö` db u`k praiuscö` db eësfkrks a dcsirkfbs qub tadas `asatras koekfb`keas y qub c`jchceas b` vcrtud db bsb ibtcfjcsea... Bs u`k icoasa iåk fkr`kvkobsfk ok qub prapa`ma... R`k icoasaiåk qub sus pb`dk tadk fa`fbpfcö` kfbrfk db ok u`cdkd db ok fa`fcb` fck y su cdb`tcdkd fa`scma ecsek, y bo fa`gu`ta db fa` fbptas c`vaoufrkdas b` bsk fa`fbpfcö`, bspbfckoeb`tb bo fa`fbpta db tcbepa y tbeparkocdkd, db jcstarck b jcstarc fcdkd."  =c "Ok cdb`tcdkd pbrsa`ko bs u` ecta, prahkhobeb`tb hur muãs...,  qub sb jkook ksbmurkda par u` hkutcsea y bo fa` scmucb`tb fahra   db  u` `aehrb prapca. ^adbeas dbfcr b` bibfta7 ya kjark say   ya .  B` bibfta7 eb rbfa`azfa b` bo =4  

TXCKV,  B. B.,,  Icoasaiåk y fkr`kvko,  K`kmrkek, Hkrfboa`k ;3=6, pëmc

`ks : s.

 

2>

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAO TBAOAMÅK AMÅK

fkr`bt. Bo   famcta  pksk scbeprb par ok faecskråk db dcstrcta. B o  bm a  bs bsa7 u` traza db pkpbo rbfuhcbrta db poëstcfa." "Ok vbrdkdbrk rbkoczkfcö` db u`a ecsea bs cepbrsa `ko.  .. Ecb`trks ok dbic`cfcö` a iu`fcö` db u` fafjb bs eës a eb`as prbfcsk, ok dbo jaehrb bs iu`dkeb`tkoeb`tb vkrck hob,  fa`iusk y fuot urk o." =H "Bo jaehrb faea tko bs u`k icffcö`, y ok ÷`cfk icffcö` rkfca`ko b` paoåtcfk bs bo `÷ebra." " ^bra vaovkeas k fubstca`bs eës sbrcks, trks bstb ircvaoa c`tbroudca fbotchãrcfa. Oas bsfrctas db Kotjussbr ceprcecb ra` ko bstrufturkocsea u` sbsma c`ãdcta, ko pa`br b` ekrfjk u` eada euy fa`frbta db c`tbrprbtkr y, sahrb tada,   dcrcmcr ok prkxcs. Bo dcsfursa bstrufturkocstk, trksvkskda db ok sb eë`tcfk y ok bt`aoamåk k ok safcaoamåk y ok paoåtcfk, dbgk db sbr ãtcfkeb`tb c`afua a `butra pkrk fa`vbrtcrsb, patb`fckoeb`tb ko eb`as, b` u` krtbikfta kotkeb`tb pbocmrasa. Kså oa vcbra` euy pra`ta u`as fuk`tas tbörcfas ekrxcstks, par fuya fa`dufta sb b`skykrë db `ubva, u`k vbz fbrrkda bo pkrã`tbscs bstrufturkocstk, u`k c`tbrprbtkfcö` db ok rbk ocdkd b` fokvb c`bquåvafkeb`tb juek`cstk. =2

  Chcd.,   pp. =; s. Bo ktb`ta obftar rbfardkrë, sc` dudk, bo përrkia db Iaufkuot qub kquå sb bstë pokmck`da fa` cepbrturhkhob dbsb`vaoturk7 "`a eb prbmu`tãcs qucã` say, `c eb pcdëcs qub pbrek`bzfk bo ecsea7 bsa =9bs u`k earko db bstkda fcvco qub rcmb `ubstras fkr`bts db cdb`tcdkd".   XRHBXT  D B YB@TAV,  Z. ,  Earko y `ubvk fuoturk,  Kock`zk, Ekdrcd ;3=;,  pp. 83, 4>. Bo ecsea b`skycstk bsfrchcrë b` u` ratktcva e kdrcobûa

  Bo pubsta dbo DÅKW,;3:;, (dbha bstk rbibrb`fck, oks dbeës, k Fkroas   @krfbk, E  kdrcd p. 8>, `a jaehrb b` ok icoasaiåk faea fa`tbeparë`bk, tk ;9)7 "^bra ±k quã c`scstcr k÷` b` bstb   ya   qub söoa dbsdb u` juek `csea trks`afjkda pubdb pb`skrsb1 ...^arqub bo ya `a bs u`k bstrufturk, sc`a u`k fayu`turk". ==   OK^AXTK,  I., "Bstkda y vcaob`fck",  Vcstbek,  aftuhrb ;3:>, p. ;8>.

Bo ekrxcsea juek`cstk Ahvckeb`tb `a bs ãstb bo oumkr kdbfukda pkrk u`k bx pascfcö` dbtkookdk dbo ekrxcsea juek`cstk. =:   ^bra så ce partk k `ubstra prapöscta rbfardkr suekrckeb`tb bo pb` skecb`ta k`trapaoömcfa db trbs dbstkfkdas rbprbsb`tk`tbs db bstk farrcb`tb cdbaoömcfk7 K.   Vfjkii,  X. Mkrkudy y B. Hoafj. Oas das prcebras c`tbrbsk` sahrb tada parqub trktkrë` db khrcr u`k tbrfbrk våk b` fa`ira`tkfcö` bxpoå fctk fa` bo suhgbtcvcsea bxcstb`fckocstk y bo k`tcjuek`csea bstrufturkocstk. Hoafj, par su pkrtb, ebrbfb sbr trkåda k faokfcö` `a söoa par bo pbsa bspbfåicfa kscm`khob k su ahrk b` bo ekrfa db ok tbaråk ekrxcstk eës bvaoufca`kdk, sc`a kdbeës parqub, b` ok oå`bk db u` juek`csea ktba, ok suyk bs ok prapubstk sbmurkeb`tb eës kehcfcask y sumbstcvk db fuk`tks fcrfuok` par bo icrekeb`ta icoasöicfa kftuko. S parqub kscstceas fa` ão k ok rbfbpfcö` okcfk dbo tbek   jae hrb-cekmb` db Dcas   b` su sarprb`db`tb rbcvc`dcfkfcö` db u` dbstc`a tbaeöricfa pkrk ok juek`cdkd fa`suekdk. ;.  Botbörcfas ic icoösaia oösaiaekrxcstks paokfa Kdk Vfjkii Vfjkiiktb`fcö` iub u`ako dbib`ö oas oas prcebras qube prbstö =3 eb`a bxcstb`fckocstk.   Varprb`dcda par su "ksaehrask iubrzk bxpk`scvk", sb prbmu`tk k quã sb dbhb. Ok rbspubs tk bs qub bo bxcstb`fckocsea jk skhcda pok`tbkr u`k sbrcb db prahobeks qub c`tbrbsk` vctkoeb`tb ko jaehrb, eëxceb b` eaeb`tas db frcscs a db fkehca safcko. Oa qub scm`cic fk, kmrbmk   Vfjkii,  qub oks fubstca`bs "safrëtcfks" (oks prb=:   Fir. Xucz  DB OK ^BÛK,  G. O.,  Eubrtb y ekrxcsea juek`cstk. Kpra xcekfcö` tbaoömcfk,  Vcm÷beb, Vkokek`fk ;3=:. =3   Ekrx adbr Vkrtrb1 Ybrsufj bc`br ^jcoasapjcb dbs Eb`sfjb`  (5EV).

Irkccliurt k.E. ;394.

 

28

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^ K@TXA^AOAMÅ AOAMÅKV KV

R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK TBAOAMÅK

mu`tks qub bo jaehrb sb jkfb sahrb så ecsea) `a pubdb`

;.

OK DCKOÃFT DCKOÃFTCFK CFK VRGBTA-AHG VRGBTA-AHGBTA BTA

26

safcko"< bo c`dcvcdua bocmb   safckoebrRb,  sb fa`dufb  safcko-

fkdufkr b` ok icoasaiåk, ku`qub söoa sbk parqub, tkrdb a tbeprk`a, fkdk u`a db `asatras `as oks iareuokeas. Ook ekroks "psbudaprahobeks", faea jkfb` oas dcvbrsas pasc tcvcseas (c`foucda bo bstrufturkocsea) bs, bstcek   Vfjkii, bst÷pcda< ku` fuk`da `a fa`tkrk` fa` rbspubstks prbfcsks, `a par booa dbgkråk` db sbr prahobek. Faea qucbrk qub sbk, fa`tc`÷k` jkfcb`da "u`k hub`k fkrrbrk icoasöicfk", oa qub dbeubstrk (fa`trk ok b`mrbådk suicfcb`fck db sus dbtrkftarbs) qub sa` "prahobeks   rbkobs"  y qub, par tk`ta, bo icoösaia qub sb bepbfc`k b` cm`arkroas "suirb db be hatkecb`ta earko kmuda". :> Bstk pbrek`b`tb vcmb`fck db oks fubstca`bs safrëtcfks dbskutarczk atra tbarbek pasctcvcstk7 bo db ok u`cfcdkd db ok fcb`fck, fa` ok cepascfcö` bxfouscvcstk db oas pkrëeb tras db oks fcb`fcks `kturkobs k tada tcpa db prafbsa dcs furscva. Bs fokra qub prahobeks faea bo sb`tcda db ok vcdk, bo vkoar db ok bxcstb`fck c`dcvcduko, ok eubrtb, btf., `a pubdb` sbr trktkdas fa` bo eãtada prapca db u`k   @kturiarsflu`m.  ^bra bsa `a bqucvkob k dbfcr qub `a sa` susfbp tchobs db trktkecb`ta   fcb`tåicfa,  bsta bs, rcmu rasa , sc scstbeë stbeë :; tcfa y ebtadaoömcfkeb`tb farrbfta. Kså pubs, sbråk `bfca `bmkr vkocdbz k oks prbmu`tks qub bo bxcstb`fckocsea pok`tbk, ku`qub fcbrtkeb`tb, y dbsdb u` pu`ta db vcstk ekrxcstk, sus rbspubstks `a sbk` db rbfc ha ,  sbm÷`  Vfjkii.  ±Dö`db sb bepokzk, k su gucfca, bo eba ooa db oks dcibrb`fcks b`trb ekrxcsea y bxcstb`fckocsea1 "B` ok fa`fbpfcö` dbo c`dcvcdua juek`a." Eës fa`frbtk eb`tb, b` ok saoufcö` saoufcö` ko scmucb`tb c`tbrra mk` tb7 ±bs bo c` dcvcdua u` sbr kutö`aea qub frbk ok safcbdkd y ok fa` duftk safcko, a sa` oks rbokfca`bs safckobs oks qub frbk` ko c`dcvcdua1 Ecb`trks bo bxcstb`fckocsea dbicb`db u`k c`tbr prbtkfcö` suhgbtcvcstk, c`dcvcdukocstk, dbo ib`öeb`a juek `a ,  bo ekrxcsea vb b` bo jaehrb "u` pradufta db ok vcdk

eb`tb,   bstë  safckoebrRb  dbtbrec`kda. Bs dbfcr7 "pk rk bo ekrxcsea, bo c`dcvcdua... `a bs   kutö`aea  fa` rbokfcö` k ok safcbdkd, sc`a qub, ko fa`trkrca, b` fuk`ta pradufta db ok safcbdkd, dbpb`db db book". Bsk bs ok rkzö` par ok qub bo praybfta skrtrck`a db "faepobtkr" bo ekrxcsea fa` bo bxcstb`fckocsea bstë bstë fa`db`kd a ko irkfksa7 kehk s fa`fbp fca`bs sa` fa`trkdcftarcks. : * Kjark hcb`, dbic`cr ko jaehrb faea "pradufta db ok vcdk safcko" `a cepocfk `bfbskrckeb`tb su fascicfkfcö`, ok `bmkfcö` db su fa`dcfcö` db sugbta. Bo ektbrckocsea jcstö rcfa `a dbicb`db "u`k `bfbscdkd cepbrsa`ko" faea iubrzk eatrcz db ok jcstarck. Ok tbscs kotjussbrck`k db oas das Ekrx, u`a juek`cstk (bo c`kutã`tcfa) y atra dckoãftcfaektbrckocstk, bs ikos k< bo db Ekrx bs u` pb`skecb`ta b` bvaoufcö`, pbra fuya ahgbtcva fa`stk`tb jk scda scbeprb "ok fubstcö` db ok ochbrkfcö` dbo jaehrb"< sb trktk, pubs, db u` pb`skecb`ta qub : vb b` bo jaehrb ko   sugbta kftcva dbo kfa`tbfbr jcstörcfa.* ^bsb k booa, Vfjkii rbfa`afb qub bo ekrxcsea `a jk fa`scdbrkda suicfcb`tbeb`tb suicfcb`tbeb`tb oas tbeks db u`k "icoasaiåk dbo jaehrb", kfksa par bo tbear k fa`vbrtcrsb b` u`k k` trapaoamåk c`dcvcdukocstk a cdbkocstk. Tkobs tbeks dbhb`, bepbra, sbr khardkdas sc` eës dcokfcö`7 jk db pbricokrsb u` "fa`fbpta dbo c`dcvcdua" y rbcvc`dcfkrsb pkrk bo ekr xcsea su fa`dcfcö` db mb`uc`a "juek`csea safckocstk". B` fuk`ta k ok faeprb`scö` ekrxcstk dbo c`dcvcdua, Vfjkii sbûkok qub ãstb bs, k ok vbz y b` sb`tcda dckoãftcfa, "frckturk y frbkdar db ok safcbdkd", su "pu`ta db oobmkdk y db pkrtcdk"   (B`d-Kusmk`mspu`lt).  Oks dbfcsca`bs dbfcsca`bs c`dc_cdukobs   bstë` scbeprb dbtbrec`kdks par bo ebdca safcko< _cdukobs pb`skr, faea jkfb bo bxcstb`fckocsea, qub bo jaehrb söoa bs ochrb fuk`da bs   khsaoutkeb`tb  ochrb, fuk`da `kdk c`iou:8   ::

EV, pp. 8;-8=, 4> s.   EV, pp. 48 s.

  EV, pp. ;;-;:, 66. :;   EV, pp. 26-23.

 

OKV @RBYK @RBYKVV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK

24

yb b` su dbfcscö` `c ok ocectk, bs fa`iu`dcr ok ochbrtkd fa` bo vaou`tkrcsea. Eks, db atra okda, ok bxcstb`fck db dbtbr ec`kfca`bs safckobs a db "obybs ahgbtcvks db ok jcstarck" `a scm`cicfk qub ok `bfbscdkd jcstörcfk sahrbvb`mk dbsdb iubrk ko c`dcvcdua y sbk c`dbpb`dcb`tb db su ahrkr. Oa qub bo ekrxcsea b`tcb`db par `bfbscdkd jcstörcfk bs u` ikftar qub iu`fca`k k trkvãs db ok ochrb apbrktcvcdkd db oas c`dc vcduas. "Ok jcstarck bs jbfjk par oas jaehrbs, pbra oks kffca`bs y apfca`bs db oas jaehrbs bstë` c`ûucdks par oas fa`dcfca`kecb`tas y `bfbscdkdbs db su b`tar`a". Ok ook ekdk `bfbscdkd jcstörcfk `a bs sc`a ok rbsuotk`tb bstkdås tcfk db u`k euotctud db kffca`bs c`dcvcdukobs, hkga oks qub kfkhk cepa`cã`dasb u` fa`frbta tcpa db faepartk ecb`tas y pkutks db fa`duftk. "@kdk, pubs, sufbdb sc` oas jaehrbs< ko fa`trkrca, tada sufbdb par oas jaehrbs." Oks obybs ahgbtcvks `a bocec`k` ok ochbrtkd db kffcö`< frbk` bo fcecb`ta safcko sahrb bo qub oas jaehrbs pubdb` dbspob mkr su kftcvcdkd. :4 B` tada fksa, u`a db oas bobeb`tas crrb`u`fckhobs db ok "icoasaiåk ekrxcstk dbo c`dcvcdua juek`a" fa`scstb, b` apc`cö` db   Vfjkii,  b` ktrchucr k ãstb bo rk`ma db "vkoar crrbpbtchob". "Ok tbaråk ekrxcstk b`sbûk fcbrtkeb`tb qub ok pbrsa`kocdkd bs u` pradufta safcko, qub faepartk u` fkrëftbr safcko< sc` behkrma, bsta ktkûb söoa k ok bxpoc fkfcö` db ok   mã`bscs  db ok pbrsa`kocdkd. Ok pbrsa`kocdkd juek`k bstë fa`dcfca`kdk safckoeb`tb...< pbra b` oa qub rbspbftk k su fkrëftbr faepobga, b` fuk`ta bstrufturk tatko, bs Fa` u`cda atrks pkokhrks7 "bo dbcdbko jaehrb dbo crrbpbtchob." faeu`csea bstë k ok `arek qub dbo bo jaehrb ha`ue"."" bs bo suprbea hcb` pkrk bo jaehrb, bo   sueeue ha`ue". :4   ::

EV, pp.  =9-:;,  :9 s.   ECJ, pp. ;86, 8==. [ub bo jaehrb sbk bo sbr suprbea pkrk bo jaehrb bs u`k kicrekfcö` db Ekrx b`   Ok fubstcö` gudck  (qucb` k su vbz ok taeö db Ibubrhkfj,  Ok bsb`fck dbo frcstck`csea).  ^bra Vfjkii bstë prbdcfk`da bo kxcaek dbo jaehrb fa`frbta sc`muokr, fask qub `a sufb dåk b` oas prbfbdb`tbs fctkdas7 "bo prahobek fb`trko db tada safckocs ea...   bs bo jaehrb... S, par supubsta, `a u` jaehrb khstrkfta, `a bo ea... jaehrb b` mb`brko, sc`a bo c`dcvcdua juek`a fa`frbta"   (ECJ,  p. 92).

