Rodriguez Raj
March 30, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Gbg`hf oj prbsbltb j c` Cjgrb pfr bo bsnubrzf y oj hfln`jlzj qub cb g`f bl tfgf cfcbltf, pfr su jpfyf `lhflg`h`fljo qub ej sjk`gf `lnou`r pfs`t`vjcbltb bl c`s cbtjs prfnbs`fljobs.
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.........................................................................................:95 :95 2.7. Yojl`cbtrãj Yojl`cbtrãj .........................................................................................
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ÃLG@HB GB WJKOJX Yêd`lj Yêd`lj Wjkoj L¹ :1 :1 Bstug`f jltrfpfcàtr`hf 48 Wjkoj L¹ ;1 ;1 Hojs`n`hjh`øl gb ofs jck`bltbs f hfltbxtfs pbgjdød`hfs gb ojs bshubojs supbr`frbs y sus hjrjhtbrãst`hjs 45 Wjkoj L¹ 81 81 Ãlg`hbs gb fhupjh`øl cãl`cfs gb jodulfs jck`bltbs Wjkoj L¹ 71 71 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj zflj gb jgc`l`strjh`øl Wjkoj L¹ 21 21 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj zflj gb bguhjh`øl Wjkoj L¹ >1 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj zflj gb jug`tfr`f Wjkoj L¹ 41 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj zflj gb hfcbgfr Wjkoj L¹ 51 51 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj zflj gb hfcbgfr Wjkoj L¹ 01 01 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj zflj gb hfcbgfr Wjkoj L¹ :91 :91 [bsucbl gbo prfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf Wjkoj L¹ ::1 ::1 [bojh`øl gb oêc`ljs gb oj pojl`cbtrãj dblbrjo, pjrtb :
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ÃLG@HB GB D[ÊN@HFX Yêd`lj Yêd`lj Drên`hf L¹ :1 :1 Oj bshuboj gb jtbljs, rbprbsbltjh`øl r bprbsbltjh`øl gb rbul`øl bltrb n`oøsfnfs, sjk`fs y h`ugjgjlfs gb oj jlt`duj drbh`j Drên`hf L¹ ;1 ;1 Drjkjgf gb cjbstrf bl su hêtbgrj `cpjrt`blgf ulj hojsb
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cjd`stbr`jo :: jlt`dujs Drên`hf L¹ 81 81 Rl`vbrs`gjg gb fxnfrg, ulj gb ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs cês jlt`dujs jlt`dujs gbo culgf, bl `ldojtbrrj :: Drên`hf L¹ 71 71 Hojsb gb pjp`rfnobx`j hfl afsbn jokbrs bl :0;5. kjuejus :4 Drên`hf L¹ 21 21 Oj bshuboj gb oj kjuejus :0 Drên`hf L¹ >1 >1 Hflg`h`flbs kês`hjs gb hjo`gjg ;5 Drên`hf L¹ 41 41 Rl`vbrs`gjg pjrãt`cj p`r` rb`s, turquãj ;0 Drên`hf L¹ 51 51 Yjt`f gb oj pflt`n`h`j ul`vbrs`gjg ajvbr`jlj gb hfofck`j, s`blgf s`blgf ut`o`zjgj pfr bstug`jltbs qub rbjo`zjl g`st`ltjs jht`v`gjgbs Drên`hf L¹ 01 01 Hbltrf / tbl jrqu`tbhtfs Drên`hf L¹ :91 :91 ^`stj jàrbj gb oj njuj bl bo hjcpus gb oj ul`. júf :02: Drên`hf L¹ ::1 ::1 ^`stj gb oj njhejgj gb `ldrbsf gb oj njuj jhtujocbltb Drên`hf L¹ :;1 :;1 ^`stj gbsgb bo hfrrbgfr ejh`j ulf gb ofs pjt`fs Drên`hf L¹ :81 :81 YJkbooflbs gb tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf gb oj nju-puhp Drên`hf L¹ :71 :71 Yjt`f gbo ojkfrjtfr`f gb bstruhturjs puhp Drên`hf L¹ :21 :21 @ltbr`fr gb ulf gb ofs tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf Drên`hf L¹ :>1 :>1 Yjt`f gb ulf gb ofs tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf v``
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Drên`hf L¹ :41 :41 Njhejgj gb oj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj y urkjl`scf gb oj ul`vbrs`gjg gb sjf pjuof Drên`hf L¹ :51 :51 ^`stjs gbo pjrqub hbltrjo gb hejhojhjyf Drên`hf L¹ :01 :01 ^`stjs gbo bstjg`f tjeujlt`lsuyf Drên`hf L¹ ;91 ;91 ^`stjs gb oj k`ko`ftbhj cul`h`pjo
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ÃLG@HB GB @ORXW[JH@FLBX Yêd`lj Yêd`lj @oustrjh`ûl L± :1 Bstjgf :1 Bstjgf sfh`fbhfløc`hf jhtujo gbo Ybrñ. Ybrñ. ........................... 8 @oustrjh`ûl L± ;1 JLêo`s`s ;1 JLêo`s`s gb `lvbrs`øl bl bguhjh`øl supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`j. ul`vbrs`tjr`j . 7 @oustrjh`ûl L± 81 81 Bo jrqu`tbhtf gb oj Kjuejus. Kjuejus. ............................................ :7 Kjuejus. ............................................ :7 @oustrjh`ûl L± 71 71 Bo jrqu`tbhtf gb oj Kjuejus. Kjuejus. ............ ......................... ................. .... :4 @oustrjh`ûl L± 21 21 Bobcbltfs prfguh`gfs bl oj Kjuejus. Kjuejus.. ........... ................ ..... :0 @oustrjh`ûl L± >1 >1 Bcpojzjc`bltf y jxflfcbtrãj gb oj Kjuejus @oustrjh`ûl L± 41 41 Hjcpf gb jhh`øl gbo prfnbsfr. babcpof gb juoj trjg`h`fljo trjg`h`fljo vbrsus juoj jht`vj. jht`vj. .......................................... ;9 @oustrjh`ûl L± 51 Bo 51 Bo bstug`jltb gb jrqu`tbhturj bl ul trjkjaf drupjo. drupjo. ......... ;8 @oustrjh`ûl L± 01 01 G`nbrblh`js bl oj bojkfrjh`øl gbo g`kuaf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf. jrqu`tbhtøl`hf. .. ;7 @oustrjh`ûl L± :91 :91 Oj lubvj nubltb gb hflfh`c`bltf jhhbs`kob jo culgf .......................... ................. .... ;7 drjh`js j ojs t`hs, ojs tjhs y ojs tbps. tbps. ............. @oustrjh`ûl L± ::1 ::1 Oj NJK OJK Efusb, pr`cbr prftft`pf ebhef bl bo NJK OJK Kjrhboflj. Kjrhboflj. .............................................................. ;2 .................... ......... ;> @oustrjh`ûl L± :;1 :;1 Oj NJK OJK Efusb, prfhbsf hflstruht`vf. hflstruht`vf. ........... hbrrjgf. ............................ ;0 @oustrjh`ûl L± :81 :81 Hflhbptf gbo pjt`f jk`brtf y hbrrjgf. @oustrjh`ûl L± :71 :71 Rl`vbrs`gjg Yjrãt`cj Y`r` [b`s, Wurquãj. bstug`f gb ofs pjt`fs.. ............................................................................. 89 pjt`fs @oustrjh`ûl L± :21 :21 Rl`vbrs`gjg Yjrãt`cj Y`r` [b`s, Wurquãj. bstug`f gb ofs pjt`fs .............................................................................. 89 pjt`fs ........................ ........... 8: @oustrjh`ûl L± :>1 :>1 Bsqubcj gb oj jprfp`jh`øl gbo bspjh`f. bspjh`f.............. @oustrjh`ûl L± :41 :41 Hflhursf bg`n`h`f gb ojkfrjtfr`fs gb oj o j ul`vbrs`gjg. ul`vbrs`gjg. ...... 8; `x
................. 87 @oustrjh`ûl L± :51 :51 Bstug`f gb oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg bo bg`n`h`f hbltrf. hbltrf. ............. NJRJ. .......................... 8> @oustrjh`ûl L± :01 :01 Bstug`f gb oj g`str`kuh`øl gb oj NJRJ. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;91 ;91 @ltbrjhh`øl gb ofs bspjh`fs `ltbr`frbs gb oj NJRJ. Hfrtb Hfrtb Hfrtb bsqubcêt`hf bsqubcêt`hf ......................................................... 8> @oustrjh`ûl L± ;:1 ;:1 Bstug`f gb oj hfcpfs`h`øl vfoucàtr`hj .......................... vfoucàtr`hj .......................... 84 @oustrjh`ûl L± ;;1 ;;1 Bsqubcj jxflfcbtrãj bxpoftjgj gb ul tjoobr cês c ês su pjt`f.. .............................................................................. 79 pjt`f @oustrjh`ûl L± ;81 ;81 Hfrtb bsqubcêt`hf gb oj NJR - RXY. RXY.............................. 7; ......................... ............. 7; @oustrjh`ûl L± ;71 ;71 @ltbrjhh`øl gb ofs jck`bltbs `ltbr`frbs. `ltbr`frbs . ............ ...................... ......... 78 @oustrjh`ûl L± ;21 ;21 Jxflfcbtrãj bxpoftjgj gb oj NJR ‘ RXY RXY ............. tbrrblf. ....................... 77 @oustrjh`ûl L± ;>1 ;>1 @lg`hjgfrbs pjrj oj bobhh`øl gbo tbrrblf. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;41 ;41 Jlêo`s`s cuot`hjpj gb o`cj pjrj oj bobhh`øl. bobhh`øl. ............. ................... ...... 72 @oustrjh`ûl L± ;51 ;51 Jlêo`s`s cuot`hjpj gb o`cj bstb pjrj oj bobhh`øl gb pfs`kobs tbrrblfs. tbrrblfs. ........................................................... 7> @oustrjh`ûl L± ;01 ;01 Wbrrblf bobd`gf. bobd`gf. ............................................................. 74 bobd`gf. ............................................................. 75 @oustrjh`ûl L± 891 891 Wbrrblf bobd`gf. bobd`gf. ............ ......................... ................... ...... 70 @oustrjh`ûl L± 8:1 8:1 Bcpojzjc`bltf gbo tbrrblf bobd`gf. lfrcjt`vjs. ......................................... 27 @oustrjh`ûl L± 8;1 8;1 Xbhh`flbs v`jobs lfrcjt`vjs. ............. ... 2> @oustrjh`ûl L± 881 881 Jlêo`s`s gb oj bstruhturj nulh`fljo gb sbrv`h`fs. sbrv`h`fs. .......... @oustrjh`ûl L± 871 871 Bo tbrrblf y oj v`jo`gjg prfpubstj jo júf ;982. ;982. ........... .............. ... 24 @oustrjh`ûl L± 821 821 Jlêo`s`s gb oj bstruhturj sfh`fbhfløc`hj. sfh`fbhfløc`hj. ..................... 20 .............. ... >9 @oustrjh`ûl L± 8>1 8>1 Bo tbrrblf y oj v`jo`gjg prfpubstj jo júf ;982. ;982. ........... prfkobcêt`hj. .................................................... >: @oustrjh`ûl L± 841 841 Xãltbs`s prfkobcêt`hj. @oustrjh`ûl L± 851 851 Xãltbs`s gb pftblh`jo`gjgbs. pftblh`jo`gjgbs. .......................................... >; @oustrjh`ûl L± 801 801 Bo tbrrblf y oj `cjdbl fkabt`vf gbo pojc ;982. ;982. ........... .............. ... >7 @oustrjh`ûl L± 791 791 Bstrjtbd`js gb `ltbrvblh`øl. `ltbrvblh`øl. ........................................... >2 @oustrjh`ûl L± 7:1 7:1 Qfl`n`hjh`øl gbo tbrrblf y su bltfrlf. bltfrlf. ............................ >> bltfrlf. ............................ >0 @oustrjh`ûl L± 7;1 7;1 Qfl`n`hjh`øl gbo tbrrblf y su bltfrlf. bobd`gf. ............. .......................... ................. .... 49 @oustrjh`ûl L± 781 Yrb 781 Yrb bx`stblh`j bl bo tbrrblf bobd`gf. @oustrjh`ûl L± 771 771 Yojlf pbr`càtr`hf gbo tbrrblf. tbrrblf. ........................................ 4: @oustrjh`ûl L± 721 721 ^`stjs gbo bltfrlf `lcbg`jtf gbo tbrrblf. tbrrblf. ........... ...................... ............. 4; @oustrjh`ûl L± 7>1 7>1 [bojh`øl bltrb ñt`obs y brdflfcãj pjrj ul bstug`jltb gb gb jrqu`tbhturj. jrqu`tbhturj. .............................................................. 47 @oustrjh`ûl L± 741 741 Cfk`o`jr`f pjrj juojs gb tjoobr y jn`lbs. jn`lbs. .......................... 42 x
@oustrjh`ûl L± 751 751 Efodurjs bl cbsjs pjrj trjkjafs cjlujobs. cjlujobs. 42 g`sbúf. .............................................. 59 @oustrjh`ûl L± 701 701 Gbtbrc`ljltbs gb g`sbúf. @oustrjh`ûl L± 291 291 Gbtbrc`ljltbs gb g`sbúf. g`sbúf. .............................................. 5: .............. ... 55 @oustrjh`ûl L± 2:1 2:1 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gbo prfybhtf. prfybhtf. ........... @oustrjh`ûl L± 2;1 Frdjl`drjcj 2;1 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj zflj gb jgc`l`strjh`øl.. ............................................................... 50 jgc`l`strjh`øl @oustrjh`ûl L± 281 281 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj zflj bguhjh`øl. bguhjh`øl. 50 @oustrjh`ûl L± 271 271 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj zflj rbs`gblh`j. rbs`gblh`j. 50 @oustrjh`ûl L± 221 221 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gbo jug`tfr`f. jug`tfr`f . .............. 09 @oustrjh`ûl L± 2>1 2>1 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gbo hfcbgfr. hfcbgfr. .............. 0: nubrzj. .. 0: @oustrjh`ûl L± 241 241 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj hjsj gb nubrzj. @oustrjh`ûl L± 251 Cjtr`z rbojh`fljo pfr zfljs. zfljs. ........................................... 0; @oustrjh`ûl L± 201 201 Nouxfdrjcj dblbrjo gbo prfybhtf. prfybhtf. ............. .......................... ..................... ........ 0; @oustrjh`ûl L± >91 >91 Nouxfdrjcj gb zflj gb jgc`l`strjh`øl. jgc`l`strjh`øl. ........................ 08 @oustrjh`ûl L± >:1 >:1 Nouxfdrjcj gb zflj gb bguhjh`øl. bguhjh`øl. ............................... 08 ...................... .................... ......... 07 rbs`gblh`j. ........... @oustrjh`ûl L± >;1 >;1 Nouxfdrjcj gb zflj gb rbs`gblh`j. hfcbgfr. ........... ...................... ...................... ........... 07 @oustrjh`ûl L± >81 >81 Nouxfdrjcj gb zflj gb hfcbgfr. jug`tfr`f. ............. .......................... .......................... ............. 02 @oustrjh`ûl L± >71 >71 Nouxfdrjcj gb zflj jug`tfr`f. .......................... .......................... ............. 02 @oustrjh`ûl L± >21 >21 Nouxfdrjcj gb zflj jug`tfr`f. jug`tfr`f. ............. @oustrjh`ûl L± >>1 >>1 Yrbc`sjs gb g`sbúf. g`sbúf........................................................ 04 @oustrjh`ûl L± >41 >41 Xbhublh`j cfguojr y hflnfrt jck`bltjo. jck`bltjo. ........................ 05 @oustrjh`ûl L± >51 >51 Yjrt`gf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf. jrqu`tbhtøl`hf. ................................................... 00 p`sf. ........................................ :9: @oustrjh`ûl L± >01 >01 Qfl`n`hjh`øl gbo pr`cbr p`sf. @oustrjh`ûl L± 491 491 Qfl`n`hjh`øl gbo sbdulgf p`sf. p`sf. ..................................... :98 @oustrjh`ûl L± 4:1 4:1 Qfl`n`hjh`øl gbo sbdulgf p`sf. p`sf. ..................................... :97 @oustrjh`ûl L± 4;1 4;1 Hfrtbs gbo prfybhtf ...................................................... prfybhtf ...................................................... :9> @oustrjh`ûl L± 481 481 Bobvjh`flbs gbo prfybhtf. prfybhtf. ............................................ :94
x`
[BXRCBL Oj prbsbltb tbs`s prfnbs`fljo t`blb hfcf fkabt`vf g`sbújr oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj bl bo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf. @lnrjbstruhturj qub pfsbbrê juojs bspbh`jo`zjgjs pjrj tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf, ojkfrjtfr`fs bspbh`jo`zjgfs, bqu`pjgfs hfl cfk`o`jr`f gb jhubrgf j ofs jotfs bstêlgjrbs `ltbrljh`fljobs gb ojs cbafrbs bshubojs gb Jrqu`tbhturj bl bo culgf. Hfl bstj prfpubstj jrqu`tbhtøl`hj sb djrjlt`zjrê ul cbafr hflnfrt bl ofs jck`bltbs, pjrj qub of bstug`jltbs `lhrbcbltbl sus hflfh`c`bltfs, sus bxpbr`blh`js y fktbldjl tfgj oj `lnfrcjh`øl lbhbsjr`j j n`l gb fpt`c`zjr t`bcpf y g`lbrf bl trjsojgjrsb j ftrjs njhuotjgbs gb jrqu`tbhturj. Bo prfybhtf gb oj bshuboj gb jrqu`tbhturj, pbrc`t`rê bxpbr`cbltjr bvbltfs nfrcjobs b `lnfrcjobs bl bshbljr`fs jo j`rb o`krb, jhfrgbs j oj rjcj gb jrqu`tbhturj y bvbltfs nfrcjobs jo `ltbr`fr gbo jug`tfr`f, fktbl`blgf ul hfltrfo pjløpt`hf gb tfgfs ofs bshbljr`fs gbsgb ul c`rjgfr hbltrjo, ofdrjlgf qub ojs pbrsfljs uk`hjgjs gbsgb oj djobrãj gb jrtb pubgjl tblbr hfltjhtf v`sujo gb ofs jouclfs, trjkjajlgf cjqubtjs j bshjoj rbjo. Gb nfrcj `l`h`jo sb jljo`zjrê oj s`tujh`øl jhtujo gb oj ‟Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj– y gb oj pfkojh`øl jhtujo gb bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj pjrj gbtbrc`ljr oj cjsj hrãt`hj j jkjstbhbr y tblbr bl hubltj ojs lbhbs`gjgbs gb oj lubvj njhuotjg bl nulh`øl j `lnrjbstruhturj, jsã sb tblgrê hfcf rbnbrblh`j j ojs cbafrbs Njhuotjgbs gb Jrqu`tbhturj gbo Ybrñ y gb ul`vbrs`gjgbs `ltbrljh`fljobs, pjrj jljo`zjr sus cjoojs hurr`huojrbs y su `lnrjbstruhturj, ofs x``
huêobs sbrv`rêl pjrj gbn`l`r quà rbqubr`c`bltfs sb lbhbs`tjl kr`lgjr j ofs usujr`fs, bstjkobhbr oj prfdrjcjh`øl jrqu`tbhtøl`hj gbo prfybhtf, hfls`gbrjr hr`tbr`fs gb g`sbúf bl rbojh`øl j høcf gbkbrãj nulh`fljr bstj lubvj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj y bvjoujr quà lbhbs`gjgbs tblgrãjl qub hhfltbcpojr fltbcpojr bl su su prfybhh`øl. Hfl tfgf boof sb prfybhtjrê oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj, hflnfrcb jo g`jdløst`hf rbjo`zjgf y ojs Hflg`h`flbs kês`hjs hfcpobcbltjr`js (XRLBGR). Yjojkrjs hojvbs1 hfltrfo hojvbs1 hfltrfo pjløpt`hf, prfdrjcjh`øl jrqu`tbhtøl`hj, ojkfrjtfr`f bspbh`jo`zjgf y hfltjhtf v`sujo.
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JKXW[JHW Web fkabht`vb fn te`s tebs`s `s gbs`dl teb Njhuoty fn Jrhe`tbhturb `l Hejhojhjyf. @lnrjstruhturb tejt w`oo ejvb spbh`jo`zbg hojssrffcs nfr jrhe`tbhturjo gbs`dl wfrmsefps, spbh`jo`zbg ojkfrjtfr`bs, bqu`ppbg w`te nurl`turb jhhfrg`ld tf teb e`de `ltbrljt`fljo stjlgjrgs fn teb kbst jrhe`tbhturb sheffos `l teb wfrog. T`te te`s jrhe`tbhturjo prfpfsjo j kbttbr hfcnfrt `l teb blv`rflcblts w`oo kb dujrjltbbg, sf tejt stugblts `lhrbjsb teb`r mlfwobgdb, teb`r bxpbr`blhbs jlg fktj`l joo teb lbhbssjry `lnfrcjt`fl `l frgbr tf jvf`g ofs`ld t`cb jlg cflby `l df`ld tf jrhe`tbhturb njhuot`bs fn ftebr ul`vbrs`t`bs. Web prfabht fn teb sheffo fn jrhe`tbhturb, w`oo joofw tf bxpbr`blhb nfrcjo jlg `lnfrcjo bvblts `l fpbl j`r shbljr`fs, jhhfrg`ld tf teb krjlhe fn jrhe`tbhturb jlg nfrcjo bvblts `ls`gb teb jug`tfr`uc, fktj`l`ld j pjlfpt`h hfltrfo fn joo teb shbljr`fs nrfc j hbltrjo v`bwpf`lt, jhe`bv`ld tejt teb pbfpob ofhjtbg nrfc teb jrt djoobry hjl ejvb v`sujo hfltjht fn teb stugblts, wfrm`ld shjob cfgbos. cfgbos. @l`t`jooy, teb hurrblt s`tujt`fl teb Njhuoty fn Jrhe`tbhturb jlg fn teb hurrblt pfpuojt`fl fn jrhe`tbhturb stugblts w`oo kb jljoyzbg tf gbtbrc`lb teb hr`t`hjo cjss tf suppoy jlg tjmb `ltf jhhfult teb lbbgs fn teb lbw njhuoty `l tbrcs fn `lnrjstruhturb, js w`oo ejvb js rbnbrblhb r bnbrblhb teb kbst Jrhe`tbhturb Njhuot`bs fn Ybru jlg `ltbrljt`fljo ul`vbrs`t`bs, tf jljoyzb teb`r hurr`huojr cbsebs jlg teb`r `lnrjstruhturb, we`he w`oo sbrvb tf gbn`lb wejt rbqu`rbcblts lbbg tf kb x`v
prfv`gbg tf usbrs, bstjko`se teb jrhe`tbhturjo prfdrjcc`ld fn teb prfabht, hfls`gbr gbs`dl hr`tbr`j `l rbojt`fl tf efw te`s lbw njhuoty fn jrhe`tbhturb sefuog wfrm jlg jssbss wejt lbbgs tf kb hfltbcpojtbg `l nuturb prfabht`fl. T`te joo te`s, teb t eb Njhuoty fn Jrhe`tbhturb w`oo kb prfabhtbg, jhhfrg`ld tf teb g`jdlfs`s cjgb jlg hfcpobcbltjry Kjs`h Hflg`t`fls (XRLBGR). Mbywfrgs1 pjlfpt`h hfltrfo, jrhe`tbhturjo prfdrjcc`ld, spbh`jo`zbg Mbywfrgs1 ojkfrjtfry jlg v`sujo hfltjht.
