RTRI - Earth Structures Design Standard for Railway

CONTENTS

~: th Issue

1.

the

the. H S

Cutting an

. R

25

10. Reinforced.Steep

Cut

D D

STRUCTURES COMMENTARY (EAR (EARTH TH STRU STRUCT CTUR URES ES O "F "F T H

DESCRIPTION De

S t n da da r ct

or Ra wa

n da da r

ov

STRUCT CT RE ST NDAR NDAR A RT R T H STRU

S t c tu tu re re s a n C om om m en e n ta ta r he es

nd on

Ea

earth

ct

Th

er na er ca

ct

m en en t

ha

ma

of ea

uc

P re re v o u

de gn

me nt

St uc ur

on de

nd ds

or ea

ct es

he ea

h ow ow n

Fi ur

me p u a te te d

ec

at ns

uc

as gr di nt

mp

h e p e o rm rm a c e ·0

wi

ws

me oi

o pe pe r

an ea

c tu tu r

ar

h ou ou g

bl

pa

e la la t e l

ea

e ve ve n w he he n

ol ps

D ra ra in in ag ag e a t o p of slope

O r ig ig in in a l g ro ro u n v.

of'slope

n a

blanket

F ig ig u

H ow o w ev ev e

wa de

ed

C on on s u en e n t E le le me me n

at ar

uc ur

h ou ou l

wa

ul

S trtr uc uc tu tu re re s

a nd nd a

as

ct es

am

wa

ar h ig ig h

o f E ar ar t

uc

e ve ve l

e r o rm rm a c e v e

e.

andthedevelopment

q u e d p e o rm rm an an c

ba as

a ck ck s

ee Fi ur

wa w s th

on en

ma of he

n ec ec es es sa sa r

ne

ea

m o d f ic ic a o n ct es

of gradegrade-sepa separat rated ed

De mb

mu

B u it m a

ma

to

d e a ck ck s

ac

el ca

c co co mp m p an an y

ve

m p o v m en en t

on

ct me

crossings,

verify h e r eq eq u r e

me p er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e

sp ec ec te te d fully e sp

at

structurestandard.

Wh a pp pp l e d

ha

me

2);

ma wi

ct es

o rd rd e

me

it m a

pe or

H ow ow e ve

ca on

c o e sp sp on on d w i

a c u a c on on d o n

Ta le

Co tent tent

fthe fthe Eart Eart

Stru Struct ct re st

dard dard

Title General B as a s i o f D eess ig ig n Embankments Cuttin Cuttin and Groundwork Roadbed Subgrade Reinforced Soil oi l R et et a n in in g W a l Reinforced S oi Reinforced So Abutment Rein Rein orce orcedS dSte te Cu Si wi

10

(b Ba as es

.f;:igure.2 Exam Exampl pl

acin acin

T ra ra ck ck f x am am p

of Trac Trac

o f F ra ra me me - y p

S la la b T ra ra ck ck )

Stru Struct ctur ures es

EARTH STRUCTURE STANDARD AN

IT

CHAR CHARAC ACTE TERI RIST STIC IC Issue oHhe oHheEa Ea:r :rth th\S \Str tru' u'ct ctur ur •-',':'( : '( k~_', - < - ; !

de gn stan standa da

Stan Standa dard rd

: ; :, ~ . .' ~

concerningrearthrstructures

Comm Commen enta tary ry (Ear (Earth th Stru Struct ctur ures es issuedby

lRpo11lPlUlU~S., Th uc

nd

om en

ar

ur

previ previous ousedi editi tion on as

ed

ob

of

1992.

It Comm Commen enta tary ry (Ear (Earth th Structure

nd ds tech techno no og

nd ds rela relate te

ho um

ri ic deeme deemed-t d-too-sa sati tisf sf

ai ay

ctur ctur

om en

oncr oncret et

uc

to eart earth, h, st uctu ucture re

einf einf ce of he

or

nd ce

th

de elop elopme me

bnol bnolog og es

mp ct on

on

thestudies

EGirto Structure Standard

speci specifi ficat catio ions, ns, and (3 appl applic icat atio io

ef th

~2-

ates ates cons constr truc ucti tion on meth method ods. s.

es

wa

st

characteristics is shown as follows.

Th outl outl ne ofth ofthes es

A do d o p o n o f P e o rm rm an an c b a

(1)

The p er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e b as as e

de gn me ho

b as as e

a d op op te te d . t o f ol ol lo lo w the

etho etho nd

on Future Rail Railwa wa

desi design gn me ho

engi engine neer er in

ny

cide cide

as follows a) on

un

po

23

by setting an ve

is mp emen emente te

safe safety ty serv servic icea eabi bili lity ty an restor restorabi abili lity, ty, Figure Figure

pu

on Technology

ns

Techn Techn logy logy Admin Adminis istr trat atio ion" n"). ).

This This perf perfor orma manc ncee-ba base se th

the provisions-of national

nc

shows the

pted pted

the

structure

struct ctur ur c on on di di t o ns ns , y p of stru

va

hin. hin.

this this stan standa dard rd Firs First, t,

es

nd

ed frOIU th requi require re

considering the di

ns on

perf perfor orma manc nces es

~"."?,~."~', ..,.~., , .~.,",~"..... ",~"..... "..

n d ic ic a o r v a u e s o r s a e ty ty . s e rv rv ic ic e a bi bi li ty ty , a n d ires~~.bi~~~~a~redecided.

i'Th;ee pe

rankjl

G ;J ;J ( ? n

a nd nd .

c o n fifi g ur ur a t io n s a r e in in d i ca ca t e d a CC CC Or Or ddll n 1 0 required performance ( d e e m e d - t o ! s a titi sf sf Y s p e c ifif ic ic a t io n s )

IfIhey a r e n o t S a tltl sf sf iiii jd jd , it a n b e e -e -e xe xe cu cu te te d o r rBdesigJled. .....

Fi (2)

Deem Deemeded-to to-s -sat atis isfy fy

S im im p l e d D e

Chart ( E a m p

Fl

an Em an men

spec specif ific icat atio ions ns

is necessarily a pp pp ro ro p i a e .c .c on on s d e i n

schedul ules es c os os t an sched

an pe or an (performance

proc proc

setting; th

required performance

at

ranks required

perf perfor orma manc nces es

an appl applic icat at on exam exampl ples es Tab

P e r o rm rm a n

Performance

Required performance

level

Application examples

R a nk nk s R e qu qu irir e

rank

E ar a r t s trtr uucc tu tu r t ha ha t u nd nd er er ggoo e v er er y l itit tltl e d ef ef oorr ma m a titi o i n o rd rd in in ar ar y c on on di di titi on on s a n no excessive deformation u nd nd e L e ve ve ii- 2 earth earthqua quake. ke.moti motion on orext orextreme remely ly heavy rainfa rainfall ll tare heavy F o rr- ex ex a m pl pl e e ar ar t s tr tr uc uc tu tu r s up up po po r i n a ba ba llll as as tltl es es s t ra ra c

p e r o rm rm a nc n c e Levels,

P er er fo fo rm rm an an c an E ar ar t s trtr uucc tu tu r t ha ha t undergoes. deformation with by r eegg u a r m aaii nt nt en en an an c i n o rd rd in in a c o d i o n a n d o n o r eeaa c d ev ev as as ta ta t n g f aaii lu lu r u nd nd e L e ve ve ll- Z e ar ar th th qu qu ak ak e m o titi o or e xt xt re re m eI eI yyrr aarr e h ea ea vy vy _rainfall. _rainfall. F o e xa xa mp m p le le : e ar ar t s trtr uucc tu tu r s up up po po r n g as trackwith very. important important section section ·oftra(;lc

-3-

nd Aoplicatlons

ran~ Ear Eartt struct structure ure that allows d ef ef or or m at at io io n i n o rd rd in in ar ar y o nd nd i o n a n d oe oe s n o f a u nd nd e motion or Level-Iearthqcake h ea ea v r aaii nf nf aall l t ha ha t occurs several year. Fo exam exampl ple: e: eart earths hstr truc uctu ture re

p po po r n g ck wi n o m a s ec ec t o n track,

w h n ex ex c v a n g

Emba Emba kmen kmen

g ro ro un un d

rein reinfo forc rc ment ment et od

with slopes 1:0.5) rein reinfo forc rced ed

the-

mban mbankm km nt in th -e rt

stru struct ct re stan stan ar

E mb m b an an km km en en t

ur ac

a ye ye r

FigUre4'Schemafic of

anno anno be ensu ensure re

radi radi nt

E mb mb an an km km en en t

Reintorced

even even in rio~ rio~ dina dinaty ty (s lf-w lf-wei ei ht

ur ac

a ye ye r

Bmbankrnent

cond cond tion tion

(1:0.5 (1:0.5 to

such such as pane panel. l.fa faci cing ng

an coricrete'facings

inke inke

to th rein reinfo forc rcin in

mate materi rial al

local rein reinfo forc rced ed body body perf perf rm nc

is va ua ed

ai ly by oi pr ssur ssur

om ut tion tions. s.

