RPP IPA 8-Integrasi LH-GERAK PADA MH & BENDA...... SMPN 10
July 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Download RPP IPA 8-Integrasi LH-GERAK PADA MH & BENDA...... SMPN 10...
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ZMGABGB TMLBFQBGBBG TMKJMLBOBZBG (ZTT) Qbtubg pmgncncfbg
? QKTG 24 KBLBGH
Kbtb Tmlbobrbg
? CTB
Fmlbs / Qmkmstmr
? UCCC / Qmkmstmr 2
^ipcf Blifbsc Xbftu
? Hmrbf pbnb Kbf`luf @cnup nbg Jmgnb ? 0 x >4 kmgct (1 x tbtbp kufb)
B. FIKTM IKTM^M ^MGQ GQCC CG^C CG^C
J. FIKTM^ FIKTM^MGQ MGQCC NBQBZ NBQBZ NBG CGNCFB CGNCFB^I ^IZ Z FIKTM^MGQC CG^C 1 (TMGHM^B@]BG) 1.
Kmkb`bkc n nbbg km kmgmrbpfbg
FIKTM^MGQC CG^C > (FM^MZBKTCLBG) >.
Kmg mgh hilb`, kmg mgy yboc, nbg
pmghmtb`ubg (ebftubl,
kmgblbr nblbk rbgb` figfrmt
figsmptubl,
(kmghhugbfbg, kmghurbc,
nbg prismnurbl) jmrnbsbrfbg rbsb
kmrbghfbc, kmkincecfbsc, nbg
cghcg tb`ugyb tmgtbgh clku
kmkjubt) nbg rbgb` bjstrbf
pmghmtb`ubg, tmfgilihc, smgc,
(kmgulcs, kmkjbab,
junbyb tmrfbct emgikmgb nbg
kmgh`ctugh, kmghhbkjbr, nbg
fmobncbg tbkpbf kbtb
kmghbrbgh) smsubc nmghbg ybgh
FIKTM^MGQC NBQBZ 1.2 1.2
1.: 1.:
FIKTM^MGQC NBQBZ
Kmgh Kmghbg bgbl blcs cscs cs hmr hmrbf bf pbn pbnbb kbf` kbf`lu luf f
>.2 >.2
`cnup, scstmk hmrbf pbnb kbguscb,
jmrjbhbc
Kmgy Kmgybo bocf cfbg bg fb fbry rybb tm tmgt gtbg bgh h
nbg upbyb kmgobhb fmsm`btbg scstmk
hbghhubg pbnb scstmk hmrbf,
hmrbf
smrtb upbyb kmgobhb fmsm`btbg
Kmghb Kmghbgb gblcs lcscs cs hmrbf hmrbf lu luru rus, s, pmghb pmghbru` ru`
>.: >.:
Kmgy Kmgybo bocf cfbg bg `bs `bscl cl pmg pmgym ymlc lcnc ncfb fbg g
hbyb tmr`bnbp hmrbf jmrnbsbrfbg
pmghbru` hbyb tmr`bnbp
@ufuk Gmwtig, nbg pmgmrbpbggyb
hmrbf jmgnb
pbnb hmrbf jmgnb nbg hmrbf kbf`luf `cnup
Gi
Fikpmtmgsc Nbsbr
Cgncfbtir Tmgabpbcbg Fikpmtmgsc
2.2. Kmghbhukc fmtmrbturbg fmtmrbturbg nbg
2.2. 2.2.2. 2. Nbpb Nbpbtt kmgh kmghua uabp bp sy syuf ufur ur bt btbs bs ac acpt ptbb bbg g
fikplmfsctbs acptbbg ^u`bg ^u`bg tmgtbgh bspmf ecscf nbg fckcbwc, fm`cnupbg nblbk 2
^u`b u`bg g Sbgh Kb`b Kb`b Msb ybgh ybgh jmrbgm jmrbgmfb fb rbhbk 2.2.:. 2.2. :. Kmgymjutfb Kmgymjutfbg g jmjmrbp jmjmrbpbb kbabk kbabk fmjmsbrbg fmjmsbrbg ^u`bg Sbgh Kb`b Msb
mfiscstmk, nbg pmrbgbg kbguscb nblbk lcghfughbg smrtb kmwuounfbggyb nblbk pmghbkblbg bobrbg bhbkb ybgh ncbgutgyb. :.2 Kmgugouffb Kmgugouffbg g pmrclbfu pmrclbfu
:.2.2. :.2. 2. Kmgomlbsfbg Kmgomlbsfbg tchb fikpigmg fikpigmg fmtmrbkpclbg fmtmrbkpclbg
clkcb` (kmkclcfc rbsb cghcg
prisms? pmghbkbtbg, cgemrmgsc, nbg
tb`u6 ijomftce6 ouour6 tmlctc6
fikugcfbsc :.2.:. kmgomlbsfbg :.2.:. kmgomlbsfbg fmhugbbg fmhugbbg kmkpmlbobrc kmkpmlbobrc CTB CTB :.2.1. :.2. 1. kmgymjutf kmgymjutfbg bg ijomf ijomf ybgh ybgh ncpmlbobrc ncpmlbobrc nblbk nblbk
amrkbt6 tmfug6 `btc-`btc6 jmrtbghhugh obwbj6 tmrjufb6 :
CTB CTB
frctcs6 frmbtce6 cgivbtce nbg pmnulc lcghfughbg) nblbk bftcvctbs sm`brc-`brc smjbhbc wuoun ckplmkmgtbsc scfbp nblbk kmlbfufbg pmghbkbtbg, pmraijbbg, nbg
1
jmrncsfusc. 1.2 Kmg Kmghbg bgbblcs lcscs hmr mrbbf pbn bnbb kbf`luf `cnup, scstmk hmrbf pbnb kbguscb, nbg upbyb kmgobhb fmsm`btbg scstmk hmrbf
1.2. 1.2.2 2
Kmgo Kmgoml mlbsf bsfbg bg omgcs omgcs hmrbf hmrbf pbnb pbnb tukju tukju`b `bg g jmrnbsbrfbg pmgymjbjgyb.
1.2.:
Kmghbgblcscs aigti` hmrbf pbnb tu tuk kju ju`b `bg g tu tuk kju ju`b `bg g ybg bgh h jmr mrbn bnbb nc lcghfu lcg hfughb ghbg g smfilb smfilb` ` QKTG QKTG 24 Kblbgh Kblbgh nb nbg g lcgh lcghfu fugh ghbg bg sm smfc fctb tbrr.j .jmr mrnb nbsb sbrf rfbg bg pmgymjbjgyb nbg omgcs rbghsbgh ybgh nc nctm tmrck rckbb bt btbu bu jb jbhc hcbg bg tu tukj kju` u`bg bg yb ybgh gh kmgbghhbpc rbghsbgh. 1.2 .2.1 .1 Kmlb Kmlbf fuf ufbg bg pmg mgh hbkbt bkbtbg bg tm tmg gtb tbgh gh om omgc gcss hmr mrbf bf pb pbnb nb 24 om omg gcs tb tbgb gbk kbg ybg ybgh jmrjmnb nc lcghfughbg smfilb` QKTG 24 Kblbgh nbg lcghfughbg smfctbr. 1.2 .2.> .> Kmg Kmgom omlb lbsf sfbg bg scst scstmk mk iti titt `mwbg mwbg yb ybgh gh smsubc nmghbg pilb hmrbf ybgh nclbfufbg. 1.2 .2.= .=
Kmg Kmgh` h`ct ctug ugh h
fmamp mampbt btbg bg sm smi irb rbg gh
bg bgbf bf
Gi
Fikpmtmgsc Nbsbr
>.2 Kmgybocfbg fbryb tmgtbgh jmrjbhbc hbghhubg pbnb scstmk hmrbf, smrtb upbyb kmgobhb
Cgncfbtir Tmgabpbcbg Fikpmtmgsc jmrsmpmnb nmghbg kmghhugbfbg rukusbg hmrbf lurus jmrbturbg. 1.2 .2.5 .5 Kmg Kmghb hbg gbl blcs cscs cs pm pmrc rcst stcw cwbb fml mlmk mkj jbkbg bkbg jmrnbsbrfbg hrbecf v ‑ t ybgh ncsbocfbg. 1.2 .2.8 .8 Kmg Kmgyc yck kpu pulf lfbg bg `u `uju jugh ghbg bg bg bgtb tbrb rb hby hbyb nb nbg g kbssb kbssb nm nmgh ghbg bg pm pmra ramp mpbt btbg bg jm jmgn gnbb jmrhmrbf. 1.2 .2.0 .0 Kmg Kmgym ymj jut utf fbg pbs bsbg bghb hbg g hb hbyb yb bf bfsc sc nbg rmbfsc. 1.2. 1.2.3 3 Kmkj Kmkjbg bgnc ncgh ghfb fbg g jm jmsb sbrr hb hbyb yb bf bfsc sc rm rmbf bfsc sc ybgh tmrobnc bgtbrb jurugh nmghbg unbrb fmtcfb jurugh smnbgh tmrjbgh. 1.2 .2.2 .24 4 Kmg Kmghm hmv vbl blu ubs bscc pmg pmgmr mrbp bpbg bg `uf ufu uk CCC CCC Gmwtig nblbk fm`cnupbg sm`brc-`brc. 1.2.22 Kmghbgblcscs blbt hmrbf `mwbg jmrnbsbrfbg fmsmsubcbg nmghbg lcghfughbg `cnupgyb. >.2. >.2.2 2 Kmlbf Kmlbfuf ufbg bg pr prms msmg mgtb tbsc sc `b `bscl scl pmgym pmgymlc lcnc ncfbg fbg pmghbru` jmrjbhbc rbghsbgh tmr`bnbp
fmsm`btbg scstmk hmrbf kbguscb >.2. >.2.: : >
>.2. >.2.1 1 >.2. >.2.> >
>.2.=
>.2.5
hm hmrb rbf f nb nbug ug pu putr trcc kblu kblu yb ybgh gh bn bnbb nc lbpghbg smpbf jilb QKTG 24 Kblbgh Kmlb Kmlbfu fufb fbg g pm pmra raij ijbb bbg g hm hmrb rbf f luru luruss pb pbnb nb jmgnb Kmlbf Kmlbfuf ufbg bg pmrai pmraijb jbbg bg tmgtbg tmgtbgh h pm pmgh ghbru bru` ` hbyb tmr`bnbp hmrbf. Kmgh Kmgh`c `ctu tugh gh obrbf obrbf tm tmkp kpu` u` `m `mwb wbg g yb ybgh gh jmrlbrc nmghbg fmampbtbg nbg wbftu tmrtmgtu. Kmgh`ctugh jmrbt jmgnb nmghbg kmgh km ghhu hugb gbfb fbg g pm pmrs rsbk bkbb bbg g `u `ufu fuk k CC Gmwtig. Kmg mgh hbgblcs lcscs pmgmrbp bpbbg `ufuk CCC Gmwtig pbnb prbftmf ilb` rbhb likpbt tcghhc.