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@LW[FGRHH@ØL Oj pr`cbrj bshuboj gb jrqu`tbhturj bl bo Ybrñ sb nulgø bl oj Rl`vbrs`gjg gb @ldbl`brãj (RL@), uk`hjgj bl bo g`str`tf gbo [ãcjh, bl O`cj, gflgb tblbcfs hfcf rbnbrblh`j j jrqu`tbhtfs ljh`fljobs, gb tjooj `ltbrljh`fljo y hfl drjl pjrt`h`pjh`øl bl prfybhtfs gb drjl blvbrdjgurj. Bo lñcbrf gb bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj, sbdñl bo @lst`tutf Ljh`fljo gb Bstjgãst`hj b @lnfrcêt`hj (@LB@), s`dub jucbltjlgf prfdrbs`vjcbltb hjgj júf y sb vb rbnobajgf bl bo jucbltf gb njhuotjgbs gb Jrqu`tbhturj. Wbl`blgf ul pjlfrjcj cjhrf gb ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs gbo Ybrñ, pfgbcfs vbr qub bo `lhrbcbltf bs jotf bl ofs ñot`cfs júfs, pfr of hujo oj Xupbr`ltblgblh`j Ljh`fljo gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j (XRLBGR), bstjkobh`ø ul lubvf rbdojcbltf pjrj qub ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs pubgjl o`hblh`jr y fktblbr bo pbrc`sf gb nulh`fljc`bltf. Lf fkstjltb, bosbprfkobcj rjg`hj bl qub lubvjs `lst`tuh`flbs gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j, fnrbhbl `lnrjbstruhturj `ljgbhujgj f hfl hflg`h`flbs cuy kês`hjs pjrj oj hjrrbrj gb jrqu`tbhturj. Oj Bshuboj gb Jrqu`tbhturj gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg, bs ulj njhuotjg qub hubltj hfl ulj pfkojh`øl bstug`jlt`o gb sbtbh`bltfs jouclfs jprfx`cjgjcbltb, gbo pr`cbr jo gàh`cf h`hof, gflgb pfgbcfs blhfltrjr jouclfs hfl jotf rblg`c`bltf jhjgàc`hf ‘ prfnbs`fljo, pbrf hjrbhb gb ulj xv`
`lnrjbstruhturj jgbhujgj1 juojs bqu`pjgjs, ojkfrjtfr`fs tbhlfoød`hfs, bspjh`fs gb trjkjaf jk`brtf, jug`tfr`fs jhflg`h`fljgfs pjrj bxpflbr trjkjafs rbjo`zjgfs pfr ofs c`scfs bstug`jltbs, qub lf obs pbrc`tj bxprbsjr su `llfvjh`øl bl oj jrqu`tbhturj, hfl cjqubtjs j g`nbrbltbs bshjojs y hfl oj pjrt`h`pjh`øl gb ofs bspbhtjgfrbs qub ejrêl cês g`lêc`hf ojs zfljs gb bxpfs`h`øl. Bs pfr bstf qub oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj bl bo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf pojltbjrê ulj `lnrjbstruhturj pbrt`lbltb pfrqub gjrê ulj lubvj `cjdbl `lst`tuh`fljo b `llfvjrê bl bo g`sbúf gb ojs lubvjs njhuotjgbs gb jrqu`tbhturj gbo pjãs. Yfr tjltf, oj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj, pbrc`t`rê ulj `lnrjbstruhturj jgbhujgj pjrj ul cbafr rblg`c`bltf pjrj ofs bstug`jltbs. N`ljocbltb, oj prbsbltb tbs`s t`blb oj s`du`bltb bstruhturj, bl bo hjpãtuof pr`cbrf sb prbsbltb bo tbcj gb `lvbst`djh`øl hfl oj s`tujh`øl gb oj prfkobcêt`hj, bo fkabt`vf, johjlhbs, o`c`tjh`flbs y aust`n`hjh`flbs= bo hjpãtuof gfs prbsbltj bo cjrhf tbør`hf1 kjsb tbør`hjs, cjrhf hflhbptujo y cjrhf rbnbrblh`jo= bo hjpãtuof trbs prbsbltj oj bobhh`øl gbo s`t`f, jlêo`s`s urkjlf gb oj zflj gb bstug`f, zfl`n`hjh`øl gbo bltfrlf `lcbg`jtf, pojl cjbstrf urkjlf bl oj zflj gb bstug`f, ojs prb-bx`stblh`js gbo oudjr y oj gbshr`ph`øl gbo tbrrblf= bl bo hjpãtuof hujtrf prbsbltj bo bstug`f jltrfpfcàtr`hf1 bstug`f brdfløc`hf, lfrcjt`v`gjg y prfdrjcjh`øl jrqu`tbhtøl`hj= y pfr ñot`cf bo hjpãtuof h`lhf prbsbltj ojs prbc`sjs gb g`sbúf, bo pjrt`gf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf, oj zfl`n`hjh`øl, oj pojl`cbtrãj, v`stjs 8G y nftfs gb oj cjqubtj gbo prfybhtf
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HJYÃWROF @ YOJLWBJC@BLWF GBO Y[FKOBCJ :.: Wbcj Bo tbcj gb oj prbsbltb tbs`s jkfrgjrê oj prfpubstj jrqu`tbhtøl`hj gb oj oj hujo ulj jrqu`tbhturj jgbhujgj, fr`bltjgj jo usf hft`g`jlf qub ob gjrêl ofsrbnobajrê bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj y oj pojltj gfhbltb, qub j su vbz, hfltblgrê bspjh`fs bguhjt`vfs, gb rbhursfs gb `lnfrcjh`øl y bspjh`fs qub nfcbltjrêl oj bxpfs`h`øl gb trjkjafs, bo gbkjtb, bo `ltbrhjck`f gb `gbjs, oj `llfvjh`øl y oj rbtrfjo`cbltjh`øl pjrj ofs usujr`fs ofhjobs y v`s`tjltbs.
‟Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj bl bo G`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf–,
Oj Xupbr`ltblgblh`j Ljh`fljo gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j (XRLBGR), blt`gjg bstjtjo prftbhtfrj gb oj hjo`gjg ul`vbrs`tjr`j bl bo Ybrñ, kushj nfrcuojr y prfpflbr ojs hflg`h`flbs kês`hjs gb hjo`gjg gbo sbrv`h`f bguhjt`vf, bx`d`kobs pjrj jprfkjr f gblbdjr oj nulgjh`øl y nulh`fljc`bltf gb ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs, n`o`jobs, njhuotjgbs, bshubojs y prfdrjcjs gb bstug`fs hflguhbltbs jo drjgf jhjgàc`hf y tãtuof prfnbs`fljo, jsã hfcf rbv`sjrojs y cbafrjrojs pbr`øg`hjcbltb. Bltflhbs sb gbkb hfltjr ulj jhbrtjgj cjooj hurr`huojr qub bstà hflnfrcb j ofs bspjh`fs qub gbkbrãj tblbr ulj njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj, j su vbz gb hfltjr hfl kublfs gfhbltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj y oj `cpobcbltjh`øl gb bqu`pjc`bltf y cjtbr`jo jgbhujgf pjrj oj bguhjh`øl supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`j, pjrj djrjlt`zjr oj hjo`gjg y hjlt`gjg gb bdrbsjgfs. :
Yfr ftrj pjrtb, sb tfcjrê hfcf jpfrtb pjrj bo prfybhtf gb tbs`s, tfgfs ofs hflhbptfs gb oj jrqu`tbhturj pbrujlj, rbjo`zjgj pfr lubstrfs jltbhbgbltbs, gjgf qub hfltjcfs hfl ulj jcpo`j vjr`bgjg gb bst`ofs hflstruht`vfs gbsjrrfoojgfs gurjltb ofs pbr`fgfs e`stør`hfs1 Yrb @lhj`hfs, @cpbr`f @lhj`hf, @lhj`hf, bo ^`rrb`ljtf gbo Ybrñ Ybrñ b `l`h`fs gb oj [bpñko`hj [bpñko`hj== ofs huêobs rbnfrzjrêl bo hjrêhtbr gb `gblt`gjg gb ofs bstug`jltbs ul`vbrs`tjr`fs b `llfvjrêl bl bo g`sbúf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf ljh`fljo, of hujo sbrv`rê hfcf rbnbrblh`js pjrj ftrfs pjãsbs. :.; X`tujh`øl prfkobcêt`hj X` k`bl ebcfs vbl`gf prbsblh`jlgf jvjlhbs bl lubstrf pjãs, tjobs hfcf oj cbafrj gb oj bhflfcãj, bstêlgjrbs gb sjoug y ftrfs= hujlgf lfs hfcpjrjcfs lubstrfs cuhef pjãsbs vbh`lfs, hfcf Hfofck`j vbcfs qub lfhfl jvjlzjcfs y bl bo pbfr gb He`ob, ofs hjsfs, ebcfsy Jrdblt`lj, pjrjgf gb jvjlzjr y cês k`bl bstjcfs rbtrfhbg`blgf. Bo `lg`hjgfr `rrbnutjkob gb oj bv`gblh`j gbo hrbh`c`bltf gb ulj ljh`øl bs bo Ãlg`hb gb Gbsjrrfoof Eucjlf (@GE), bo hujo sb hfcpflb gb ofs `lg`hjgfrbs ` lg`hjgfrbs gb oj bxpbhtjt`vj gb v`gj1 bspbrjlzj gb v`gj jo ljhbr, oj ofldbv`gjg, oj tjsj gb cfrtjo`gjg= oj s`tujh`øl gb oj bguhjh`øl pfr pjãs, bo hujo hfls`gbrj `lg`hjgfrbs gb gbsbrh`øl bshfojr, lñcbrf gb cjtr`huojgfs bl ofs hfobd`fs, ul`vbrs`gjgbs y huêltf sb `lv`brtb bl tfgfs ofs l`vbobs gb bguhjh`øl. P, pfr ñot`cf, ofs `lg`hjgfrbs gb sjojr`fs cãl`cfs, hfcpbt`t`v`gjg ojkfrjo, oj nubrzj ojkfrjo y bo Yrfguhtf Krutf @ltbrlf (YK@) qub sb fkt`blb pfr júf. Wrjs ul jlêo`s`s rbjo`zjgf, pfgbcfs vbr bl oj `oustrjh`øl L±: sb bxpo`hj bo bstjgf sfh`fbhfløc`hf jhtujo gbo Ybrñ y bl oj @oustrjh`øl L±; sb jljo`zj oj `lvbrs`øl gb oj Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j.
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1 ; ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
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:.8 Bo prfkobcj Jhtujocbltb, oj bshuboj gb jrqu`tbhturj lf jkjstbhb gb ulj `lnrjbstruhturj jgbhujgj j ofs bstug`jltbs gb oj njhuotjg, of qub dblbrj qub ofs bstug`jltbs sb pbraug`qubl. Jgbcês, oj `lnrjbstruhturj hflstru`gj fr`d`ljo, lf ul `l`h`f, gb g`sbúf pjrj jrqu`tbhtfs, s`lf pjrj ojs hfltbcpoø, hjrrbrjs gb gbsgb `ldbl`brãj, of hujotjoobrbs `cpfs`k`o`tj j ofs bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj, oj g`vuodjh`øl gb sus `gbjs y kushjr fktblbr hflfh`c`bltfs pfr cbg`f gb oj `ltbrjhh`øl bltrb bstug`jltbs y gfhbltbs bl bspjh`fs jgbhujgfs pjrj rbjo`zjrofs. Rlj gb ojs s`tujh`flbs cês hrãt`hjs, bs oj njotj gb hjo`gjg bspjh`jo gb ojs juojs y ojkfrjtfr`fs, pjrj ofdrjr sbr njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj hfl oj cbafr `lnrjbstruhturj j l`vbo ljh`fljo. Yfr of hujo, tfcjcfs hfcf babcpof ojs cbafrbs ul`vbrs`gjgbs qub hubltjl hfl oj hjrrbrj gb jrqu`tbhturj. Bl ofs ñot`cfs júfs, bl bo Ybrñ, bx`stbl cês gb g`bz ul`vbrs`gjgbs qub hubltjl hfl oj hjrrbrj gb jrqu`tbhturj, pbrf sfof trbs ul`vbrs`gjgbs hubltjl hfl ul pjkbooøl gbst`ljgf, bspbhãn`hjcbltb pjrj ojs ojkfrbs jhjgàc`hjs gb oj hjrrbrj ojs huêobs sfl1 Rl`vbrs`gjg [`hjrgf Yjocj (R[Y), Rl`vbrs`gjg gb @ldbl`brãj (RL@) y Oj Rl`vbrs`gjg Yflt`n`h`j Hjtøo`hj gbo Ybrñ (RYHY)= ul`vbrs`gjgbs qub prbsbltjl bo cjyfr lñcbrf gb bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj. Lf fkstjltb, oj bshuboj gb jrqu`tbhturj hubltj hfl ulj drjl hjlt`gjg gb bstug`jltbs qub júf trjs júf jucbltj. Cft`vf pfr of qub sb ejhb lbhbsjr`f hfltjr hfl oj `lnrjbstruhturj bguhjt`vj jgbhujgj pjrj fnrbhbr j ofs jhtujobs bstug`jltbs y nuturfs bdrbsjgfs jrqu`tbhtfs. :.7 Fkabt`vfs :.7.:. Fkabt`vf dblbrjo G`sbújr oj Bshuboj gb Jrqu`tbhturj bl Hejhojhjyf, hfl ulj `lnrjbstruhturj bguhjt`vj supbr`fr hfcpobtj bl Jrqu`tbhturj, Dbst`øl gb 2
prfybhtfs y sbrv`h`fs gb Xupbrv`s`øl gb Fkrjs. P nfcbltjr oj `lvbst`djh`øl bl ofs g`st`ltfs hjcpfs gb oj jrqu`tbhturj b `ltbdrjr jo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf jo YOJL ;982. :.7.;. Fkabt`vfs bspbhãn`hfs j) G`sbújr jck`bltbs bguhjt`vfs gb jhubrgf hfl oj hjrrbrj gb Jrqu`tbhturj. k) Jpfrtjr ulj sfou sfouh`øl h`øl jrqu`tbhtøl`hj qub `lvfouhrb jo bspjh`f pñko`hf pñko`hf hfl ojs g`lêc`hjs gb oj njhuotjg. h) Yrfpflbr ulj `lnrjbstruhturj qub bv`gblh`b oj `gblt`gjg gb ulj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj hfl bo càtfgf gb blsbújlzj. g) Hflsfo`gjr bo l`vbo bguhjt`vf sbdñl ojs hflg`h`flbs kês`hjs gb hjo`gjg sbdñl XRLBGR, cbg`jltb ofs jck`bltbs g`sbújgfs, pjrj bstjlgjr`zjr oj bguhjh`øl supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`j bl bo Ybrñ. b) @ltbdrjr jo prfybhtf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf hfl oj `lnrjbstruhturj bhfoød`hj ofhjo pfr cbg`f gb bspjh`fs hfcpobcbltjr`fs. n) Ofdrjr ul g`sbúf qqub ub kr`lgb hflnfrt. d) G`sbújr jck`bltbs gb trjkjafs sbdurfs y pojhbltbrfs pjrj ofs trjkjafs j bshjoj rbjo. :.2 Johjlhbs
j) Jljo`zjr oj rbjo`gjg bguhjt`vj puko`hj pjrj n`ajr ulj kjsb. k) Xb kushjr bqu`pjr gb nfrcj hfrrbhtj oj bshuboj gb Jrqu`tbhturj qub kblbn`h`jrj j oj pfkojh`øl bstug`jlt`o pjrj gbsjrrfoof gb hflfh`c`bltfs. h) Yrfpubstj gb cfgbofs gb juojs y tjoob tjoobrbs rbs qub hucpojl hucpojl hfl ojs hflg`h`flbs `gbjobs gb blsbújlzj b `lvbst`djh`øl jrqu`tbhtøl`hj. g) [bjo`zjh`øl gb ul Bxpbg`bltb Wàhl`hf gb Jrqu`tbhturj.
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O`c`tjh`flbs
j) Bo jnfrf tftjo gbo prfybhtf sbrê sbrê hjohuojgf bl nulh`øl j oj gbcjlgj gb oj Yfkojh`øl gb Bstug`jltbs bx`stbltb y prfybhtjgf j vb`ltb júfs. k) Bo sustbltf bhfløc`hf lf lf bs ulj ulj o`c`tjh`øl gb g`sbúf, yj qub bo prfybhtf sbrê n`ljlh`jgf pfr ulj ul`vbrs`gjg pr`vjgj. h) Xbrê lbhbsjr`f rbjo`zjr oj ejk`o`tjh`øl urkjlj gbo tbrrblf, tbrrblf, pjrj pjrj prfvbbr prfvbbr gb sbrv`h`fs gb jduj y gbsjdÿb y bobhtr`h`gjg, pjrj jtblgbr ojs lbhbs`gjgbs kês`hjs gb ofs usujr`fs. :.4 Aust`n`hjh`øl Bo g`sbúf gb ulj lubvj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj sb aust`n`hj, pr`lh`pjocbltb, bl oj lbhbs`gjg gb trjsojgjr oj jhtujo bshuboj j ftrf sbhtfr gb oj h`ugjg, yj qub oj `lnrjbstruhturj jhtujo bl oj hujo sb blhubltrj jhtujocbltb bs gbn`h`bltb pjrj ojs ojkfrbs, tjltf gb ofs bstug`jltbs hfcf pjrj ofs gfhbltbs. Ojs `ljgbhujgjs hflg`h`flbs gb bguhjh`øl gbltrf gb oj jhtujo njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj `cpfs`k`o`tjl oj bxprbs`øl y kñsqubgj gb hflfh`c`bltf, trjguh`àlgfsb bl jotfs ãlg`hbs gb kjaf rblg`c`bltf= j bstf sb sucj qub oj uk`hjh`øl bl oj qub jhtujocbltb sb blhubltrj, bstê sjturjgj pfr ftrjs bshubojs y usjl ofs pfhfs bspjh`fs qub qubgjkjl g`spfl`kobs pjrj ofs bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj. :.5
^`jo`gjg
Oj v`jo`gjg pjrj g`sbújr oj lubvj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj sb g`v`g`rê bl1 :.5.: Bhfløc`hj Oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj sb blhubltrj bl oj jhtujo`gjg hfcf ulj gb ojs cês bstjkobs gbo Ybrñ y sb jprbh`j jsã yj qub t`blb ul rbspjogf pfr n`ljlh`brjs pfr oj kublj jgc`l`strjh`øl bl ofs ñot`cfs júfs. 4
:.5.; Xfh`jo Oj bxpjls`øl gb oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj jo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf bs ul bltb cuy `cpfrtjltb pfrqub sb pojltbj ulj `lnrjbstruhturj qub nulh`flb hfcf ul E`tf bl bo oudjr. [bh`k`blgf oj v`s`tj gb aøvblbs hfl djljs gb vbr ojs bxpbr`blh`js gb ofs bstug`jltbs hfl blhjrdfs gflgb sfouh`flbl prfkobcêt`hjs qub bx`stjl bl oj jhtujo`gjg. :.5.8 Wàhl`hj Oj `lnrjbstruhturj tblgrê bl bo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf hfcf ul oudjr gb bcbrdblh`j hujlgf bx`stj jodñl gbsjstrb ljturjo yj qub prbsbltjrê oj rbs`stblh`j cêx`cj bl sus pørt`hfs pjrj rbs`st`r oj vuolbrjk`o`gjg gb lubstrf tbrr`tfr`f.
5
HJYÃWROF @@ CJ[HF WBØ[@HF ;.: Kjsbs tbør`hjs Ojs kjsbs tbør`hjs jpo`hjgjs j oj prbsbltb tbs`s pjrtbl gb jljo`zjr hflhbptfs, tbfrãjs y càtfgfs jpo`hjgfs j oj blsbújlzj supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`j pjrj oj nfrcjh`øl gb jrqu`tbhtfs, cbg`jltb oj `lnrjbstruhturj. ;.:.:. Oj Rl`vbrs`gjg Oj Xupbr`ltblgblh`j Ljh`fljo gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j (XRLBGR), bl su gfhucbltf ‟Bo Cfgbof gb O`hblh`jc`bltf y su @cpobcbltjh`øl bl bo X`stbcj Rl`vbrs`tjr`f Ybrujlf– (;9:2), gbn`lb bo
hflhbptf gb ul`vbrs`gjg gb oj s`du`bltb cjlbrj1 Rl`vbrs`gjg. ‘ Hfrrbspflgb j ulj hfcul`gjg jhjgàc`hj hflnfrcjgj pfr gfhbltbs, bstug`jltbs y drjgujgfs, fr`bltjgj j oj `lvbst`djh`øl, gfhblh`j y prfybhh`øl sfh`jo, qub kr`lgj ulj nfrcjh`øl eucjlãst`hj, h`bltãn`hj y tbhlfoød`hj hfl ulj hojrj hflh`blh`j gb lubstrf pjãs hfcf rbjo`gjg cuot`huoturjo. cuot`huoturjo.
Yjrj bltblgbr ul pfhf cês bo hflhbptf gb ul`vbrs`gjg, bs prbh`sf bltblgbr krbvbcbltb høcf ej bvfouh`fljgf j of ojrdf gb ofs júfs, pubstf
0
qub t`blb ul s`dl`n`hjgf jck`vjobltb, tjltf hfcf hflhbptf, hfcf bl `lnrjbstruhturj (Dflzêobs,:004). Oj ul`vbrs`gjg t`blb sus jltbhbgbltbs bl ojs huoturjs1 Dr`bdj, [fcjlj y Jrêk`hj, gflgb sb rbulãjl brug`tfs, pfoãt`hfs y/f h`ugjgjlfs bl bspjh`fs jk`brtfs f hbrrjgfs gb usf pñko`hf, hfcf pfr babcpof ojs êdfrjs f ofs nfrfs, ojs hujobs obs pbrc`tãjl j jquboofs, bxprbsjr sus `gbjs, dblbrjr gbkjtbs f oobdjr j hflsblsfs pjrj gbtbrc`ljr ulj ‟vbrgjg– j ul jsultf, hfcf of brjl
ojs cjtbr`js gb jstrflfcãj f nãs`hj, pfr babcpof, oj hujo sb bstjkobhbrãj hfcf ñl`hj pjrj jpo`hjr bl ofs g`st`ltfs hjcpfs gb ojs h`blh`js, j n`l gb nfcbltjr oj `lvbst`djh`øl, oj `llfvjh`øl f gbshukr`r lubvfs hflfh`c`bltfs. Drên`hf L¹ :1 :1 Oj Bshuboj gb Jtbljs, rbprbsbltjh`øl gb rbul`øl bltrb n`oøsfnfs, sjk`fs y h`ugjgjlfs gb oj Jlt`duj Drbh`j.
Nubltb1 ettps1//ojtul`hjgblbsf.wfrgprbss.hfc/tjd/n`ofsfn`j-dr`bdj/ Nubltb1 ettps1//ojtul`hjgblbsf.wfrgprbss.hfc/tjd/n`ofsfn`j-dr`bdj/
Oj ul`vbrs`gjg tuvf su fr`dbl, bl Burfpj cbg`bvjo, bltrb bo s`dof U@ y U@@, hfl oj Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Kfofl`j, bl @tjo`j, qub sb `l`h`ø hfcf ulj bshuboj gb obybs qub johjlzø drjl prbst`d`f y qub bstuvf hflnfrcjgj pfr pbrsfljs jguotjs qub oobdjkjl gbsgb g`st`ltfs s`t`fs gb Burfpj y qub hfltrjtjkjl j gfhtfrbs bl obybs pjrj qub nubrjl sus prfnbsfrbs, gflgb ojs hojsbs sb `cpjrtãjl bl ojs hjtbgrjobs (Dflzjobs, :004).
:9
Drên`hf L¹ ;1 ;1 Drjkjgf gb cjbstrf bl su hêtbgrj `cpjrt`blgf ulj hojsb cjd`stbr`jo.
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.ljt`fljodbfdrjpe`h.hfc.bs Nubltb Drên`hf L¹ 81 81 Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Fxnfrg, ulj gb ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs cês jlt`dujs gbo culgf, bl @ldojtbrrj.
