RPP SD Kelas 4 Tema 3
July 15, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download RPP SD Kelas 4 Tema 3...
Description
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
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hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
ncgyc sjic`bcg
kjsjbaicg`c g hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
Ijhua acapu ajg`bmjgtbob k csb acschcn kjsjbaicg` cg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
Bmjgtbobkcsb
Ajhckukcg
Ajhckukcg
Ajhckukcg
Ijhua
Acschcn
Bmjgtbobkcsb
Bmjgtbobkcsb
Bmjgtbobkcsb
acapu
Kjsjbaicg` cg
Mjg`cg
mjg`cg eukup
mjg`cg
ajhckukcg
acgmbrb mcg
acgmbrb mcg
tjpct.
eukup tjpct.
Hbg`kug`cg
>
kurcg` acgmbrb gcaug eukup tjpct.
Bmjgtbobkcsb mjg`cg acgmbrb mcg tjpct.
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Ubkcp Ycsc
]capck
]capck eukup
Bg`bg ]cnu
cgtusbcs mcg
cgtusbcs mcg
ajg`cdukcg
tjrkcmcg`
icgyck bmj mcg
ajg`cdukcg bmj
pjrtcgyccg
mcg pjrtcgyccg
sjhcac kj`bctcg.
sjhcac kj`bctcg.
]capck kurcg` cgtusbcs mcg tbmck ajg`cdukcg bmj mcg pjrtcgyccg sjhcac
]bmck tcapck
kj`bctcg.
bmj mcg
cgtusbcs mcg pjrhu mbaltbvcsb ugtuk ajg`cdukcg
pjrtcgyccg.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 ? x 36 1 : 39
9. BVU
c. ]u`cs sbswc ajgjaukcg mcg ajguhbskcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk ijgtcg` chca4 pcgtcb, mctcrcg rjgmcn, mcg mctcrcg tbg``b, mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krjbtjrbc
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Kcrcktjrbstb k mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb sjrtc
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb sjauc kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg rjgmcn,
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb sjic`bcg ijscr kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb sjic`bcg kjebh kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg rjgmcn,
Ijhua acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb sjrtc
suaijr mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctc g gyc
mcg pcgtcb sjrtc suaijr mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcggy c mjg`cg tjpct.
rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb sjrtc suaijr mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcg gyc mjg`cg tjpct.
mcg pcgtcb sjrtc suaijr mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcg gyc mjg`cg tjpct.
suaijr mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcggy c mjg`cg tjpct.
Vjycdbcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b,
Vjycdbcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg
Vjycdbcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg
Vjycdbcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg
Ijhua acapu ajycdbkcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk mctcrcg tbg``b,
mctcrcg rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb sjrtc
rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb sjrtc suaijr
rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb sjrtc suaijr
rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb sjrtc suaijr
mctcrcg rjgmcn, mcg pcgtcb
2
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
suaijr mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctc g gyc
mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcggy c c mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
Ubkcp Vjmuhb
Vjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca Bgmlgjsbc sjecrc klgsbstjg
Ubkcp ]cg``ug` Dcwci
mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcggy c eukup sbstjactbs.
mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcggy c kurcg` sbstjactbs.
Eukup pjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca Bgmlgjsbc.
Kurcg` pjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca Bgmlgjsbc.
Ijhua ajgugdukkcg kjpjmuhbcg tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca.
Kurcg` ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cstu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
Ijhua ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tjrncmcp tu`cs-tu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
Ijrtcg``ug` Eukup dcwci tjrncmcp tjrncmcp ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tu`cs-tu`cs tjrncmcp sjecrc tu`cstu`cs klgsbstjg. sjecrc klgsbstjg.
sjrtc suaijr mcyc chca mcg pjacgocctcggy c mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 2 x 36 1 :,? 3? i. Ubkcp sbswc scct ajhckukcg mbskusb pjajecncg acschcn mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krjbtjrbc
Ajgmjg`crkc g
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun,
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg`
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
36
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg
Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcb kcg bmj, pjrcsccg,
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbskusb
pbkbrcg)
ijrhcg`sug`.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 2 x 36 1 0,: 39 5. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc Mcotcr pjrtcgyccg sbswc mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krjbtjrbc
Mcotcr Vjrtcgyccg
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Ujauc pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Icbk (5)
Ujic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Eukup (9)
Ncgyc sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ijhua acapu ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg mjg`cg tjpct.
Klsc Kctc Icku
Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
Kchbact Jojktbo
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca sjic`bcg ijscr
Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca pjrtcgyccg.
pjrtcgyccg. Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg `uru.
Ijhua mcpct ajgyjsjhjscbkcg tu`cs ajskb tjhcn mbijrbkcg altbvcsb mcg
Ubkcp4 Acgmbrb
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb.
Ujic`bcg ijscr tu`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb.
ibaibg`cg. Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc
x 36
33
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 36 x361 ?,9 3?
=. Vjgbhcbcg sbkcp tjhbtb, krjctbo, rcsc bg`bg tcnu.
Gl
Ubkcp
Auhcb Ijhua Auhcb IjrAjaiu Kjt. ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc `
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Kjrdcscac mjg`cg Lrcg` ]uc 4 Ubswc ajg`lisjrvcsb njwcg ycg` cmc mb sjkbtcr hbg`kug`cg ruacn mjg`cg pjgmcapbg`cg lrcg` tuc mcg ajg`bsb tcijh ycg` tjrmcpct pcmc iuku sbswc. Ncsbh Nc sbhgy gyc c mbh mbhcpl cplrk rkcg cg kjpc kjpcmc mc `uru `uru mcg mcg mbmbsk mbmbskusb usbkc kcg g mjg` mjg`cg cg tjacg tjacg sctu sctu kjhlaplk.
VJG@CRCCG • Cpcibhc ajabhbkb wcktu, sbswc mcpct mbijrbkcg actjrb tjgtcg` kchbact jojktbo mcg klsc kctc icku. YJAJMBCH • Ubswc ycg` ijhua acapu ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg, ckcg ajgmcpct pjgmcapbg`cg `uru. Ubswc mbijrbkcg ijijrcpc `caicr hcbg ugtuk ajguaiunkcg rcsc bg`bg tcnu ycg` kjaumbcg ckcg mbtucg`kcg mchca ijgtuk pjrtcgyccg.
39
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5 Uui ]jac 3 Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
C.
4 4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Njwcg mcg ]uaiuncg mb Hbg`kug`cg
4 4
Yuacnku 9 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB) KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc
bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` ycg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) VVKg
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 5.3 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/ kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb =.3 Ajgycdbkcg ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktj-rbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb Bgmbkctlr4 5.9.2 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca ajacgocctkcg tuaiuncg sjecrc ibdck
35
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
=.9.2 Ajgejrbtckcg pjg`chcacg mbrb ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca ajacgocctkcg tuaiuncg sjecrc ibdck UImV
5.= Ajacncab kcryc sjgb rupc tjkgbk tjapjh =.= Ajaiuct kcryc klhcsj, algtcsj, cphbkcsb, mcg alzcbk Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.3 tjkgbk ajaiuct klhcsj =.=.3 Ajgdjhcskcg Ajaiuct klhcsj mcrb icncg chca E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ijrm ijrmbsk bskus usb, b, sbs sbswc wc acapu acapu ajg`b ajg`bmjg mjgtbo tbobkc bkcsb sb nck nck mcg mcg kjwc kjwcdbi dbicg cg sjic`c sji c`cbb wcr`c wcr`c acsycrck acsycrckct ct mchca mchca ajacgoc ajacgocctkc ctkcg g tuaiunc tuaiuncg g mjg`cg mjg`cg ijgcr. 9. Ujtjhcn Ujtjhcn ijrmbsk ijrmbskusb, usb, sbswc sbswc acapu ajguhbsk ajguhbskcg cg rjohjksb rjohjksb mbrb ajg`jgcb ajg`jgcb nck mcg kjwcdbicg ajacgocctkcg tuaiuncg sjecrc ibdck mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 5. Ujtjhcn Ujtjhcn ajg`ca ajg`cactb, ctb, sbswc sbswc acapu ajgdjhcs ajgdjhcskcg kcg tjkgbk tjkgbk ajaiuct ajaiuct klhcsj klhcsj mjg`cg ijgcr. =. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ijrmbsk ijrmbskus usb, b, sbsw sbswc c acapu acapu ajaiuct ajaiuct klhcsj klhcsj mcrb mcrb icnc icncg g chca chca mjg`cg tjkgbk ycg` krjctbo.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 VVKg mcg UImV 4 Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs
Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
g
Bgtb
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc
36 ajgbt
sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut Yjhb`busc`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. @uru @ur u ajg`jej ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg. Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑. @uru @ur u ajgycapc ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Ubsw Ubswc c ajai ajaice cec c tjks tjks ejrb ejrbtc tc tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` Ijgb Ijgb.. Ubswc ajaicec tjks mchca nctb. Hbtjrcsb
Ubswc mbic`b ajgdcmb kjhlaplk. Uctu kjhlaplk tjrmbrb mcrb : sbswc. Elhhcilrctblg
3=
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Ubswc ajgmbskusbkcg ajgmbskusbkcg pjrtcgyccg-pjrt pjrtcgyccg-pjrtcgyccg cgyccg ijrmcscrkcg tjks.Ubswc ajguhbskcg dcwcicggyc dcwcicg gyc pcmc kchjgmjr kchjgmjr ijkcs. Ubswc ajguhbskcg ajguhbskc g dcwcicggyc dcwcicggyc mjg`cg tuhbscg ycg` eukup ijscr. @ltlg` Ylylg`
Uchcn hcn sctu ctu pjr jrw wckb ckbhcg hcg kjh kjhlapl aplk ckc ckcg ijrkugdug` kj kjhlaplk hcbg mcg aja aj aprjs rjsjgt jgtcsbkc bkcg dcw dcwcicg cicgg gyc. @uru ajaijrbkcg cic-cic tjpuk tcg`cg mcg sbswc ijrputcr sjcrcn dcrua dca. Elhhcilrctblg
Mbskusb kjhcs. Mbskusb kjhcs. @uru ajaicnc ajaicncs s sctu-pjr sctu-pjrsctu sctu pjrtcgyccg ycg` cmc. Ubswc mbijrb kjsjapc kjs japctcg tcg ugtuk ugtuk ajg`cduk ajg`cdukcg cg pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg mcg ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc.
l
Ubswc ajaic Ubswc ajaicec ec tjks tjks ‘I ‘Ijr jrpbk pbkbr brhcn hcn Ujijh Ujijhua ua Kcau Ajaiucg`gyc‑ (Ajg`cactb) Hbtjrcsb @uru ajg`uctkcg icnwc ijtcpc hcac prlsjs gcsb cmc mb ajdc ackcg kbtc. Ijtcpc pjtcgb
ijkjr jrddc kjrcs ugtuk ajgcgca scap capcb ajacgjg pcmb. Elaaugbectblg Acsbnkcn kbtc ajaiucg`-iucg` ackcgcg< Ubswc acsbn ijrcmc mchca kjhlaplk. Ubswc kjaichb ajg`cactb `caicr `caicr ycg` cmc mb iuku sbswc sbsw c (ajgjic (ajgjicg` g` plnlg, plnlg, ajrcwct ajrcwct tcgcacg tcgcacg,, mcg ajrusck tcgcacg) @ltlg` Ylylg` @uru ajabgtc sbswc ajaicycg`kcg ackcgcg ycg` mbiucg` sjtbcp tcnuggyc. @uru ajabgt aja bgtc c pjgmcp pjgmcpct ct sbswc sbswc tjgtc tjgtcg` g` ocktc ocktc bgb. bgb. (Ajgcgyc) @uru ijrtcgyc, - Cpc mcapck mcrb ajaiucg`-iucg`
ackcgcg< Ubswc ckcg ijrkrjcsb ugtuk ajaiuct klhcsj. Ubswc Ubswc ajg`c ajg`cac actb tb klhcs klhcsj j ycg` ycg` cmc cmc mb iuku iuku sbswc. Dbkc ajaug`kbgkcg `uru ibsc ajaiuct klhcsj sjgmbrb. Erjctbvbty cgm Bgglvctblg Ubswc mbabgtc ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg ijrmcscr ijrm cscrkcg kcg klhcsj klhcsj ycg` ycg` mbcactbg mbcactbgyc. yc. @uru @uru ibsc ajguhbskcg pjrtcgyccg-pjrtcgyccg ycg` mbiuct lhjn sbswc. Ubswc ajgdcwci pjrt pj rtcg cgyc yccg cg-p -pjr jrtc tcgy gycc ccg g tjrs tjrsji jiut ut sjec sjecrc rc khcsbkch. Ubswc ajgmbskusbkcg mjg`cg tjacggyc tjkgbk ajaiuct ajai uct klhcsj. klhcsj. Ubswc Ubswc du`c du`c ajgmbsk ajgmbskusbk usbkcg cg n ch-n h-aiuc ncuctg h tgyc yyc. cg.` Ubsw pswc jr jrhu hu mbpj bpj rncec ctbk tbc kcg hcg` mckcnhcna ajai aj Ub c ajai aj aice hcg`kc hcg`k hcg `kcn cn ajaiu ajaiuct ct klhcs klhcsj j ycg` ycg` cmc cmc mb iuku iuku
3:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Chlkcsb Pcktu sbsw sbswc. c. @uru @uru ajap ajaprc rckt ktbk bkkc kcg g sctu sctu pjrs pjrsct ctu u hcg hcg`kcn mjg`cg nctbtb-nctb. Ubsw bswc mbij bijrb kjsj kjsjap apct ctcg cg dbkc dbkc cmc cmc nchnch-nc nchh ycg` ycg` acsb acsbn n kurcg` djhcs. Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg`
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Ubswc ajaiuct klhcsj. Ubswc ibsc ajg``caicr sjgmbrb `caicr ycg` mbbg`bgkcg ctcu `uru ibsc ajaic`bkcg ajaic`bkcg skjtsc `caicr `caicr kupu-kupu. Acgmbrb
Vjgutup
J.
Ubswc ibsc ajg`caibh mcug-mcug kjrbg` ctcu ycg` ycg` sumc sumcn n tbmck tbmck mb`u mb`ugck gckcg cg mb hbg`ku hbg`kug` g`cg cg sjklhc sjk lhcn n (sbsw (sbswc c ibsc ibsc ajaic ajaicwc wc sjgmb sjgmbrb rb mcrb mcrb ruacn, `uru ajg`bgolracsbkcg mb pjrtjaucg sjijhuagyc). @uru @u ru ajgy ajgybc bcpk pkcg cg hja hja mcg mcg `ugt `ugtbg bg`. `. Ubsw Ubswc c auhc au hcbb ajgj ajgjap apjh jh mcug mcug-m -mcu cug g ctcu ctcu rcgt rcgtbg bg` ` kjrbg`. Ubswc ajapjrnctbkcg kjbgmcncg mcg kjsjrcsbcg. IjrscacIjrs cac-sca scac c sbswc sbswc ajaiuct ajaiuct kjsbapu kjsbapuhcg hcg / rcg rcg`kuacg acg ncsbh ijhcdc cdcr sjhcac hcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs Ijrt Ij rtcg cgyc yc dcwc dcwci i tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` actj actjrb rb yc ycg` g` tjhc tjhcn n mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb) @uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb. Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg mc g kjyc kjyckb kbgc gcg g acsb acsbg` g`-a -acs csbg bg` ` (ugt (ugtuk uk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG Iu Iuku ku Vjmlac Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630). Mcug-mcug, rcgtbg`, hja, kjrtcs, skjtsc `caicr kupu-kupu (ctcu hcbggyc), mcg `ugtbg`
3?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn)
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs)
GBV 4
GBV 4
30
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
HCAVBYCG 3 O. AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
@.
Ajgmbskusbkcg sbkcp ibdck tjrncmcp tuaiuncg
Ijrkrjcsb ajaiuct klhcsj mcrb icncg chca
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
3>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
HCAVBYCG 9 N. VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. VVKg Krjbtjrbc
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ubkcp icbk
Ajguhbskcg 5 sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Ajguhbskcg 9 sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Ajguhbskcg 3 sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Mcapck sbkcp Icbk
Ajgdjhcskcg 5 mcapck mcrb sbkcp icbk
Ajgdjhcskcg 9 mcapck mcrb sbkcp icbk
Ajgdjhcskcg 3 mcapck mcrb sbkcp icbk
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg mcapck mcrb
tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg
tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg
tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg
sbkcp tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg
Ubkcp pjrhu Mbpjricbkb
Ajguhbskcg 5 sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Ajguhbskcg 9 sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Ajguhbskcg 3 sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg
Mcapck sbkcp ijhua icbk
Ajgdjhcskcg 5 mcapck mcrb sbkcp ijhua icbk tjrsjiut ic`b
Ajgdjhcskcg 9 mcapck mcrb sbkcp ijhua icbk tjrsjiut ic`b
Ajgdjhcskcg 3 mcapck mcrb sbkcp ijhua icbk tjrsjiut ic`b
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg mcapck mcrb sbkcp tjrsjiut ic`b
hbg`kug`cg Ajguhbskcg 5 rjgecgc tbgmck
hbg`kug`cg Ajguhbskcg 9 rjgecgc tbgmck
hbg`kug`cg Ajguhbskcg 3 rjgecgc tbgmck
hbg`kug`cg Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg
Yjgecgc tbgmck hcgdut
32
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
hcgdut ugtuk hjibn ibdck tjrncmcp tuaiuncg
hcgdut ugtuk hjibn ibdck tjrncmcp tuaiuncg
hcgdut ugtuk hjibn ibdck tjrncmcp tuaiuncg
rjgecgc tbgmck hcgdut
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 9. UImV4 Klhcsj Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Krjbtjrbc
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
]jkgbk Ajgjapjh
Ujhurun icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb
Ujic`bcg ijscr icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb
Ujic`bcg icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb
Ujic`bcg kjebh mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb
Vjabhbncg Icncg
Ajabhbn sjhurun icncg (mcug mcg rcgtbg`) mjg`cg sjsucb
Ajabhbn sjic`bcg ijscr icncg (mcug mcg rcgtbg`) mjg`cg sjsucb
Ajabhbn sjic`bcg icncg (mcug mcg rcgtbg`) mjg`cg sjsucb
Ajabhbn sjic`bcg kjebh icncg (mcug mcg rcgtbg`) mjg`cg sjsucb
Kjsjrcsbcg
Ajgjapjh sjaucg icncg-icncg mjg`cg sjrcsb
Ajgjapjh sjic`bcg ijscr icncg-icncg mjg`cg sjrcsb
Ajgjapjh sjic`bcg icncg-icncg mjg`cg sjrcsb
Ajgjapjh sjic`bcg kjebh icncg-icncg mjg`cg sjrcsb
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
5. Mbskusb
Mbskusb scct ajaicncs pjrtcgyccg mchca slch ejrbtc Ijgb mcg Cmbkgyc Vjrhu Ucg`ct Icbk Icbk Eukup Vjgmcapbg`c Krjbtjrbc (=) (5) (9) g (3) Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur,
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb
Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb
jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
tjpct.
ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
glg ycg`vjrich mbtugdukkcg
glg ycg`vjrich mbtugdukkcg
96
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg)
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
tjacg.
tjacg.
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb
Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbksusb ijrhcg`sug`.
mjg`cg tlpbk.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
Vjgbhcbcg sbkcp tjhbtb, krjctbo, rcsc bg`bg tcnu.
Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Auhcb Ijhua Auhcb IjrAjaiu Kjt. ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc `
Kjrdcscac mjg`cg Lrcg` ]uc 4 Lrcg` tuc ijric`b pjg`chcacg mjg`cg sbswc kjtbkc ajrjkc ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg njwcg.
93
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 3
4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
Njwcg mcg ]uaiuncg mb Hbg`kug`cg Yuacnku 5 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbs Bgmbkctlr4 5.5.3 Ajaiuct mcotcr pjrtcgyccg ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc =.5.3 Ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg tjrtuhbs ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc. BVC
5.> Ajacncab pjgtbg`gyc upcyc kjsjbaicg`cg mcg pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca mb hbg`kug`cggyc =.> Ajhckukcg kj`bctcg upcyc pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca ijrscac lrcg`-lrcg` mb hbg`kug`cggyc Bgmbkctlr4 5.>.9 upcyc pjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg =.>.9 Ajgdjhcskcg Ajhckukcg bmjgtbobkcsb upcyc pjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg
99
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtjhcn ajg`cactb, ajg`cactb, sbswc sbswc acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb ic`bcg-ic`bcg ic`bcg-ic`bcg tuaiun tuaiuncg mcg oug`sbgyc. 9. Ujtjhcn ajg`cactb, ajg`cactb, sbswc sbswc ajguhbs ajguhbs hcplrcg hcplrcg ic`bcg-ic` ic`bcg-ic`bcg bcg tuaiuncg tuaiuncg mcg mcg oug`sbgyc mjg`cg ijgcr. 5. Mjg`cg ajg`cactb ajg`cactb `caicr, `caicr, sbswc sbswc acapu ajaiuct mcotcr pjrtcgycc pjrtcgyccg g ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc mjg`cg tjpct. =. Mjg`cg ajg`cactb ajg`cactb `caicr, `caicr, sbswc sbswc acapu ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg pjrtcgyccg tjrtuhbs tjrtuhbs ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc mjg`cg ijgcr.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg BVC 4 Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg`
Bgtj`rbtcs M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb
Pcktu 36 ajgbt @uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jejk kjsbcpcg mbrb mjg`cg ajg`bsb hjaicr kjncmbrcg mcg ajajrbksc kjrcpbncg pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapcbkcg tcncpcg kj`bctcg ycg` ajhbputb kj`bctcg ajg`cactb, ajgcgyc, ajg`jksphlrcsb, ajg`laugbkcsbkcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Bgtb
•
•
•
•
Ubswc mbbg`ctkcg kjaichb pcmc pjgtbg`gyc pjrcg tuaiuncg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb. Elaaugbectblg @uru ajaiukc kj`bctcg mjg`cg ajapjrhbnctkcg sctu djgbs tuaiuncg ycg` hjg`kcp mjg`cg ic`bcg-ic`bcggyc4 ckcr, ictcg`, mcug, mcg iucn/iug`c. (Ajg`cactb) @uru ajg`cdukcg pjrtcgyccg4 (Ajgcgyc) - Cp Cpc c ooug ug`sb `sb mcrb mcrb sjtbc sjtbcp p ic` ic`bcg bcg tuaiu tuaiunc ncg< g< - Ic Ic`b `bcg cg acg acgck ckcn cn mcr mcrbb tuai tuaiun uncg cg y ycg cg` ` ijroug`sb ugtuk ajapjrtcncgkcg kjhjstcrbcg tuaiuncg tjrsjiut< (ibdb) Ubswc ajaicec sjgycp tjks tjgtcg` acgocct sjtbcp ic`bcg tuaiuncg ycg` tjrmcpct mb iuku.
95
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vjgutup
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Hbtjrcsb Ubswc kjaumbcg ijrmbskusb ijijrcpc tjacg mchca kjhlaplk kjebh ugtuk ajgdcwci pjrtcgyccg tjgtcg` ic`bcg tuaiuncg hcbg ycg` ijroug`sb ugtuk ajapjrtcncgkcg kjhjstcrbcg tuaiuncg . (Ajg`laugbkcsbkcg) Ubswc ajaicec tjks sbg`kct mcg ajgdcwci pjrtcgyccg tjrkcbt actjrb tjgtcg` upcyc acgusbc ugtuk ajgdc`c kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg. Vjg`cactcg4 Ujtbcp sbswc ckcg ajabhbn sctu tcgcacg kjaumbcg ckcg ajg`cactb tcgcacg tjrsjiut. Ubswc ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb ic`bcg-ic`bcg tuaiuncg, oug`sb mcg ajguhbskcg hcplrcggyc. Ubswc ckcg ajgmbskusbkcg ncsbh pjg`cactcggyc sjecrc ijrkjhlaplk. Ubswc ajguhbskcg ncsbh hcplrcggyc mb kjrtcs hcbg. Zgtuk ajhjg`kcpb hcplrcggyc sbswc ibsc ajgyjrtckcg `caicr. Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg`
Mb cknbr kj`bctcg ugtuk ajacncab hjibn dcun tjgtcg` ic`bcg tuaiuncg mcg pjhjstcrbcggyc, sbswc kjaumbcg prcktjk ajgcgca sctu djgbs ibdb mb mchca plt. (Ajaprcktjkkcg) Ubswc mbijrbkcg tcg``ug` dcwci ugtuk ajrcwct tcgcacggyc nbg``c ijscr mcg ijriucn. Gcsblgchbs Kj`bctcg bgb ajrupckcg wudum gyctc sbswc mchca upcyc ajgdc`c kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg. Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
J.