A. ^]O]B ^]O]BG G TMKJ TMKJMLB MLBOBZ OBZBG BG FC. 2 2. Nbpbt Nbpbt kmghua kmghuabp bp syufur syufur btbs acptbb acptbbg g ^u`bg u`bg Sbgh Kb`b Kb`b Msb ybgh ybgh jmrbgm jmrbgmfb fb rbhbk. :. Kmgymjutfbg jmjmrbpb kbabk fmjmsbrbg ^u`bg ^u`bg Sbgh Sbgh Kb`b Msb FC. :
2. Kmgoml Kmgomlbsfb bsfbg g tchb tchb fikpig fikpigmg mg fmtmrb fmtmrbkpc kpclbg lbg prisms? prisms? pmghbk pmghbkbtb btbg, g, cgemrmg cgemrmgsc sc nbg fikugcfbsc. :. Kmgomlbsfbg fmhugbbg kmkpmlbobrc CTB. CTB. 1. Kmgymjutfbg ijomf y ybgh bgh ncpmlbobrc nblbk CTB. CTB. FC.1 2. Kmg Kmghbk hbkbtc btc kbabk-k kbabk-kbabk babk omgcs hmrbf hmrbf tukju` tukju`bg bg ybgh ybgh jmrbnb jmrbnb nc lcghfu lcghfughb ghbg g smfilb` nbg lcghfughbg smfctbr QKTG 24 Kblbgh. :. Kmgomlbsfbg Kmgomlbsfbg omgcs hmrbf pbnb pbnb tukju`bg tukju`bg jmrnbsbrfbg jmrnbsbrfbg pmgymjbjgyb pmgymjbjgyb.. 1. Kmghbgblcsc Kmghbgblcscss aigti` hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg tukju`bg jmrnbsbrfbg jmrnbsbrfbg pmgymjbjgyb pmgymjbjgyb nbg omgcs rbghsbgh ybgh nctmrckb btbu jbhcbg tukju`bg ybgh kmgbghhbpc rbghsbgh. >. Kmghbg Kmghbgblc blcscs scs blbt blbt hmrbf hmrbf `mwbg `mwbg jmrnbs jmrnbsbrf brfbg bg fmsmsu fmsmsubcbg bcbg nmghbg nmghbg lcghfu lcghfughb ghbg g `cnupgyb. =. Kmgomlbsfbg Kmgomlbsfbg scstmk itit itit `mwbg ybgh smsubc nmghbg nmghbg pilb hmrbf ybgh nclbfufbg. nclbfufbg. 5. Kmgh`ctugh Kmgh`ctugh fmampbtbg fmampbtbg smirbgh bgbf jmrsmpmnb jmrsmpmnb nmghbg kmghhugbfbg kmghhugbfbg rukusbg rukusbg hmrbf lurus jmrbturbg. 8. Kmghbgblcsc Kmghbgblcscss pmrcstcwb fmlmkjbkbg fmlmkjbkbg jmrnbsbrfbg jmrnbsbrfbg hrbecf v ‑ t ybgh ncsbocfbg. 0. Kmgyck Kmgyckpul pulfbg fbg `ujughbg `ujughbg bgtbrb hbyb nbg kbssb kbssb nmghbg nmghbg pmrampbtb pmrampbtbg g jmgnb jmgnb jmrhmrbf. 3. Kmgymjutf Kmgymjutfbg bg pbsbghbg pbsbghbg hbyb hbyb bfsc nbg rmbfsc. 24.Kmkjbgncghfbg jmsbr hbyb bfsc rmbfsc ybgh tmrobnc bgtbrb jurugh nmghbg unbrb fmtcfb jurugh smnbgh tmrjbgh. 22.Kmghmvblubsc 22. Kmghmvblubsc pmgmrbpbg `ufuk CCC Gmwtig nblbk fm`cnu fm`cnupbg pbg sm`brc-`brc.
FC. > 2. Kmlbfufbg Kmlbfufbg pmgymlcncf pmgymlcncfbg bg pmghbru` pmghbru` jmrjbhbc jmrjbhbc rbghsbgh rbghsbgh tmr`bnbp tmr`bnbp hmrbf hmrbf nbug putrc putrc kblu. :. Kmlbfufbg Kmlbfufbg pmghbkbt pmghbkbtbg bg tmgtbgh tmgtbgh omgcs hmrbf hmrbf pbnb pbnb 24 omgcs omgcs tbgbkbg tbgbkbg ybgh jmrjmnb jmrjmnb nc lcghfughbg smfilb` nbg lcghfughbg smfctbr QKTG 24 Kblbgh. Kb lbgh. 1. Kmlbfu Kmlbfufbg fbg pmrai pmraijbb jbbg g hmrbf hmrbf lurus lurus pbnb pbnb jmgnb. jmgnb. >. Kmlbfufbg Kmlbfufbg pmraijb pmraijbbg bg tmgtbgh tmgtbgh pmghbru pmghbru` ` hbyb hbyb tmr`bnbp tmr`bnbp hmrbf. hmrbf. =. Kmgh Kmgh`c `ctu tugh gh obrbf obrbf tmkp tmkpu` u` `m `mwb wbg g yb ybgh gh jm jmrl rlbrc brc nm nmgh ghbg bg fm fmam ampb pbtb tbg g nb nbg g wbft wbftu u tmrtmgtu. 5. Kmgh`ctugh Kmgh`ctugh jmrbt jmgnb jmgnb nmghbg nmghbg kmghhu kmghhugbfbg gbfbg pmrsbkbb pmrsbkbbg g `ufuk `ufuk CC Gmwtig. Gmwtig. 8. Kmghbgblcscs Kmghbgblcscs pmgmrbp pmgmrbpbg bg `ufuk `ufuk CCC Gmwti Gmwtig g pbnb btlmt likpbt likpbt tcghhc tcghhc.. N. KB^M KB^MZC ZC BO BOBZ BZ Jbj ? Hmrbf pbnb Kbf`luf @cnup nbg Jmgnb
Kbf`luf `cnup ncjmnbfbg kmgobnc 1 ybctu? kbguscb, `mwbg nbg tukju`bg. Tbnb jbj cgc kmkpmlbobrc tmgtbgh hmrbf kbf`luf `cnup. Kbf`luf `cnup nbpbt jrhmrbf fbrmgb fmkbkpubggyb kmghujb` mgmrhc fckcb kmgobnc mgmrhc hmrbf. ^ukju`bg kmlbfufbg hmrbfbg smsubc nmghbg rbghsbgh ybgh ncpmrilm` jbcf nbrc ebftir nblbk kbupug nbrc ebftir lubr. QKTG 24 Kblbgh kmrupbfbg sblb` sbtu QKT Gmhmrc ybgh kmghmkjbghfbg bncwcybtb nc lcghfughbg smfilb`. Qmluru` lb`bg fisigh QKTG 24 Kblbgh nctbgbkc jmrjbhbc omgcs tbgbkbg, ncbgtbrbgyb fmjug smfilb`, tbkbg pbnb kbscgh-kbscgh fmlbs, rubgh rub gh hu huru, ru, fbgtir fbgtir nbg lbjirb lbjirbtir tircuk cuk,, brmb hbzmji hbzmji,, fbgtcg fbgtcg nbg lbpbgh lbpbghbg bg ilb`rb ilb`rbhb. hb. ^ukju`b ukju`bg g ybgh ybgh nctbgb nctbgbk k kmlcpu kmlcputc tc tukju` tukju`bg bg pbfu, pbfu, tukju` tukju`bg bg piligh piligh-pi -pilig lighbg hbg,, tukju`bg fbabgh-fbabghbg, jughb puful mkpbt, nbug putrc kblu, tulcp, tbgbkbg jub` jub`bg, sbyur-sbyurbg nbg tbgbkbg `cbs ybgh lbcg. ^ukju`bg-tukju`bg ^ukju`bg-tukju`bg tmrsmjut tukju` tuk ju` nmghbg nmghbg jbcf jbcf nc lcghfu lcghfughb ghbg g smfilb` smfilb` nbg kmkclc kmkclcfc fc pmrbgb pmrbgbg g pmgtcg pmgtcgh h nblbk nblbk kmgacptbfbg kmgacp tbfbg subsbgb ybgh kmgymgbghfbg kmgymgbghfbg nblbk prisms prisms pmkjmlbobrbg pmkjmlbobrbg,, sm`cghhb sm`cghhb `bl tmrsmjut kmgugobgh prisms pmkjmlbobrbg pbnb jbj 2 tmgtbgh hmrbf pbnb kbf`luf `cnup nbg jmgnb, pmghbkbtbg hmrbf tukju`bg tukju`bg nbpbt ncbkbtc smabrb lbghsugh nc lcghfughbg QKTG QKT G 24 Kblbgh Kblbgh.. Bnbpug Bnbpug tukju` tukju`bgbg-tuk tukju` ju`bg bg tmrsmju tmrsmjutt nbpbt nbpbt nchili nchilighf ghfbg bg nbg omlbsfbg smjbhbc jmrcfut.
C. Hmrbf Hmrbf pbnb pbnb ^ukju`b ukju`bg g Kbabk-kbabk hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg jmrnbsbrfbg omgcs rbghsbghbg ybgh ncjmrcfbg ncjbhc kmgobnc 1 hilighbg, ybctu? 2. Hmrb Hmrbf f @ch @chri risf sfip ipcs cs Hmrbf `chrisfipcs bnblb` hmrbf ybgh nctckjulfbg ilm` pmghbru` pmrujb`bg fbnbr bcr. Kcsblgyb? b. Hmrbf Hmrbf kmkjuf kmkjufbgy bgybb fitbf fitbf spirb spirb pbnb tukju tukju`bg `bg pbfu. pbfu.
j. Tmab`gyb jub` piligh pbnb tbgbkbg tbgbkbg turc ybgh sunb` tub.
CC. Hmrbf Mscigik Hmrbf mscigik ybctu ybgh ncpmghbru`c rbghsbgh nbrc lubr. Hmrbf mscigik ncjmnbfbg kmgobnc 1 kbabk, ybctu? b. Hmrbf Hmrbf ^ri ripc pcsk skmm yb ybct ctu u hm hmrbf rbf jb jbhc hcbg bg tu tukj kju` u`bb yb ybgh gh nc ncpm pmgh ghbru bru`c `c il ilm` m` brb` brb` rbghsbgh. ^ripcskm pisctce ocfb brb` hmrbf kmgnmfbtc rbghsbgh nbg tripcskm gmhbtce ocfb brb` hmrbf kmgobu`c rbghsbgh. Kbabk-kbabk hmrbf tripcskm? 2. Eititr Eititripc ipcskm skm btbu @mlcitrip @mlcitripcsk cskmm rbghsbg rbghsbgh h jmrupb jmrupb ab`byb ab`byb,, kcsblg kcsblgyb yb hmrbf hmrbf nbug aignigh fm ab`byb.
:. Hmitri Hmitripc, pc, rbghsbgh rbghsbgh jmrupb jmrupb hrbect hrbectbsc bsc ju jukc, kc, kcsblgyb kcsblgyb hmrbf hmrbf bfbr bfbr tukju` tukju` fm nblbk tbgb` nbg hmrbf jbtbgh tmhbf fm btbs.
1. ^c ^chkitr hkitripc ipc btbu @bptitripc, @bptitripc, rbghsbgh rbghsbgh jmrupb jmrupb pmrscghhughbg, pmrscghhughbg, kcsblgyb kcsblgyb sulur tbgbkbg scrc` kmrb` ybgh kmlclct pbnb jbtbgh
>. @cnritripc, @cnritripc, rbghsbghbg rbghsbghbg jmrupb jmrupb bcr, kcsblgyb kcsblgyb hmrbf bfbr kmkjmlif kmkjmlif fm sukjmr sukjmr bcr
j. ^bfscs, ybctu hmrbf jmrpcgnb` smluru` tuju` tukju`bg ybgh ncpmghbru`c ilm` rbghsbgh. Qmpmrtc jmrtuf tripcskm, tmrnbpbt tbfscs pisctce nbg gmhbtce. Jmjmrbpb jmgtuf tbfscs? 2. Eititbfscs, Eititbfscs, rbghsbghbg rbghsbghbg jmrupb jmrupb ab`byb, kcsblgyb kcsblgyb hmrbf fliriplbs fliriplbs fmjbhcbg sml ybgh fm jbhcbg sml ybgh tmrfmgb ab`byb.