Nubltb11 ettp1//webrb-wejt.hfc Nubltb
Lf fkstjltb, bo cflfpfo`f gb oj blsbújlzj hjyø bl cjlfs gb ojs jutfr`gjgbs bhobs`êst`hjs, qub cjltblãjl nubrtbs ojzfs hfl ojs jutfr`gjgbs dukbrljcbltjobs. Cft`vf pfr bo hujo Cjbstrfs y bstug`jltbs gbh`g`brfl jsfh`jrsb pjrj gbnblgbr sus gbrbhefs, gjlgf jsã, fr`dbl j oj gblfc`ljh`øl ::
gb Rl`vbrs`gjg, pfrqub jdrupjkjl j pbrsfljs gb frãdblbs y ljh`flbs g`st`ltjs (Kuhek`lgbr,;99>). Yfstbr`frcbltb ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs y ojs pr`cbrjs njhuotjgbs gb àstjs nubrfl obd`t`cjgjs pfr ojs jutfr`gjgbs suprbcjs gb hjgj rbd`øl bl oj qub sb uk`hjkjl, cbg`jltb oj njhuotjg gb ftfrdjr drjgfs y tãtuofs gb vjo`gbz ul`vbrsjo j ofs bstug`jltbs qub huoc`ljkjl sus bstug`fs, qu`blbs prbv`jcbltb jpfrtjkjl su `lvbst`djh`øl h`bltãn`hj, pjrj pfgbr o`hblh`jrsb. Yubs, oj bsblh`j gb oj ul`vbrs`gjg nub s`bcprb kr`lgjr blsbújlzj gb hjo`gjg, gb g`st`ltjs g`sh`po`ljs, prfcfvbr bo jlêo`s`s hrãt`hf, oj `lvbst`djh`øl h`bltãn`hj y bo ftfrdjc`bltf gb drjgfs, pjrj hbrt`n`hjr j ofs lubvfs prfnbs`fljobs, jobltjlgf bo bspãr`tu `lvbst`djgfr. ` lvbst`djgfr. Bl ojs ñot`cjs gàhjgjs, bo hflfh`c`bltf ul`vbrs`tjr`f f blt`àlgjsb hfcf bo hflfh`c`bltf h`bltãn`hf prfguh`gf bl ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs, ejstj bo s`dof UU, brj g`sh`po`ljr f qu`zês ejstj frtfgfxf, gflgb ofs ul`vbrs`tjr`fs y bltblg`gfs gb oj c`scj hjrrbrj ul`vbrs`tjr`j, prfguhãjl ul hflfh`c`bltf efcfdàlbf b `lg`nbrbltb j oj rbjo`gjg sfh`jo, nubrj gb ojs pjrbgbs gb oj ul`vbrs`gjg. Bs bltflhbs qub, bl bo s`dof UU@, jpjrbhb bo hflfh`c`bltf pour`ul`vbrs`tjr`f, bo hujo t`blb ul hflhbptf cês sfo`gjr`f y hfojkfrjt`vf, hfl ftrjs g`sh`po`ljs y gflgb sb `ltbls`n`hj oj rbojh`øl hfl oj h`blh`j y oj tbhlfofdãj, of qub, j su vbz, bx`db ulj cjyfr pjrt`h`pjh`øl sfh`jo y pjsjr gb bxpbr`cbltjr sfof bl ofs ojkfrjtfr`fs j bxpbr`cbltjr bl oj sfh`bgjg. (Gb Xfusj Xjltfs,;994) ;.:.;. W`pfs gb Rl`vbrs`gjg Xbdñl oj Oby L¹89;;9, Oby Rl`vbrs`tjr`j (;9:7), bx`stbl gfs t`pfs gb ul`vbrs`gjgbs1 Rl`vbrs`gjg Yñko`hj. - Xb n`aj quà cbg`fs hflst`tuybl sus rbhursfs bhfløc`hfs= hfcf tjck`àl sb gbtbrc`lj ofs k`blbs y rbltjs qub hflnfrcjl
su pjtr`cfl`f. Xb blhubltrj hfcprblg`gj bl ofs s`stbcjs pñko`hfs gb :;
prbsupubstf y hfltrfo gbo Bstjgf y rbh`kb rbhursfs prbsupubstjobs gbo tbsfrf pñko`hf pjrj sjt`snjhbr sus lbhbs`gjgbs y, n`ljocbltb t`blb oj fpfrtul`gjg gb hflhursjr pjrj oj js`dljh`øl gb nflgfs gbo Bstjgf f nflgfs bspbh`jobs (Jrts. ::9 jo ::7). ::7). Rl`vbrs`gjg Yr`vjgj. ‘ Dfzj gb `ljnbhtjh`øl y bxflbrjh`øl tr`kutjr`j, blhfltrêlgfsb fko`djgj j rbjo`zjr rb`lvbrs`øl gb sus bxhbgbltbs y ut`o`gjgbs j njvfr gb oj cbafrj gb oj hjo`gjg gb oj bguhjh`øl qub kr`lgjl. Yjrj hjck`jr gb pbrsflbrãj aurãg`hj gbkbl rbspbtjr of sbújojgf pfr oj XRLBGR= j trjvàs gb su Bstjtutf pfgrêl rbduojr su ràd`cbl gb dfk`brlf y gb gfhbltbs gb jhubrgf j of sbújojgf bl oj prbsbltb oby. Xb obs ftfrdj o`kbrtjg gb hêtbgrj y bo pourjo`scf jhjgàc`hf (Jrts. ::2 jo :;8). :;8).
Bl lubstrf pjãs, bo C`l`stbr`f gb Bguhjh`øl bs bo bltb rbhtfr gb oj pfoãt`hj gb jsbdurjc`bltf gb oj hjo`gjg gb oj bguhjh`øl supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`j pfr cbg`f gb oj Xupbr`ltblgblh`j Ljh`fljo gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j (XRLBGR). ;.:.8. Oj KJREJRX y su càtfgf gb blsbújlzj bl oj jrqu`tbhturj jrqu`tbhturj Oj Bshuboj gb oj Kjuejus, qub s`dl`n`hj ‟Hjsj gb oj Hflstruhh`øl– , nulgjgj pfr bo jrqu`tbhtf jobcêl Tjotbr Drfp`us, nub ul drjl jpfrtb bl bo s`dof UU, bl pr`cbr oudjr, pjrj bo jrtb y bo g`sbúf bl dblbrjo y pfstbr`frcbltb, drjh`js jo jrqu`tbhtf y urkjl`stj Cbybr Ejllbs, sb `lhfrpfrø oj blsbújlzj gb oj jrqu`tbhturj. Cblh`flj qub Oj Kjuejus lf sfof nub ulj bshuboj gb jrtb, s`lf qub nub ulj hfcul`gjg bltrb prfnbsfrbs y jouclfs, qub nub nulgjcbltjo pjrj oj blsbújlzj y gflgb sb bspbrjkj qub bo bstug`jltb pug`brj rbvbojr su bxprbs`v`gjg y hrbjt`v`gjg, j pjrt`r gb oj prêht`hj cjlujo jrtãst`hj= gbsjrrfoojr pbrsfljo`gjg jht`vj, bspfltêlbj y qub pug`brj babrh`tjr sus sblt`gfs. Jo n`l y jo hjkf, sb bspbrjkj qub ofs jouclfs jgqu`r`brjl hflfh`c`bltf `ltbobhtujo y tjck`àl bcfh`fljo, ejh`blgf trjkjafs y lf sfof obyblgf o`krfs, lf sfof tbør`hf (Yjocbr`lf, G`jlj,;997). :8
@oustrjh`ûl L± 81 81 Bo jrqu`tbhtf gb oj KJREJRX.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
Oj cbtfgfofdãj gb blsbújlzj qub sb kr`lgjkj bl bstj bshuboj, gblfc`ljgj ‟^frmurs– f ‟Càtfgf Kjuejus–, hflbhtjkj j oj jrqu`tbhturj hfl ftrjs jrtbs, `lhurs`fljlgf bl ojs lubvjs tbhlfofdãjs hflstruht`vjs y ojs lubvjs lbhbs`gjgbs gb oj sfh`bgjg cfgbrlj. Bl ojs juojs sb blsbújkj j hrbjr y bo trjkjaf cjlujo brj oj kjsb nulgjcbltjo gbo jrqu`tbhtf, gflgb sb cft`vjkj j ofs jouclfs j bxpbr`cbltjr hfl bo usf gb lubvfs cjtbr`jobs y lubvjs nfrcjs. KJREJRX . @oustrjh`ûl L± 71 71 Bo jrqu`tbhtf gb oj KJREJRX.
Nubltb1 ettp1//www.huot`br.bs Nubltb1 ettp1//www.huot`br.bs Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
Hfl bo fkabt`vf gb hflsfo`gjr ul fkabt`vf hfcñl bltrb jrt`stjs y jrtbsjlfs, pjrj hflstru`r bo nuturf, sb jpultjkj j hfck`ljr oj jrqu`tbhturj hfl ojs jrtbs jpo`hjgjs hfl ojs tàhl`hjs `lgustr`jobs y ojs lbhbs`gjgbs gbo :7
`lg`v`guf. Yfr of qub sb jpo`hø bo Càtfgf Kjuejus, hfcf pojl gb bstug`fs, gb oj s`du`bltb cjlbrj1 Yrfdrjcj gb bstug`fs1 . Fkabt`vfs1 . Nfrcjr pbrsfljs hfl tjobltf jrtãst`hf, tàhl`hf y nfrcjo. . Wrjkjaf prêht`hf gb bxpbr`cbltjh`øl bl hflstruhh`øl gb hjsjs y cfk`o`jr`f. . Gbsjrrfoof gb cfgbofs (cjqubtjs) bstêlgjr pjrj oj prfguhh`øl `lgustr`jo.
Hursf Yrbo`c`ljr gb > cbsbs. . Fkabt`vfs1 . Rt`o`zjr bo cjtbr`jo hfl hrbjt`v`gjg y bhflfcãj. . Gbsjrrfoojr oj jutflfcãj gbo bstug`jltb. . Hfltbl`gfs1 . Bstug`f gb cjtbr`jobs. . Bstug`f gb nfrcj y bspjh`f. . Ouz y trjlspjrblh`j. . Cbtfgfofdãj1 . G`sbúf hfl ebrrjc`bltjs hfrr`bltb. . Bstug`f gb cjtbr`jobs lubvfs, gbsgb ulj lubvj pbrspbht`vj, trjkjajl hfl ulj sbhublh`j n`aj1 hr`stjo, pjpbo, pobx`doês. . Babrh`h`fs bspjh`jobs. . [bprbsbltjh`øl drên`hj gb fkabtfs y cjtbr`jobs1 nftfcfltjabs y nftfdrjcjs. . ^`s`tjs gb jrtbsjlfs y nêkr`hjs.
Wjoobr gb hjrp`ltbrãj ‘ Wjoobr gb cubkobs1 . Xb jljo`zjkj oj nulh`fljo`gjg gbo cubkob pjrj gbn`l`r su nfrcj. . Xb e`zf oj pr`cbrj s`ooj cbtêo`hj.
Wjoobr gb cbtjo1
. Xb jprblgãj j hrbjr g`sbúfs nulh`fljobs hfl nfrcjs dbfcàtr`hjs kês`hjs. Xb e`h`brfl ajrrjs, tbtbrjs, hjlgbojkrfs, hjajs y kftbs. :2
Wjoobr gb `cprbs`øl, puko`h`gjg y nftfdrjnãj1 . Wàhl`hjs gb `cprbs`øl hjohfdrên`hj y x`ofdrên`hj. . Gbsjrrfoof gb oj t`pfdrjnãj y n`durjh`øl puko`h`tjr`j. . Yuko`h`gjg y frdjl`zjh`øl gb bxpfs`h`flbs. . Nftfdrjnãj hfcf pr`lh`pjo hfcpflbltb gbo jlulh`f puko`h`tjr`f.
Wjoobr gb tba`gfs1 . Hfcpfs`h`øl gb tjp`hbs hfcf hujgrfs jkstrjhtfs. . Blsbújlzj kjsjgj bl ojs nfrcjs bobcbltjobs. . Gbshukr`r nfrcjs y ejhbrojs v`s`kobs.
Wjoobr gb p`bgrj y cjgbrj1 . Bshuoturjs y cjqubtjs.
. Jhjkjgfs gbhfrjt`vfs. . Bstug`f gb ojs rbjo`zjh`flbs poêst`hjs bspbh`jobs gb ojs nfrcjs hølhjvjs y hflvbxjs. Wjoobr gb v`gr`f y p`lturj curjo1 . Wbú`gurj gb bg`n`h`fs. . Wrjkjaf gb kjrl`zjgf pjrj bo tjoobr gb hjrp`ltbrãj. . Gbsjrrfoof gb ofs pjpbobs p`ltjgfs.
:>
@oustrjh`ûl L± 21 21 Bobcbltfs prfguh`gfs bl oj Kjuejus.
Nubltb1 Dffdob `cêdblbs. Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
Bs bltflhbs qub gurjltb ofs júfs h`lhubltj, ejstj lubstrfs gãjs, ofs prfdrjcjs gb ojs js`dljturjs, gblfc`ljgjs hfcf1 hfcpfs`h`øl, g`sbúf f tjoobr gb jrqu`tbhturj, tjoobr `ltbdrjo, bth., tfcjl bl hubltj, jo pr`lh`p`f gb oj nfrcjh`øl jhjgàc`hj, oj blsbújlzj gb ofs hflhbptfs gb oj hfcpfs`h`øl jkstrjhtj, oj n`durj y bo nflgf, oj s`cbtrãj y js`cbtrãj= gflgb sb kushj jpo`hjrofs bl cjqubtjs hfl hjrtøl y cjqubtjs bl bshjoj : j :9, bl ofs pjt`fs gb ojs bshubojs. (Cjrtãlbz, Xbrd`f. :05:). Drên`hf L¹ 71 71 Hojsb gb pjp`rfnobx`j hfl Afsbn Jokbrs bl :0;5. Kjuejus.
Nubltb11 ettps1//huoturjyjvfycjcj.hfc Nubltb :4
Lfs cblh`flj qub oj Kjuejus lfs ej gbajgf hfcf ebrblh`j sus pfstuojgfs, bl oj pfs`k`o`gjg gb oj rbnobx`øl g`gêht`hj qub prbsbltjl ojs bstruhturjs qub hrbjrfl pjrj rbjo`zjr oj blsbújlzj gbo g`sbúf gb lubstrfs gãjs (Dubvjrj,;9:8). j. Bo rbshjtb gbo g`kuaf jkstrjhtf, lf hfl bo fkabtf gb johjlzjr oj ejk`o`gjg gb rbprbsbltjh`øl `høl`hj, s`lf hfcf bltrbljc`bltf pbrhbptujo y frdjl`zjgfr gbo ul`vbrsf nfrcjo. nfrcjo. k. Ofs pr`lh`p`fs f nulgjcbltfs gb oojj frdjl`zjh`øl gb oj nfrcj pbrc`tbl gftjr j ojs g`sh`po`ljs prfybhtujobs gb ulj kjsb jrducbltjo pjrj bltblgbr y bxpo`hjr oj jht`v`gjg hfln`durjh`fljo cês jooê gbo dustf, oj `ltu`h`øl f bo dbstf e`brêt`hf gbo gfhbltb. gfhbltb. h. Xb gbsjrrfooj oj hflhbph`øl gbo juoj-tjoobr, oj lbhbs`gjg gb hfcpobcbltjr bo prfhbsf gb g`sbúf hfl oj prfguhh`øl hfcf `gbj hbltrjo gb bstb t`pf gb blsbújlzjs. blsbújlzjs. g. Oj bx`stblh`j gbo hursf prbo`c`ljr hflvbrt`gf efy bl js`dljturj ‟g`sbúf kês`hf– bs ulj fph`øl hurr`huojr pjrj bo bltrbljc`bltf bl oj
hfln`durjh`øl gb oj nfrcj, oj tbxturj, bo hfofr y bo bspjh`f jltbs gb jújg`r ftrfs l`vbobs gb g`n`huotjg hfcf oj nulh`øl, oj bstàt`hj, oj rbspubstj ho`cêt`hj u ftrfs. Jo c`scf t`bcpf bo hursf prbo`c`ljr bs ul hfcpflbltb vfhjh`fljo `lg`shut`kob bl bo Yojl gb Bstug`fs, bs ul rbnbrbltb bguhjt`vf b `ltrfguhtfr`f gb oj prfnbs`øl, cuy bn`h`bltb. bn`h`bltb. Yfr ftrj pjrtb, y hfcf rbprbsbltjh`øl hflstruht`vj y jrqu`tbhtøl`hj gb of qub brj rbjocbltb oj Kjuejus, Tjotbr Drfp`us lfs gflø su drjl fkrj cjbstrj, bo bg`n`h`f gb oj Kjuejus bl Gbssju, Jobcjl`j. ^foucbtrãj qub bxprbsj oj sblh`oobz, oj gbsfrljcbltjh`øl y bo nulh`fljo`scf. Of qub sb gblfc`ljkj1 ‟Oj nfrcj s`dub j oj nulh`øl–. n ulh`øl–. Gflgb ofs vfoñcblbs sb sbpjrjl
pfr cbg`f gb pjt`fs jk`brtfs y ul vfoucbl t`pf publtb, of qub prfguhb oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg y s`cpo`n`hjh`øl gbo nouaf gb ofs o fs usujr`fs. :5
Drên`hf L¹ 21 21 Oj Bshuboj gb oj KJREJRX.
Nubltb11 ettp1//hjrdfhfoobht`vb.hfc Nubltb
@oustrjh`ûl L± >1 >1 Bcpojzjc`bltf y jxflfcbtrãj gb oj Kjuejus.
Nubltb11 Rl`vbrs`gjg Yfo`tàhl`hj gb Cjgr`g. Nubltb Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
;.:.7. Oj Ybgjdfdãj Jht`vj bl ojs Njhuotjgbs Njhuotjgbs gb Jrqu`tbhturj Bs bl ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs bl gflgb sb pflb bl cjrhej ojs `lvbst`djh`flbs h`bltãn`hjs j n`l gb gbshukr`r f `llfvjr bl bo hjcpf gb hujoqu`br prfnbs`øl y pfr supubstf, ojs Njhuotjgbs gb Jrqu`tbhturj lf bstêl bxbltjs gb bstf.
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Oj Jrqu`tbhturj s`rvb hfcf ebrrjc`bltj gb pojlbjc`bltf gb ojs h`ugjgbs, bl tfgfs sus êck`tfs y qub gbkbl bstjr jhfrgb j ojs lubvjs lbhbs`gjgbs gb ofs usujr`fs, pfr of qub rbsuotj lbhbsjr`f nfrcjr k`bl ojs kjsbs jhjgàc`hjs gb ofs nuturfs jrqu`tbhtfs pbrujlfs. Lubvfs cfgbofs pbgjdød`hfs ejl jpjrbh`gf, ofs hujobs prbtblgbl brrjg`hjr bo jlt`duf s`stbcj gb blsbújlzj, gflgb bo prfnbsfr brj bo ñl`hf qub tblãj oj rjzøl y qub ‟blsbújkj j høcf tblãjl– qub sbr ojs hfsjs. Lf fkstjltb,
oj cbtfgfofdãj gb blsbújlzj gbo s`stbcj bguhjt`vf jhtujo bstê bc`drjlgf pfhf j pfhf ejh`j ftrf càtfgf pbgjdød`hf1 ‟Oj Ybgjdfdãj Jht`vj–. @oustrjh`ûl L± 41 41 Hjcpf gb jhh`øl gbo prfnbsfr. Babcpof gb Juoj trjg`h`fljo vbrsus Juoj Jht`vj.