that it

Figu Figure re

Schemi;lUcof the Rf)inTP(ced Soil Soil W~II W~II W i t S t ifif f Facing Facing (RR M e t h o d )

-4

tobuild

reinfo reinforce rcedso dsoil il wall. is

placing bridge seats on

cement-treated-soil-typestructure

einf einfor orce ce

by geotextile

self-supporting properties.A schematicof Cement-stablllzed ilpp ilppro roac ac

bloc bloc

'\-Roadbed Embankment

S u pp pp O r t Q g g ro ro un un d

Figu Figure re

Ceme Cement nt-T -Tre reat ated ed-S -Sol olll-Ty Type pe

Rein Reinfo forc rced ed Soll Soll Abut Abutme ment nt

an existing Th slop slop reinforcement

method is class classif ifie ie

is used.

railway

thes these, e, dowe doweli ling ng

It FRP

to c on on s u c rein rein orci orcing ng mate materi rial al that that is shor shor with with incr increa ease se th stee steepn pnes es

diamet eter er rein rein orce orce a rg rg e diam

rela relati tive vely ly large

grad en of ofjhe grad

di

ig re

40

ural ural

ou d, ca

slope. So

Tens Tensio io

stru struct ctur ure. e. This This meth method od inst instal alli ling ng

emen emen

od

core core

rg

ia

te

info inforc rcin in

STRU STRUCT CTUR UR

Mats Matsri ri ls (R dish dish

ncho nchors rs

STAN STANDA DARD RD

Chapter

'to It also . in in c or or po po ra ra te te s t h c on on c ep ep t o f I if if ee- cy cy c l

main railway line, ut it on construction or th improvement ofa cost to permit flexible response to diversi diversifyi fying ng -5

applied mi

em

ae ity.

ds ma

on earth earth struc structur tures. es. so

Chapter

s pe pe c f ie ie s f un un da da m en e n ta ta l m a t e r c on on ce ce rn rn in in g th

design

earth earth struc structur tures. es.

Purpose ofthe design

(1)

To se ec

u c u re re , It

h e m o s e co co no no m ic ic a

ne es ar

ev ua

h e e r o rm rm an an c

an

of ar

u c u re re s

comp compar ar their life-cyclecost

uc (the

c on on s r uc uc t o n c os os t p lu lu s th m a in in te te na na nc nc e c os os t) t) . 2)

F un un d m en e n ta ta l

of design methods

Wh

me

pr

be

h e p e o rm rm a nc nc e b as as e

standard

e s g n m e h od od s n o b a

on

a pp pp ro ro ac ac h m e h od od s

p er e r fo fo rm rm a nc n c e r an an k ( th th e s oo- ca ca l e d= d= de d e em em e dd - to to -s -s a s f

at

en

d e g n m e th th od od , it also

p ec ec i

at ns

e t a cc cc o

ng

s pe pe c f ic ic a o ns ns " m e th th od od )

type

B a llll as as te te d t ra ra c k

1)

wh s trtr uc uc tu tu r

ba as

th

s le le ep ep er er s r a f as as te te n n g

system;

mi ma

roadbed.

a ln ln p n g

caused by d e o rm rm a t o n o f th

he

ast,

Fi

rails

Th

And.

ut h i

me

track

uc ur

u sc sc ep ep t b l

ac

d ef ef o m a t o n

p~U~s:t,s()jt requires regular maintenance work.

track ballastless nc ud

astructurewith

ba as

he

ck wi

regul regular ar maint maintena enance nce

track Is deformed, it

d e o rm rm a o n

ma

ma

mu

ec

p po po r

Bu wh

ot th

wi

~ d ~ s~ s~ e w i

ac

~ () () rk rk "

Ui

h e o ad ad b d . It d o

ma

m ( ))rr e d if if f c u

a ck ck ~ h e g h

mo

uc ur

as en ng

ys em Th

m ea ea n mo

using

at

o rd rd e e ar ar t

ow s tr tr uc uc tu tu r

concrete

~ ,T ,T o

r oa oa db db ed ed . a r used.

(1) Required. performances Ta

mp

ea k in in d

uc a sb sb a

c on on s d e

' .

p e o rm rm a nc nc e a nk nk so so f . .... -

ma

" .

m s T h e e p e o rm rm an an c requ requir ired ed

,~

:' ,

.'

perf perfor orma_ ma_p¢e p¢ess-

h e d eg eg re re e o f d i c u

ea

s t u c u re re s ms

ar

et no on

..

earth s t u c u re re s b u o r s t u c u re re s o f a l

o f c on on s u c n g the earth earth struct structure. ure.

-6-

Example of Requ Requir ired ed Perf Perfor orma manc nces es .•Item .•Item

Table

Requited performances

Performances

D e gr gr e o f d an an ge ge r o f i nt nt er er nnaa l f aaii lu lu re re o e ar ar t s tr tr uc uc tu tu r ( ci ci rc rc ul ul ar ar -s -s lili p s af af et et y{ y{ a qt qt or or .s .s af af et et y f ac ac to to r f o d ou ou b w ed e d g c om om pu p u ta ta t o n m e h od od ) displa displacement cement-an -an deformat deformation ion

Safety

Legend:

c om om f o rtrt "

W o rk rk ab a b ilil itit y o f ma n an an c V ib i b ra ra titi o a n noise Deformation '2 d a m ag ag e , r es es id id u a strength

Restorability

ll actions an their repetitive o cc cc ur ur re re nc nc e d ur ur in in g t h d es es ig ig n servic servic lifet lifetime ime A cc c c id id en en ta ta l a c o n ha ar ra b u h av av e a rg rg e m pa pa c

consoli consolidat dation ion settl settlement ement), ), displacementand deformation Di me ma c u m ul ul at at iv iv e d is is pl pl ac ac em em e n t d y na na m ic ic . d i~ i~ la la ce ce m e llll t D is i s pl pl ac ac em em e n a n d ef ef oorr m at at io io n ( tr tr aacc k m a in in te te n an an c e. e. st st an an d ar ar d v a lu lu e , d y na na m i displacement) D is i s pl pl ac ac em em e n o r d ef ef oopp na na titi o ( re re pe pe at at e mu at d e o rm rm a o n me pe d) V i br br at at io io n l ev ev e l n o is is e l ev ev e

Ru

Serviceability

f re re qu qu en en t a c o n a n h e r ep ep e titi titi v o c cu cu rr rr en en c e d u ri ri n t h d es es ig ig n s er er vvii c l ifif eett im im e L a g e a c o n h a o cc cc u r eell at at iv iv el el y o ft ft e d ur ur in in g t h d es es ig ig n s er er vvii c l ifif eett im im e

R e si si du du a l d e fo fo rm rm a titi o a ft ft er er -a -a n e ar ar th th q ua ua k e :r

1 . V e r e d b as as e o n h e d is is p a ce ce me me n

mi

a nd nd a d } * 2V 2V e

A cc c c id id en en ta ta l a c o n with extremely low p ro ro ba ba bi bi lili t o f o cc cc u e nc nc e b u w i J a g e impact e m III th sersmro d es es ig ig n s ta ta n da da rd rd .

ca on

ma de

pe

n d ic ic e

fV

Failure

R i di di n

Verified; a n d V e r c a t o n

m an an c

ks

ms

to III w h c h a k

it

n t c on on s d e a t o n d e g n c on on ve ve n e nc nc e and

T ab ab le le ) 2) Pr

of

T h r eq eq u r e

o rm rm a e -b -b a

p er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e

de

a re re . i n a l

es ig ig n an e a se t o d es

uc ur

b as as e

o n p e o rm rm an a n ce ce ' d es es ig ig n In

ma e m n km km en en t other is d e et he

ut

g,

op

mi d. So

mb

o rm rm a

work, d ra ra in in ag ag e w o k , roadbed,

first step is

of on he

wi

ue ar

et

pe

ub

de

m an an c

mu al

for h e e n

parts,

ec on

e tc tc . h a will

c tu tu r

nd

of

ns

nc

ys em he

ea

en at ve Ne

en

v er er ifif ie ie d f o

he en at ve

s e d es es ig ig n s ec ec t o n Ve

pe

m an an c

u nd nd e

hi

nd

al

o n by s et et titi n

required performances.end p e o rm rm a c e wh

ai

h e e q ui ui va va le le n t limit s ta ta te te s f o

mi

by

er

um

of de

ma

c om om p

ng

ng

mi

factors. 5)

Ve 1)

on me ho

P er e r fo fo rm rm a nc nc ee- ba ba se se d

m e th th o

P e o rm rm a c e pe

de

m an an c

ng

ar

'verify

mi

al pe

by

he qu

m an an c

nt mp

mi ng he

or he wi

he

qu po

values. 'lp,cJlLd

w h e e , R d : d es es ig ig n r es es po po ns ns e v a u e

ltd: d es es ig ig n i: structure

(1)

F un u n da da m en en ta ta l

he safety

mi va ue factor

o f s af af e

v er er i c a o n

ea

dynamic displacementamplitude

is

et

mi

ue

h e a i u re re ,

de

ma

n,

will occur

durin durin

constr construct uctio io Fu

and d u n g h e d e g n

am

of servi serviceab ceabil ilit it

Th

e rv rv ic ic e

e t m e of th struc structu ture. re.

verif verific icat atio io

earth structure is verified by setting limit

ac wh

m a in in te te na na nc nc e

om f or or t n o is is e d in in g c om

p a e ng ng e

c on on s d e n g

h e s e v ic ic ea ea b

of he ea

o r the

n,

difficulty of

p p a ra ra n

n d o th th e p e

ma ce

u c u re re .