:. Fmkit Fmkitbf bfscs scs,, rbghs rbghsbg bghb hbg g jm jmru rupb pb jb jb`b `bg g fc fckc kcb, b, kcsbl kcsblgy gybh bhmrb mrbf f spmrk spmrkbb nb nbrc rc jmgbgh sbrc kmguou fm ivuk pbnb putcf putcf jughb.
a. Hmrbf Gbst Gbstc, c, ybctu hmrbf jbhcbg jbhcbg tuju` tuju` tukju`bg tukju`bg ybgh rb` hmrbfbgg hmrbfbggyb yb tcnbf ncpmghbru`c ilm` brb` rbghsbghbg.Jmjmrbpb jmgtuf gbstc. 2. Gcftcgbstc, rbghsbghbg jmrupb hmlbp, kcsblgyb kmghbtupgyb kmghbtupgyb nbug putrc kblu, nbug bsbk, nbug kblu pbnb kblbk `brc
:. Qmcskigbstc, Qmcskigbstc, rbghsbghbg rbghsbghbg jmrupb jmrupb smgtu`bg kmfbgcf, kmfbgcf, kcsblgyb kcsblgyb hmrbf nbug putrc kblu kmghbtup sbbt ncsmgtu`
1. ^mrkigbstc, rbghsbghbg jmrupb pmrujb`bg pmrujb`bg su`u, kcsblgyb hmrbf kmfbrgyb jughb tulcp
>. Eitigbstc, Eitigbstc, rbghsbgh rbghsbgh jmrupb pmrujb`bg pmrujb`bg ab`byb, kcsblgyb kcsblgyb hmrbf kmfbrgy kmfbrgybb jughb puful mkpbt
=. Gbstc fikplmf, fikplmf, pmgymjbj pmgymjbj rbghsbgh rbghsbgh lmjc` nbrc sbtu, aigti`? aigti`? hmrbf kmkjufb kmkjufb nbg kmgutupgyb sml-sml pmgutup stikbtb, rbghsbgh jmrupb ab`byb, su`u, bcr nbg zbt fckcb
CCC. Hmrb` Mgnigik
Hmrbf mgnigik, mgnigik, ybctu hmrbf ybgh jmluk/tcnbf jmluk/tcnbf ncfmtb`uc ncfmtb`uc smjbjgyb, smjbjgyb, fbrmgb fbrmgb
jmluk ncfmtb`uc smjbjgyb bnb ybgh kmgnuhb tukju`bg ctu smgncrc ybgh kmghhmrbffbggyb. Hmrbf Mgnigik ncsmjut ouhb hmrbf I^IGIK, kcsblgyb hmrbf tukju` nbg hmrbf blcrbg sctiplbskb nblbk sml.
Hbkjbr. Hmrbf ^ukju` CC. CC. Hmrb Hmrbf f pbn pbnb b@ @mw mwbg bg Qblb` sbtu scebt kbf`luf `cnup bnblb` jmrhmrbf. @mwbg jmrhmrbf nmghbg jmrjbhbc abrb, kcsblgyb bnb `mwbg ybgh jmroblbg, jmrlbrc, tmrjbgh, jmrmgbgh, kmrbybp, nbg lbcg smjbhbcgyb. @mwbg jmrhmrbf ugtuf jmrjbhbc tuoubg, bgtbrb lbcg ugtuf kmlcgnughc ncrc nbrc prmnbtir btbu ugtuf kmgabrc kbghsb. b. Hmrb Hmrbf f @mw @mwbg bg nblb nblbk k Bc Bcr r Bcr kmkclcf kmkclcfcc fmrbpb fmrbpbtbg tbg ybgh ybgh lmjc` lmjc` jmsbr jmsbr ncjbgn ncjbgncgh cghfbg fbg unbrb Bcr
kmkclcfc
hbyb
bghfbt
ybgh
lmjc`
jms msbbr
ncjb ncjbgn gncg cghf hfbg bg unbr unbrbb ^uj uju` u` `m `mwb wbg g yb ybgh gh `c `cnu nup p nc bc bcr r kmkclc clcfc
kbssb
omgcs
ybgh
lmj mjcc`
fmac acll
nbrcpbnb
lcghfughb lcghf ughbggyb. ggyb. Hbyb bghfbt bcr ybgh jmsbr nbg kbsb omgcs `mwbg ybgh fmacl kmgymjbjfbg `mwbg nbpbt kmlbybgh nc nblbk bcr nmghbg kmghmlubrfbg smncfct mgmrhc. j. Hmrbf @mwbg nc ]nbrb @mwbg-`mwbg ybgh tmrjbgh nc unbrb nmghbg abrb ybgh ugcf. ^uju` `mwbg-`mwbg tmrsmjut kmkclcfc hbyb bghfbt ybgh jmsbr ugtuf ugt uf kmghck kmghckjbg jbghc hc hbyb hbyb hrbvct hrbvctbsc. bsc. Qblb` Qblb` sbtu sbtu upbyb upbyb ugtuf ugtuf kmkpmrjmsbr hbyb bghfbt nmghbg kmghhugbfbg sbybp. Trcgscp ybgh sbkb nctmrbpfbg pbnb pmsbwbt tmrjbgh, f`ususgyb pbnb pmsbwbt tmrjbgh jmrsbybp jmgtuf bcreicl. a. Hmrb Hmrbf f @mw @mwbg bg nc Nbrb Nbrbtt Fmamgnmrughbg `mwbg ybgh `cnup nc nbrbt bnblb` kmkclcfc itit nbg tulbgh yb ybgh gh fu fubt bt.. It Itit it nb nbg g tulb tulbgh gh tmrsmj tmrsmjut ut nc ncpm pmrl rluf ufbg bg ug ugtu tuf f kmgh kmghbtb btbsc sc cg cgmr mrscb scb
(fma (fmamg mgnm nmru rugh ghbg bg tu tuju ju` ` ug ugtu tuf f ncbk ncbk)) nb nbg g ug ugtu tuf f kmgy kmgyck ckpb pbg g mg mgmr mrhc hc pm pmhb hbss (mlbstcsctbs) ugtuf kmlbfufbg jmrjbhbc bftcvctbs.
CCC. CCC. Hmrb Hmrbf f pbnb pbnb Jmg Jmgnb nb
Obrb Obrbf f
kmru kmrupb pbfb fbg g
pbgo pbgobg bgh h
pmrpcgnb`bg
kmrupbfbg
ouklb`
lcgt lcgtbs bsbg bg lcgtbsbg
yb ybgh gh
nc nctm tmkp kpu` u`,,
ybgh
nctmkpu`
sm smnb nbgh ghfb fbg g nmghbg
kmkp km kpmr mr`c `ctu tugh ghfb fbg g pisc piscsc sc bwbl bwbl nbg nbg bf bf`c `crr jm jmgn gnb, b, bt btbu bu nm nmgh ghbg bg fb fbtb tb lb lbcg cg pmrpcgnb`bg kmrupbfbg obrbf lurus nbrc piscsc bwbl sbkpbc piscsc bf`cr. bf`cr. Ocfb fmlboubg kmghufur obrbf tmkpu`, kbfb fmampbtbg (v) kmghufur pmrpcgnb`bg (∅s) hmrbf jmgnb tcbp wbftu (t), ocfb ncrukusfbg bnblb`? Kmsfcpug fmlboubg nbg fmampbtbg kmkclcfc nmecgcsc figsmp ybgh jmrjmnb, gbkug pbnb hmrbf lurus fmampbtbg nbg fmlboubg kmkclcfc gclbc, sckjil (v), smrtb sbtubg ybgh sbkb (k/s). Hbybb smgtu` Hby smgtu` aigti`g aigti`gyb yb bnblb` bnblb` hbyb hbyb itit itit nbg hbyb hmsmf. hmsmf. Hbyb Hbyb tbf smgtu` bnblb` hbyb ybgh tcnbf kmkjutu`fbg figtbf lbghsugh nmghbg jmgnb ybgh ncfmgbc. 2. @uf ufuk uk C Gmw Gmwtig tig Jmgnb kmkclcfc fmamgnmrughbg ugtuf tmtbp kmkpmrtb`bgfbg fmbnbbg ncbk btbu hmrbfgyb, ybgh ncsmjut cgmrscbbtbu fmlmkjbkbg jmgnb. −E ; 4 :. @uf ufuk uk CC Gmwt Gmwtig ig Tmra Tmramp mpbt btbg bg hm hmrbf rbf smjub smjub` ` jm jmgn gnbb jm jmrj rjbg bgnc ncgh gh lu luru russ nm nmgh ghbg bg hb hbyb yb yb ybgh gh ncjmrcfbg, gbkug jmrjbgncgh tmrjblcf nmghbg kbssbgyb. −E ; k . b 1. @ufu @ufuk k CC CCCC Gmwt Gmwtig ig @ufuk CCC Gmwtig kmgymjutfbg jb`wb fmtcfb jmgnb pmrtbkb kmghmrobfbg hbyb fm jmgnb fmnub, kbfb jmgnb fmnub tmrsmjut bfbg kmkjmrcfbg hbyb ybgh sbkb jmsbr fm jmgnb pmrtbkb gbkug jmrlbwbgbg brb` btbu hbyb bfsc nbg rmbfsc jmfmrob pbnb nub jmgnb ybgh jmrjmnb. Ebfsc ; - Ermbfsc M. TMGNMFB TMGNMFB^ ^BG, KM^INM KM^INM NBG KINMLTMKJM KINMLTMKJMLBOBZ LBOBZBG BG
2. Tmgnmfbtbg ? Qacmgtceca :. Kmtinm ? Ncsfusc nbg Mfspmrckmg 1. Kinml ? Ncsaivmry Lmbrgcgh Kmti Km tinm nm pmkj pmkjml mlbo bobr brbg bg ncsaivmry ncsaivmry (p (pmg mgmk mkub ubg) g) bn bnbl blb` b` kmti kmtinm nm kmgh kmghbob bobrr yb ybgh gh kmghbtur pmghbobrbg smnmkcfcbg rupb sm`cghhb bgbf kmkpmrilm` pmghmtb`ubg ybgh
smjmluk smjm lukgyb gyb jmluk jmluk ncfmtb` ncfmtb`ucg ucgyb yb ctu tcnbf tcnbf kmlblu kmlblucc pmkjmr pmkjmrctb ctb`ub `ubg, g, smjbhc smjbhcbg bg btbu btbu smluru`gyb nctmkufbg smgncrc. ^chb acrc utbkb jmlbobr kmgmkufbg ybctu? (2) kmghmfsplirbsc nbg kmkmab`fbg kbsblb` ugtuf kmgacptbfbg, kmghhbjughfbg nbg kmghhmgmrblcsbsc pmghmtb`ubg6 (:) jmrpusbt pbnb scswb6 (1) fmhcbtbg ugtuf kmghhbjughfbg pmghmtb`ubg jbru nbg pmghmtb`ubg ybgh sunb` bnb. Lbghfb`-lbghfb` pmkjmlbobrbg ncsaivmry ncsaivmry bnblb` bnblb` smjbhbc jmrcfut? 2. Kmghcn Kmghcnmgt mgtcec cecfbs fbscc fmjut fmjutu`b u`bg g scswb6 scswb6 :. Kmgy Kmgymlm mlmfs fscc pm pmgn gnb` b`ul ulub ubg g tmr` tmr`bn bnbp bp pr prcg cgsc scp-p p-prcg rcgscp scp,, pm pmgh ghmrt mrtcb cbg g fi figs gsmp mp nb nbg g hmgmrblcsbsc pmghmtb`ubg6 1. Kmgyml Kmgymlmfs mfscc jb`bg, jb`bg, prijl prijlmkb mkb// tuhbs-tu tuhbs-tuhbs hbs66 >. Kmkjbg Kmkjbgtu tu nbg kmkpmro kmkpmromlbs mlbs tuhbs tuhbs ybgh nc`bnbp nc`bnbpcc scswb scswb smrtb pmrbgbg pmrbgbg kbscghkbscghkbscgh scswb6 =. Kmkpmrscbpfb Kmkpmrscbpfbg g fmlbs fmlbs nbg blbt-blbt blbt-blbt ybgh ybgh ncpmrlufbg ncpmrlufbg66 5. Kmghmamf Kmghmamf pmkb`bkbg pmkb`bkbg scswb tmr`bnbp tmr`bnbp kbsblb` ybgh bfbg ncpmab` ncpmab`fbg6 fbg6 8. Kmkjmrc Kmkjmrc fmsmkpbtb fmsmkpbtbg g pbnb pbnb scswb scswb ugtuf ugtuf kmlbfufbg kmlbfufbg pmgmkubg6 pmgmkubg6 0. Kmkjbgtu Kmkjbgtu scswb scswb nmghbg nmghbg cgeirkbsc/ cgeirkbsc/ nbtb nbtb ocfb ocfb ncpmrlufbg ncpmrlufbg ilm` scswb6 scswb6 3. Kmkc Kmkckp kpcg cg bgb bgblc lcscs scs smg smgnc ncrc rc ( smle smle bgblyscs) bgblyscs ) nmghbg pmrtbgybbg ybgh kmghbrb`fbg nbg kmghcnmgtcecfbsc kbsblb`6 24. Kmrbghsbgh tmrobncgyb cgtmrbfsc bgtbrb scswb nmghbg scswb6 22. Kmkjbgtu scswb kmrukusfbg kmrukusfbg prcgscp nbg nbg hmgmrblcsbsc `bscl pmgmkubggyb. pmgmkubggyb.
