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98
THE MUSICAL TIMES.
VOCAL
RUDIMENTS COMPILEDBY J. DOBSON COLLET.
PREFACE.-The object of this paper is to convey in the smallest possible space the Musical instructionnecessary to an Amateur Chorus Singer. It is calculated for the use of Elementary Classes, and should be explained in full by a master, and afterwardsused as a hand-book by the pupil.
OF THE NOTES.
CHAPTERI.-LENGTH
Soundsin music are of differentlengths. We distinguishthe length of the sounds,and of the silencesbetweenthem, by the shape of the notes or rests which representthem. I semibreve, or whole note, is equal to
2 minims, or halves;
rrr
or,
r r r r
r
4 crotchets, or quarters;
CT M* \\[\
16 emiluver>?or, 316semiquavers, or sixteenths.ltii 1
_n
r
't 1 '! 1 '1 I '1 '
or,
8 quavers,or eighths; aC^ aBF
r
r
ITO
A dot placed after a note increases its value by one-half, thus:-
o
=
.
?
r
p I
1
r ri r
=
_
r
Music is divided into equal portionsby strokes:When I Britain first at I Heaven's command, a [ rose from out the | azure main,
these strokesare called bars; the music betweentwo strokesis also called a bar. CHAPTERII.-TIME.
There are three sorts of time-Dual, Triple, and Compound. Dual time containsin each bar a numberof notes which may be divided by 2 till reduced to 1; as 4 crotchets,4 quavers. Examples of Dual (or Common) Time.
/
2
3
4
marked C
Two minimsin a bar.
marked 2 Two crotchets in a bar. / 4 8 76 in each bar a time contains of number notes which may be divided by 3 till reduced Triple to 1; as 3 minims,3 crotchets, 3 quavers. Examples of Triple Time.
2 Three minimsin a bar.
4 Three crotchetsin a bar. 8 Three quaversin a bar. Compound time is compounded of two or more bars of triple time; as 6 crotchets,
6 quavers, 9 quavers, 12 quavers.
Examples of Compound Time.
Six crotchetsin a bar.
6 8
Six quaversin a bar.
6
8
Nine quaversin a bar.
8
Twelve quaversin a bar.
THE MUSICAL TIMES.
99
VOCAL RUDIMENTS, Continued.
CHAPTERIII.-OF
PITCH.
Musicalsoundsdiffer in pitch, graduallyascendingfromlow to high. The notes are named from the seven letters of the alphabet,C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, &c. Every note bears a resemblance to its 8th, which is therefore called by the same letter; thus, C is the octave of C, D of D, and so on. There are in the humanvoice about three octaves, or 22 notes, which -are representedby the 11 lines and 11 spaces of THE GAMUT.
CHAPTERIV.-THE CLEFS. Three of these notes have special marksto representthem, called clefs:
theFn t
lie e thh the
th ine.on
h
the G on the 8th line.
But as no one voice has to sing all these notes, each voice has a part of the gamutallottedto it, occupyinga staffof five lines, and distinguishedby the clef on its left hand. There are four sorts of staffin commonuse; Soprano,Alto, Tenor, and Bass.
The Pianofortestaff requires all the eleven lines-five in the treble, five in the bass, and one betweenthe two, which is understood,but only incidentally expressed, by what is called I a ledger line. A Score includesseveralstaves for voices or instruments,or both. SOPRANO.
ALTO.
9|_R..,
TENOR.
BASS.
9
Se
Q
PIANOFORTE.
The samenote (clef C) will be representedas above in the differentstaves of the score.
THE MUSICAL TIMES.
100 VOCAL RUDIMENTS, Continued.
CHAPTERV.-THE 4
1-
D
2 I
A Tetrachord is a succession of four notes, the interval between the third and fourth being a semitone, and the other two intervalswhole tones. From C to F is a Tetrachord; from G to C is also a tetrachord.
E-
3 -
-
TETRACHORD.
-c
CHAPTERVI.-THE Do C
DIATONIC SCALE.
ju
Si B La A
The scale of the octave, called the Diatonic scale, is composed of two Tetrachords,separatedby an intervalof a whole tone, called the tone of disjunction. For the convenience of singing, the Italian names of the notes are better than the English ones; thus, for C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, sing Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si, Do.