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
9=
3: ajgbt
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Ilhc phcstbk ukurcg kjebh ugtuk lhcnrc`c Ijgbn ibdb tuaiuncg (tlact, kcecg` nbdcu, ecij) ugtuk kj`bctcg ajgcgca
pcmc pjhcdcrcg BVC. ]cgcn mcg plt (ibsc mcrb icrcg`-icrcg` ijkcs)
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn)
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs)
GBV 4
GBV 4
Hcapbrcg 3
9:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
@.
AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
Ajhckukcg bmjgtbobkcsb
Ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
AC]JYB BVC Ckcr
Ckcr cmchcn ic`bcg tuaiuncg ycg` uauagyc ijrcmc mb mchca tcgcn. Zgtuk ijij ij ijrc rcpc pc djg djgbs tuai tuaiun uncg cg,, ckcr ckcr du`c du`c tjrm tjrmc cpct pct mb ctcs ctcs tcgc tcgcn n icnk icnkcg cg ajg``cgtug`. Ckcr ijroug`sb sjic`cb ic`bcg ycg` ajg`lklnkcg tuaiuncg. Dbkc tuaiuncg tbmck ajabhbkb ckcr, tuaiuncg ckcg aumcn mbeciut, aumcn rliln kjtbkc mbtjrpc cg`bg, ctcu ncgyut tjricwc cbr kjtbkc turug nudcg. Tct-zct abgjrch mcg cbr ycg` mbiutunkcg ugtuk ajaiuct ackcgcg mbsjrcp lhjn ckcr mcrb mchca tcgcn. Gcaug, pcmc ijijrcpc tuaiuncg tjrtjgtu, ckcr tbmck ncgyc ncg yc ijroug`s ijroug`sbb ajgyjrc ajgyjrcp p cbr mcg abgjrch, abgjrch, tjtcpb tjtcpb du`c ijroug` ijroug`sb sb sjic`c sjic`cbb pjgybapcgcg ecmcg`cg ackcgcg, abschgyc pcmc ijijrcpc tuaiuncg uaibuaibcg. Iug`c
Iug`c Iug` c ajru ajrupc pckc kcg g pjrkjaicg`ibckcg.
ic`b ic`bcg cg
tuai tuaiun uncg cg
ycg` ycg`
ijro ijroug ug`s `sbb
sjic sjic`c `cbb
chct chct
Ictcg`
Ic`bcg tuaiuncg ycg` ijrcmc mb ctcs tcgcn cmchcn ictcg` ycg` ijroug`sb sjic`c sji c`cbb tjapct tjapct augeuhg augeuhgyc yc mcug, mcug, iug`c, iug`c, mcg iucn. iucn. Ictcg` Ictcg` du`c ijroug`sb ijroug`sb ajg`jmc ajg` jmcrkcg rkcg abgjrch abgjrch mcg cbr ycg` ycg` mbsjrcp mbsjrcp ckcr, sjrtc sjrtc zct ackcgcg ackcgcg ncsbh ncsbh oltlsbgtjsbs kj sjhurun ic`bcg tuiun tuaiuncg. Mcug
Ic`bcg tuaiuncg ycg` ijroug`sb ijroug`sb sjic`cb sjic`cb tjapct ijrhcg`sug`gyc ijrhcg`sug`gyc oltlsbgtjsbs oltlsbgtjsbs cmchcn mcug. Mcug icgyck ajg`cgmug` zct wcrgc nbdcu ycg` mbsjiut khlrlobh. Mcug tjrmbrb ctcs tcg`kcb mcug, mcg njhcb mcug. Iucn
Iucn ajrupckcg ic`bcg tuaiuncg ycg` ijroug`sb ijroug`sb ajhbgmug`b ajhbgmug`b ibdb. Elgtlngyc Elgtlngyc iucn acg``c mcg iucn cpjh. Iucn tjrmbrb ctcs mc`bg` iucn mcg ibdb. Ic`bcg ycg` kbtc ackcg ibcscgyc mc`bg` iucngyc.
9?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Ibdb
Ibdb ajrupckcg ncsbh mcrb pjaiucncg ycg` tjrdcmb ckbict pjgyjriukcg cgtcrc sjriuk scrb mcg putbk. Dbkc ibdb mbtcgca ckcg tuaiun ajgdcmb tuaiuncg icru. Ibdb btu ijrkjpbg`. Ibdb cmc ycg` ijrkjpbg` sctu mcg cmc ycg` ijrkjpbg` muc. Ibdb ijrkjpbg` sctu mbsjiut alglkltbh mcg ibdb ijrkjpbg` muc mbsjiut mbkltbh
90
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
Hcapbrcg 9 VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. BVC
Hcplrcg bmjgtbobkcsb tcgcacg Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Bmjgtbobkcsb Ic`bcgic`bc g
Ajg`bmjtbobkcs b sjauc ic`bcg tuaiuncg mjg`cg ejract
Ajg`bmjtbobkcs b sjic`bcg ijscr ic`bcg tuaiuncg mjg`cg ejract
Ajg`bmjgtbobkcs b sjic`bcg ic`bcg tuaiuncg mjg`cg ejract
Ajg`bmjtbobkcsb sjic`bcg kjebh ic`bcg tuaiuncg mjg`cg ejract
Bmjgtbobkcsb
Ajgdjhcskcg
Ajgdjhcskcg
Ajgdjhcskcg
Ajgdjhcskcg
Oug`sb
sjauc oug`sb mcrb tuaiuncg mjg`cg ijgcr
sjic`bcg ijscr oug`sb mcrb tuaiuncg mjg`cg ijgcr
sjic`bcg oug`sb mcrb tuaiuncg mjg`cg ijgcr
sjic`bcg kjebh oug`sb mcrb tuaiuncg mjg`cg ijgcr
Ubkcp Ycsc Bg`bg ]cnu
]capck cgtusbcs mcg ajg`cdukcg icgyck bmj mcg pjrtcgyccg sjhcac kj`bctcg.
]capck eukup cgtusbcs mcg tjrkcmcg` ajg`cdukcg bmj mcg pjrtcgyccg sjhcac kj`bctcg.
]capck kurcg` cgtusbcs mcg tbmck ajg`cdukcg bmj mcg pjrtcgyccg sjhcac kj`bctcg.
]bmck tcapck cgtusbcs mcg pjrhu mbaltbvcsb ugtuk ajg`cdukcg bmj mcg pjrtcgyccg.
Krjbtjrbc
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
9>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
9. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc
Mcotcr pjrtcgyccg sbswc mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk Krjbtjrbc
Mcotcr Vjrtcgyccg
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Ujauc pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Icbk (5)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Eukup (9)
Ujic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg
Ncgyc sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg
Ijhua acapu ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg
tjpct.
tjpct.
mjg`cg tjpct.
Klsc Kctc Icku
Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca sjic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca pjrtcgyccg.
Kchbact Jojktbo
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjic`bcg ijscr
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb.
pjrtcgyccg. Ujic`bcg ijscr tu`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb.
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg `uru.
Ijhua mcpct ajgyjsjhjscbkcg tu`cs ajskb tjhcn mbijrbkcg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg.
Ubkcp4 Acgmbrb
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
5. Vjgbhcbcg sbkcp tjhbtb, krjctbo, rcsc bg`bg tcnu.
Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Auhcb Ajaiu Ijr Ijhua Auhcb ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc Kjt. `
92
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
VJG@CRCCG
• Cpcibhc ajabhbkb wcktu, sbswc mcpct mbijrbkcg actjrb tjgtcg` kchbact jojktbo mcg klsc kctc icku. YJAJMBCH • Ubswc Ubswc ycg` ycg` ijhua ijhua ajacn ajacncab cab acgoc acgocct ct ic`bc ic`bcg g tuaiu tuaiunc ncg, g, mcpc mcpctt mbijr mbijrbkc bkcg g suaijr iceccg ycg` mbhjg`kcpb `caicr. Ubswc mbaltbvcsb ugtuk ajaicec mjg`cg tjhbtb. tjhb tb. Ubswc Ubswc mcpct mcpct ajg`jrd ajg`jrdckcg ckcg hctbncg hctbncg tjrtuhbs tjrtuhbs (kubs, (kubs, pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg jsscy) jsscy) tjrkcbt tjrkcbt actjrb ycg` ijhua mbpcncab.
56
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5 Uui ]jac 3
4 4 4 4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Njwcg mcg ]uaiuncg mb Hbg`kug`cg Yuacnku = 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB) KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc
bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbscg Bgmbkctlr4 5.5.5 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb ebrb- ebrb pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk 5.5.= Ajg`jhlaplkkcg pjrtcgyccg ijrmcscrkcg ebrb- ebrb pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk VVKG
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb.
53
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb =.9 Ijkjrdcscac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb Bgmbkctlr4 5.9.36 Ajgdjhcskcg pjgtbg`gyc ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjecrc sjbaicg` kjtbkc ajacgocctkcg tuaiuncg =.9.36 Ajaiuct rjgecgc ajhckscgckcg kjwcdbicg tjrncmcp tuaiuncg ycg` mbpjhbncrc E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtjhcn ijrmbskusb, ijrmbskusb, sbswc sbswc acapu acapu ajgdjhcskcg ajgdjhcskcg pjgtbg`gyc pjgtbg`gyc ajhckscgckc ajhckscgckcg g nck mcg kjwcdbi kjwcdbicg cg sjecrc sjecrc sjbaicg sjbaicg` ` kjtbkc kjtbkc ajacgocc ajacgocctkcg tkcg tuaiuncg tuaiuncg mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 9. Ujtj Ujtjhc hcn n ijrm ijrmbs bsku kusb sb,, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajai ajaiuc uctt rjge rjgecg cgc c ajhc ajhcks kscg cgck ckcg cg kjwcdbicg tjrncmcp tuaiuncg ycg` mbpjhbncrc mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 5. Ujtjh Ujtjhcn cn ijrmb ijrmbsk skusb usb,, sbswc sbswc acapu acapu ajg` ajg`bmj bmjgtb gtbobk obkcs csbb ebrbebrb-ebr ebrbb pjrt pjrtcgy cgycc ccg g ycg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr. =. Ujtj Ujtjhc hcn n ijrm ijrmbs bsk kusb, usb, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajg` ajg`j jhlap hlaplk lkk kcg pjrt pjrtcg cgyc yccg cg ijrmcscrkcg ebrb- ebrb pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr.
M.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg VVKg 4
Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Bgtb
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg
36 ajgbt
acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus @uru ajg`jejk kjsbcpcg mbrb mjg`cg ajg`bsb hjaicr kjncmbrcg mcg ajajrbksc kjrcpbncg pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg. Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑. @uru ajgycapcbkcg tcncpcg kj`bctcg ycg` ajhbputb kj`bctcg ajg`cactb, ajgcgyc, ajg`jksphlrcsb, ajg`laugbkcsbkcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg. Mb cwch pjaijhcdcrcg `uru ajaicwc tcgcacg kj mchca kjhcs. (Ajg`cactb) @uru ijrtcgyc kjpcmc sbswc. Cpckcn kcau ajapugycb tuaiuncg mb ruacn< Ic`cbacgc kcau ajrcwctgyc< @uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg
59
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjg`chcacggyc. Elaaugbectblg. @uru ijrtcgyc kjaichb, cpc ycg` tjrdcmb dbkc tcgcacg tbmck kbtc rcwct< @uru ajguhbs dcwcicggyc mb pcpcg tuhbs. Dcwcicg sbswc mbmbskusbkcg sjecrc khcsbkch. Elhhcilrctblg
@uru ajg`uctkcg acgocct tcgcacg mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. ]cgcacg ajg`ncsbhkcg lksb`jg. ]cgcacg du`c ajaiuct hbg`kug`cg ajgdcmb tjmun. Kbtc sjauc wcdbi ajgdc`c mcg ajajhbncrcgyc. (Ajgmbskrbpsbkcg)
•
Vjgutup
J.
Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb) @uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb. Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Kjrtcs kjebh-kjebh, Vjg``crbs ijscr
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
Hcapbrcg 3
55
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
@.
AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
Ajaiuct dcmwch ajrcwct tcgcacg
Ajg`jhlaplkkcg pjrtcgyccg ijrmcscrkcg pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
Hcapbrcg 9
5=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3 9
................... ...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. VVKg4 Dcmwch ajrcwct tcgcacg. @uru ajaijrbkcg klajgtcr tjgtcg` dcmwch ycg` sumcn mcg ijhua sjsucb.
9. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc4 @uru ajaijrbkcg klajgtcr tjgtcg` pjrtcgyccg-pjrtcgyccg ycg` sumcn mcg ijhua sjsucb. 5. Mbskusb Mbskusb scct ajg`jhlapkkcg pjrtcgyccg Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn,
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg`
Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg`
tjacg.
mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Ijribecrc mcg
Ijribecrc mcg
Dcrcg`
Krjbtjrbc
sucrc) Vcrtbsbpcsb
Bsb
5:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
(ajgycapcbkc g bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg)
ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbskusb ijrhcg`sug`.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
3. Vjgbhcb Vjgbhcbcg cg sbkc sbkcp p tjhbtb, tjhbtb, krjctbo, krjctbo, rcsc rcsc bg`bg bg`bg tcnu. tcnu.
Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Auhcb Ijhua Auhcb IjrAjaiu Kjt. ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc `
Vjg`cyccg
Ubswc ibsc mbijrbkcg slch-slch mjg`cg ibhcg`cg ycg` hjibn ruabt. Yjajmbch
Ubswc ycg` ijhua ibsc pjgcksbrcg pjecncg mcg pjrsjg mcpct ajg`uhcg` kj`bctcg ijrscac `uru. Kj`bctcg ibsc mbhckukcg sjuscb dca ijhcdcr. Kj`bctcg mbhckukcg sjkbtcr 56 ― ?6 ajgbt. Kj`bctcg mcpct mbhckukcg ugtuk ijijrcpc sbswc sjkchb`us.
5?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 3
4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
Njwcg mcg ]uaiuncg mb Hbg`kug`cg Yuacnku : 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) BVU
5.3 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb =.3 Ajgycdbkcg ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb Bgmbkctlr4 5.3.9 Ajgdjhcskcg kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb =.3.9 Ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb mcrb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb UImV
5.= Ajacncab kcryc sjgb rupc tjkgbk tjapjh Ajaiuct kcryc klhcsj, algtcsj, cphbkcsb, mcg alzcbk =.= Ajaiuct kcryc klhcsj, algtcsj, cphbkcsb, mcg alzcbk
50
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.9 Ajgdjhcskcg ecrc ajhckukcg cprjsbcsb tjrncmcp ncsbh kcryc sjgb klhcsj =.=.9 Ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc sjgb Klhcsj E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctbb `cai `caicr cr,, ajai ajaice cec c tjks tjks,, mcg mcg ijrm ijrmbs bsku kusb sb,, sbsw sbswc c acapu ajgdjhcskcg kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca mb hbg`kug`cg sjkbtcr ajrjkc. 9. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctbb `cai `caicr cr,, ajai ajaice cec c tjks tjks,, mcg mcg ijrm ijrmbs bsku kusb sb,, sbsw sbswc c acap ac apu u ajgy ajgycd cdbk bkcg cg bgol bgolra racs csbb tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` kcrc kcrckt ktjr jrbs bstb tbk k rucg rucg` ` mcg mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca mb hbg`kug`cg sjkbtcr ajrjkc. 5. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajgmjg ajgmjg`c `crkc rkcg g pjgd pjgdjhc jhcsc scg g mcrb mcrb `uru `uru mcg mcg mbijr mbijrbkc bkcg g pcgm pcgmuc ucg g pjrtcgyccg, sbswc acapu ajgdjhcskcg ecrc ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc sjgb klhcsj. =. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajgmjg ajgmjg`c `crkc rkcg g pjgd pjgdjhc jhcsc scg g mcrb mcrb `uru `uru mcg mcg mbijr mbijrbkc bkcg g pcgm pcgmuc ucg g pjrtcgyccg, sbswc acapu ajg`cprjsbcsb ncsbh kcryc sjgb klhcsj.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 UImV 4 Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs
Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
BVU
4
Yjhb`bus Dudur Kjrdc Kjrcs Krjctbo Acgmbrb Mjalkrctbo Ebgtc ]cgcn Cbr
M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jejk kjsbcpcg mbrb mjg`cg ajg`bsb hjaicr kjncmbrcg mcg ajajrbksc kjrcpbncg pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapcbkcg tcncpcg kj`bctcg ycg` ajhbputb kj`bctcg ajg`cactb, ajgcgyc, ajg`jksphlrcsb, ajg`laugbkcsbkcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
5>
36 ajgbt
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg Bgtb
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg l
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Ubswc ajg`cactb `caicr mcg icec tjks tjgtcg` tcgcacg pcmb mcg tjn ycg` tjrmcpct mchca iuku sbswc. (Ajg`cactb)
•
Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgu guhbs hbs kjsba kjsbapuh puhcg cg tjg tjgtc tcg` g` tcgc tcgcac acg g pcmb mcg tjn. Acgmbrb
•
Ubsw Ub swc c tcgcacg aj ajgu guhbs hbskc kcg g pjrij pjmcg rijmc mccg cg cgt cgtcrc crc tjapc tjapctt nbmup pcmb tjn. Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgu guhbs hbskc kcg g chcs chcscg cg ajg` ajg`cp cpc c pcmb pcmb mcg mcg tjn tjn tuaiun mb tjapct ycg` ijrijmc (scwcn mcg pj`ugug`cg). (Ajg`klaugbkcsbcg) Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgu guhbs hbskc kcg g pjgdj pjgdjhcs hcscg cg icn icnwc wc kjcm kjcmcc ccg g chca (bkhba mcg ijgtuk iuab) ajapjg`crunb pjrtuaiuncg tcgcacg. Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg`
•
•
l
•
•
l
•
•
•
l
l
l
l
l
l
Ubswc ajguhbskcg nch ycg` pjrhu mbpjrnctbkcg c`cr tcgcacg mcpct tuaiun mjg`cg icbk. Ubsw Ubswc ca ajg jgec ecrb rb tcnu tcnu tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` klg klgmbs mbsbb mcg mcg kcrcktjrbstbk chca ycg` cmc mb sjkbtcr ajrjkc (bkhba mcg ijgtuk aukc iuab). (Ajg`uapuhkcg bgolracsb) Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgd gdjhc jhcsk skcg cg tuaiun tuaiuncg cg cpc cpc scdc scdc ycg ycg` ` elelk tuaiun mb wbhcycn tjrsjiut. Elaaugbectblg Ubswc mbabgtc ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb ijric`cb suaijr (iuku pjrpustckccg, bgtjrgjt, ctcu gcrcsuaijr). Hbtjrcsb Ubsw Ubswc cm mbab babgt gtc c ajac ajacdc dcg` g` kcryc kcryc sjgb sjgb klhc klhcsj sj ycg` tjhcn ajrjkc iuct sjijhuagyc mb ajdc acsbg`-acsbg`. (Ajg`jksphlrcsb) Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgd gdjhc jhcsk skcg cg ncsb ncsbhh kcry kcryc c ajrj ajrjkc kc kjp kjpcmc cmc tjacg sctu kjhlaplk sjecrc ijr`bhbrcg. @ltlg` Ylylg` Ujtbc Ujtbcp p sbsw sbswc c mbabg mbabgtc tc ajg ajg`c `cact actbb ncsbh ncsbh kcryc kcryc tjacg-tjacg ajrjkc mcg ajaijrbkcg klajgtcr sjic`cb ijgtuk cprjsbcsb. Ubswc ajguhbskcg cprjsbcsb ajrjkc pcmc pltlg`cg kjrtcs ycg` tjhcn mbsjmbckcg mb sjtbcp ajdc. (Ajg`klaugbkcsbkcg) Kjaumbcg, sbswc ajabhbn schcn sctu ncsbh kcryc tjacggyc. Ubswc ajguhbs cprjsbcsb ajrjkc ctcs ncsbh kcryc tjrsjiut mjg`cg ajgdcwci pjrtcgyccg ycg` tjrmcpct mb iuku sbswc. Bgtj`rbtcs Ubswc ajguhbskcg cpc scdc ycg` ajrjkc kjtcnub tjgtcg` ncsbh kcryc tjacg ajrjkc tjrsjiut. Ubswc ajguhbskcg ic`cbacgc pjgmcpct ajrjkc tjgtcg` ncsbh kcryc tjrsjiut. Ubswc ajguhbskcg pjgmcpct ajrjkc tjgtcg`
52
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
ic`bcg ycg` ajgcrbk mcrb kcryc tjrsjiut ijsjrtc chcscg. l
Vjgutup
J.
Ubswc ajguhbskcg scrcg c`cr kcryc sjgb tjrsjiut hjibn icbk hc`b.
Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
=6
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
Hcapbrcg 3 AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
@.
Ajg``chb bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk tjapct tbg``ch mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca Ajaiuct klhcsj mcrb icncg chca
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
=3
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
Hcapbrcg 9 VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci
Gcac K 3
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
E 9
I U=I K 5 UI 3
E 9
I UI U=I 3 K 5
E 9
I U=I 5 UI
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. BVU Mbskusb mbgbhcb mjg`cg ruirbk Mbskusb mcg Vrjsjgtcsb pjtc pbkbrcg mbgbhcb mjg`cg ruirbk Krjbtjrbc
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg`
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg`
acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
sjmcg` ijribecrc.
ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc
Bsb pjaibecrccg
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg
Dcrcg` ijribecrc
g bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg)
ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug`
sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb
sjecrc rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg`
sjhcac prlsjs mbksusb ijrhcg`sug`.
=9
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
mjg`cg tlpbk.
ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 9. UImV Ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc klhcsj mbgbhcb mjg`cg ectctcg cgjkmlt.
=5
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 3
4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
Njwcg mcg ]uaiuncg mb Hbg`kug`cg Yuacnku ? 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhb ajhbnct , ajaicec ajai cec mbrbgyc, mcg ajgcgyc ajg cgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgc gyc ijrmcsc ijr rkcg g rcsc bg`bgnct, tcnu tjgtcg` acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcgmcscrkc kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbs Bgmbkctlr4 5.3.= Ajgdjhcskcg kjtjrcapbhcg mchca ajhckukcg wcwcgecrc =.3.= Ajgjrcpkcg kjtjrcapbhcg mchca ajhckukcg wcwcgecrc VVKG
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb.
==
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb =.9 Ijkjrdc scac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrbncrb Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.3 Ajgdjhcskcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb =.=.3 Ajg`laugbkcsbkcg ncsbh rjohjksb tjgtcg` nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrbncrb E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
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5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
=:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
•
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ycg` icbk ugtuk wcwcgecrc. Elhhcilrctblg Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgu guhbs hbskcg kcg ncsbh ncsbh mbsk mbskusb usb ajrjk ajrjkc c mb i iuku uku sbswc. Ubswc mbabgtc ajhbnct kjaichb pjrtcgyccg ycg` tjhcn ajrjkc slrtbr pcmc pjrtjaucg sjijhuagyc. Ubsw Ubswc cm mbab babgtc gtc ajaice ajaicec c mcg mcg ajge ajgejra jract ctbb kjtjrcapbhcg mcg sbkcp ycg` icbk mchca ajhckukcg wcwcgecrc. Hbtjrcsb Ubsw Ubswc c ijrhc ijrhctb tbn n ajhcku ajhckukc kcg g wcwc wcwcgec gecrc. rc. Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg` Ubsw Ubswc cm mbab babgtc gtc ajhcku ajhckukc kcg g rjoh rjohjks jksbb tjgt tjgtcg` cg` tcgcacg ycg` ajrjkc tcgca sjijhuagyc. Ujhc Ujhcbg bg btu, btu, sbsw sbswc c du`c du`c mbab mbabgt gtc c ajaiu ajaiuct ct dcm dcmwc wchh ugtuk ajhckukcg pjrcwctcg. Erjctbvbty cgm Bgglvctblg Ubsw Ubswc c ajh ajhcku ckukc kcg g rjohj rjohjksb ksb tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` pjrtu pjrtuaiu aiunc ncg g mcg pjrcwctcg tuaiuncg tjrncmcp tcgcacg tjrsjiut. Ubsw Ub swc cmbtcgca aj ajgu guhbs hbskcg kcg pjgdj pjtuaiun gdjhcs hcscg cgmjg`cg cpc cpckcn kcnicbk. tcgca tcgcacg cg ycg` mcpct Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgu guhbs hbskcg kcg cpc cpc scdc scdc ycg ycg` ` sumc sumcn n ajrj ajrjkc kc hckukcg mjg`cg icbk sjhcac ajrcwct tcgcacg tjrsjiut ijsjrtc pjgdjhcscg. Hbtjrcsb Ubsw Ubswc ca ajgu jguhbs hbskcg kcg cpc cpc ycg ycg` ` ijhu ijhua a mcpc mcpctt mbhckukcg mjg`cg icbk ijsjrtc pjgdjhcscg. Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgu guhbs hbskcg kcg cpc cpc ycg` ycg` mbpj mbpjhc hcdcr dcrbb tjrk tjrkcbt cbt mjg`cg nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca kj`bctcg ajgcgca mcg ajrcwct tuaiuncg. Gcsblgchbs Ubsw Ubswc ca ajgu jguhbs hbskcg kcg ckbic ckbictt mcrb mcrb ajhchc ajhchcbkc bkcg g kjwcdbicg mchca ajrcwct tcgcacg ycg` kbtc tcgca. @ltlg` Ylylg` Ubsw Ubswc c aja ajaprj prjsj sjgtc gtcsbk sbkcg cg rrjoh johjk jksb sb ajrj ajrjkc kc mchc mchca a kjhlaplk. Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
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UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
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(Gcac @uru Kjhcs)
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3. 9. 5. =. :.