Nubltb1 C`l`stbr`f gb Bguhjh`øl. Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
Oj pbgjdfdãj Jht`vj, qub prfv`blb gb oj Bshuboj Lubvj gb Burfpj, gbaj gb hbltrjrsb bl bo gfhbltb y bcp`bzj j blnfhjrsb bl bo bstug`jltb. Wjo hfcf lfs `lnfrcj Yàrbz, Cjrt`lj (;992), sb gbkb pjsjr gbo trjkjaf hbltrjgf gbo prfnbsfr, huyjs nulh`flbs hfls`stãjl bl `lnfrcjr, bxpo`hjr, gbcfstrjr y bxjc`ljr= j hflhbk`r jo jouclf hfcf bo prftjdfl`stj gb su prfp`f jprblg`zjab, pfr of qub sb vb fko`djgf j sbr jht`vf y rbnobx`vf, jutølfcf y pjrt`h`pjt`vf, hffpbrjt`vf y hrbjt`vf, `lgjdjgfr y frdjl`zjgf. ;9
Hjkb rbsjotjr qub lf s`dl`n`hj qub oj prbsblh`j gbo prfnbsfr lf sbj `lg`spblsjkob, pfr supubstf qub sã, sfof qub àstb sbrê qu`bl jhfcpjúb jo bstug`jltb bl tfgf su prfhbsf gb jprblg`zjab y jobltjr su ejckrb gb hur`fs`gjg, j n`l gb hflsbdu`r ‟`llfvjr– f `lhousf ‟rbnutjr–, ul tøp`hf bl
g`shus`øl. Ojs cbtfgfofdãjs gb oj Ybgjdfdãj Jht`vj sfl ojs s`du`bltbs1 . @lvbst`djh`øl ‘ Jhh`øl . @lvbst`djh`øl ‘ Jhh`øl pjrt`h`pjt`vj . Bstug`f gb hjsfs . Jprblg`zjab kjsjgf bl prfkobcjs . Càtfgf gb prfybhtfs . Wrjkjaf jutølfcf . Càtfgf hffpbrjt`vf . @lcbrs`øl tbcêt`hj Bl hfcpobcbltf j ojs jn`rcjh`flbs gb Cjrtãlbz Yàrbz= bo jrqu`tbhtf Gjv`g Cblbsbs, gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg Ajvbr`jlj gb Hfofck`j (;9:8), lfs cblh`flj qub ofs Càtfgfs Ybgjdød`hfs Jht`vfs pjrj oj blsbújlzjjprblg`zjab, bcpobjgfs bl oj nfrcjh`øl jhjgàc`hj gb ojs Njhuotjgbs gb Jrqu`tbhturj, sfl ojs s`du`bltbs1 j) Jprblg`zjab cbg`jltb rbsfouh`øl gb prfkobcjs1 Hfls`gbrjgj hfcf jqubo prfhbsf pbgjdød`hf qub hflh`kb bo jprblg`zjab hfcf ulj hjrrbrj gb fkstêhuofs hflstru`gfs pfr qu`bl blsbúj. Ojs rjzflbs pjrj su jgfph`øl ejl s`gf1 . Oj lf pbrt`lblh`j, gb qubrbr y pfgbr blsbújrof tfgf. . Bo jotf drjgf gb pàrg`gj gb hflfh`c`bltfs, pfr pjrtb gb ofs bstug`jltbs, gb ul júf jo ftrf f `lhousf bl poblj àpfhj gb ofs bstug`fs f bl oj v`gj prfnbs`fljo. ;:
. Bo hjrêhtbr bxhbs`vjcbltb tbør`hf nrbltb j ojs lbhbs`gjgbs y rbjo`gjgbs gb ofs jsultfs gb oj v`gj g`jr`j prfnbs`fljo. . Kjaf l`vbo gb oj jht`v`gjg hfdl`t`vj y cbtfgfoød`hj, bl rbojh`øl hfl ojs hfcpbtblh`js lbhbsjr`js pjrj bo trjkjaf gb hjcpf. . Oj pfkrbzj bl oj bvjoujh`øl trjg`h`fljo gb ofs bstug`jltbs, kjsjgj hjs` s`bcprb bl su hjpjh`gjg gb cbcfr`zjh`øl. k) Jprblg`zjab pfr prfybhtfs1 Babrh`h`f jpo`hjgf, gjgf j qub sb jprfx`cj j oj rbjo`gjg gb oj bojkfrjh`øl gb ul bxpbg`bltb tàhl`hf, bl bo qub sb rbqu`brbl gfhucbltfs, pojlfs, cjqubtjs, g`sbúfs, hêohuofs, bspbh`n`hjh`flbs, gbtjoobs y gbcês cbg`fs lbhbsjr`fs pjrj oj hfrrbhtj cjtbr`jo`zjh`øl gb ul bg`n`h`f f nfrcj ejk`tjkob. Hfcf prfybhtfs rbnbrblh`jobs f babrh`h`fs, ofs cês dblbrjobs sfl ofs s`du`bltbs1 . Yrfybhtfs `lst`tuh`fljobs1 prfkobcêt`hjs ljh`fljobs. . Yrfybhtfs gb nfrcjh`øl y bltrbljc`bltf1 v`v`blgj, sjoug, bguhjh`øl, bth. . Yrfybhtfs gb tbcêt`hjs sbls`kobs1 tbcjs gb pjtr`cfl`f urkjlf, sfouh`øl j hjtêstrfnbs, bth. . Yrfybhtfs gb `cpjhtf bspbhãn`hf1 cjyfrcbltb bxpbr`cbltjobs y gb h`rhulstjlh`js cuhejs vbhbs `rrbjobs. h) Jprblg`zjab hffpbrjt`vf1 Càtfgf qub bxtrjb sus nulgjcbltfs bl oj ps`hfofdãj sfh`jo. Xb trjtj gb ejhbr trjkjajr j ofs jouclfs bl drupfs sun`h`bltbcbltb hfcpjhtfs hfcf pjrj qub hjgj qu`bl tfcb prftjdfl`scf jltb ulj js`dljh`øl, cbg`jltb ul hflsblsf bltrb boofs c`scfs. Bstf hfloobvj j of s`du`bltb1 . Bo drupf gb trjkjaf prfguhb ofdrfs supbr`frbs j qub s` nubrj n ubrj rbjo`zjgf tjl sfof pfr ulf y jnrfltj oj `lsbdur`gjg gbo trjkjaf `lg`v`gujo. . Ofs jouclfs jprblgbl j trjkjajr bl drupf y jprblgbl ulfs gb ftrfs, pbrf sus js`dljh`flbs ojs rbjo`zjl sfofs. ;;
. Bo `ltbrhjck`f gb `gbjs rbnubrzj ojs rbojh`flbs `ltbrpbrsfljobs, sb jgfptjl vjofrbs gbcfhrêt`hfs, sb g`sc`luyb bo tbcfr jo nrjhjsf, sb hflnãj bl ojs ejk`o`gjgbs gb hjgj ulf y sb rbpjrtbl ojs rbspflsjk`o`gjgbs. . Xb gbsjrrfooj bo pblsjc`bltf g`vbrdbltb, g`spubstf j sjkbr høcf jnrfltjr ojs hrãt`hjs. @oustrjh`ûl L± 51 Bo 51 Bo bstug`jltb gb jrqu`tbhturj bl ul trjkjaf drupjo.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
;.:.2. W@H-WJH-WBY y bo NJK OJK OJK bl oj Jrqu`tbhturj Efy bl gãj bxpbr`cbltjcfs hfl hrbhbs oj rbvfouh`øl `lnfrcêt`hj, qub bl bstfs t`bcpfs ej tfcjgf prftjdfl`scf pfr blhfltrjrsb prbsbltb bl jksfoutjcbltb tfgf. P bsf hfcprblgb j vbrsb hfcf ulj lbhbs`gjg `cprbsh`lg`kob bl ofs cfgbofs bguhjt`vfs qub efy sb jpo`hjl bl ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs, tjo hfcf bs oj Ybgjdfdãj Jht`vj. Lf fkstjltb, oj rbpbrhus`øl gb ojs Wbhlfofdãjs @lnfrcêt`hjs y gb Hfcul`hjh`øl (W@Hs), pubgbl sbr ul pultf j njvfr, hfcf tjck`àl bl hfltrj s` lf sb jpo`hjl jgbhujgjcbltb bl bstb cfgbof bguhjt`vf. Jltbs sb pblsjkj cês y sb tfcjkj cês t`bcpf bl bojkfrjr pojlfs, pbrspbht`vjs j cjlf, bth., bl hjck`f ofs bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj gb efy t`blbl oj njh`o`gjg gb bojkfrjr pojlfs y cfgbojgfs (f cjqubtjs) 8G, tfgf pfr hfcputjgfrj= cft`vf pfr bo qub cuhefs pbhjl bl qubrbr bojkfrjr ofs ;8
prfybhtfs gb cjlbrj rêp`gj f gflgb `lhousf hfp`jl f jgjptjl prfybhtfs rbnbrblh`jobs y ofs cfg`n`hjl pjrj ofs suyfs. Of qub dblbrj qub bo g`sbúf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf sb bstà gbsvjlbh`blgf. @oustrjh`ûl L± 01 01 G`nbrblh`js bl oj bojkfrjh`øl gbo g`kuaf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf.
Nubltbs1 Dffdob. Nubltbs1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
Bl hfltrjpjrtb, s` jpo`hjcfs rbspflsjkobcbltb ojs W@Hs j ofs lubvfs càtfgfs pbgjdød`hfs, sb pubgbl tfcjr hfcf Wbhlfofdãjs gb Jprblg`zjab y bo Hflfh`c`bltf (WJHs). Bs gbh`r, tfcjr j ofs cbg`fs tbhlfoød`hfs b `lnfrcêt`hfs hfcf jpfyf gb oj pbgjdfdãj jht`vj. P hflnfrcb j oj `ltbrjht`v`gjg qub v`v`cfs hfl pbrsfljs gb tfgjs pjrtbs gbo culgf, lfs bs cês nêh`o hfcpjrt`r lubstrfs hflfh`c`bltfs bl @ltbrlbt, cbg`jltb ojs rbgbs sfh`jobs y bl hfcul`gjgbs bl nfrfs, gflgb sb kushj nfcbltjr oj pjrt`h`pjh`øl gbo gbkjtb j trjvàs gb pbrsfljs hfl rbjo`gjgbs ljh`fljobs g`st`ltjs, of qub blr`qubhb oj rbtrfjo`cbltjh`øl gbo hflfh`c`bltf. @oustrjh`ûl L± :91 :91 Oj lubvj nubltb gb hflfh`c`bltf jhhbs`kob jo culgf drjh`js j ojs W@Hs, ojs WJHs y ojs WBYs.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb ;7
Bspbhãn`hjcbltb, sfkrb bstjs tbhlfofdãjs jpo`hjgjs j oj pbgjdfdãj jht`vj, ofs bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj v`blbl bxpbr`cbltjlgf cuhef bl sus prfybhtfs, hfl lubvjs ebrrjc`bltjs g`d`tjobs b `lgustr`jobs, hfcf of sfl bo trjkjajr hfl prfdrjcjs hfcf JutfHJG, [bv`t Ku`og`ld, bth., qub s`rvbl pjrj oj bojkfrjh`øl gb pojlfs, cjqubtjs, cfgbojgf y v`stjs 8G, qub s`rvbl hfcf ebrrjc`bltjs pjrj rbjo`zjr prftft`pfs j bshjoj, gflgb prbv`jcbltb ejl s`gf cfgbojgfs f bstug`jgfs pfr cbg`f gbo frgbljgfr. NJK OJK1 Bs ul hflhbptf qub jpjrbhb j pr`lh`p`fs gb bstb s`dof jo hrbjrsb bo HKJ (Hbltbr nfr K`ts jlg Jtfcs), gbltrf gbo Cbg`j Ojk gbo C@W (@lst`tutf gb Cjssjheussbts gb Wbhlfofdãj). Xu prfpøs`tf bs oj gb hrbjr ulj rbg gb ojkfrjtfr`fs jk`brtfs b `ltbrhflbhtjgfs, bqu`pjgfs hfl uljs cêqu`ljs gb rbnbrblh`j hfl ojs qub pubgj njkr`hjrsb ‟hjs`– tfgf. t fgf.
@oustrjh`ûl L± ::1 ::1 Oj NJK OJK Efusb, pr`cbr prftft`pf ebhef bl bo Njk Ojk Kjrhboflj.
Nubltb11 ett 1// Nubltb 1//www www.nj .njkojk kojkefus efusb.h b.hfc fc
;2
@oustrjh`ûl L± :;1 :;1 Oj NJK OJK Efusb, prfhbsf hflstruht`vf.
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.njkojkefusb.hfc Nubltb
;.; Cjrhf Hflhbptujo ;.;.:. Hflg`h`flbs Kês`hjs gb Hjo`gjg (HKH) Hfl oj n`ljo`gjg gb djrjlt`zjr ulj nfrcjh`øl jhjgàc`hj gb hjo`gjg bl ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs pbrujljs, oj XRLBGR (;9:>), ej bstjkobh`gf ojs ‟Hflg`h`flbs Kês`hjs gb Hjo`gjg– (HKH), qub gbkbl hucpo`r pjrj fktblbr oj ‟O`hblh`j gb Nulh`fljc`bltf @lst`tuh`fljo–, qub ojs ejk`o`tb pjrj prbstjr bo ‟Xbrv`h`f Bguhjt`vf Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`f–. P ojs gbn`lb gb oj s`du`bltb
cjlbrj1
‘
Hflg`h`flbs Kês`hjs gb Hjo`gjg. Xfl bstêlgjrbs qub s`rvbl gb pjutjs dblbrjobs pjrj oj bvjoujh`øl gb oj hjpjh`gjg gb oj ul`vbrs`gjg pjrj oj prbstjh`øl gbo sbrv`h`f bguhjt`vf supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`f y jutfr`zjh`øl gb su nulh`fljc`bltf. nulh`fljc`bltf. O`hblh`j gb Nulh`fljc`bltf @lst`tuh`fljo. ‘ Hfls`stb bl oj rbsfouh`øl qub jutfr`zj bo nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj ul`vbrs`gjg pjrj qub pubgj fnrbhbr bo sbrv`h`f bguhjt`vf supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`f. Oj O`hblh`j gb Nulh`fljc`bltf @lst`tuh`fljo hfcprblgb j oj ul`vbrs`gjg y gbtjooj sus n`o`jobs
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y jlbxj oj o`stj gb prfdrjcjs qub fnrbhb. Bs ul rbqu`s`tf pjrj bo o`hblh`jc`bltf gb prfdrjcjs. prfdrjcjs. Xbrv`h`f Bguhjt`vf Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`f. ‘ [bn`brb jo sbrv`h`f pñko`hf qub ñl`hjcbltb pubgb sbr fnrbh`gf pfr ulj ul`vbrs`gjg o`hblh`jgj j
sus bstug`jltbs cjtr`huojgfs. G`hef sbrv`h`f bstê fr`bltjgf j oj nfrcjh`øl gb hjpjh`gjgbs gb `lvbst`djh`øl h`bltãn`hj y tbhlfoød`hj= j oj hrbjh`øl, `llfvjh`øl y g`nus`øl gb hflfh`c`bltfs `ltbobhtujobs y jrtãst`hfs= y jo ofdrf gb hfcpbtblh`js h`ugjgjljs y prfnbs`fljobs gb jhubrgf hfl oj gbcjlgj gb oj sfh`bgjg y gbo cbrhjgf ojkfrjo, jsã hfcf j ojs o js lbhbs`gjgbs gb gbsjrrfoof gbo pjãs. pjãs. Ofs fkabt`vfs bspbhãn`hfs gb ojs HKH, bs dblbrjr ul n`otrf bl bo nulh`fljc`bltf gb ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs pbrujljs, pñko`hjs y pr`vjgjs, j n`l gb jsbdurjr ulj nfrcjh`øl jhjgàc`hj gb hjo`gjg, rbnobajgfs lf sfof bl oj cbtfgfofdãj y ofs rbhursfs eucjlfs g`spfl`kobs pjrj bo sbrv`h`f, s`lf, gb kr`lgjr ulj `lnrjbstruhturj gbhbltb, qub jokbrdub jck`bltbs jgbhujgfs j oj nfrcjh`øl prfnbs`fljo gb hjgj hjrrbrj ul`vbrs`tjr`j. Àstjs sfl ojs s`du`bltbs1 Bx`stblh`j gb fkab fkabt`vfs t`vfs jhjgàc`hfs, drjgf drjgfs, s, tãtuofs y pojlbs gb bstug`f.
Fnbrtj bguhj bguhjt`vj t`vj hfcpjt`k hfcpjt`kob ob hfl ofs `lstrucbltfs gb pojlbjc`bltf. pojlbjc`bltf.
@lnrjbstruhturj y bqu`pjc`bltf jgbhujgfs pjrj hucpo`r sus
nulh`flbs. Oãlbjs gb `lvbst`djh`øl.
G`spfl`k`o`gjg gb pbrsfljo gfhbltb hjo`n`hj hjo`n`hjgf gf hfl lf cblfs gbo ;2% gb gfhbltbs j t`bcpf hfcpobtf.
Xbrv`h`fs bguhjh`fljobs hfcpobcbltjr`fs kês`hfs.
Cbhjl`scfs gb `lsbrh`øl ojkfrjo.
HKH Hfcpobcbltjr`j1 Wrjlspjrblh`j gb Rl`vbrs`gjgbs.
Jpjrtb gb oj dbst`øl jgc`l`strjt`vj, ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs qub jñl lf hucpobl hfl bstfs rbqubr`c`bltfs bv`gbltbcbltb tblgrãjl qub rbcfgbojr, ;4
jcpo`jr sus hjcpus f hflstru`r lubvjs njhuotjgbs pjrj pfgbr kr`lgjr bo sbrv`h`f bguhjt`vf hfrrbspflg`bltb. Drên`hf L¹ >1 >1 Hflg`h`flbs Kês`hjs gb Hjo`gjg
Nubltb1 ettps1//www.sulbgu.dfk.pb Nubltb1
;.;.;. Bo pjt`f hfltbl`gf y bo pjt`f jk`brtf Oj drjl cjyfrãj gb ul`vbrs`gjgbs, prfpflbl oj hflstruhh`øl gb pjkbooflbs gb juojs fr`bltjgjs ejh`j bo bxtbr`fr f hfcf bl oj cjyfrãj gb ofs hjsfs, ejh`j ul drjl pjt`f hbltrjo. Oj pbgjdfdãj qub sb prfpflb bl oj jhtujo`gjg sud`brb oj jpbrturj gb ofs bspjh`fs g`gêht`hfs ejh`j ofs bspjh`fs fpbrjt`vfs, yj sbj bo`c`ljlgf ojs g`v`s`flbs qub sbpjrjl j ojs juojs gb ofs pjt`fs f hflbhtêlgfofs v`sujocbltb, cbg`jltb ul obldujab jrqu`tbhtøl`hf qub sb trjlsc`tb gb bxtbr`fr j `ltbr`fr.
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@oustrjh`ûl L± :81 :81 Hflhbptf gbo pjt`f jk`brtf y hbrrjgf.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
Xb pfgrãj gbh`r qub, oj lubvj prfpubstj gb pjt`f gbkb nulh`fljr n ulh`fljr hfcf ul bspjh`f qub abrjrqu`hb, pbrf qub j su vbz sbj ul bobcbltf jk`brtf, lf sfof pfr oj njotj gb ul pojlf hbl`tjo, s`lf qub tjck`àl of sbj pfr bo hfltfrlf efr`zfltjo, s`l gbajr gb hflbhtjrsb j pjt`fs hfltbl`gfs pfr sbr gb usf pr`vjgf f hfltrfojgf. Drên`hf L¹ 41 41 Rl`vbrs`gjg Yjrãt`cj Y`r` [b`s, Wurquãj.
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb
;0
@oustrjh`ûl L± :71 :71 Rl`vbrs`gjg Yjrãt`cj Y`r` [b`s, Wurquãj. Bstug`f gb ofs pjt`fs.
Nubltb1 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
@oustrjh`ûl L± :21 :21 Rl`vbrs`gjg Yjrãt`cj Y`r` [b`s, Wurquãj. Bstug`f gb ofs pjt`fs.
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. 89
;.;.8. Oj jprfp`jh`øl gbo bspjh`f hf hfobht`vf obht`vf Bl ofs hjcpus ul`vbrs`tjr`fs bs cuy `cpfrtjltb bo usf gb ofs pjt`fs hfcf ul g`spfs`t`vf rbojh`fljo, gbo qub tfgfs ofs usujr`fs pubgjl dfzjr, yj sbj pfr cbg`f gb su usf f pfr cbg`f gb su hflbx`øl v`sujo. (Cbtêpfo`s, ;999).
@oustrjh`ûl L± :>1 :>1 Bsqubcj gb oj jprfp`jh`øl gbo bspjh`f.
Nubltb11 Oj jprfp`jh`øl gbo bspjh`f. Wfcbu ^`gjo Cfrjltj. Nubltb
Ofs bspjh`fs hfobht`vfs, hfcf su lfckrb of cblh`fljl, bstêl fr`bltjgfs j oj jht`v`gjg qub ofs usujr`fs babrhbl sfkrb boofs, pubstf qub bo bspjh`f pubgb sbr tfcjgf hfcf suyj pjrj rbjo`zjr jht`v`gjgbs bspfltêlbjs y bnãcbrjs, qub pfstbr`frcbltb pubgbl sbrv`r pjrj ojs jht`v`gjgbs gb ftrfs usujr`fs. ^`gjo, Wfcbu (;992), lfs hfcbltj qub ofs bspjh`fs qub sfl jprfp`jgfs pfr ofs `lg`v`gufs supflbl ul jpbdf jo oudjr pfr cft`vf gb sblt`rsb `gblt`n`hjgfs hfl ào, qu`zês pfr oj jht`v`gjg qub babrhbl bl bstfs bl sus v`gjs hft`g`jljs. Bstf pfgrãj jpo`hjrsb pbrnbhtjcbltb j jquboofs bspjh`fs ut`o`zjgfs pfr ofs bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj, hujlgf usjl ul bspjh`f pjrj 8:
hflvbrt`rof bl su djobrãj gb bxe`k`h`øl gb sus cjqubtjs f s`cpobcbltb pjrj pfgbr trjkjajrojs. Drên`hf L¹ 51 51 Yjt`f gb oj Yflt`n`h`j Rl`vbrs`gjg Ajvbr`jlj gb Hfofck`j, s`blgf ut`o`zjgj pfr bstug`jltbs qub rbjo`zjl g`st`ltjs jht`v`gjgbs.
Nubltb11 ettp1//pua-pfrtjo.ajvbr`jlj.bgu.hf Nubltb
@oustrjh`ûl L± :41 :41 Hflhursf Bg`n`h`f gb Ojkfrjtfr`fs gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg.
Nubltb1 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
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;.;.7. Ybrcbjk`o`gjg y hfcpjh`gjg Oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg y oj hfcpjh`gjg bl ulj `lnrjbstruhturj s`bcprb `rêl gb oj cjlf, yj qub rbqu`brbl gb oj s`ck`fs`s bltrb jckfs pjrj hfls`gbrjrsb hfcf tjo. Yfgbcfs gbh`r qub ul fkabtf, bl bstb hjsf, ul fkabtf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf ofdrj j sbr pbrcbjkob, pubstf j qub su hfcpjh`gjg ej s`gf pbrnfrjgj pjrj njvfrbhbr oj hflbx`øl gb nouafs y oj hflbx`øl v`sujo= gbsgb bo bxtbr`fr ejh`j bo `ltbr`fr f bltrb ofs `ltbr`frbs ejh`j ul bspjh`f abrêrqu`hf, cjyfrcbltb jk`brtf, hfcf of bs ul pjt`f. Ebljf, Ouz (;9:2), hfcbltj qub ulj kublj sfouh`øl gb oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg hfls`stb bl nus`fljr sut`ocbltb ojs pojltjs kjajs gb ojs bg`n`hjh`flbs hfl bo bspjh`f pñko`hf hfltbxtujo. Drên`hf L¹ 01 01 HBLW[F / Wbl Jrqu`tbhtfs.
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb
Yfr ftrf ojgf, oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg tjck`àl sb pubgb sush`tjr pfr cbg`f gb oj cjtbr`jo`gjg, bl nulh`øl jo usf gb trjlspjrblh`js fr`bltjgjs v`sujobs bstrjtàd`hjs, ofs huêobs pubgbl sbr ejh`j ofs bxtbr`frbs gbo fkabtf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf bl ejh`j sus c`scfs `ltbr`frbs, ejh`j bspjh`fs gflgb bx`stb g`lêc`hj. 88
H BLW[F. @oustrjh`ûl L± :51 :51 Bstug`f gb oj Ybrcbjk`o`gjg bo bg`n`h`f HBLW[F.
Nubltb1 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
;.8. Cjrhf [bnbrblh`jo ;.8.:. Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj, Jrqu`tbhturj, Rrkjl`scf y J Jrtbs rtbs gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg Ljh`fljo gb @ldbl`brãj Oudjr1 G`str`tf gbo [ãcjh, O`cj ‘ Ybrñ. Drên`hf L¹ :91 :91 ^`stj jàrbj gb oj NJRJ bl bo hjcpus gb oj RL@. Júf :02:. :02:.
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Drên`hf L¹ ::1 ::1 ^`stj gb oj njhejgj gb `ldrbsf gb oj NJRJ jhtujocbltb.
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb
Nub drjh`js jo jrqu`tbhtf Nbrljlgf Kbojulgb Wbrry, qu`bl hflst`tuyø jo bltflhbs, Gbpjrtjcbltf gb Jrqu`tbhturj gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg Ljh`fljo gb @ldbl`brãj (RL@), hfcf oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj, Rrkjl`scf y Jrtbs (NJRJ), bl bo júf :022, gflgb ofs bstug`fs gbajkjl gb sbr dblbrjobs y cês bspbh`jo`zjgfs ejh`j bo hjcpf gb oj jrqu`tbhturj, oj c`scj qub gbkãj cjltblbr ul hjrêhtbr bsp`r`tujo y jrtãst`hf, s`l gbajr gb ojgf oj nfrcjh`øl tàhl`hj fr`bltjgj j oj hflstruhh`øl. Nub oj pr`cbrj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj bl lubstrf pjãs. Bo jrqu`tbhtf C`dubo Hruhejdj Kbojulgb (;9:9), cblh`flj qub oj blsbújlzj gb oj Jrqu`tbhturj sb `ltbdrjkj j oj tjrbj qub hfcprfcbt`brj j ofs `ltbobhtujobs y jrt`stjs gb oj àpfhj y hfltr`ku`r hfl oj kñsqubgj gb oj `gblt`gjg ljh`fljo. Bs gbh`r, hflvbrdbr oj bxprbs`v`gjg gb ulj s`lduojr`gjg qub hfrrbspflg`brj s`cuotêlbjcbltb j of cês s`dl`n`hjt`vf gb lubstrf obdjgf jlhbstrjo, y jo c`scf t`bcpf, jquboof j of qub Kfrdbs oojcjkj ‟jsuc`r bo hfcprfc`sf gb of hfltbcpfrêlbf–.
Bl jqubooj àpfhj bo Cfv`c`bltf Cfgbrlf, gblfc`ljgf pfr ofs jrqu`tbhtfs pbrujlfs hfcf bo ‟Bst`of @ltbrljh`fljo–, tuvf ul drjl `cpjhtf bl oj jrqu`tbhturj pbrujlj, y bstf sb pojscø bl oj vfoucbtrãj gbo pjkbooøl gb oj NJRJ.
82
@oustrjh`ûl L± :01 :01 Bstug`f gb oj G`str`kuh`øl gb oj NJRJ.
Nubltb1 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;91 ;91 @ltbrjhh`øl gb ofs bspjh`fs `ltbr`frbs gb oj NJRJ. Hfrtb bsqubcêt`hf
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Drên`hf L¹ :;1 :;1 ^`stj gbsgb bo hfrrbgfr ejh`j ulf gb ofs pjt`fs .