;.   OK DCK DCKOÃFT OÃFTCFK CFK VRGBTAVRGBTA-AHGBTA AHGBTA

22

Fa` tkobs k`tbfbdb`tbs bs iëfco faeprb`dbr kjark par quã,   sbm÷`  Vfjkii,  bo ekrxcsea bs u` juek`csea, y par quã, quã Ekrx jkhråk scda scbeprb juek`cstk. Oa qub sb qucb rb dbfcr fa` booa bs qub, pkrk Ekrx y bo ekrxcsea, ok rbk ocdkd jk db sbr obådk k`trapafã`trcfkeb`tb. Vc   juek`csea bs "u` scstbek db rbiobxca`bs sahrb bo jaehrb qub rbfa `afb` k ãstb faea suprbea hcb`", b`ta`fbs "ok quc`tkbsb` fck safckocsea bs fa`fbpfcö` su-juek`csea< quc`tkbsb`fck db bsb dbo juek`csea bs su db okokibocfcdkd dbo c`dc vcdua". Tada b` bo ekrxcsea sb ardb`k k bstk ebtk7 taekr ko jaehrb fa`frbta y sc`muokr faea pu`ta db pkrtcdk, ah gbta ic`ko y rbkoczkdar db ok cdbk dbo safckocsea."Bo safck ocsea bs   bx dbic`ctca`b  u` ardb` safcko dbo tatko y vbrdkdbra dbsb`vaovcecb`ta db ok c`dcvcdukocdkd db tada c`dcvcdua juek`a". : * Irb`tb k oas rbstk`tbs rbstk`tbs juek`cseas — fa`fouyb   Vfjkii—, bo safckocstk bs "bo eës rkdcfko" (bo qub rbspa`db b` eës kota mrkda k oks fubstca`bs `burëomcfks dbo c`dcvcdua) y "bo eës rbko" (bo ebgar fukocicfkda pkrk kofk`zkr oas cdbk obs juek`cstks). Bs kdbeës u` juek`csea "faehktcva" (skhbdar db oks dcicfuotkdbs y rbsubota k oufjkr fa`trk books) y "fa`frbta" (tcb`b b` fub`tk oks fa`dcfca`bs safcajcstörcfks). B` bo kftuko fa`iocfta db oks k`trapaoamåks (ju ek`cstks a k`tcjuek`cstks), `c`mu`k bstë ebgar sctukdk qub ok tbaråk ekrxcstk dbo c`dcvcdua pkrk dkr skocdk k oas prahobeks qub kmahck` k `ubstras fa`tbeparë`bas< söoa book, b` bibfta —bstcek `ubstra kutar—, pktrafc`k u` ea dboa rbkocstk db ochbrkfcö` dbo eko safcko y :=kfrbdctk b` su prkxcs jcstörcfk ok bicfkfck db tko eadboa. 8 .   Mk rkud y bs sc` dud k, par sus fa`frbtks fcrfu`stk` fcks pbrsa`kobs, bo pb`skdar b` qucb` eës ja`dkeb`tb jk c`fcdcda ok fa`ira`tkfcö` bxcstb`fckocsea-bstrufturkocsea. ^ar atrk pkrtb, Vfjkii `a bxpocfk föea u` sbr `a kutö`aea rbspbfta db ok safcbdkd pubdb sbr, b` så ecsea, u` vkoar "÷`cfa", "crrbpbtchob", "suprbea". ±B` quã sb iu`dk tk` sc`muokr prcvcobmca1 ::   EV, pp. ;9=, ;83. :=   EV, pp. ;6: s., ;=6.

 

29

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAM K@TXA^AOAMÅKV ÅKV

R@ XBTA K OK TBAO TBAOAMÅ AMÅK K

Ktrkåda par ok praduffcö` icoasöicfk db Vkrtrb, fa` su kpksca`kda boamca db ok ochbrtkd y su dbib`sk db ok suhgb tcvcdkd b` u` eaeb`ta b` qub oas tatkoctkrcseas db dbrb fjks (`kzcsea) y db czqucbrdks (bstkoc`csea) keb`kzkhk` fa` bxtcrpkrok db ok vcdk safcko, ::   `a dbgk, sc` behkrma,

;.  ;.   OK DCKOÃ DCKOÃFTCFK FTCFK VRGBTAVRGBTA-AHGBTA AHGBTA

2=

fcvcoczkfcö` hurmubsk. Bo rbsuotkda bs qub "Vkrtrb fa`vcbr tb b` rbkocdkd a`taoömcfk ok rbkocdkd jcstörcfk db ok sa fcbdkd c`dcvcdukocstk b` qub vcvceas". Oks rbokfca`bs sa fckobs qubdk` rbdufcdks k ok scepob euotcpocfkfcö` db oks rbokfca`bs c`dcvcdukobs, y bo fkrëftbr ebrkeb`tb jcstörcfa db ãstks bs bobvkda k u` rk`ma ebtkiåscfa. 3>

db pbrfchcr oas oåectbs dbo b`skya skrtrck`a, faea vbrbeas b` sbmucdk. B`irb`tkda k Kotjussbr b` u` octcmca b` bo qub bstë b` gubma fuëo db oas das vk k sbr bo eb`tar cdbaoömcfa dbo faeu`csea irk`fãs, su praybfta icoasöicfa bstrchk b` bokharkr u`k tbaråk ekrxcstk db ok suhgbtcvcdkd, dcstk`tb tk`ta dbo suhgbtcvcsea skrtrck`a faea dbo k`tcjuek`csea kotjussbrck`a. Oas das pu`tas dãhcobs db ok icoasaiåk db Vkrtrb —pcb` sk Mkrkudy— sa` bo db ok ochbrtkd y bo db ok rbokfcö` c`tbrjuek`k a safcko< b` kehas tbeks sb bvcdb`fck u`k pbocmrask prapb`scö` jkfck bo c`dcvcdukocsea suhgbtcvcstk. Kså, "ok fa`fbpfcö` skrtrck`k db ok ochbrtkd bs saoctkrck...

Ykykeas kjark ko atra bxtrbea dbo bspbftra cdbaoömcfa. Bo bstrufturkocsea, fa` su `bmkfcö` dbo sugbta, vk k rbfc hcr db Mkrkudy u`k rbpuosk k÷` eës fktbmörcfk qub ok qub ob c`spcrkrk Vkrtrb. Fcbrta qub "ok c`vafkfcö` bxfou scvk dbo sugbta" prapck dbo bxcstb`fckocsea tb`åk qub mb `brkr, faea skoudkhob rbkffcö`, u`k "h÷squbdk db ok ah gbtcvcdkd"< sc bo bstrufturkocsea sb juhcbsb ocectkda k rbstkhobfbr kså bo bqucochrca, ek`tb`cã`dasb faea prapubs tk ebtadaoömcfk a bpcstbeaoömcfk, fa` vcstks k dcsfcpoc`kr bo dcsfursa fcb`tåicfa, `kdk sb ob padråk rbprafjkr. ^bra fuk`da, sa prbtbxta db rbfahrkr ok ahgbtcvcdkd kjamkdk b`

@a jky ochbrtkdbs c``uebrkhobs   ^areës atrkqub pkrtb, ko khsaoutczkr bo kfta bdbc`faeu`cfk ok ochbrtkd hobs". hobs".  b` så ecsea,  sb farrb bo rcbsma db dbspagkr ko praybfta b` qub dbsbehafk db tada fa`tb`cda, db kpastkr par u`k bobf fcö` b` ok qub oa bobmcda `a cepartk, y så tk` söoa bo jbfja db bobmcr. C`dudkhobeb`tb, par bstb fkec`a ok suhgbtcvcdkd fa`qucstk u`k prbbec`b`fck c`dcsfutchob, eks k fkehca db dbgkrsb sbfubstrkr par bo vaou`tkrcsea suhgbtcvcstk. "Bstk fa`fbpfcö` db ok ochbrtkd bs ebtkiåscfk b` bo sb`tcda pob`a db ok pkokhrk7 bxtbrcar k ok jcstarck." S söoa padrë ktkgkr tkekûa pbocmra sc rbhksk su saobdkd y sb rbsubovb k skocr ko b`fub`tra dbo atra. :3 Dbsdcfjkdkeb`tb —kmrbmk Mkrkudy— ikehcã` ok `a tcfck tcfck skrtrck`k d bo atra atra bs c`dcv cdukocstk 7 "bo atra, sbm÷` Vkrtrb, bs bo ya qub `a bs ya". Oks rbokfca`bs c`tbrjuek `ks qub kpkrbfb` b` su ahrk sb bepokzk` b` bo ekrfa db u`k safcbdkd jcstörcfkeb`tb hcb` dbtbrec`kdk, ok db ok

ok sb bocec`k tada sugbta,db6b praduf rbdufb ko ekrbk jaehrbdb ksuhgbtcvcsea, "ebra sapartb db oks rbokfca`bs fcö`", sb b`tcb`db par jcstarck "u`k dckoãftcfk db oks bs trufturks" (b`tcdkdbs cepbrsa`kobs y k`ö`ceks), b`ta`fbs söoa fkhb praibrcr u` fktbmörcfa   `a   k tk` khbrrk`tb ecstc icfkfcö` db ok rbkocdkd. Jky, pubs, qub "rbfa`afbr ok obmc tcecdkd dbo bstrufturkocsea faea eãtada fcb`tåicfa... y rbfjkzkroa... fuk`da prbtb`db sbr u`k icoasaiåk... y `cbmk bo eaeb`ta db ok frbkfcö` y db ok suhgbtcvcdkd".* ; Mkrkudy bectb u` gucfca pkrtcfuokreb`tb jastco fa`trk Iaufkuot y su tbscs dbo fkrëftbr rbfcb`tb db ok cdbk db jae hrb, tbscs iareuokdk (k su gucfca) sc` qub sb dbdcqub bo eå`cea bsiubrza k kvkokrok dafueb`tko a bspbfuoktcvkeb` tb .   B` apc`cö` db Mkrkudy, "jkhrë qub ek`cpuokr a ha rrkr eufjks pëmc`ks db `ubstrk jcstarck pkrk `a vbr `kfbr ko jaehrb jkstk ic`ko ic`kobs bs dbo scmo scmoaa xv e " < b` rbkocdkd "ok `afcö` db jaehrb faea sugbta... kpkrbfb ocmkdk prcebrk-

::

  ^brspbftcvks dbo jaehrb (- 

mc`k 84>.

^J), Ia`tk`book, Hkrfboa`k ;3=> ;3=>.. pë

:3

  ^J  , pp. =9,  ;>;.

3>   3;

^J, pp. ;>= s.   ^J, pp. 84: ss.

 

2:

OKV @RBYK @RBYKVV K@TX K@TXA^AOAMÅ A^AOAMÅKV. KV. R@ XBT XBTA A K OK TBA TBAOAMÅ OAMÅK K

eb`tb ko cepkfta dbo frcstck`csea... sahrb bo pb`skecb`ta mrcbma . ^bra da`db ok c`dcm`kfcö` db Mkrkudy kofk`zk su eës kotk fatk bs b` prbsb`fck dbo ekrxcsea bstrufturkocstk db Kotjussbr y su k`tcjuek`csea tbörcfa. Kotjussbr sb prapa `b "sustctucr par u` eãtada bstrufturkocstk bo eãtada dck oãftcfa, sustctucr, faea fa`fbpta fokvb db   Bo Fkpctko,  ok `afcö` db fa`trkdcffcö` par ok db bstrufturk". Oas rbsuo tkdas db tko fa`dufb` fa`fousca`bsdbobstrufturkocstks dbo prbtb`scö` k`tcjuek`csea y dbk okoksbocec`kfcö` jae hrb faea sugbta db ok jcstarck. Bo jaehrb, ok foksb ahrbrk, `a sa` eës qub bibftas db ok bstrufturk, pbra `a kmb`tbs dbo fkehca safcko. Bstk`da kså oks fasks —krmuyb Mkrku dy—, "ok jcstarck bstë yk bsfrctk y, faea dbfåk B`mbos, ya prbicbra c`fousa bo   Lcsebt  db oas turfas k bsb dbtbrec`csea". 36   Jb kjå "bo pbar brra r"7 bo db "frbbr qub pkrk bo ekrxcsea bo jaehrb `a bxcstb y qub oa qub bxcstb bs u` fa`gu`ta db rbokfca`bs safckobs< qub oas jaehrbs `a sa` oas sugbtas db ok jcstarck, sc`a saokeb`tb oas bibftas y oas sapartbs db u` fa`gu`ta db rbokfca`bs safckobs". 3 * Fa`trk ok pascfcö` db Kotjussbr, Mkrkudy trktk db eas trkr qub su c`tbrprbtkfcö` db Ekrx ikosbk bo kutã`tcfa pb` skecb`ta db ãstb. Kotjussbr "bocec`k oas trbs fukrtas db sus tbxtas y eutcok bo ÷otcea fukrta fa` bo ic` db c`tbrprb tkr euy   ochrbeb`tb  oa qub rbstk, y dbfokrkrsb sc`fbrkeb`tb dbsfa`fbrtkda   a  turhkda  fkdk vbz qub Ekrx sb rbscstb k bsb trktkecb`ta". 32 Vbebgk`tb prafbsa db bocec`kfcö` a dcstarscö` rbsuotk bspbfckoeb`tb kobvasa, prascmub Mkrkudy, fuk`da sb b` fkr`czk fa` tadas kqubooas pkskgbs b` oas qub Ekrx c`scstb b` bo pkpbo kftcva dbo jaehrb faea frbkdar y sugbta db ok jcstarck, faea dubûa y sbûar db ok `kturkobzk. Gustk38   ^J, 36   ^J, 34

pp. 8=>-8=;. pp. 69;  ss.,  6:4.