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3. Alnl Alnlg g mbrb. brb. 9. Zecp Zecpkc kcg g tjrba tjrbac c kcsbn kcsbn.. 5. Ucapc Ucapcbkc bkcg g pjra pjralnl lnlgc gcg g acco acco dbkc dbkc sjhca sjhcac c wcwc wcwcge gecr crc c cmc cmc nch nch ycg` ycg` kurcg` ijrkjgcg.
HCAVBYCG 9
=>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
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3
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9
Ucyc ajguhbskcg cpc ycg` ijhua mcpct scyc hckukcg mjg`cg icbk ijsjrtc pjgdjhcscg.
5
Ucyc ajguhbskcg cpc ycg` scyc pjhcdcrb tjrkcbt mjg`cg nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca kj`bctcg ajgcgca mcg ajrcwct tuaiuncg.
=
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YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
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:6
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
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4 4
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I.
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:3
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
=.>.9 Ajaiuct plstjr tjgtcg` upcyc pjhjstcrbcg njwcg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca BVU
5.3 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/ kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb =.3 Ajgycdbkcg ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb Bgmbkctlr4 5.3.5 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgoctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct =.3.5 Ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgoctccg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg ajg`cact ajg`cactbb `caicr, `caicr, sbswc acapu acapu ajaiuct ajaiuct mcotcr pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc mjg`cg tjpct. 9. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg ajg`cact ajg`cactbb `caicr, `caicr, sbswc sbswc acapu ajaiuct ajaiuct pjrtcgyc pjrtcgyccg cg tjrtuhbs tjrtuhbs ajg` aj g``ug `ugck ckcg cg klsc klsc kctc kctc icku icku mcg mcg kchba kchbact ct jojkt jojktbo bo ugtu ugtuk k pjrsb pjrsbcpc cpcg g 5.
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Bgtb
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
36 ajgbt @uru schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswcajaijrbkcg ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jejk kjsbcpcg mbrb mjg`cg ajg`bsb hjaicr kjncmbrcg mcg ajajrbksc kjrcpbncg pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapcbkcg tcncpcg kj`bctcg ycg` ajhbputb kj`bctcg ajg`cactb, ajgcgyc, ajg`jksphlrcsb, ajg`laugbkcsbkcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
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@uru @uru ajg`b ajg`bg` g`ctk ctkcg cg kjaic kjaichbhb act actjrb jrb tjgtc tjgtcg` g` tuaiuncg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ycg` ncrus mbdc`c kjijrcmccggyc. Elaaugbectblg Ujic Ujic`c `cbb kj` kj`bc bctc tcg g pja pjaiu iukc kc,, `ur `uru u ajapjrhbnctkcg `caicr njwcg mb Bgmlgjsbc ycg` mbhbgmug`b kcrjgc ncapbr pugcn (Klalml, Icmck Ijreuhc Uctu). Gcsblgchbs Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajg` g`cac cactb tb oltl oltl i iuru urug` g` Ejgmr Ejgmrcw cwcsb csbn n mjg`cg tjhbtb. Ubsw Ubswc ca ajg jguhb uhbskc skcg g pjrt pjrtcgy cgycc ccg g ajg ajg`j `jgcb gcb ijrc`ca nch ycg` bg`bg ajrjkc kjtcnub tjgtcg` iurug` tjrsjiut. Ubsw Ubswc ca aja jaij ijrbk rbkcg cg pjrt pjrtcgy cgyccg ccg ycg` ycg` tjhcn tjhcn mbiuct kjpcmc tjacg sjicg`ku ugtuk mbdcwci. Ajrjkc kjaumbcg schbg` ajgmbskusbkcg dcwcicgcggyc. dcwcicg cggyc. Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajai aicec cec sjgyc sjgycp p tjks tjks tjgt tjgtcg` cg` iurug iurug` ` Ejgmrcwcsbn ugtuk ajhjg`kcpb dcwcicg ycg` tjhcn ajrjkc iuct. Hbtjrcsb Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajgd gdcw cwci ci pjrt pjrtcg cgyc yccg cg icec iceccg cg tjg tjgtcg tcg` ` iurug` Ejgmrcwcsbn Acgmbrb Ubsw Ubswc c kj kjaum aumbcg bcg ajabh ajabhbn bn sct sctu u djgbs djgbs njwc njwcg g ycg` ycg` ajgurut ajrjkc pchbg` ajgcrbk. Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajai aiuct uct mcot mcotcr cr pjrt pjrtcg cgycc yccg g tjg tjgtcg tcg` ` njwcg tjrsjiut Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg` . Mcotcr pjrtcgyccg ncrus ajauct nchnch ijrbkut4 • ]japct tbg``ch njwcg (mctcrcg tbg``b, mctcrcg rjgmcn, pcgtcb).
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
:5
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
• Acgocct njwcg ic`b pjgmumuk sjtjapct knususgyc mcg ic`b rckyct Bgmlgjsbc uauagyc. • Zpcyc-upcyc ajhjstcrbkcg mcg ajgdc`c kjsjbaicg`cg njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb
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Ubsw Ubswc c aj ajai aicec cec tjks tjks tjgtc tjgtcg` g` ijrc` ijrc`ca ca djgbs djgbs kupu-kupu. Hbtjrcsb
•
Ubsw Ubswc c ij ijrkr rkrjc jcsb sb ajai ajaiuc uctt plstj plstjrr cdckc cdckcg g ugtuk ugtuk ajgdc`c kjhjstcrbcg sctu djgbs njwcg pbhbncg ycg` cmc mb mcjrcn sjtjapct. Erjctbvbty cgm Bgglvctblg Ubsw Ubswc c mb mbsc scrc rcgkc gkcg g ugtu ugtuk k ajabh ajabhbn bn djg djgbs bs njw njwcg cg ycg` mbhbgmug`b kcrjgc kjijrcmccggyc ycg` auhcb hcg`kc.
•
Vjgutup
J.
suaijr mcyc chca icg`sc Bgmlgjsbc. • Ebrb-ebrb ctcu ic`bcg njwcg mcg acgocctgyc ic`b njwcg tjrsjiut. Ubsw Ubswc ca ajg jgmbs mbsku kusbk sbkcg cg mcotc mcotcrr p pjrt jrtcg cgyc yccg cg tjrsjiut ijrscac `uru sjecrc khcsbkch. @ltlg` Ylylg`
Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlacg @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Iuku Ubswc ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Oltl iurug` Ejgmrcwcsbn Kjrtcs kcrtlg ctcu kchjgmjr ijkcs, mcg chct tuhbs ugtuk kj`bctcg BVC
:=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
Hcapbrcg 3
::
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
@.
AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
Ajaiuct plstjr
Ijrtcgyc
Ajhckukcg pjg`cactcg ijgtcg` chca Bgmlgjsbc
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
Hcapbrcg 9
:?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. BVC Vjrtcgyccg sbswc tjgtcg` bmjgtbobkcsb acschcn kjsjbaicg`cg hbg`kug`cg ugtuk ajgdc`c kjijrcmccg tcgcacg mbpjrbksc ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krjbtjrbc
Acschcn Kjsjbaicg`c g Hbg`kug`cg
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb sjauc acschcn kjsjbaicg`cg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb sjic`bcg ijscr acschcn kjsjbaicg`cg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb ncgyc sjic`bcg kjebh acschcn kjsjbaicg`cg hbg`kug`cg
Ijhua acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb acschcn kjsjbaicg`cg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
mjg`cg tjpct.
Bmjgtbobkcsb Acschcn Kjsjbaicg`c g Hbg`kug`cg
Ajhckukcg Bmjgtbobkcsb mjg`cg acgmbrb mcg tjpct.
Ajhckukcg Bmjgtbobkcsb mjg`cg eukup acgmbrb mcg eukup tjpct.
Ajhckukcg Bmjgtbobkcsb mjg`cg kurcg` acgmbrb gcaug eukup tjpct.
Ijhua acapu ajhckukcg Bmjgtbobkcsb mjg`cg acgmbrb mcg tjpct.
Ubkcp Ycsc Bg`bg ]cnu
]capck cgtusbcs mcg ajg`cdukcg icgyck bmj mcg
]capck eukup cgtusbcs mcg tjrkcmcg` ajg`cdukcg bmj mcg
]capck kurcg` cgtusbcs mcg tbmck ajg`cdukcg bmj
]bmck tcapck cgtusbcs mcg pjrhu mbaltbvcsb ugtuk ajg`cdukcg
pjrtcgyccg sjhcac kj`bctcg.
pjrtcgyccg sjhcac kj`bctcg.
mcg pjrtcgyccg sjhcac
bmj mcg pjrtcgyccg.
:0
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
kj`bctcg.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 ? x 36 1 : 39 9. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc Mcotcr pjrtcgyccg sbswc mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk.
Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krjbtjrbc
Mcotcr Vjrtcgyccg
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Ujauc pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Icbk (5)
Ujic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Eukup (9)
Ncgyc sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ijhua acapu ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg mjg`cg tjpct.
Klsc Kctc Icku
Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mchca sjic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mchca sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca pjrtcgyccg.
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
Kchbact Jojktbo
Ubkcp4 Acgmbrb
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb .
Ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg.
Ujic`bcg ijscr tu`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb.
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg
`uru.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 36 x 36 1 ?,9 3?
5. BVU
Ijhua mcpct ajgyjsjhjscbkcg tu`cs ajskb tjhcn mbijrbkcg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg.
:>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
c. ]u`cs sbswc ajgjaukcg mcg ajguhbskcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` pjgtbg`gyc njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb suaijr mcyc chca, mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Vjrhu Ucg`ct Icbk Icbk Eukup Krjbtjrbc Vjgmcapbg`cg (=) (5) (9) (3) Acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg tjpct.
Acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkcs b tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg eukup tjpct.
Acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg kurcg` tjpct.
Vjycdbcg bgolracsb tjgtcg`
Acapu ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb
Acapu ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb
Acapu ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb
Ijhua acapu ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb
njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb suaijr mcyc chca.
tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg eukup sbstjactbs.
tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg kurcg` sbstjactbs.
tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
Kurcg` pjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca Bgmlgjsbc.
Ijhua ajgugdukkcg kjpjmuhbcg tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca.
Njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb suaijr mcyc chca
Ubkcp Vjmuhb.
Ubkcp ]cg``ug` Dcwci.
Vjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca Bgmlgjsbc sjecrc klgsbstjg
Eukup pjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca Bgmlgjsbc.
Ijrtcg`ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cs-tu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
Eukup ijrtcg`ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cstu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
Ijhua acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb tjgtcg` pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb ic`bcg mcrb suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg tjpct.
Kurcg` ijrtcg`ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cs-tu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
Vjgbhcbcg Vjgbhcb cg (Uklrbg (Uklrbg`)4 `)4 ]ltch ]ltch Gbhcb Gbhcb Ubswc Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 36 x 36 1 ?,9 3? i. Ubkcp sbswc scct ajhckukcg mbskusb pjajecncg acschcn mbgbhcb
Ijhua ijrtcg`ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cstu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
:2
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krjbtjrbc
Ajgmjg`crkcg.
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc).
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg).
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ajgmjg`crk c g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg
Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg
tjacg. Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
tjacg. Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbksusb ijrhcg`sug`.
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kc g sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 0 x 36 1 :,> 39 VJG@CRCCG
Dbkc Dbkc wckt wcktu u ajaug ajaug`k `kbgk bgkcg cg,, sbswc sbswc mcpc mcpctt ajhck ajhckuk ukcg cg kcapc kcapcgy gyj j cdckc cdckcg g ugtuk ugtuk ajhjstcrbkcg njwcg ajg``ugckcg plstjr ycg` tjhcn mbiuct. YJAJMBCH
Ubswc ycg` ijhua ajg`ucscb pjg``ugccg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo ckcg ajgm aj gmcp cpct ct pjgm pjgmca capb pbg` g`cg cg `uru `uru.. Ubsw Ubswc c mbij mbijrb rbkc kcg g ijij ijijrc rcpc pc hctb hctbnc ncg g ugtu ugtuk k ajgbg`kctkcg pjacncacggyc.
?6
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 9
4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
Kjijrc`cacg Acknhuk Nbmup mb Hbg`kug`cgku 9 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct,, ajaicec ajhbnct ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) VVKg
3. Ajgjrbac mcg mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb =.9 Ijkjrdc scac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb Bgmbkctlr4 5.9.39 Ajgdjhcskcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg acsycrckct tjrncmcp njwcg mb sjkbtcr =.9.39 Ajgejrbtckcg pjg`chcacg mbrb ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg tjrncmcp njwcg mb sjkbtcr
?3
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
UImV
5.= Ajacncab kcryc sjgb rupc tjkgbk tjapjh =.= Ajaiuct kcryc klhcsj, algtcsj, cphbkcsb, mcg alzcbk Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.5 Ajgdjhcskcg tjkgbk ajaiuct alzcbk =.=.5 Ajaiuct alzcbk mcrb icncg Chca E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG 3. Ujtj jtjhcn hcn ajai aice cec c ejrbtc btc ‘ Mcyu mcg Ub Aug Aug`bh‑ `bh‑,, sbsw bswc acap capu ajgdjhcskcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg acsycrckct tjrncmcp njwcg mb sjkbtcr mjg`cg ijgcr. 9. Ujt jtjh jhcn cn ijrm ijrmbs bsk kusb, usb, sbswc bswc acap acapu u ajge ajgejr jrbt btck ckcg cg pjg` pjg`ch chca cacg cg mbrb mbrb ajhckscg ajhc kscgckc ckcg g nck mcg kjwcdbic kjwcdbicg g tjrncmcp tjrncmcp njwcg njwcg mb sjkb sjkbtcr tcr mjg`cg mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 5. Ujtjhcn Ujtjhcn ajg`cac ajg`cactb tb alzcbk, alzcbk, sbswc acapu ajgdjhc ajgdjhcskc skcg g tjkgbk ajaiuct ajaiuct alzcbk mjg`cg ijgcr. =. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ijrmbsk ijrmbskus usb, b, sbsw sbswc c acapu acapu ajaiuc ajaiuctt alzcbk alzcbk mcrb icnc icncg g chca chca mjg`cg krjctbo.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 VVKg mcg UImV 4 Yjhb`bus
Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg
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Bgtb
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jejk ajg`jejk kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrc kjrcpbn pbncg cg pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycap ajgycapcbk cbkcg cg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, aj ajg` g`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Ubsw Ubswc c mbab mbabgt gtc c ijrp ijrpcs cscg cg`c `cg g ajge ajgejr jrbt btck ckcg cg njwcg njw cg pjhbncrc pjhbncrccg cg ycg` ycg` ajrjkc ajrjkc abhbkb abhbkb kjpcmc kjpcmc tjacggy tjac ggyc. c. Mbaug`k Mbaug`kbgkc bgkcg g mb mchca mchca kjhcs kjhcs cmc ycg` yc g` tbmck tbmck ajabhb aja bhbkb kb ycg` njwc njwcg g pjhbnc pjhajabhbkb bncrc rccg. cg.njwcg @uru @uru ajacscg`kcg sbswc tbmck pjhbncrccg mjg`cg sbswc ycg` ajabhbkb njwcg pjhbncrccg. @uru ajgycapcbkcg ic`b ycg` tbmck
36 ajgbt
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
?9
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
ajabhbkb njwcg pjhbncrccg ugtuk tbmck sjmbn mcg tjtcp tjtcp ibsc ibsc ijhcd ijhcdcr cr ugtuk ugtuk ajgyc ajgycyc ycg` g`bb njwc njwcg. g. @uru ibsc ajg``cgtb pcscg`cg sjicgyck 9 kchb. (Ajg`klaugbkcsbkcg) Hbtjrcsb @uru ajgycapcbkcg icnwc Mcyu du`c ajapu aja pugyc gycbb njwc njwcg g pjhbn pjhbncrc crccg. cg. Mcyu Mcyu scg`c scg`ctt kjpcmc kjpc mc njwcg njwcg pjhbncrc pjhbncrccggy cggyc. c. @uru ajabgtc ajabgtc sbswc ajaic sbswc ajaicec ec ejrbt ejrbtc c ‘M ‘Mcy cyu u mcg Ub Aug`bh Aug`bh‑‑ ycg` cmc mb iuku sbswc. Ubswc ajaicec tjks mjg`cg ajaicec mchca nctb. @uru ajaltbvcsb sbswc ugtuk ajaicec mjg`cg tjhbtb. Ubswc ibsc ajaijr aja ijrbkc bkcg g tcgm tcgmc c tjrn tjrncmc cmcp p bgolra bgolracsb csb ycg` ycg` mbrcsc pjgtbg`. (Ajg`cactb) Ujtj Uj tjhc hcn n sjhj sjhjsc scbb ajai ajaice cec, c, `uru uru ijrtc jrtcgy gyc c ‘ic` ‘ic`cb cbac acgc gc ajgu ajguru rutt kc kchb hbcg cg,, cpck cpckcn cn Mcyu Mcyu scycg` tjrncmcp njwcg pjhbncrccggyc< ‘ Ubswc ajgdcwci mjg`cg cg`kct tcg`cg. @uru ajaic`b sbswc kjmchca kjhlaplk. Uctu kjhlapl kjh laplk k tjrmbrb tjrmbrb mcrb mcrb = sbswc. sbswc. @uru @uru ajaic`b ajaic`b kj kjhl hlap aplk lk ijrm ijrmcs cscr crkc kcg g kjac kjacap apuc ucg g sbsw sbswc c mchca mch ca ajgycapc ajgycapcbkcg bkcg pjgmcp pjgmcpct. ct. Ubswc Ubswc ycg` acsbn acsb n ijhu ijhua a pjre pjrecy cyc c mbr mbrb mbkjh bkjhla lapl plkk kkc cg mjg`cg sbswc ycg` sumcn pjrecyc mbrb. Mchca kjhlaplk sbswc ajgdcwci pjrtcgyccg ijrm ij rmcs cscr crkc kcg g tjks tjks ycg` ycg` tjhc tjhcn n mbi mbicecg cecgyc yc.. Elhhcilrctblg Mb sjsb sjsb bgb, bgb, sbsw sbswc c ckcg ckcg ijrk ijrkrj rjcs csbb ajai ajaiuc uctt alzcb alz cbk k mcrb mcrb ibdbibdb-ibd ibdbc bcg. g. @uru @uru ajgyc ajgycapc apcbk bkcg cg icnwc kjbgmcncg njwcg du`c ibsc mb`caicrkcg ajhchub alzcbk. (Ajg`cactb) @uru ajaicwc alzcbk ycg` mbiuct sjgmbrb ctcu ycg` `caicr ycg` cmc mb iuku sbswc. @uru ajg`uctkcg icnwc kjrcpbcg, pjrpcmucg wcrg wc rgc, c, pjrp pjrpcm cmuc ucg g ibdb ibdbib ibdb dbcg cg ycg` ycg` mbtj mbtjap apjh jh cmchcn cmc hcn nch-nch nch-nch ycg` ycg` pjrhu pjrhu mbpjrnc mbpjrnctbkc tbkcg g mchca mchca ajaiuct alzcbk. Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg` @uru @ur u ajaic`bk ajaic`bkcg cg skjtsc skjtsc iurug`, iurug`, ctcu ctcu sbswc sbswc ycg` acapu ajg``caicr skjtsc sjgmbrb. @uru ajgybcpkcg chct mcg icncg ycg` mbiutun mbi utunkcg kcg ctcu sbswc sbswc mbabgtc mbabgtc ajaicwc ajaicwc chct mcg icncg tjrsjiut mb pjrtjaucg sjijhuagyc. @uru ajaijrbkcg elgtln ecrc ajgjapjh ycg` ijgcr. ijg cr. Ubswc Ubswc ajgjapj ajgjapjhkcg hkcg ibdb-ib ibdb-ibdbcg dbcg mjg`cg mjg`cg krjcsb ajrjkc. @uru ajaltbvcsb ugtuk ajgja ajg japjh pjh mjg` mjg`cg cg rcpb rcpb mcg mcg ajapj ajapjrnc rnctbk tbkcg cg klapl aplsbsb bsb (ic (icbk wcrgc acu acupug ijgt ijgtu uk) (Ajg`jkphlrcsb) @uru ajgmcapbg`b sbswc ycg` acsbn kjsuhbtcg ugtuk ajgjapjh. Ujtjh Uj tjhcn cn sjhjs sjhjscb, cb, ncsbh ncsbh pjkj pjkjrdc rdccg cg sbsw sbswc c ibsc ibsc
mbpcdcg` mb pcpcg pcdcg` ctcu mb djgmjhc. @uru ajg`bg`ctkcg sbswc ugtuk ajaijrbkcg gcac, ncrb mcg tcg``ch ugtuk kcrycgyc.
?5
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Vjgutup
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Ijrscac-sca Ijrscacscac c sbswc sbswc ajaiuct ajaiuct kjsbapu kjsbapuhcg hcg / rcg rcg`ku `kuacg acg ncsbh ijhcdc hcdcrr sjhcac cac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
3: ajgbt
Ijrt Ij rtcg cgyc yc dcwc dcwci i tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` actj actjrb rb ycg` ycg` tjhc tjhcn n mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
J.
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg mc g kjyc kjyckb kbgc gcg g acsb acsbg` g`-a -acs csbg bg` ` (ugt (ugtuk uk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jact ]j actbk bk ]jrpc ]jrpcmu mu Kurbk Kurbkuhu uhua a 9635 9635 Yjv.9 Yjv.963 630, 0, Dckcr Dckcrtc4 tc4 Kjaj Kjajgtj gtjrbc rbcg g Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Alzcbk, kjrtcs ijkcs ycg` schcn sctu sbsb tjrpckcb, hja, ibdb-ibdbcg, pbgsjt ugtuk ajhjtckkcg ibdb-ibdbcg.
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
Hcapbrcg 3
?=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
@.
Ajgmbskusbkcg sbkcp ibdck tjrncmcp njwcg Ijrkrjcsb ajaiuct alzcbk mcrb icncg chca
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
Hcapbrcg 9
?:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. VVKg 4 Yjohjksb mbrb Krjbtjrbc
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ubkcp icbk
Ajguhbskcg 5 sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Ajguhbskcg 9 sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Ajguhbskcg 3 sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg sbkcp icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Mcapck sbkcp icbk
Ajgdjhcskcg 5 mcapck mcrb sbkcp icbk tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Ajgdjhcskcg 9 mcapck mcrb sbkcp icbk tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Ajgdjhcskcg 3 mcapck mcrb sbkcp icbk tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg mcapck mcrb sbkcp tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Ubkcp pjrhu mbpjricbkb
Ajguhbskcg 5 sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Ajguhbskcg 9 sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Ajguhbskcg 3 sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg sbkcp ijhua icbk ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg.
Mcapck sbkcp ijhua icbk
Ajgdjhcskcg 5 mcapck mcrb sbkcp ijhua icbk tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Ajgdjhcskcg 9 mcapck mcrb sbkcp ijhua icbk tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Ajgdjhcskcg 3 mcapck mcrb sbkcp ijhua icbk tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg mcapck mcrb sbkcp tjrsjiut ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
Yjgecgc
Ajguhbskcg 5
Ajguhbskcg 9
Ajguhbskcg 3
Ijhua acapu
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YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
tbgmck hcgdut
rjgecgc tbgmck hcgdut ugtuk hjibn ibdck tjrncmcp njwcg.
rjgecgc tbgmck hcgdut ugtuk hjibn ibdck tjrncmcp njwcg.
rjgecgc tbgmck hcgdut ugtuk hjibn ibdck tjrncmcp njwcg.
ajguhbskcg rjgecgc tbgmck hcgdut.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 9. UImV4 Alzcbk Krjbtjrbc
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
]jkgbk Ajgjapjh
Ujhurun icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb.
Ujic`cbcg ijscr icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb.
Ujic`bcg icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb.
Ujic`bcg kjebh mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb.
Vjabhbncg Icncg
Ajabhbn sjhurun icncg
Ajabhbn sjic`bcg ijscr
Ajabhbn sjic`bcg icncg
Ajabhbn sjic`bcg kjebh icncg
(ibdbibdbcg) mjg`cg sjsucb.
icncg (ibdbibdbcg) mjg`cg sjsucb.
(ibdb- ibdbcg) mjg`cg sjsucb.
(ibdbibdbcg) mjg`cg sjsucb.
Ajgjapjh sjaucg icncgicncg mjg`cg sjrcsb.
Ajgjapjh sjic`bcg ijscr icncg-icncg mjg`cg sjrcsb.