Fundamentals of restor restorabi abili lity ty verif verific icat atio io

(3)

he restorability

is veri verifi fied ed ke

ns de

he

restoring

ee of

o th th e c on on s u en en t parts of th

wo k, an

prin princi cipl ple, e, chec checki king ng that that dama damage ge caused by

wi

mi

ma

u nc nc t o na na l y . A l

h e s lo lo pe pe s

earth structure will

o ad ad be be d w o k , d ra ra in in ag ag e

th

mi

cons consid ider erin in th degr degree ee of difficulty ofrestoring its ou

he de

ma

ve

nd am

Th

el

wi

el

D e fo fo rm rm a t o n

e ve ve l 1: Almost it d ef ef or or m a o n

D e fo fo rm rm a t o n

e ve ve l 2: S om om e

o rm rm a o n

Deformation level 3: L a

ma

al

s ou ou n

f un un c o ns ns , an

ut un

ns

u sa sa b o re re d

om

by r ep ep a

be restored

but

deformation,

w i h ou ou t e pa pa i w o k . w o rk rk .

with partial

teconstruciion. De

4: Extreine1.Y

ma

without overallreconstruction, D am a m ag a g e e ve ve l 1:A lm lm o s c om om p le le te te l

u nd nd am am a ge ge d

D a m ag ag e e ve ve l 2 : D a m ag ag e r eq eq u r ~ g .r.r :e :e pa pa ir ir d ep ep en en d n g o n h e s i u a o n D am am a

D am am a

eq

ep

wo ep la la c em em e n t of m em em b worl, a n d t h r ep

Damage Ievel-k.Damagere Ievel-k.Damagerequir quiring. ing.repai repai

slruation. T ab ab l

an

ow

he ef ma

v~

d re re j a i

wh

m i values' by performance

dama damage ge

Ta

a . for d ef ef o m a t o n

ow

rank

structures. bl

form form ti

O vvee ra ra l e a t h s trtr uucc tu tu r

vels vels an

d ef ef oorr ma ma titi o Case)

ir

Repair

l ev ev e

(Case of

(Ear (Earth th Stru Struct ctur ur

Deformationlevel?

D e o rm rm a o n

ev

Deformation lcvel-4

le

rite riteri ri

A lm lm Q Sl Sl no no d~ d~ fQ fQ uunn a i on on ,s ,s ou ou n f uunn ct ct io io ns ns , a n u sa sa b \~ithouttepairwork la r s l u nd nd e (F6rexample:llo c irir ccuu la pred Some deformation, b u m c n s a n be rest restore ore prmltpl prmltpl,l ,l b y re re pa pa i w o r k ( F o e x am am p le le ; circular oc nd little little residu residual al deformation); 'predktedaction',but La ge d u d e o rm rm a o n b u u nc nc t o n c a b e e s o r large residu residual al w itit h p a t ia ia l r eecc on on st st ru ru ct ct io io n { Fo Fo r e xa xa mp m p le le : large deformarionof m b n km km en en t u nd nd e p r d i ct on an partial reconstruction is nece necess ss ryir ryirre repa para rabl bl fail fail re as n o o cc cc u r eedd ) ar ge ge -r -r es es id id ua ua l d ef ef or or m at at io io n a n f un un ct ct io io n Extremely l ar to re re d w itit ho ho u o ve ve ra ra l r eecc on on st st ru ru ct ct io io n ( Fo Fo r cannot b e r eess to exampl examplet. et.ext extrem remely ely large. large.res residu idua] a] defoinliltibn of th emba embank nkme ment nt ha been beenca caus used ed by the predicted acti action on an irre irrepar parabl abl failur failur ba occurred)

fo

limIt

P er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e r aann k E a rtrt h s tr tr uc uc tu tu r d ef ef or or m at at io io n level D am am a structural member

trac trac

with with ball ballas ast) t)

N o r eepp ai ai r ( a n ec ec es es sa sa ry ry , r aacc k improvement) M iinn o r eepp ai ai rs rs : b al al la la s .replenishment, slope reco recomp mpac acti tion on

orpa orpart rtia ia

w i .d .d en en in in g o f f or or m at at io io n l ev ev e removi ving ng slop slop surface Partially remo o rr rr oa oa db db e S ur ur fa fa c t o r ec ec on on st st ru ru c t he he -e -e m ba ba nk nk ru ru en en t o r t ra ra ck ck .

Complete remova e mb m b an an km km eenn t a n o ve ve ra ra l reconstruction.

l,

Performance. tank

P er er fo fo rm rm aann c

Deformation

D e o rm rm a o n

Damage level!

.l

-8-

r aann k Jl ve

to

Perf Perfor orma manc nc

Deformation D am am a

tank tank level

e ve ve l

2)

De me

PN

n da da r

This

p re re s b e

e ms m s , b y a t y in in g

U, ns ou t v e constructing an earth structure, w i h ou

me

p ec ec i c a o n

Ta

ow Tab

x am am p

ee n c on on f m e d p e o rm rm a nc nc e h a b ee

w ho ho s

p er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e r an an k ( de de em em e dd - to to -s -s a s f

y in in g p e o rm rm an an c

s pe pe c f ic ic a o ns ns )

h e n a] a] o r p e

at on

c on on f g u a t o n

or

ch er

ma

nk

E xa x a m p e s o f R e la la t o ns ns h p s b e w e e P e r o rm rm a nc nc e R a n a n M a jo jo r S p eecc i c a o n C on on f g u a t o n ( D e e m e d -t-t oo - sa sa t is is f S p e c ifif ic ic a titi on on s

Requiredperformances/items Materials Compacting Finishing thickness Reinforcing material Layer. h iicc kn kn es es s l m

Embankment

Roadbed

stabili lized zed soil GJ;OupA . stabi > 9

Slope works

Drainage system

Minimum, configuration

Bearing ground

value

.5

n s a l e d o r e ac ac h

n iiss h n g

C o nc nc re re t r oa oa db db ed ed . a sp sp ha ha l roadbed E ro ro s o n p re re ve ve n o n s ma ma l f ai ai lu lu r p re re v en en titi on on , w a te te r p ro ro o fifi ng ng , { b lo lo c k c la la d di di n gridwork) L in in e d rraa in in ag ag e w o k , s lo lo p o e d ra ra in in ag ag e w o rk rk , \ t( t( an an s ve ve l s e d ra ra in in a g w o r

Structural type Functions (Configuration examples)

layer:

la.yet.'30 emor less Iayer Iayerever ever

P e f o m a nc nc e r an an k II l:l.5 or more Group stabilized value> 90%

P e o rrm m aann c an 1: 1.5 o r m o Group A, B, s ta ta b ilil iz iz e d s oi oi l value >90%

ma

llayei':

less

Installed a~ necessary

B a si si ca ca llll y n o t i ns ns ta ta llll e

Insta Install lled ed forfor-ea each ch finishing'

Installed fo eac thickness

Asphalt roadbed

C ru ru sh sh e

E ro ro s o n p re re ve ve n o n s ma ma l failure p re re v en en titi on on , w a te te r proofi proofing, ng, (soddi (sodding ng w o rk rk )

o ad ad be be d

Erosi Erosion on prevent preventio io

work, slope

Linedrainage

s to to n

finis finishin hin

Slope t o d ra ra in in a g

o e d rraa in in ag ag e w o

work

C ir ir cu cu l a r slip

less

00

Residual orless emorless •. p e rf rf or or m an an c es es , valu ac h e m a n configuration e xa xa mp m p llee s a r examples fo valu of e ac

settlement

settlement orless ..onsa Note 1) Defi at eg eg o riri e o f r eq eq u itit e Defini niti tion sand nd c at o i m ba ba nk nk m n t a s ease of unde unders rsta tand ndin ingb gbut ut Note 2) Degree of risk IS shown. here fo ease resis resista tance nce coeffi coeffici cient ents. s.

in. me It is e pr pr es es en en te te d b y d i f er er en en ce ce s between ground

(6) Actions

1)

Types of actions

Ty es

on

ud

deadl deadload oad

au ed

ai

ad Th de

c on on c e t

a nd nd a

a n o th th e

Ac

n s c on on s

x am am p

earth earthqua quakea keact ctio ion, n,

ns of~a e la la te te d d e g n

ed

on

ad

e ez ez in in g a c o n a n v a a b

nd ge er

ms

pe of

ur

a r rainfall a n

mp

have

o mp m p ly ly i

ac on with th

a nd nd a d s

u t n o far other

c tu tu r

Be us

a in in fa fa l a c o n

ez g, or

wo

below. action

that

Ra wo ks

therela therelativ tively ely

mb

o f a ct ct io io n are 'Set a cc cc o d in in g es

design service v ic ic e

me

n ed ed . R a n f

de

n ag ag e

short short-t -term erm rainfa rainfall ll (10 minutes of rainfall) se~separately by eac prefec prefectu ture. re.