  Ekrxcsea

p.   32;29.

dbo scmoa ZZ  

;.   OK DCK DCKOÃFT OÃFTCFK CFK VRGBTAVRGBTA-AHGBTA AHGBTA

23

eb`tb parqub bo jaehrb `a bstë `u`fk dbtbrec`kda par b`tbra hkga oks bstrufturks bs par oa qub Ekrx sastb`drë qub "bo bsfokva, bo scbrva a bo praobtkrca pubdb` rbhbokrsb" y qub ("`c scqucbrk hkga ok pbar kocb`kfcö`") ok jcstarck `a bstë saebtcdk "k ok saok iktkocdkd db oas ebfk`cseas bfa`öecfas"< ok dckoãftcfk db ok jcstarck, k dcibrb`fck db ok dckoãftcfk db ok `kturkobzk, pksk `bfbskrckeb`tb par ok ebdckfcö` db ok fa`fcb`fck juek`k, qub bs koma eës qub "bpcib`öeb`a a rbiobga pkscva dbo dbtbrec`csea", faea prbtb`db Kotjussbr. 39   Mkrku dy, b` sue k, fa`fubrdk fa` Vfjkii b` fktkoamkr bo pb`skecb`ta db Ekrx faea praiu`dk y fajbrb`tbeb`tb juek`cstk. Ok atrk oå`bk db ktkqub k ok obfturk kotjussbrck`k dbo ekrxcsea fa`scstb b` eastrkr föea fa` book sb koagk b` bo c`tbrcar db ãstb bo mbreb` db dbskstrasks dbsvckfca`bs, fuyks fa`sbfub`fcks trëmcfks sb jk` pubsta db ek`cicbsta fa` bo bstkoc`csea. Ok "pbrvbrscö` tbörcfk" db ok pasturk db Kotjussbr mb`brkråk, b` apc`cö` db Mkrkudy, "eartkobs rbsuotkdas prëftcfas"7 `bapasctcvcsea, `badamektcsea, c` taobrk`fck, bxpuoscö` ko rbc`a db oks tc`cbhoks bxtbrcarbs db tadk prbafupkfcö` earko b` ok prkxcs rbvaoufca`krck... Bs prbfcsa, pubs, "cepbdcr qub bsk icoasaiåk db ok fbrrk zö` dameëtcfk y dbo kvb`turbrcsea paoåtcfa kfkhb par bgbr fbr u`k c`ioub`fck paoåtcfk dbobtãrbk". 3= R`k vbz dbsekrfkda db oas das k`tåpadks (bxcstb`fckocsea-bstrufturkocsea), Mkrkudy pubdb yk prafbdbr k prb sb`tkr su praybfta k`trapaoömcfa7 rbstctucr ko jaehrb ok dceb`scö` ok suhgbtcvcdkd u`k faeprb`scö` ekrxcstk dbodb ecsea. ^krk booadb`tra `ubstradb kutar sb scrvb dbo fa`fbpta icfjtbk`a dbo  ya   faea sbr "jkhctkda par bo atra", faea fa`fcb`fck db så jbfjk paschob par ok bxcstb`fck y åk prbsb`fck c`tb`fca`ko db bsb atra. "Kså, y söoa kså, pa dåk Icfjtb fa`fbhcr u`k tbaråk db ok suhgbtcvcdkd qub `a iubrk `c suhgbtcvcstk `c c`dcvcdukocstk". Vbebgk`tb fa`fbp-

( 5 EsZ Z). Ia`tk` book, Hkrfboa`k ;3=>, 39   3=

^J, p.  638.   ^J, p.  6 =; <   EsZZ,  pp. 8;= ss.

  ^J. p. 623.

 

9>

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV

R@ XBTA K OK TBAOA TBAOAMÅK MÅK

fcö` sb kfaeadk, kdbeës, sc` dcicfuotkd k ok faeprb`scö` ekrxcstk dbo jbfja juek`a y db su safckocdkd fa`stctutcvk. Fuk`da Ekrx dbic`b ko c`dcvcdua faea "bo fa`gu`ta db sus rbokfca`bs safckobs", bstë bstë scm`cicfk`da 7 qub bo  ya   sb kprbjb`db faea c`dcvcdua "sahrb u` ia`da db faeu`cdkd" (ok suhgbtcvcdkd `kfb db ok c`tbrfaeu`cfkfcö`)< qub bo `asatras  bs prcebra fa` rbokfcö` ko  ya   (bo jaehrb bs fa`sfcb`tb db så söoa ebdck`tb sus rbokfca`bs fa` oas atras)< qub bsk prcarcdkd dbo `asatras sahrb bo ya sb bvcdb`fck

;.   OK DCKOÃ DCKOÃFTCFK FTCFK VRGBTA-AHGBTA

9;

da ok fa`afcdk sb`tb`fck db Vkrtrb. Oas atras `a söoa pra vafk` ok bebrmb`fck dbo ya< bo ya "`a bxcstb eës qub par booas y fa` booas". Oa qub jky b` ão db eës å`tcea y bsb` fcko bs "ok prbsb`fck y bo kear db oas atras". ;>> Kjark hcb`, oa qub b` dbic`ctcvk eës cepartk k Mkrku dy b` bo tbek db ok suhgbtcvcdkd bs ok rbfupbrkfcö` pkrk bo jaehrb db su pratkma`csea jcstörcfa, db su å`daob db jaea ikhbr   (jkfbdar db så ecsea y db su eu`da) y bo rbsfktb db u`k jcstarck sbfubstrkdk par bo   iktue  db u`k c`

b` oas ib`öeb`as dbo ob`mukgb y, sahrb tada, dbo trkhkga. ^ubsta qub bo trkhkga bs, db u`k pkrtb (b` fuk`ta   tãf`cfk), jbrb`fck db oks mb`brkfca`bs pkskdks y, db atrk, kutafrbkfcö` dbo jaehrb, b` y par bo trkhkga sb kofk`zk sceuotë `bkeb`tb ok kutakicrekfcö` dbo c`dcvcdua y su rbocmkfcö` bsb`fcko k ok safcbdkd.* : Fa`vcb`b kdvbrtcr, fa` tada (kmrbmk Mkrkudy), qub ko dbic`cr ko jaehrb faea bo fa`gu`ta db sus rbokfca`bs safck obs,   `a sb prbtb`db dbfcr "qub bo c`dcvcdua `a bs eës qub

tbrprbtkfcö` bfa`öecfa-safcko dbtbrec`cstk a bstrufturkocstk. Va` oas jaehrbs —faea ksbvbrkhk Ekrx— qucb`bs jkfb` ok jcstarck< ãstk `a bs, par fa`scmucb`tb, bo rbsuotkda c`bxarkhob db ok `bfbscdkd, sc`a bo iruta db ok ochbrtkd. Vö oa qub bsk ochbrtkd frbkdark `a bs ok ochbrtkd khsaoutk y khsaoutkeb`tb krhctrkrck db ok k`trapaoamåk db Vkrtrb< sc bs fcbrta qub oas jaehrbs jkfb` ok jcstarck, oa bs tkehcã` qub ok jkfb` k pkrtcr db sctukfca`bs prbvcks k su apfcö`. S par atrk pkrtb, scb`da bo ekrxcsea u` praybfta db oc

u` `uda db rbokfca`bs safckobs,(ãsk ok scepob rbsuotk`tb bo sce pob pradufta db oks ecseks" sbråk ok tbscs dba Kotjussbr).  Oa qub sb qucbrb dbfcr bs qub "bo c`dcvcdua, trktkda iubrk db bsks rbokfca`bs, bs u`k khstrkffcö`" (bo brrar db Vkrtrb bstrchk b` `a jkhbrsb pbrfktkda db bsta). Fac`fc dcb`da fa` koma yk iareuokda par   Vfjkii,  Mkrkudy pu` tukoczk   "ok `afcö` db bsb`fck juek`k `a pubdb iarekr sb...   sc`a pkrtcb`da db oks rbokfca`bs db oas jaehrbs fa` ok `kturkobzk (trkhkga, praduffcö`) y fa` oas dbeës jae hrbs...   ^bra bsks rbokfca`bs, k su vbz, sa` pradufcdks par bo jaehrb". 33 Bs bstk ÷otcek rbiobxcö` ok qub sbpkrk ok obfturk mkrkudck`k db Ekrx db ok db Kotjussbr, faea bs ok b`iëtcfk kfb`tukfcö` db ok safckocdkd oa qub dcstc`mub su fa`fbp fcö` dbo c`dcvcdua dbo c`dcvcdukocsea skrtrck`a. "Bo c` icbr`a bs ok kusb`fck db oas atras", dcrë Mkrkudy c`vcrtcb`-

hbrkfcö`, suprbscö`u`kdb fkpkfcdkd oks kocb`kfca`bs, jk db rbfa`a fbr b` oasdb bsfokvas db kutadbtbrec`kfcö` tk` rbko y apbrktcvk qub pubdk c`fousa cepa`brsb k ok `b fbscdkd kocb`k`tb y dbrrafkrok. Bsta bs oa qub `a pkrbfb jkhbr faeprb`dcda Kotjussbr, bstcek Mkrkudy. Eks, db atra okda, rbokfca`k`da   ochbrtkd  y  kocb`kfcö`,  sb bstë kd ectcb`da tëfctkeb`tb ok bxcstb`fck db u`k tksk c`bxfuskhob db   `bfbscdkd  qub pa`b fbrfa pbrek`b`tb k ok ochbrtkd. Jky qub cr, pubs, k u`k faeprb`scö` dckoãftcfk tk`ta db ok ochbrtkd faea db ok `bfbscdkd, oa qub `a pkrbfb` jkhbr pbrfchcda `c Vkrtrb `c Kotjussbr. ;>; Bo jaehrb, b` ic`, sbm÷` Mkrkudy, bs "vkoar khsaou t a " >.   ^J, p. 449.

caa   pkokhrk db jaehrb,  Bdcfusk, Ekdrcd ;3=9, pp. ;83-;64. ; >;   ^J, pp. 644 s.

 

98

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAO TBAOAMÅK AMÅK

"sbrvcr db ebdca k ok rbkoczkfcö` db oas ic`bs db ok bspb fcb".   Tko cdbk bs "u`k dbiarekfcö` pasctcvcstk a u`k c` fcb". tbrprbtkfcö` ebfk`cfcstk dbo ekrxcsea". Db ãstb jky qub kicrekr, par bo fa`trkrca, qub bs "u` vbrdkdbra juek`cs e a "   qub sct÷k ko jaehrb b` bo pu`ta fuoec`k`tb db ok rbk ocdkd y dbo prafbsa jcstörcfa< u` juek`csea dcstc`ta, par oa dbeës, k fukoqucbr atra, pubsta qub `a krrk`fk db u`k bsb`fck ebtkiåscfk dbo jaehrb, sc`a qub sb pastuok faea "kftukoczkfcö` db u`k paschcocdkd jcstörcfk". ;>8 6 .  Db bstb jue k`csea pkr k bo qub bo bo jaehrb-vkoar khsaouta bs sahrb tada paschcocdkd k rbkoczkr jcstörcfkeb` tb ,  k`tbs qub kftukocdkd yk fahrkdk, bo eës arcmc`ko b c` iouyb`tb tbörcfa bs Br`st Hoafj. R`k kpraxcekfcö` k su pb`skecb`ta, scqucbrk sbk tk` sufc`tk faea ok kquå pasc hob,   dbhcbrk pkrtcr db koma qub, c`sc`ukda db u`a u atra hob, eada par sus faeb`tkrcstks, rkrk vbz sb suhrkyk bxpoåfc tkeb`tb   ok c`tb`fcö` db Hoafj bs bokharkr u`k aaseavcscö` b` fokvb saovåicfk   y `a scepobeb`tb  ochbrkdark 8   EsZZ, pp. ;22 ss.< ^J, pp. 6=4, 4>8. Mkrkudy ktrchuyb c`fousa k   Bo Fkpctko  "u` fkrëftbr c`dcvcschobeb`tb juek`cstk y dckoãftcfa" (^J, p .  484)< bo Ekrx juek`cstk `a sbrck, pubs, söoa bo gavb` Ekrx db ok c`tbrprbtkfcö` kotjussbrck`k.

;.

OK DCKO DCKOÃFTC ÃFTCFK FK VRGBTA-AHGBTA

96

ybfta purk y scepobeb`tb juek`cstk, bs u` k`trapatbåsea bstrcfta qub dbgk euy ktrës   k  oas juek`cseas  eës kehcfcasas. sbkk  b o [ub oa qub c`tbrbsk ko pb`skdar gudbakobeë`   sb jarcza`tb db ok skovkfcö`, y `a söoa db ok ochbrkfcö`, ;> "   sb bvcdb`fck b` trbs eatcvas fa`tc`ukeb`tb rbfurrb`tbs   k  oa okrma db tadk su ahrk7 k) Vu dcstc`fcö` dcstc`fcö` b`trb ok "farrcb`tb irå k" y ok ok "fa rrcb`tb fëocdk" dbo ekrxcsea. Ok prcebrk sb afupk dbo k`ëocscs rcmurasadbdboksokstëftcfks fa`dcfca`bs db paschcocdkd pra fbsa jcstörcfa, y bstrktbmcks k pokzadbofartaebdca, db ok oufjk fa`trk ok kocb`kfcö`, dbo bstudca db ok sctukfcö` safcabfa`öecfk, btf. Ok sbmu`dk, fa` ok qub bo ecsea Hoafj sb cdb`tcicfk, jk db suec`cstrkr oas eövcobs ÷otceas db ok prkxcs b cdbkr bo pbrico dbic`ctcva db ok rbk ocdkd, db tko eada qub ok iksfc`kfcö` dbo bstkdca tbrec`ko sastb`mk bo faepraecsa ecoctk`tb y dã rkzö` db ok   prapck prkxcs rbvaoufca`krck. ;>4 h) Vu db`u`fck db oks c`suicfcb`fcks dbo ekrxcse a foëscfa, qub sb rbea`tk` k ok ahrk ecsek db Ekrx< b` ãstb ikotk, sbûkok Hoafj, ok ktb`fcö` fardcko k kqubooas kspbf tas db ok rbkocdkd juek`k `a rbdufchobs k oks `afca`bs db trkhkga, praduffcö`, safckoczkfcö`< kspbftas söoa pkrfkeb` tb sumbrcdas "b` bo ebzquc`a fa`fbpta db safcbdkd sc` fok‐0¼ ;>2

sbs . f) Vu pbrsukscö` db qub bo bstkhobfcecb`ta db ok sa sa fcbdkd sc` foksbs `a ocqucdkrë oas prahobeks juek`as db ia`da, sc`a qub eës hcb` oas kmudczkrë. A oa qub bs oa ecs e a 7  ok ochbrkfcö` `a bs,  ba cpsa,  ok skovkfcö`< ok khaocfcö` db oks kocb`kfca`bs dbgk pb`dcb`tbs db saoufcö` oas eës c`fcscvas c`tbrramk`tbs. Ybkeas komu`as db oas tbxtas da` db sb fa`tcb`b bstb pra`östcfa. ;>6   Vb b`tcb`db kquå par  ochbrkfcö`  ok `bmkfcö` db oks `bmktcvcdkdbs, y par   skovkfcö`  ok kicrekfcö` db oks pasctcvcdkdbs7 dbsfrcpfca`bs fuya scepocsea rkyk fcbrtkeb`tb b` scepobzk, pbra qub pubdb` hkstkr pkrk b`tb`dbr`as. ;> 4 ;323, pp. 84> s.   Dks ^rc`zcp Jaii`u`m,  Irk`liu rt k.E . ;323, ;> 2   ohcd.,   pp. ;6:> s.

 

94

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV R@ XBTA K OK TBAO TBAOAMÅK AMÅK

B` u`k safcbdkd yk `a k`tkmö`cfk \b` ok safcbdkd sc` foksbs dbo safckocsea trcu`ik`tbU... sb jkrë` sb`tcr tk`ta eës oks c`dcm`cdkdbs db ok bxcstb`fck, dbsdb oks ek`dåhu oks db ok eubrtb jkstk oks ÷otceks bstrchkfca`bs vctkobs dbo tbdca y bo jkståa. Oas eb`skgbras db ok `kdk, pbrdcdas oas kpayas prafbdb`tbs db ok safcbdkd fokscstk, prbsb`tkrë` u` rastra `ubva, b` mrk` pkrtb c`cekmc`khob o>* R`k vbz suprcecdks ok pahrbzk y ok prbafupkfcö` par ok vcdk, sb c`frbeb`tkrë ok prbafupkfcö` par ok eubrtb... Bt c` Krfkdck bma7   c`fousa b` Krfkdck bstë bepkdra`kdk ok eubrtb .;>= Tkehcã` fuk`da dbskpkrbzfk bo fobra, b` ok safcbdkd sc` foksbs, sbrë c`qucbtk`tb ok prbmu`tk dbo kda`db y dbo

;. 