Sol G Fa F Mi E
bd >-
CM
m
Re D Do C
1,1
CHAPTERVII.-THE
Do----
-si
The Diatonic scale is so called because it consists chiefly of whole tones. Each of the five tones in the Diatonic scale may be divided into two semitones. The scale of semitones is called the Chromaticscale. When we wish to raise a note a semitone,we prefixto it a sharp($), as
Si
Si -
-Do
b-Lc.-La
--La
b-
-Sot
CHROMATIC SCALE.
Do
$
Do sharp
oSol
t
.-Sol b-
-Fa Fa
Fa b
QMi
$
td 11v w
When we wish to lower a note a semitone, we prefix to it a flat (),
.?R
Mi
W
-Mi b-
-Re $-
-Re
-Do $-
b-
I I)Do
Do
Do flat
r
br
When we wish to restorea note to its originalmeaning, we prefix to it a natural(#), Do flat Do sharp Do natural
i
bF:
- r-
103
THE MUSICAL TIMES. VOCAL RUDIMENTS, Continued.
VIII.-MAJOR SCALES AND THEIR SIGNATURES. CHAPTER Fa
6 sharps it
The scale in ChapterVI. is called a Major scale,becauseits third is major. Any note may be the first of a scale. Take the scale of Do, and divide it into two tetrachords:Lower.
Now take the upper tetrachordas the basis of a new scale:-
i
rrfrT
i
L4j-i
The second interval in the upper tetrachord, viz., from Mi to Fa;, is a half instead of a whole tone, and must thereforebe sharpened. Make out all the six sharpkeys according to this process. For the flat keys, take the lower tetrachord of Do, and make it the uppertetrachordof the first flat key:
<
r7-
r7r
5 sharps
s V
Mi
4 sharps
La
3 sharps
Re
2 sharps
Sol
1 sharp
Upper.
t -r
Ij -J^jL
Si
^h-,
I-
LL
6L.(~
Do t)
Fa
1 flat
Si >
2 flats
Mib
3 flats
-4
From Do to Si # is only half a tone,but as the tone of disjunctionmust be a whole tone, the Si must be flattened. Make out the six flat keys in this manner.
.$
--b
-b t
La
4 flats
V V)
Re b5
flats VoOb"
b
Sol b 6 flats t7, b b-
104
THE MUSICAL TIMES.
VOCAL RUDIMENTS, Continued.
CHAPTERIX.-MINOR
SCALES.
_
Re $ is the relativeminor__ ^ of Fa $, sig. 6 sharp s A scale is called Minorwhen its third is minor; thus, the scale of Do is minor if Mi Sol is flattened. With the exception of the third, the ascending minor scale is the same as the ascendingmajorscale; but in descending, the Do seventh andsixth are flattened; thus, Do minor has three flats--Mi b, Si b, and La b. The signatureof Do minor is the same as that of Mi b major, which is therefore called its Fa$ relative major.
$
Scale of Do major.
Si
Scale of Do minor.
8
-8
7
7
8 7-
Si 5 sharps "_
..
.
Mi 4 sharps
I#$
..
La 3 sharps }
..
Be 2 sharps
4
L., wV
Mi
..
Sol 1 sharp
La
..
Do
Re
..
Fa
Sol
..
Si
Do
..
Mib 3flats
$
6
5 5
5
4
4
6-
flat
3
3
2 flats J
b
2
2 .*
bbb V
..
Fa
La b 4 flats
~
bbki
v
or,
Si b
..
Reb 5flats
)bbbb tV
:bjJJJJ^ft^J^L Mi
b ..
Solb 6 flats
V -: t b b at his Printing Office,Dean's Yard, Dean Street, in the Parish of St. Anne's, Soho, in the London.-Printed by J. ALFREDNOVELLO, Countyof Middlesex, and Publishedby him at 69, Dean Street, Soho, and24, Poultry, in the said County. Sold also by Strange, Paternoster-row;Kent & Richards, Paternoster-row; Berger, Holywell-street;