Ra ur

de

km

h e e qu qu i e d performanceof f e m e ( Ac A c t o n 1) a n

Ac on

e x r em em e l

T he he s c t O f a r mu

mp

Tw (rainf nfal al that that occurs occurs occasi occasional onally ly the structure (rai

cc u heavy rainfall that o cc cc di

o ba ba b mu

a re re l

d u n g the

a l b a e d o n c tu tu a

mo

action W he he n

ea

d e o rm rm a o n a n

region h aw aw in in g e du du ce ce s it strength.

uc ur

n .a .a .c .c o

me

9-

oi causes

fr

it

j~

with As in

tw

freez freezin in

se

indi indice cess-ar ar

in

rvic rvic

construction (J

of embank embankmen ments ts in detail.

Desi Design gn ofem ofemba bank nkme ment nt T) conditions such

shap of stru struct ctur ure, e, materials nd shap

of the required performances' (safety, serviceability, response values do

110t

teach th

restorability),

ie

limi limi valu values es

Actions that that shou should ld be considered

ri

generally cate catego gori rize ze

ri

perm perman anen en

acti acti n,

to they occu occur, r, f:requency they

Performance verification m e o d u s n g

(1)

embankment in an ordinary

safety

is verified by

rc

veri verifi fica cati tion on valu valu modified

J';MRd Ld

Where:

condit itio io seismic cond

nd in

rain rainfa fall ll cond condit itio io

li method,

s ch ch em em a t c : d ia ia gr gr a th

circ circul ular ar slip slip method

is comp comp te

of th

circular

slip method for an

by

llen lleniu iu meth method od ..

L; 2:]{(W tr ctur ctur

.0 -bu)cosa-K'rWsUla}tan¢+cL+T,.1

coef coeffi fici ci nt (gen (gen rall rall

.0

design gn resp respon onse se mome moment nt l v l R d : desi

desi design gn resi resist stan ance ce mome moment nt

circul ular ar slip slip resi resist stan ance ce coefficient W: lice lice weig weight ht I r s : circ h:

h o ri ri zo zo n ta ta l s e s m i

c o ef ef fi fi ci ci en en t

angl angl ofsl ofslic ic

bottom surface

internal friction angle,«: cohesion resi resi tanc tanc ir le y:

pressure

slice width center

of th coun counte term rm asur asur

or

Me

(2)

mp

T h N ew ew m

me

me

mp

of

mb

me

me

mp

me

slip o i m a s duringan earthquake. It assumes that on hi di pl

m en en t

ob

Sh

on he

ne

of settlement acco accomp mpan an in

pl

y,

qu

hi

on

nd d, he qu nt

um ng ha

he

of ot

psu

on

ul

of he deformation coefficient

dete dete iora iora io

mp

on

, pr pr op op e rtrt ie ie s of deformation

a cc cc u m u la la titi o

mu

ma

Th

an emba embank nkme ment nt

on s d er er at at io io n t h into c on

under the, m p

on

embankment.

of th

Me

theresidualdeformation c au au se se d b y e pe pe t v e o ad ad in in g o f a in in s

mp

me

du

pe or me

gi

ma

th o d o fa fa n em em b a n km km e n t computation m e th

qu prop proper er ie

ur

o m h e m om o m en en t b a n c

me

qu ntit ntit

method

by-the by-the Newmar Newmar

ve mb

ma

mp

o n of

o mp mp u

mu

da

ma

du

o rrm ma

wi

n. Th

mp

yb

we

b a e d o n h e p ro ro pe pe r e s of th cumulativesettlerneutof'the

me

me

e m ba b a nk nk m en e n t m a te te r a l

Ef

The s ta ta n da da r me

p re re sc sc ri ri be be s

me

me

it to

wi s af af e 3)

Ve

(1)

P e rf rf or or m an an c e v e ri ri fi fi ca ca titi o

c a o n m e th th o

ns de

me

of

It

niethod u s n g h e

me

ul

mu

mp

me ho m aann c o f

the

pp

me

u pp pp o n g g ro ro un un d a ga ga in in s slip failur failur (see (see Figure M e th th o

o fc fc om om p u titi n

G ro ro un un d n um um e r c a

a na na ly ly s a na na ly ly s

(3) M e h o

ve

u se se d

consolidation

ca es whe

h ak ak in in g

g ro ro un un d on

simple

me

me

method based

One-dimensional

o f o mp mp u n g on de

by

n, al

S et et t e m en en t c au au se se d

Eq

the g ro ro un u n d s e t le le m en en t

is computed

m en en t mp

k in in g n t

me

set

me

n um um e c a

mb

O f 8 J p po po r n gg g g ro ro un un d mb

(2)

p ag ag e

circular slip computation,

d ur u r in in g r ai ai n a l

mb

nf

obtaining

method

is used

frequently,

w o -d -d im im e n o na na l d e o rm rm a o n d om om in in a

m en e n t o f g ro ro un un d d u n g

h ak ak in in g d u n g

he de

computation

me

h qu qu ak ak e

h qu qu ak ak e is computed by u mu mu l

ne of he he

m od o d u u s of h e g ro ro un un d o b

v e d am am ag ag e

h eo eo r

h qu qu ak ak e

p on on s

ne

analysis. 4)

D e g n u s n g h e d e m ed ed - o chart

pe

de gn of

m b n km km en e n t u s n g d e m ed ed - o -

set

ma nd nk nd

he

ms Th

mb

u c u r .are determined.

on

me

ng db

pe

on

Af

mp ma

Deci Decidi diugp ugperf erfonu onuanc anc

D ec ec id id in in g e mb m b an an km km en en t

D ec ec id id in in g r oa oa db db e

--------1

rank(§ rank(§2, 2,5. 5.2) 2)

i - · h ~ - p ; ~ i ~ ; m ; .~ . ~ ~ ¢ ; ~ r tk tirifis k T I -d~t~;;~iri~d~l on de ng . _

. _

m po po r n ce ce , c k

c tu tu re re e

_ I

h ap ap e § 3 1 .5 .5 )

r uc uc tu tu r

{ Ch Ch ap ap te te r 5 )

study o f s ta ta b ilil itit y m e a su su r es es . >----'-----1 (§3.:tl) ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - ~

lu s s o w o ; j o t S u p lu m e as as ur ur e

-------I

u se se d

fake. stability

a s r eq eq ui ui re re d

u d o f ground c ou ou nt nt er er me me as as ur ur e w o rk rk s (§SA)

Installing drainage works

s lo lo p e protection\Vorks

S e le le c titi n

Figu re

'3

lo

) 1 2 I n h ec ec as as e o f o we w e mb mb an an km km cu cu t c on on f h a h e subgradeconditions (Chapter 6) ar s at at is is fi fi ed ed , a n d if h er er e a r p ro ro b e m he subgrade i s i mp mp rroo ve ve d th e t em em s • 3 T h d ra ra in in ag ag e s ys ys te te m s ec ec t o n n d o th are determi determined ned ac·cotding t o t h p e rf rf or or m an an c e r an an k , r eg eg io io n a c h ar ar ac ac te te ri ri st st ic ic s roadbed structure, t op op o gr gr ap ap h y a n a lili gn gn m en en t "' are-selected a cc cc or or d n g he performance rank..cmbankmcnt shape m a te te ri ri al al s a n d r eg eg io io n a c h ar ar ac ac te te ri ri st st ic ic s

(§35)