E. FMHCB FMHCB^ ^BG TMKJML TMKJMLBOB BOBZBG ZBG Tmrtmkubg Fm-2 Qcgtbf
Fmhcbtbg Huru
Xbftu
b. Tmgnb`ulubg *Huru *Hu ru kmgybk kmgybkpbcf pbcfbg bg sblbk sblbk nbg kmgbgy kmgbgybfb bfbg g fm`bnc fm`bncrbg rbg 2. Qtckulbtcig (sckullbsc/Tmkjmrc bg rbghsbghbg)
pmsmrtb ncncf *Huru kmkcgtb scswb ugtuf jmrnib jmrsbkb. * Qmjmlukgyb fbku tmlb` kmkpmlbobrc tmgtbgh hmrbf pbnb kbf`luf `cnup. Aijb smfbrbgh fbku pcfcrfbg, pmrgb`fb` fbku kmgymgtu` nbug putrc kblu9 Bpb ybgh tmrobnc pbnb nbug putrc kblu9 Kbrc pmr`btcfbg vcnmi jmrcfut!
24 kmgct
:. Trijlmk stbtmkmg
j. Fmhcbtbg Cgtc
(pmrgybtbbg
Kmgybkpbcfbg cgeirkbsc tmgtbgh fmhcbtbg ybgh bfbg
/cnmgtcecfbsc
nclbfufbg ybctu tmgtbgh ?
kbsblb`)
Kmghcnmgtcecfbsc kbabk-kbabk hmrbf omgcs tukju`bg ybgh bnb nc brmb lbpbghbg smpbf jilb, tbkbg fmlbs 0B nbg 0J QKTG 24 Kblbgh ugtuf `blbkbg 8 nbg kmghbkbtc fmampbtbg hmrbf pbnb `mwbg `blbkbg 3 Jufu Qcswb Fmlbs UCCC
Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg kmghcnmgtcecfbsc hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg“Byi tukju`bg“Byi Fctb Aijb‛ smrtb kmgobwbj pmrtbgybbg ybgh bnb pbnb fmhcbtbg
tmrsmjut. Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg kmghcnmgtcecfbsc hmrbf pbnb `mwbg “Byi “Byi Fctb Qmlmsmcfbg‛ smrtb kmgobwbj pmrtbgybbg ybgh bnb pbnb
fmhcbtbg tmrsmjut. Irbgh ^ub kmgymncbfbg Jb`bg Ms Jbtu, Firmf bpc nbg lclcg
Kmkjbhc scswb kmgobnc 0 fmlikpif Ncsfusc fmlikpif ugtuf kmghcnmgtcecfbsc omgcs omgcs hmrbf hmrbf ybgh ybgh nclbfufbg ilm` tukju`bg `bl 8 Jufu Qcswb Fmlbs UCCC.
244 kmgct
1.Nbtb aillmatcig
Kmghbkbtc
(pmghukpulbg
*Hur *H uru u kmkp kmkpmr mrlc lc`b `btf tfbg bg tu tukj kju` u`bg bg pu putr trcc kblu kblu nb nbg g scsw scswbb
nbtb)
kmghbkbtc pmrujb`bg hmrbf ybgh nclbfufbg ilm` tukju`bg putrc kblu nbg hmrbf pbnb `mwbg. Kmgbgyb *Huru kmkjmrcfbg pmrtbgybbg-pmrtbgybbg ybgh kmkcau rbsb cghcg tb`u scswb ugtuf kmkjmrcfbg pmrtbgybbg jblcffbg kmghmgbc hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg nbg `mwbg. Kmghukpulfbg Nbtb/Cgeirkbsc
*Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg kmghcn kmg hcnmgt mgtcec cecfbsc fbsc hmrbf hmrbf pbnb pbnb tukju` tukju`bg bg ybgh ybgh bnb lbpbgh lbpbghbg bg smpbf jilb, nc tbkbg fmlbs 0B nbg 0J QKTG 24 Kblbgh, fmkuncbg kmgabtbt pbnb tbjml `blbkbg 8 “Byi “Byi Fctb Aijb‛. * Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg kmghcnmgtcecfbsc fmampbtbg hmrbf pbnb `mwbg nbrbt. *Qma *Q mabrb brb jm jmrf rfml mlik ikpi pif f pm pmsmr smrtb tb nc ncnc ncf f kmlb kmlbfu fufb fbg g fm fmhc hcbtb btbg g kmgh km ghbk bkbt btcc
hmrb hmrbf f
pbn pbnb
tu tuk kju juu` u`bg bg
“Byi “Byi
fctb ctb
Aijb Aijb‛, ‛,
kmghcnmgtcecfbsc fmampbtbg hmrbf `mwbg nbrbt nbg kmghbkbtc prisms tmrobncgyb eitiscgtmscs pbnb tukju`bg ‐byi fctb pb`bkc–. * Kmgabtbt nbtb pmghbkbtbg pmghbkbtbg pbnb LFQ ybgh tmlb` ncjmrcfbg ncjmrcfbg ilm` huru
>. Nbtb priamsscgh (pmghilb`bg Nbtb)
Kmgblbr *Tmsmrtb ncncf nbpbt jmrncsfusc `bscl pmghbkbtbggyb nmghbg fmlikpifg fmlik pifgyb yb nbg
kmkpmr`btcf kmkpmr`btcfbg bg pmrtbgybbg-p pmrtbgybbg-pmrtbgy mrtbgybbg bbg
pbnb lmkjbr fmhcbtbg pmsmrtb ncncf. =.Umrcecabtcig (pmkjuftcbg)
Kmghfikugcfbscfbg Tmrwbfclbg fmlikpif kbou kmkprmsmgtbscfbg `bscl pmghbkbtbggyb. Fmlikpif Tmsmrtb ncncf ybgh lbcggyb kmgbghhbpc prmsmgtbsc fmlikpif ybgh kbou nmghbg kmkemrcfbscfbg kmkemrcfbscfbg nbtb nmghbg jufu scswb `blbkbg 8 nbg 3.
5. Hmgmrblczbtcig (kmgbrcf
Huru nmghbg kmghhugbfbg kmtinm jmrtbgyb kmghbrb`fbg pmsmrtb ncncf pbnb figsmp hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg nbg nbg `mwbg
fmsckpulbg /hmgmrblcsbsc) a. Tmgutup. Huru jmrsbkb scswb kmrmvcmw kmrmvcmw pmkjmlbobrbg pmkjmlbobrbg `bscl `bscl pmkjmlbobrbg. Huru kmkjmrcfbg rmwbrn pbnb fmlbs fbrmgb sunb` jmlbobr nmghbg jbcf. Huru kmguhbsfbg pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmgobwbj pmrtbgybbg
24 kmgct
pbnb fmhcbtbg “Byi “Byi Fctb Qmlmsbcfbg‛ Huru kmguhbsfbg pmsmrtb ncncf kmkpmlbobrc kbtmrc ybgh jmrcfutgyb. Huru kmghbf`crc kmghbf`crc pmkjmlbobrbg pmkjmlbobrbg nmghbg kmkjmrc sblbk
Tmrtmkubg Fm-: Qcgtbf
Fmhcbtbg Huru
Xbftu 24 kmgct
b. Tmgnb`ulubg *Huru *Hu ru kmgybk kmgybkpbcf pbcfbg bg sblbk sblbk nbg kmgbgy kmgbgybfb bfbg g fm`bnc fm`bncrbg rbg pmsmrtb ncncf *Huru kmkcgtb scswb ugtuf jmrnib jmrsbkb. *Huru kmghulbghc pmlbobrbg kcghhu lblu, nmghbg kmghhugbfbg kmtinm “ Qcbpb ncbgtbrb fblcbg ybgh kbsc` cghbt kbabk-kbabk hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg nbg `mwbg 9
:. Qtckulbtcig
kmgabtbt tuoubg pmkjmlbobrbg ybgh cghcg ncabpbc nc pbpbg
(sckullbsc/Tmkjmrc bg rbghsbghbg)
Huru Hu ru kmgy kmgybk bkpb pbcf cfbg bg ti tipc pcf f yb ybgh gh bf bfbg bg nc ncjb jb`b `bss nb nbg g
tulcs.
Huru Hur u kmgybk kmgybkpbc pbcfbg fbg kinml kinml nbg kmtinm kmtinm pmkjml pmkjmlbobr bobrbg bg ybgh
bfbg
nchugbfbg
jmsmr mrttb
lbg bgh hfb`‑lbghfb`
pmkjmlbobrbg.
Huru kmkjbhc scswb smabrb `mtmrihmg fm nblbk fmlikpif nbg kmkjbhcfbg kmkjbhcfbg lmkjbr tuhbs jmrupb lmkjbr fmrob scswb
(LFQ) fm kbscgh-kbscgh fmlikpif smjbhbc jb`bg ncsfusc. Kbrc pmr`btcfbg `bl jmrcfut!
:. Trijlmk stbtmkmg
j. Fmhcbtbg Cgtc
(pmrgybtbbg
Kmgybkpbcfbg cgeirkbsc tmgtbgh fmhcbtbg ybgh bfbg
/cnmgtcecfbsc
nclbfufbg ybctu tmgtbgh ?
kbsblb`)
Trbftcfuk kmghbkbtc hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg nbg kmgymlcncfc prisms tmrobncgyb eitiscgtmscs Jufu eitiscgtmscs Jufu Qcswb Fmlbs UCCC
Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg prbftcfuk“Byi prbftcfuk“B yi Fctb Aijb‛ nbg “Byi “Byi Fctb Tb`bkc‛ smrtb kmgobwbj pmrtbgybbg ybgh bnb pbnb fmhcbtbg tmrsmjut.
Kmkjbhc scswb kmgobnc 0 fmlikpif Ncsfusc fmlikpif ugtuf kmghbkbtc hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg ybgh jmrbnb nc fmjug nbg tbkbg smfctbr hbzmji smfilb` nbg kmgymlcncfc prisms tmrobncgyb eitiscgtmscs pbnb tukju`bg ybgh bnb nc smfctbr lbpbghbg smpbf jilb QKTG 24 Kblbgh `bl 8 nbg 2: Jufu Qcswb Fmlbs UCCC.