Ajgjapjh sjic`bcg icncgicncg mjg`cg sjrcsb.
Ajgjapjh sjic`bcg kjebh icncg-icncg mjg`cg sjrcsb.
Kjsjrcsbcg
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
5. Mbskusb Ucct sbswc ajgmbskusbkcg pjtcgyccg ijrmcscrkcg tjks ‘Mcyu mcg Ub Aug`bh‑ mcg jksphlrcsb pjrkchbcg pjecncg. Ucg`ct Icbk Krjbtjrbc (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg
Klaugbkcsb
Ajrjsplg mcg
Ajrjsplg
Ujrbg`
Ajaiutunkcg
glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc
ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg
mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb
ajrjsplg icgtucg mchca kurcg` ajacncab tjpct tjrncmcp ijgtuk
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YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc).
vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc
Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac
bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg).
tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
prlsjs mbksusb ijrhcg`sug`.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
Vjg`cyccg
Ubswc ibsc mbijrbkcg slch-slch mjg`cg ibhcg`cg ycg` hjibn ruabt.
Yjajmbch Ubswc ycg` ijhua ibsc pjgcksbrcg pjrkchbcg pjecncg mcpct ajg`uhcg` kj`bctcg ijrscac ijr scac `uru. `uru. Kj`bctc Kj`bctcg g ibsc ibsc mbhckukc mbhckukcg g sjuscb sjuscb dca ijhcdcr. ijhcdcr. Kj`bctc Kj`bctcg g mbhckuk mbhckukcg cg sjkbtcr 56 ― ?6 ajgbt. Kj`bctcg mcpct mbhckukcg ugtuk ijijrcpc sbswc sjkchb`us
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YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 9
4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
Kjijrc`cacg Acknhuk Nbmup mb Hbg`kug`cgku 5 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB) KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc
bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` ycg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbs Bgmbkctlr4 5.5.3 Ajaiuct mcotcr pjrtcgyccg ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc =.5.3 Ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg tjrtuhbs ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc. BVC 5.3 Ajacncab nuiug`cg cgctcrc ijgtuk mcg oug`sb ic`bcg tuiun njwcg mcg tuaiuncg =.3 Ajgycdbkcg hcplrcg ncsbh pjg`cactcg tjgtcg` ijgtuk mcg oug`sb ic`bcg tuiun njwcg mcg tuaiuncg Bgmbkctlr4 5.>.= Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb oug`sb njwcg mchca pjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg =.>.= Ajaiuct mbc`rca vjgg oug`sb njwcg mchca pjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg
?2
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtjhcn ajg`cactb, ajg`cactb, sbswc sbswc acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb ic`bcg-ic`bcg ic`bcg-ic`bcg njwcg mcg oug`sbgyc mjg`cg ijgcr. 9. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajg`c ajg`cact actb, b, sbswc sbswc acapu acapu ajaiu ajaiuct ct hcplr hcplrcg cg tjgtcg tjgtcg` ` ic`bc ic`bcggic`bcg njwcg mchca ijgtuk mbc`rca vjgg. 5. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg ajg`cact ajg`cactbb `caicr, `caicr, sbswc acapu acapu ajaiuct ajaiuct mcotcr pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg ugtuk pjrsbcpcg wcwcgecrc mjg`cg tjpct. =. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg ajg`cact ajg`cactbb `caicr, `caicr, sbswc sbswc acapu ajaiuct ajaiuct pjrtcgyc pjrtcgyccg cg tjrtuhbs tjrtuhbs aj ajg` g``ug `ugck ckcg cg klsc klsckct kctc c icku icku mcg mcg kchbac kchbactt jojkt jojktbo bo ugtuk ugtuk pjrsb pjrsbcp cpcg cg wcwcgecrc mjg`cg ijgcr.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg BVC 4 Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Bgtb
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jej @uru ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Ubsw Ubswc c mbb mbbg` g`ctk ctkcg cg kjaic kjaichbhb pcmc pcmc pjgtb pjgtbg` g`gyc gyc pjrcg njwcg sjic`cb suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb. Gcsblgchbs @uru ajaiukc kj`bctcg mjg`cg ajapjrhbnctkcg sjjklr iurug` @uru ajg`cdukcg pjrtcgyccg4 - Cpc ycg` kcau kjtcnub tjgtcg` oug`sb mcrb sjtbcp ic`bcg tuiun iurug`< Ubswc Ubs wc ajaicec ajaicec sjgycp sjgycp tjks sbg`kct sbg`kct tjgtcg` tjgtcg` sjlrcg` sjl rcg` cgck ycg` ycg` ajglhlg ajglhlg` ` sjjklr sjjklr iurug` iurug` ycg` tjrhukc. (Ajg`cactb) Hbtjrcsb Ubswc kjaumbcg ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb sjtbcp ic`bcg mcrbb tuiun mcr tuiun iurug`, iurug`, kjaumbcg kjaumbcg ajguhbsk ajguhbskcggy cggyc c ic`b ic `bcgcg-ic ic`bc `bcg g tjrsji tjrsjiut ut ijsj ijsjrtc rtc oug`s oug`sbgy bgyc c mb tcijh ycg` tjrsjmbc . (Ajg`uapuhkcg bgolracsb) Ubsw bswc kjaum aumbcg ajg`jr jrddckc ckcg sctu slc lchh pjaje pj ajecn cncg cg acschc acschcn, n, dbkc dbkc mbnc mbncmcp mcpkc kcg g pcmc pcmc
36 ajgbt
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
06
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
sbtu sbtucs csbb yc ycg` g` sc scac ac mjg` mjg`cg cg tlkl tlkln n ycg` ycg` cmc cmc mchca iuku, ycbtu ajhbnct iurug` ycg` tjrhukc. Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg`
Ubswc ajg`cactb ic`bcg tuiun hcic-hcic mcg kuaicg`.
Ubswc Ubs wc kjaumbc kjaumbcg g ajg`bmj ajg`bmjgtbo gtbobkcs bkcsbb pjrijmc pjrijmccg cg mcrb hcic-hcic mcg kuaicg` ijsjrtc oug`sbgyc mchca pjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg. hbg`kug`cg. Erjctbv Erjctbvbty bty cgm Bgglvctblg Ubsw Ubswc c kjaic kjaichbhb mbabgt mbabgtc c ajaiuc ajaiuctt pjrtc pjrtcgy gyccg ccg tjgtcg` oug`sb ic`bcg njwcg. (Ajgcgyc) Ubswc ajguhbskcg pjrtcgycg tcaicncg tjrsjiut pcmc mcotcr pjrtcgyccg ajrjkc mbcwch kj`bctcg.
Vjgutup
Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
J.
3: ajgbt
Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb) @uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Hcic-hcic mcg kuaicg` ugtuk kj`bctcg BVC Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
03
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
Hcapbrcg 3 AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
@.
Ajhckukcg bmjgtbobkcsb Ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg Ajtlmj
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk 4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
09
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
Hcapbrcg 9 VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci
Gcac K 3
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
E 9
I UI UI K 5 = 3
E 9
I UI UI K 5 = 3
E 9
I UI UI 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. BVC
Hcplrcg ncsbh pjg`cactcg4 Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg` cg (3)
Bmjgtbobkcsb
Ajg`bmjgtbobkcs b sjauc ic`bcg tuiun njwcg
Ajg`bmjgtbobkcs b sjic`bcg ijscr ic`bcg tuiun njwcg
Ajg`bmjgtbobkcs b sjic`bcg ic`bcg tuiun njwcg
Ajg`bmjgtbobk csb sjic`bcg kjebh ic`bcg tuiun
Hcplrcg
Ajguhbskcg ncsbh pjg`cactcggy c mchca ijgtuk mbc`rca vjgg mjg`cg mjtcbh, rugtut mcg sbstjactbs Ajgugdukkcg sjacg`ct ycg` tbg``b sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mjg`cg bkut cktbo mchca kj`bctcg ycg` ijrnuiug`cg
Ajajgunb 9 mcrb 5 Erbtjrbc
Ajajgunb 3 mcrb 5 krbtjrbc
njwcg Ijhua ajajgunb Erbtjrbc
Eukup ijrsjacg`ct sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mcg eukup cktbo mchca kj`bctcg ycg`
Kurcg` ijrsjacg`ct sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mcg kurcg` cktbo mchca kj`cbctcg ycg` ijrnuiug`cg
]bmck ijrsjacg`ct sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mcg tbmck cktbo mchca kj`bctcg
Krbtjrbc
Kjpjmuhbcg tjrncmcp kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg .
05
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
ycg` ijrnuiug`cg mjg`cg kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg. Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 mjg`cg kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg.
ijrnuiug`cg mjg`cg kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg.
mjg`cg kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg.
9. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc
Mcotcr pjrtcgyccg sbswc mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbe Ucg`ct Icbk Icbk Eukup Krbtjrbc (=) (5) (9) Mcotcr Vjrtcgycc g Klsc Kctc Icku
Kchbact Jojktbo
Ubkcp4 Acgmbrb
Ncgyc sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg tjpct. Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc klsc kctc klsc kctc icku mchca icku mchca icku sjic`bcg kjebh mchca sjauc sjic`bcg pjrtcgyccg. ijscr pjrtcgyccg. pjrtcgyccg. Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg kchbact kchbact jojktbo kchbact jojktbo mchca mchca sjauc jojktbo mchca sjic`bcg kjebh sjic`bcg pjrtcgyccg. pjrtcgyccg. ijscr pjrtcgyccg. Ujic`bcg ]u`cs ]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg ijscr mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg tu`cs mjg`cg acgmbrb . mbsjhjscbkcg altbvcsb mcg mjg`cg ibaibg`cg acgmbrb. `uru. Ujauc pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Ujic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg tjpct.
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ijhua acapu ajaiuct pjrtcgyccg mjg`cg tjpct. Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca pjrtcgyccg. Ijhua acapu ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg. Ijhua mcpct ajgyjhjscbkcg tu`cs ajskb tjhcn mbijrbkcg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 VJG@CRCCG • Cpcibhc ajabhbkb wcktu, sbswc mcpct ajhckukcg lisjrvcsb tjgtcg` oug`sb ic`bcg tuiun pcmc djgbs-djgbs njwcg hcbggyc. YJAJMBCH • Ubsw Ubswc c ycg` ycg` ijhua ijhua ajacn ajacncab cab oug` oug`sb sb ic`bc ic`bcg g tuiun tuiun njwc njwcg, g, mcpct mcpct mbijr mbijrbkc bkcg g suaijr iceccg ycg` mbhjg`kcpb `caicr. Ubswc mbaltbvcsb ugtuk ajaicec mjg`cg tjhbtb. tjhb tb. Ubswc Ubswc mcpct mcpct ajg`jrd ajg`jrdckcg ckcg hctbncg hctbncg tjrtuhbs tjrtuhbs (kubs, (kubs, pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg jsscy) jsscy) tjrkcbt tjrkcbt actjrb ycg` ijhua mbpcncab.
0=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 9
4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
Kjijrc`cacg Acknhuk Nbmup mb Hbg`kug`cgku = 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc.
I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC 5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbscg Bgmbkctlr4 5.5.? Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb pjrtcgyccgpjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk. =.5.? Ajg`jhlaplkkcg pjrtcgyccg ijrmcscrkcg ebrb-ebrb pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk. VVKG
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb.
0:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb =.9 Ijkjrdcscac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb Bgmbkctlr4 5.9.35 Ajgdjhcskcg mcapck mcrb ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjecrc ibdck tjrncmcp njwcg =.9.35 Ajaijrbkcg pjgmcpct tjgtcg` kj`bctcg acgusbc tjrncmcp njwcg. E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtjh jtjhcn cn ajai ajaice cec c tjks tjks,, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajgd ajgdjh jhcs csk kcg mcap mcapck ck mcrb crb ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjecrc ibdck tjrncmcp njwcg mjg`cg ijgcr. 9. Ujtj Ujtjhc hcn n ajg` ajg`ca cact ctbb `cai `caicr cr,, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajai ajaijr jrbk bkcg cg pjgm pjgmcp cpct ct tjgtcg` kj`bctcg acgusbc tjrncmcp njwcg mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 5. Ujtjh jtjhcn cn ijrm ijrmbs bsku kus sb, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajg` ajg`bm bmjg jgtb tbob obkc kcs sb pjrt pjrtcg cgyc yccg cg-pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr. =. Ujt jtjh jhcn cn ijrm ijrmbs bsk kusb, usb, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajg` ajg`j jhlap hlaplk lkk kcg pjrt pjrtcg cgyc yccg cg ijrmcscrkcg ebrb-ebrb pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4
M.
Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg VVKg 4
Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Bgtb
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
36 ajgbt
@ur @uru u ajg`jej ajg` jejk kcgkjsbcpc kjsmcg bcpcg mbrbjrbks mjg`cg mjg `cg ajg`bsb ajg` bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg mc g g ajajr aja bksc c kjrcp kjr cpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Mb cwch cwch pjaij pjaijhcd hcdcrc crcg g `uru `uru ijrtc ijrtcgyc gyc kjpcm kjpcmc c sbswc sbswc,, cpck cpckcn cn ajrjk ajrjkc c pjrgcn pjrgcn ajhbnc ajhbnctt ctcu ctcu ajgj aj gjau aukc kcg g bgol bgolra racs csbb tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` pjr pjriuru iuruc cg njwcg. njw cg. Ajrjkc Ajrjkc ajhckuk ajhckukcg cg pjriuruc pjriurucg g njwcg njwcg mcg cpc mcapckgyc< Ubswc mbijrb kjsjapctcg ajgycapcbkc ajgyc apcbkcg g bgolracsb bgolracsb ugtuk ycg` mbabhbkbgyc. Hbtjrcsb
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
0?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg l
l
l
l
l
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Ubsw bswc ajguk jgukc crkc rkcg dcwcicggy gyc c mjg`c g`cg tjacggyc. Ubswc schbg` ajaijrbkcg acsukcg ckcg ckc g dcwcic dcwcicg g pcscg` pcscg`cggy cggyc. c. Ubswc Ubswc du`c ibcs ijrtcgy ijr tcgyc c dbkc cmc nch-nch nch-nch ycg` mbrcsc kurcg` djhcs. @ltlg` Ylylg`
@uru ajaicn @uru ajaicncs cs `caic `caicrr sctu sctu pjrsc pjrsctu. tu. @uru @uru ajai aj aicn cncs cs mcap mcapck ck mcrb mcrb tbgm tbgmck ckcg cg btu btu ic` ic`b hbg`kug`cg mcg acsycrckct. @uru ajgycapcbkcg icnwc Mjg`cg chcscg cpcpug pjriur iurucg njwcg hbcr hbcr tbmck bmck mbijgc ijgcrrkcg. cg. Njwcgnjwcg ycg` mbiuru ckcg ajgdcmb pugcn.
Vcmc pjrt Vcmc pjrtja jauc ucg g sjij sjijhu huag agyc yc,, sbsw sbswc c tjhc tjhcn n ajai aj aiuc uctt pjrt pjrtcg cgyc yccg cg tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` njwc njwcg g ycg` ycg` mbpbhbngyc. @uru ajabgtc sbswc ugtuk ajg`jhucrkcg pjrtcgyccg-pjrtcgyccg tjrsjiut.
@uru @u ru
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00
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg Vjgutup
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Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
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UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jact ]j actbk bk ]jrpc ]jrpcmu mu Kurbk Kurbkuhu uhua a 9635 9635 Yjv.9 Yjv.963 630, 0, Dckcr Dckcrtc4 tc4 Kjaj Kjajgtj gtjrbc rbcg g Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
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0>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
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YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
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3. VVKg4 Vjgmcpct ijrmcscrkcg `caicr Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjgmcpct
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Ajgdjhcskcg acsbg`acsbg` 3 mcapck ic`b hbg`kug`cg mcrb 5 acschcn mjg`cg ijgcr
Ajaijrbkcg pjgmcpct sjtudu ctcu tbmck sjtudu mcrb 3 `caicr mbhjg`kcpb chcscg mjg`cg ijgcr Ajgdjhcskcg acsbg`acsbg` 3 mcapck ic`b hbg`kug`cg mcrb 3 acschcn mjg`cg ijgcr
Ijhua acapu ajaijrbkcg pjgmcpct
Mcapck ic`b Hbg`kug`cg
Mcapck ic`b lrcg` hcbg
Ajgdjhcskcg acsbg`acsbg` 3 mcapck ic`b lrcg` hcbg mcrb 5 acschcn
Ajaijrbkcg pjgmcpct sjtudu ctcu tbmck sjtudu mcrb 9 `caicr mbhjg`kcpb chcscg mjg`cg ijgcr Ajgdjhcskc g acsbg`acsbg` 3 mcapck ic`b hbg`kug`cg mcrb 9 acschcn mjg`cg ijgcr Ajgdjhcskc g acsbg`acsbg` 3 mcapck ic`b
Ajgdjhcskcg acsbg`acsbg` 3 mcapck ic`b lrcg` hcbg
Ijhua acapu ajgdjhcskcg mcapck lrcg` hcbg
Krbtjrbc
Ijhua acapu ajgdjhcskcg mcapck ic`b hbg`kug`cg
=
>6
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
mjg`cg ij ijgcr
Vjhcg``crcg Nck
Ajaijrbkcg chcscg 5 kj`bctcg tjrsjiut ajhcg``cr nck lrcg` hcbg mjg`cg ijgcr, tjrpjrbgeb mcg tjrstuktur
Ucrcg
Ajaijrbkcg 3 scrcg ugtuk 5 acschcn ycg` mbijrbkcg mjg`cg hl`bs
lrcg` hcbg mcrb 9 acschcn mjg`cg ijgcr Ajaijrbkcg chcscg 9 kj`bctcg
mcrb 3 acschcn mjg`cg ijgcr
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tjrsjiut ajhcg``cr nck lrcg` hcbg mjg`cg ijgcr, tjrpjrbgeb mcg tjrstuktur Ajaijrbkcg 3 scrcg ugtuk 9 acschcn ycg`
mjg`cg hl`bs
mbijrbkcg mjg`cg hl`bs
Ajaijrbkcg chcscg 3 kj`bctcg
Ijhua acapu ajaijrbkcg chcs cg
Ijhua acapu ajguhbskcg scrcg
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 9. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc 4 Vjrtcgyccg
Krbtjrbc
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ajg`jhla plk Kcg
Acapu ajg`jhlaplk kcg sjauc
Acapu ajg`jhlaplk kcg sjic`bcg
Acapu ajg`jhlaplk k cg sjic`bcg
Acapu ajg`jhlaplk kcg sjic`bcg
pjrtcgyccg kj pjrtcgyccg icbk mcg kurcg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr.
ijscr pjrtcgyccg kj pjrtcgyccg icbk mcg kurcg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr.
pjrtcgyccg kj pjrtcgyccg icbk mcg kurcg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr.
Acapu ajgyjapurgc kcg sjauc pjrtcgyccg kjmchca pjrtcgyccg icbk
Acapu ajgyjapurgc kcg sjic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg kjmchca pjrtcgyccg
Acapu ajgyjapurgc kcg sjic`bcg pjrtcgyccg kjmchca pjrtcgyccg icbk
kjebh pjrtcgyccg kj pjrtcgyccg icbk mcg kurcg` icbk mjg`cg ijgcr. Acapu ajgyjapurgc kcg sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg kjmchca pjrtcgyccg
mjg`cg ijgcr.
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YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
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5. Mbskusb
Ucct sbswc ajgmbskusbkcg pjrtcgyccg-pjrtcgyccg ycg` icbk. Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg)
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg
Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbksusb ijrhcg`sug`.
Krbtjrbc
ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 Vjg`cyccg Ubswc ibsc mbijrbkcg slch-slch mjg`cg ibhcg`cg ycg` hjibn ruabt. Yjajmbch Ubswc ycg` ijhua ajgyjhjscbkcg slch ejrbtc mjg`cg hcg`kcn-hcg`kcn mb ctcs mcpct ajg`uhcg` kj`bctcg ijrscac `uru. Kj`bctcg ibsc mbhckukcg sjuscb dca ijhcdcr. Kj`bctcg mbhckukcg sjkbtcr 56 ― ?6 ajgbt. Kj`bctcg mcpct mbhckukcg ugtuk ijijrcpc sbswc sjkchb`us.
>9
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 9
4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
Kjijrc`cacg Acknhuk Nbmup mb Hbg`kug`cgku : 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhb ajhbnct , ajaicec ajai cec mbrbgyc, mcg ajgcgyc ajg cgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgc gyc ijrmcsc ijr rkcg g rcsc bg`bgnct, tcnu tjgtcg` acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcgmcscrkc kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) BVU
5.3 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb =.3 Ajgycdbkcg ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb Bgmbkctlr4 5.3.9 Ajgdjhcskcg kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb =.3.9 Ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb mcrb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb
UImV
>5
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
5.= Ajacncab kcryc sjgb rupc tjkgbk tjapjh ajaiuct kcryc klhcsj, algtcsj, cphbkcsb, mcg alzcbk =.= Ajaiuct kcryc klhcsj, algtcsj, cphbkcsb, mcg alzcbk Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.9 Ajgdjhcskcg ecrc ajhckukcg cprjsbcsb tjrncmcp ncsbh kcryc sjgb klhcsj =.=.9 Ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc sjgb klhcsj.
E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG 3. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctbb `cai `caicr cr,, ajai ajaice cec c tjks tjks,, mcg mcg ijrm ijrmbs bsku kusb sb,, sbsw sbswc c acapu ajgdjhcskcg kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca mb hbg`kug`cg sjkbtcr ajrjkc mjg`cg ijgcr. 9. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctbb `cai `caicr cr,, ajai ajaice cec c tjks tjks,, mcg mcg ijrm ijrmbs bsku kusb sb,, sbsw sbswc c acap ac apu u ajgy ajgycd cdbk bkcg cg bgol bgolra racs csbb tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` kcrc kcrckt ktjr jrbs bstb tbk k rucg rucg` ` mcg mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca mb hbg`kug`cg sjkbtcr ajrjkc mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 5. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajgmjg ajgmjg`c `crkc rkcg g pjgd pjgdjhc jhcsc scg g mcrb mcrb `uru `uru mcg mcg mbijr mbijrbkc bkcg g pcgm pcgmuc ucg g pjrtcgyccg, sbswc acapu ajgdjhcskcg ecrc ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc sjgb alzcbk mjg`cg icbk. =. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajgmjg ajgmjg`c `crkc rkcg g pjgd pjgdjhc jhcsc scg g mcrb mcrb `uru `uru mcg mcg mbijr mbijrbkc bkcg g pcgm pcgmuc ucg g pjrtc pj rtcgy gycc ccg, g, sbswc sbswc acapu acapu ajg`cp ajg`cprjs rjsbcs bcsbb ncsb ncsbhh kcryc kcryc sjgb sjgb alzcbk alzcbk
mjg`cg rcsc pjrecyc mbrb ycg` tbg``b.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 UImV 4 Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb
@ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
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Yjhb`bus Dudur Kjrdc Kjrcs Krjctbo Acgmbrb Mjalkrctbo Ebgtc ]cgcn Cbr
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Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
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@uru ajg`jej @uru ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg
36 ajgbt
>=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
Bgtb
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Ubswc ajg`cactb `cai `caicr cr mcg mcg ice icec tjks tjks tjgtcg` njwcg (cyca, ijijk, kuebg`, mcg bkcg) ycg` tjrmcpct mchca iuku sbswc.
Ubswc ajguhbs Ubswc ajguhbskcg kcg kcrcktj kcrcktjrbst rbstbk bk tjapct tjapct nbmup nbmup njwcg tjrsjiut pcmc klhla ycg` tjhcn mbsjmbckcg. (Ajguapuhkcg bgolracsb)
Ubswc ajgdcwc Ubswc ajgdcwci i pjrtcgyc pjrtcgyccg cg ycg` ycg` tjrmcpc tjrmcpctt mb iuku sbswc. Acgmbrb Ubswc ajguhbskcg kjsbapuhcg tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk tjapct tbg``ch njwcg cyca, ijijk, kuebg`, mcg bkcg.
Ubswc ajguhbs Ubswc ajguhbskcg kcg chcscg chcscg cpckcn cpckcn kuebg` kuebg` mcg bkcg mcpct nbmup mb tjapct ijsjrtc pjgdjhcscg. Ubswc ajguhbskcg pjgdjhcscg cpckcn kjcmccg chca (bkhba mcg ijgtuk aukc iuab) ajap aj apjg jg`c `cru runb nb kjnb kjnbmu mupc pcg g njwc njwcg g ijsj ijsjrt rtc c pjgdjhcscg. Gcsblgchbs Ubsw Ubswc c ajguh ajguhbsk bskcg cg pjgd pjgdjhc jhcsc scg g cpc cpc scdc scdc ycg` ycg` pjrhu mbpjrnctbkcg c`cr njwcg tjrsjiut mcpct nbmup mjg`cg icbk. Ubswc ajgmbskusbkcg kjaichb sjecrc ijrkjhlaplk ebrb-ebrb knusus cyca, btbk, kuebg`, mcg bkcg. Elhhcilrctblg
Ubsw Ubswc c ajg` ajg`cb cbtk tkcg cg ebrb ebrb-e -ebr brbb knus knusus us mjg`cg kcrcktjrbstbk tjapct nbmupgyc.