OK DCKOÃ DCKOÃFTCFK FTCFK VRGBTA-AHG VRGBTA-AHGBTA BTA

92

pkrkdögcfk db kqubook k`tcmuk sb`tb`fck7 bs eës iëfco koc eb`tkr ko jaehrb qub skovkroa, bsta bs, qub rbfa`fcockroa fa`scma ecsea, fa` oas dbeës, fa` ok eubrtb y fa` bsb ecstbrca khsaoutkeb`tb raga qub bs ok bxcstb`fck dbo eu` da.   B` bibfta, ok kocb`kfcö` eës pbrtc`kz `a bs ÷`cfkeb` tb ok mb`brkdk par u`k safcbdkd eko jbfjk, qub dbskpkrb fbrë fa` book< jky atra arcmb` eës praiu`da db ok kocb`k fcö`..., bo jbfja db qub   `a`due kppkruct qucd brceus (G` 6,8)."   e . Oks prbecsks db ok satbrcaoamåk hoafjck`k pubdb` sc` tbtczkrsb b` oas b`u`fckdas scmucb`tbs7 o oc   ok rbkocdkd bs ektbrck< ok ektbrck bs paschcocdkd< ok paschcocdkd bs b` prafbsa. Ok jcstarck dbhb sbr obådk `a b` tãrec`as db   bva

pkrk quã< ebgar k÷`, sbrë ok eës patb`tb, eufja eës c`b oudchob qub kjark, fuk`da ok jk fkstrkda hub`k pkrtb db ok hurmubsåk par eatcvas db foksb. ;>: Bo ekrxcsea moahko, c`fousa oobvkda k su iarek eës hrcook`tb y fa`suekda b` su rbkoczkfcö` c`tbmrko, bs ÷`cfk eb`tb fa`dcfcö` pkrk u`k vcdk b` ochbrtkd y ibocfcdkd, pk ;>

rk u`k b` safcbdkd paschob pob`ctud. Okvcdk `ubvk iaeb`tkrë ¾bo surmcecb`ta, fa` eës iubrzk qub `u`fk, dbo daoar, ok k`mustck y ok tatkocdkd db ok prahobeëtcfk dbo koek, prahobeëtcfk safckoeb`tb c`bocec`khob. ¾ Xbfardbeas, b` ic`, u` ÷otcea tbxta b` bo qub kpkrbfb yk octbrkoeb`tb fa`scm`kdk ok dcstc`fcö`   skovkfcö`-ochbrk fcö`7

R` vcbga skhca sb okeb`tkhk dcfcb`da qub bs eës ië fco skovkr ko jaehrb qub koceb`tkroa. Bo safckocsea iutura, bo fa`scstb`tb b` qub tadas oas c`vctkdas bstë` yk sb`tk das k ok ebsk, jkhrë db kgustkr fub`tks fa` ok c`vbrscö` cas   Dbrbfja `kturko...,  pp. 8:> s.< jb farrbmcda obvbeb`tb ok vbrscö` bspkûaok pkrk jkfbrok eës kgustkdk ko arcmc`ko. oa1   Dks ^rc`zcp...,  p. ;6:>. ; >:   Brhsfjkit dcbsbr Wbct,  Wtcrcfj ;362, p. 4>:. ℨ¼ TXKRH,  X. -  ] CBVBX J., , Mbsprkfjb ect Br`st Hoafj,  Irk`liurt CBVBX, , J. k.E.; ;>;3=2, p. =4.   Mbcst dbr Rtapcb,  Irk`liurt k.E. ;3=6 (vbrscö` ;386), p. 4;>.

oufcö`,  db

ebgark pramrbscvk y jaeamã`bk dbo kftuko  stktus par skotas mrkdukobs, fuk`tctktcvas, sc`a b` tãrec`as db rbvaoufcö`,  db rupturk dbo ardb` bstkhobfcda, qub jk db dkr pksa k u` ardb` `ubva. Ok rbkocdkd bs paschcocdkd prafbsuko fkpkz db kutatrksfb`dbrsb jkfck ok `avbdkd. ±^ar quã fkhb jkhokr db bstk paschcocdkd db kutatrksfb`db`fck1 ^arqub, fa`trk ok apc`cö` `bapasctcvcstk, ok rbkocdkd `a bs u` jbfja hruta dkda db u`k vbz par tadks, `c astb`tk ok ikftcfcdkd ec`brko db oa crrbvafkhobeb`tb bstkhobfcda< ok rbkocdkd bstë oobmk`da k sbr, y oobmk rbhksë`dasb, sahrbpu gë`dasb jkfck su pous a`taoömcfa. Ok tatkocdkd db oa rbko, khcbrtk kså k u` iutura scbe prb ekyar par ahrk db u`k trksfb`db`fck oktb`tb b` su prapck urdcehrb, c`ek`b`tb ko ecsea prafbsa db dbvb`cr, sb arcb`tk jkfck u`k fa`suekfcö` pob`cicfk dark 7 bo  @ a;; ;

.   Ktjbjeus Xbcfjs,   Irk`liurt

ce Fjrcstb`tue. Wur Xbocmcö` dbs Bxadus u`d dbs

k.E. ;39:, p. 62>. Fa` su c`supbrkhob dbstrbzk pkrk ok hrbvbdkd bpcmrkeëtcfk dbo gubma db pkokhrks, Hoafj vubovb sahrb bstk cdbk b` u`k db sus ÷otceks ahrks   (Bxpbrceb`tue Euttdc,  Irk`liurt k.E. ;3=2,  p. 868)7 ok eës ja`dk rkåz db ok kocb`kfcö` bstë k`fokdk b` bo pbrek`b`tb dbsiksb qub bo jaehrb pkdbfb b`trb "oa fahrkda"   (dks Brok`mtb)   y "oa kûarkda"  (dks Ybiok`mtb). ;; 8   ^krk u`k bxpascfcö` eës dbtkookdk, fa` prbfcsks rbibrb`fcks hc hocamrëicfks db oas tbxtas db Hoafj, vcd. ec   Eubrtb y ekrxcsea...,  pë  mc`ks 6=-=4. Fa` eës rkzö` qub ko db atras, ob fukdrk ko ektbrckocsea db Hoafj bo kpboktcva db "bebrmb`tcstk", qub `as skodrë `ubvkeb`tb ko pksa b` bo fkp. CCC, k prapöscta db ok k`trapaoamåk db E. Hu`mb. 2

 

99

OKV @RB @RBYKV YKV K@TXA^A K@TXA^AOAMÅ OAMÅKV. KV. R@ XBTA K OK TBA TBAOAMÅ OAMÅK K

vue Rotceue.  

Bo prafbsa b`ta`fbs sb dbtcb`b, tbrec`k, y faecb`zk k bxcstcr bo Vbr b` u`k iarek c`ãdctk db durk fcö`, ko khrcma yk db tadk fkdufcdkd y db fukoqucbr kffc db`tb obtko. Bo eu`da, ok jcstarck, sa`, pubs, "bo okharktarca db u`k skovkfcö` paschob"   (okharktarcu e passchcocs sëoutcs). Ok ebtkiåscfk foëscfk aovcdö b` su k`ëocscs db ok rbkocdkd bo ikftar tcbepa, ok fktbmaråk   k÷`-`a9>.   Ktjbcseus...,  p. =3< fir.  Dks ^rc`zcp...,  p. ;288.

 

9:

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAM K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. ÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅ TBAOAMÅK K

h rb   bs  Dcas, pbra (pcb`sk Hoafj) bqucvafkdkeb`tb. ^ubs bo jaehrb   tadkvåk `a  bs Dcas< oa sbrë. Ok rbsurrbffcö`, ks fb`scö` y rbtar`a pkrusåkfa db Gbs÷s kpu`tk` k bsk rbvb okfcö` db oa juek`a qub tb`drë oumkr ko tãrec`a dbo pra fbsa, fuk`da bo Jcga db Jaehrb, vb`fcdk yk dbic`ctcvk eb`tb ok drëstcfk k`tcutapåk qub bs ok eubrtb, sb b`tra`c fb b` u` eu`da dbvb`cda ic`koeb`tb "bo fcboa b` ok tcb rrk" y ek`cicbstb kså su fa`dcfcö` db ÷`cfa y mb`uc`a Vbr Vuprbea. ;; * B` hksb k bstas supubstas, Hoafj brcmb faea   prc`fcpca (faea ikftar bstrufturk`tb) db oa rbko ok bspbrk`zk. K eës db sbr u` sb`tcecb`ta juek`a, u` "kibfta db bxpbftkfcö`", ok bspbrk`z k' bs ok dbtbrec`kfcö` iu`dke b`tko db ok b`tbrk rbkocdkd ahgbtcvk. Bspbrk`zk, kmrbmk `ubstra kutar, "`a mk rk`tczkdk"   (u`mkrk`tcbrt), pëmc `ks ;2: ss.<   DAHWJK@VLS,  T., "Bvaoufcö` dbo mã`bra juek`a" b` Yk rcas,  Bvaoufcö`,  Hkrfboa`k ;3:>, pp. 44; ss., p. 843 G. Ea`ad dkhk k ouz u` ochra qub sbråk sbråk db ahocmkdk obfturk b` ok prcebrk ectkd db ok pkskdk dã fkdk.* Ku`qub `a brk, `c eufja eb`as, ok prcebrk vbz qub sb prapa`åk u` pramrkek db rbduffcö` hcaoamcstk db oa juek`a, bo prbstcmca dbo kutar, keã` db sus datbs —pa fa faeu`bs b` u` fcb`tåicfa— db fokrcdkd bxpasctcvk, fa` trchuybra` k dcvuomkr bsk tbscs b`trb bo mrk` p÷hocfa. Ok icockfcö` `bapasctcvcstk dbo kutar `as sct÷k db b`trk dk k`tb u`k pbrspbftcvk yk fa`afcdk k trkvãs db `ubstrk rbsbûk dbo bstrufturkocsea, daec`kdk par "bo prc`fcpca db ahgbtcvcdkd" y ok ratu`dk rbpuosk db tada k`trapafb`trcse a .  ^ar atrk pkrtb, qucb` tb`mk prbsb`tb qub bo mrk` hcöoa ma irk`fãs iub kecma y kdecrkdar db Fkeus `a dbgkrë db pbrfchcr b` su ochra rbsa`k`fcks dbo trëmcfa   pktjas  qub dcstc`mub ok c`tbrprbtkfcö`   bxcstb`fckocstk db ok rbkocdkd< ok fa`gu`fcö`   kzkr-`bfbscdkd,  fb`tra `burëomcfa db ok ahrk

prb c`dbeastrkhob". Fa` ão sb bstcpuok, b` fokrk fa`tc`uc dkd fa` bo bstrufturkocsea, bo rbfjkza scstbeëtcfa k fuko qucbr c`tbrprbtkfcö` db oas ib`öeb`as iareuokdk b` tãrec `as db fkusk ic`ko a db praybfta. 6 K bstb pastuokda, prascmub Ea`ad, sb apa`b` oks das mrk`dbs bxpocfkfca`bs db ok rbkocdkd qub sb rbpkrtb` bo ikvar db dcvbrsks cdbaoamåks icoasöicfa-rbocmcasks, y qub apbrk` fa` bo fa`fbpt fa`fbptaa fokvb db ic`kocdkd 7 bo vctkocsea vctkocsea y bo k`cecsea. Oks tbaråks vctkocstks ocectk` bo kofk`fb dbo prc`f cpca tbobaoömcfa k ok hcasib rk< oks fa`fbpfca`bs fa`fbpfca`bs k`cecstks ("hkga eufjas pu`tas db vcstk eës c`tbrbsk`tbs qub oks tbaråks vctkocstks") bxtcb`db` dcfja prc`fcpca k   tadk ok rbkocdkd. B` fuk`ta ko vctkocsea, Ea`ad dcstc`mub bo "ebtkiåscfa" dbo "fcb`tcstk". Kqubo frbb vbr b` ok vcdk u` "cepuosa" a "farrcb`tb" qub oufjk fa`trk ok ektbrck c` k`cekdk, ok dahobmk y ok c`dufb k bstrufturkrsb armë`cfk eb`tb< Ea`ad `a fa`fbdb hbocmbrk`fck k bstk jcpötbscs, dkda qub dbshardk, dcfb, sus prbsupubstas ebtadaoömcfas. B` fuk`ta ko vctkocsea fcb`tcstk (dbib`dcda par fcbrtas iåscfas, pkrk qucb`bs ok hcasibrk `a bs bxpok`khob fa` ok kyudk bxfouscvk db oks obybs icscfaquåecfks), `ubstra ku tar bstcek qub oas kvk`fbs bibftukdas ÷otcekeb`tb b` bo fkepa db ok hcaoamåk eaobfuokr jk` rbdufcda sahrbek`b

db Ea`ad, dbo bvafk ok kobkfcö`   fa`tc`mb`fck-dbstc`a,   eatcva fa`duftar bxcstb`fckocsea. Oa qub kouehrk bstb pkrk dögcfa kpkrbkecb`ta b`trb `bapasctcvcsea a bstrufturkocs ea (faea hksb) y bxcstb`fckocsea (faea kteösibrk) bs u`k vcscö` db oa hcaoömcfa y oa juek`a `a par dcsfutchob

bo fårfuoa k dbdcfja oa jkstk vbdkda k ok icscaquåecfk,   oa hcaoömcfa yrk keb`kzk` fårfuoakjark (bo db   faea dcs tc`ta y supbrcar k oa ebrkeb`tb iåscfa) fa` su purk y sce pob bxtc`fcö`. 4   Bo k`tcvctkocsea db Ea`ad sb gustcicfk, pubs, dbsdb u` rbduffca`csea a`taoömcfa fa` bo qub vaovbrbeas

Bo rbduffca`csea hcaoamcst*

eb`as iksfc`k`tb< par bsa k÷` jay pubdb sbr ÷tco rbfardkr fa` fcbrta dbtb`cecb`ta oks cdbks db Ea`ad. "Ok @kturkobzk bs   ahgbtcvk  y `a  praybftcvk"   Bsta bs oa qub qucbrb dbfcrsb

fcö`"< sb ocectk k dkr rkzö` db oas jbfjas, sc` prbtb`dbr

dkr db så bob` "fa`afcecb`ta (irbfub`tb oas fcb`tåicfas)ahgbtcva", db `bam`astcfcsea oa qub bxceb ("k k okEa`ad skovkfcö` dbo pbfkda par ok skhcduråk"). ;>   K@, pp. ;2:-;9>. ^appbr, db kfubrda b` bsta fa` Ea`ad, sb bx prbsk kså7 "ku` fuk`da u` mb` dbs`uda, sc`tbtczkda par kzkr, sb b`fa` trksb b` u`k sapk db b`zceks, jkhråk u`k paschcocdkd fbra db qub oks b`zceks —eaoãfuoks euy faepobgks y bspbfckoczkdks— b`fkgksb` fa` bo

2

  K@, pp. 4; ss. • K@, pp. 8>, 86.

=

  K@, fa`afcda fa` ok db :   K@, 3   K@,

p. ;:6. Bo pastuokda dbo "fa`afcecb`ta ahgbtcva" `as brk yk par bo bstrufturkocsea< ok bpcstbeaoamåk db Ea`ad fac`fcdb Iaufkuot b` bstb pu`ta fokvb. pp. ;>3-;8=. pp. ;>3, ;2:. Bs bstk bsfãptcfk pa`dbrkfcö` db oa qub pubdb

 

:>

OKV @RBY @RBYKV KV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAO TBAOAMÅK AMÅK

8.  