'4

(~'3.6)

ar of Emba Emba kmen kmen

Design by t h e D e e m e d - te te - s a titi sf sf y

the deemed-to-sat deemed-to-satisf isfyspeci yspecifi ficati cation on

Spec Speclf lflca lcatl tlon on Meth Method od

method. Figure

10

ShDWS

the

standard s ec ec t o n s ha ha pe pe . Table

Le Hi 15

or on

an

Performance R a n

E m ba ba n km km e nt n t St S t a nd nd a r ma 1:1.8

X:2.0 1:2.3

e s than 151);1

S ta ta nd nd a

(2

Gradient of Slope

P er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e r an an k. k. I 1: 1. to I : 1 . 1:1.8t61:2.0 1:2.0 to 1:2.3

Em an me

P er e r fo fo rm rm a uc uc er er au au k

II

1:1.5 1:1.8

]:2;0

S ha ha 'p 'p e

Emba Embank nkme ment ntco cons nstr truc ucti tion on hi standard,an embankment is divi divide de region upper embankment.

ma

w n to.

n to to - w o c a e go go r e s T h u pp pp e embankment

meters

nd the: the: lower lower

to

the

impacted by h e vi

o ad ad . To c on on s r uc uc t h e u p p e r

ai

ui bl

g id id i

n d that

mi

necessary to u s m a

mu

ma

al

ha ca

repetitiveloading

trains. mp After many embankments have b e e

c o m pl pl et et ed ed , train load or self-weight cause compactionsettlement,

es

degr degree ee of comp compac acti tion on

b ed ed ac ac co co r n g

he er

h ow ow s h e e g e e o f o mp m p ac ac t o n suited to eachperformance C ie ie g re re e o f C om o m p a ct ct io io n for

TabJe Performance

part

and

an

P er er fo fo rm rm an an c

an

Upper embankment Lowerembankment

U p pe pe r e m ba ba nk nk m en en t ma

HI

Lower'embankrnenr -,

(3

a n o f a c embankment. Table

rank. Pe

ma

Ra

A v er er aagg e d en en si si t r aatt i 0 1 c om om p ac ac titi on on : higher (lower limit: 9 2% 2% ) y er er aagg e 1

Others

;1.5 Ormore

So

Soft.soil F ra ra gi gi l s oi oi l

Performance a nk nk s

1 :1 :1 .

:1.8

1.

1:1.5

1 :1 :1 . t o 1.

1;1.2

l: .Oto .Oto 1.

I:1 or mo 1:1.0 to 1.5 1:1 . o r m o 1. 1 ;1 ;1 . 1:1.5 1:2.0 1 ::11 . 2. 1;1.0 to 1. 1:1.4 1:1.0 :0.7 to 1.0 LO.7 I:Q.5 to 0. 8 to to 1 : 0. 0. 5 t o 1.0 1:1.0 I:Q.3to 0: 1:0.8 W I n at at u a l g ro ro un un d r eeii n o rc rc in in g m aatt er er ia ia l

1;L5

Ha oc -, h e a tu tu r ou w ea ea k p r c r b e in commentary), It m uuss t b e r e n fo fo rc rc e of SP,.th SP,.th soi is regarded. pe ci ci al al ' s oi oi l regarded. as th pi sand o f s pe " '3 '3 : K a n t l oa oa m e tc tc . oa m l ay ay e r Iwate l oa sw ea ea th th er er e p yr yr oocc la la st st i l o d ep ep os os itit s *4 IMid IMid i sw s ed ed im im eenn ta ta titi o o f w hi hi t v ol ol ca ca ni ni cc- sa sa nd nd ar ar i p oz oz ze ze la la na na , including including loose.volcani loose.volcanicbombs,' cbombs,' *5 Shira Shirasu su *6: Tuffaceo Tuffaceous us rocks w i g oo oo d c on on so so l d a o n m a y b e c on on si si de de re re d (ope h ar ar d r oc oc k »,

Dr

wo

wo

purposes o f d r n ag ag e w o k s

de

p r v en en t m u prevent

p um um p n g

n su su r

os on of he ur

he

ng

n d p r v en en t d e

or on

ye of

op

nd

Fa ur

slope slope durin durin torr torren enti tial al a in caused m a in fa fa l g rroo un un dp dp o W a p re ep ag ag e re ss ss u c au au se se d b y e ep wo

12 c on on ca ca v

ws pa

op

ur

rainwater groundwa groundwater ter orrainwat orrainwater, er, Therefore is th pr wa u s o f h e p ro ro b m s F ig ig u work plan. Butwhen cutting destroys ma

mu da op

it i s n e ce ce ss ss ar ar y to

on

site.

5~

me

wi

C ro ro ss ss -t -t ra ra c

d ra ra in in ag ag e w o rk rk s ( lo lo ca ca titi on on s l in in ki ki n

t ra ra c

ch w itit h ( h e l on on g itit u di di na na l drain. eto.) drainage d itit ch

Center drainage ditch \ U riri de de rg rg rroo u n . a, a, m in in a g works ( dr dr aaii n p iipp e D r i na na g

a t t o o f s lo lo p

Trac side.dr side.drain ain

Figure. 12 E Xa X a mp mp l

(3

D ra ra i a g

in g System f o C u tttt in

Cu slop slopee-pr prot otec ecti tion on works

On

wo

mu

we pr

ng wa

by

he

qu ed

un

op

Table 12 N e ccee ss ss a r Required performances

wo ks ho

ns

nm

provide o r e ac ac h p e o rm rm a nc nc e

Actions

P r v en en t n g

S lo lo p w o p e rf rf or or m an an c e l ev ev e l

layer failure PI:·

A dj d j oJ oJ j o f weather; earthquakes

u no no f o f o i by s pr pr in in g w a e r

A c titi on on ' o f weather

b.

Action o f g ro ro u nd nd w a te te r s e ep ep a g

b.

6.

Maintenance

Notes:

T ab ab l 1 3

S ta ta t o f sodding; scenic a pp pp ea ea ra ra nc nc ee- o s lo lo p e

C o n se se r v in in g t h e environment

©: Definitely necessar necessary, y, O;Necess~i O;Necess~ifl' fl'0ssi 0ssiblc; blc;

ws

e ve ve l

II

Preventing advance oi"wealhering

Serviceability

Ta

rm a nc nc e L e e l ut Slope Protection Work$ by P e r o rm

Functions

P re re ve ve nt nt in in g s ur ur fa fa c

Safety

F un u n ct ct io io ns ns : o f

o te te c

an

ma or

p ro ro te te c o n w o k s

ro v id id e a s n ec ec es es sa sa r £-.: P ro

nd

-16-

b.

D,

D.

1' la la n p F u nc nc titi on on s Protection W o r k 1'

Table

Functions

Exam Exampl ples es ofrn ofrnaj ajor or slop slop prot protec ecti tion on

works

C o nc nc re re te te -b -b lo lo c p itit ch ch in in g a tttt ic ic e r aam m ee - p o te te c i o w o r by _BreCastconcrete. L a tttt ic ic e f ra ra m e prnfection.work. by

cast-ln~placeconcrete

L a tttt ic ic e f ra ra m e protec protecti tion on work by concrete spraying Concrete protection.works

S h ot ot cr cr et et in in g w o rk rk s

Sodding Notes: @; p r ov ov id id e s a d va va n ce ce d f un un c titi o ns ns , p ro ro v d e 1: bb on ar ed protect protect inside insidethe the iattice + : 2 : s od od di di n I S u se se d t o p ro ro te te c inside th lattice,

Chapter

h e design an

p re re sc sc r b e

u nc nc t o ns ns ,

X : d oe oe s n o p ro ro v d e u nc nc t o n

'\

cons constr truc ucti tion on of roadbed.

of design

d e g ne ne d bysett1hg the-required performances

a db db e ea

uc ur o ad ad be be d

c on on s d e n g

h e. e. ty t y p o f t ra ra ck ck .

d e g ne ne d using h e p e o rm rm a nc nc e b a e d

on

ma

d es es ig ig n s ec ec t o n shape an

h e m a te te r a l u se se d

o r e ac ac h

qu ed

ma

d es es ig ig n m e th th o

by s e e c n g h e type

track

e r o rm rm a c e

a fe fe t

me

performance c ea ea b

y,

e s o ra ra b

ms

and, it is v e

y)

ed

ha

de

limit value. stone roadbeds. Concrete

concrete,

ks

Fi

mp o rd rd in in ar ar y

4)

ks

Cr

tracks in

n e s ec ec t o ns ns .

~4-~---~ r - ,

.!>!.