Ubswc mbabgtc ajgecrb tcnu tjgtcg` klgmbsb mcg kcrcktjrbstbk chca ycg` cmc mb sjkbtcr ajrjkc (bkhba mcg ijgtuk aukc iuab). Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg`
Ubswc mbabgtc ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb ijric`cb su suai aijr jr (iuk (iuku u pjrp pjrpus ustc tckc kccg cg,, bgtj bgtjrg rgjt jt ctcu ctcu gcrcsuaijr). Hbtjrcsb
Ubsw Ubswc c mbabgt mbabgtc c ajacd ajacdcg` cg` kcryc kcryc sjgb sjgb alzc alzcbk bk ycg` ycg` tjhcn tjhcn ajrjk ajrjkc c iuct iuct sjij sjijhua huagy gyc c mb ajdc ajdc acsbg`-acsbg`. (Ajg`jksphlrcsb) Ubswc ajgdjhcskcg ncsbh kcryc ajrjkc kjpcmc
tjacg sctu kjhlaplk sjecrc ijr`bhbrcg. ijr`bhbrcg. @ltlg` Ylylg` Ujtb Uj tbcp cp sbsw sbswc c mbab mbabgt gtc c ajg`cactb ncs ncsbhbh kcryc kcryc
tjrs tjrsji jiut ut
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
>:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Vjgutup
tjacg-tj tjacg -tjacg acggy gyc c mcg mcg ajaijr ajaijrbkc bkcg g klajg klajgtc tcr r sjic`cb ijgtuk cprjsbcsb. Ubsw Ubswc c ajgu ajguhb hbsk skcg cg cprj cprjsb sbcs csbb ajrj ajrjkc kc pcmc pcmc pltlg`cg pltlg`c g kjrtcs ycg` tjhcn mbsjmbckcg mb sjtbcp ajdc. Kjaumbcg, sbswc ajabhbn schcn sctu ncsbh kcryc Kjaumbcg, tjacggyc. Ubsw Ubswc c ajgu ajguhb hbs s cprj cprjsb sbcs csbb aj ajrj rjkc kc ctcs ctcs ncsb ncsbhh kcryc kcry c tjrsjiut tjrsjiut mjg`cg mjg`cg ajgdcwc ajgdcwci i pjrtcgyc pjrtcgyccg cg ycg` tjrmcpct mb iuku sbswc. Acgmbrb Ubswc bswc ajguh jguhbs bskc kcg g cpc cpc scdc scdc ycg` ycg` ajrj ajrjkc kc kjtc kjtcnub nub tjgtc tjgtcg` g` ncsbh ncsbh kcryc kcryc tjacg tjacg ajrjk ajrjkc c tjrsjiut. Hbtjrcsb Ubswc ajguhbskcg ic`cbacgc pjgmcpct ajrjkc tjgtcg` ncsbh kcryc tjrsjiut. Bgtj`rbtcs Ubswc Ubs wc ajguhbs ajguhbskcg kcg pjgmcp pjgmcpct ct ajrjkc ajrjkc tjgtcg` tjgtcg` ic`bcg ycg` ajgcrbk mcrb kcryc tjrsjiut ijsjrtc chcscg. Ubswc bswc ajgu ajguhb hbsk skcg cg scrc scrcg g c`cr c`cr kcry kcryc c sjgb jgb tjrsjiut hjibn icbk hc`b. Ubswc ajg`cactb `caicr ycg` tjrmcpct mchca iuku sbswc. Ijrscac-sca Ijrscacscac c sbswc sbswc ajaiuct ajaiuct kjsbapu kjsbapuhcg hcg / rcg rcg`kuacg acg ncsbh ijhcdc cdcr sjhcac hcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcg Ijrt cgyc yc dcwc dcwci i tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` actj actjrb rb yc ycg` g` tjhc tjhcn n mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg`
J.
Chlkcsb Pcktu
3: ajgbt
pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb. Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg mc g kjyc kjyckb kbgc gcg g acsb acsbg` g`-a -acs csbg bg` ` (ugt (ugtuk uk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Ajg`jtcnub
…………, ………….9630
>?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
Kjpchc Ujklhcn
@uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
Hcapbrcg 3 AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
>0
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
@.
Ajg`cprjsbcsb ncsbh kcryc alzcbk Ajgecrb bgolracsb mtjrkcbt kcrcktjrbstbk hbg`kug`cg
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
AC]JYB BVU
Ajgecrb tcnu hjibn hcgdut tjgtcg` nuiug`cg kcrcktjrbstbk tjapct nbmup njwcg mjg`cg ebrb-ebrb knususgyc Njwcg Ebeck
Kcrcktjrbstbk
Cpckcn kcau kcau pjrgcn ajg`cactb ajg`cactb ebeck ajrcycp mb mbgmbg` ruacnau< Ajg`cpc ebeck tjrsjiut ibcs ajrcycp mb mbgmbg`< Ic`cbacgc ebeck tjrsjiut ajgcg`kcp acg`scgyc< Ebec beck ajap ajapu ugycb pjrjk rjkct pcmc tjhc tj hcpc pck k mb kckb kckbgy gyc, c, jnbg jnbg`` ``c c bt-hcg`bt mcpc mcpct ajrcycp ajr cycp mbgmbg` mbgm bg` sctcu hcg`bt-hcg hcg` `btt ruacn. Ebeck du`c ajabhbkb hbmcn ycg` pcgdcg` mcg hjg`kjt, sjnbg``c mcpct ajgcg`kcp sjrcg``c. Ebeck Ebe ck ajapugyc ajapugycbb ukurcg ukurcg rctc-rct rctc-rctc c 0 nbg``c 36 ea. Ebeck beck mcpc mcpctt ajhj ajhjpc pcsk skcg cg jklr jklrgy gyc c ugtuk ajhbgmug`b mbrb. ]jrmcp ]jr mcpct ct ijijrcp ijijrcpc c djgbs djgbs ebeck, ebeck, ycbtu ycbtu ebeck ebe ck ruacn, ruacn, ebeck ebeck plnlg plnlg nbdcu, nbdcu, mcg tlkjk. Ebeck plnlg nbdcu mcg tlkjk ajap ajapugy ugycb cb ukurcg ukurcg ycg` ycg` hjibn hjibn ijscr ijscr mcrb ebeck ruacn.
Kjhjhcwcr
Kjhjhcwcr nbmup mb tjapct ycg` `jhcp, sjpjrtb mb ctcp ruacn mcg `uc. Kjhjhcwcr ajg`jhucrkcg sucrc mjg`cg orjkujgsb tbg``b. Ujhc Uj hcbg bg btu, btu, kjhj kjhjhc hcwc wcrr du`c du`c ajab ajabhb hbkb kb pjgmj jgmjg` g`cr crcg cg ycg` ycg` icbk icbk mcg mcg pjkc pjkc ajgjrba ajg jrbac c iugyb iugyb pcgtuhc pcgtuhcg. g. Kjhjhcw Kjhjhcwcr cr acapu aca pu ajgmj ajgmjtjk tjksb sb ijgm ijgmc-i c-ijg jgmc mc mb sjkbtcrgyc. Kjhj Kj hjhc hcwc wcrr cmch cmchcn cn njwc njwcg g glet gletur urgc gchh kcrjgc ajhckukcg kj`bctcg mb achca ncrb. Cmc muc djgbs kjhjhcwcr, kjhjhcwcr, ycbtu kjhjh hjhcwcr pjack ackcg iucn mcg kjhjhcwcr pjackcg sjrcg``c.
>>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Iug`hlg
Iug`hlg mc mcpct aj ajg`uicn wc wcrgc kuhbtgyc sjsucb mjg`cg wcrgc ijgmcijgmc ycg` cmc mb sjkbtcrgyc, abschgy absc hgyc c kjtbkc kjtbkc ijrcmc ijrcmc mb ctcs mcug mcug ycg` ijrwcrgc nbdcu, ackc wcrgcgyc ibsc ibsc ijrui ijruicn cn ajgdcm ajgdcmbb nbdcu nbdcu.. Kjtbk Kjtbkc c ijrcmc mb ictcg` plnlg ycg` ijrwcrgc elkhct, ackc wcrgcgyc ibsc ijruicn ajgdcmb elkhct. Iug` Iu g`hl hlg g ajg` ajg`ui uicn cn wcrg wcrgc c kuhb kuhbtg tgyc yc ugtuk ajhbgmug`b mbrb. Iug`hlg ajapugycb hbmcn ycg` pcgdcg` ajhjibnb ukurcg tuiungyc
N.
Hcapbrcg 9 VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y
>2
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. BVU Mbskusb mbgbhcb mjg`cg ruirbk Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg)
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Krbtjrbc
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbksusb ijrhcg`sug`.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
26
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
9. UImV Ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc alzcbk mbgbhcb mjg`cg mcotcr pjrbksc. Gl
3 9 5 =
Krjtjrbc
Ubswc ajguhbskcg ycg` ajrjkc kjtcnub tjgtcg` ncsbh kcryc alzcbk tjacggyc. Ubswc ajguhbskcg ic`cbacgc pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` ncsbh kcryc alzcbk tjrsjiut. Ubswc nch ycg` ajgcrbk mcrb kcryc alzcbk tjrsjiut ijsjrtc chcscggyc. Ubswc ajguhbskcg scrcg c`cr kcryc sjgb tjrsjiut tjrsjiut hjibn icbk hc`b.
Rc
]bmck
Ectctcg
23
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5 Uui ]jac 9
4 4 4 4
Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjijrc`cacg Acknhuk Nbmup mb Hbg`kug`cgku ? 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct,, ajaicec ajhbnct ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg. =.5 Ajhcplrkcg wcwcgecrc jojktbo mchcancsbh ijgtuk tjks tuhbs.ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact Bgmbkctlr4 5.3.> Ajgdjhcskcg ecrc ajguhbskcg hcplrcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc. =.3.> Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc. VVKG
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg nck sjncrb-ncrb.
29
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. =.9 Ijkjrdc scac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.: Ajgdjhcskcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca (njwcg hcg`kc). =.=.: Ajg`laugbkcsbkcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca ajhjstcrbkcg njwcg hcg`kc. E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajaic ajaicec, ec, ajgej ajgejra ractb ctb hcg`k hcg`kcncn-hcg hcg`k `kcn cn mcg mcg ijrhc ijrhctbn tbn,, sbsw sbswc c acapu ajgdjhcskcg ecrc ajguhbs hcplrcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc mjg`cg icbk. 9. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajaic ajaicec, ec, ajgej ajgejra ractb ctb hcg`k hcg`kcncn-hcg hcg`k `kcn cn mcg mcg ijrhc ijrhctbn tbn,, sbsw sbswc c acapu ajguhbs hcplrcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc. 5. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg ajaicec ajaicec tjks mcg ijrmbsk ijrmbskusb, usb, sbswc sbswc acapu ajgdjhc ajgdjhcskc skcg g nck mcg kjwcdbicg tjrncmcp pjhjstcrbcg njwcg mjg`cg ijgcr. =. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg ajhckukcg ajhckukcg rjohjks rjohjksb, b, sbswc acapu ajg`laug ajg`laugbkcs bkcsbkcg bkcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg mchca pjhjsctcrbcg njwcg mjg`cg pjgun pjrecyc mbrb.
M.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg VVKg 4
Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Bgtb
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus @uru @ur u ajg`jej ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Ubswc ajaicec bgolracsb tjgtcg` wcwcgecrc mb iuku sbswc. Hbtjrcsb
Ubswc ajgejractb olract ajguhbs hcplrcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc.
36 ajgbt
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
25
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Ubswc mbabgtc Ubswc mbabgtc ajg`cact ajg`cactbb sjtbcp sjtbcp ic`bcg ic`bcg pcmc pcmc olract hcplrcg wcwcgecrc Elhhcilrctblg
Ubswc mbijrb Ubswc mbijrb kjsjapc kjsjapctcg tcg ugtuk ugtuk ijrtcgy ijrtcgyc c mcg ajgmbsk ajgm bskusbk usbkcg cg mjg`cg mjg`cg `uru `uru dbkc cmc nch-nch nch-nch
Vjgutup
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Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
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UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
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Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630). Kcrmus (9 iucn)
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
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(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
2:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
HCAVBYCG 3 O. AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc Ajgmbskusbkcg nck mcgkjwcdbicg @.
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Ajtlmj
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AC]JYB ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC Olract Ajguhbs Hcplrcg Ncsbh Pcwcgecrc B. Hctcr Ijhckcg`
Ajguhbskcg chcscg ajhckukcg wcwcgecrc. Elgtln4 Kcab sbsw Kcab sbswc c kjhcs kjhcs = ajgm ajgmcp cpct ct tu`cs tu`cs ugtu ugtuk k ajhck ajhckuk ukcg cg wcwcg wcwcgecr ecrc c tjgtc tjgtcg` g` tuaiuncg mcg njwcg kjpcmc acsycrckct mb sjkbtcr tjapct tbg``ch kcab. BB. Acksum mcg ]uducg
Ajguhbskcg acksum mcg tuducg mbhckukcg wcwcgecrc. Elgtln4 ]uducg ]udu cg mcrb mcrb kj kj`b `bct ctcg cg bgb bgb cmch cmchcn cn ugtu ugtuk k ajg` ajg``c `chb hb bgol bgolra racs csbb hjib hjibn n hcgd hcgdut ut mcg mcg ajapjrmchca pjacncacg kcab tjgtcg` ijric`cb njwcg mcg tuaiuncg mb sjkbtcr tjapc tja pctt tbg``c tbg``chh kcab, kcab, ycg` ycg` ajhbpu ajhbputb tb kcrck kcrcktjr tjrbst bstbk bk tuaiu tuaiunc ncg g mcg mcg njwcg njwcg mcg kcbtc kcbtcggy ggyc c mjg` mjg`cg cg tjapc tjapctt nbmup nbmupgyc gyc sjrtc sjrtc nck nck mcg mcg tcg`` tcg``ug ug` ` dcwc dcwci i tjrncm tjrncmcp cp hbg`kug`cg. BBB. ]lpbk Pcwcgecrc
Ajguhbskcg tlpbk wcwcgecrc Elgtln4 ]uaiuncg mcg Njwcg mb Ujkbtcrku B_. Pcktu mcg ]japct Kj`bctcg
Ajguhbskcg wcktu mcg tjapct wcwcgecrc. Elgtln4 Pcwcgecrc bgb mbhckscgckcg pcmc4 Ncrb / ]cg``ch 4 Ucitu, : Glvjaijr 936: Pcktu 4 pukuh 6>.66 ― 62.66
2?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
]japct 4 Kcapug` Ajkcr Dcyc _. Hcplrcg Ncsbh Pcwcgecrc
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Ajguhbskcg kjsbapuhcg
VVKg Hjstcrbkcg Njwcg Hcg`kc.
Vjhjstc Vjhjs tcrbc rbcg g njwc njwcg g hcg` hcg`kc kc ijrtu ijrtuduc ducg g c`cr c`cr njwcg njwcg tjrsji tjrsjiut ut tbmck tbmck ajg`c ajg`chca hcabb kjpugc kjp ugcncg. ncg. Kjhjstcr Kjhjstcrbcg bcg njwcg njwcg scg`ct scg`ct ijracgo ijracgocct cct ugtuk ugtuk kjhcg`su kjhcg`sug`c g`cg g nbmup nbmup acgusbc. Ujic`cbb wcr`c Ujic`c wcr`c gj`crc gj`crc kbtc ajapugyc ajapugycbb kjwcdbi kjwcdbicg cg mcg tcg``ug tcg``ug` ` dcwci dcwci ugtuk ugtuk ajhbgmug`b mcg ajhjstcrbkcg njwcg-njwcg hcg`kc tjrsjiut. Ijijrcpc upcyc ycg` ibsc mbhckukcg ugtuk ajgdc`c njwcg hcg`kc, cgtcrc hcbg4 3. ajhckuk ajhckukcg cg pjgcg pjgcg`kcr `kcrcg cg njwc njwcg g hcg`kc hcg`kc.. 9. ajgmbrbkcg ajgmbrbkcg tjapct-tjapc tjapct-tjapctt pjrhbgmug`c pjrhbgmug`cg g njwcg njwcg hcg`kc, hcg`kc, absch4 suckc suckc acr`csctwc, ec`cr chca, kjiug ibgctcg`, mcg tcacg gcsblgch. Mjg`cg ajhbgmug`b njwcg hcg`kc kbtc mcpct4 3. ajgd ajgdc` c`c c kjsj kjsjba baic icg` g`cg cg jkls jklsbs bstj tja a c`cr c`cr kjnb kjnbmu mupc pcg g mb aukc aukc iuab iuab tjtc tjtcp p ijrdchcg mjg`cg icbk; 9. ajhjstcrbkcg ajhjstcrbkcg kjcgjkcrc`c kjcgjkcrc`cacg acg ncyctb ncyctb ycg` ijracgocct ijracgocct ic`b bhau pjg`jtcnucg pjg`jtcnucg mcg acsycrckct; 5. ajajgun ajajgunbb kjiutun kjiutuncg cg acsycrckc acsycrckct, t, abschgyc abschgyc ugtuk icncg icncg pcg`cg mcg lictlictlictcg.
20
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
HCAVBYCG 9 N. VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3
3
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9
5
=
3
9
5
=
3
9
5
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc Vrlsjs pjaijhcdcrcg ajguhbs hcplrcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc mbgbhcb mjg`cg ectctcg cgjkmlt. 9. VVKg Mbskusb mbgbhcb mjg`cg ruirbk. Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg. Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g bmj, pjrcsccg,
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu
Krbtjrbc
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,gcaug
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbksusb
=
2>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
ijrhcg`sug`. sjsucb tjrkcmcg` ajgmukug` mjg`cg ajrjsplg mcg tlpbk. kurcg` sjsucb ajabapbg mjg`cg tlpbk. hcbggyc scct mbskusb. Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 pbkbrcg)
Vjg`cyccg Ubswc ibsc ijrhctbn ajaiuct hcplrcg sjecrc acgmbrb sjsucb olract. Yjajmbch
Ubswc ycg` Ubswc ycg` ijhua ijhua acapu acapu ajguhbs ajguhbs hcplrcg hcplrcg sjsucb sjsucb pcgmuc pcgmucg g ycg` ycg` tjrmcpc tjrmcpctt mb mchca iuku sbswc mcpct ijrhctbn mjg`cg pjgmcapbg`cg `uru.
22
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5
4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Uui ]jac 5 Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4 4
Cyl Ebgtcb Hbg`kug`cg 3 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB) KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc
bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbs Bgmbkctlr4 5.5.= Ajg``chb bgolracsb ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5.= Ajgycdbkcg hcplrcg tjrtuhbs ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo BVC
5.> Ajacncab pjgtbg`gyc upcyc kjsjbaicg`cg mcg pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca mb hbg`kug`cggyc =.> Ajhckukcg kj`bctcg upcyc pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca ijrscac lrcg`-lrcg` mb hbg`kug`cggyc Bgmbkctlr4 5.>.: Ajgdjhcskcg acgocct mcrb pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg =.>.: Ajhckukcg rjohjksb kjibcsccg pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mchca ijgtuk tcijh
366
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
BVU
5.3 Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb =.3 Ajgycdbkcg ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb kcrcktjrbstbk rucg` mcg pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ugtuk kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mcrb tbg`kct kltc/kciupctjg scapcb tbg`kct prlvbgsb Bgmbkctlr4 5.3.: Ajg`bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgoctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct =.3.: Ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgoctccg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ajg` Ajg``u `ugc gckc kcg g mcot mcotcr cr pjrt pjrtcg cgyc yccg cg,, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajg` ajg``c `chb hb bgol bgolra racs csbb ajhchub kj`bctcg wcwcgecrc mjg`cg tjpct. 9. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg ajhc ajhcku kukc kcg g wcwc wcwcge gecr crc, c, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajgy ajgycd cdbk bkcg cg hcpl hcplrc rcg g tj tjrt rtuh uhbs bs ajg` ajg``u `ugc gckc kcg g kl klsc sc kc kctc tc icku icku mcg mcg kc kchb hbac actt jojk jojktb tboo mjg` mjg`cg cg sbstjactbs. 5. Mjg`cg `cg lisjrvcs vcsb hbg hbg`ku `kug`c g`cg, sbsw bswc acapu apu ajg` jg`bmjgt mjgtbo bobk bkc csb pjacgoctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg tjpct. =. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg lisjrvcs lisjrvcsbb mcg mbskusb, mbskusb, sbswc sbswc acapu ajgycdbkc ajgycdbkcg g bgolracsb bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbo bmj gtbobkcs bkcsbb pjacgoct pjacgoctccg ccg suaijr suaijr mcyc mcyc chca ncyctb ncyctb ic` ic`bb kjsjdcn kjsjdcntjrc tjrccg cg acsycrckct mjg`cg sbstjactbs. :. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg lisjrvc lisjrvcsb sb , sbswc acapu acapu ajgdjhcsk ajgdjhcskcg cg acgocct acgocct mcrb mcrb pjmuhb mcg mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct. ?. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg lisjrvcs lisjrvcsb, b, sbswc acapu ajhckuk ajhckukcg cg rjohjksb rjohjksb kjibcsccg kjibcsccg pjmuhb pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mchca ijgtuk tcijh mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg BVC
BVU
4
Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs Yjhb`bus Dudur Kjrdc Kjrcs Krjctbo Acgmbrb Mjalkrctbo Ebgtc ]cgcn Cbr
363
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jej @uru ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgyc @uru ajgycap apcbk cbkcg cg tcncp tcncpcg cg kj`bc kj`bctcg tcg ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj kj`b `bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg ajgybapuhkcg. Kj`bctcg Pcwcgecrc4
Bgtb
Ubsw Ubswc c ajhc ajhcku kukc kcg g wcwc wcwcge gecr crc c mjg` mjg`cg cg gcrc gcrc suaijr ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg ycg` tjhcn mbiuct sjhcac muc abg``u pjaijhcdcrcg. (Ajg`jkphlrcsb)
Ubsw Ubswc c ckcg ckcg ajg`l ajg`lhcn hcn ncsbh ncsbh wcwcge wcwcgecrc crc mcg mcg ajgycdbkcggyc ajgycdbk cggyc mchca ijgtuk hcplrcg, mjg`cg ajapjrnc ajap jrnctbkc tbkcg g pjg``u pjg``ugcc gccg g klsc kctc kctc icku icku mcg kchbact jojktbo. (Ajg`klaugbkcsbkcg)
Ubswc bswc ckcg ckcg ajai ajaiuc uctt rcge rcgecg cg`c `cg g hcpl hcplrc rcg g sjijhua ajgycdbkcggyc mchca ijgtuk hcplrcg ycg` hjg`kcp mcg sbstjactbs. Erbtbech ]nbgkbg` cgm Vrlihja Ulhvbg`
Ubswc ajguhbs ejrbtc tjgtcg` ‘Vjmuhb Hbg`kug Hbg` kug`cg `cg‑‑ mb hjaicr hjaicr kjrt kjrtcs cs hcbg ycg` tjh tjhcn cn mbsbcpkcg `uru. Hbtjrcsb
•
Ubswc ajg`cactb `caicr tuaiuncg ycg` cmc mb iuku.
Ubswc ajg`cactb klgmbsb klgmbsb njwcg mcg tcgcacg tjrsjiu tjrs jiutt mcg ajg`bgmj ajg`bgmjgtbo gtbobkcs bkcsbb tuaiunc tuaiuncg g mcg njwcg ycg` tjrcwct/tbmck tjrcwct.
Ubswc ajaiuiunkcg tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) pcmc `caicr njwcg mcg tuaiuncg ycg` tjrcwct.
Ubswc bswc kjaum jaumbc bcg g ajg` ajg`bm bmjg jgtb tbob obkc kcsb sb ebrb ebrb-e -ebr brbb tuai tuaiun uncg cg mcg njwcg jwcg ycg` ycg` tjrc tjrcw wct/t ct/tbm bmck ck tjrcwct. Ubswc ajguhbskcg ebrb-ebrb tjrsjiut pcmc tcijh ycg` tjrsjmbc. Erjctbvbty cgm Bgglvctblg
Ijrmcscrkcg pjg`chcacg ijhcdcr ncrb bgb, sbswc mbabgtc ajhckukcg cgchbsbs sjecrc acgmbrb, nch
njwcg
mcg
36 ajgbt
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
369
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
ijrbkut4 - Ijrc` Ijrc`ca ca pjgy pjgyjic jici i tuaiu tuaiuncg ncg mcg mcg njwc njwcg g tbmck tjrcwct. - Mcapck klgmbsb tjrsjiut ic`b acgusbc.