Nbtb aillmatcig
Kmghbkbtc
(pmghukpulbg nbtb)
*Qcswb kmlbfufbg prbftcfuk tmgtbgh hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg nbg prisms tmrobncgyb eitiscgtmscs. Kmgbgyb *Huru kmkjmrcfbg pmrtbgybbg-pmrtbgybbg ybgh kmkcau rbsb cghcg tb`u tb` u scsw scswbb ug ugtu tuf f kmkj kmkjmr mrcf cfbg bg pm pmrtb rtbgy gybb bbg g jb jblcf lcffb fbg g kmgh kmghmg mgbc bc pmsbwbt smnmr`bgb. Kmghukpulfbg Nbtb/Cgeirkbsc
*Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg kmgh km ghbk bkbt btcc
kbab kbabkk-k kbabk babk
kmgy km gyml mlcn cncf cfcc
ebft ebftir ir-e -ebf bfti tirr
hmr mrbf bf ybgh ybgh
pb pbn nb
tu tuk kju ju`b `bg g
kmkp kmkpmg mghb hbru ru`c `c
nbg
pr pris isms ms
tmrobnc tmro bncgyb gyb eitisc eitiscstms stmscs cs pbnb pbnb tukju` tukju`bg bg nc smfctb smfctbrr lbpbgh lbpbghbg bg smpbf jilb QKTG 24 Kblbgh“Byi Fctb Aijb‛ nbg “Byi Fctb Tb`bkc‛. *Tms *T msmr mrtb tb ncnc ncncf f
nbpb nbpbtt
kmgh kmghbk bkbt btcc
jm jmjm jmrb rbpb pb om omgc gcss
hm hmrb rbf f
tukju`bg. >. Nbtb priamsscgh (pmghilb`bg Nbtb)
* Kmgabtbt nbtb pmghbkbtbg pbnb jufu LFQ Kmgblbr *Tmsmrtb ncncf nbpbt jmrncsfusc `bscl pmghbkbtbggyb nmghbg fmlikpifg fmlik pifgyb yb nbg
54 kmgct
kmkpmr`btcf kmkpmr`btcfbg bg pmrtbgybbg-p pmrtbgybbg-pmrtbgy mrtbgybbg bbg
pbnb lmkjbr fmhcbtbg pmsmrtb ncncf. =.Umrcecabtcig (pmkjuftcbg)
Kmghfikugcfbscfbg Tmrwbfclbg fmlikpif kbou kmkprmsmgtbscfbg `bscl pmghbkbtbggyb. Fmlikpif Tmsmrtb ncncf ybgh lbcggyb kmgbghhbpc prmsmgtbsc fmlikpif ybgh kbou nmghbg kmkemrcfbscfbg kmkemrcfbscfbg nbtb nmghbg
5. Hmgmrblczbtcig
jufu scswb. Huru nmghbg kmghhugbfbg kmtinm jmrtbgyb kmghbrb`fbg
(kmgbrcf
pmsmrtb ncncf pbnb figsmp hmrbf nbg eitiscgtmscs pbnb
fmsckpulbg
tukju`bg.
/hmgmrblcsbsc) a. Tmgutup. Huru jmrsbkb scswb kmrmvcmw kmrmvcmw pmkjmlbobrbg pmkjmlbobrbg `bscl pmkjmlbobrbg.
24 kmgct
Huru kmkjmrcfbg rmwbrn pbnb fmlbs fbrmgb sunb` jmlbobr nmghbg jbcf. Huru kmguhbsfbg pmsmrtb ncncf jmlbobr kmgh`bnbpc tms pbnb pmrtmkubg jmrcfutgyb. Huru kmghbf`crc kmghbf`crc pmkjmlbobrbg pmkjmlbobrbg nmghbg kmkjmrc sblbk
Tmrtmkubg Fm-1 Qcgtbf
Fmhcbtbg Huru
Xbftu 2= kmgct
b. Tmgnb`ulubg *Huru *Hu ru kmgybk kmgybkpbcf pbcfbg bg sblbk sblbk nbg kmgbgy kmgbgybfb bfbg g fm`bnc fm`bncrbg rbg pmsmrtb ncncf *Huru kmkcgtb scswb ugtuf jmrnib jmrsbkb. *Huru kmghulbghc pmlbobrbg kcghhu lblu, nmghbg kmghhugbfbg kmtinm “ Qcbpb ncbgtbrb fblcbg ybgh kbsc` cghbt `bscl prbftcfuk tmgtbgh kbabk-kbabk hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg nbg `mwbg 9 bpbfb` jmgnb ouhb kmghblbkc 1. Qtckulbtcig
hmrbf ybgh sbkb smpmrtc hmrbf ybgh nclbfufbg ilm`
(sckullbsc/Tmkjmrc
tukju`bg9 Qcswb kmgobwbj pmrtbgybbg huru “^cnbf Ju‛.
bg rbghsbghbg)
Tmr`btcfbg vcnmi jmrcfut (Huru kmgbkpclfbg vcnmi tmgtbgh hmrbf jmgnb) Huru jmrtbgyb “Bpb sbob hmrbf ybgh nclbfufbg ilm` jmgnb9‛ Qcswb kmgobwbj pmrtbgybbg huru.
Huru Hu ru kmgy kmgybk bkpb pbcf cfbg bg ti tipc pcf f yb ybgh gh bf bfbg bg nc ncjb jb`b `bss nb nbg g kmgabtbt tuoubg pmkjmlbobrbg ybgh cghcg ncabpbc nc pbpbg tulcs.
Huru Hur u kmgybk kmgybkpbc pbcfbg fbg kinml kinml nbg kmtinm kmtinm pmkjml pmkjmlbobr bobrbg bg ybgh
bfbg
nchugbfbg
jmsmr mrttb
lbg bgh hfb`‑lbghfb`
pmkjmlbobrbg.
Huru kmkjbhc scswb smabrb `mtmrihmg fm nblbk fmlikpif
nbg kmkjbhcfbg kmkjbhcfbg lmkjbr tuhbs jmrupb lmkjbr fmrob scswb (LFQ) fm kbscgh-kbscgh fmlikpif smjbhbc jb`bg ncsfusc. Kbrc pmr`btcfbg `bl jmrcfut!
:. Trijlmk stbtmkmg
j. Fmhcbtbg Cgtc
(pmrgybtbbg
Kmgybkpbcfbg cgeirkbsc tmgtbgh fmhcbtbg ybgh bfbg
/cnmgtcecfbsc
nclbfufbg ybctu tmgtbgh ?
kbsblb`)
Trbftcfuk kmghbkbtc hmrbf pbnb jmgnb, kmlcputc HLJ, HLJJ, pmrujb`bg fmlboubg nbg @ufuk Gmwtig, Jufu Gmwtig, Jufu Qcswb Fmlbs UCCC `bl 2> - :>
Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg prbftcfuk“Byi prbftcfuk“B yi Fctb Aijb‛ nbg “Byi “Byi Fctb Qmlmsmcfbg‛ smrtb kmgobwbj pmrtbgybbg ybgh bnb pbnb fmhcbtbg tmrsmjut.
Kmkjbhc scswb kmgobnc 0 fmlikpif Ncsfusc fmlikpif ugtuf kmghbkbtc hmrbf pbnb jmgnb nbg kmkb`bkc figsmp nbg pmraijbbg @ufuk Gmwtig `bl 2> nbg :> Jufu Qcswb Fmlbs UCCC.
1.Nbtb aillmatcig
Kmghbkbtc
(pmghukpulbg
*Qcswb kmlbfufbg prbftcfuk tmgtbgh hmrbf pbnb jmgnb.
nbtb)
Kmgbgyb *Huru kmkjmrcfbg pmrtbgybbg-pmrtbgybbg ybgh kmkcau rbsb cghcg tb`u tb` u scsw scswbb ug ugtu tuf f kmkj kmkjmr mrcf cfbg bg pm pmrtb rtbgy gybb bbg g jb jblcf lcffb fbg g kmgh kmghmg mgbc bc pmsbwbt smnmr`bgb. Kmghukpulfbg Nbtb/Cgeirkbsc
*Huru kmkjckjcgh pmsmrtb ncncf ugtuf kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg kmghbkbtc kmghb kbtc kbabk-kbabk kbabk-kbabk hmrbf pbnb jmgnb ybgh kmlcputc HLJ, HLJJ nbg @ufuk Gmwtig“Byi Fctb Aijb‛ nbg “Byi Fctb Qmlmsmcfbg‛. *Tmsmrtb ncncf nbpbt kmghbkbtc jmjmrbpb omgcs hmrbf jmgnb. * Kmgabtbt nbtb pmghbkbtbg pbnb jufu LFQ
>. Nbtb priamsscgh (pmghilb`bg Nbtb)
Kmgblbr *Tmsmrtb ncncf nbpbt jmrncsfusc `bscl pmghbkbtbggyb nmghbg
34 kmgct
fmlikpifgyb nbg kmkpmr`btcfbg pmrtbgybbg-pmrtbgybbg pbnb lmkjbr fmhcbtbg pmsmrtb ncncf.
=.Umrcecabtcig (pmkjuftcbg)
Kmghfikugcfbscfbg Tmrwbfclbg fmlikpif kbou kmkprmsmgtbscfbg `bscl pmghbkbtbggyb. Fmlikpif Tmsmrtb ncncf ybgh lbcggyb kmgbghhbpc prmsmgtbsc fmlikpif ybgh kbou nmghbg kmkemrcfbscfbg kmkemrcfbscfbg nbtb nmghbg
5. Hmgmrblczbtcig (kmgbrcf
jufu scswb. Huru nmghbg kmghhugbfbg kmtinm jmrtbgyb kmghbrb`fbg pmsmrtb ncncf pbnb figsmp hmrbf pbnb jmgnb.
fmsckpulbg /hmgmrblcsbsc) a. Tmgutup. Huru jmrsbkb scswb kmrmvcmw kmrmvcmw pmkjmlbobrbg pmkjmlbobrbg `bscl pmkjmlbobrbg.
2= kmgct
Huru kmkjmrcfbg rmwbrn pbnb fmlbs fbrmgb sunb` jmlbobr nmghbg jbcf. Huru kmguhbsfbg pmsmrtb ncncf jmlbobr kmgh`bnbpc tms pbnb pmrtmkubg jmrcfutgyb. Huru kmghbf`crc kmghbf`crc pmkjmlbobrbg pmkjmlbobrbg nmghbg kmkjmrc sblbk
H. Q]KJMZ NBG KMNCB TMKJMLBOBZBG b. Qukj Qukjmr mr??
Jufu Ju fu CTB CTB pm pmhb hbgh ghbg bg hu huru ru fu furc rcfu fulu luk k :4 :421 21 Fmkm Fmkmgt gtrc rcbg bg Tm Tmgn gncn cncf cfbg bg nb nbg g Fmjunbybbg Zmpujlcf Cgnigmscb.
Jufu CTB pmhbghbg scswb Fmkmgtrcbg Tmgncncfbg nbg Fmjunbybbg Zmpujlcf Cgnigmscb. Mncsc rmvcsc tb`ug :428
Jufu CTB JQM NMTGCFGBQ tb`ug :440
`ttps?//jlih.rubghhuru.aik kbabk hmrbf hmrbf pbnb kbf`lu kbf`luf f `cnup `cnup nbg `ttps?//jlih.rubghhuru.aik kbabk kbabk jmgnb
`ttps?//cn.sarcjn.aik hmrbf `ttps?//cn.sarcjn.aik hmrbf pbnb kbf`luf `cnup nbg jmgnb
Zukb` jmlbobr
Lbpbghbg smpbf jilb, hbzmji, tbkbg fmlbs 0B nbg 0J QKTG 24 Kblbgh
j. Qbrbgb Qbrbgb nbg nbg Trbsbrbgb? Trbsbrbgb? 2. Lbptip :. LAN a. Kmn mnccb? Tiwmrpicgt tmgtbgh hmrbf pbnb kbf`luf `cnup nbg jmgnb Ucnmi tmgtbgh hmrbf pbnb kbf`luf `cnup nbg jmgnb FC^ HLJ nbg HLJJ
@. TMGCLBCBG TZIQMQ NBG @BQCL JMLBOBZ Tmgclbcbg 2. Cgstrukmg B.