OK DCKOÃ DCKOÃFTCF FTCFK K JAEHXBJAEHXB-K@CEKO K@CEKO

:;

fuk`da sb eb`fca`k "bo kzkr bsb`fcko" faea pu`ta db pkr tcdk db ok hcasibrk. Kjark hcb`, sc tadk bstrufturk hcaoömcfk prcekrck bs u` rbsuotkda khsaoutkeb`tb kobktarca, sc` behkrma, k pas-

sb`a db u` scstbek iarek mrkduko pbra Oobmkdas k bstb eb`tb fa` bo kzkr.

tbrcarc y u`k vbz oamrkdk, ok ecsek bstrufturk tcb`db k euotcpocfkrsb, ebfë`cfk y icboeb`tb, b` ecooa`bs a ecobs db ecooa`bs db bgbepokrbs< dbsdb qub u` kffcdb`tb iar tucta jk pubsta b` ekrfjk bo prafbsa, ãstb pksk dbo rbc`a dbo eës pura kzkr ko db ok eës iãrrbk `bfbscdkd, db ok c`fbrtcduehrb eës asfurk k ok rbmuokrcdkd eës cepokfk hob.  B`trk kså b` gubma ok prapcbdkd (yk sbûkokdk) prc ebrk y iu`dkeb`tko db tada sbr vcva7 "ok c`vkrck`fck rb praduftcvk". Bo b`tbra scstbek vcvcb`tb bs "c`tb`skeb`tb fa`sbrvkdar", "fbrrkda sahrb så ecsea y khsaoutkeb`tb c`fkpkz db rbfchcr fukoqucbr c`struffcö` dbo eu`da bxtb rcar... Ok fãouok bs u`k eëquc`k". ;;   Kzkr-`bfbscdkd. ;=

 

8 .  OK DCKOÃFTCFK DCKOÃFTCFK JAEHXB-K@CEKO

:4

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAM K@TXA^AOAMÅKV ÅKV

R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅ TBAOAMÅK K

qub,  c`apc`kdkeb`tb, afupkrë` ok ktb`fcö` dbo hcöoama `bapasctcvcstk qub bs Ea`ad b` oks ÷otceks pëmc`ks db su ahrk. Oks cdbaoamåks k`cecstks —sbûkok Ea`ad— jk` fa` iu`dcda sbfuokreb`tb fa`afcecb`ta y vkoar, fcb`fck y ãtc

fk, ördb`bs faea kspbftas db u`k ecs ek fa`scdbrk`da rbkocdkd. Bo kehas pastuokda db ok ahgbtcvcdkd rbfokek su dbek rfkfcö`7 "bo fa`afcecb`ta bxfouyb bxfouyb tada gucfca db vk oar..., b` tk`ta qub ok ãtcfk, par bsb`fck   `a ahgbtcvk,  bstë par scbeprb bxfoucdk dbo fkepa dbo fa`afcecb`ta". Bo "prcebr ek`dkecb`ta" dbo qub pbrscmub ok vbrdkd jk db sbr, pubs, `a jchrcdkr fa`afcecb`ta y ãtcfk, vbrdkd y vkoa rb s <   ok ebsfaok`zk db oas das ëehctas söoa pubdb fa`du fcr ko "dcsfursa c`kutã`tcfa"." Fa` tada, y pkrkdögcfkeb`tb, bo ecsea pastuokda db ok ahgbtcvcdkd dbrcvk db u`k apfcö` ochrb, "fa`stctuyb u`k bobffcö` ãtcfk". ^bra yk `a sb trktk, b` apc`cö` db Ea`ad, db u`k ãtcfk jbtbrö`aek, cepubstk dbsdb iubrk, faea afu rråk b` oas scstbeks k`cecstks< bs bo prapca jaehrb qucb` ochrbeb`tb sb ok cepa`b, "jkfcb`da db book   kxcaeëtcfkeb` tb   ok fa`dcfcö` db kutb`tcfcdkd db tada dcsfursa a db tadk kffcö`". Bstk fa`fbpfcö` fuksc skrtrck`k db u`k ochbrtkd kutërqucfk sumcbrb k Ea`ad u`k pastrbrk pbrpobgcdkd. "±^adbeas pb`skr qub bstk ãtcfk kustbrk, khstrkftk, armuRask, pubdk fkoekr ok k`mustck, skfckr ok bxcmb`fck \db  k 6

u`k bxpocfkfcö` tatkoU  1  @a oa sã." Bstk c`tbrramk`tb drkeëtcfk sb kmudczk k÷` fa` atrk fa`scdbrkfcö`. Afoucda b` bo k`masta rbfc`ta db ok hcaquå ecfk, tcodkdk su dceb`scö` ãtcfk db `a ahgbtcvk (y, par b`db,  `a susfbptchob db u` dcsfursa vbrdkdbra, fcb`tåicfk88   K@, pp. ;:: s. Oa qub `a ahstk pkrk qub (sbm÷` sb vbrë db c` ebdckta), Ea`ad dbfokrb qub su pastuokda fcb`tåicfa hksb bs pradufta db u`k taek db pasturk   ãtcfk.  Tbrec`k kså rbsuotk`da qub, faea `atkrk u` fa`afcda tbörcfa db ok fcb`fck   (LRJ@,  T. V.,  Ok bstrufturk db oks rbva oufca`bs fcb`tåicfks,  Eãxcfa ;3=2, p. 844), fuk`da bo fcb`tåicfa dcsbûk u` pkrkdcmek bxpocfktcva, dbhb taekr dbfcsca`bs qub b` ÷otcek c`stk`fck

;3

  ^appbr (fctk`da k I. K. va` Jkybl) fa`icrek fa` atrk fa`scdbrk fcö` ok cepaschcocdkd db oobmkr komu`k vbz k dbsb`trkûkr b` dbtkoob bo iu`fca`kecb`ta dbo fbrbhra jue k`a7 fukoqucbr kpkr kta... jk db pasbbr u`k bstrufturk db u` mrkda db faepobgcdkd supbrcar ko qub pasbb` oas ahgbtas qub trktk db bxpocfkr (Bo ya...,  pp. 66 s. s.).). Bs dbfcr, bo fbrbhra `a bxpocfkr bo fbrbhra< söoafa` u` oa jcpbr-fbrbhra padråkb`jkfbroa, pbra k supubdb vbz dbek`dkråk bxpocfkfcö`, qub b`trkråkeas ok dc`ëecfk khsurdk dbo  prafbssus c` c`ic`ctue. 8>   K@, pp. ;=; s. 8;   K@, p. ;98. 8.

OK   DCKOÃFTCFK JAEHXB-K@CEKO

:2

eb`tb saovb`tb), dbspbrtkda b` suek db su "ecob`krca sub û a "   k`trapafã`trcfa, bo jaehrb kfkhk par dbsfuhrcr "su saobdkd tatko, su rkdcfko iark`bcdkd. Bo skhb kjark qub, faea u` zå`mkra, bstë ko ekrmb` dbo u`cvbrsa da`db db hb vcvcr. R`cvbrsa sarda k su e÷scfk, c`dcibrb`tb k sus bspbrk`zks, k sus suircecb`tas y k sus fråeb`bs". 84 ±Jkstk quã pu`ta bstk ekrmc`kocdkd a fkrëftbr suhurhcko dbo jaehrb b` bo u`cvbrsa bs fa`mrub`tb fa` ok tbscs db su b`rkczkecb`ta (a ebgar,   db su cdb`tcicfkfcö`)  b` ok hcaquåecfk1 Vbk db booa oa qub iubrb, bs bstk pc`fbokdk, db c`dcsceuokda faoar bxcstb`fckocstk, ok qub pa`b ic` k u` ochra qub sb jkhåk c`cfckda fa` u`k ahbrturk c`bquåva fkeb`tb pasctcvcstk. Bstb dbskgustb b`trb ic`ko y faecb`za kturdb ko obftar, oa crrctk ocmbrkeb`tb, k ok vbz qub oa ktrkb y ob c`fctk k prbmu`tkrsb par quã `a sb oa jk kjarrkda Ea `ad< ±quczë parqub, k iubr db sc`fbra sc`fbra b c`tbobftukoc`tbobftukoeb`tb ja`bsta pkrk fa`scma ecsea, `a pubdb `a pbrfchcr oks ocectkfca`bs db u`k c`tbrprbtkfcö` "fcb`tåicfk" dbo jae hrb1 ^ar oa dbeës, y faea bo prapca Ea`ad sb jk b`fkrmk da db kdvbrtcr, ok kicrekfcö` "tada bs kzkr" bqucvkob b` rbkocdkd k bstks atrks7 "tada bstë asfura", "`a padbeas skhbr `kdk dbo ksu`ta". Oa qub pok`tbk ok fubstcö` db quã bs ok fcb`fck7 ±u`   oamas  bxpocfktcva a u` dcsfursa purk eb`tb `krrktcva1 Vb qucbrb jkfbr fcb`fck< pkrbfb qub oa qub sb jkfb, ko safkcrb ikeasau`k"pastuokda ok ahgbtc vcdkd", bs frö`cfk db dbo sufbsas, subrtb dbdb fub`tk db rbsuotkdas, tk` pafa bsfokrbfbdark db oas eavcecb`tas pra dufcdas faea ok qub oas hk`fas b`våk` pbrcödcfkeb`tb k sus focb`tbs y b` ok qub icmurk` tk` söoa oks bsfubtks fc irks db b`trkdks y skocdks, eks `a bo parquã y bo föea db oks ecseks. Db atrk pkrtb, bo pu`ta db pkrtcdk   bobmcda  (tkehcã` bs bo prapca Ea`ad qucb` dbfokrk qub sb trktk db u`k bobf fcö`, bsta bs, db koma sctukda ko ekrmb` db ok fcb`tcicfcdkd

söoa sa` iu`dkhobs sahrb u`k fcbrtk iarek db ib. 86

  K@, p. ;3>.

K@, p. ;:9.

 

:9

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK

purk),   bo pastuokda db ahgbtcvcdkd, ±bs rbkoeb`tb  ahgbtcva1 ±Bs kdbfukda pkrk dkr rkzö` fkhko dbo jaehrb1 Oa sbrë b` ok ebdcdk b` qub bo jaehrb sbk bibftcvkeb`tb   söoa  ah  g b t a6

db sbr fk`fbokdk, pkrk cr (faea kuspcfckrk bo bstrufturkocsea) k "ok fa`gu`fcö` db ok hcaoamåk y oks dcvbrsks fcb`fcks safckobs". Ok pscfaoamåk, ok safcaoamåk y ok bfa`aeåk,   pbra tkehcã` ok ãtcfk y ok tbaoamåk,   "ic`koeb`tb tb`drë` qub fa`fbdbr qub bo `kturkocsea fcb`tåicfa bstë dbstc`kda k ko tbrkr oas fcecb`tas db su c`dkmkfcö` scstbeëtcfk". 23 Bsk bs ok kpartkfcö` eës `ubvk db ok safcahcaoamåk7 bgbfutkr jkstk bo ia`da, y fa` bgbepokr fajbrb`fck, bo pra mrkek rbduftcva pbricokda k`tbrcareb`tb par atrks tbaråks, c`fouyb`da b` ão oks ek`cibstkfca`bs earkobs y rbocmcasks<

ek`k bs fa`duftk scehöocfk y qub ok fa`duftk scehöocfk bs fa`duftk juek`k." B` fa`fouscö`7 "oas scecas jk` oa mrkda fruzkr bo uehrko db ok bvaoufcö` fuoturko... y db bstb eada, b` u` sb`tcda cepartk`tb, jk` pkskda ko daec`ca juek`a... @a bstkeas saoas, tb`beas u`k bspbfcb db jbr ek`as eb`arbs... Oas fjcepk`fãs bstë` suicfcb`tbeb`tb fbrfk db `asatras b` oas dbtkoobs db su vcdk safcko y prapcb dkdbs eb`tkobs faea pkrk fa`scdbrkrsb fksc juek`as b` fcbrtas daec`cas da`db k`tbs sb guzmkhk c`kdbfukda jkfbr 2=

fukoqucbr faepkrkfcö`". V c,   pubs, `a jky dcibrb`fck fukoctktcvk b`trb bo k`ceko y bo jaehrb, y sc ok fa`duftk db kquão, sbm÷` ok fae÷` fa`vcffcö` db oas bstudcasas, bstë traqubokdk mb`ãtcfkeb` tb ,  oa ecsea jkhrë db dbfcrsb db ok db ãstb. "Ok fa`duftk juek`k bstë armk`czkdk par fcbrtas mb`bs qub faepkrtceas fa` oks bspbfcbs bstrbfjkeb`tb rbokfca`kdks fa` ok `ubstrk"< oks iareks eës bstbrbatcpkdks db `ubstras eadas db fae partkecb`ta "sa` db fkrëftbr ekeåibra y, k÷` eës bspbfå icfkeb`tb, prcektb". 2: Dbhb, pubs, khk`da`krsb ok tbaråk qub jk daec`kda jkstk kjark oks fcb`fcks safckobs, sbm÷` ok fuko ok juek`c dkd sb jkhråk bsfkpkda dbo u`cvbrsa db oas mb`bs par ok våk db ok fuoturk. ^bra b`ta`fbs ok ecsek oå`bk dcvcsarck qub sbpkrkhk oks fcb`fcks safckobs db oks fcb`fcks `kturkobs jk ::

@J, pp. 64, 44-24.   @J, pp. 24 s.

]cosa` sastcb`b tkxktcvk y rbctbrkdkeb`tb   ok `kturkobzk hca oömcfk db ok ãtcfk.   Faea coustrkfcö` behobeëtcfk db bstk tbscs,  sb prapa`b` trbs jbfjas. B` prcebr oumkr, bo tkh÷ dbo c`fbsta< ko cepa`broa "oas sbrbs juek`as sb muåk` par u` c`stc`ta hkskda b` oas mb`bs", pubsta qub bo kpkrbkecb`ta b`trb fa`sk`muå`bas dbpkrk u`k `atkhob pãrdcdk db fkpkfc dkd mb`ãtcfk. 9>   Tadk vbz qub söoa b` ãpafks euy rbfcb`tbs sb jk` pasbåda fa`afcecb`tas mb`ãtcfas sbrcas, dbhb dbdu fcrsb ok å`daob c`stc`tcvk dbo k`tcquåscea tkh÷. Atra rksma qub trkdcfca`koeb`tb sb jk bxpocfkda faea "fukocdkd trk`sfb`db`tko" (`a hcaoömcfk) par ok qub bo jae hrb sb dcstc`mucråk db oas k`cekobs, bs ok fa`duftk kotrucstk. ^bra tkehcã` kquå, apc`k ]cosa`, fkhb u`k bxpocfkfcö` purkeb`tb mb`ãtcfk< kså, sb dk` fksas db kotrucsea k`ceko, sahrb tada b` oas c`sbftas (b` oas ekeåibras `ubstra kutar sb vb ahocmkda k kdectcr qub oas bgbepoas sa` eës prahob eëtcfas). Booa fa`dufb k ok bxpok`kfcö`   rbko  dbo ib`öeb`a7 b` bo ia`da bo kotrucsea sbråk u`k iarek saicstcfkdk db bmaåsea mb`ãtcfa. Bo jaehrb qub dbicb`db, c`fousa fa` su vcdk, bo hcb`bstkr, bo ja`ar, bo tbrrctarca, btf., db su rkzk, db su ikecock a db su `kfcö`, "bs u` jaehrb qub sb dbicb` db k så ecsea", bsta bs, k sus mb`bs, pkrk oas qub sb kik`k par oamrkr, fa` su skfrcicfca, fa`dcfca`bs öptceks db ksb` tkecb`ta a bxpk`scö`. 23   @J, :>

pp. 88, 8:6.   @J, pp. 23 ss.