1"ypcA s J : ' q II';!ck CAmOTlar

S i m pl pl i p a vi vi n g

layer

2l

E xa xa mp mp l

St

wi

-17..;

Co

et

R pa pa d e d

layer m i xt xt ur ur e l ay ay e mal) coat'

Unitrmm

RA lypcllf!¢ksl lypcllf!¢kslqb qb

G r a d e s lal a b i titi u d en;,.hccl s t O i J e , g r a d e s!abil s!abili~d i~d sreelslag(MS). sreelslag(MS). h y d r ; , u H ¢ gmde~!abil gmde~!abilrlr rlr stee slag ( H M S ) , alln s m i l e ( lol o w e r r o o d b t d ) Q!her = h e d

CAmQrlar

S im im p l

p av av in in g

D t I in in ag ag e a ye ye r

a mp mp l

(3

an

p ha h a l R oa oa d e d

alas es

ac

o f r oa oa db db e d db

th required performances

ha

of track. G en en e

rank T, a n

mp supporting

r oa oa db db e d s up up p or or titi n

COncrete.roadbed o r : a s p h a l t

h en en , e i h e

ac

balla ballast stle less ss

e le le c e d

ma ba as ed

the

ma o ad ad be be d

p e o rm rm an an c

u pp pp o n g

ba as ed

asphalt

r ac ac k .in

rank III, an

performance

c ru ru sh sh e

on

roadbed is selected. w s the

Ta

toa d b e d Table 14

Tm

Ballastless

an

R oa oa d e da da n

Pe

ma

P e o rm rm an an ce ce . n k R oa oa db db e C o nc nc re re t

t yp yp e r oa oa db db e

I : :. : :: .

Ra of ea roadbed

+ _; ~ -_I I __

uc

wi

he

_.-

PerfonnancerankJI Performance rank III

track

Legend: Recommended, Ca wh

Ve

ac

or-the

Perj'orrpailceri;lhk

Ballasted.

(4)

pe

Performance rank roadbed

yp

p e rf rf or or m an an c e r an an k .r.r el el at at io io n sh sh ip ip .

o fp fp e o rm rm an an c

of

P e rf rf or or m an an c e v e ri ri fi fi ca ca titi o mo

ay be,used, X: C a nn .6 nn o b e. e. us us e to o fa earth structure. fa p o t n an an c an

Ca

ca on me ho

Crushed stone roadbed.

o f R oa o a db db e

r oa oa d be be d is o n

vi to th

analysis method

performanceaccording to the determined

er

di es ~n

by d e g nb nb a e do do n

ed ma response

values

pr er nd

he

na ve if in

h e types o f a ,c ,c t m s h a a r h an an d e d

d ee ee me m e d o - a t y sp sp ec ec i c a o n

their

T I e , s ec ec t o n

h a permit d es es ig ig n w i h ou ou t

de ai ed de gn wo k.

deemed-to-satisfy specifications Design

me

me

type o f r oa oa db db e

p er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e r an an k and-track structure to d e e rm rm in in e h e a pp pp ro ro p a t

according

stows section

da

ap

on

ad ed

p e o r the asphalt roadbedandthe

as

011

o ad ad be be d

deemed-to-satisfy mi

way.

'-18-

h ap ap e specifications.

me

n c re re t e Roadbed S e c o n S h ap a p e . b y Deemed-to-Satlsty Table 1 5 C o nc L in i n e t yp yp e

Standardgauge Na wg

Reinforced concret concret slab slab G ra r a d s ta ta bi bi l z e s to to n l ay ay e G au au g

c ru ru sh sh e

o f n a o w g au au g

IS

R o ad ad be b e d w i dt dt h s up up po p o rt rt in in g load: B L m ) 3.20 2.60

Specifications S ta ta nd nd ar ar d t hi hi ck ck ne ne s

=0.30 ""Q.30 t2=0.15 12=0.15 II tl

Standardgauge N a rr rr o g a ug ug e l,06701m.

de

uc

(m)

bg de

s o

(1)

th

safe perf perfor orma manc nc

veri verifi fica cati tion on

is

on on

on·t on·t

Then" nc

he nd

it must he

bi

lue

th subgrade subgrade o f c u n g and groundwork is

wn

left side schematic

Figure 15., to

widthof

am as th form format atio io

width.

Grotind

" I l s l e s th;m3 m.

Sc pe

3)

F U 1 c c 11 11 1

Ground

theSi:Jbgrade

subgrade V Ib Ib ra ra t o n m a y

ma ntai ntaina nabi bi it

of he rack rack when it

if

de

layer

uc ng Less

he

susceptible must region.using th action prescribed in.ChapterZ of thestanda thestandard. rd. Then, ithe ithe them themat at rial rial must must measure re mustmust-be be take ists fr st heav heavin in at other measu take to pr vent vent fr st eavi eavi g. with th tw ic re ists harmfuldeformation

replaced

an K30

30

th p e o rm rm an an c

dete determ rmin ined ed cons consid ider erin in

shows th

eeme eemedd-to to-s -s tisf tisf

an

roadbe be of th road

peci pecifi fica cati tion on

e r o rm rm aann c

he

is

acco accord rdin in

fo th

Table 16 D e em e m e d4 d 4 6 s a s fy fy Sp S p e c c a o n$ n$ o

valu valu requ requir ired ed by th su grad grad

K30

1\30

valu valu requ requir ired ed by the subgra subgrade, de, V a lu lu e R e q u r e d by t h S u bg bg ra ra d e Ball Ballas aste te

m i k : o f h e o ad ad be be d

trac trac

70MN/m

specified K~ value, thesubgrade is impr improv oved ed

7.

einf einfor or ed Soil Soil

material an outl outlin in

of'reinforced soil). reinforce soil

(1)

Embankment

Embankment

an appr approa oach ch

lo

ha ca

mate materi rial al

rein reinfo forc rced ed soil soil An appr approa oach ch block used

grade stabilized c ru ru sh sh e r oc oc k stabilized with cement, he hard harden ener er used used to stabilize it is genera generally llyeit either her ordinary Portland cement, fly ash cement (2 Geotextile wa

reinfo reinforce rce installed inside

rein reinfo forc rced ed soil soil abutment.is

cement-treated-soil-type

facing alkalinit nity. y. Conseq Consequen uently tly with high alkali

appr approa oach ch bloc bloc

geotextile

designed ed to provide required safe safety ty from from all actions nd environmental must be design conditions, (3)

Ground reinfor reinforcin cin

T en en s

co

ba ic ll

material material

m a te te r a l

defo deform rm

ground.reinforcing te

at rial rial ar

base base on pa

expe experi rien ence ce in rail railwa wa

work work

rods

steel rods rods used include fully threaded steel larg larg diam diamet eter er rein reinfo forc rcin in

mate materi rial als. s.ar ar

fully

fact

ay that they nfor in for-deformed re nfor [FRPP-3116j

ar

stan stan

fo bard bardia ia eter eter.) .)

structur turesc esconst onstruc ructed ted design of struc

c o d in in g

qu

us

p e o rm rm a c e a s

pe or

he ve

c a o n Figure.

ws

t h performance i te te m s a n verification indices

Assumingthe.shape a n d m a te te ri ri a s p ec ec if if ic ic at at io io n s co co n si si d er er in in g ' t h e' e' p re re m i se se s oftlie. oftlie. verific verificati ation on Computin'gthe

mp

es : a n response v a u es

mit va ue

design flow;

he

ge

required

S e n g h e p e o rm rm an an c performances

nk or

S e tttt in in g th perf perfor ormanc manc f oorr sa sa fe fe ty ty se se rv rv ic ic ea ea b l i y , De gn v ic ic e

er ifif ic ic at at io io n i nd nd ic ic e items items a n v er a n restorability

S af af eett y factor, combination of actions, characteristic v a u e o f a c i on on s a ct ct io io n facior,and environmental conditions