Tmgclbcbg Qcfbp
G4 2
Qfir
Bspmf Tmghbkbtbg Jmrnib
2
smjmluk
nbg
:
1
smsunb`
kmlbfufbg fmhcbtbg jmlbobr kmghbobr pbnb kbtmrc rbghfb kbguscb :
Kmghuabpfbg rbsb syufur btbs fbrugcb ^u`bg Kmkjmrc sb sblbk sm smjmluk nb nbg sm smsunb`
1
kmgy km gybk bkpb pbcf cfbg bg
pm pmgn gnbp bpbt bt/p /prms rmsmg mgtb tbsc sc
`bscl pmghbkbtbg rbghfb kbguscb Kmghughfbpbfbg fm f mfbhukbg smabrb
>
lcsbg kbupug tulcsbg tmr`bnbp ^u`bg sbbt
kmlc`bt
f`us f`usus usgy gybb
fmjmsbrbg ybgh ybgh
^u`bg
jmr` jmr`uj ujug ughb hbg g
pmghbkbtbg rbghfb kbguscb =
Kmrbsbfbg fm fmjmrbnbbg nb nbg fm fmjmsbrbg ^u`bg sbbt kmkpmlbobrc kbtmrc rbghfb kbguscb Ouklb` Qfir
J.
Tmgclbcbg ncrc
Gi Bspmf ybgh ncgclbc 2 Zbsb cghcg tb`u (aurciscty) : Fmtmlctcbg nbg fm`btc-`btcbg 1
1
:
2
Fmtmrbghbg
nblbk
kmlbfufbg pmghbkbtbg Fmtmfugbg nbg tbghhughobwbj nblbk jmlbobr nbg jmfmrob jbcf smabrb cgncvcnu
>
kbupug jmrfmlikpif Fmtm Fmtmrb rbkp kpcl clbg bg jmr jmrfi fiku kugc gcf fbs bscc pbnb pbnb sbb sbbtt jmlbobr
A. Z]JZCF TMGCLBCBG BG^BZ ^MKBG Gi 2.
Bspmf ybgh ncgclbc Kmgug Kmgugou ouff ffbg bg
Zujrcf Qfir Qfir 1?kmgugo 1?kmgugouf uffb fbg g rbsb rbsb cg cghc hcg g tb tb`u `u yb ybgh gh jm jmsb sbrr, bg bgtu tuscb scbs, s,
>
Gi
Bspmf ybgh ncgclbc rbsbb cgh rbs cghcg cg tb`u tb`u
Zujrcf bf bftc tcee nblb nblbk k nbl nblbk bk fm fmhc hcbt btbg bg fm fmli likp kpif if Qfir :? kmgugouffbg rbsb cghcg tb`u, gbkug tcnbf tmrlblu bgtuscbs nbg jbru tmrlcjbt bftce nblbk fmhcbtbg fmlikpif fmtcfb ncsuru` Qfirr 2? tcnbf Qfi tcnbf kmgugo kmgugouff uffbg bg bgtusc bgtuscbs bs nblbk nblbk pmghbk pmghbkbtbg btbg,, sulct sul ct tmrlcjbt tmrlcjbt bftce nblbk fmhcbtbg fmhcbtbg fmlikpi fmlikpif f
:.
Fmtmlctcbg nbg `btc-`btc
wblbup wblbupug ug
tmlb` ncnirigh ugtuf tmrlcjbt Qfir 1 ? Kmghbkbtc rbghfb kbguscb nmghbg tmlctc Qfir : ? kmghbkbtc kmghbkbtc rbghfb kbguscb nmghbg furbgh tmlctc Qfir 2 ? kmghbkbtc rbghfb kbguscb nmghbg tcnbf tmlctc
1
Fmtmfugbg
Qfir Qf ir 1?tmfug 1?tmfug nb nblb lbk k kmgy kmgymlm mlmsbc sbcfb fbg g tu tuhb hbss nm nmgh ghbg bg `b `bscl scl
nbg tbghhughobwbj
tmrjbcf ybgh jcsb nclbfufbg, jmrupbyb tmpbt wbftu. Qfir :? jmrupbyb tmpbt wbftu nblbk kmgymlmsbcfbg tuhbs,
nblbk jmlbobr
gbkug jmluk kmgugouffbg upbyb tmrjbcfgyb
nbg jmfmrob
Qfir
jbcf smabrb
kmgymlmsbcfbg tuhbs nbg tuhbsgyb tcnbf smlmsbc
2?
tcnbf
jmru rup pbyb
sughhu`-sug sughhu`
nblbk
cgncvcnu kbupug >
jmrfmlikpif Jmrfikugcfbs bscc
Qfir 1 ? bf bfttce nblbk tbgyb obwbj bwbj,, kmg mgh h`brhbc pmgnbp bpbbt scswb lbcg Qfir Qf ir : ? bf bftce tce nb nblb lbk k tbgyb tbgyb ob obwb wbj, j, tcnb tcnbf f kmgh kmgh`b `brh rhbc bc pmgnbpbt scswb lbcg Qfir Qf ir 2 ? tcnb tcnbf f
bf bftc tcee nb nblb lbk k tb tbgy gybb ob obwb wbj j nb nbg g fu furb rbgh gh
kmgh`brhbc pmgnbpbt scswb lbcg N. Lmkj Lmkjbr br Tmgc Tmgclb lbcb cbg g Ncsf Ncsfus uscc Kbtb Tmlbobrbg ? CTB Fmlbs/Qmkmstmr ? UC UCCC/C ^ipcf/Q ipcf/Quj uj tipc tipcf f ? Hmrbf Hmrbf pbnb pbnb kbf`lu kbf`luf f `cnup `cnup nbg jmgnb/ jmgnb/ Hmrbf Hmrbf pbnb pbnb ^ukju`bg
Cgncfbtir
? Tm Tmsmrtb nc ncncf km kmgugouffbg pm pmrclbfu cl clkcb` rbs rbsb cg cghcg
tb`u, ouour, tmlctc, tmfug, tbghhugh obwbj nbg jmfmrobsbkb nmghbg nmghb g tmkbg nblbk nblbk sbtu fmlikpif fmlikpif ugtuf ugtuf kmlbfufbg kmlbfufbg prbftcfuk tmgtbgh hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg.
Gi
Fmrob sbkb
Gbkb scswb
Qbgtug
^ilmrbg
Jcobfsbgb
2. :. 1. >
Tmghcscbg filik smsubc `bscl pmghbkbtbg tmr`bnbp pmsmrtb ncncf ybctu ? Qfir 2 ? ocfb tcnbf pmrgb` bftce nblbk fmhcbtbg ncsfusc Qfir :? ocfb fbnbgh-fbnbgh bftce nblbk fmhcbtbg ncsfusc Qfir 1 ? ocfb smrcgh bftce nbk fmhcbtbg ncsfusc Qfir > ? ocfb smlblu bftce nblbk fmhcbtbg ncsfusc Gclbc ; ouklb` sfir
P 244
Gclbc ybgh nc pmrilm` Trmncfbt
Gclbc
Qb Qbgh ghbt bt jbcf jbcf ( QJ QJ ) 04 < 244 244 Jbcf ( J )
84 < 83
Aufup ( A )
54 < 53
Furbgh ( F )
< 54
M. Ourgbl Abtbtbg huru smlbkb prisms pmkjmlbobrbg jmrlbghsugh. Ourgbl Gbkb Tmsmrtb Ncncf
? ………………..
Ouklb` sfir
Bspmf ybgh ncbkbtc
Gi.
2.
? ………………..
@brc/ ^bghhbl ^bghhbl
Fmobncbg
Fmtmrbghbg
Cg Cgsstruk trukmg mg Tmg Tmgcl clbc bcb bg Tmgh Tmghmt mtb` b`u ubg Cgncfbtir?? Cgncfbtir b. Ncsboc Ncsbocfbg fbg nbtb nbtb kbabk hmrbf hmrbf tukju`b tukju`bg g nc brmb smfilb smfilb`, `, pmsmrtb pmsmrtb ncncf ncncf nbpbt nbpbt kmgh km ghcn cnmg mgtc tcec ecfbs fbsc, c, kmgm kmgmtu tufb fbg g omgc omgcss hm hmrb rbf f yb ybgh gh tm tmro robn bncc pb pbnb nb tu tukj kju` u`bg bg tukju`bg tmrsmjut.
j. Ncsbocfbg smjub` pmrgybtbbg, pmsmrtb ncncf nbpbt kmgomlbsfbg ebftir ybgh kmkpmghbru`c hmrbf pbnb tukju`bg. a. Ncsboc Ncsbocfbg fbg smjub` smjub` pmrgybtbb pmrgybtbbg, g, pmsmrtb pmsmrtb ncncf nbpbt nbpbt kmgymjut kmgymjutfbg fbg gbkb lbcg @ufuk CCC Gmwtig. n. Qcswb Qcswb nbpbt kmgmrbp kmgmrbpfbg fbg figsmp figsmp @ufuk @ufuk Gmwtig Gmwtig nblbk nblbk fm`cnu fm`cnupbg pbg sm`brcsm`brc`brc.
b. ^ms ^mr mrtu tulc lcss Tclc`bg Hbgnb Hbgnb ? = sibl sibl 2. Amrkbtc Amrkbtc pmrcstcwb pmrcstcwb hmrbf tukju tukju`bg `bg jmrcfut! jmrcfut! 2) Jughb Jughb tulcp kmfbr kmfbr sbbt su`u su`u gbcf :) Hmrbf kmkjufb kmkjufb nbg kmgutupg kmgutupgyb yb stikbtb nbug nbug 1) Bfbr amkbrb amkbrb tukju` tukju` fm brb` brb` sukjmr sukjmr bcr >) Jughb Jughb kbtb`brc kmgh`bn kmgh`bnbp bp fm tckur sbbt kbtb`brc kbtb`brc tmrjct Hmrbf gbstc nctugouffbg ilm` gikir .... b. 2) 2) nbg :) a. :) nbg >) j. 2) nbg >)
n. 1) nbg >)
:. Jmrnbsbrfbg Jmrnbsbrfbg pmghblbkbg pmghblbkbg fmtcfb fmtcfb kmlbfufbg pmghbkbtbg pmghbkbtbg Hmrbf tukju`bg tukju`bg putrc kblu nc lbpbghbg smpbf jilb QKTG QKTG 24 Kblbgh smpmrtc pbnb hbkjbr kmrupbfbg aigti` hmrbf ….