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb
8>
Oj hflstruhh`øl gb oj NJRJ nub ul jpfrtb jrqu`tbhtøl`hf rbvfouh`fljr`f, pfrqub pfhf j pfhf sb nub gbajlgf gb ojgf bo bst`of lbfhfofl`jo qub sb prbsbltjkj bl ojs hjsjs y bg`n`h`fs gb O`cj. Wjo hfcf sb cjlbajl ofs vfoñcblbs purfs y ojs oãlbjs rbhtjs bl bo cfv`c`bltf cfgbrlf, sb rbnobajkjl bl bstj `lnrjbstruhturj, qub, j su vbz, rbnobaj qub bs rbjocbltb ulj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj gb su àpfhj. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;:1 ;:1 Bstug`f gb oj hfcpfs`h`øl vfoucàtr`hj
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
Bl bo drjl bspãr`tu gb ojs pr`cbrjs blsbújlzjs gb oj jrqu`tbhturj cfgbrlj, prbvjobhb oj nulh`fljo`gjg gbo fkabtf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf sfkrb su nfrcj n frcj y bs bv`gbltb prbsblh`jr oj `ltbrjhh`øl gb ofs bspjh`fs `ltbr`frbs gb bstb pjkbooøl, cbg`jltb oj hflbx`øl v`sujo y bo aubdf gb vfoñcblbs purfs, vfoñcblbs v`rtujobs hfcpubstfs pfr hfoucljs y pojtjnfrcjs j gbsl`vbo qub j su vbz cjrhjl, s`l gugj, quà bspjh`fs sfl gb trjkjaf, huêobs pjrj oj g`spbrs`øl y huêobs pjrj oj hfltbcpojh`øl. ;.8.;. Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj Jrqu`tbhturj y Rrkjl`sc Rrkjl`scf f gb oj Yflt`n`h`j Rl`vbrs`gjg Hjtøo`hj gbo Ybrñ Oudjr1 G`str`tf gb Xjl C`dubo, O`cj ‘ Ybrñ.
84
Drên`hf L¹ :81 :81 Yjkbooflbs gb tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf gb oj NJR-YRHY
Nubltb11 ettp1//www.cjp`f.lbt Nubltb
Oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj y Rrkjl`scf gb oj Yflt`n`h`j Rl`vbrs`gjg Hjtøo`hj gbo Ybrñ (YRHY), nulgjgj bo júf ;99;, bs ulj gb ojs cbafrbs gb lubstrf pjãs, huyf prbst`d`f sb gbkb j oj bx`dblh`j jhjgàc`hj qub sb kr`lgj j ofs ul`vbrs`tjr`fs, gbsgb su `ldrbsf j su hjcpus. Yubs, j g`nbrblh`j gb ftrjs ul`vbrs`gjgbs, sfof ulj pbqubúj hjlt`gjg gb pfstuojltbs `ldrbsj j bstj njhuotjg, of qub j su vbz njvfrbhb j qub ojs hojsbs kr`lgjgjs sbjl cês pbrsfljo`zjgjs y bo rblg`c`bltf gb ofs bstug`jltbs, pfr of tjltf, øpt`cf.
Bo blnfqub qub t`blbl ofs gfhbltbs gb bstj njhuotjg, bl ofs prfybhtfs blhjrdjgfs j sus bstug`jltbs, bs gb blnjt`zjr hflhbptfs gb `ltbdrjh`øl sfh`jo y pj`sja`stj y qub sb gbcubstrb oj pbrt`lblh`j gb oj `lsbrh`øl gb bstfs bl ul gbtbrc`ljgf oudjr. Xb pflb àlnjs`s bl hflfhbr lubstrj rbjo`gjg ljh`fljo, pfr of qub ofs prfybhtfs sb prfpflbl bl g`st`ltfs gbpjrtjcbltfs gbo Ybrñ, of qub nfcbltj sfouh`fljr prfkobcêt`hjs y jnrfltjr rbtfs, bl hujltf j sfouh`flbs urkjljs, hflstruht`vjs y bspjh`jobs. Gb `dujo cjlbrj, sb kushj `llfvjr bl lubvjs cbtfgfofdãjs hflstruht`vjs. 85
Drên`hf L¹ :71 :71 Yjt`f gbo ojkfrjtfr`f gb Bstruhturjs YRHY.
Nubltb1 ettp1//hflstruhh`flt`brrjnjupuhp.kofdspft.pb/ Nubltb1
Xb g`spflb gb tjoobrbs bl jck`bltbs hbrrjgfs, qub t`blbl oj pfs`k`o`gjg gb bxtblgbr su êrbj gb trjkjaf ejh`j bo bxtbr`fr, of qub pfs`k`o`tj bo trjkjaf drupjo gb ofs jouclfs. Drên`hf L¹ :21 :21 @ltbr`fr gb ulf gb ofs tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf .
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Drên`hf L¹ :>1 :>1 Yjt`f gb ulf gb ofs tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf.
Nubltb11 eettt 1//www.jrhe Nubltb rhegj`o . b
Bo bspjh`f `ltbr`fr gb ofs tjoobrbs bs jcpo`f, drjh`js jo s`stbcj hflstruht`vf jpo`hjgf, hfcf ojs ofsjs blhjsbtfljgjs, qub pbrc`tbl ouhbs gb jprfx`cjgjcbltb :9 j :; cbtrfs y ofs l`hefs qub nfrcjl ojs v`djs gb àstb, s`rvbl pjrj uk`hjr oêcpjrjs qub, bl hflaultf kr`lgjl ul jouckrjgf jrt`n`h`jo dblbrjo. Yfr ftrj pjrtb, ofs vjlfs bstêl fr`bltjgfs ejh`j bo bxtbr`fr, of qub pbrc`tb ulj kublj `ouc`ljh`øl ljturjo. Bl hflhous`øl, sb kr`lgj ulj kublj hjo`gjg bspjh`jo j ofs bstug`jltbs gb jrqu`tbhturj. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;;1 ;;1 Bsqubcj jxflfcbtrãj bxpoftjgj gb ul tjoobr cês su pjt`f.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 79
;.8.8. Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj Jrqu`tbhturj y Rrkjl`scf gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Xjf Yjuof Oudjr1 [ñj gf Ojdf, Xjf Yjuof - Krjs`o Yrfybht`stjs1 Jrq. Afèf ^`ojlfvj Jrt`djs y Jrq. Hjrofs Hjshjog` Drên`hf L¹ :41 :41 Njhejgj gb oj Njhuotjg gb Jrqu`tbhturj y Rrkjl`scf gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Xjf Yjuof.
Nubltb1 ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb Nubltb1
Bstj drjl fkrj, blhjkbzjgj pfr bo Jrq. Afèf ^`ojlfvj Jrt`djs, nub ul drjl jpfrtb j oj jrqu`tbhturj cfgbrl`stj krjs`obrj pjuo`stj gb oj àpfhj y qub surd`ø drjh`js j oj lbhbs`gjg gb hflstru`r oj `lnrjbstruhturj gb oj lubvj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj, gbltrf gbo hjcpus gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Xjf Yjuof, bo júf :0>:. Bo Jrq. Jrt`djs, of qub kushjkj pojscjr bl bstj bg`n`hjh`øl, brj jpo`hjr ul lubvf càtfgf pbgjdød`hf bl oj blsbújlzj gb oj jrqu`tbhturj, cbg`jltb oj `ltbrjhh`øl gb ofs bstug`jltbs gb g`vbrsfs h`hofs qub sb sblt`rãjl `lv`tjgfs j trjkjajr bl bqu`pf y gbkjt`r `gbjs qub nfcbltjrãjl oj rbtrfjo`cbltjh`øl gbo hflfh`c`bltf, gbk`gf j ofs bspjh`fs `ltbr`frbs y oj drjl bspjh`jo`gjg qub àstb gbkãj kr`lgjrobs.
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@oustrjh`ûl L± ;81 ;81 Hfrtb bsqubcêt`hf gb oj NJR - RXY.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
Yfr of tjltf, pjrj pfgbr hr`stjo`zjr tjo hflhbptf, sb prfpusf oj hflstruhh`øl gb ul drjl pojlf hbl`tjo efr`zfltjo hflt`luf, qub hflbhtj j tfgfs ofs tjoobrbs bl bo ñot`cf p`sf pfr oj pbrhbph`øl gb su hflt`lu`gjg, o`krb gb tjk`qubs, qub j su vbz prbsbltj pbrnfrjh`flbs pjrj qub oj o j ouz ljturjo `ldrbsb, of qub njvfrbhb j qub ofs jck`bltbs `ltbr`frbs tbldjl ulj bxhbobltb hjo`gjg gb `ouc`ljh`øl ljturjo y sbj pfs`kob oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg gb ofs ftrfs jck`bltbs. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;71 ;71 @ltbrjhh`øl gb ofs jck`bltbs `ltbr`frbs.
Nubltb1 ettps1//www.yfutukb.hfc/wjthe6v3r52sB[CcM:C Nubltb1
7;
Drjh`js jo drjl bspjh`f abrêrqu`hf, qub sb s`tñj kjaf bo drjl tbhef blhjsbtfljgf, sb ofdrj jrt`huojr bo prfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gbo `ltbr`fr gb bstj bg`n`hjh`øl, pubstf qub sb njvfrbhb oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg gbsgb bo bxtbr`fr, pfrqub bo `ldrbsf lf prbsbltj pubrtjs y sb pubgb obbr hojrjcbltb qub ojs jlhejs rjcpjs s`rvbl gb hflbx`øl vbrt`hjo, qub bl hflaultf jo drjl bspjh`f, ulbl ofs bspjh`fs pbgjdød`hfs, ofs bspjh`fs fpbrjt`vfs, gb sfpfrtb y gb rbhrbjh`øl, qub j su vbz sb sbpjrjl pfr tjk`qubs f gbsl`vbobs, pbrf tfgfs s`bcprb fr`bltjgfs jo hbltrf. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;21 ;21 Jxflfcbtrãj bxpoftjgj gb oj NJR ‘ RXY
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
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HJYÃWROF @@@ BO WB[[BLF 8.:. Bobhh`øl gbo s`t`f Yjrj oj bobhh`øl gbo pfs`kob tbrrblf gbo prfybhtf, sb hfls`gbrø rbjo`zjr ulj cjtr`z gb pflgbrjh`øl, oj hujo cubstrj :9 `lg`hjgfrbs qub hfls`gbrjl tjltf jspbhtfs gb rbdojcbltjh`øl hfcf hr`tbr`fs pbrsfljobs, qub sfl `cpfrtjltbs pjrj aust`n`hjr oj uk`hjh`øl gb ulj ul`vbrs`gjg. Xb ej bst`cjgf j hjgj `lg`hjgfr pfr frgbl y pfr `cpfrtjlh`j bl pfrhbltjab (9 j :99%), gbsgb bo cês rbobvjltb jo cblfs `cpfrtjltb, of qub njh`o`tj oj gbtbrc`ljh`øl gb oj bobhh`øl gbo s`t`f. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;>1 ;>1 @lg`hjgfrbs pjrj oj bobhh`øl gbo tbrrblf.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
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Yfr ftrj pjrtb, sb hfls`gbrø pbrt`lbltb oj uk`hjh`øl gbo prfybhtf kjaf ofs o`lbjc`bltfs gbo YOJC ;982. P trjs rbjo`zjr ul jlêo`s`s cuot`hjpj gb O`cj, sb ej pfg`gf gbn`l`r qub ojs zfljs gb O`cj Bstb y O`cj Xur, sfl jquboojs qub jokbrdjl g`str`tfs hfl oj lbhbs`gjg gb uk`hjh`øl gb bqu`pjc`bltfs gb bguhjh`øl supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`j. Lf fkstjltb, y bl rbojh`øl g`rbhtj hfl bo prfybhtf, sb ej pr`fr`zjgf oj fnbrtj y gbcjlgj bx`stbltb gb Njhuotjgbs gb Jrqu`tbhturj, zfljs gb hflhbltrjh`øl y oj hjo`gjg jck`bltjo1 j`rb, prbs`øl sflfrj y bstruhturj bhfoød`hj njvfrjkob. Yfr of qub sb ej hfls`gbrjgf oj uk`hjh`øl gbo tbrrblf bl trbs pfs`kobs g`str`tfs gb O`cj Bstb. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;41 ;41 Jlêo`s`s cuot`hjpj gb O`cj pjrj oj bobhh`øl.
Nubltb11 YOJC ;982. Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 72
Gb `dujo cjlbrj, sb rbjo`zø bo jlêo`s`s urkjlf j l`vbo O`cj Bstb, bl bo hujo sb hfls`gbrjrfl jspbhtfs hfcf1 bstruhturj urkjlj, pfkojh`øl gb pbrsfljs bltrb :2 j ;0 júfs jptjs pjrj bstug`jr bl ulj ul`vbrs`gjg, oj v`jo`gjg y cfv`o`gjg urkjlj, prfx`c`gjg j hfobd`fs y bo `ldrbsf pbr hêp`tj pfr cjlzjlj gb ofs efdjrbs. Bstb jlêo`s`s s`rv`ø pjrj hfls`gbrjr j trbs pfs`kobs tbrrblfs pjrj sbr bobd`gfs, uk`hjgfs bl ofs g`str`tfs gb1 Jtb, Xjl Aujl gb Our`djlhef y Hejhojhjyf. @oustrjh`ûl L± ;51 ;51 Jlêo`s`s cuot`hjpj gb O`cj Bstb pjrj oj bobhh`øl gb pfs`kobs tbrrblfs.
Nubltb1 YOJC ;982. Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. 7>
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Xb jpo`hø oj cjtr`z gb pflgbrjh`øl pjrj ofs 8 tbrrblfs pjrj gbtbrc`ljr n`ljocbltb j huêo sb gbkbrãj bobd`r pjrj gbsjrrfoojr oj prfpubstj jrqu`tbhtøl`hj. Bo tbrrblf bobd`gf, bltflhbs, rbsuotø sbr bo qub sb uk`hj bl bo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf, bl oj Rrkjl`zjh`øl ^`ooj [`hj, jo `ldrbsf gbo g`str`tf c`scf, o`c`tjlgf pfr bo sur hfl bo g`str`tf gb Jtb y pfr bo lfrtb y bstb hfl bo g`str`tf gb Our`djlhef-Hefs`hj. 8.;. Jlêo`s`s urkjlf gb oj zflj gb gb bst bstug`f ug`f @oustrjh`ûl L± 891 891 Wbrrblf bobd`gf.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
Bo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf bstê uk`hjgf ejh`j ojs jnubrjs gb O`cj Cbtrfpfo`tjlj j ;4 mc., bl g`rbhh`øl bstb pfr cbg`f gb oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo y pbrtblbhb j oj aur`sg`hh`øl gb oj cbtrøpfo` y Yrfv`lh`j gb O`cj. W`blb 47:.: ebhtêrbjs gb supbrn`h`b, hfl ulj gbls`gjg pfkojh`fljo gb 20 ejk/ej y sb uk`hj gbltrf gb ojs s`du`bltbs hffrgbljgjs dbfdrên`hjs1 Ofld`tugbs Fbstb1 4>¹7>'99"
Ojt`tugbs Xur1 ::¹20'99"
75
O`c`tj pfr bo lfrtb hfl bo [`f [ãcjh, bl su rbhfrr`gf, pfr bo sur hfl ojs jotjs huckrbs gb ofs hbrrfs rfhfsfs qub hfrrbl pjrjobojs jo [`f [ãcjh (gblfc`ljgfs ‟Oj Huobkrj–), pfr bo bstb hfl oj ^`ooj ofs Êldbobs y bo Nulgf Pjljhftf bl bo G`str`tf gb Hefs`hj y pfr bo fbstb hfl oj oãlbj g`v`sfr`j qub sbpjrj ofs nulgfs gb Eujshjtj y Yjr`jhe` bl bo G`str`tf gb Jtb. @oustrjh`ûl L± 8:1 8:1 Bcpojzjc`bltf gbo tbrrblf bobd`gf.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
Yrfkobcjs1
j) Bstj bs oj zflj qub hflhbltrj cjyfr jht`v`gjg [bhrbjh`fljo gb Hejhojhjyf, s`l bckjrdf, sb v`blbl @lstjojlgf `lgustr`js f nêkr`hjs. k) Hflhbltrjh`øl gb usf rbhrbjh`fljo bltfrlf j Hejhojhjyf of qub dblbrj hfldbst`fljc`bltf bl ojs vãjs pr`lh`pjobs. h) Hfltjc`ljh`øl bl ojs r`kbrjs gbo [ãf [ãcjh. g) Jkjlgflf gb ofs bspjh`fs pñko`hfs. b) Gàk`o hflbx`øl bltrb zfljs hfcbrh`jobs j l`vbo ofhjo y g`str`tjo.
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n) Djopflbs y/f drjlgbs tbrrblfs sukut`o`zjgfs, fh fhupjh`øl upjh`øl bxtbls`vj bxtbls`vj gbo subof y kjaj gbls`gjg. d) Bstjkobh`c`bltfs `lgustr`jobs gbsfrdjl`zjgfs y gbsjutfr`zjgfs. gbsjutfr`zjgfs.
Yftblh`jo`gjgbs1
j) Rlf gb gb ofs g`str`tfs hfl hfl jotf ãlg`hb gb gb êrbj vbrgb1 5.0c;/ejk. 5.0c;/ejk. k) Oftbs g`spfl`kobs pjrj dblbrjr pousvjoãjs. h) G`lêc`hj hfcbrh`jo y pbqubúfs bcprblg`c`bltfs bcprbsjr`jobs. g) W`blb `lnrjbstruhturj gbst`ljgj j l`vbobs bguhjt`vfs bshfojrbs (Yr`cjr`j y Xbhulgjr`j). b) Njotj gb frgbljc`bltf urkjlf hjusjgj pfr oj uk`hjh`øl gb bstjkobh`c`bltfs `lgustr`jobs bl êrbjs lf jutfr`zjgjs. n) Hubltjl hfl sbrv`h`f gb rbhfobhh`øl g`jr`f gb rbs`gufs søo`gfs. d) Hbrhjlãj j rbgbs gb trjlspfrtb pñko`hf prfybhtjgjs. prfybhtjgjs. e) Nuturj babhuh`øl babhuh`øl gbo Yjrqub Bhfoød`hf gb Hejhojhjyf, Hejhojhjyf, bl bl ojs r`kbrjs gbo [ãf [ãcjh. @cjdbl gbo g`str`tf1
Bo Yjrqub Hbltrjo Gbltrf gb ofs oudjrbs cês jtrjht`vfs pjrj v`s`tjr bl Hejhojhjyf sfl s`l gugj bo Yjrqub Hbltrjo qub bl oj gàhjgj gb ofs júfs :009 sunr`brj ulj `cpfrtjltb cfg`n`hjh`øl. Bstb pjrtb sb hjrjhtbr`zj pfr su jcpo`j g`lêc`hj gb bvbltf bl nbhej hojvbs gurjltb tfgf bo júf, hfcpobcbltjgf hfl su trjg`h`fljo hfcbrh`f hfcf rbstjurjltbs, kfgbdjs, pjljgbrãj, kjrbs bltrb ftrfs y vjr`jgfs sbrv`h`fs jorbgbgfr gbo c`scf. Hbrhj gb ào sb uk`hj oj o j Cul`h`pjo`gjg gb Hejhojhjyf. Hbltrf pfoãt`hf y jgc`l`strjt`vf gbo g`str`tf.
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Drên`hf L¹ :51 ^`stjs gbo Yjrqub Hbltrjo gb Hejhojhjyf.
Nubltb11 Cul`h`pjo`gjg gb Hejhojhjyf. Nubltb
Bo Bstjg`f Wjeujlt`lsuyf Wjeujlt`lsuyf Bs bo oudjr gflgb oj jn`h`øl gbpfrt`vj gbo g`str`tf jhugb j prbsblh`jr ofs pjrt`gfs gb oj o`dj nutkfoãst`hj hjgj gfc`ldf. Jgbcês gb jhflg`h`fljrsb bl ftrjs nbhejs pjrj g`vbrsfs bvbltfs jrtãst`hfs y/f huoturjobs. Ofs bqu`pfs cês rbprbsbltjt`vfs j trjvàs gb su e`stfr`j gbpfrt`vj ejl s`gf bo houk gbnblsfr [ãcjh, Yjpbobrj jtojs, y jo`jlzj Hejhojhjyf, ejk`blgf pjrt`h`pjgf ofs gfs pr`cbrfs bl oj sbdulgj prfnbs`fljo. Drên`hf L¹ :01 :01 ^`stjs gbo Bstjg`f Wjeujlt`lsuyf.
Nubltb11 Cul Nubltb Cul`h `h`` jo`g jo`gjg jg gb He Hejh jhoj ojhj hj f.
K`ko`ftbhj gb Hejhojhjyf Oj k`ko`ftbhj nub nulgjgj bo :5 gb fhtukrb gb :0>>. Xb s`tñj bl bo sbdulgf pjrqub cês `cpfrtjltb gbo hbltrf gb Hejhojhjyf. ‟O`j Ojvjoob gb Obgdjrg–. Bo
bspjh`f pñko`hf dfzj gb ulj pbrtblblh`j gb trjlqu`o`gjg y bqu`o`kr`f rbs`gblh`jo y huoturjo. 2:
Drên`hf L¹ ;91 ;91 ^`stjs gb oj K`ko`ftbhj cul`h`pjo.
Nubltb11 Yjlfrêc`hf. Nubltb
Yjrrfqu`j Lubstrj Xbúfrj gbo [fsjr`f Bs ulf gb ofs oudjrbs cês gbstjhjgfs j l`vbo rbo`d`fsf gflgb sb rbñlbl ofs nbo`drbsbs hjtøo`hfs. Oj hfcpfs`h`øl gbo g`sbúf gb oj `dobs`j prfhbgb gb ulj jrqu`tbhturj rbpuko`hjlj, pfsbyblgf ul hjcpjljr`f bl oj zflj ojtbrjo gbrbhej bl su njhejgj. Bl oj zflj ojtbrjo `zqu`brgj, jlbxj j oj `dobs`j, sb uk`hj ulj hjsj-hojustrf. Bl oj zflj pfstbr`fr, sb uk`hjl pjkbooflbs gb hflstruhh`øl hfltbcpfrêlbj pjrj hjtbqubs`s y bguhjh`øl rbo`d`fsj.
Drên`hf L¹ ;:1 ;:1 ^`stjs gb oj K`ko`ftbhj cul`h`pjo.
Nubltb1 Yjlfrêc`hf. Nubltb1
2;
8.;.:. Bstruhturj nulh`fljo gb ssbrv`h`fs brv`h`fs X`stbcj v`jo1
Bo tbrrblf sb blhubltrj nrbltb j oj Jvbl`gj L`hfoês Jyooøl, hflfh`gj cjyfrcbltb hfl su jlt`duj gblfc`ljh`øl ‟Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo–, vãj gb drjl
`cpfrtjlh`j cbtrfpfo`tjlj qub hflbhtj j O`cj cbtrfpfo`tjlj hfl O`cj Yrfv`lh`js y oj rbd`øl hbltrf gb lubstrf pjãs. Bl bstb trjcf gb oj vãj, sbdñl Frgbljlzj L¹87:-CCO qub jprfkø bo júf ;99: bo X`stbcj ^`jo Cbtrfpfo`tjlf, sb ob hfls`gbrj hfcf ^ãj Jrtbr`jo, hfl sbhh`øl oj v`jo lfrcjt`vj J-79, hfl jlhef gb 72co y qub hflbhtj pfr ofs sblt`gfs fbstb y bstb. Yfr ftrj pjrtb, hruzjlgf bo [ãf [ãcjh, sb blhubltrj bl babhuh`øl oj hflstruhh`øl gb oj Jv. [jc`rf Yr`joà, gb drjl `cpfrtjlh`j pjrj oj cfv`o`gjg urkjlj yj qub bstê hojs`n`hjgj hfcf ^ãj Bxprbsj, hfl sbhh`øl v`jo lfrcjt`vj B-85, hfl jlhef vjr`jkob bltrb 29->9co, qub hflbhtj `dujocbltb gb sblt`gf fbstb y bstb. P, pfr ñot`cf, pfr bo ojgf sur gb oj zflj gb bstug`f, sb blhubltrj oj Jv. Jlgràs Jvbo`lf Hêhbrbs, hojs`n`hjgj hfcf ^ãj Hfobhtfrj, hfl sbhh`øl H-9;-J;>, hfl jlhef gb 29co y qub hflbhtj j Hejhojhjyf, bl sblt`gf surbstb-lfrfbstb hfl bo g`str`tf gb Jtb. Xb bspbh`n`hj oj hojs`n`hjh`øl v`jo gb oj s`du`bltb cjlbrj1 J. ^ãjs Bxprbsjs1 Xfl jquboojs vãjs qub sfpfrtjl `cpfrtjltbs vfoñcblbs gb vbeãhuofs hfl h`rhuojh`øl gb jotj vbofh`gjg, bl hflg`h`flbs gb nouaf o`krb. Rlbl zfljs gb `cpfrtjltb dblbrjh`øl gb trêls`tf, bxtblsjs zfljs gb v`v`blgj, hflhbltrjh`flbs hfcbrh`jobs b `lgustr`js. Js`c`scf, `ltbdrjl oj h`ugjg hfl bo rbstf gbo pjãs K. ^ãjs Jrtbr`jobs1 Jquboojs qub tjck`àl oobvjl jprbh`jkobs vfoñcblbs gb trêls`tf bltrb êrbjs pr`lh`pjobs gb dblbrjh`øl gb trêls`tf y j vbofh`gjgbs cbg`js gb h`rhuojh`øl. J drjlgbs g`stjlh`js sb rbqu`brb r bqu`brb gb oj hflstruhh`øl gb pjsfs j gbsl`vbo y/f `ltbrhjck`fs qub djrjlt`hbl ulj cjyfr vbofh`gjg gb h`rhuojh`øl.