Ubswc bswc kjau kjaumb mbcg cg ajgm ajgmbs bsku kusb sbkc kcg g dcwc dcwcic icg g ajrjkc ijrscac tjacg mchca kjhlaplk kjebh. Elhhcilrctblg Lisjrvcsb Hbg`kug`cg Ujklhcn
Ubsw Ubswc c ajhckukcg lisjrvcsb acgmbrb acgmbrb tjrncmcp klgmbsb hbg`kug`cg sjklhcn ajrjkc. Erjctbvbty cgm Bgglvctblg
Ubsw Ubswc c kjaum kjaumbcg bcg ajg`cgchbsbs pjgyjici mcrb klgmbsb hbg`kug`cg sjklhcn tjrsjiut. Ubswc ajhckukcg rjohjksb tjrncmc tjrncmcp p klgmbsb klgmbsb hbg`kug hbg` kug`cg `cg sjklhcn sjklhcn ajrjk ajrjk mjg`cg mjg`cg ajgdcwc ajgdcwci i pjrtcgyccg ycg` tjrsjmbc. Cyl, Vjmuhb Hbg`kug`cg! Ubswc mchca kjhlaplk ajaiuct rjgecgc kj`bctcg pjmuhb hbg`kug`cg. @ltlg` Ylylg` Ubswc mcpct ajgcgca sjiucn sctu djgbs tuaiuncg mb plt, ctcu mb nchcacg sjklhcn. Ubsw bswc sjec jecrc acgmbrb brb ajgybc gybcpk pkc cg chct hct mcg mcg icncg ycg` mbpjrhukcg.
•
• • • Vjgutup
J.
Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630). Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
365
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Gcrcsuaijr4 pjtcgb, pjtjrgck, gjhcycg ctcu tlkln acsycrckct pjmuhb hbg`kug`cg ycg` aumcn mbtjaub mb hbg`kug`cg sjtjapct, ugtuk kj`bctcg wcwcgecrc.
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
36=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
HCAVBYCG 3 O. AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG Ajhckukcg wcwcgecrc Ajhckukcg lisjrvcsb hbg`kug`cg Ajhckukcg rjohjksb kjpjmuhbcg hbg`kug`cg @.
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
AC]JYB BVC Ajgeb Aj gebgt gtcb cb hbg`k hbg`kug ug`cg `cg cmch cmchcn cn ecrc ecrc kbtc kbtc ugtuk ugtuk bkut bkut sjrtc sjrtc ajgdc ajgdc`c `c kjhjs kjhjstcr tcrbc bcg g hbg`kug`cg. Ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg mcpct mbhckukcg mjg`cg ecrc sjmjrncgc, sjpjrtb4 Ajaiucg` scapcn pcmc tjapctgyc. Ajg`njact pjg``ugccg kjrtcs. Ajrcwct tuaiuncg mcg njwcg ycg` cmc mb ruacn. Aj Ajgdc gdc`c `c tuaiu tuaiunc ncg g mcg mcg njwc njwcg g mb acgcp acgcpug ug kbtc kbtc ijrc ijrcmc, mc, sjpj sjpjrtb rtb44 tbmck tbmck ajajtbk mcug, iug`c, ickch iucn, tcgpc tuducg. Msi. Mjg`cg Mjg `cg ajhckuk ajhckukcg cg kjibcsc kjibcsccgcg-kjib kjibcscc csccg g tjrsjiu tjrsjiutt mchca mchca kjsjncrb kjsjncrbcg, cg, tjgtugy tjgtugyc c hbg`kug`cg ckcg tjrcwct mcg tjrdc`c kjhjstcrbcggyc.
BVU Kbtc wcdbi ajgebgtcb mcg ajrcwct tuaiuncg, njwcg, mcg hbg`kug`cg mb acgcpug kbtc ijrcmc. Vjrbhcku pjmuhb hbg`kug`cg ajrupckcg wudum rcsc syukur ctcs gbkact ]uncg Rcg` Acnc Ac nc Jsc Jsc ycg` ycg` tjhc tjhcn n ajg` ajg`cg cgu` u`jr jrcn cnkc kcg g hbg` hbg`ku kug` g`cg cg ijsj ijsjrt rtc c bsbg bsbgyc yc ic`b ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acgusbc. Vjrbhcku pjmuhb hbg`kug`cg du`c ajrupckcg wudum sbkcp kbtc sjic`cb acgusbc ycg` ijrcmci mcg ajgdcmbkcg kbtc tjhcmcg ic`b hbg`kug`cg.
36:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
HCAVBYCG 9 N. VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI
Gcac
3 3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
9
5
=
3
9
5
=
3
9
5
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc • ]uhbscg rcgecg`cg hcplrcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc sbswc mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krbtjrbc
Bgolracsb (KM 5.5)
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Bgolracsb hjg`kcp sjsucb mjg`cg ncsbh wcwcgecrc.
Icbk (5)
Bgolracsb eukup hjg`kcp sjsucb mjg`cg ncsbh wcwcgecrc.
Eukup (9)
Bgolracsb kurcg` hjg`kcp, gcaug sjsucb mjg`cg ncsbh wcwcgecrc.
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Bgolracsb tbmck hjg`kcp.
Ubstjactbk c Hcplrcg (KM 5.5)
Hjg`kcp mcg ijrurutcg sjsucb mjg`cg krbtjrbc pcmc tjks hcplrcg.
Eukup hjg`kcp mcg ijrurutcg sjsucb mjg`cg krbtjrbc pcmc tjks hcplrcg.
Kurcg` hjg`kcp mcg ijrurutcg sjsucb mjg`cg krbtjrbc pcmc tjks hcplrcg.
]bmck hjg`kcp, tbmck ijrurutcg, mcg tbmck sjsucb mjg`cg krbtjrbc pcmc tjks hcplrcg.
]cgmc icec tbtbk
Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg nuruo kcpbtch nuruo kcpbtch nuruo kcpbtch nuruo kcpbtch mjg`cg tjpct. eukup tjpct. kurcg` tjpct. tbmck tjpct. Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg tbtbk mcg klac tbtbk mcg klac tbtbk mcg klac tbtbk
mcg klac
mjg`cg tjpct.
Klsc Kctc
Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ijhua acapu
Nuruo Kcpbtch
eukup tjpct.
kurcg` tjpct.
mcg klac tbmck tjpct.
=
36?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Icku (KM =.5)
klsc kctc icku mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
klsc kctc icku mchca sjic`bcg ijscr pjrtcgyccg.
klsc kctc icku mchca sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mchca pjrtcgyccg.
Kchbact
Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ajg``ugckcg Ijhua acapu
Jojktbo (KM =.5)
kchbact jojktbo kchbact jojktbo mchca mchca sjauc sjic`bcg pjrtcgyccg. ijscr pjrtcgyccg.
kchbact mchca jojktbo sjic`bcg kjebh pjrtcgyccg.
ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mchca sjauc pjrtcgyccg.
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg `uru.
Ijhua mcpct ajgyjsjhjscbkcg tu`cs ajskb tjhcn mbijrbkcg altbvcsb mcg ibaibg`cg.
Ubkcp4 Acgmbrb
]u`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb.
Ujic`bcg ijscr tu`cs mbsjhjscbkcg mjg`cg acgmbrb.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 30 x 36 1 ? 9> 9. BVU c. ]u`cs sbswc ajgjaukcg mcg ajguhbskcg bgolracsb tjgtcg` kcrcktjrbstbk ijgtcg` chca4 pcgtcb, mctcrcg rjgmcn mcg mctcrcg tbg``b, mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc.
Krbtjrbc
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrcc g acsycrckct.
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg eukup tjpct.
Ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg kurcg` tjpct.
Ijhua acapu ajg`bmjgtbobkc sb pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg tjpct.
Bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgocctcg
Ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgocctcg
Ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgocctcg
Ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb pjacgocctcg
Ijhua acapu ajgycdbkcg bgolracsb ncsbh bmjgtbobkcsb
suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrcc
suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg
suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg
suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b kjsjdcntjrccg
pjacgocctcg suaijr mcyc chca ncyctb ic`b
360
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
g acsycrckct.
acsycrckct mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
acsycrckct mjg`cg eukup sbstjactbs.
acsycrckct mjg`cg kurcg` sbstjactbs.
Vjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc
Eukup pjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc
Kurcg` pjmuhb tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc
chca Bgmlgjsbc sjecrc klgsbstjg Ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cs-tu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
chca Bgmlgjsbc.
chca Bgmlgjsbc.
Ubkcp Vjmuhb.
Ubkcp ]cg``ug` Dcwci.
Eukup ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cstu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
Kurcg` ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cstu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
kjsjdcntjrccg acsycrckct mjg`cg sbstjactbs. Ijhua ajgugdukkcg kjpjmuhbcg tjrncmcp kjijrcmccg suaijr mcyc chca. Ijhua ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tjrncmcp tu`cs-tu`cs sjecrc klgsbstjg.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 36 x 36 36 1 ?,9 3? i. Ubkcp sbswc scct ajhckukcg mbskusb pjajecncg acschcn mbgbhcb ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc.
Krbtjrbc
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc).
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg`
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg`
ijribecrc.
gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg. Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Dcrcg` ijribecrc
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc
Bsb pjaibecrccg
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg
g bmj, pjrcsccg,
ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg
sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
sjecrc rbgeb, gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg
sjhcac prlsjs mbskusb ijrhcg`sug`.
36>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
pbkbrcg).
kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4
]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach
Elgtln4 0 x 36 1 :,> 39 5. BVC ]u`cs sbswc mbpjrbksc ajg``ugckcg ruirbk. Ijrb tcgmc ejgtcg` ( ) sjsucb pjgecpcbcg sbswc. Krbtjrbc
Acgocct mcrb pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg.
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ajgdjhcskcg acgocct mcrb pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajgdjhcskcg acgocct mcrb pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg eukup tjpct.
Ajgdjhcskcg acgocct mcrb pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg kurcg` tjpct.
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ijhua acapu ajgdjhcskcg acgocct mcrb pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjpct.
Yjohjksb kjibcsccg pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mchca ijgtuk tcijh.
Ajhckukcg rjohjksb kjibcsccg pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mchca ijgtuk tcijh mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
Ajhckukcg rjohjksb kjibcsccg pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mchca ijgtuk tcijh mjg`cg eukup sbstjactbs.
Kjpjmuhbcg tjrncmcp kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg.
Ajgugdukkcg sjacg`ct ycg` tbg``b sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mjg`cg bkut cktbo mchca kj`bctcg ycg` ijrnuiug`cg mjg`cg
Eukup ijrsjacg`ct sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mcg eukup cktbo mchca kj`bctcg ycg` ijrnuiug`cg mjg`cg kjhjstcrbcg
Ajhckukcg rjohjksb kjibcsccg pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mchca ijgtuk tcijh mjg`cg kurcg` sbstjactbs. Kurcg` ijrsjacg`ct sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mcg kurcg` cktbo mchca kj`bctcg ycg` ijrnuiug`cg mjg`cg kjhjstcrbcg
Ijhua acapu ajhckukcg rjohjksb kjibcsccg pjmuhb mcg ajhjstcrbkcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg mchca ijgtuk tcijh mjg`cg sbstjactbs. ]bmck ijrsjacg`ct sjhcac kj`bctcg ijhcdcr mcg tbmck cktbo mchca kj`bctcg ycg` ijrnuiug`cg mjg`cg kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg.
362
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
kjhjstcrbcg hbg`kug`cg.
hbg`kug`cg.
hbg`kug`cg.
Vjgbhcbcg (Uklrbg`)4 ]ltch Gbhcb Ubswc x 36 ]ltch Gbhcb Acksbach Elgtln4 0 x 36 1 :,> 39 5. Vjgbh Vjgbhcbc cbcg g sbkcp sbkcp (tjhbtb (tjhbtb,, pjmuhb pjmuhb hbg`kug hbg`kug`cg `cg,, tcg``u tcg``ug` g` dcwci, dcwci, krjctb krjctbo, o, pjrecyc mbrb). Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Ijhua ]jrhbnct
Auhcb ]jrhbnct
Auhcb Ijrkjaicg`
Ajaiumcyc
Kjt.
Kjrdc Ucac mjg`cg Lrcg` ]uc Ubswc ajgmbskusbkcg ecrc ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg lrcg` tuc, tjrkcbt pjajhbnc pjaj hbncrccg rccg tcgcacg tcgcacg mcg njwcg. njwcg. ]uhbskc ]uhbskcg g ncsbh ncsbh mbskusba mbskusbau u tjgtcg` tjgtcg` ecrc ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg.
VJG@CRCCG • Dbkc wcktu ajaug`kbgkcg, sbswc mcpct ajg`cgchbsbs rcgecg`cg tuhbscg hcplrcg ncsb nc sbhh wcwc wcwcge gecr crc c ctcu ctcu rcge rcgecg cg`c `cg g tuhb tuhbsc scg g ejrb ejrbtc tc pjmu pjmuhb hb hbg` hbg`ku kug` g`cg cg,, ugtu ugtuk k ajacstbkcg dbkc tuhbscg ajrjkc tjhcn ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo. YJAJMBCH • Ubswc Ubswc ycg` ycg` ajgmc ajgmcpc pctkc tkcg g kjsu kjsuhbt hbtcg cg scct scct ajguhb ajguhbs s hcplrc hcplrcg, g, ck ckcg cg ajgmc ajgmcpct pct pjgmcapbg`cg `uru ugtuk ajgyjhjscbkcg tuhbscggyc.
336
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5 Uui ]jac 5 Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4 4 4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Cyl Ebgtcb Hbg`kug`cg 9 3 Ncrb
C.
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB) KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc.
I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) VVKG
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb =.9 Ijkjrdcscac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb Bgmbkctlr4 5.9.3: Ajg`cgchbsbs nck mcg kjwcdbicg mcrb acschcn ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg ycg` mbijrbkcg
=.9.3: Ajaijrbkcg elgtln tbgmckcg ycg` ibsc mbhckukcg ugtuk ajhccsckcg nck mcg kjwcdbcicg mchca kcbtcggyc ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg
333
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
UIMV
5.= Ajacncab kcryc sjgb rupc tjkgbk tjapjh =.= Ajaiuct kcryc klhcsj, algtcsj, cphbkcsb, mcg alzcbk Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.: Ajgdjhcskcg tjkgbk ajaiuct algtcsj =.=.: ajaiuct algtcsj mcrb icncg ijkcs E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG 3. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn mbijr mbijrbkc bkcg g acsc acschcn hcn,, sbswc sbswc acapu acapu ajg`c ajg`cgc gchbs hbsbs bs nck nck mcg mcg kjwcdbicg acsycrckct tjrncmcp hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 9. Ujtjhcn ijrmbskusb, ajaijrbkcg = elgtln tbgmckcg ycg` ibsc mbhckukcg ugtu ug tuk k ajgdc ajgdc`c `c hbg`ku hbg`kug` g`cgg cggyc yc (ajhck (ajhcksc scgc gckc kcg g nck mcg mcg kjwc kjwcdbi dbicg cg)) mjg`cg ijgcr. 5. Uj Ujtj tjhc hcn n ajg` ajg`ca cact ctbb algt algtcs csj, j, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajgd ajgdjh jhcs cskc kcg g tjkg tjkgbk bk ajaiuct algtcsj mjg`cg ijgcr. =. Ujtjhcn ijrmbskusb, sbswc acapu ajaiuct algtcsj mcrb icncg ijkcs mjg`cg krjctbo.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc VVKg mcg UImV 4 Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs
Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG
Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
g
Bgtb
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc
36 ajgbt
sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jej @uru ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
Ubswc Ubs wccmc mbabgtc mbabmbgtc ajaicec ajaice tjks Vjr`b kj Vcscr Vcs cr 5: Ajgbt ycg` iuku sbswc.c Ubswc ajaicec tjks ^ 56 DV mjg`cg ajai ajaic cec ijrcg rcgtcb. tcb. Uctu sbsw bswc ajaicec kjaumbcg sbswc hcbg ajgmjg`crkcg.
339
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajgugduk sbswc hcbg sjecrc ceck ugtuk ajhcg aj hcgdut dutkcg kcg ajaic ajaicec ec.. @uru @uru ajg`bg ajg`bg`c `ctkc tkcg g sbsw sbswc c ugtu ugtuk k ajgm ajgmjg jg`c `crk rkcg cg ej ejrb rbtc tc mjg` mjg`cg cg sjkscac. (Ajg`cactb) Hbtjrcsb
Ujtj Uj tjhcn hcn ajaic ajaicec ec tjks, tjks, `uru `uru ajabgt ajabgtc c sbswc sbswc mumuk ijrkjhlaplk. Uctu kjhlaplk tjrmbrb mcrb = sbswc. @uru ajg`jhlaplkkcg sbswc ijrmcscrkcg nbtug`cg 3-> (dbkc sbswc ijrduahcn 59). Ubswc ycg` ijrglalr scac ckcg ajgdcmb sctu kjhlaplk. Ubswc mchca kjhlaplk ajgmbsk ajgm bskusbk usbkcg cg pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccgccg- pjrtcgyc pjrtcgyccg cg ycg` ycg` cmc mb iuku sbswc. (Ajg`klaugbkcsbkcg)
Ubsw Ubswc c ajgy ajgyca capc pcbk bkcg cg ncsb ncsbhh pjkj pjkjrd rdcc ccgg ggyc yc kjpc kjpcmc mc `uru `uru.. @uru @uru ajaltb ajaltbvcs vcsbb sbswc sbswc ugtuk ugtuk ajgelic kj`bctcg-kj`bctcg ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg ycg` mbtuhbsgyc. @uru ajgycapcbkcg icnwc kj`bctcg ibsc mbhckukcg mcrb nch ycg` pchb chbg` sjmjrnc rncgc sjp sjpjrtb ajaiucg` scapcn pcmc tjapctgyc. Elaaugbectblg
Mb cknbr sjsb, `uru ajgycapcbkcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk pjmuhb mcg ijrtcg``ug` dcwci tjrncmcp kjijsbn kji jsbncg cg hbg`kug hbg`kug`cg. `cg. Nch sjmjrnc sjmjrncgc gc sjpjrtb sjpjrtb ajaiucg` scapcn pcmc tjapctgyc, ajg` aj g`ca cai ibh scap scapcn cn mb tjap tjapct ct uaua aua ibsc ibsc mbhckuk mbhc kukcg cg mjab mjab kjijrsb kjijrsbncg ncg hbg`kug hbg`kug`cg `cg.. Kjtbkc Kjtbkc hbg`kug`cg ijrsbn sjauc lrcg` ckcg gycacg.
Mb sjsb sjsb bgb, bgb, sbsw sbswc c ckcg ckcg ijrk ijrkrj rjcs csbb ajai ajaiuc uctt algt al gtcs csj j mcrb mcrb acdc acdchc hcn n ctcu ctcu klrc klrcg g ijkc ijkcs. s. (Ajg`jkphlrcsb) @uru @u ru ajgy ajgyca capc pcbk bkcg cg icnw icnwc c kj kj`b `bct ctcg cg ebgt ebgtc c hbg` hbg`ku kug` g`cg cg du`c du`c ibsc ibsc mbsc mbscap apcb cbkc kcg g ajhc ajhchu hubb algtcsj. @uru @ur u ajaicwc ajaicwc algtcsj algtcsj ycg` ycg` mbiuct mbiuct sjgmbrb sjgmbrb
ctcu ycg` `caicr ycg` cmc mb iuku sbswc. Ubswc ajg`cactb algt algtcs csj j tjrs tjrsji jiut ut mcg ajgmbskusbkcg. @uru ajg`uctkcg icnwc kjrcpbcg, pjrpcmucg wcrgc crgc,, pjri pjricm cmuc ucg g `cai `caicr cr ycg` cg` mbtja btjapj pjhh cmchcn cmc hcn nch-nch nch-nch ycg` ycg` pjrhu pjrhu mbpjrnct mbpjrnctbkcg bkcg mchca mchca ajaiuct algtcsj. Ubsw Ubswc c ajgec ajgecrb rb `caic `caicrr ycg` ycg` sjsuc sjsucbb ijrtj ijrtjac ac ebgtcb hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg krjcsb ajrjkc. @uru ajaltbvcsb ugtuk ajgjapjh mjg`cg rcpb mcg ajapjrnctbkcg klaplsbsb (icbk wcrgc acupug ijgtuk). Acgmbrb Ujtjhcn Ujtj hcn sjhjs sjhjscb cb,, ncsbh ncsbh pjkjrd pjkjrdcc ccg g sbswc sbswc ibsc ibsc mbpcdcg` mb pcpcg pcdcg` ctcu mb djgmjhc. @uru ajg`bg`ctkcg sbswc ugtuk ajaijrbkcg gcac, ncrb mcg tcg``ch ugtuk kcrycgyc. (Ajg`jksphlrcsb)
335
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Vjgutup
J.
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Ujtjhcn sjhjscb, sbswc mbabgtc ajaicec ejrbtc Mcyu Mc yu,, Hcgb Hcgb mcg mcg Ubtb Ubtb ycg` ycg` bg`b bg`bg g ajai ajaibg bg`k `kcb cb algtcsjgyc. Hbtjrcsb
Ijrs Ijrscacsbsw ajai kjsbapu kjsb rcg rcg`kcac-sca uacg acscac g cncsbswc sbh cijajaiuct hcdc cdcr uct sjhcac hc acapuhcg shcg jncrb/ Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcg Ijrt cgyc yc dcwc dcwci i tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` actj actjrb rb yc ycg` g` tjhc tjhcn n mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg mc g kjyc kjyckb kbgc gcg g acsb acsbg` g`-a -acs csbg bg` ` (ugt (ugtuk uk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlacg @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Iuku Ubswc ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jac ]j actbk tbk ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtj Kjajgtjrbcg rbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Algtcsj, acdchcn ijkcs, klrcg ijkcs, kjrtcs nvs ycg` schcn sctugyc sbsbgyc sumcn tjrpckcb, `ugtbg`, mcg hja.
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
33=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Hcapbrcg 3 O. AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
@.
Ajgmbskusbkcg ecrc ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg
Ijrkrjcsb mjg`cg algtcsj
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg Ajtlmj
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk 4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
33:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
Hcapbrcg 9 VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
9
5
=
3
9
5
=
3
9
5
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. VVKg 4 = ecrc ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg Krbtjrbc
Aumcn mbhckukcg.
Ujsucb kjiutuncg hbg`kug`cg.
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
= ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs aumcn ugtuk mbhckscgckcg . = ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs sjsucb mjg`cg
5 ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs aumcn ugtuk mbhckscgckcg . 5 ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs sjsucb mjg`cg
9 ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs aumcn ugtuk mbhckscgckcg . 9 ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs sjsucb mjg`cg
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
3 ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs aumcn ugtuk mbhckscgckcg. 3 ecrc ycg` mbtuhbs sjsucb mjg`cg
kjiutuncg kjiutuncg kjiutuncg kjiutuncg hbg`kug`cg. hbg`kug`cg. hbg`kug`cg. hbg`kug`cg. 3 ecrc tjrsjiut 9 ecrc 5 ecrc Ajaijrbkcg = ecrc ajaijrbkcg tjrsjiut tjrsjiut acgocct icbk tjrsjiut acgocct icbk ajaijrbkcg ajaijrbkcg ic`b ajaijrbkcg ic`b acgocct acgocct acgocct hbg`kug`cg. hbg`kug`cg. icbk ic`b icbk ic`b icbk ic`b hbg`kug`cg. hbg`kug`cg. hbg`kug`cg. Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 9. UImV4 Algtcsj Krbtjrbc
]jkgbk Ajgjapjh.
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Ujhurun icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb.
Icbk (5)
Ujic`bcg ijscr icncg mbtjapjh
Eukup (9)
Ujic`bcg icncg mbtjapjh mjg`cg rcpb.
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`cg (3)
Ujic`bcg kjebh mbtjapjh mjg`cg
=
33?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Vjabhbncg icncg.
Ajabhbn sjhurun icncg (`caicr) mjg`cg sjsucb.
Kjsjrcsbcg.
Ajgjapjh sjauc icncgicncg mjg`cg sjrcsb.
mjg`cg rcpb. Ajabhbn sjic`bcg ijscr icncg (`caicr mjg`cg sjsucb.
Ajabhbn sjic`bcg icncg (`caicr) mjg`cg sjsucb.
rcpb. Ajabhbn sjic`bcg kjebh icncg (`caicr) mjg`cg sjsucb.
Ajgjapjh Ajgjapjh Ajgjapjh sjic`bcg sjic`bcg sjic`bcg kjebh ijscr icncg-icncg icncg-icncg icncgmjg`cg mjg`cg sjrcsb. icncg sjrcsb. mjg`cg sjrcsb. Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 5. Mbskusb Ucct sbswc ajgmbskusbkcg pjrtcgyccg ijrmcscrkcg tjks ‘pjr`b kj pcscr" Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur,
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg. Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich
jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
tjpct.
ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg)
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg ajabapbg hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb, ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Krbtjrbc
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg kurcg` sjsucb mjg`cg tlpbk.