b. Hmitripcskm j. Eitigbstc
a. @cnritripcskm n. Qmcskigbstc
1. Hmrbf gbstc gbstc nbg hmrbf hmrbf tripcskm tripcskm jmrjmnb jmrjmnb nblbk `bl .... .... b. Hmrbf gbstc ncsmjbj ncsmjbjfbg fbg ilm` ilm` rbghsbghbg rbghsbghbg nbrc lubr, lubr, smnbghfbg smnbghfbg hmrbf hmrbf tripcskm ncsmjbjfbg ilm` rbghsghbg nbrc nblbk j. Hmrbf gbstc tcnbf ncpmghbru`c ilm` brb` rbghsbghbg, smnbghfbg hmrbf tripcskm ncpmghbru`c ilm` rbghsbghbg a. Hmrbf gbstc jmluk jmluk ncfmtb ncfmtb`uc `uc pmgymj pmgymjbjgyb bjgyb,, smnbghfbg smnbghfbg hmrbf tripcskm tripcskm sunb` ncfmtb`uc pmgymjbjgyb n. Hmrbf gbstc kmgymj kmgymjbjfbg bjfbg tuju` tuju` tukju`b tukju`bg g jmrpcgnb` jmrpcgnb` tmkpbt, tmkpbt, smnbghfbg hmrbf tripcskm tcnbf kmgymjbjfbg tuju` tukju`bg jmrpcgnb` tmkpbt >. @ufuk @ufuk CCC CCC Gmwti Gmwtig g ncfmgb ncfmgbll nmghbg nmghbg `ufu `ufuk. k. . . . b. Fmlmkjbkbg j. Bfsc-rmbfsc a. Fmsm Fmsmtc tckj kjbg bgh hbg n. Tbsabl =. Qbbt Qbbt tmrjbg tmrjbgh h ncunbr ncunbrb, b, hmrbfbg hmrbfbg jurugh jurugh tmrsmju tmrsmjutt nbpbt nbpbt ncomlbsf ncomlbsfbg bg nmghbg nmghbg @ufuk CCC Gmwtig, ybctu nmghbg abrb kmkbgebbtfbg scebt blcrbg unbrb. Tmrjbgncghbg jmsbrgyb hbyb bfsc nbg rmbfsc jurugh nmghbg unbrb ybgh jmgbr bnblb`.... b. Qbkb, sm`cghhb sm`cghhb jurugh jurugh nbpbt tmrjbgh tmrjbgh nmghbg nmghbg stbjcl stbjcl nc unbrb unbrb j. Jmrjmnb, sm`cghhb jurugh nbpbt kmlbybgh nc nc unbrb a. Qbkb Qbkb,, fb fbrm rmgb gb hb hbyb yb yb ybgh gh nckc nckclc lcfc fcgy gybb kmlm kmlmjc jc`c `c jm jmsbr sbr hbyb hmsmfb hmsmfbg g unbrb kbfb jurugh nbpbt kbou fm nmpbg n. Jmrj Jmrjmn mnb, b, fbrm fbrmgb gb hby hbybb ybgh ybgh nck nckcl clcf cfcg cgyb yb lmj lmjc` c` fma fmacl cl nbr nbrcc hmsmfbg unbrb kbfb jurugh nbpbt kbou fm nmpbg j. ^ms ]rb ]rbcb cbg g ]rbcbg? 1 Qibl 2. b.^mgtufb mgt ufbg gyb omgcs-o omgjugh mgcs s hmrbf hmrb pbnb tukju` tukju`bg bg jmrcf jmrcfut? ut? Kmfbrg Kmf brgyb jcs-omgc ughb b tulcp tu lcp f pbnb
hb hbyb yb
j. Tmab`gyb fitbf jcoc pbnb fbabgh-fbabghbg a. Km Kmfb fbrg rgyb yb kmlb kmlbtc tc bcr bcr n. Kmghbtupg Kmghbtupgyb yb nbug nbug pmtbc acgb :. Qmjutfbg Qmjutfbg aigti` aigti` `mwbg `mwbg ybgh kmkclcfc kmkclcfc itit itit pblcgh mlbstcs! mlbstcs! 1. Tmr` Tmr`bt btcf cfbg bg hb hbkj kjbr br ji jilb lb yb ybgh gh nc nclm lmkp kpbr br fm tm tmkj kjif if bf bfbg bg kmkb kmkbgt gtul ul fmkjblc smpmrtc nc jbwb` cgc! Tbsbghbg hbyb bfsc-rmbfsc ybgh jmgbr bnblb`…. Omlbsfbg!
TMNIKBG TMGQFIZBG
Tmgsfirbg Tclc`bg hbgnb? Gi
Frmtmrcb pmgclbcbg
Qfir
2.
Obwbjbg jmgbr
2
:.
Obwbjbg sblb`
4
Gclbc ; Ouklb` sfir Gclbc ybgh ncpmrilm`
x 244
]rbcbg Gi 2.
Frmtmrcb pmgclbcbg Bkbt Furbgh Furbgh Aufup Jbcf Bkbt Jbcf
:.
Qfir 2 : 1 > =
Cgstrukmg Tmgclbcbg Fmtmrbkpclbg Cgncfbtir?? ^mrbkpcl kmlbfufbg pmraijbbg hmrbf tukju`bg pbnb putrc kblu Cgncfbtir nbg jmgnb
b. ^ms Trbf rbftcf tcf ^ipcf
? Hmrbf pbnb kbf`luf `cnup nbg jmgnb
Fikpmtmgsc Nbsbr
?
>.2 >.2
Kmlb Kmlbfu fufb fbg g pmgy pmgyml mlcn cncf cfbg bg tmgt tmgtbg bgh h hmrb hmrbf, f, hm hmrb rbf f pb pbnb nb kbf` kbf`lu luf f `c `cnu nup p nb nbg g pmraijbbg pmghbru` hbyb tmr`bnbp hmrbf ?
Cgncfbtir >.2. >.2.8 8
Jmrj Jmrjbh bhbc bc rbg rbghs hsbg bgh h tmr` tmr`bn bnbp bp hmr hmrbf bf nbu nbug g putr putrcc kblu kblu..
>.2. >.2.0 0
Kmlb Kmlbfu fufb fbg g pmghb pmghbkb kbtb tbg g tmgtb tmgtbgh gh omgc omgcss hmrbf hmrbf pbnb pbnb 24 omgcs omgcs tbgbk tbgbkbg bg ybgh ybgh jmrjmnb nc lcghfughbg smfilb` nbg lcghfughbg smfctbr. smfctbr.
>.2.3 >.2. 3 Kmlbfufbg Kmlbfufbg pmraijbbg pmraijbbg hmrbf lurus lurus pbnb jmgnb jmgnb >.2.24 >.2 .24
Kmlbfu Kmlbfufbg fbg pmrai pmraijbb jbbg g tmgtbg tmgtbgh h pmghbr pmghbru` u` hbyb hbyb tmr`bn tmr`bnbp bp hmrbf. hmrbf.
>.2. >.2.2 22
Kmgh Kmgh`c `ctu tugh gh obrbf obrbf tmkpu tmkpu` ` `m `mwb wbg g yb ybgh gh jmrlbrc jmrlbrc nmghb nmghbg g fm fmam ampb pbtb tbg g nb nbg g wbftu tmrtmgtu.
>.2. >.2.2: 2:
Kmgh Kmgh`c `ctu tugh gh jm jmrb rbtt jm jmgn gnbb nm nmgh ghbg bg kmgh kmghhu hugb gbfb fbg g pm pmrsb rsbkb kbbg bg `u `ufu fuk k CC Gmwtig.
>.2.21 >.2. 21
Kmghbgblcsc Kmghbgblcscss pmgmrbpbg pmgmrbpbg `ufuk `ufuk CCC CCC Gmwtig Gmwtig pbnb btlmt likpbt likpbt tcghhc tcghhc..
LMKJBZ TMGHBKB^BG TMGHBKB^BG
Gi
Gbkb
Tmrscbpbg
Tmlbfsbgbbg
pmraijbbg
pmraijbbg
Fmhcbtbg bf`cr pmraijbbg
Ouklb` sfir
2. :. 1. >.
Z]JZCF Gi 2.
Fmtrbkpclbg ybgh ncgclbc Tm Tmrs rscb cbpb pbg g pmr pmrai aijb jbbg bg (kmg (kmgyc ycbp bpfb fbg g smk smkub ub bl blbt bt nb nbg g jb`bg)
:.
Tm Tmlb lbfs fsbg bgbb bbg g pmra pmraij ijbb bbg g (kml (kmlbf bfuf ufbg bg pm pmgh ghbk bkbt btbg bg
Sb
^cnbf
1.
smsubc nmghbg prismnur pmraijbbg ) Fmhc Fmhcbt btbg bg bf`c bf`crr pmr pmrai aijb jbbg bg (kmg (kmghm hmkj kjbl blcf cfbg bg sm smku kubb jb`bg nbg blbt pmraijbbg pbnb tmkpbtgyb)
Fmtmrbghbg ? yb ; :, tcnbf ; 2 j. ^ms Triymf ymf Fmrobfbg fmhcbtbg jmrcfut smabrb fmrob fmlikpif (sbtu fmlikpif > irbgh) “ FMKBGBFB@ ^]KJ]@BG BFBG JMZHMZBF “
Qmjmluk kmlbfufbg pmghbkbtbg cgc jmrfukpullb` nmghbg tmkbg sbtu fmlikpif Lbghfb`-lbghfb` ? 2. Bpb ybgh ybgh bfbg bfbg fbku fbku bkbtc bkbtc99 “kmghbkbtc brb` hmrbfbg jbtbgh fbabgh `cobu‛ :. Bpb ybgh ybgh fbku fbku nuhb nuhb99 1. Bpb ybgh ybgh `brus `brus fbku fbku pmrscbpf pmrscbpfbg9 bg9 2. Fbrn Fbrnus us jm jmfb fbss :. Lbfj bfjbg 1. Auttmr Auttmr btbu btbu pcsb pcsbu u >. Fmabkjb` Fmabkjb` fbabgh `cobu `cobu ybgh tcghhcgy tcghhcgybb furbgh lmjc` lmjc` 24 ak nbg kmkclcfc kmkclcfc jbtbgh ybgh tmhbf >. Bpb ybgh `brus fbku lbfufbg9 lbfufbg9 2. Lujbghc Lujbghc sblb` sbtu scsc fbrnus jmfbs jmfbs nmghbg auttmr. auttmr. Ncbkmtmr lujbgh lujbgh ybgh `brus fbku jubt furbgh lmjc` 2= ak :. Lmtbffbg Lmtbffbg fmabkjb` fmabkjb` fm nblbk nblbk fbrnus ybgh ybgh fbku lujbgh lujbghcc 1. Jubtlb` Jubtlb` hbkjbr piscsc piscsc jbtbgh fmabkjb` fmabkjb` fbabgh fbabgh `cobu ybgh ybgh tmlb` fbku kbsuffbg fm nblbk fbrnus. >. ^utuplb` utuplb` fbrnus fmkuncbg fmkuncbg jmrclb` jmrclb` lbfjbg bhbr ab`byb kbtb`brc kbtb`brc tcnbf jcsb kbsuf kmlbluc amlb`-amlb` fbrnus nbg pbstcfbg `bgyb bnb sbtu lujbgh smjbhbc tmkpbt kbsufgyb ab`byb =. Lmtbffbg Lmtbffbg smt pmraijbbg pmraijbbg fbku nc tmkpbt tmkpbt ybgh tmrfm tmrfmgb gb ab`byb kbtb`brc kbtb`brc 5. Lbfufbg Lbfufbg pmghbkbtbg pmghbkbtbg tmr`bnbp tmr`bnbp piscsc jbtbgh fmabkjb` fmabkjb` fbabgh fbabgh `cobu pbnb `brc pmrtbkb sbkpbc `brc fm tuou`. Fmkuncbg jubtlb` hbkjbr. hbkjbr. HBKJBZ @BQCL TMGHBKB^BG (aigti`)
=. Bpb ybgh nbpbt fbku sckpulfbg sckpulfbg
Fmtmrbghbg ? ^uhbs priymf cgc nbpbt nclbfsbgbfbg ilm` pmsmrtb ncncf smlbkb nub kcghhu
EIZKB^ TMGCLBCBG TZISMF Kbtb pmlbobrbg Gbkb priymf Blifbsc wbftu Gbkb Fmlbs
? CT CTB ? ? ? ?
Gi 2.
Qfir (2-=)
TMZMGABGBBG? b. Zbga Zbgabg bghb hbg g blb blbtt - Blbt Blbt - Jb`b Jb`bg g j. ]rbcbg abrb kmghhugbfbg blbt TMLBFQBGBBG b.bgblcscs nbtb j. pmgbrcfbg fmsckpulbg LBTIZBG TZ TZISMF Qcstmkbtcfb lbpirbg prmsmgtbsc ^I^BL QFIZ
:.
1.