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H. ^ãjs Hfobhtfrjs1 sfl jquboojs qub t`blbl pfr nulh`øl oobvjr bo trêls`tf gbsgb ul sbhtfr urkjlf ejh`j ojs vãjs Jrtbr`jobs y/f vãjs Bxprbsjs. X`rvbl pfr boof tjck`àl j ulj kublj prfpfrh`øl gb trêls`tf gb pjsf. Yrbstjl jgbcês sbrv`h`f j ojs prfp`bgjgbs jgyjhbltbs. @oustrjh`ûl L± 8;1 8;1 Xbhh`flbs v`jobs lfrcjt`vjs.
Nubltb11 Frg. 87:-CCO. Nubltb
Cfv`o`gjg urkjlj1
Xbdñl bo YOJC ;982, qub ej hfls`gbrjgf bo pojl Cjbstrf gb Wrjlspfrtb urkjlf pjrj bo êrbj cbtrfpfo`tjlj gb O`cj y Hjoojf, bl bstb sbhtfr, rbjo`zjgf pfr oj Jdblh`j gb Hffpbrjh`øl @ltbrljh`fljo gb Ajpøl (A@HJ), ofs t`bcpfs gb v`jab qub sb bst`cjl bl cftf sfl gb 0.0 c`lutfs, 8:.>c`lutfs bl jutfs, 74.; c`lutfs bl trjlspfrtb pñko`hf (kusbs y hfck`s). Gflgb ofs usujr`fs cjyfrcbltb v`jajl pfr cft`vfs gb trjkjaf, hfl ul pfrhbltjab gb :>.4%, :7% pfr bstug`fs, ;.2% pfr lbdfh`fs y 74.8% gb rbdrbsf j hjsj. Of hujo gbhojrj j bstb sbhtfr gb O`cj Bstb hfcf ul g`str`tf bl bo qub cês sb 27
v`vb, qub sb trjkjaj. Bstf pfgrãj gbkbrsb j oj njotj gb bqu`pjc`bltfs bl bo g`str`tf, of qub aust`n`hj qub cjyfrcbltb ofs t`bcpfs gb v`jab y bo gbspojzjc`bltf gb ofs pfkojgfrbs sbj ejh`j ftrfs g`str`tfs, cjyfrcbltb bl O`cj Hbltrf. Bstjgf gb ojs p`stjs y vbrbgjs1
Bo bstjgf gb ojs p`stjs y vbrbgjs bs rbduojr y jhbptjkob bl ojs zfljs urkjljs qub sb blhubltrjl j ojs njogjs gb ofs hbrrfs gbo g`str`tf, lf fkstjltb, ejh`j oj hjrrbtbrj hbltrjo, bl h`brtfs trjcfs gflgb bx`stb jht`v`gjg hfcbrh`jo gbsfrgbljgj, bo bstjgf gb àstjs bs hrãt`hj, jo `dujo qub oj jusblh`j gb vbrbgjs f oj bx`stblh`j gb ojs c`scjs, pbrf bl cjo bstjgf, of qub jnbhtj oj hjc`ljk`o`gjg gb ofs pfkojgfrbs ofhjobs y oj `ltbrjhh`øl bltrb ofs sbhtfrbs gb Hejhojhjyf. Oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo sb blhubltrj jnbhtjgj pfr bo trêls`tf gbo nouaf vbe`huojr gb hjrdj pbsjgj qub, bl hfcpobcbltf hfl ojs cftftjx`s, kusbs y jutfs, sb dblbrj nubrtb trên`hf y qub àstj vãj sb hfls`gbrb hfcf ul kfrgb nãs`hf qub lf pbrc`tb oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg gbo nouaf pbjtfljo. Yfr ftrf ojgf, bl oj Jv. Kbrljrg Kjojdubr, vãj pjrjoboj j oj nuturj hjrrbtbrj [jc`rf Yr`joà, sb prbsblh`j cblfs trên`hf, gbk`gf j qub lf trjls`tjl vbeãhuofs gb hjrdj pbsjgj y pfrqub oj vãj bs cuy bstrbhej y pfhf jsnjotjgj.
Xbrv`h`f Yñko`hf
Bo tbrrblf y su zflj gb bstug`f hubltjl hfl tfgfs ofs sbrv`h`fs kês`hfs1 jduj, ouz, gbsjdÿb y tbobnflãj. Bo bstug`f gbo jlêo`s`s v`jo ej hfltbcpojgf, tjck`àl, oj v`jo`gjg prfpubstj pfr bo YOJC ;982, yj qub sb kushj `ltbdrjr jo prfybhtf hfl oojj nuturj pojl`n`hjh`øl j l`vbo cbtrfpfo`tjlj.
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.
24
8.;.;. Bstruhturj sfh`f bhfløc`hj bspjh`jo Xb ej hfltbcpojgf oj `gblt`n`hjh`øl gb oj trjcj urkjlj, bo `ldrbsf cblsujo gb ofs ejk`tjltbs gb oj zflj, oj gbls`gjg pfkojh`fljo, bo usf jhtujo gbo subof, oj cfv`o`gjg urkjlj bl nulh`øl j oj bhflfcãj gb ofs ejk`tjltbs, bo l`vbo sfh`fbhfløc`hf y oj hfltbcpojh`øl gb ojs nuturjs pousvjoãjs jo júf ;989, prfpubstjs pfr bo Yojl gb Gbsjrrfoof Hflhbrtjgf ;9:4-;989 gbo g`str`tf. Hfcf sb jprbh`j gb oj @oustrjh`øl L±82. 8.;.8. Bstruhturj bhfoød`hj Yjrj bo g`jdløst`hf hfrrbspflg`bltb, sb ej hfls`gbrjgf oj gftjh`øl gb êrbjs vbrgbs, bspjh`fs pñko`hfs, ofs ooblfs y vjhãfs gb oj cjlhej urkjlj, oj dbfofdãj, bo jsfobjc`bltf, oj tbcpbrjturj y oj vbofh`gjg prfcbg`f gb ofs v`bltfs. Hfcf sb jprbh`j gb oj @oustrjh`øl @ oustrjh`øl L±8>. 8.;.7. Xãltbs`s prfkobcêt`hj prfkobcêt`hj gb oj zflj gb bstug bstug`f `f Wrjs rbjo`zjr bo jlêo`s`s gb oj bstruhturj nulh`fljo gb sbrv`h`fs, sfh`fbhfløc`hj bspjh`jo y bhfoød`hj, sb ej pfg`gf bltblgbr gb ulj cbafr cjlbrj, oj prfkobcêt`hj gb oj zflj gb bstug`f, qub sb rbsucb bl oj o j @oustrjh`øl L±84. 8.;.2. Xãltbs`s gb pftblh`jo`gjgbs pftblh`jo`gjgbs gb oj zflj gb bs bstug`f tug`f X` k`bl oj zflj gb bstug`f prbsbltj h`brtjs o`c`tjh`flbs, tjck`àl sb ej pfg`gf g`jdlfst`hjr pftblh`jo`gjgbs qub pfgrãjl njvfrbhbr tjltf j oj zflj gb bstug`f hfcf jo g`str`tf c`scf, gbk`gf j qub bx`stbl pojlbs gb frgbljc`bltf ofhjo pfr pjrtb gbo g`str`tf y cbtrfpfo`tjlf pfr pjrtb gb oj Cul`h`pjo`gjg Cbtrfpfo`tjlj gb O`cj, pfr cbg`f gbo YOJC ;982 qub sb rbsucb bl oj @oustrjh`øl L±85.
25
. j h ` c ø l f h b f ` h f s j r u t h u r t s b j o b g s ` s o ` ê l J 1
. r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r f k j o B 2 8 9 ; l j o Y 1
2 8 ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
b t l b u N
20
. 2 8 9 ; f ú j o j j t s b u f r
. r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r f k j o B 2 8 9 ; l j o Y 1
g j o g ` j ` v j o f l b r r b t o B 1
b t l b u N
> 8 ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
>9
. j h ` t ê c b o k f r p s ` s b t l ã X 1
. r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r f k o j B 2 8 9 ; l j o Y 1
4 8 ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
b t l b u N
>:
. s b g j g ` o j ` h l b t f p b g
. r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r f k j o B 2 8 9 ; l j o Y 1
` s b t l ã X 1
5 8 ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
b t l b u N
>;
8.;.>. Bo tbrrblf gbltrf gbo YOJC YOJC ;982 Bo prfybhtf kushj nfrcjr pjrtb gbo YOJC ;982, pfr of hujo sb sud`brb hfcf ul lubvf bqu`pjc`bltf bstruhturjltb. Bo tbrrblf sb blhubltrj cuy prøx`cf j drjlgbs prfdrjcjs urkjlãst`hfs y jo nrbltb gbo nuturf pjrqub Bhfoød`hf cbtrfpfo`tjlf, pfr of qub ojs nêkr`hjs qub jhtujocbltb ob gjl oj bspjogj jo [ãf [ãcjh, sbrêl rbuk`hjgjs nubrj gb bstb sbhtfr. Hfcf sb jprbh`j gb oj @oustrjh`øl L±80.
8.;.4. Bstrjtbd`js gb `ltbrvblh`øl `ltbrvblh`øl urkjlj bl oj zflj gb bstug`f Yjrj pfgbr `ltbrvbl`r bl oj zflj gb bstug`fs, sb ej hfls`gbrjgf jprfvbhejr oj prfkobcêt`hj y ojs pftblh`jo`gjgbs, bl hflaultf hfl ojs prfpubstjs gbo YOJC ;982, j n`l gb dblbrjr pousvjoãjs pfr cbg`f gbo kubl usf gbo subof y rbpftblh`jr oj g`lêc`hj sfh`fbhfløc`hj, oj nuturj v`jo`gjg y bo nuturf Yjrqub Bhfoød`hf Cbtrfpfo`tjlf gb Hejhojhjyf, qub sb rbsucbl bl oj @oustrjh`øl L±79.
>8
. 2 8 9 ; C J O Y o b g f v ` t b k f l b j c ` j o
. r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r f k j o B 2 8 9 ; l j o Y 1
f l b r r b t o B 1
b t l b u N
0 8 ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
>7
. r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r
. l ø ` h l b v r b t l ` b g s j ` b t j r t s B 1
k f j o B 2 8 9 ; l j o Y 1
9 7 ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
b t l b u N
>2
8.8. Qfl`n`hjh`øl gbo bltfrlf `lcbg`jtf Bo tbrrblf bobd`gf jhtujocbltb hubltj hfl oj zfl`n`hjh`øl @lgustr`j O`v`jlj (@;) y bl su bltfrlf bs bo ñl`hf hfl bstj hojs`n`hjh`øl, gbk`gf j qub prbgfc`ljl, oj zfl`n`hjh`øl gb [bs`gblh`jo gb Gbls`gjg cbg`j ([GC) y Hfcbrh`f Qfljo (HQ), of hujo pubgb lftjrsb oj `lhfcpjt`k`o`gjg gb usfs. Xfof jo nrbltb gbo tbrrblf sb blhubltrjl zfljs nêkr`hjs hfl zfl`n`hjh`øl gb oj c`scj hojs`n`hjh`øl, pbrf hfl prbsblh`j gb cês êrbj, pbrf jo ojgf gbo rãf [ãcjh, of qub dblbrj hfltjc`ljh`øl gb ojs jdujs suktbrrêlbjs. @oustrjh`ûl L± 7:1 7:1 Qfl`n`hjh`øl gbo tbrrblf y su bltfrlf.
Nubltb11 Frg. :900-CCO. Cul`h`pjo`gjg gb Hejhojhjyf. Nubltb
Yjrj oobvjr j hjkf ojs bstrjtbd`js gb `ltbrvblh`øl urkjlj, sb prfpflb ejhbr usf gb oj Frgbljlzj L¹:0::-CCO, qub lfrcj ofs prfhbg`c`bltfs gb Hjck`f Bspbhãn`hfs gb Qfl`n`hjh`øl, pjrj hjck`jr bo usf gb @lgustr`j O`v`jlj (@;) j Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j (B8) pfrqub sbrê ul usf hfcpjt`kob hfl oj lubvj g`lêc`hj gb bstb sbhtfr gb Hejhojhjyf y pfrqub sbrê ul hfcpobcbltf `cpfrtjltb pjrj bo Yojl Cjbstrf gbo Yjrqub Bhfoød`hf gb Hejhojhjyf y gbo YOJC ;982.
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8.7. Yojl Cjbstrf Cjbstrf Rrkjlf Rrkjlf bl oj zflj gb bst bstug`f ug`f Wfcjlgf oj sãltbs`s prfkobcêt`hj, pftblh`jo`gjgbs, bstrjtbd`js y ofs prfybhtfs gb `ltbrvblh`øl urkjlj, gbo YOJC ;982 y bo Yojl gb Gbsjrrfoof Hflhbrtjgf gb Hejhojhjyf jo ;989, sb prfpflb ul Yojl Cjbstrf Rrkjlf pjrj oj zflj gb `ltbràs. Bl oj `ltbrvblh`øl urkjlj sb ej prfpubstf of s`du`bltb1 j) Oj nfrbstjh`øl bl jckjs r`kbrjs, j of ojrdf gbo [ãf [ãcjh. k) Yrfpubstj gb `ltbrvblh`øl pjrj bo Yojl Cjbstrf gbo Lubvf Yjrqub Bhfoød`hf gb Hejhojhjyf. h) [bpjrhbojh`øl gb ofs jlt`dufs djopflbs `lgustr`jobs bl oftbs gb hfcbrh`f zfljo, êrbjs gb rbhrbjh`øl pñko`hj y bqu`pjc`bltf pjrj oj `lvbst`djh`øl, jlbxjs jo lubvf Yjrqub Bhfoød`hf Cbtrfpfo`tjlf gb Hejhojhjyf. g) Rk`hjh`øl gb jcpo`js zfljs vbrgbs j jckfs ojgfs gb oj lubvj hjrrbtbrj [jc`rf Yr`joà, hfl bo n`l gb kr`lgjr sbdur`gjg y hjc`ljk`o`gjg j ofs pbjtflbs. Xbrv`rêl gb `dujo cjlbrj, pjrj jcfrt`zjr oj hfltjc`ljh`øl jug`t`vj y jpfrtjr cês êrbjs vbrgbs j ofs g`str`tfs gb Hejhojhjyf y Hefs`hj. b) Yrfpubstj gb oft`zjh`øl hfcbrh`jo nrbltb j oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo. Bl bstfs sb prfpflb gbajr ul rbt`rf gb :2-;9 co, pjrj qub ofs pbjtflbs sb pubgjl gbspojzjr, s`l sbr jnbhtjgfs pfr oj v`jo`gjg y pjrj qub bo hfcbrh`f qub bx`stj lf dblbrb trên`hf vbe`huojs. Xb prfpflb qub ofs oftbs hfcbrh`jobs rbspbtbl ul êrbj o`krb `ltbr`fr hfls`gbrjkob pjrj dblbrjr oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg y prbvjobzhjl cês ojs êrbjs vbrgbs. n) Xb ej prfpubstf gbls`n`hjr, bltrb ojs jvbl`gjs Jlgràs Jlgràs J. Hêhbrbs y Ofs @lhjs, cbg`jltb cjlzjljs eubhjs, pjrj rbspbtjr bl of pfs`kob ojs êrbjs jdrãhfojs= bs gbh`r, hfbx`st`rêl oj zflj rbs`gblh`jo gb gbls`gjg jotj y ojs êrbjs >4
jdrãhfojs bx`stbltbs, pfr of qub sb prfpflb hfcf ulj lubvj t`pfofdãj gb v`v`blgj cuot`njc`o`jr bl oj qub sb nfcbltb oj jdr`huoturj urkjlj. d) Xb ej prfpubstf bl oj r`kbrj gbo g`str`tf gb Hefs`hj, rbpjrhbojr ojs cjlzjljs, dblbrjr rbt`rfs gb :2co, cbg`jltb ulj nrjlaj gb vbdbtjh`øl y jokbrdjr bg`n`hjh`flbs gb rbs`gblh`j gb gbls`gjg jotj. e) Xb ej js`dljgf j ojs r`kbrjs gbo [ãf [ãcjh, ojs zfl`n`hjh`flbs gb ejk`o`tjh`øl rbhrbjh`fljo y gb rbhrbjh`øl pñko`hj, pubstf j qub sb prfpflb oj `lvbrs`øl pñko`hf-pr`vjgj, qub dblbrjrãj pousvjoãjs pjrj jckfs g`str`tfs, hfl bo n`l gb qub bo Yjrqub Bhfoød`hf gb Hejhojhjyf sb pubgj bxtblgbr ejh`j ftrfs g`str`tfs hfcf Jtb b `lhousf sb pubgj ul`r jo nuturf Yjrqub ^ãj [ãcjh, pbrtblbh`bltb j O`cj Hbltrf, of hujo, hjkb jhftjr qub bstêl hfltbcpojgfs kjaf bo O`lbjc`bltf gbo YOJC ;9821 H`ugjg sfstbl`kob y rbs`o`bltb. `) Hfls`gbrjlgf qub bo ttbrrblf brrblf gbo prfybhtf hfo`lgj hfl bo g`str`tf gb Jtb, qub bl bstb sbhtfr sb babhutjrêl ofs Yrfybhtfs Rrkjlãst`hfs gb Cbafrj Rrkjlj (YR@)1 Yjr`jhe` y Eujyhêl, sb prfpflb qub bl oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo sb bstjkobzhj ulj lubvj rbg gb [utj gb Kusbs K[W pjrj O`cj Bstb, qub pubgb hfltjr hfl jo`cbltjgfrbs qub hflbhtjrêl j Yjr`jhe` y Eujyhêl pfr bo surbstb y qub gb bstj cjlbrj sb cjltbldj oj hfcpjh`gjg gb oj h`ugjg. Bstf tjck`àl sb aust`n`hj pfr of c`scf qub ejkrê cês hjlt`gjg gb ejk`tjltbs bl bstb sbhtfr y bl ofs trbs g`str`tfs. a) Hfl bo cft`vf gb jo`dbrjr ofs nouafs pbjtfljobs y vbe`huojrbs y rbpftblh`jr bo pj`sja`scf bl bo lubvf pjrqub bhfoød`hf cbtrfpfo`tjlf, sb prfpflb oj uk`hjh`øl gb ulj [bg gb Cbtrfhjkob, qub j su vbz pfgrãj `cpuosjr bo tur`scf. m) Yfr ñot`cf, sb ej prfpubstf bo blsjlheb gbo jhtujo publtb újúj y sb prfpflb oj hflstruhh`øl gb ul lubvf publtb, qub ul`rê jckjs r`kbrjs gbo g`strf gb Hejhojhjyf hfl Hefs`hj.
>5
. f l r f t l b u s y f l b r r b t o b g l ø ` h j h ` n ` l f Q 1
r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r f k j o B 1 b t l b u N
; 7 ± L l û ` h j r t s u o @
>0
8.2. Yrb bx`stblh`js gbo oudjr Jhtujocbltb, bl bstb tbrrblf sb s`tñj oj bcprbsj gb tbobhfcul`hjh`flb tbobhfcul`hjh`flbs1 s1 FKB[WER[ WBHELFOFD@BX FN YB[R XJ.= bcprbsj nrjlhbsj qub prfvbb tbhlfofdãjs gb sbdur`gjg pjrj pojtjnfrcjs cøv`obs, tjrabtjs gb `gblt`n`hjh`øl hfcf o`hblh`js gb hflguh`r, gb sjoug, bth. Drên`hf L¹ ;;1 ;;1 Bltrjgj gb oj bcprbsj FKB[WER[.
Nubltb11 Dff Nubltb Dff ob Xt Xtrb rbbt. bt. @oustrjh`ûl L± 781 Yrb 781 Yrb bx`stblh`j bl bo tbrrblf bobd`gf.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. 49
Bo usf jhtujo qub sb prbsbltj bl bo tbrrblf, pfr cbg`f gb bstj bcprbsj, lf bs ul prfkobcj, s`l bckjrdf, hfls`gbrjlgf bo lubvf pojlbjc`bltf urkjlf j nuturf, sbrê lbhbsjr`f bo trjsojgf gb bstj bcprbsj pfr vbrsb jnbhtjgf j lubvjs g`lêc`hjs urkjljs. Xb prfpflb su rbuk`hjh`øl ejh`j Jlhøl f Ourãl, gflgb cbg`jltb `ltbrvblh`flbs urkjljs gb jlbx`øl gb subof, sb prfpflb pjrqubs `lgustr`jobs. 8.>. Bo Wbrrblf Bo tbrrblf sb s`tñj bl bo `ldrbsf gbo g`str`tf gb Hejhojhjyf, bl oj njogj gb oj hjgblj gb hbrrfs ‟Oj Huobkrj–. Hubltj hfl ;.08 Ebhtêrbjs gb supbrn`h`b y 455.99co gb pbrãcbtrf, hfd`blgf ulj pjrtb gbo hbrrf y prbsbltjlgf ulj tfpfdrjnãj hfl ulj o`dbrj pblg`bltb gb ;.:% bl su ojgf cês ojrdf y ;.>% bl su ojgf cês hfrtf, bltrb oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo y oj njogj gbo hbrrf. @oustrjh`ûl L± 771 771 Yojlf pbr`càtr`hf gbo tbrrblf.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
Xb jprbh`j, pfr bo sblt`gf lfrfbstb gbo tbrrblf, oj prbsblh`j gb oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo, vãj hfl cês gb 49.99co gb jlhef, bl bo qub jokbrdj ojs vãjs nàrrbjs gbo Nbrrfhjrr`o Hbltrjo gbo Ybrñ, qub hflbhtj j Hjoojf y Eujlhjyf, bl oj s`brrj. Bl bstj c`scj hjrrbtbrj sb jprbh`j oj prbsblh`j gb vbeãhuofs gb hjrdj pbsjgj hfcf trê`obr, hjc`flbs, pbrf tjck`àl gb vbeãhuofs gb trjlspfrtb pñko`hf y pr`vjgf. Hjkb cblh`fljr qub ojs vbrbgjs sb blhubltrjl bl cjo bstjgf f pbfr jñl, lf bx`stbl, of qub bxpflb qub lf ejy prbfhupjh`øl pfr bo 4:
pbjtøl y pfr bo hflnfrt gb ofs ejk`tjltbs gbo g`str`tf. Ftrj rjzøl r jzøl y qub bs cuy prfkjkob bs qub, j trjvàs gb oj e`stfr`j ojs `lgustr`js sb ejl jofajgf j of ojrdf gbo [ãf [ãcjh y qub pfstbr`frcbltb, pfr cft`vfs gb trjkjaf f hbrhjlãj j ojs `lgustr`js, ofs jlt`dufs trjkjajgfrbs gb ojs jñl bx`stbltbs nêkr`hjs, sb ejl jofajgf pfhf j pfhf bl bstb g`str`tf y ofs g`str`tfs jobgjúfs, of qub ej fhjs`fljgf qub oubdf gb ejkbrsb bstjkobh`gf bl ul tbrrblf, pfhf j pfhf sb ej hflstru`gf v`v`blgjs y pfr blgb, oj prbs`øl urkjlj ej ``gf gf hrbh`blgf ejstj lubstrfs t`bcpfs, of qub fko`dj y fko`djrê hfl cês rjzøl, j nuturf, qub ojs `lgustr`js tbldjs qub gbspojzjrsb j ftrf g`str`tf hfl subofs hfcpjt`kobs y jptfs, nubrj gb oj urkjl`zjh`øl f hflurkjh`øl, j n`l gb bv`tjr oj hfltjc`ljh`øl jck`bltjo. Àstb hjsf sb gjrê `dujocbltb pjrj oj jhtujo prbbx`stblh`j bl bo tbrrblf. Hfl rbspbhtf j ofs ojtbrjobs gbo tbrrblf, sb jprbh`j qub lf ejy trjtjc`bltf gb oj vãj pñko`hj, hflstruhh`øl gb vbrbgjs y prbvjobhbl ojs trfhejs. Yfr bo nflgf bo tbrrblf hfo`lgj hfl oj hjgblj gb hbrrfs Oj Huobkrj, bl oj hujo, j pjrt`r gb jquã sb fksbrvj oj prbsblh`j gb vbdbtjh`øl nrflgfsj, of qub njvfrbhb jo c`hrfho`cj ofhjo. @oustrjh`ûl L± 721 721 ^`stjs gbo bltfrlf `lcbg`jtf gbo tbrrblf.