 

; >4

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^ K@TXA^AOAMÅ AOAMÅKV. KV. R@ XBT XBTA A K OK TBA TBAOAM OAMÅK ÅK

8 .  OK DCKOÃFT DCKOÃFTCFK CFK JAEHXB JAEHXB-K -K@CEKO @CEKO

;> 2

"±S quã jky db ok ekdrb Tbrbsk1", sb prbmu`tk bo pra pca ]cosa`< ±pubdb ok hcaoamåk gustcicfkr bo kotrucsea db oas sk`tas1 ^ar supubsta< söoa qub b` bsas fksas bstkeas k`tb u` bmaåsea bxqucsctkeb`tb suhocekda. "Ok ekdrb Tb rbsk bs u`k pbrsa`k bxtrkardc`krck, pbra `a dbhb aovcdkrsb qub book bstë sbmurk b` bo sbrvcfca db Frcsta y bo fa`afc ecb`ta db ok c`eartkocdkd db su Cmobsck." Kså pubs, "ok sk`tcdkd `a bs tk`ta ok jcpbrtraick dbo kotrucsea juek`a faea su ascicfkfcö`. Bstë kobmrbeb`tb suhardc`kdk k oas cepbrktcvas hcaoömcfas par b`fcek db oas fukobs sb supa`b qub dbhb faoafkrsb". :; R` tbrfbr dkta k ikvar dbo fkrëftbr hcaoömcfa db oas cepbrktcvas ãtcfas7 ok fkusk db oas dbrbfjas juek`as bs fae÷`eb`tb kfbptkdk, b`tcb`db ]cosa`, "parqub saeas ek eåibras". Db`tra dbo pok` ekeåibra bo c`dcvcdua, trks ou fjkr par su ãxcta rbpraduftcva y bo db sus pkrcb`tbs a sbeb gk`tbs pröxceas, jk db pkftkr faepraecsas qub ksbmurb` ok bstkhcocdkd safcko. B` oks safcbdkdbs tbf`aoömcfks kvk`zk dks,   bo padbr bs sb`schobeb`tb c`bstkhob< oks fa`sbfub`fcks dks, db oks dbscmukodkdbs bfa`öecfks a paoåtcfks sbrë` scbeprb pbocmrasks pkrk sus hb`bicfckrcas fayu`turkobs. K Gk okrmk rbsuotk, pubs, eës rb`tkhob hcaoömcfkeb`tb fa`vb`cr b` u`k `arektcvk `cvbokdark dbo  stktus  safcko. Ku`qub bo obftar `a kfkhk db faeprb`dbr euy hcb` par quã, ]cosa` kûkdb qub k`cekobs `a ekeåibras ("u`k jarecmk", par bgbepoa) b` fa`trkråk` bstb ardb`kecb`ta gurådcfa "hcaoömcfkeb`tb ioa ga b c`trå`sbfkeb`tb ekoa". 98 Vc db ok ãtcfk pkskeas k ok rbocmcö`, scbeprb db ok ek`a db ]cosa`, tkehcã` b` ãstk sb `as dbsvbok u`k rkåz mb`ãtcfk.

vcvcr.. S kdbe ës, oks rbocmca`bs, faea oks rbstk`tbs c`stctu fca`bs juek`ks, "bvaoufca`k` b` dcrbffca`bs qub kueb`tk` bo hcb`bstkr db qucb`bs oks prkftcfk`".* 6 B` så`tbscs, pubs7 par euy `a-hcaoömcfas qub pubdk` kpkrbfbr k prcebrk vcstk fcbrtas eadas db faepartkecb`ta juek`a, "oas mb`bs sastcb`b` k ok fuoturk... Ok fa`duftk juek`k... bs ok tãf`cfk tartuask par ebdca db ok fuko bo ektbrcko mb`ãtcfa juek`a jk scda y sbrë fa`sbrvkda c`tkf dbic`ctcvk cvk db ok ta .   @a bs paschob dbe astrkr atrk iu`fcö` dbic`ct earko"   (`c, padråk kûkdcrsb, db ok rbocmcö`). :4 Fa` tkobs k`tbfbdb`tbs, pkrbfb zk`gkdk ok kotbr`ktcvk b`trb dbtbrec`csea mb`ãtcfa y ochbrtkd. Dbhb kmrkdbfbrsb k ]cosa` ok irk`qubzk fa` qub khardk ok fubstcö`7 "sc ok hcaoamåk bs dbstc`a..., ±quã sufbdb fa` bo ochrb kohbdråa1". Vc ok fa`duftk bstë dbtbrec`kdk hcaoömcfkeb`tb par u`as mb`bs jbrbdkdas, sc `as eavbeas b` u` ebdca fa`strucda par bvb`tas iåscfas prbvcas k `ubstra `kfcecb`ta, "pkrbfb råk qub `ubstrk ochbrtkd bs saokeb`tb u` kutab`mkûa. Db jbfja, tko vbz sbk kså". Ok pkrkdagk dbtbrec`csea-ochrb ko hbdråa bs rbdufchob "k u` prahobek bepårcfa db iåscfk y hca oam åk"< dbfcr qub bo jae hrb bs ochrb söoa scm`cicfk scm`cicfk qub bo fbrbhra juek`a bs u`k bstrufturk dbeksckda faepobgk y kibftkdk par dbeksckdks vkrckhobs pkrk qub sb pubdk` prb dbfcr sus dbfcsca`bs. B` bstb sb`tcda (cepaschcocdkd tãf`cfk db u`k prbdcffcö` db ok fa`duftk juek`k) "ustbd y ya sa eas pbrsa`ks ochrbs y rbspa`skhobs", ecb`trks qub ok ea`b dk ok`zkdk ko kcrb —fuyk trkybftarck padbeas dbsfrchcr k`tcfcpkdke b`tb— a bo c`sbfta c`sbfta krragkda par u`k ek`a —fuya vuboa padbeas prbdbfcr "fa` u`k prbfcscö` qub

Ok prëftcfk rbocmcask bstë c`stc`tcvkeb`tb muckdk tko parprëf "ok vb`tkgk mb`ãtcfk y bo fkehca bvaoutcva". B` bibfta, tcfk "fa`icbrb vb`tkgks hcaoömcfks" parqub7 k) farrahark ok prapck cdb`tcdkd< h) dbsfrchb ok rbkocdkd fa` ceëmb`bs y dbic`cfca`bs iëfcoeb`tb faeprb`schobs< f) dk rkza`bs pkrk

bxfbdbbstë ko scepob kzkr"— `a dbtbrec`kdk oa sa`. Ok fa`duftk db ok ea `bdk c`bxarkhobeb`tb par ok iåscfk. Ok fa`duftk dbo easqucta bstë råmcdkeb`tb pramrkekdk par ok hcaoamåk. Ok fa`duftk dbo jaehrb, b` fkehca, fub`tk fa` u` rbpbrtarca eufja eës vksta y faepocfkda db eavcecb`-

9; 98

  @J, pp. 8;8-864.   @J, pp. 8=2 s.

96 b

  @J, pp. 848-846. @J. pp. 869-86= (bo suhrkykda bs eåa)

* 

 

;>9

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^A K@TXA^AOAMÅKV OAMÅKV R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK TBAOAMÅK

tas,  rbkffca`bs y mbstas, y bsa ok jkfba kpkrbfbr   ochrb  b` faepkrkfcö` faea fa` bs ok oa db qub ok ea`bdk bo eas qucta.  ^bra `a `as b`mkûbeas< ku` kså, bsk fa`duftk ju ek`k   scmub bstk`da dbtbrec`kdk mb`ãtcfkeb`tb." Tk`ta, oks hksbs bepårcfks db ok tbaråk db ]cosa` faea sus dbrcvkfca`bs k`trapaoömcfks (`badkrwc`csea safcko) jk` scda bo hok`fa db u`k tbepbstuask aobkdk db fråtcfks kdvbr sbffcö` sc sks

  ohcd.,   p.

;>, ;2-;=. =;

4>.

 

 

;;>  

O V  @RBYKV

K@TXA^AOAMÅKV

R@ XBTA  

O

TBAOAMÅK

ecsea   y  b`fa`trkr  b` så  ecsea, faea  su  prapck ahrk,  ok =8

bxcstb`fck db prbfcskr  eës d btb`cdkeb`tb ^bra   bsfaea  jark tkrbk". btb`cdkeb`tb  ok  iöreuok "sbr fkrb`fcko".  Fa` book  sb c`dcfk  ok  kusb`fck  pbrek`b`tb b`   bo jaehrb  db  örmk`as supbrbspbfckoczkdas, kdkptkdas bs pbfåicfkeb`tb   k u`  ebdca kehcb`tb fa`frbta.  Vb Vbrr  fkrb` fcko" bqucvkob, pubs,   k sbr `a  bspbfckoczkda".  R`  bgbe poa kfokrkrë   oa qub sb  qucbrb dbfcr. Moask`da  ok  cdbk  db ^artek``   db qub bo jaehrb  bs u`  "ekeåibra prbektura", Mbjob` dbstkfk   ok  drkeëtcfk dcicfuotkd  db ok  fråk juek`k pkrk pa`br   k  pu`ta  su kpkrkta fc`ãtcfa. fc`ãtcfa. K oas k`cekobs obs hkstk` pafks jarks   a  pafas dåks pkrk jkfbrsb fa`   u`k bsfkok db eavcecb`tas   qub, u`k vbz  ea`tkdk, qubdk fbrrkdk  b` u` fcrfucta fcrfucta e a`öta`keb`tb a`öta`keb`tb rbctbrktcva<   ko `cûa,  b` fkehca, bsk tkrbk   ob  fubstk kûas. O  Okk  rkzö` bstë b` ok  bspbfckoczkfcö` dbo kpkrkta eatrcz   dbo  k`ceko  y b` ok `a  bspbfckoczkfcö` dbo prapca   dbo `cûa. Faea fa `trkpkrtcdk  k  bstk  `a bspbfck oczkfcö`,  bo  `cûa fa`sbmucrë  u`k pokstcfcdkd  db e avcecb`tas c`faepkrkhobeb`tb ekyar   qub ok dbo  k `c e k o . "

  ohcd.,   pp.

84-6>.

8 .   OK  DO_OBFTCFK  JAEHXBJAEHXB-K@CEKO K@CEKO

;;; ;; ;

K så   oks fasks, ok  tbscs (rbvkocdkdk, faea sb jk vcsta, par

  ok   bo   db   dcrbftkeb`tb Earc`) tcpas sbm÷`  db  mrk`dbs fuko   jaehrb prafbdbråk fcbrtas ea`as  yk   bspbfckoczkdas,  `a ob pk rbfb pokuschob   k  `ubstra kutar, pubs cepocfkråk  ok  cdbk  c` fa`mrub`tb   db u`k  bvaoufcö` rbmrbscvk,  c`vaoutcvk,  db u` prafbsa   qub, yb`da  yb`da db ok  bspbfckoczkfcö`  k ok `a  bspbfckoc zkfcö`, dbsk`dkråk   bo  fkec`a. Jaeå`cdas  y  k`trapacdbs prafbdb` sbmurkeb`tb   db u`  tra`fa fae÷`,  dbo qub  bstas ÷otceas   sb  hciurfkra` pkrk c`cfckr  su  bspbfckoczkfcö`, pbr dcb`da   kså ok  paschcocdkd  db  dbvb`cr juek`as. ^krtcfuokr eb`tb ik`tëstcfk   ob  pkrbfb  k  Mbjob`  ok  jcpötbscs (fa`tbe pokdk, faea   sb rbfardkrë,  par Earc`  y Fardö`) db u` "k`c eko juek`a",   sbr c`tbrebdca,  k  fkhkooa b`trb  ok  k`cekocdkd y  ok  jaec`cdkd, b` bo qub par tk`ta  sb  dkråk` fctk  —k —koo ekr mb` mb `   db  tadk oömcfk— "fkrkftbr åstcfks fa`trkd cftarcks". =2 vbz kjark  sb  b`tcb`dk ebgar oa qub sb  qubråk dbfcr T k o   vbz ko dbscm`kr   ko  jaehrb faea  sbr  prëxcfa".  Bo  jaehrb  jk db supocr   su fkrb`fck  db bspbfckoczk bspbfckoczkfcö` fcö`  fa` ok  kffcö`< pubs ta  qub bs armë`cfkeb`t  armë`cfkeb`tbb prcectcva,  ok `kturkobzk  jk  dbgkda

Bo jbfja  db ok `a bspbfckoczkfcö`  sb rbea`tk,  k su vbz, k atrk sc`muokrcdkd hcaoömcfk   dbo jaehrb 7  su  prcectcvcsea<

k   su fkrma  ok  tkrbk  db kutabokharkrsb. Oa qub cepocfk, kdb eës,   qub ok  pascfcö`  dbo sbr  juek`a  b` bo  eu`da  jk db

oas bstkdas bspbfckoczkdas,   b` bibfta,  sa` bstkdcas ic`kobs dbo fursa bvaoutcva.  Ok  k`ktaeåk faepkrkdk eubstrk  qub oas örmk`as juek`as   sa`  "mbaoömcfkeb`tb k`tcmuas".  Fa` u` k`ëocscs   euy  praocga, Mbjob` bstkhobfb  bo  fkrëftbr "behrca `krca", "krfkcfa",  dbo  frë`ba,  ok  db`tkdurk,  ok  ek`a,  bo pcb,  ok pc b o . . .  Oa bsb`fcko db ok iarek  hcaoömcfk  dbo jaehrb bs rbsuotkda  db u`k ibtkoczkfcö`7  oas  rksmas dcstc`tcvas far parkobs bspbfåicfkeb`tb juek`as   sa`  bstkdas ibtkobs  qub sb   jk`  trk`siarekda  b`  bstkdas pbrek`b`tbs"   qucb` kdbeës ok rbhkutczk dbscm`ë`daok faea "tbaråk dbo bstkda fb`trko". K`tbs db bxpa`br ok vbrscö` qub `as dbpkrk db dcfjk tbaråk, pubdb sbr ÷tco rbfkpctuokr sufc`tkeb`tb ok rbiutkfcö` qub Krestra`m jkfb dbo dukocsea (y qub sbrë `atkhobeb`tb kepocicfkdk par Hu`mb). Jky, b` apc`cö` db `ubstra kutar, das foksbs db duk

`buraoamåk. Ku`qub k `ubstra prapöscta hkstk par kjark fa` ok scepob bxpascfcö` db ok jcpötbscs db Ibcmo, bs dciåfco rbscs tcrsb k ok tb`tkfcö` db sumbrcr ko obftar u` fatbga fråtcfa b`trb k) y f). ±Tcb`b sb`tcda ok kicrekfcö` k) u`k vbz qub jk db sbr frchkdk par ok kicrekfcö` f)1 ^ar eufja ã`ik scs qub Ibcmo bepobb b` fa`vb`fbr`as dbo fkrëftbr   rbko  d b oa eb`tko, ±`a qubdk bsb fkrëftbr rbko mrkvbeb`tb faepra ebtcda ko sbûkokrsb sbmucdkeb`tb qub   oa eb`tko `a fub`tk fa` obybs iu`fca`kobs y bstrufturkobs prapcks,   sc`a qub sus obybs sa` oks qub cepbrk` b` fukoqucbr ëehcta db ok rbkoc dkd iåscfk1 Ok rbkocdkd eb`tko ±bs koma eës qub rbkocdkd vbrhko,  k skhbr, qub bo fa`gu`ta db tãrec`as eb`tkocstks rbibrchobs k u`k rbkocdkd purkeb`tb fbrbhrko1 ^krbfb qub `a,   pubsta qub oas prafbsas y bvb`tas  eb`tkobs  rbsuotk` sbr oas prafbsas y bvb`tas   iåscfas  qub tcb`b` oumkr b` bo fbrb hra.  S bstk`da kså oks fasks, ±oamrk ok tbaråk d b ok cdb`tc dkd dcstk`fckrsb suicfcb`tbeb`tb dbo fa`duftcsea, ko eb `as b` su iarek db fa`duftcsea oömcfa1   k3 8:   Ibcmo `a sb fk`sk db c`scstcr b` bstb pu`ta pkrk dcstc`mucr su tba råk tk`ta dbo fa`duftcsea fae a dbo bpcib`aeb`kocse a7 E^ , pp. :4, :9. 3>.  btf. 83   ^krk u`k fråtcfk k Ibcmo. vcd.  TJAEVA@,  G. G., "Tjb Cdb`tcty Tjbscs",  b`   EAXMB@HBVVBX,  V. (bd.),  ^jcoasapjy, Vfcb`fb k`d Ebtjad,  @bw Sarl ;393, pp. 8;3-864<   LXC^LB,  V. K., "Cdb`tcty k`d @bfbsscty", b` ER@CTW,  E. L. (bd.),  Cdb`tcty k`d C`dcvcduktca`,  @bw Sarl ;3=;, pë mc`ks ;62-;94< SF< pp. 36-;>2. J.   ^RT@KE,  b` u` bsfrcta rbdkftkda b` ;394 y rbfamcda b` su ochra   Ec`d,  Ok`mukmb k`d Xbkocty,  Fkehrcdmb R`cvbrscty ^rbss, ;3=2, p. 6:9, sbûkok7 "J. Ibcmo eb c`iarek qub ão ecsea kfkhk db khk`da`kr su hcb` fa`afcdk tbaråk db ok cdb`tcdkd". ^bra `a sb kepoåk bstk okfö`cfk rbibrb`fck.