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3) Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg. Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb
glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac prlsjs mbskusb ijrhcg`sug`.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3
330
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
=. Vjgbhc Vjgbhcbcg bcg sbkcp sbkcp (tjhbtb (tjhbtb,, pjmuhb pjmuhb hbg`ku hbg`kug`c g`cg, g, tcg tcg``u ``ug` g` dcwci, dcwci, krjctb krjctbo, o, pjrecyc mbrb).
Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Auhcb Auhcb Ijhua IjrAjaiu Kjt. ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc `
Kjrdc Ucac mjg`cg Lrcg` ]uc Ubswc mbabgtc ajgmbskusbkcg mjg`cg lrcg` tuc tjgtcg` pjacgocctcg icrcg` ijkc ij kcs s ajgdc ajgdcmb mb icrcg` icrcg` ycg` ycg` mcpct mcpct mb`ug mb`ugckc ckcg g kjaic kjaichbhb mcg mcg ajguhb ajguhbsk skcg cg ncsbhgyc mb iuku sbswc. VJG@CRCCG
Ubswc ibsc mbijrbkcg slch-slch ejrbtc ycg` hjibn ruabt. YJAJMBCH Ubsw Ubswc c ycg` ycg` ijhua ijhua ibsc ibsc ajaiu ajaiuct ct slch slch ejrbt ejrbtc c mcg mcg ajgyj ajgyjhjs hjscb cbkcg kcg mcpct mcpct ajg`uhc ajg` uhcg` g` kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ijrscac ijrscac `uru. `uru. Kj`bctc Kj`bctcg g ibsc mbhckuk mbhckukcg cg sjuscb sjuscb dca ijhcdcr. Kj`bctcg mbhckukcg sjkbtcr 56 ajgbt―?6 ajgbt. Kj`bctcg mcpct mbhckukcg ugtuk ijijrcpc sbswc sjkchb`us.
33>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5 Uui ]jac 5 Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
C.
4 4 4 4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Cyl Ebgtcb Hbg`kug`cg 5 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB)
KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbs Bgmbkctlr4 5.5.= Ajg`chb bgolracsb ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5.= Ajgycdbkcg hcplrcg tjrtuhbs ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo BVC
5.> Ajacncab pjgtbg`gyc upcyc kjsjbaicg`cg mcg pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca mb hbg`kug`cggyc =.> Ajhckukcg kj`bctcg upcyc pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca ijrscac lrcg`-lrcg` mb hbg`kug`cggyc Bgmbkctlr4 5.>.? Ajgdjhcskcg pjgtbg` pjg`nbdcucg sjic`cb schcn sctu upcyc pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca
332
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
=.>.? Ajhckukcg kj`bctcg ajgcgca tcgcacg sjic`cb upcyc pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca mcg hbg`kug`cg E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg, sbswc acapu ajg``chb bgolracsbajhchub kj`bctcg wcwcgecrc mjg`cg tjpct. 9. Mjg`cg ajhckukcg ajhckukcg wcwcgecrc, wcwcgecrc, sbswc sbswc acapu acapu ajgycdbkcg ajgycdbkcg hcplrcgtjrtuhbs hcplrcgtjrtuhbs ajg``ugckcg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mjg`cgsbstjactbs. 5. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg lisj lisjrv rvcs csbb mcg mcg mbsk mbskus usb, b, sbsw sbswc c acap acapu u ajgd ajgdjh jhcs cskc kcg g pjgt pjgtbg bg` ` pjg` pj g`nb nbdc dcuc ucg g sjic sjic`c `cbb schc schcn n sctu sctu upcy upcyc c pj pjhj hjst stcr crbc bcg g suai suaijr jr mcyc mcyc chcamjg`cg hjg`kcp. =. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajgc ajgcgc gca a tcg tcgcacg cacg,, sbs sbswc acap acapu u ajhc ajhcku kukc kcg g prcktjk prc ktjkgyct gyctc c ugtuk ugtuk ajhjstcr ajhjstcrbkc bkcg g suaijr suaijr mcyc mcyc chca chca mcg hbg`kug` hbg`kug`cg cg acgmbrb.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg BVC 4 Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb
@ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs M.
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Bgtb
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jej @uru ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
36 ajgbt
@uru ajg`bg`ctkcg sbswc ugtuk ajapjrnctbkcg 5: Ajgbt pjg``ugccg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo ^ 56 DV scct ajguhbs hcplrcg. Elaaugbectblg @uru @u ru ajajr ajajrbks bksc c rcgec rcgecg` g`cg cg tuhbsc tuhbscg g hcplrc hcplrcg g ncsbh wcwcgecrc mjg`cg ajapjrnctbkcg4 - Ubstjactbkc/urutcg hcplrcg. - Vjg``ugccg klsc kctc icku mcg kchbact -
jojktbo. Nuru Nu ruoo kcpbt kcpbtch ch sjr sjrtc tc tcgmc tcgmc icec icec tbtbk tbtbk mcg mcg klac.
396
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Vjgutup
J.
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Ubswc ajaicec tjks sbg`kct mb iuku, tjgtcg` pjacgocctcg hcncg klslg`. (Ajg`cactb) Ubswc bswc ajai ajaice cec c mjg` mjg`cg cg tjhb tjhbtb tb tjks tjks ijrb ijrbsb sb bgol bgolra racs csbb tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` ijij ijijrc rcpc pc djgb djgbs s tcgc tcgcac acg g rbapcg`( rbap cg`(kjge kjgeur, ur, kugybt, kugybt, mcg dcnj) dcnj) ycg` mcpct mcpct mbacgocctkcg ajgdcmb lict ctcu abguacg ycg` ajgyjnctkcg tuiun. Hbtjrcsb Ubswc ajgdcwci pjrtcgyccg ijrmcscrkcg tjks, Acgmbrb Ajguhbskcg bgolracsb pjgtbg` ycg` tjrmcpct mb mchca tjks . (Ajg`klaugbkcsbkcg) Vjacgocctcg hcncg klslg` mcg tcgcacg ycg` ijracgocct. @ltlg` Ylylg` Ubkc bkcp mcg gbhcbhcb-g gbhcb bhcb plsbtbo btbo ycg` mcpct mbtcuhcmcgb mcg mbhckscgckcg mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. Gcsblgchbs Ubsw Ubswc c ajai ajaice cec c sjgy sjgycp cp tjks tjks tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` ec ecrc rc ajajhbncrc njwcg mcg tuaiuncg. Hbtjrcsb Ubswc ijrmbskusb mjg`cg tjacg ugtuk ajgecrb elgtln hcbg tjgtcg` ecrc-ecrc ajrcwct njwcg mcg tuaiuncg. Elhhcilrctblg Ubsw Ubswc c ajgu ajguhb hbsk skcg cg ncsb ncsbhh mbsk mbskus usbb mchc mchca a pjtc pjtc pbkbrcg ycg` tjhcn tjrsjmbc. Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
]lg`kct mcg ilhc kcstb
393
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
399
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
O.
@.
Hcapbrcg 3 AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc
Ajgcgca tcgcacg
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G Vjgmjkctcg 4 Uc Ucbgtbobk
Ajtlmj
4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
AC]JYB BVC
Hcncg klslg` ycg` tbmck tjrcwct ajaiuct hbg`kug`cg kbtc ajgdcmb kurcg` sjmcp mbpcgmcg`, cpchc`b dbkc hcncg btu kltlr. Vjacgocctcg hcncg klslg` mb pjkcrcg`cg sjklhcn ctcu ruacn ajrupckcg ecrc pjg`nbdcucg sjic`cb wudum pjrbhcku pjmuhb hbg`kug`cg. Ajgc Aj gcgc gca a tcgc tcgcac acg g pcmc pcmc hcnc hcncg g ycg` cg` sumc sumcn n hcac hcac tck tck tjrc tjrcwc wctt ckcg ckcg ajgyj`crkcg kjaichb hcncg/tcgcn btu. Uchcn sctu ecrc ajg`nbdcukcg hcncg cmchcn mjg`cg ajgcgca tuaiuncg ycg` ijracgocct ic`b kbtc, abschgyc tcgcacg lict4 kjgeur, kugybt mcg dcnj.
395
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
N.
Hcapbrcg 9 VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. Vjgbhcbcg Vjgbhcbcg sbkcp sbkcp (pjrecyc (pjrecyc mbrb, mbrb, rcsc bg`bg bg`bg tcnu, tcnu, mcg kjrdc kjrdc scac). scac).
Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Auhcb Ijhua Auhcb IjrAjaiu Kjt. ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc `
Kjrdc Ucac mjg`cg Lrcg` ]uc
Ubswc ajguhbskcg ecrc-ecrc ycg` ajgugdukkcg icnwc bc tjhcn ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg ruacn mcg sjklhcn mjg`cg ajgmbskusbkcg nch bgb mjg`cg lrcg` tuc. VJG@CRCCG Cpcibhc ajabhbkb ajabhbkb wcktu, sbswc sbswc mcpct mbabgtc mbabgtc ugtuk ajhckukcg ajhckukcg kj`bctcg kj`bctcg ‘stumy pustckc‑ , ajgecrb bgolracsb hjibn icgyck hc`b tjgtcg` tcgcacg lict mcg acgocctgyc. YJAJMBCH
Ubswc ycg` ijhua ajacncab ecrc ajrcwct tuaiuncg mcg njwcg, mbabgtc ugtuk ajaicec kjaichb tjks mcg ajgmcpctkcg wcktu tcaicncg.
39=
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr ]jac 5 Uui ]jac 5 Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4 4 4 4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Cyl Ebgtcb Hbg`kug`cg = 3 Ncrb
C.
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB) KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,, ajhbnct ajhb nct,, ajaicec ajaicec mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgcgyc ijrmcsc ijrmcscrkc rkcg g rcsc bg`bg tcnu tjgtcg` mbrbgyc, acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcg kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc.
I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbscg Bgmbkctlr4 5.5.36 Ajaijrbkcg pjgmcpct tjrncmcp hcplrcg ycg` mbtuhbs lhjn tjacg =.5.2 Ajguhbs hcplrcg mjg`cg ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo. VVKG
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb
39:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
=.9 Ijkjrdcscac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb Bgmbkctlr4 5.9.3? Ajgdjhcskcg mcapck mcrb ajhchcbkcg kjwcdbicg ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg =.9.3? Ajgycdbkcg hcplrcg kjscmcrcg acsycrckct ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg mb tjapct tbg``chgyc E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtj Ujtjhcn hcn ajg` ajg`cac cactb tb `caic `caicr, r, sbswc sbswc acapu acapu ajgdj ajgdjhcs hcskc kcg g mcapc mcapck k mcrb mcrb ajhchcbkcg kjwcdbicg ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. 9. Ujtjhcn ajhckukcg pjg`cactcg, sbswc acapu ajgycdbkcg hcplrcgkjscmcrcg acsycrckct ajgdc`c hbg`kug`cg mb tjapct tbg``chgyc mjg`cg rugtut. 5. Ujtjhcn Ujtjhcn ajguhbs ajguhbs hcplrcg, hcplrcg, sbswc acapu acapu ajaijrb ajaijrbkcg kcg pjgmcpct pjgmcpct tjrncmc tjrncmcp p hcplrcg ycg` mbtuhbs lhjn tjacg mjg`cg tjrpjrbgeb. =. Ujtjhcn Ujtjhcn ijrmbsku ijrmbskusb, sb, sbswc acapu acapu ajapjric ajapjricbkb bkb tuhbscg tuhbscg pcmc hcplrc hcplrcggyc ggyc ajg``ugckcg kchbact jojktbo mjg`cg sbstjactbs.
M.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg VVKg 4
Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Bgtb
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jej @uru ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
l
Mb cwch cwch pjaijhc pjaijhcdcrc dcrcg g `uru `uru ijrtcgyc ijrtcgyc kjpcmc kjpcmc sbsw sbswc, c, cpc cpc ycg` ycg` sumc sumcn n ajrj ajrjkc kc hcku hckukc kcg g mb ruacn ugtuk ruacn ugtuk ajgdc`c ajgdc`c hbg`kug hbg`kug`cg `cggyc< gyc< Ubswc Ubswc mbijrb kjsjapctcg ugtuk ijrejrbtc nch-nch ycg`
36 ajgbt
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
sumc su mcn n
ajrj ajrjkc kc
hcku hckukc kcg g
ugtu ugtuk k
ajgd ajgdc c`c
39?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
hbg`kug`cggyc. @uru ajaijrbkcg cprjsbcsb ctcs nch-nch ycg` sumcn mbhckukcg lhjn sbswc. @uru tjrus ajaltbvcsb sbswc ugtuk hjibn pjmuhb mcg ijrt ij rtcg cg`` ``ug ug` ` dcwc dcwci i tjrn tjrncm cmcp cp hbg` hbg`ku kug g`cg. `cg.
l
Elaaugbectblg Ubswc ajg`cactb `caicr-`caicr `caicr-`caicr ycg` cmc mb
iuku sbswc. iuku sbswc. Ujecrc Ujecrc bgmbvbmu bgmbvbmu sbswc sbswc ajgdcwc ajgdcwci i pjrtcgyccg ijrmcscrkcg `caicr. Acgmbrb l
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Ubswc ajguhbs Ubswc ajguhbskcg kcg pjgmcp pjgmcpct ct ajrjkc ajrjkc tjgtcg` tjgtcg` ic`bcg ycg` ajgcrbk mcrb kcryc tjrsjiut ijsjrtc chcscg.
Ubswc bswc ajgu ajguhb hbsk skcg cg scrc scrcg g tjrsjiut hjibn icbk hc`b.
Ubsw Ubswc c ajguhb ajguhbsk skcg cg dcwcic dcwcicg g ctcc ctcc pjrtc pjrtcgy gyccg ccg `uru mb iuku sbswc.
Ubsw Ubswc c ajgu ajgukcr kcrkcg kcg dcwci dcwcicg cg ajrjkc ajrjkc mjg` mjg`cg cg tjacg mcg ajgmbskusbkcg pjrijmccg ycg` cmc. @ltlg` Ylylg`
Ubsw Ubswc c ajgdcw ajgdcwci ci pjrtc pjrtcgy gycc ccg g ycg` ycg` tjrmc tjrmcpc pctt mchca iuku sbswc. Ubsw Ubswc c ajguhb ajguhbsk skcg cg nch nch ycg` ycg` mcpct mcpct mbhck mbhckukc ukcg g ugtuk ugt uk ajgdc`c ajgdc`c kjsjbaic kjsjbaicg`cg g`cg mcg kjhjstcr kjhjstcrbcg bcg hbg`kug`cg. Ubswc ajguhbskcg ebrb-ebrb wcr`c ycg` ajabhbkb sbkcp tbmck ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg. (Ajg`uapuhkcg bgolracsb)
acsbg`- acsbg`. Elaaugbectblg Ubswc ajgdjhcskcg ncsbh kcryc ajrjkc kjpcmc tjacg sctu kjhlaplk sjecrc ijr`bhbrcg. Ujtb Uj tbcp cp sbsw sbswc c mbab mbabgt gtc c ajg`cactb ncsbh ncsbh kcryc kcryc tjacg tja cg-tj -tjacg acggy gyc c mcg mcg ajaijr ajaijrbkc bkcg g klajg klajgtc tcr r sjic`cb ijgtuk cprjsbcsb. Ubsw Ubswc c ajgu ajguhb hbsk skcg cg cprj cprjsb sbcs csbb ajrj ajrjkc kc pcmc pcmc pltlg`cg pltlg`c g kjrtcs ycg` tjhcn mbsjmbckcg mb sjtbcp ajdc. (Ajg`klaugbkcsbkcg) Ubswc ajabhbn schcn sctu ncsbh kcryc tjacggyc. Ubswc ajguhbs cprjsbcsb ajrjkc tjgtcg` kcryc tjacggyc tjrsjiut mjg`cg ajgdcwci pjrt pj rtcg cgyc ycc cg ycg` ycg` tjrm tjrmcp cpct ct mb iuku iuku sbsw sbswc. c. Bgtj`rbtcs
Vjgutup
Chlkcsb Pcktu
c`cr c`cr kcry kcryc c
sjgb jgb
Ubswc ajguhbskcg ebrb-ebrb wcr`c ycg` ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg. Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrscac-sca Ijrscacscac c sbswc sbswc ajaiuct ajaiuct kjsbapu kjsbapuhcg hcg / rcg rcg`kuacg acg ncsbh ijhcdc cdcr sjhcac hcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
3: ajgbt
Ijrt Ij rtcg cgyc yc dcwc dcwci i tjgt tjgtcg cg` ` actj actjrb rb yc ycg` g` tjhc tjhcn n
35?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
J.
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg mc g kjyc kjyckb kbgc gcg g acsb acsbg` g`-a -acs csbg bg` ` (ugt (ugtuk uk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Kcryc sjgb algtcsj
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn)
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs)
GBV 4
GBV 4
350
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Hcapbrcg 3 O.
AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
@.
Ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc sjgb algtcsj Ajg`laugbkcsbkcg pjacgocctcg mcg pjhjstcrbcg suaijr mcyc chca
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg Ajtlmj
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk 4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
35>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Hcapbrcg 9 N.
VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. BVU Mbskusb mbgbhcb mjg`cg ruirbk
Krbtjrbc
Ajgmjg`crkcg
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Ujhchu ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` sjmcg` ijribecrc.
Ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg` ijribecrc gcaug sjsjkchb
Acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkc g tjacg ycg`
Ujrbg` mbbg`ctkcg ugtuk ajgmjg`crkcg tjacg ycg` sjmcg`
acsbn pjrhu mbbg`ctkcg.
sjmcg` ijribecrc.
ijribecrc gcaug tbmck ajg`bgmcnkcg. Ajaiutunkcg icgtucg mchca ajacncab ijgtuk klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Dcrcg` ijribecrc sjhcac
Klaugbkcsb glg vjrich (klgtck actc, icncsc tuiun, plstur, jksprjsb wcdcn, sucrc)
Ajrjsplg mcg ajgjrcpkcg klaugbkcsb glg vjrich mjg`cg tjpct.
Ajrjsplg mjg`cg tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg.
Vcrtbsbpcsb (ajgycapcbkc g
Bsb pjaibecrccg ajg`bgspbrcsb
Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc rbgeb,
Ujrbg` ajrjsplg kurcg` tjpct tjrncmcp klaugbkcsb glg vjrich ycg` mbtugdukkcg tjacg. Ijribecrc mcg ajgjrcg`kcg sjecrc
bmj, pjrcsccg, pbkbrcg)
tjacg. Ujhchu ajgmukug` mcg
ajrjsplg sjsucb mjg`cg
rbgeb,gcaug tjrkcmcg` ajrjsplg
prlsjs mbksusb ijrhcg`sug`.
ajabapbg
tlpbk.
kurcg` sjsucb
352
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
hcbggyc scct mbskusb.
mjg`cg tlpbk.
Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 9. UImV
Ajg`cprjsbcsb kcryc alzcbk mbgbhcb mjg`cg mcotcr pjrbksc. Gl
3
9
5 =
Krbtjrbc
Rc
]bmck
Ectctcg
Ubswc ajguhbskcg ycg` ajrjkc kjtcnub tjgtcg` ncsbh kcryc algtcsj tjacggyc. Ubswc ajguhbskcg ic`cbacgc pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` ncsbh kcryc algtcsj tjrsjiut. Ubswc ajguhbskcg nch ycg` ajgcrbk mcrb kcryc algtcsj tjrsjiut ijsjrtc chcscggyc. Ubswc ajguhbskcg scrcg c`cr kcryc sjgb tjrsjiut hjibn icbk hc`b.
5. Vjgbhcbcg sbkcp (pjrecyc mbrb, mbrb, rcsc bg`bg tcnu, mcg kjrdc scac).
Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Auhcb Ijhua Auhcb IjrAjaiu Kjt. ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc `
Kjrdc Ucac mjg`cg Lrcg` ]uc
Ub Ubsw swc c ajgu ajguhb hbsk skcg cg = ecrc ecrc yc ycg` g` mcpc mcpctt mbhc mbhcku kukc kcg g sjlr sjlrcg cg` ` cgck cgck ugtu ugtuk k ajgugdukkcg sbkcp ebgtc hbg`kug`cg. Ubswc ajgmbskusbkcggyc mjg`cg lrcg` tuc.
3=6
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
YJGECGC VJHCKUCGCCG VJAIJHCDCYCG (YVV)
C.
Uctucg Vjgmbmbkcg Kjhcs / Ujajstjr
4 4
UMG ................ ................ B_ (Japct) / 3
]jac 5 Uui ]jac 5 Vjaijhcdcrcg Chlkcsb Pcktu
4 4 4 4
Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Cyl Ebgtcb Hbg`kug`cg ? 3 Ncrb
KLAVJ]JGUB BG BG]B (K (KB) KB 3 4 Ajg Ajgjrba rbac, ajgdc jgdchc hcg gkcg mcg ajg`n g`ncr`cb `cb cdcr crc cg c`cac `cac ycg` cg` mbcgutgyc. KB 9 4 Ajabhb Ajabhbkb kb pjrbhc pjrbhcku ku dud dudur, ur, mbsbphbg mbsbphbg,, tcg`` tcg``ug` ug` dcwci, dcwci, scgtu scgtug, g, pjmu pjmuhb, hb, mcg mcg pjrecyc pjre cyc mbrb mchca mchca ijrbgtj ijrbgtjrcks rcksbb mjg`cg mjg`cg kjhucr` kjhucr`c, c, tjacg, tjacg, `uru, `uru, mcg tjtcg``cgyc. KB 5 4 Ajacncab Ajacncab pjg`jt pjg`jtcnu cnucg cg ocktuch ocktuch mjg`cg mjg`cg ecrc ecrc ajg`cactb ajg`cactb (ajgmj (ajgmjg`cr g`cr,,
ajhb ajhbnct , ajaicec ajai cec mbrbgyc, mcg ajgcgyc ajg cgyc)) mcg ajgcgyc ajgc gyc ijrmcsc ijr rkcg g rcsc bg`bgnct, tcnu tjgtcg` acknhuk ebptccg ]uncg mcgmcscrkc kj`bctcggyc, mcg ijgmc-ijgmc ycg` mbduapcbgyc mb ruacn, sjklhcn, mcg tjapct ijracbg. KB = 4 Ajgycdbk Ajgycdbkcg cg pjg`jtc pjg`jtcnuc nucg g ocktuch ocktuch mchca mchca icncsc icncsc ycg` djhcs, djhcs, sbstjac sbstjactbs, tbs, mcg hl`bs l`bs,, mchca chca kcr kcryc ycg` jstjt tjtbs, bs, mchc mchca a `jr jrc ckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg cgck sjnct, mcg mchca tbgmckcg ycg` ajgejrabgkcg pjrb-hcku cgck ijrbacg mcg ijrcknhck auhbc. I.
KLA KLAVJ]J VJ]JGU GUBB MCU MCUCY (K (KM) M) ICNCUC BGMLGJUBC
5.5 Ajg``chb bgolracsb mcrb sjlrcg` tlkln ajhchub wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg mcotcr pjrtcgyccg =.5 Ajhcplrkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc ajg``ugckcg klsckctc icku mcg kchbact jojktbo mchca ijgtuk tjks tuhbs Bgmbkctlr4 5.3.> Ajgdjhcskcg ecrc ajguhbskcg hcplrcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc =.3.> Ajaprjsjgtcsbkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc VVKG
3. Ajgjrbac mcg ajgdchcgkcg cdcrcg c`cac ycg` mbcgutgyc. 9. Ajabhbkb pjrbhcku dudur, mbsbphbg, tcg``ug` dcwci, scgtug, pjmuhb, mcg pjrecyc mbrb mchca ijrbgtjrcksb mjg`cg kjhucr`c, tjacg, mcg `uru. 3.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb cacgcn wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb. 9.9 Ajgjrbac nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb.
3=3
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
5.9 Ajacncab nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb =.9 Ijkjrdc scac ajhckscgckcg nck mcg kjwcdbicg sjic`cb wcr`c acsycrckct mchca kjnbmupcg sjncrb-ncrb Bgmbkctlr4 5.=.> Ajgyjiutkcg chcscg ugtuk ajhjstcrbkcg hbg`kug`cg =.=.> Ajg`laugbkcsbkcg cdckcg tjgtcg` kjwcdbicg ajhjstcrbkcg hbg`kug`cg E.