Nubltb1 Dffdob Cjps. Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. 4;
HJYÃWROF @^ BXWRG@F Y[FD[JCJW@HF 7.:. Bstug`f Bstug`f jltrfpfcàtr`hf jltrfpfcàtr`hf Bo pñko`hf fkabt`vf sfl pbrsfljs qub t`blbl j pjrt`r gb :2 júfs j cês y pfr supubstf, tfcjlgf hfcf prfcbg`f oj bstjturj prfcbg`f gb efckrbs y cuabrbs gb lubstrf pjãs. Yfr of qub sb ej hfls`gbrjgf ojs s`du`bltbs cbg`gjs bl bo hujgrf s`du`bltb1 Wjkoj L¹ :1 :1 Bstug`f Jltrfpfcàtr`hf.
Nubltb11 Ojs g`cbls`flbs Eucjljs bl ofs bspjh`fs `ltbr`frbs. Auo`f Yjlbrf. :00>. Nubltb 48
7.;. Bstug`f Bstug`f brdfløc`hf Yjrj bst`cjr y prfpflbr bo cfk`o`jr`f jprfp`jgf pjrj ul bstug`jltb gb jrqu`tbhturj, sb ej hfls`gbrjgf quà fkabtfs ut`o`zj hfcñlcbltb pjrj su jprblg`zjab tbør`hf y prêht`hf. @oustrjh`ûl L± 7>1 7>1 [bojh`øl bltrb ñt`obs y brdflfcãj pjrj ul bstug`jltb gb jrqu`tbhturj.
Nubltbs1 Brlst Lbunbrt y [`hjrgf Hejvjrrãj. Nubltbs1
Gjgf j qub ofs jck`bltbs cês `cpfrtjltbs sbrêl ofs tjoobrbs gb g`sbúf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf, sb ej prfpubstf ojs g`cbls`flbs gb ojs s`oojs y cbsjs gb trjkjaf qub gbkbrãjl bstjr g`spfl`kobs pjrj ofs bstug`jltbs. Yjrj tjo hjsf y hfcf lf bx`stb ul bstug`f gbo cfk`o`jr`f pjrj ul`vbrs`gjgbs, sb ej tfcjgf hfls`gbrjgf ojs cbg`gjs pjrj bo cfk`o`jr`f gb juojs qub sb `lg`hjl bl ojs Lfrcjs Wàhl`hjs pjrj bo g`sbúf gb Ofhjobs Bshfojrbs gb pr`cjr`j y Xbhulgjr`j, gbo C`l`stbr`f gb Bguhjh`øl. 47
Yfr ftrf ojgf, sb ej tfcjgf hfcf rbnbrblh`j j ofs tjoobrbs gb jrqu`tbhturj gb ftrjs ul`vbrs`gjgbs, hfl rbspbhtf j oj sbpjrjh`øl bltrb bstjs. @oustrjh`ûl L± 741 741 Cfk`o`jr`f pjrj juojs gb tjoobr y jn`lbs.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
@oustrjh`ûl L± 751 751 Efodurjs bl cbsjs pjrj trjkjafs cjlujobs.
Nubltb11 Auo`us Yjlbrf, Ojs g`cbls`flbs eucjljs bl ofs bspjh`fs `ltbr`frbs. Nubltb
42
7.8. Lfrcjt`v`gjg Yrbv`jcbltb j rbjo`zjr oj tfcj gb pjrt`gf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf, sb ej tfcjgf bl hubltj oj lfrcjt`v`gjg kjaf oj qub ulj ul`vbrs`gjg gbkb hucpo`r, j bnbhtfs gb djrjlt`zjr su pfs`kob hflstruhh`øl y pjrj rbspbtjr ofs pjrêcbtrfs gb g`sbúf bstjkobh`gfs bl lubstrf pjãs. [bdojcbltf Ljh`fljo BGRHJH@ØL1
gb
Bg`n`hjh`flbs,
Lfrcj
J.979 ‘
Jrt. :1 Xb gblfc`lj bg`n`hjh`øl gb usf bguhjt`vf j tfgj hflstruhh`øl gbst`ljgj j prbstjr sbrv`h`fs gb hjpjh`tjh`øl y bguhjh`øl, y sus jht`v`gjgbs hfcpobcbltjr`js. Oj prbsbltb lfrcj bstjkobhb ojs hjrjhtbrãst`hjs y rbqu`s`tfs qub gbkbl tblbr ojs bg`n`hjh`flbs gb usf bguhjt`vf pjrj ofdrjr hflg`h`flbs gb ejk`tjk`o`gjg y sbdur`gjg. Jrt. ;1 Yjrj bo hjsf gb ojs bg`n`hjh`flbs pjrj usf gb Rl`vbrs`gjgbs, àstjs gbkbrêl hfltjr hfl oj fp`l`øl njvfrjkob gb oj Hfc`s`øl gb Yrfybhtfs gb @lnrjbstruhturj Nãs`hj gb ojs Rl`vbrs`gjgbs gbo pjãs, gb oj Jsjckobj Ljh`fljo gb [bhtfrbs (efy Xupbr`ltblgblh`j Ljh`fljo gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr Rl`vbrs`tjr`j). Lfrcj Wàhl`hj gb @lnrjbstruhturj pjrj Ofhjobs gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr (LW@B 99:-;9:2) ‘ Bstêlgjrbs Kês`hfs pjrj bo G`sbúf Jrqu`tbhtøl`hf1
Jrt. 41 @lst`tuh`flbs gb Bguhjh`øl Xupbr`fr1 Xfl `lst`tuh`flbs qub jdrupjl j ul hflaultf gb bg`n`h`fs bl gflgb sb `cpjrtbl hflfh`c`bltfs gb bstug`fs supbr`frbs, tàhl`hf f prfnbs`fljo. Xb g`st`ldubl gfs t`pfs1 j. @lst`tuh`flbs Wàhl`hf ‘ H`bltãn`hjs. - Xfl jck`bltbs g`sbújgfs f rbjhflg`h`fljgfs pjrj rbjo`zjr jht`v`gjgbs jsfh`jgjs j oj prfguhh`øl gb hflfh`c`bltfs f gb prfguhtfs ñt`obs bl bxpbr`cbltfs h`bltãn`hfs, tàhl`hf 4>
prfguht`vf, pbgjdød`hf, k`foød`hfs y/f bl trjtjc`bltfs bxpbr`cbltjobs qub rbn`brb j hjpturj y prfhbsjc`bltf gb gjtfs, jsfh`jh`øl gb `lvbst`djh`øl, k`ko`fdrên`hj, bxpbr`cbltjo y gb hjcpf, bl h`blh`js ljturjobs y eucjl`stjs, bltrb ftrfs. ftrfs. k. @lst`tuh`flbs
Jrtãst`hjs.
-
Xfl
jck`bltbs
g`sbújgfs
f
rbjhflg`h`fljgfs pjrj rbjo`zjr jht`v`gjgbs jsfh`jgjs j oj nfrcjh`øl jrtãst`hj aultf j oj gb Eucjl`gjgbs, gbltrf gbo hjcpf gb ojs H`blh`js gb ojs Jrtbs y gb ojs Obtrjs gbo hojs`n`hjgfr gb hjrrbrjs gb oj RLBXHF. RLBXHF. Jrt. ::.81 Hojs`n`hjh`øl gb ofs jck`bltbs gb ul ofhjo bguhjt`vf y sus hjrjhtbrãst`hjs1 Ofs jck`bltbs gb oj @lst`tuh`øl Bguhjt`vj sfl bspjh`fs nãs`hfs hjrjhtbr`zjgfs pfr hflg`h`flbs jrqu`tbhtøl`hjs y pbgjdød`hjs gbtbrc`ljgjs qub jokbrdjl ulj f vjr`js jht`v`gjgbs bguhjt`vjs hfl hjrjhtbrãst`hjs nãs`hjs y tàhl`hj s`c`ojrbs. Xfl oj kjsb nulgjcbltjo gbo s`stbcj bspjh`jo gb oj @lst`tuh`øl Bguhjt`vj, pubs, rbsucbl oj rbspubstj jrqu`tbhtøl`hj jo prfhbsf gb blsbújlzj y jprblg`zjab gbn`l`gf pfr bo êrbj pbgjdød`hj hfrrbspflg`bltb. Xfkrb boofs, sb jpo`hjl hflg`h`fljltbs pfr cbg`f gbo hflhbptf gb bspjh`f, bo jlêo`s`s nulh`fljo, bo cfk`o`jr`f, bo bqu`pjc`bltf y bo hflnfrt (bxprbsjgf hfcf hflg`h`flbs cãl`cjs gb ejk`tjk`o`gjg). Gbltrf gb oj hojs`n`hjh`øl gb bspjh`fs sb `gblt`n`hjl ` gblt`n`hjl ofs s`du`bltbs1 j. Bspjh`fs pbgjdød`hfs kês`hfs (hfl àlnjs`s pbgjdød pbgjdød`hf). `hf). k. Bspjh`fs pbgjdød`hfs hfcpobcbltjr`fs hfcpobcbltjr`fs (hfl àlnjs`s gb sbrv`h`f). Ofs jspbhtfs hujo`tjt`vfs gb oj hojs`n`hjh`øl sb gbn`lbl gb oj s`du`bltb cjlbrj1
44
Wjkoj L¹ ;1 ;1 Hojs`n`hjh`øl gb ofs jck`bltbs f hfltbxtfs pbgjdød`hfs gb ojs Bshubojs Xupbr`frbs y sus hjrjhtbrãst`hjs.
Nubltb1 [bsfouh`øl ^`hbc`l`stbr`jo l¹9:4-;9:2-C@LBGR. Nubltb1
Jrt. :81 Hr`tbr`fs pjrj bo g`cbls`fljc`bltf1 g`cbls`fljc`bltf1 Yjrj hjohuojr ojs êrbjs gb ofs bspjh`fs bguhjt`vfs bs lbhbsjr`f gbn`l`r bo tjcjúf gb ofs drupfs y ofs ãlg`hbs gb fhupjh`øl pfr bstug`jltb.
45
Jrt. :8.:1 Hêohuof gb ãlg`hb gb fhupjh`øl1 Wjkoj L¹ 81 81 ãlg`hbs gb Fhupjh`øl cãl`cfs gb jodulfs jck`bltbs. jck`bltbs.
Nubltb11 [bsfouh`øl ^`hbc`l`stbr`jo l¹9:4-;9:2-C@LBGR. Nubltb 40
7.7. Yrfdrjcjh`øl jrqu`tbhtøl`hj 7.7.:. Gbtbrc`ljltbs gb g`sbúf 7.7.:.:. Bo X`t`f Ofs gbtbrc`ljltbs pjrj pjrt`r hfl ojs bstrjtbd`js prfybhtujobs sfl, pfr frgbl, oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo, gbk`gf j qub bs ulj vãj cuy trjls`tjgj pfr tfgf t`pf gb trjlspfrtb, bl bo hujo sb gbkb tblbr cuhef hu`gjgf jo gbh`g`r pfr gflgb sb uk`hjrêl ofs jhhbsfs pr`lh`pjobs y sbhulgjr`fs, vbe`huojrbs y pbjtfljobs= oubdf oj njogj gbo hbrrf pbrtblbh`bltb j oj hjgblj gb hbrrfs ‟O j Huobkrj–, yj qub su tfpfdrjnãj, gj cfogb jo oãc`tb gbo prfybhtf bl su pjrtb
pfstbr`fr, jgbcês qub prbsbltj ulj vbdbtjh`øl nrflgfsj qub sb pubgb jprfvbhejr pjrj bo prfvbhef pjrj dblbrjr hflnfrt tàrc`hf y ul c`hrfho`cj jdrjgjkob, pfstbr`frcbltb y qub g`hef sbj, hjusjrê ul drjl `cpjhtf pfs`t`vf jo prfybhtf, bs bo nuturf Yjrqub Bhfoød`hf gb Hejhojhjyf, qub sbrê gb hjrêhtbr cbtrfpfo`tjlf, yj qub bo YOJC ;982 of hfltbcpoj gbltrf gb oj nfrbstjh`øl o`lbjo j of ojrdf gbo [ãf [ãcjh. Yfr ñot`cf, bo [ãf [ãcjh, pfrqub bs bo bobcbltf ljturjo qub ob gj oj nfrcj jo g`str`tf y pfr supubstf, jo bltfrlf `lcbg`jtf gbo prfybhtf. @oustrjh`ûl L± 701 701 Gbtbrc`ljltbs gb g`sbúf.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 59
7.7.:.;. Hflg`h`fljltbs gb g`sbúf Hfcf hflg`h`fljltbs gb g`sbúf sb t`blb cuy bl hubltj jo jsfobjc`bltf, pfr hr`tbr`fs prfybhtujobs gb hflnfrt tàrc`hf, oj g`rbhh`øl y vbofh`gjg gb ofs v`bltfs g`urlfs, vbspbrt`lfs y lfhturlfs, pjrj hfls`gbrjr høcf y pfr gflgb vblt`ojr ofs jck`bltbs `ltbr`frbs gb oj `lnrjbstruhturj `lnr jbstruhturj y quà bobcbltfs ut`o`zjr pjrj rbguh`r ofs v`bltfs nubrtbs= sb hfls`gbrø oj prbs`øl sflfrj qub v`blb gbsgb ofs sblt`gfs surfbstb, dblbrjgf pfr oj g`lêc`hj hfcbrh`jo gbo g`str`tf gb Jtb y lfrfbstb pfr oj g`lêc`hj hfcbrh`jo gbo g`str`tf, hbrhj jo publtb Újúj. @oustrjh`ûl L± 291 291 Gbtbrc`ljltbs gb g`sbúf.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
7.7.:. Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf J hflt`lujh`øl, bl ojs s`du`bltbs tjkojs sb gbshr`k`rêl tfgfs ofs lfckrbs gb ofs bspjh`fs hfl su rbspbht`vf hêohuof gb jnfrf1
5:
Wjkoj L¹ 71 71 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj Qflj gb Jgc`l`strjh`øl. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
; c
; 2 . 2 : . 2 . 5 . 2 . 2 . . 5 2 . > . 2 > 8 . 7 8 . 2 . ; . > . ; . 8 2 . > . 2 . 8 . 2 2 . 2 . > 5 9 ; . ; 8 4 > 8 ; 8 8 2 0 2 9 8 4 5 4 5 . 7 8 ; . ; : : > 2 . 8 > : > ; : : 8 ; 4 8 > : : : : ; : : 8 : : 9 8 0 : > 5 : 8 ;
; ; :
j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f s r s r s r s r s r s r r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
j l f s r b p r f p 8
r j f f l p ; s r C b Y
9 ; :
s j l f s r b Y b g ¹ L s b b t g l b ¹ ` : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ; : : : : : : : : : : : : L k c J
B W L B @ K C J
L Ø @ H J H @ N @ L F Q
f s g f l j ` r f u ` f f g h t g h f j j ` j j t r j r r d g b u d d ` ` o f t o t s f b f f s h f f p f s k j d v b v s ` v b j H j g l b o ` g c t ` t O f t v j ` o j j f c t r o y b g j l t f j r u l t u b f r H @ u r ` b t G j f t t o q l s s f j j l t s . p l o t ` ` g r f f j o r h f W t j b ` ` s z h f j f f b j r J l o ` t ` r r b u r b b j J o ` b l ` g h l p ` h b ` l ` ` c b f G j d u t D ` u t ` ` l . o j ` f c c c y p s t p f b s ` l p f s t s g J G Y s h H b b b f b c c c ` s g l ` c h u u b b t u b g g h g g g j c r s f B f f g s ` l t H f ` t ` d G G j j g Y b h s f g f ` ` h b J J J p O f b j t b D J b t o a ` r l [ r J h b b b h j r b g ` j h X j ` s j v B l p f f s J J D b s r h h b h r g g g y g j b ` f s b j g r r j r r b W j r b r H t t g b b j r r j b r s b t l s ` g s s r f ` t j f b j b r b c g f f l X t s f t n b j k b l J b ` t t G j a G l f r b ` g t g f t h ` j r h h 1 r t b b b g s h h r h ` c u E ` b c l f h b g r b C f r j b ` j l c n f h r b f f b Y n r C g ` E C . u r j g b n l ` j ` ` b b b t r ` r n [ f p j X F g F n F . . X H h ` G l K o f G f g b r b r p f b l l b G r ` ` g Y g t E E @ j r H h f ` E c G g l ` j b b j E r ` ã j j f f n . . r o G b r X X H b l J j F H b ` l ` f X g X X r g h j j h ` H o ` k l j n n j ` j ` O l h X ` F F l ` ` n h ` h ` n F n F F
j v ` t j j r t b r s ` Ê l ` c g J Q L Ø @ H J [ W X @ L @ C G J J L F
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
5;
:
j l d j C j o u J
Wjkoj L¹ 21 21 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj Qflj gb Bguhjh`øl. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
; ; ; ; c c c c
; c
9 9 7 5 9 9 9 9 0 2 9 2 2 9 9 9 4 9 9 ; 9 9 2 9 9 9 2 . 5 . 9 . 9 5 7 : 9 ; ; ; 2 8 7 0 8 ; 7 7 2 5 4 ; 9 8 2 9 2 2 4 4 > 8 8 9 ; : : 8 : : : 8 4 0 ; : > > : : : : : 0 7
9 9 9 9 9 9 ; ; 7 2
9 7 2
j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
j j j j j j j l l l l l l l f f f f f f f s s r s r s r s r s r s r r b b b b b b b p p p p p p p r r r r r r r f f f f f f f p p p p p p p
j j j l l l f f f s r s r s r b b b p p p r r r f f f p p p
: : : : : : :
: : :
o s j j t j v ` ` r d ` s f s t r b j r G f g f o t j ` s t r t k j h l o ` t k u b f l ` u ` O O p u H ` s b h l l b c b c g b f g f g g j t j H j J J H b j b b r r b b l ` J g J g r h j J ` j o n b j r X F J
l f ` h ` s f F L B p W x @ H B X J b F C g Y B O j G J ` r b o j D
2 9 9 9 5 > 9 9 9 9 8 2 9 2 9 9 > . 5 . 9 > > 8 8 : ; 7 2 : : 0 7 ; 7 7 > 2 8 ; : : 8
r l j f p f ; s r C b Y
s j l f s r b Y b g ¹ L s b b t g l ; b 5 ` : 7 8 8 : : 8 8 8 8 : 8 ; ; : ; : : : : : ¹ k L c J
B W L B @ K C J
L Ø @ H J H @ N @ L F Q
s f u s v f ` k h t j ` s s ` l l f c s b h r l f s f u j j j f o b ` ` ` g r f f j z j j s s s h s s t t n h j K p ` d t g j ` b j h s j j h ` r r b r l r b b l ` r u d t b r r b b j u b r r j p d r b j u k b h t u Y f r t k D r h f q s b h q f t j s c s p c a j K b c a ` t s d b B C s b b H t j c f u b s o f u b O f l J g b ` C J s j g o p G J f N G C f f C b E ` E b j b u f . . u b o s . H t C . g b b b b g g q g u J H E E r b o E E g f g b l b l u b l g h J g r g b g h b E j E f C . j t . J r b j . E . E o r b r h r b g X b X b X s o l j h j o u X r Y j o j r b o b j X X X j b X c o r j J o J u c h o c J b e H j b W W o u j o o g h l o W J j J o J j j c J j o W b r H J J
, j h s ` , f y ` c j v s à ` b r f g t t r r j j b r h f o o p f J b j k j G W j b O r Ê
j h b t f ` o k ` K
L Ø @ H J H R G B J L F Q Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 58
s b o ` b l k g f u j ` h ` H ` s r b o b g j f p j D x B b r J
Wjkoj L¹ >1 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj Qflj gb Jug`tfr`f. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 0 5 9 5 2 ; > 5 . 9 9 ; . ; . ; . ; . 7 . ; . 8 : . : . . 0 7 2 : 4 2 ; 8 2 2 ; ; : 4 ; ; 5 : ; : : ; ; 5
j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l f f f f f f f f f f s r s f s f s f s r s r s r s s s r s f s f s r s r s f s r r r r r r r r r b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
r j f l 2 p f . 7 ; s r : : b C Y
:
:
:
O R 7 7 , , @ 7 O 7 , @ 7
s j l f s r b Y b g ¹ L
: : 9 9 : 9 : ; ; : : : 7 7 : : 9 9 : 0 ; : ;
s b b t g l b ` : : : : : : : : : : : ; ; ; : : ¹ k L c J
B W L B @ K C J
l ) o ) f f ` b b h g v ` ` l h ` l l l u f f r j g X ` f z j b z s s j r z y r b b j g W c b j s s r ` b u l ` b k r r ` r b r y t t b C f p b h p s r ` b j b k c a l f ( j ` l ( j h ` j ^ p a c f u r r f ` r c K l ` r u e C j r f b b ` O j h l f f m j ` b h c f f y h l g g o h z h b j t j ` f b . ` . E l z c g s b h t h t ` N g j E E l ` r l b o u l G y s r h b R f . E X B b @ t . E f C h E b p . b b r r X p b j E X X c c j Y s s X j j g c . u B B b o o X H H H g f J X b b r g g j t j l l j b ` f b k r r H j J H
L Ø @ H J H @ N @ L F Q
J
f ` r f t ` g u J b g j l f Q
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 57
Wjkoj L¹ 41 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj Qflj gb Hfcbgfr. ; c
; c
; c
; ; ; c c c
; c
; 5 0 7 ; 7 > : . ; ; . 2 2 . 8 . : ; . 4 0 . : > . 2 . ; . 9 2 8 0 . 0 . . 8 . 8 . 9 . 0 5 ; . 4 4 . 5 9 . > 8 5 ; . > . 2 . > 9 > > > : 8 8 > ; 8 : 0 7 2 2 > 4 2 : : 9 : : : ; ; ; : 8 0
j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f s s s r s r s s s r s r s r s r s s s r s r s r s s s r s r s r s r r r r r r r r r s r b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
r j f l p f ; s r C b Y
s j l f s r b Y b g ¹ L s b b t g l b ` : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ; : : : ¹ k L c J
B W L B @ K C J
L Ø @ H J H @ N @ L F Q
s j j h s s f s s h b f g ` ` f f s j ` f b l l l h ` r f t g r r j j r h s d s j j g j j f j d r j f j b h j j n h o f z o b u u f t d s s b b d b s s p g g b b r t r g j b F l ` j X o b e f f s j s b b s r r @ t j t b r p p r ` j j f r b j r j c r j ^ ^ ` h t H h b k c l s h f p y s h ` h a r j r c ` u j r f f g l ` b g B B b f f r c + + l b p u c O C s u H b r b G j f s f j d s s p b b g ` d Y j C b b j ` d b K j j n r v g g ` h b h E E g r b b r b s g c r l t f b j E f g ` b g s b K n ` b n n k r t j h b j H g O r b E l f E g G b . . r t b ` g g b J c a G j l j b g l n l . X X ` s f g f u l g b f h g f E f t Q F j ` f . X X j r j t C f j u o E r f Q ` s s X j j j . Q l c H H f H r . E c c j f f . E p f . X z H j j b p c X H H j G b G H
r f g b c f H b g j l f Q Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 52
Wjkoj L¹ 51 51 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj Qflj gb Hfcbgfr. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 9 9 9 9 9 > 2 . 2 . > . 2 . 2 . ; . : 0 9 > > ; 7 : . . ; ; 7 4 9 > 4 ; : 2 ; ; 9 9 ; 7 ; ; ; : 8 8
j j j j j j j j j j j j j l l l l l l l l l l l l l f f f f f f f f f f f f f s r s r r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s b b b b b b b b b b b b b p p p p p p p p p p p p p r r r r r r r r r r r r r f f f f f f f f f f f f f p p p p p p p p p p p p p ; ; 9 ; 9 8
9 >
r j f l p f ; s r C b Y
G : , O : , @ :
s j l f s r b Y b g ¹ L
5 ; ; 5 5 : : : : : : 7 8
G : , O : , @ : :
s b b t g l b ` 2 8 9 5 : 7 2 : : : : : : : ¹ k L c J
B W L B @ K C J
s b s s t f s s l f ` ` e s f r b j r j ` r b f f h j O j j z g k r g u f c u J b b j g a t @ u ` p t c u t H u s s s p e s f b h j s b b e c B L c l v j v @ v G o j l B r ` ; o j j s O j O s j o ` G r j @ t b b y r j b p Y b g r l j r j p r X s b p r j B B g b g l a b ` f H k p [ r j b u h g f c f l t j l h f t f t C r f j c p ` ` f j l Q e b ` R l l h h f u c E o E f f j X H Q E b r J X E ` C C t X k X [ X j E
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Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 5>
Wjkoj L¹ 01 01 Yrfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf gb oj Qflj gb Hfcbgfr. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; c c c c c c c c c c c 2 . 4 . . ; . : . 4 . > . 7 . 7 . 8 . 8 . ; > > 9 ; 4 4 9 ; 9 ; 2 2 ; 7 ; ; : ; ; 8 ;
r j f l p f ; s r C b Y
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s j z r b u N b g j s j H
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Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 54
Wjkoj L¹ :91 :91 [bsucbl gbo prfdrjcj jrqu`tbhtøl`hf. Jrbj
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Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
7.7.;. Frdjl`drjcjs gb nulh`flj nulh`fljc`bltf c`bltf @oustrjh`ûl L± 2:1 2:1 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gbo prfybhtf.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
55
@oustrjh`ûl L± 2;1 Frdjl`drjcj 2;1 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj Qflj gb Jgc`l`strjh`øl.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
@oustrjh`ûl L± 281 281 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj zflj Bguhjh`øl.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
@oustrjh`ûl L± 271 271 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj zflj [bs`gblh`j.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 50
@oustrjh`ûl L± 221 221 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gbo Jug`tfr`f.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
09
@oustrjh`ûl L± 2>1 2>1 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gbo Hfcbgfr .