ocsea7 bo db Jueb (ok eb`tb bs u` jkz db pbrfbpfca`bs, dcstc`tks dbo fubrpa ku`qub rbibrcdks k ão< b` tada fksa ok eb`tb `a bs u`k sustk`fck,   sc`a u` fa`gu`ta db bvb`tas a prafbsas) y bo db Dbsfkrtbs (ok eb`tb bs u`k   sustk`fck bspcrctuko,   dcstc`tk dbo fubrpa ku`qub c`tbrkft÷k fa` ão). Bo "hu`dob dukocse" db Jueb bs sc`muokreb`tb irëmco, ko `a padbr gustcicfkr bo fkrëftbr u`ctkrca db oks bxpbrcb` fcks eb`tkobs. ±Fuëo sbråk, b` bibfta, bo prc`fcpca u`cicfkdar db oks ecseks1 Kûëdksb k booa qub oks bxpbrcb`fcks `a sa` fkpkfbs db bxcstb`fck c`dbpb`dcb`tb< tcb`b` qub pbr tb`bfbr k komucb` a k koma, faea oks eubfks söoa pubdb` sbroa db u` rastra y sbråk `bfca ksbvbrkr qub pubdk` bxcs tcr sc` qub bxcstk ãstb. Bo ÷`cfa dukocsea eå`cekeb`tb ktb`dchob bs, pubs, bo fkrtbsck`a7 bo jaehrb bs u` fae pubsta db fubrpa ektbrcko y eb`tb a koek (sustk`fck bs pcrctuko). 6;   Fa`trk tko tbaråk Krestra`m bsmrceb das ahgb fca`bs iu`dkeb`tkobs. B` prcebr oumkr, ±b` quã fa`scstb bsk sustk`fck bspcrc tuko1 "@kdcb pkrbfb sbr fkpkz db dbfcr `kdk pasctcva kfbr fk db book, skova qub bs ok qub pasbb oas bstkdas eb`tkobs". Bstkeas, pubs, k`tb u` fa`fbpta vkfåa. B` sbmu`da tãrec `a,   bo jaehrb bs u` sbr u`ctkrca< ok bxpbrcb`fck y bo ob` mukgb fae÷` dk` ib db booa. Bo dukocsea bs c`sktcsikftarca parqub dcsubovb bsk u`cdkd y sb eubstrk c`fkpkz db dcou6>   Ycd.  suprk,  `atk 8. Ibcmo y Krestra`m fac`fcdb` sustk`fckoeb`tb b` oa tafk`tb k oks fubstca`bs qub `as c`tbrbsk` kquå< oks bvb`tukobs dcibrb`fcks b`trb kehas sa` pafa cepartk`tbs k `ubstra prapöscta. 6;   ETE, pp. 2-88.

;>  

; 4 9 

OKV @RBY @RBYKV KV K@TXA^AOAMÅKV. R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅ TBAOAMÅK K

fcdkr ok c`tbrkffcö` eb`tb-fubrpa. Tko c`tbrkffcö`, b` bibfta, jk db pkskr `bfbskrckeb`tb par bo fbrbhra< kjark hcb`, bo dukocsea fkrtbsck`a tb`drë qub sastb`br qub jky u`k hrbfjk b`trb ok eb`tb y bo fbrbhra (db oa fa`trkrca `a   sbråk dukocstk) y qub, `a ahstk`tb, sb dk b`trb booas u`k fkuskocdkd rbfåprafk< pkrk jkfbr faepktchobs kehks fa sks,  ko dukocstk söoa ob fkhb a bo rbfursa dbsbspbrkda db ok moë`duok pc`bko a ok purk y scepob pastuokfcö` mrktuctk db u`k c`tbrkffcö` qub sb pradufb ecokmraskeb`tb, tadk vbz qub `a sb fa`afb b` bo fbrbhra `c`m÷` pu`ta db b`mk` fjb fa` ok jcpatãtcfk eb`tb. :8 B` rbsuecdks fub`tks7 bo dukocsea iub dbib`dchob ecb`trks `a sb supa db u` dcspasctcva armë`cfa suicfcb`tb eb`tb rbic`kda faea pkrk dkr rkzö` db ok iarecdkhob faepobgcdkd dbo jaehrb< jkhåk b`ta`fbs qub cekmc`kr ko ma `a iåscfa, `a hcaoömcfa, b`cmeëtcfa. Ahvckeb`tb yk `a bs ãstb bo fksa< ok brk dbo dukocsea jk tafkda k su ic`. Krestra`m `a jkfb icmurkr ok tbaråk krcstatãocfa-taecstk d b o  k`cek iarek farparcs  b` bo fktëoama db oas dukocseas. B` su apc`cö`, bo oumkr qub ob farrbspa`db bstkråk eës hcb` k ebdca fkec`a b`trb bo dukocsea y bo ea`csea7 bo jaehrb bs (fa`trk oas dukocstks) u`k ÷`cfk sustk`fck< pbra dcfjk sustk`fck ÷`cfk "pasbb prapcbdkdbs qub trksfcb`db` kqubooks db oks qub jkhok` oas ektbrckocstks". Bstk tbaråk vcb`b k sbr, pubs, u`k subrtb db bebrmb`tcsea a "u`k tba råk dbo ktrchuta"7 "bo jaehrb, sustk`fck ÷`cfk, c`dcvcduko y ektbrcko, pasbb atrks prapcbdkdbs, `a ektbrckobs", qub sa` oks qub pbrectb` jkhokr db   eb`tb.64   Eës kdbok`tb sb vbrë bo gucfca qub sahrb bo bebrmb`tcsea bectb `ubstra kutar. 64

  ET E, pp.  86-66.  V÷ebsb k bstks das dcicfuotkdbs u`k tbrfbrk pp. 6> s.)7 bo dukocsea `a pubdb bxpocfkr bo arcmb` db ok eb`tb b` u` prafbsa bvaoutcva qub bs mrkduko, a`tamb`ãtcfk y icoamb`ãtcfkeb`tb tb..   ±Dö`db, fuë`da sb pradufcråk, b` bo fursa db ok mrkdkfcö` c`sb` schob: 6 qub bs ok bvaoufcö`, bo arta db ok eb`tb1   ET E, p. ;8;. Tadks bstks dci dcicfuot cfuotkdbs kdbs (y komu`ks eës) sbrë` urmcdks db `ubva par Hu`mb, faea pra`ta sb vbrë. 64   ETE, pp. ;8, 6=< atrk kouscö` scepëtcfk k Taeës db Kquc`a, chcd.,  p. ;88. (chcd., 

 

;4 :

OKV @RBYKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAM K@TXA^AOAMÅKV ÅKV.. R@ XBTA XBTA K  OK?  TBAOAMÅK

/

fb`trko"< "ok eb`tb bsbs scepobeb`tb scepobeb`tb bobofbrbhra". scstbek:9 `brvcasa fb`trko..., ok eb`tb B` tadks bstks ksbvbrkfca`bs bstë fokra oa qub sb b` tcb`db par fbrbhra a par scstbek `brvcasa fb`trko. @a oa bstë tk`ta quã sb b`tcb`db par   eb`tb.  ^krk prbfcskroa, Krestra`m dbfokrk qub, fuk`da b` su tbaråk sb jkhok db ok eb`tb a db prafbsas eb`tkobs, `a sb bstë jkhok`da sc`a dbo bibfta db fcbrtas bståeuoas (iåscfas) db`tra dbo jaehrb y db ok fkusk db fcbrtks rbspubstks (k bsas bståeuoas) db` tra dbo jaehrb. "Bo fa`fbpta db bstkda eb`tko bs bo fa` fbpta db oa qub... bs pradufcda b` u` jaehrb par fcbrtas bståeuoas y db oa qub, k su vbz, pradufb fcbrtks rbspubstks". Ok fcb`fck, par su pkrtb, kûkdb qub oa qub ebdck b`trb bståeuoas y rbspubstks bs, db jbfja, bo scstbek `brvcasa

DCKOÃFTCFK FTCFK EB@TB-FB EB@TB-FBXBHXA XBHXA 6 .   OK DCKOÃ

;4 =

K pkrtcr db kquå sb pubdb bepobkr fa` Krestra`m bo ecsea bsqubek bsqubek bxpasctcva sbmucda fa` fa` Ib cmo7 rbkocdkd db oa eb`tko, cdb`tcdkd eb`tb-fbrbhra, rbduffcö` db oa icscaoömcfa k oa iåscfa. B` tadas bstas kpkrtkdas Krestra`m sb eubstrk eës k`koåtcfa b c`fcscva qub su farrbocmca`krca< k booas kmrbmk b` ok sbmu`dk pkrtb db su ahrk u` k`ëocscs pareb`arczkda db oas eës cepartk`tbs kftas y prafbsas eb`tkobs. ^bsb k ok rboktcvk `avbdkd qub bstk pkrtb rbprb sb`tk, k `ubstra ahgbta c`tbrbsk eës su vbrscö` db oas pu` tas qub faepkrtb fa` Ibcmo y qub faeb`tkeas k fa`tc `ukfcö`. Vahrb ok rbkocdkd db oa eb`tko, yk jbeas fctkda ko faecb`za dbo fkpåtuoa u`k irksb scm`cicfktcvk7 fuk`da bo hbjkvcarcsea `cbmk "ok bxcstb`fck db prafbsas eb`tkobs c`tbr`as",   pkrk fa`tb`tkrsb fa` rbfa`afbr ebrks  dcspasc fca`bs   k ahrkr, vk fa`trk ok bvcdb`fck, qub tbstcicfk b` ikvar db ok rbkocdkd db dcfjas prafbsas y su c`fcdb`fck fkusko sahrb ok fa`duftk bxtbr`k. Tadkvåk eës< bs prbfcsa kdjb rcrsb k ok bxcstb`fck db   ok eb`tb,  y `a söoa db oas bstkdas a prafbsas eb`tkobs, pubs ãstas pbrtb`bfb` k kquãook. Xb fuãrdbsb ok rbiutkfcö` dbo   hu`dob dukocse7  jk db jkhbr u` k   sustk`fck  (c`dbpb`dcb`tbeb`tb db su `kturkobzk bspc rctuko a ektbrcko) qub "sustb`tb" oas kftas, "koma qub bs pastuokda  pkrk ek`tb`br u`cdas tadas oas kfa`tbfcecb`tas sc`muokrbs qub `as `atcicfk ok c`traspbffcö`". B` bstb sb` tcda,  bo fa`fbpta db eb`tb faea sustk`fck sbråk u` crrb`u`fckhob "fa`fbpta tbarãtcfa". 6: B` oa tafk`tb k ok cdb`tcdkd eb`tb-fbrbhra, oks iareu okfca`bs db Krestra`m sa` tk` c`bquåvafks faea oks db Ibcmo. "Oas bstkdas eb`tkobs `a sa` sc`a bstkdas iåscfas dbo fbrbhra"< "ok eb`tb `a bs sc`a bo fbrbhra"< "bo ahgbta db bstb ochra bs eastrkr qub `a jky hub`ks rkza`bs icoasö icfks pkrk `bmkr qub oas prafbsas eb`tkobs sbk` prafbsas ebrkeb`tb iåscfas \qub sufbdb`U b` bo scstbek `brvcasa 62

  ETE, pp. 29-=8, 66=.

6.   OK  DCKOÃFTCFK  EB@TB-FBXBHXA

;43

fcö` k`tbs eb`tkdk. Cmukoeb`tb sb rbvbok ok ÷otcea, dbic`c fcö` pasctcvk y prbfcsk db   oa qubahvck ok eb`tb bs.  ^ar u`k fa`fbpfcö` ektbrckocstk db ok eb`tb `a bxpbrceb`tkrë `c`mu`k dcicfuotkd k ok jark db bxpocfkr bo föea y bo fuë`da db su mã`bscs b` bo prafbsa bvaoutcva. 63 Fa`suekdk ok fkrkftbrczkfcö` icscaoömcfk db ok eb`tb, bo pksa scmucb`tb db ok tbaråk bs, faea sb rbfardkrë, ok jaeaoamkfcö` icscaoamåk-iåscfk. Bo kvk`fb b` bo fa`afcecb` ta db oks apbrkfca`bs dbo fbrbhra y dbo scstbek `brvca sa `a söoa jkfb qub "oas icscöoamas sb eubstrb` fkdk vbz pbar dcspubstas k pb`skr qub jky u` jckta b`trb ok eb`tb y bo fbrbhra". 4>   Tko kvk`fb, b` apc`cö` db Krestra`m, su ec`cstrk "u`k frbfcb`tb bvcdb`fck" db qub fukoqucbr apb rkfcö` juek`k rbspa`db ÷`cfkeb`tb "k oks obybs iåscfks,

fb`trko a, "dcfja eës frudk y dbsfucdkdkeb`tb, pbra eës scepobeb`tb, bo fbrbhra". B` bibfta, "jkhok`da hcaoömcfk eb`tb, oas prafbsas eb`tkobs sa` kqubooas prafbsas qub tcb`b` oumkr b`trb bo bståeuoa y ok rbspubstk. Vu iu`fcö` hcaoömcfk bs jkfbr ok rbspubstk eës saicstcfkdk y. par b`db, eës bicfcb`tb". :=   S oas bstkdas rbsuotk`tbs db bsas prafb sas "bstkdas iåscfas dbo fa`duftk", fbrbhra", "kptas pkrk qub bibftukr u`k sa` dbtbrec`kdk foksb db db subrtb "ok fa`duftk iåscfk sbråk ok   bxprbscö`  db oas bstkdas eb`tkobs". Kså pubs, "ok eb`tb `a bs ok fa`duftk, sc`a ok   fkusk  db ok fa`duftk", bo ebdca par bo qub sb kdqucbrb fkpkfcdkd pkrk kftukr iåscfkeb`tb sahrb bo ebdca. 6: ±Fuëobs sa` oks vcrtudbs db ok cdb`tcicfkfcö` eb`tbfbrbhra qub kfkhk db   prapa`brsb1 Fa`scstb` b` dkr rbs pubstk k oks fubstca`bs qub bo dukocsea dbgkhk crrbsubotks. Ok u`cdkd b c`tbrkffcö` eb`tb-fubrpa, b` prcebr oumkr< pubsta qub ok eb`tb bs bo fbrbhra y bo fbrbhra bs u`k pkrtb dbo fubrpa, rbsuotk ahvck tk`ta ok u`cdkd faea ok c`tbrkf63   6=   6:

E TE , pp. ET E, pp.   ETE, pp. tkobs qub fkusb` ãstas tbrec`krë` dcrbftkeb`tb.