S et et titi n t h g en en er er a conditions

r -

mi

as been verified. Finally th

Setting the perfor performance mance rank

S et e t titi n

o nd nd u

Th

de l o r e qu qu a o n h a analysis m o de

a r u se se d

oi

uc ur

ma

by using

by s e n g h e p er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc e rank N ex e x t h e p e o rm rm a c e m s nd er on d i e s to

n fo fo r

S up u p po p o rt rt in in g g ro ro un un d c on on d t io io n s h ap ap e . o f 't't lili e r ei ei nf nf or or ce ce d s o i s tr tr uc uc tu tu r e As mi S et et titi n tbe m a te te ri ri al al s a n d es es ig ig n v a u e o f a c mem member ber

er vi vi ce ce ab ab ilil itit ya ya n d .•Computin .•Computin safe safety ty s er each. verification verification item

responseand.Jimit

'\.alues

r es es to to ra ra b ilil itit y for

Verifying the: required

No

SirucnrralDetails

P re re pa pa r n g d es es ig ig n d ra ra wi w i ng ng s

Figu Figure re 17 Reintorced Soil Soil De~ig De~ig Flpw Flpw

3) Re ui

er ws

m an a n ce ce s

nd pe

m an an c

mp

nk ma

ma

ma

r ei ei nf nf or or ce ce d s oi oi l T o v er er ifif yr yr eq eq u r e nd

ec es es sa sa r p er er fo fo rm rm a nc nc es es , it is generally n ec

o r b i y . P e o rm rm a c e

f o s er er v c ea ea b

ng e a r p a e ng

em d in in g

or af c om om fo fo r

setperformance c tu tu r

ai

d eg eg re re e o fd fd i c u

e,

.items for-safet for-safety, y, serviceabil serviceabilit ity, y,

bi

nd

ai

u nn nn ab ab i

os

o f a c maintenance, noise/vibration,

stability, deformability, damage, a n

e s d ua ua l s t u c u ra ra l

strength. ws

Table

nd ve

at

performances,

mp ms an

p d c e a pp pp l ¢ d

h ec ec k

ma

ms

p e o rm rm a c e

structures B la la d o f r e n fo fo rc rc e

ms

ab

E xa xa mp m p le le s

Re

e dp dp e

ma

es

an

Pe

ma

Ra

St

e s M ad ad e

Re

ed So k I

on di di t o n a n during ) n o rd rd in in ar ar y c on L ev ev e - I e ar ar th th qu qu ak ak ee- mo mo t o n s af af e mo u n de de rg rg o e e x trtr em em e l s m a l l deformation, so repai repai is u nn n n ec ec es es sa sa r a n no members reach yield.

Application examples

f roro m

undergoes extremely Small deformation, so repair unnecessary an no members reachyidd,

Ca a ck ck ,

a mp m p le le s

Performance erformance items

Object

an

ballasted

Verification' Indices to V e r

St bi

C a rb rb o ni ni za za titi o

Reinforcing material

Stahl lit')"

PUa-O!ltofreinfo~iI!& material Fracture of reinforcing m a t e r i a l

Suppo Support rtin in

," la titi ve ve de de fo fo rm rm a titi on on , d y na na m i Maintainab'iHty·2 C u m u la ;, ,d

grQun grQun

R,einfor R,einforced ced soil

Roadbed

concentration

R e qu q u irir e

P e r fo fo rm rm a nc nc e

o f use is wor

Actions

actions an service

Infrequent

their repetitive

life va

on

wi

arge effect

d e pt pt h e h lo lo ri ri de de io io n

passf,pn rriding com rt

I::N:-o-;'is'-e!";-'v-';ib;""ra-:-:'tio-n"1·~~V v -';ib;""ra-:-:'tio-n"1·~~V i:;:;)b;""ra-;:tio-n~.:;-le-v i:;:;)b;""ra-;:tiu-o""':j:-se-l;""e-ve""':I----i o-n~.:;-le-v ""':el:-,

Supporting ground

Reinforced soil" Restorability

Ctack.,vidth,

Stability

L i qu qu e fa fa c titi on on p re re d ic ic titi o

service lifetime h a t o c c u rrr r e lal a tit i v e l Actions t ha during-the design s e r v i c e

often lifetime

v a lu lu e

(sliding,

AC1~ons m? deSI?" service

C om om p e ss ss iv iv e

c ap ap ac ac i y , s he he a cl!Q.ac1!,y• Accidental.actions wltl~ ~xtremely lo o c c u r r e n c e probability, "'J' ll rty: actor WI OffOllnaatibn arge ec

'J

Stability soil. a b u t m e n t

du ng he

relainil!B_

Displacement

Deformation

St

repetitive o cc cc u r en en c

Stippoit Stippoitih~¢ll ih~¢llpacjt pacjty' y' ofeq'U~ted

Failure RCmemben;

. Pr Pr eq eq Jl Jl en en t actions a n d t h ei ei r

stress

Appea:raIice~"

Stability

(4

its p e e mp mp o a r

Capacity

Publih s a , f e t y " 2

*l':A typical reinforced necessary,

Case w h e r e mi ed purposes.

External stability (circularslipping) Consolidation. Consolidation.settl settlement ement Liquefaction p re re d ic ic titi o v a lu lu e r n t e r : : o ~ l stab stabil ilit it (s ipp' ipp'in ing, g, overturning, circlel Suppor Supporti ting ng caga cagaci city ty Of

", "';~ 'J ', retanung Failure Com~essive capacity;.. shear c~c1!,y t - R _ o _ a _ d b , ; _ c ; _ ; ; d ; _ ' - i , : , : T i . ; . ; r a . ; . ; ; ; i n ; . ; cU_ ' l l ; - : ' = . = a b : : :Dc" i"Y"Y; :U: 'I i _ ._ t:a: at y_ " ' m _ '_ i c . . . ; d ; . ; c i s , - " p ' " " j l a : : . . : c e . . : . m _- ', ,-~- e_n~_ _t -_ , _- _- '_ _ , . Foundation

Reinforcing

c o nd nd itit io io n , d u riri n L e ve ve l-l- l e a h qu q u ak ak ee- m o i on on , a n a in in ffaa l h a o cc cc u s ev ev e a l m e year, year, allo allows ws deformation, but is safe from all a i u r m oodd es es , a n no n em em b er er s e ac ac h y ie ie ld ld .

Examples Examples of'verif v erific icati ation on items or indices

Stabilitj'2'

oi

In o rd rd in in a r

rare.

em

Remembers

s,ervicea

modes

Case of'support. of'support.forbal forballastl lastless ess track.

Reinforced

.bilit .bilit

al fa ur

O vvee ra ra l s t u c u rraa l s ys ys te te m d oe oe s n o f ai ai l u nd nd e L ev ev el el ~ r :::: ar ar th th ql ql la la k motion nd extremely rainfall,

Supporting gro!lnd

Safety

c o nd nd itit io io n a n dd dd u titi n

Prevenl Prevenl excessi excessivede vedefor formati mation on Level-Z Level -Z earthq ear thquake uake-mot -motion ion under its and extre extremely mely rare-r rare-rai ainfa nfall ll.en .en f un un ct ct io io n c a b e e s o re re d quickly by r ep ep a w o rk rk .

ab Required performances

I n o rd rd in in a r

Level-l earthquake motio motion, n, safe safe

ov

Pi.£b.outofreinfor~ing material ofreinfort:in...1l material approach b lo b y th:is lo ck ck . * 2 Performance item

Acti Acti nsus nsused edto to designreinforced soU

acti acti

eart eart

ress ressur ur -act -actin in

])

the

mb

me

ma

characteristic me ho

earthpressuremust

o; wo

gh

ne

we

mp

w ed e d g m e h od od ) me

wn

slip p l n e (P

h e o i p re re s u r ma

he Ve

~p

ng

nd the

ffj.ciI;lg work

om

n ch ch o n g

of he

n fo fo r n g

and block 'B Then the

static ic bala balanc nceo eo o n th stat by

ma

me

d e of

ba

a c n g o n h e backof th

1.

obtained

h ow ow n b e o w

mp

from

c o nv nv e rg rg e nc nc e c o m p ut ut at at io io n s

Figu Figure re 18'~ 18'~ atIC atICOf Of tn

Where:

lnte lntern rnal al Stability of

Soil Wall Wall Reinforced Soil

s o1 o1 1p 1 p re re ss ss ur ur e a c i n o n a c n g PiY: ve

o mp m p on on en en t o f o r

of he

oi .p

Pili: horizontal component offeree o f h e o i p r

ur

ng on ur

ng

ng on

ng

we mp

bv

h o z on on ta ta l c om om p on on en en t o f force

bh

j: r ei ei nf nf or or ci ci n

8.

Rein Reinfo forc rced ed Soil Soil Reta Retain inin in

Ch pt

pr

be

we

n fo fo r

m a t er er ia ia l r es es is is ta ta n c

we

ari-th layer

Wall Wall

o i walls

on

n g o f m b n km km en en t m a

g eo eo t x t e an an d

R C walls.