]ZDZCG VJA VJAIJHCDCY DCYCG
3. Ujtj jtjhcn hcn ajai jaicec cec, ajg ajgejr jra actb hcg`k g`kcncn-hcg hcg`kcn, mcg ijrhc rhctbn, sbswcaca sbsw cacapu pu ajgdjhc ajgdjhcskc skcg g ecrc ajgycdbk ajgycdbkcg cg hcplrcg hcplrcg ncsbh ncsbh wcwcge wcwcgecrc crc sjecrc hbscg mjg`cg rcsc pjrecyc mbrb ycg` tbg``b. 9. Ujtj jtjhcn hcn ajai jaicec cec, ajg ajgejr jra actb hcg`k g`kcncn-hcg hcg`kcn, mcg ijrhc rhctbn, sbswc sbs wcaca acapu pu ajapr ajaprjsj jsjgt gtcs csbkc bkcg g hcplr hcplrcg cg ncsb ncsbhh wcwc wcwcgec gecrc rc mjg` mjg`cg cg sbstjactbs. 5. Mjg` Mjg`cg cg mbc` mbc`rc rca a orcy orcyjr jr,, sbsw sbswc c ajgy ajgyji jiut utkc kcg g elgt elgtln ln sbkc sbkcp p mchc mchca a ajhjstcrbkcg hbg`kug`cg sjic`cb ijgtuk kjwcdbicg wcr`c gj`crc mjg`cg ijgcr. =. Mjg`cg Mjg`cg mbc`rca mbc`rca orcyjr, orcyjr, sbswc acapu acapu ajg`laugbk ajg`laugbkcsbk csbkcg cg cdckcg cdckcg ugtuk aj ajhjs hjstcr tcrbkc bkcg g hbg`k hbg `kug` ug`cg cgdcwci. sjic` sjic`cb cb ijgtu ijgtuk k kjwc kjwcdbi dbicg cg sjic sjic`c `cbb wcr` wcr`c c mjg`cg pjgun tcg``ug`
M.
Kcrcktjr sbswc ycg` mbncrcpkcg 4 Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc mcg VVKg 4
Yjhb`bus Gcsblgchbs Acgmbrb @ltlg` Ylylg` Bgtj`rbtcs
KJ@B J@BC]CG C]CG VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYC CG Kj`bctcg Vjgmcnuhuc g
Bgtb
Chlkcsb Pcktu
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
@uru ajaijrbkcg schca mcg ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg`. Yjhb`bus
@uru ajg`jej @uru ajg`jejk k kjsbcpc kjsbcpcg g mbrb mjg`cg mjg`cg ajg`bsb ajg`bsb hjaicr hja icr kjnc kjncmbr mbrcg cg mcg mcg ajajr ajajrbks bksc c kjrcp kjrcpbnc bncg g pckcbcg, plsbsb mcg tjapct mumuk mbsjsucbkcg mjg`cg kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg.
Ajg`bgolracsbkcg tjac ycg` ckcg mbijhcdcrkcg ycbtu tjgtcg` ‑Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup ‑.
@uru ajgycapc @uru ajgycapcbkcg bkcg tcncpc tcncpcg g kj`bctc kj`bctcg g ycg` ycg` ajhb aj hbpu putb tb kj`b kj`bct ctcg cg ajg` ajg`ca cact ctb, b, ajgc ajgcgy gyc, c, ajg` aj g`jk jksp sphl hlrc rcsb sb,, ajg` ajg`la laug ugbk bkcs csbk bkcg cg mcg mcg ajgybapuhkcg.
ajaprjsjgtcsbkcg Ubswc wcwcgecrc mchca kjhlaplk.
hcpl hcplrc rcg g
ncsb ncsbhh
36 ajgbt
5: Ajgbt ^ 56 DV
Ubsw Ubswc c ajgmj ajgmjg`c g`crkc rkcg g pjgdj pjgdjhc hcscg scg mcrb mcrb `uru `uru
3=9
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Kj`bctcg
Mjskrbpsb Kj`bctcg
Vjgutup
J.
Chlkcsb Pcktu
tjgtcg` cpc scdc ycg` pjrhu mbpjrnctbkcg kjtbkc ajhckukcg prjsjgtcsb. Elaaugbectblg Ubswc ajg`laugbkcsbkcg kjpcmc sbswc mchca kjhlaplk cspjk ycg` tjrmcpct mchca mbc`rca orcyjr, ycbtu4 • Elgtln sbkcp ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg. • Iukcg elgtln sbkcp ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg. • Ebrb-ebrb pjrbhcku ycg` ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg. • Kjsbapuhcg. Ubswc mcpct ajgcgyckcg ijric`cb pjrtcgyccg kjpcmc tjacg ycg` ijrejrbtc ugtuk ajgdcwci rcsc bg`bg tcnu ajrjkc. @ltlg` Ylylg` Ijrscac-scac sbswc ajaiuct kjsbapuhcg / rcg`kuacg ncsbh ijhcdcr sjhcac sjncrb Bgtj`rbtcs
Ijrtcgyc dcwci tjgtcg` actjrb ycg` tjhcn mbpjhcdcrb (ugtuk ajg`jtcnub ncsbh kjtjrecpcbcg actjrb)
@uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sbswc ugtuk ajgycapcbkcg pjgmcpctgyc tjgtcg` pjaijhcdcrcg ycg` tjhcn mbbkutb.
Ajhckukcg pjgbhcbcg ncsbh ijhcdcr
Ajg`cdck sjauc sbswc ijrml‒c ajgurut c`cac mcg kjyckbgcg acsbg`-acsbg` (ugtuk ajg`cknbrb kj`bctcg pjaijhcdcrcg) Yjhb`bus
3: ajgbt
UZAI UZAIJY JY MCG MCG AJMB AJMBC C VJAI VJAIJH JHCD CDCY CYCG CG
Iuku Vjmlac Iuku Vjmlacg g @uru @uru ]jac 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup Kjhcs = (Iuku ]jactbk ]jrpcmu Kurbkuhua 9635 Yjv.9630, Dckcrtc4 Kjajgtjrbcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Vjmuhb uhb ]jrncmcp ]jrncmcp Acknhu Acknhuk k Nbmup Nbmup Kjhcs Iuku Ubsw bswc ]jac 4 Vjm Kjhcs = (I (Iuku uku ]jac ]j actb tbk k ]jrp ]jrpcm cmu u Kurbkuhua 9635 9635 Yjv.963 Yjv.9630, 0, Dckcrtc Dckcrtc44 Kjajgtjr Kjajgtjrbcg bcg Vjgmbmbkcg mcg Kjiumcyccg, 9635 Yjv.9630).
Ajg`jtcnub Kjpchc Ujklhcn
…………, ………….9630 @uru Kjhcs B_
(Gcac Kjpchc Ujklhcn) GBV 4
(Gcac @uru Kjhcs) GBV 4
3=5
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Hcapbrcg 3 O. AC]JYB VJAIJHCDCYCG
@.
Ajaprjsjgtcsbkcg ncsbh wcwcgecrc
Ajhckukcg cdckcg ugtuk ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg
AJ] AJ]LMJ LMJ VJAI VJAIJ JHCDC HCDCYC YCG G
Vjgmjkctcg Ajtlmj
4 Uc Ucbgtbobk 4 Vjracbgcg/sbauhcsb, mbskusb, tcgyc dcwci, pjgu`cscg mcg ejrcacn
3==
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
Hcapbrcg 9 N. VJGB VJGBHC HCBC BCG G VYLU VYLUJU JU MCG MCG NCU NCUBH BH IJHC IJHCDC DCY Y Vjgbhcbcg Ubkcp
Gl
Gcac
3
...................
9
...................
5
……………..
= : Mst
Vjruicgcg tbg`kcn hcku ]cg``ug` Ucgtug Vjmuhb Dcwci K E I UI UI K E I UI UI K E I UI UI 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 = 3 9 5 =
…………….. …………….. ……………..
Kjtjrcg`cg4 K (Kurcg`) 4 3, E (Eukup) 4 9, I (Icbk) 4 5, UI (Ucg`ct Icbk) 4 = 3. Icncsc Bgmlgjsbc
Vrjsjgtcsb hcplrcg mbgbhcb mjg`cg ruirbk.
Krbtjrbc
Utruktur Vrjsjgtcsb
Ucg`ct Icbk (=)
Icbk (5)
Eukup (9)
Vrjsjgtcsb ajauct pjaiukccg, bgtb mcg pjgutup sjrtc mbklaugbkcsbkc
Vrjsjgtcsb ajauct pjaiukccg ctcu pjgutup mcg bgtb sjrtc
Vrjsjgtcsb ncgyc ajauct bgtb mcg mbscapcbkcg mjg`cg
g sjecrc rugtut.
rugtut.
]jac
Ujhurun `c`cscg plklk mcg `c`cscg pjgmukug` sjsucb mjg`cg tjac.
mbklaugbkcsbkc g sjecrc rugtut. Ujic`bcg ijscr `c`cscg plklk mcg `c`cscg pjgmukug` sjsucb mjg`cg tjac.
Ocktc Vjgmukug `
Ujhurun ocktc tjgtcg` kjrc`cacg slsbch mcg iumcyc ycg` tjrmcpct
Vjrhu Vjgmcapbg`c g (3)
Vrjsjgtcsb ncgyc ajabhbkb pjaiukc ctcu pjgutup scdc.
@c`cscg plklk mcg `c`cscg pjgmukug` tbmck sjsucb tjac.
Ujic`bcg ijscr ocktc tjgtcg` kjrc`cacg
Ujic`bcg kjebh `c`cscg plklk mcg `c`cscg pjgmukug` sjsucb mjg`cg tjac. Ujic`bcg kjebh ocktc tjgtcg`
slsbch mcg iumcyc ycg` tjrmcpct
kjrc`cacg slsbch mcg iumcyc ycg`
iumcyc tjrmcpctycg` mb hbg`kug`cg
Ocktc tjgtcg` kjrc`cacg slsbch mcg
mb hbg`kug`cg
mb hbg`kug`cg
tjrmcpct mb
prlvbgsb
3=:
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
hbg`kug`cg acsbg`acsbg` prlvbgsb tbmck acsbg`acsbg ijgcr. ` mbscdbkcg mjg`cg ijgcr. Ectctcg4 pjgbhcbcg (pjgsklrcg) mcpct mbhbnct elgtlngyc pcmc pjaijhcdcrcg 3 prlvbgsb acsbg`acsbg` mbscdbkcg mjg`cg ijgcr.
prlvbgsb acsbg`acsbg` mbscdbkcg mjg`cg ijgcr.
9. VVKg Ajgejrbtckcg ijrmcscrkcg mbc`rca orcyjr mbgbhcb mjg`cg mcotcr pjrbksc. Gl
Krbtjrbc
3
Ubswc ajguhbskcg 5 elgtln sbkcp ebgtc hbg`kug`cg ijsjrtc pjgdjhcscg.
9
Ubswc ajguhbskcg 5 elgtln sbkcp tbmck ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg.
5
Ubswc ajgyjiutkcg 5 ebrb-ebrb sbkcp ajgebgtcb hbg`kug`cg ijsjrtc pjgdjhcscg.
=
Ubsw bswc aj ajguhbs uhbs kjsba sbapuhcg hcg.
Rc
]bmck
Ectctcg
5. Vjgbhcbcg sbkcp (ejract, tjkug, mcg mbsbphbg).
Gl
Ubkcp
3
]jhbtb
9
Ijrtcg``ug ` Dcwci
5
Mbsbphbg
Auhcb Ijhua Auhcb IjrAjaiu Kjt. ]jrhbnct ]jrhbnct kjaicg -mcyc `
Kjrdc Ucac mjg`cg Lrcg` ]uc Ubswc ajaiuct kjiug iug`c ycg` mb mchcagyc tjrmbrb mcrb : tcgcacg. Vjg`cyccg
Ubswc ibsc ijrhctbn ajhckukcg prjsjgtcsb sjecrc ijrpcscg`cg. Yjajmbch Ubswc ycg` ijhua acapu ajaprjsjgtcsbkcg hcplrcg mjg`cg icbk mcpct mbibaibg` lhjn `uru ctcu ijrhctbn mjg`cg tjacg.
3=?
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
VYLRJK KJHCU VJAIJHCDCYCG 3 Ajg`cactb mcg Ajgmjskrbpsbkcg
Mb cwch pjrtjaucg `uru ajg`bgolracsbkcg sbswc icnwc ajrjkc ilhjn ajhckukcg pjg`cactcg tjrncmcp schcn sctu djgbs ibgctcg`. Ijrbkut cmchcn elgtln ycg` ibsc mbcactb sbswc mcrb lidjk ycg` mbsbcpkcg ctcu ycg` mbicwc mcrb ruacn. • Cyca ctcu cgck cyca. • Ujrcg``c mb sjkbtcr sjklhcn. • Ibgctcg` pjhbncrccg. @uru ajaijrb kjsjapctcg kjpcmc sjtbcp sbswc ugtuk ajgectct ncsbh pjg`cactcg mb iuku tuhbs ctcu kjrtcs. Kchb bgb sbswc ncrus ajg`uapuhkcg =6 ocktc mcrb njwcg ycg` ajrjkc cactb. Ujtbcp sbswc ilhjn ajg`cactb lidjk ycg` scac. Mchca Mch ca prlsjs prlsjs pjg`cact pjg`cactcg, cg, sbswc sbswc ajgecrb ajgecrb ocktc ocktc tjgtcg` tjgtcg` ijgtuk, ijgtuk, mjscbg mjscbg ctcu ctcu wcrgc ycg` mbabhbkb lhjn lidjk. Ncsbh pjg`cactcg ibsc ijrupc tcijh, pjtc pbkbrcg ctcu hcbggyc.
Ujtbcp Ujtb cp sbs sbswc ibsc ibsc ajgy ajgyca capc pcbk bkcg cg ncsbh csbh pjg` pjg`ca cact ctcg cggy gyc c kjpc kjpcmc mc tjac tjacg g kjhlapl kjhl aplkgyc kgyc ctcu ctcu tjacg tjacg sjkjhcs sjkjhcsgyc. gyc. Ncsbh Ncsbh kjrdc kjrdc mbsbapc mbsbapcg g ugtuk ugtuk kjiutun kjiutuncg cg kj`bctcg ijrbkutgyc. Ajgcgyckcg mcg Ajg`cgchbsbs
Mjg jg`c `cg g ajg` ajg``u `ugc gckc kcg g mctc mctc sjij sjijhu huag agyc yc,, `uru `uru ajg` ajg`cd cdck ck sbswc bswc ugtu ugtuk k ajapjrtcgyckcg mcg ajg`cgchbsbs ocktc ycg` cmc, abschgyc4 • Cpckcn wcrgc kupu-kupu ckcg scac mcrb djgbs uhct ycg` scac< • Ic`cbacgc mjg`cg elrck scycpgyc< Ajg`cpc kupu-kupu ycg` sctu ajabhbkb elrck `crbs-`crbs, sjmcg`kcg sjmcg`kcg ycg` hcbggyc plhls< Ic`cbacg Ic`cbacgc c prlsjs pjrijmccg pjrijmccg elrck mcg wcrgc ibsc tjrdcmb< • Cpc ycg` tjrdcmb dbkc mcug ibsc ajgyjrcp cbr< • Cpc ycg` tjrdcmb kjpcmc kupu-kupu dbkc tuaiuncg tbmck ajabhbkb iug`c< Ujauc pjrtcgyccg mbectct ugtuk kj`bctcg ijrbkutgyc. Ubswc ibsc schbg` ijric`b
ectctcggyc kjpcmc tjacg ctcu `uru.
3=0
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
XX Ajg``chb Bgolracsb
Ubswc mbijrb Ubswc mbijrb kjsjapc kjsjapctcg tcg ugtuk ugtuk ajg`uap ajg`uapuhkc uhkcg g bgolracs bgolracsbb tjrkcbt tjrkcbt nch-nch nch-nch ycg` mbpjrtcgyckcg sjijhuagyc. Icgyck suaijr bgolracsb ycg` ibsc mb`ugckcg sbswc, sjpjrtb4 • ]ukcg` kjiug, pjgdc`c sjklhcn • Kckck ctcu cmbk kjhcs • Lrcg` tuc • @uru • Gcrcsuaijr • Iuku
3=>
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
VYLRJK KJHCU VJAIJHCDCYCG 9
Ajg`cactb mcg Ajgmjskrbpsbkcg
3. Mb ncrb kj muc, sbswc sbswc ajg`c ajg`cact actbb tuaiun tuaiuncg cg ycg` cmc mb sjkl sjklhcn hcn ctcu ctcu ycg` ycg` mbicwc mcrb ruacn. 9. ]uaiuncg ]uaiuncg ycg` ycg` mbcactb ibsc tuaiunc tuaiuncg g ycg` ajabhbkb ajabhbkb iug`c ctcupug ctcupug tbmck. tbmck. Ijrbkut cmchcn elgtln ycg` ibsc sbswc cactb mcrb tuaiuncg4 Ic`bcg tuaiunc Ic`bcg tuaiuncg, g, ic`bcg ic`bcg iug`c, iug`c, ckcr, ckcr, ajmbc ajmbc tuaiun, tuaiun, tcgcacg tcgcacg lictlictlictcg, ibdb-ibdbcg mcg mjmcugcg 5. Ucac mjg`cg mjg`cg kj`bctcg mb ncrb ncrb pjrtcac, pjrtcac, sbswc sbswc mbncrcpkcg mbncrcpkcg ajg`uapuhkcg ajg`uapuhkcg ocktc-ocktc sjicgyck =6 ocktc ugtuk kjaumbcg ajgmjskrbpsbkcggyc.
Ajgcgyckcg mcg Ajg`cgchbsbs
Ubswc mbijrb kjsjapctcg ugtuk ajapjrtcgyckcg ocktc-ocktc4
Cpc ycg` ycg` tjrdcmb dbkc kjhlpck kjhlpck iug`c iug`c tbmck sjicgyck sjicgyck bgb< Ajg`cpc iug`c ycg` sctu ijrwcrgc ajrcn mcg ycg` sctugyc ijrwcrgc kugbg`<
Ajg`cpc tuaiuncg bgb ibsc tuaiun mb cbr< Ic`cbacgc kchcu mbpbgmcnkcg kj tcgcn< Cpckcn ckcg ajgmcpctkcg ncsbh ycg` ijrijmc< Ujhurun Ujh urun pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg mbectct mbectct.. Ubswc Ubswc ibsc schbg` schbg` ajgukcr ajgukcrkcg kcg pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg kjpcmc kjpcmc tjacggyc ugtuk ajgmcpctkcg dcwcicg sjajgtcrc.
Ajg``chb Bgolracsb Mjg`cg Mjg `cg ibaibg`c ibaibg`cg g `uru, `uru, sbswc sbswc mcpct mcpct ajg``chb ajg``chb bgolracs bgolracsbb ajhchub ajhchub gcrcsuai gcrcsuaijr jr sjpjrtb tukcg` kjiug, pjgdc`c sjklhcn, `uru ctcu iuku mb pjrpustckccg. Dbkc ajaug`kbgkcg, sbswc ibsc mbcdck ajg`ugdug`b tjapct pjgduchcg tcgcacg mcg ajwcwcgecrcb pjgduchgyc tjgtcg` ic`cbacgc tuaiuncg nbmup, pjrcwctcg, ctcu ncr`c duch mcrb tuaiuncg.
3=2
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
VYLRJK KJHCU VJAIJHCDCYCG 5 Ajg`cactb mcg Ajg`lisjrvcsb
Mb ncrb ncrb kjtb`c kjtb`c bgb bgb sbswc sbswc ajg`u ajg`uap apuhk uhkcg cg bgolr bgolracs acsbb mjg` mjg`cg cg ecrc ecrc ycg` ycg` ijrij ijrijmc mc mbicgmbg`kcg mjg`cg ncrb-ncrb sjijhuagyc. Ubswc ajg`cactb 3 djgbs njwcg mcg tuaiuncg ycg` ijrijmc mcrb ycg` pjrgcn ajrjkc cactb mb ncrb sjijhuagyc. Ajrjkc ajg``caicr cpc ycg` ajrjkc cactb (mrcwbg` lisjrvctblg). Ijrbkut cmchcn nch-nch ycg` ncrus mbbg`ctkcg kjpcmc sbswc pcmc scct ajhckukcg kj`bctcg.
@caicr ajrupckcg ncsbh pjg`cactcg, iukcg bacdbgcsb.
@caicr ncrus rbgeb, ajapjrhbnctkcg ic`bcg-ic`bcg kjebh.
@caicr tbmck ajajrhukcg wcrgc.
Chct `caicr `caicr ycg` mbiutunkc mbiutunkcg g cmchcn cmchcn pjgsbh, iukcg chct chct tuhbs hcbggyc.
Ubswc ajg``caicr mb kjrtcs, iukcg mb iuku.
3:6
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
VYLRJK KJHCU VJAIJHCDCYCG = Ajapjrsbcpkcg Mbrb
Ubswc ajapjrsbcpkcg sjauc icncg ugtuk kjiutuncg pcajrcg ycg` ckcg mbncmbrb lhjn kckck ctcu cmbk kjhcs. Ujtbcp sbswc ncrus ajgybcpkcg icncg pcajrcg mchca ijgtuk4
@caicr, sjic`cb ncsbh mrcwbg` lisjrvctblg (tuaiuncg mcg njwcg).
]uhbscg mjskrbptbo ncsbh pjg`cactcg.
Mbc`rca mcur nbmup.
Ejrbtc tjgtcg` ibgctcg` ctcu tuaiuncg.
@uru sjicbkg @uru sjicbkgyc yc ajg`ctu ajg`cturr pjgyjhjs pjgyjhjscbc cbcg g sjtbcp sjtbcp prlmuk, prlmuk, abschgyc abschgyc sctu prlmuk prlmuk mb mbsj sjhj hjsc scbk bkcg cg sctu sctu ncrb ncrb.. Nch Nch bgb bgb mbac mbacks ksum umkc kcg g c`cr c`cr sbsw sbswc c tbmc tbmck k tjrh tjrhch chu u ijrc ijrctt ajgybcpkcg icncg pcajrcg. Mchca kjhlaplkgyc, sbswc ajg`ctur pcdcg`cg. Vjg`chcacg muc kchb pcajrcg sjijhuagyc ncrus mbdcmbkcg sjic`cb acsukcg c`cr pcajrcg kjtb`c bgb hjibn icbk pjhckscgccggyc.
3:3
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
VYLRJK KJHCU VJAIJHCDCYCG : Ajgycapcbkcg Ncsbh
Ijrmcsc Ijrm cscrkc rkcg g pjg` pjg`chc chcacg acg sjij sjijhua huagyc gyc,, `uru `uru pjrhu pjrhu ajg`k ajg`kcd cdbb cpc cpc ycg` ycg` ncru ncrus s mbpjr mbpjrnc nctbk tbkcg cg scct scct pcajr pcajrcg cg ijrhc ijrhcg` g`sug sug`, `, absch abschgyc gyc ajg`j ajg`jgc gcbb chur chur mcg mcg wcktu wcktu kjmctcg kjm ctcg`cg `cg,, sbkcp sbkcp sbswc sbswc scct scct ajgdcwc ajgdcwci i pjrtcgy pjrtcgyccg ccg ctcu ctcu ajgycapc ajgycapcbkcg bkcg ncsbh ncsbh kcrycgyc. @uru ijrkjhb @uru ijrkjhbhbg` hbg`,, ajgectct ajgectct cpc ycg` ycg` tjrdcmb tjrdcmb,, sbswc sbswc acgc acgc ycg` ajaiutunkcg ajaiutunkcg icgtucg ctcu sjkcmcr ajg`bg`ctkcg kcpcg pcajrcg sjhjscb. Vcajrcg kchb bgb mcpct ajabgtc pjg`ugdug` ugtuk ajguhbskcg klajgtcrgyc mb sjhjaicr kjrtcs ycg` mbtudukcg ugtuk kjhlaplk. Uchcn sctu cg``ltc kjhlaplk mbabgtc ugtuk ajg`bg`ctkcg pjg`ugdug` ugtuk ajguhbskcg klajgtcrgyc.
3:9
YVV Kjhcs B_ Ujajstjr 3 ]jac 5 4 Vjmuhb ]jrncmcp Acknhuk Nbmup
VYLRJK KJHCU VJAIJHCDCYCG ? Ajhckukcg Yjohjksb
Ujijhua ajhckukcg rjohjksb, sjtbcp kjhlaplk ajaicncs klajgtcr ycg` mbijrbkcg pcrc pjg`ugdug`. @uru ajg`uapuhkcg ajg`uapuhkcg klajgtcr tjrsjiu tjrsjiutt mcg ajrcg`kuagyc. Ujecrc khcsbkch, `uru ajaicncs rcg`kuacg tjrsjiut. Ijrmcsc Ijrm cscrkc rkcg g klajg klajgtc tcrr tjrsj tjrsjiut iut,, sbsw sbswc c ajhck ajhckukc ukcg g rjohj rjohjksb ksb mjg`cg mjg`cg mbpcg mbpcgmu mu pjrtcgyccg ijrbkut.
Cpc ycg` ycg` pchbg` ajgcrbk mcrb mcrb kj`bctcg kj`bctcg sjhcac sjhcac sctu abg``u< abg``u< Nch icbk/tbmck icbk cpc ycg` kchbcg tjaub mcrb pjg`ugdug`< Cpc ycg` ycg` pjrhu mbpjricbkb mbpjricbkb mcrb pjrsbcpcg pjrsbcpcg pcajrcg< pcajrcg<
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