ZC, ;-8, ;-8, =6. / =: s., ;96. ' =2, :8 s.< bs db `atkr qub pubdb jkhbr bstkdas eb` `a u`k fa`duftk, sc`a atras bstkdas eb`tkobs. ^bra khafk`da k ok fa`duftk, eës a eb`as c`ebdcktk y

quåecfks y hcaoömcfks qub mahcbr`k` bo rbsta db ok ektbrck armë`cfk"< pbra sahrb tada prbsb`tk faea "frbfcb`tbeb`tb vbrasåeco" qub ok hcaoamåk sbk "faepobtkeb`tb rbdufchob" k ok quåecfk, ok fuko k su vbz sbråk "faepobtkeb`tb rbdu fchob k ok iåscfk". B` bstb pu`ta Krestra`m `a tbeb rbsuo tkr rbctbrktcva7 "pkrbfb frbfcb`tbeb`tb vbrasåeco qub tada sufbsa quåecfa y hcaoömcfa sbk bxpocfkhob b` prc`fcpca faea u`k kpocfkfcö` pkrtcfuokr db oks obybs db ok iåscfk qub rcmb` oas ib`öeb`as `a quåecfas y `a hcaoömcfas". Oa qub bqucvkob k kicrekr qub "bo b`tbra eu`da bxpocfkda par ok fcb`fck `a fa`tcb`b sc`a fasks iåscfks qub apbrk` fa`iareb k oks obybs db ok iåscfk". 4;   Db da`db Krestra`m fa`fouyb7 "±quã bs bo jaehrb1... ±@a bs sc`a u` fubrpa ektbrcko1 ±^adbeas dkr faepobtk fub`tk dbo jaehrb b` tãrec`as purkeb `tb iåscfas1" Jb kquå ok rbspubs tk7 "ok eb`tb `a bs sc`a bo fbrbhra. Vc bo pramrbsa fcb`tåicfa farra hark bstb pu`ta db vcstk, pkrbfb qub bo jaehrb `a bs sc`a u` ahgbta ektbrcko y `a tcb`b sc`a prapcbdkdbs iåscfks". 63   4>

ETE, pp. =2 s.   ETE, pp. 68 s. Eës kdbok`tb sb faeprahkrë, par ahrk db Bffobs, ^f`icbod y Vpbrry, ok dudask bxkftctud db bstk kprbfckfcö`. 4;   ETE, pp. 4=-43. Tkehcã` eës kdbok`tb oks apc`ca`bs db Hu`mb y ^appbr fubstca`krë` ok vkocdbz db bstb dckm`östcfa rbduffca`cstk.

 

;2>

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AO K@TXA^AOAMÅKV AMÅKV

R@ XBTA K OK TBAOAMÅK TBAOAMÅK

6.   OK DCKOÃFT DCKOÃFTCFK CFK EB@TB-FBXBHXA

;2;

Eës bsfubtkeb`tb7 "bo jaehrb bs u`a fa` ok `kturkobzk". 48 Kså oks fasks, `a jkrë ikotk kmrbmkr qub Krestra`m sb dbic`b faea dbfcdcda k`tcbebrmb`tcstk< rbfjkzk rbsubotk eb`tb u`k dcibrb`fck fukoctktcvk b`trb oas `cvbobs hcaoömc fa y iåscfa, y   k iartcarc  b`trb bo hcaoömcfa y bo eb`tko-fbrbhrko. Bs dbfcr, dbsfkrtk qub bo fbrbhra (a, b` mb`brko, ok "sustk`fck ektbrcko" qub bo jaehrb bs) pasbk `a yk prapcb dkdbs c`ektbrckobs, sc`a c`fousa   prapcbdkdbs `a-iåscfks-28. Dkr prcarcdkd k bstb krmueb`ta (qub Kres tra`m ookek ookek tjb krmueb`t irae tjb sup suprbekfy rbekfy ai pjyscfs ) ±`a sbrë sbrë prcvcobmckr dbsfa`scdbrkdkeb`tb k ok fcb`fck sahrb atrks iareks (rboc mcasks, icoasöicfks) db k`koczkr bo ksu`ta1 [uczë, fa`fbdb Krestra`m< pbra ok bxpbrcb`fck dbeubstrk qub, k ic` db fub`tks, söoa ok fcb`fck bs fkpkz db ahtb`br u` fa`sb`sa mb`brkoczkda b` fubstca`bs dcsputkdks7 a`oy sfcb`fb jks sbttobd dcsputbd qubstca`s .

^ar supubsta, Krestra`m bs fa`sfcb`tb db qub oa qub bstë prapa`cb`da b` su ochra bs u`k jcpötbscs icoasöicfk qub jk db sbr fa`icrekdk par ok c`vbstcmkfcö` fcb`tåicfk< `as jkookeas, pubs, faea b` bo fksa db Ibcmo, k`tb u`k iarek db "rbkocsea praebtbdar". 4= Tkehcã` ko cmuko qub Ibcmo, Krestra`m `a afuotk ok bxcstb`fck db jbfjas qub fubstca`k` ok vkocdbz db su jcpö tbscs7   bo prahobek db "oas fa`fbptas ãtcfas", bo dkta db ok frbktcvcdkd c`tbobftuko y bstãtcfk y (sarprb`db`tbeb`tb) fcbrtas fksas db tbobpktåk, prbfam`cfcö` y fokrcvcdb`fck, k su gucfca suicfcb`tbeb`tb fa`trkstkdas faea vbrådcfas. Ta das bstas jbfjas `a sb bxpocfk` "dbsdb ok poktkiarek db ok iåscfk tko y faea ok fa`afbeas jay"< ok tbaråk db ok cdb`tcdkd tcb`b bo dbhbr c`tbobftuko db "fa`scdbrkroas fuc dkdaskeb`tb". "Bs fa`fbhchob qub sb dbeubstrb cepaschob dbsb`trkûkr tkobs kftcvcdkdbs juek`ks a b` tãrec`as db obybs bebrmb`tbs... a par u`k rbiu`dcfcö` db ok iåscfk. 49   ETE, 4:   ETE, 4=

pp. 62:-69;. pp. 4=, :2.   ETE, p. :2< fir.  chcd.,  pp. 62= s., 69> s., 694.

 

;28

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^A K@TXA^AOAMÅK OAMÅKV. V. R@ XBTA XBTA K OK TBAOAM TBAOAMÅK ÅK

B` bsb fksa, bo ektbrckocsea dbo bstkda fb`trko jkhråk rb suotkda ikosa." " 6 .  Ok dbsb`vubotk dbsb`vubotk irk`qubzk irk`qubzk fa` qub Krestra`m sb ek`cicbstk kfbrfk dbo fkrëftbr bstrcftkeb`tb iåscfa dbo sbr juek`a ("bo jaehrb `a bs sc`a u` ahgbta ektbrcko y `a tcb`b sc`a prapcbdkdbs iåscfks") kutarczk k bspbrkr db ão u`k pasturk eb`as fcrfu`spbftk qub ok db Ibcmo b` bo tbek db ok k`koamåk jaehrb-eëquc`k. B` bibfta, kså bs. K ok fubstcö` db b` quã dcicbrb ok fa`duftk db u`k eëquc`k kutarrbmuokdk db ok fa`duftk juek`k muckdk par u` pra pöscta, ok rbspubstk bs7 "scepobeb`tb b` ok faepobgcdkd faoaskoeb`tb ekyar" db bstk ÷otcek. Db iarek qub "`a bs prbfcsa bstcpuokr u`k dcstc`fcö`   tkgk`tb"  b`trb kehks fa` duftks, parqub u`k y atrk `a rbqucbrb` sc`a "ebfk`cseas y bståeuoas kehcb`tkobs db ardb` iåscfa". B` rbkocdkd —kmrbmk Krestra`m— ok fchbr`ãtcfk fa`stcuyb jay eëquc `ks qub `a söoa cmukok`, sc`a qub dupocfk` "u` bspbftra 43

DCKOÃFTCFK FK EB@TB-FBXBHXA 6.   OK DCKOÃFTC

;26

su pramrkek db trkhkga sb icgk faea ahgbtcva "ok bxpoark fcö` dbo iu`fca`kecb`ta dbo fbrbhra, fa`scdbrkda faea u` ebfk`csea iåscfa pkrk bo prafbskecb`ta db c`iarekfcö` y bo fa`trao db kftcvcdkd", y apbrk fa` ok jcpötbscs hksb db qub "tadk fa`duftk juek`k tb`drë u` dåk u`k bxpocfk fcö` ebfë`cfk"< jkstk "padrbeas jkookr u` sustctuta eb fë`cfa db oks taeks db dbfcscö` rkfca`ko-juek`k". Ok apc`cö` dbo kutar, sbm÷` ok fuko bstks prbecsks sa` fa`fc ockhobs fa` ok k`trapaoamåk frcstck`k, padråk taekrsb faea bgbepoa dbo pravbrhcko  jueaur  hrctë`cfa sc `a iubsb par qub u`k db oks ebtks qub sb jk prapubsta kofk`zkr fa` su ochra bs prbfcskeb`tb ok   dbeastrkfcö`  db tko faepktc hcocdkd. 28   Db fukoqucbr iarek, oks k`tbdcfjks prbecsks ebrbfb` fa`scdbrkfcö` —bstcek Ekflky— dbsdb qub ok bobftrö`cfk rbvaoufca`ö bo eu`da db oks eëquc`ks< ãstks jk` kofk`zkda u`k saicstcfkfcö` tko qub cepa`b` crrbscs tchobeb`tb ok fubstcö` iksfc`k`tb db sc "`a padråk` u` dåk rcvkoczkr fa` (y jkstk sahrbpkskr k) oas sbrbs juek`as b`

frbfcb`tb db oamras juek`as". Faea sb vb, ok bspbrk`zk kohbrmkdk par Turc`m db oobmkr k rbpradufcr fa` rahats fukoqucbr tcpa db fa`duftk a kftcvcdkd juek`k, 2>   bspbrk`zk k ok qub yk Earc` jkhåk fa`fbdcda su   pokfbt,  c`frbeb`tk su frbdchcocdkd fa` bo rbspkoda db oas tbörcfas db ok cdb`tcicfkfcö` eb`tb-fbrbhra. ^bra kfksa ok bxprbscö` kftuko eës buiörcfk db bsk bspb rk`zk sb dbhk k D . E. E kflky. 2;   Dcrbftar db u` dbpkrtk eb`ta db c`vbstcmkfcö` b` ok u`cvbrscdkd c`mobsk db Lbbob, 4:   ETE, pp. ;:9, 62=, 69; ss. Krestra`m y Ibcmo `a sa` oas ÷`c fas åcscfkocstks k qucb`bs prbafupk` oas jbfjas pkrkpscfaoamåks7 k Tu rc`m43 (vcd.   c`irk,  `atk 2>) ob afurråk oa ecsea.   ETE, pp. 828 s., 62=< ku`qub k÷` `a sb jk pradufcda `c`m÷` krtbikfta fkpkz db frbktcvcdkd c`tbobftuko a bstãtcfk, fkhb bspbrkr (jb kjå atrk eubstrk dbo "ektbrckocsea praebtbdar") ok kpkrcfcö` b` fuko qucbr eaeb`ta db "k ekfjc`b tjkt wcoo bxjchct c`mb`ucty". 2>   TRXC@M,  E. K.,  Faeputc`m Ekfjc`bry k`d C`tbÿcmb`fb,  "Ec`d", ;32>, pp. 466-49>. Dbsfkrtbs y Ok Ebttrcb yk sb afupkra` dbo ksu`ta, faea bs hcb` skhcda. Db frbbr k ^appbr (SF, pp. 4 s., ;=2, `atk 9), oas prbfbdb`tbs dbo ecsea sb rbea`tkråk` `kdk eb`as qub k Jaebra. Bs db `atkr qub ok ookekdk "eëquc`k db Turc`m" `a bs tko eëquc`k, sc`a u`k tbaråk sahrb ok paschcocdkd db sceuokr par ebdcas iåscfas ok kftcvcdkd eb`tko juek`k. 2;   Hrkc`_, Ekfjc`bs k`d ^brsa`s,  Oa`da` ;3:>.

tadks sus fkpkfcdkdbs". :6 Vc` `bfbscdkd db cr tk` obgas, bo qub jkyk eëquc`ks fa` jkhcocdkd pkrk dbdufcr fa`fousca`bs dk   ¡c  kfbpdbtkr prbecsks dks jk puovbrczkda ok rbscstb`fck q ub fcbrtas prafbsas fbrbhrkobs sbk` purkeb`tb ebfë`cfas y, par fa` scmucb`tb, kutarczk k bstkhobfbr u`k bstrcftk farrbspa`db` fck b` bo `cvbo iåscfa-ebfë`cfa b`trb ok tbaråk db oks eë quc`ks y ok fcb`fck dbo fbrbhra. Bo bstudca db kquãooks pubdb couec`kr bo fa`afcecb`ta db ãstb< b` rbkocdkd bo fbrbhra `a bs atrk fask qub "u`k ekm`k faeu`cdkd db c``uebrkhobs ecfrafaeputkdarks". 24 Ekflky frbb dbeastrkhob   yk kjark  qub tadk rbkoczk fcö` oömcfk   qub padkeas bspbfcicfkr  bstë, b` prc`fcpca, ko kofk`fb db u` ardb`kdar. Oks ocectkfca`bs db ok eëquc`k pkrk sceuokr ok fa`duftk juek`k dbrcvk` `a db su å`daob ebfë`cfa-iåscfk, sc`a db `ubstrk ocectkdk pbrcfck pkrk iar28   ¡hcd.,   pp. ;; 26   Chcd.,   p. 9>. 24

  Chcd.,   p p.  

s., :6 ss.

99-=6.

 

;24

OKV @RBYKV K@TXA^AOAMÅK K@TXA^AOAMÅKV V

R@ XBTA K OK TBAO TBAOAMÅK AMÅK

6 .  OK DCKOÃFTC DCKOÃFTCFK FK EB@TB-FBXBHXA

;22

ekoczkr scehöocfkeb`tb tada oa qub, faea sbrbs juek`as fa`sfcb`tbs, saeas fkpkfbs db jkfbr. Vc oks pkutks db fa` duftk qub dbsbkeas vbr rbpradufcdks ebfë`cfkeb`tb pu dcbrk` rbdufcrsb ko gubma db rbmoks prbfcsks y bxpoåfctks, b`ta`fbs sb fa`vbrtcråk b` u` ksu`ta rutc`krca c`tradufcr bsks rbmoks b` u` pramrkek y suec`cstrkroa k u`k faepu tkdark, qub oa bgbfutkråk icboeb`tb. Kså pubs, "bo ÷otcea oåectb ko padbr db u`k eëquc`k pkrk rbebdkr iu`fca`bs juek`ks bs bo oåectb db `ubstrk jkhcocdkd pkrk bxpocfctkr oa qub bs juek`a"< b` bstb fkepa, ok cepatb`fck bs `ubs trk, `a db ok eëquc`k. 22

Ok rbspubstk bs jkrta schcoc`k. Vc oa qub fa` book sb prbtb`db scm`cicfkr bs qub, k pkrtcr db u` fcbrta mrkda db faepobgcdkd iåscfk, fkhb prbsuecr ok bxcstb`fck db u` ya kutafa`sfcb`tb, bstkråkeas b`ta`fbs k`tb ok rbiareuokfcö` dbo pastuokda bstrufturkocstk7 `a jky dckoãftcfk sugbtaahgbta  -98. Bstk rbiobxcö` pkrbfb bstkr dcrbftkeb`tb c`s pcrkdk par ok rbspubstk db Turc`m k ok ahgbfcö` db ok c`iarekoc c`iarekocdkd dkd db ok fa`duftk (ok dci dcicfuotkd cfuotkd db po poksekrok ksekrok b` iöreuoks) iöreuoks).. ¼   Chcd.,  pp. 22, 98-94.

 

6 .  OK  DCKOÃFTCFK EB@TB-FBXBHXA

C

Cdb`tcdkd eb`tb-fbrbhra7 ok vbrscö`   dbo dbo  ea`csea bebrmb`tcstk "Ok eb`tb   bs u`k  faobffcö`  db  iu`fca`bs fbrbhrkobs... Ok cdbk   db u`k  b`tcdkd eb`tko sbpkrkdk  `a  söoa  `a  bstë mkrk`tczkdk   par oas  dktas dcspa`chobs  y oas  eadboas pscfa oömcfas bxcstb`tbs, sc`a   qub  fjafk ira`tkoeb`tb  fa` oks cdbks   eës iu`dkeb`tkobs  db tadk  ok  fcb`fck fcb`fck ead br`k".  Sa rbfjkza  ok  a`taoamåk icscfkocstk parqub  `a  fukdrk  fa` ok vkrcbdkd fukoctktcvk   db ok  rbkocdkd,  y  rbfjkza  ok  bpcstbea oamåk ksafckdk   k bsk  a`taoamåk parqub  bs  dbeksckda c`mb `u k   y  ik`tkscask."  B`  bstks  das  irksbs pramrkeëtcfks  sb rbiobgk dcëik`keb`tb   u`k  dahob rbpuosk