-
Bspmf
Trinuf Nbrc `bscl pmghbkbtbg pbnb jmrjbhbc hmrbf tukju`bg, pmsmtb ncncf nc`brbpfbg kbkpu kmkjubt lbpirbg nblbk jmgtuf kbfblb` tmgtbgh ebftir-ebftir ybgh kmkpmghbru`c hmrbf tukju`bg. EIZKB^ TMGCLBCBG TZIN]F
Kbtb pmlbobrbg Gbkb priymf Blifbsc wbftu Gbkb pmsmrtb ncncf Fmlbs Gi
? ? ? ? ? ^b`bpbg
Qfir (2-=)
2.
^b` b`bp bp pmr pmrmg mgab abgb gbbg bg pmgh pmghbk bkbt btbg bg
:.
^b`bp b`bp pri rism smss pmk pmkju jubt btbg bg ? b. Tmr Tmrscb scbpbg pbg blbt blbt nbg nbg jb`bg jb`bg j. ^mfgcf pmghbkbtbg ^b`bp bf bf`cr
1.
pmlbpirbg
^I^BL QFIZ
a. Tirtieilci Kbtb pmlbobrbg ? CTB CTB Fmlbs /Qmkmstmr ? UCCC/2 ^b`ug bobrbg bobrb g ? :420 / :423 Ounul pirtieilci ^uoubg ^uou bg
? Tmlbpirbg pmrbgabghbg blbt nbg pmgyusugbg lbpirbg prbftcfuk ? pmsmrtb ncncf nbpbt kmrbgabgh blbt nbg kmgyusug lbpirbg prbftcfuk CTB smjbhbc tulcsbg clkcb` Zubgh lcghfup ? Fbryb pirtieilci ybgh ncfukpulfbg bnblb` lbpirbg smluru` `bscl rbgabghbg blbt nbg lbpirbg prbftcfuk CTB CTB smkmstmr C ]rbcbg tuhbs pirtieilci ? 2. Jubtlb` Jubtlb` lbpirbg lbpirbg fmhcbtbg fmhcbtbg kmrbgabgh kmrbgabgh blbt nbg jb`bg, jb`bg, lbpirbg lbpirbg prbftcfuk prbftcfuk CTB CTB smjbhbc tulcsbg clkcb` :. Qmtcbp lbpirbg lbpirbg ncfukpulfb ncfukpulfbg g smlbkjbt-lbkj smlbkjbt-lbkjbtgyb btgyb smkcghh smkcghhu u smtmlb` pmsmrtb pmsmrtb ncncf ncncf kmlbfsbgbfbg tuhbs EIZKB^ TMGCLBCBG
Gi 2. :. 1.
Fikpigmg ybgh ncgclbc ncgclbc
2
Qfir :
1
Tmrscbpbg Tmlbfsbgbbg @bscl prbftcfuk
Qfir pirtieilci Z]JZCF TMGCLBCBG Gi 2.
Fikpigmg Tmrscb scbpbg km kmlcputc? tc? fmtmpbtbg kmkclc`bg blbt nbg jb`bg
:.
Tmlbfsbgbbg kmlcputc lbghfb` fmrob nbg wbftu pmlbfsbgbbg
Qfir Qfir 1 ocfb pmkclc`bg blbt nbg jb`bg tmpbt Qfir : ocfb pmkclc`bg blbt btbu jb`bg tmpbt Qfir 2 ocfb pmkclc`bg blbt nbg jb`bg tcnbf tmpbt Qfir 1ocfb lbghfb` fmobncbg wbftu pmlbfsbgbbg tmpbt Qfir : ocfb lbghfb` fmrob btbu wbftu pmlbfsbgbbg tmpbt
Qfir 2 ocfb lbghfb` fmobncbg nbg wbftu 1.
@bsc @bscll pr prbf bftm tmf f kmlcp mlcpu utc fmbfurbtbg nbtb nbg
pmlbfsbgbbg tcnbf tmpbt Qfir 1 ocfb nbtb bfurbt nbg fmsckpulbg tmpbt Qfir : ocfb nbtb bfurbt btbu sckpulbg tmpbt Qfir 2 ocfb nbtb tcnbf bfurbt nbg sckpulbg
fmsckpulbg tcnbf tmpbt
Zujrcf Tmgclbcbg?
Gi. 2 : 1
Frctmrcb Tmgclbcbg Qfir (2->) Kmgybocfbg nbt nbtbb nm nmghbg llmmghfbp Nbtb Nbtb tmrs tmrsbo bocc nmg nmghbg hbg rb rbp pc nbg nbg omlb omlbss Kmkj Kmkjmr mrcf cfbg bg cgtm cgtmrp rprm rmtb tbsc sc nbtb nbtb btb btbu u ebftb ebftb jmr jmrnb nbsb sbrf rfbg bg figsmp ybgh nckclcfc ^I^BL
Fmtmrbghbg ugtuf Tmrsfirbg Fmhcbtbg Ocfb nclbfufbg nmghbg sbghbt jbcf Ocfb nclbfufbg nmghbg jbcf Ocfb nclbfufbg nmghbg aufup Ocfb nclbfufbg tbpc furbgh Ocfb tcnbf nclbfufbg
Qfir > 1 : 2 4
Kblbgh, 2= Oulc :420
Kmghmtb`uc? Fmpblb Qmfilb`,
Huru Kbtb Tmlbobrbg,
Qupbgnc, K.K.Tn. GCT. 23=340:> 230541 2 42=
Cnb Xb`yugc, Q.Tn.K.Tn GCT. 238148:4 :44=42 : 440
Nifukmg eiti Fmhctbg cgtc Qcswb kmghbkbtc hmrbf tukju`bg putrc kblu ocfb nc jmrc rbghsbgh jmrlifbsc nc brmb lbpbghbg smpbf jilb skpg 24 Kblbgh d hmrbf tukju`bg putrc ocfb nc jmrc rbghsbgh hmrbf tukju`bg putrc kblu ocfbkblu nc jmrc rbghsbgh nmghbg bpc jmrlifbsc brmb lbpbghbg smpbf jilb nmghbg ms jbtu jmrlifbsc nc brmb nc lbpbghbg smpbf jilb
24 Kblbgh skpg 24 skpg Kblbgh
@BQCL TMGCLBCBG
s j B . i G
GCLBC Gbkb
s b l m F
>
5
:
2 : 1
B@KBN ZBEC BGGB]EBL BCNCL BZQS BLFB@EC CZBXBG BLEB^@CZ BFJBZ ^CZ^B NXC^BKB
0B 0B 0B
BLLCQB EMJZCSBGC BKBGNB NXC AB@SBGC T]^ZC ** BGNZMBQ FZCQ^CBG NXC KBZ^IGI * BGNS XCOBSB BGHMLB JMGMNCA^B CQXIZI * B]LCB KB@QSC^B NBEEB NXC ZBKBN@BG
0B 0B 0B 0B
> = 5 8 0 3 24 22 2: 21 2> 2= 25
NBZCBG CL@BK KBG_C_@ BFJBZ NBUCG TZBNBGB T]^ZB N@CKBQ BLNS BLNSBGI BGI T]^ZB * NCGB BKMLCB ECZNB]Q MLQBNMB T]ZGBKB * EB@KC @CNBSB^
2 @ T
2 H ^
: H ^
f m t f b r T
f m y i r T
i c l i e i t r i T
04
34
3=
3=
04
34
3=
3=
34
3=
3=
3=
34
3=
04
34
04
04
04
34
04
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
0= 0=
00
00
0= 0=
00
8=
8=
0B 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B
34
34
3=
3=
34
34
3=
8=
0=
8=
8=
8=
0=
8=
04
34
3=
3=
04
34
3=
3=
34
3=
3=
3=
34
3=
0=
34
3=
3=
0=
34
3=
8=
8=
8= 8=
8=
8= 8=
8=
34
00
34
34
34
00
34
0B 0B
34
34
3=
3=
34
34
3=
8= 8=
8=
8=
0=
0=
0=
28
8= 0=
EC^ZC BS] GIUCSBG^C
: @ T
0B
04 34
04 34
8=
8= 0=
20 23 :4
@BJCJCM CKBK ZBQSCN @BGNIFI @B]ZB OCLBG QBECZB ZCBGC
:1
@MHB F@ICZ]G C__B GBSLB G]ZCL BLLCSSB@ O@IZNS JBA@^CBZ T]^ZB TZBNBGB FMS_CB EZMNMLLB MFB^BQS MFB^BQSB B *
:> :=
KBZHBZM^@B ZB@ML Q]QCLI * KIA@BKKBN EBA@ZM_B ZMUBLNC
:5
K]@BKKBN KB]LBGB ZC_FS Q GBJCLB T]^ZC XCJIXI GCQF@BLCEB@ GCQF@BLC EB@ _B@ZB@ ECNSB ECNSB^KB G]Z]L B__CB QB@Z]L EBNLC ZIKBN@IG QBLKB ZB@KBXB^C QBLXB TBZCQSB QBQC QBQCFCZBG FCZBGB B *
:2 ::
:8 :0 :3 14 12 1: 2 : 1 > = 5 8 0 3 24 22 2: 21 2> 2= 25 28 20 23 :4 :2 :: :1 :>
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d GBQSXB TZCQCLECB BZQCG^B JMLLB
:3
GBSLB QBLX GBSLB QBLXB B ZBCQS ZBC QSB B ZB ZBKBN@BGC KBN@BGC T@CLCT @BZNCBG TZB^BKB ZB@KBN GBBEC' EC^ZCBLNC ZB_C^B BNCQ@B ZBKN@BG^C ZMEC BH]Q^CG QB^ZCB BZNBH]QMKB S]N@CQ^CZB
14
QMLUC KB]LCNCB
:= :5 :8 :0
0B 0B 0B 0B 0B
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
0=
0=
0=
0=
0=
0=
0=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
3=
3=
3=
3=
3=
3=
3=
0B
3=
34
3=
3=
3=
34
3=
0B 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B
3= 8=
34 34 3 4
3= 84
3= 84
34 34 34
3= 84
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
0=
34
0=
0=
0=
34
0=
0B 0B 0B 0J 0J 0J
34
34
3=
3=
34
34
3=
8=
8=
8=
8=
3= 8=
8=
0=
0=
0=
8=
0=
0=
34
3=
3=
3=
34
3=
3=
0=
00
00
00
0=
00
00
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
0J
0=
31
3=
3=
0=
31
3=
0J 0J 0J 0J 0J 0J
34 8=
3= 04
3= 04
3= 04
34 8=
3= 04
3= 04
34
31
31
31
34
31
31
34
31
31
31
34
31
31
8=
8= 8=
8=
8=
8= 8=
8=
0=
3=
3=
3=
0=
3=
3=
3=
34
3=
3=
3=
34
3=
8=
04
8=
8=
8=
04
8=
04
00
00
00
04
00
00
0J 0J 0J
34
00
0=
0=
34
00
0=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
04
8=
8= 8=
8=
04 04
8=
0J 0J 0J 0J
8= 04
8= 3=
8= 3=
8= 3=
8= 04
8= 3=
8= 3=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
04
8=
8=
8=
04
8=
0J 0J 0J 0J 0J 0J 0J
04
04 04
04
04
34
31
31
31
34
31
31
34
3=
3=
3=
34
3=
3=
00
00
0J 0J 0J
8=
8=
00 00
00
04
04
8= 8=
8=
8=
8=
8=
04
0J 0J
0J
8=
8=
04
8=
00
04 04
04
8=
8=
8=
8=
04
8=
04 04
04
0=
0=
8= 8=
8=
34
00
00
00
8=
8=
8=
04
0= 0=
0=
8=
34
00
00
8=
8=
8=
1:
^@BLC^B B]ZMLCB TMNZB _BECZB SBEC TBZCQKB
11
_B@ZB QBUCLLB Q]ZISNB
12
0J 0J 0J
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
00
31
31
31
00
31
31
34
34
3=
3=
34
34
3=
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