(1) Th

wa

c on on s

o f e m ba ba nk nk m en en t m a te te r a l

by g eo eo te te x e , c a

me od

mb

o l o w in in g a r th characteristics Co ws

m eenn t wa wo

ma

g ra ra d e n

between

Ve

1 :0 :0 .

wi

m p y in in g me

ou

on wo

ke

th

n te te g a t o n o f h e e in in fo fo rc rc e

ve

ma when it is reinforced

ho r using s ho

tensile rigidity.

wi

design Th

he

application-to

a nd nd .o .o th th e

wa11s is

o rrm ma

locations with b a llll as as te te d t ra ra ck ck s It

o ca ca t o n

whe

Th

me

with

structure

with

wi

Th by

me

rneth od, reinf reinforc orced, ed, soi retaining wall rneth me

b)

n -p -p la la c

facing reinforced soil an method. It c on on c e t o r panel facing (see Figure 5),

d i p la la ce ce m en en t

e ve ve re re l

ma e s c te te d

ma

e in in fo fo rc rc in in g

uc ur s lili pp pp a g

1 J J ,g, g e

a n d o v er er tu tu rn rn in in g b y h e w o w e d g m e o d

ow

C h ap ap te te r

externalstability fo rc rc em em e n t h e e m b a n k m e n t r e n fo wh

syst system em

va ua

us ng

m e th th o

is verified by confirming

incl includ udin in

circular slip. slip. method using

mo

me

this

Bi

me is no

po nt

limited.

ve

ex

e e F ig ig u

na

ab

1 9 T h s ta ta b

slip p la la ue ue ih ih te te r e c

wh

yi

ve

e d a cc cc o d in in g

to

h e reinforcing m a e r

h e a nc nc ho ho r n g e f e c

h e e i o rc rc i

at

installed

ma

al

h e d e g n e s a nc nc e m o m en en t

Fi

De

he Sa et

Fa or by Ci

ar Sl

Work r ei ei nf nf or or ce ce d s o i wall is verified by t re re at at in in g t he he - s oi oi l

a c n g work

Th

wo

ma c on on t n uo uo u (6

b ea ea m

compute the secti section on force. force.

Veri Verifi fica cati tion on of deformation

Deformation

th

reinforced

eg

ba ca

s ur ur fa fa c e p ro ro d uc uc e d by the followi followingt ngtypes ypes

r es es po po ns ns e v al al (l(l e

computing th

er

of dcfor dcformatt matton on o r e s o ra ra b

settlement a t h e embankment

L ev ev e

e a h qu qu ak ak e m o t o n

ew m a r deformation analysismethod is h e N ew

that

quantity of displacementassuming

mb

method:

reinforeed

mono monoli lith thic ic mass mass (1

2) (3

Sl ppin ppin

disp displa lace ceme ment nt of th

O ve v e r u rn rn in in gd gd i p la la ce ce m en en t

einf einfor orce cedr dreg egio ion. n.

o f h e e in in fo fo rc rc ed ed re re g o n

Shear d ef ef or or m a o n o f h e r e n fo fo rc rc e

r eg eg io io n

(1) S lili pp pp ag ag e m o d

Figure 20 F a

(~) Overturning. Overturning.mode mode

an

De

ma

M od od e

Ri

( 3 S he he a mode

aC

Re

ed So Wal

pu ng

se

Soi Abutme Abutment nt

that appr approa oach ch bloc block, k, g eo eo te te x e ; a n R C wall,

ceme cement nt-t -tre reat ated ed-s -soi oill-ty type pe

F ig ig u

2 1 h ow ow sa s a sc sc he he ma ma t

d ia ia g a m o f a ce ce me me n

Generally, h e p o n t

of

we th

em

mb

en

me

k me me n

earthquake.

p ar ar t c u a r

it as

of

eh

wi

RC

Uc

constructiorr

through th

settlement occurring after

om

required. performances

an approach block.made

However, severe

o f g ra ra d s ta ta b z e

for safety

c ru ru sh sh e

measures using th approach

ma

me

such

e ve ve l d if if fe fe re re nc nc e 'often appears between a n a bu bu tm tm en en t a n

standard, it is possible

Un

serviceability

mb

reinforced soi abutment abutment

ea ed oi yp

an

o ne ne . k, Th

to

cement - tr tr ea ea te te dd- so so ilil - y p e r ei ei nf nf or or ce ce d s oi oi l a b ut ut m en en t

'Embankment

«,

L o n r ei ei nf nf or or ei ei n m a te te ri ri al al s p la la ce ce d o n l ay ay e i l e ve ve r

three three .laver .laver

T.,,6lYkN/m

FigUre 21 Cement -Treated-Soll-Type

(2)

intern rnal alst stab abil ilit it Verification of inte

R e i n fd fd rc rc ed ed S o

A bu bu tm tm e n

duri during ng construction

duri during ng construction is veri verifi fied ed by eval evalua uati ting ng th following tw item items. s.

Inte Intern rnal alst stab abil ilit it

stabili lity ty evalu evaluat atio io (1) Internal stabi

(2)Part:ial

ou b (slippage, overturning) by th d ou

stab stabil ilit itye yeva valu luat atio io

(pul (pulli ling ngou ou

oxfra oxfract ctur ur

w e dg dg e c om om p u a t o n m e th th o

of geotext geotextil ile) e) by h e d ou ou b

w ed ed g

c om om pu p u ta ta t o n

method (3

V e r f ic ic a o no no f

T he he e

the v e c a

of

ca

u pp pp o up or

of

abutment

performed according to h e f ou ou nd nd a o n s ta ta nd nd ar ar d H o w ev ev e

the abutment because consolidated by soil that is improved with cement.

the back of

pressure

me (4

Ve

Th

c a o n o f h e s ta ta b o f th

bi

a na na ly ly s

deforinabiHty

or on damage

pp d, r e a t o ns ns h

Th

o b a in in e

po

nd th

me en

This

mi

h -o -o v

value i$ computed by th

f ro ro m the'push-ovet

RC members as well

abutment

v er er ifif y n g the level

m em em b

c on on s d er er a o n n on on - n ea ea r p ro ro pe pe r e s an

the o ad ad -d -d is is p a ce ce m en en t

an

me

I S c on on du du c e d by m o

taking n t

nc

o f h e abutment

acco acco ding ding to the seismic standard, a n

memb member er

it is not

-25-

geotextile.

he

c o nd nd u ct ct e

by

analysis that sequentially

e qu qu a e ne ne rg rg y c r e r o n u s n g

a na na ly ly s s . V e r f ic ic a o n

level of foundational

ma

stab stabil ilit itya yare re

o f h e failure mode cond conduc ucte ted. d.

th stability of th cement-t cement-trea reate ted-s d-soil oil-t -type ype

Ve V e ri ri fi fi ca ca titi o Us

safetY (Level-l (Level-l.ea .eart rthquake hquake o f safetY

th

me

approacf approacf block

motion) approach block

cement-treated-soil-type

h o z on on ta ta l b ea ea r n g c ap ap ac ac i y , v er er t c a b ea ea r n g c ap ap ac ac i

'S

an: equated equated retaining w a

a n o ve ve r u rn rn in in g

a fe fe t a cc cc o d in in g

it fo

ve

h e o un un da da t o n

standard.

Re or bi

L ev ev e

It

me

d uc uc t

f aa- c o r a c c or or d n g

ar hq ak he se smi Slop Slop

--

ac ng wor wi

wa

s ta ta nd nd ar ar d

With With

prescribes the r e n fo fo rc rc e

m a te te r a l a n (1

approach block is an equated

the cement-tre cement-treate ated-so d-soilil-type type

10.

Chapter

mo on

ee

acin acin

slope with facing

cu

ground reinforcing

h ig ig h f le le xu xu ra ra l r ig ig id id i y ,

General

This stand standar ar

lc ln ln d presc prescri ribes bes th f o I lol o W 1 t 1 g w o lc

(a)

A n c ho ho re re d r et et ai ai ni ni n

(Q

R e n fo fo rc rc e

Th

n ch ch o e d

m a te te r a l T h

so

o f r ei ei nf nf or or ee ee d s o w a ground

wall; forself-supportingnatural

e ta ta in in in in g w a l

cuttings:

o r n a u ra ra l g ro ro un un d f o n on on -s -s e f - u pp pp o n g n a u ra ra l g rp rp u

e t n in in g ac

ma

()~.th,e w a

h o 4 th th eQ eQ ~ c

wh

earthquake

with c ob ob b e ba ba ck ck f reinforced soil retaining wall fo ground reinforcing materials me ab u t slopes. It permits s te te e g ra ra d e n a l o w in in g e la la t v e a rg rg e c a s te te ep ep l non-se non-self lf-s -suppo upport rting ing natur natural algro ground und tod)~,given g ra ra de de d c u n g e ve ve n o f non-s¢lf~upportirig natural g ro ro u d . F ig ig u h ow ow s tw s ch ch em em a t d ia ia gr gr am am s cutting retaining w a

conventional

ma

of t he he s m e th th o ds ds .

A n ch ch or or e

r et et ai ai n n g w a l

R e in in ffoo r ce ce d s o i r et et ai ai ni ni n

ig re 22

2)

V er e r i c a o n o f n te te rn rn a

To er

nt

al

h e m b n km km en en t

ab

mb c om om p u ta ta t o n m e th th o

me (see F i

Soli Soli

ground

Walls t'orCut t'orCutiiiinQs nQs

ab

y, he nt

ur ng co

info inforc rc

w a llll .f.f o rn rn a tu tu r a

uc on

al

form w i verified by !h circular slip m e h o bi

by 4)

h e c om om p e t

me wh

h e n te te rn rn a by

ab we

Centerofclr Centerofclrcul cular ar .sJip tsu.~bf'.''''b