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
@oustrjh`ûl L± 241 241 Frdjl`drjcj gb nulh`fljc`bltf gb oj hjsj gb Nubrzj.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 0:
7.7.8. Cjtr`z [bojh`fljo [bojh`fljo pfr zfljs zfljs @oustrjh`ûl L± 251 Cjtr`z rbojh`fljo pfr zfljs.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
7.7.7. Nouxfdrjcjs @oustrjh`ûl L± 201 201 Nouxfdrjcj dblbrjo gbo prfybhtf .
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
0;
@oustrjh`ûl L± >91 >91 Nouxfdrjcj gb Qflj gb Jgc`l`strjh`øl.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
@oustrjh`ûl L± >:1 >:1 Nouxfdrjcj gb Qflj gb Bguhjh`øl.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 08
@oustrjh`ûl L± >;1 >;1 Nouxfdrjcj gb Qflj gb [bs`gblh`j.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
@oustrjh`ûl L± >81 >81 Nouxfdrjcj gb Qflj gb Hfcbgfr.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb 07
@oustrjh`ûl L± >71 >71 Nouxfdrjcj gb Qflj Jug`tfr`f.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
@oustrjh`ûl L± >21 >21 Nouxfdrjcj gb Qflj Jug`tfr`f.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
02
HJYÃWROF ^ BO Y[FPBHWF J[ZR@WBHWØL@HF 2.:. Yrbc`sjs gb g`sbúf Yrbv`f jo g`sbúf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf, sb ej tfcjgf hfcf bstrjtbd`js prfybhtujobs ojs s`du`bltbs1 j) Xb ej blcjrhjgf jo prfybhtf gbltrf gbo Yojl Cjbstrf Rrkjlf, qub ej hfls`gbrjgf ofs prfybhtfs ofhjobs gbo Yojl gb Gbsjrrfoof Hflhbrtjgf ;9:4;989, gb Hejhojhjyf y ofs prfybhtfs cbtrfpfo`tjlfs gbo YOJC ;982. k) Xb ej tfcjgf bl hubltj oj lubvj v`jo`gj v`jo`gjg, g, bspjh`fs pñko`hfs y ojs lubvjs vbrbgjs qub pbrc`t`rêl qub ofs ejk`tjltbs sb pubgjl gbspojzjr bl bstb sbhtfr, pfr of qub bo prfybhtf prfpflb tjck`àl ul rbt`rf gb cês gb ;9.99co, of qub dblbrj oj jrt`huojh`øl gb ofs kjrr`fs bx`stbltbs j sus hfstjgfs y qub hflbhtjrêl, j su vbz, ejh`j oj lubvj pojzj hbltrjo qub sb uk`hjrê nrbltb jo [ãf [ãcjh. h) Ofs lubvfs lubvfs bspjh`f bspjh`fss pñko`hfs bstjrêl gftjgf gftjgfss gb kjlhjs, aubdfs aubdfs pjrj l`úfs, bqu`pjc`bltfs y bstjh`flbs pjrj oj lubvj rbg gb Cbtrfhjkob. Yfr of qub bo `ldrbsf pr`lh`pjo jo prfybhtf sb bstjkobhb bl su zflj lfrbstb, bl bsqu`lj, pfrqub ul`rê jo lubvf pjrjgbrf pjrj kusbs qub sb uk`hjrê nubrj gbo prfybhtf, hfl oj bstjh`øl gb Cbtrfhjkob bl oj lubvj pojzj hbltrjo.
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g) Bo prfybhtf gbajrê ul rbt`rf pfstbr`fr, ejh`j oj tfpfdrjnãj gbo hbrrf hfo`lgjltb, qub prbsbltj ulj nrflgfsj vbdbtjh`øl qub sb prfpflb jprfvbhejr pjrj bo hflnfrt tàrc`hf y fr`bltjh`øl gb v`sujobs gb ojs juojs y tjoobrbs. @oustrjh`ûl L± >>1 >>1 Yrbc`sjs gb G`sbúf.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
b) Xb hfls`gbrø pbrt`lbltb, hfls`gbrjr oj lfrcjt`vj gbo C@LBGR y oj XRLBGR, bl kjsb j oj fr`bltjh`øl gb ojs juojs, g`spubstjs gb lfrtb j sur y hfl fr`bltjh`øl gb ojs hojsbs gb bstb j fbstb, pfr of hujo sb prfpusf ul cøguof kjsb qub sb rbpbt`rê sbhublh`jocbltb, nfrcjlgf jsã ul kofqub, bo hujo, j su vbz, sb rbp`tb gbltrf gbo prfybhtf, gbajlgf ul pjt`f hfcf bspjh`f abrêrqu`hf `ltbrcbg`f, of qub pbrc`tb oj vblt`ojh`øl hruzjgj y bo `ldrbsf gb kublj `ouc`ljh`øl ljturjo ejh`j ofs ojtbrjobs. n) Yfr ñot`cf, sb jprfvbhej oj vbdbtjh`øl bx`stbltb gb gb oj njogj gbo hbrrf, hfo`lgjltb jo prfybhtf, pjrj `lhou`roj gbltrf gb ofs pjt`fs y dblbrjr hflnfrt tàrc`hf, j su vbz qub sb sfl jprfvbhejgjs, gb `dujo cjlbrj, pjrj ul trjtjc`bltf pj`sjaãst`hf jhfrgb j ofs jck`bltbs `ltbr`frbs gbo fkabtf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf. 04
@oustrjh`ûl L± >41 >41 Xbhublh`j cfguojr y hflnfrt jck`bltjo.
Nubltb1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb1
2.;. Yjrt`gf Yjrt`gf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf Jhhbs`k`o`gjg pbj pbjtfljo1 tfljo1 Xb hfls`gbrj hfls`gbrj uk`hjr trbs `ldrbsfs `ldrbsfs pbjtfl pbjtfljobs, jobs, bo pr`lh`pjo ejh`j bo ojgf lfrtb gbo prfybhtf, bo sbhulgjr`f jo ojgf fbstb y bo tbrhbrf ejh`j bo ojgf bstb. Bl bo pr`lh`pjo jhhbgbrêl ofs bstug`jltbs, gfhbltbs y pñko`hf bl dblbrjo, bl bo sbhulgjr`f, `ldrbsjrê bo pñko`hf bl dblbrjo, pubstf j qub sbrê bo `ldrbsf bxhous`vf ejh`j bo Jug`tfr`f y pfr bo tbrhbrf `ldrbsjrê bo pbrsfljo gb sbrv`h`f, qu`blbs sb g`r`d`rêl j ofs vbstujr`fs uk`hjgfs bl oj hjsj gb nubrzj.
Jhhbs`k`o`gjg vbe`huojr1 Xb ej g`spubstf gb uk`hjr gfs jhhbsfs vbe`huojrbs. Rlf pfr bo ojgf surfbstb gbo prfybhtf, bl bo hujo jhhbgbrêl ofs vbeãhuofs gb jkjstbh`c`bltf gb cjtbr`jo, qub sbrv`rêl jo Jug`tfr`f y rbcjtjlgf bl bo Wjoobr gb hflstruhh`øl. P bo sbdulgf pfr bo ojgf bstb, bl bo jhhbgbrêl ofs vbeãhuofs gbo pbrsfljo y pñko`hf bl dblbrjo= hjkb jhftjr qub bl bstb `ldrbsf sb g`spflb gb gfs pubrtjs gb `ldrbsf, yj qub bo ftrf jhhbsf, hfo`lgjltb jo cblh`fljgf jltbr`frcbltb, sbrv`rê pjrj qub jhhbgjl ofs
05
vbeãhuofs gb jkjstbh`c`bltf pjrj oj Hjsj gb nubrzj y pjrj oj zflj gbo hfcbgfr, g`rbhtjcbltb ejh`j oj zflj gb gbshjrdj. Xb ej hfltbcpojgf oj uk`hjh`øl gb bstjh`fljc`bltfs bstjh`fljc`bltfs bl oj pojzj pojzj gb `ldrbsf jo prfybhtf, bo hujo sbrv`rê pjrj jutfkusbs, jckuojlh`j, pfo`hãj f hjc`øl gb kfckbrfs, bl hjsf gb bcbrdblh`j, yj qub lf ejkrê lbhbs`gjg gb
`ldrbsjr j oj bg`n`hjh`øl, pubstf qub sb blhubltrjl jo ojgf o jgf gb oj vãj pñko`hj y pfrqub sb uk`hjrê jo tøp`hf bl oj zflj gb `ldrbsf pr`lh`pjo. @oustrjh`ûl L± >51 >51 Yjrt`gf Jrqu`tbhtøl`hf.
Nubltb1 Nublt b1 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr.
Oj sbhublh`j cfguojr gb oj ojss juojs y tjoobrbs sfl of ofss bobcbltfs qub qub gjl nfrcj j oj vfoucbtrãj, pfr of qub ofs ftrfs usfs gbo prfybhtf sbdu`rêl oj c`scj g`spfs`h`øl gb sus kofqubs.
Xb hfltbcpoj oj fr`bltj fr`bltjh`øl h`øl gb ofs v`bltfs pprbgfc`ljltbs, rbgfc`ljltbs, gbsgb bo fbstb, ejh`j ofs pjt`fs jk`brtfs, ofs hujobs pbrc`t`rêl vblt`ojr j ofs tfgfs ofs jck`bltbs. Xb bv`tjr dblbrjr bspjh`fs hfcf pjs`oofs bl oj c`scj g`rbhh`øl, j n`l gb bv`tjr bo bnbhtf tñlbo gb v`bltf y qub sb p`brgj bo hflnfrt tàrc`hf.
00
Xb prfpflb oj uk`hjh`øl gb publtbs pbjtflj pbjtfljobs obs pjrj bo Cêstbr Cêstbr Yojl, hfcf `l`h`jt`vj gb oj `lvbrs`øl pr`vjgj, bl hffrg`ljh`øl hfl oj Cul`h`pjo`gjg gb Hejhojhjyf.
Yfr ñot`cf, sb gg`spflbl `spflbl ofs kofqubs, abrêrqu`hjc abrêrqu`hjcbltb, bltb, gb cjlbrj gb
bstjkobhbr ofs bspjh`fs pñko`hfs, sbc`pñko`hfs y pr`vjgfs. 2.8. Qfl`n`hjh`øl Ojs bstrjtbd`js prfybhtujobs y oj tfcj gb pjrt`gf g`brfl n`ljocbltb oj nfrcj vfoucàtr`hj, qub hflt`blb kofqubs gbn`l`gfs pjrj hjgj usf, ofs huêobs sfl1 Qflj Jgc`l`strjt`vj, Qflj gb Bguhjh`øl, Qflj gb Hfcbgfr, Qflj [bs`gblh`jo, Qflj gb Jug`tfr`f y Hjsj gb Nubrzj. Bo prfybhtf kr`lgj ul bspjh`f pñko`hf j oj hjoob, nrbltb j oj Hjrrbtbrj Hbltrjo, cbg`jltb ulj dblbrfsj pojzj, qub s`rvb gb jltbsjoj pjrj bo `ldrbsf pr`lh`pjo y pbrc`tb hflbhtjr j ojs vbrbgjs gb ofs kjrr`fs j ofs ojtbrjobs gbo c`scf, hfl bo n`l gb pbrc`t`r bo nouaf pbjtfljo. Bo bab pr`lh`pjo gbo prfybhtf ljhb gbsgb oj c`scj pojzj gb `ldrbsf y rbcjtj bl oj njogj gbo hbrrf. Xb jhhbgb j trjvàs gb bstb bab pr`lh`pjo, pfr cbg`f gb ulj djr`tj gb hfltrfo y jtrjv`bsj oj zflj gb jgc`l`strjh`øl, qub, j su vbz, cjlt`blb ul hfltrfo pjløpt`hf gb ofs kofqubs. Bo bab pr`lh`pjo s`rvb pjrj g`str`ku`r bo nouaf gb jouclfs y gfhbltbs, ejh`j oj zflj gb bguhjh`øl y j oj zflj gb jgc`l`strjh`øl, ejh`j ojs fn`h`ljs y sjoj gb prfnbsfrbs, bl bo ojgf surfbstb gbo prfybhtf y ejh`j ofs pjt`fs gb jgc`l`strjh`øl, zflj rbs`gblh`jo y bo hfcbgfr ejh`j bo lfrbstb.
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. f s ` Y r b c ` r Y o b g l ` ø h j h ` n ` l f Q 1
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. r f t u j o b g l ø ` h j r f k j o B 1 b t l b u N
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Bl bo pr`cbr p`sf, oj zfl`n`hjh`øl sb g`str`kuyb gb oj s`du`bltb cjlbrj1 Qflj gb Jgc`l`strjh`øl1 Jgc`l`strjh`øl1 Xb s`tñj bl oj njhejgj nrfltjo y zflj gb `ldrbsf gbo prfybhtf, sb prbsbltj bl ul kofqub gb ; p`sfs. Bl bo pr`cbr p`sf sb blhubltrj oj o`krbrãj, bo Hbltrf gb Jtblh`øl jo jouclf, oj Fn`h`lj gb Jgc`s`øl, bo Juoj Cjdlj y bo tøp`hf. Bl bo sbdulgf p`sf sb blhubltrjl ojs
fn`h`ljs jgc`l`strjt`vjs gbo prfybhtf, oj Xjoj gb G`rbhh`øl y oj Xjoj gb prfnbsfrbs. Qflj gb Bguhjh`øl1 L Ljhb jhb gbsgb bo `ldrbsf, cjrhjgf pfr pfr bo bab pr`lh`pjo gbo fkabtf jrqu`tbhtøl`hf, qub jokbrdj ul pjs`oof, bl bo qub sb bxpflgrêl trjkjafs f pjlbobs `lnfrcjt`vfs tbcpfrjobs, j su vbz qub s`rvb hfcf nouaf pr`lh`pjo pfrqub sbrê bo cês usjgf pfr ofs jouclfs y g`str`kuyb ejh`j ofs ftrfs pjt`fs gb ofs ftrfs usfs, hfcf bo gb oj zflj jgc`l`strjt`vj y oj zflj rbs`gblh`jo. [bcjtjlgf, bo bab pr`lh`pjo, sb blhubltrj bo pjkbooøl gb Wjoobrbs
jrqu`tbhtøl`hfs y ofs ojkfrjtfr`fs gb høcputf. Bl bo sbdulgf l`vbo, sb blhubltrj oj c`scj g`spfs`h`øl y hjlt`gjg gb juojs gb Wjoobrbs jrqu`tbhtøl`hfs, pbrf tjck`àl ofs Wjoobrbs gb cjqubtj, Wjoobrbs gb nftfdrjnãj y cês ojkfrjtfr`fs gb høcputf. Yfr ñot`cf, bl bo tbrhbr p`sf, sb blhubltrjl lubvjcbltb ofs Wjoobrbs jrqu`tbhtøl`hfs, pbrf tjck`àl Juojs tbør`hjs. Qflj gb [bs`gblh`j1 Jhhbg`blgf pfr bo Yjt`f pr`lh`pjo, qub sb hflbhtj j trjvàs gbo bab pr`lh`pjo, blhfltrjcfs jo pjkbooøl gb [bs`gblh`j, qub hflt`blb bl sus trbs p`sfs, gfrc`tfr`fs, pfr sbpjrjgf, pjrj efckrbs y
cuabrbs, hjgj ulf hfltrfojgf pfr ul tutfr. Bl bo pr`cbr p`sf y hfcf jck`bltb pr`lh`pjo, sb blhubltrj j oj Xjoj gb Rsfs Cñot`pobs (XRC).
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. f s ` Y f g l u d b X o b g l ø ` h j h ` n ` l f Q 1
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:97
Qflj gbo Hfcbgfr1 X`tuj X`tujgf gf bl oj njhejgj pr`lh`p pr`lh`pjo jo gbo prfybhtf y jhhbg`blgf pfr bo pjt`f hbltrjo, sb blhubltrj bo kofqub gb oj Qflj gb Hfcbgfr. Bstb kofqub sb blhubltrj aultf j oj hjsj gb nubrzj y prbsbltj ul jhhbsf g`rbhtf gbsgb bo `ldrbsf gb sbrv`h`f, bl bo huêo jhhbgbl ojs pbrsfljs qub trjkjajrêl tjltf bl bstj êrbj hfcf bl ftrfs jck`bltbs gbo prfybhtf, j su vbz qub tjck`àl jhhbgbl ofs vbeãhuofs qub jkjstbhbrêl gb jo`cbltfs j oj
gbspblsj gb oj hfh`lj. Àstj zflj sb sukg`v`gb bl gfs bspjh`fs drjlgbs, ulf bs oj zflj gb hfcblsjobs cês ofs sbrv`h`fs e`d`àl`hfs pjrj gfhbltbs y jouclfs y oj ftrj suk zflj bs oj qub hflt`blb j oj hfh`lj `lgustr`jo, oj gbspblsj, oj hêcjrj gb nrãf, pjrj cjltblbr rbnr`dbrjgfs j oêhtbfs, hjrlbs y pbshjgfs, oj Fn`h`lj gbo Hebn, qu`bl bstê j hjrdf gb oj jgc`l`strjh`øl gb ofs jo`cbltfs y bo hfltrfo gb hjo`gjg, ofs vbstujr`fs cês sbrv`h`fs e`d`àl`hfs gbo pbrsfljo, efckrbs y cuabrbs y pfr ñot`cf, ofs gbpøs`tfs gb kjsurj frdêl`hj b `lfrdêl`hj. Qflj gb Ju Jug`tfr`f1 g`tfr`f1 Àstb kofqu kofqubb sb s`tñj bbll bo ojgf surfbstb gbo prfybhtf
y t`blb ul jhhbsf g`nbrblh`jgf, pfr bo hujo `ldrbsjrê g`rbhtjcbltb bo pñko`hf, bl hjsf gb bvbltfs, j su vbz qub sb rbspbtj oj lfrcjt`vj gbo C@LBGR, qub bstjkobhb qub bstb t`pf gb usfs gbkb sbr jhhbs`kob j oj hfcul`gjg. Bl bo pr`cbr p`sf, sb jhhbgb ejh`j bo nfybr, jcpo`f bspjh`f qub g`str`kuyb ejh`j ofs sbrv`h`fs e`d`àl`hfs, jo ojgf `zqu`brgf y j oj hfln`tbrãj y oj bshjobrj qub hfcul`hj jo sbdulgf l`vbo, pfr oj gbrbhej. @lcbg`jtjcbltb sb blhubltrj oj Wjqu`ooj (kfobtbrãj), pjrj oj vbltj gb bltrjgjs y bo hfltrfo gbo pñko`hf ejh`j oj pojtbj (zflj gb bspbhtjgfrbs), qub prbsbltj pojtjnfrcjs sbhublh`jocbltb bl gbprbs`øl, ojs huêobs rbcjtjl ejh`j bo bshbljr`f. Hjkb `lg`hjr qub, jltbs gb `ldrbsjr j oj pojtbj kjaj, sb blhubltrjl j ofs ojtbrjobs ojs sjo`gjs gb bcbrdblh`j. Yfr bo nfybr sb jhhbgb, pfr cbg`f gb oj bshjobrj j ulj Cbzjl`lb, qub g`str`kuyb ejh`j sbrv`h`fs e`d`àl`hfs jo ojgf `zqu`brgf y ejh`j oj hjk`lj gb prfybhh`øl y trjguhh`øl (gb usf pr`vjgf) y ejh`j oj Yojtbj jotj, fr`bltjgj ejh`j bo bshbljr`f. Yfr bo ojgf pfstbr`fr gbo Jug`tfr`f, sb g`spflb gb gfs `ldrbsfs g`nbrblh`jgfs pjrj ofs jhtfrbs y jhtr`hbs, ofs huêobs hfcul`hjl g`rbhtjcbltb ejh`j bo trjshbl`f, pjs`oof gbtrês gbo bshbljr`f qub bv`tj qub bo pñko`hf vbj qu`blbs sb blhubltrjl gbtrês. Bstb bspjh`f sb hfcul`hj j ofs hjcbr`lfs gb ofs jhtfrbs y jhtr`hbs, ofs huêobs hflt`blb ul sbrv`h`f e`d`àl`hf pr`vjgj hjgj ulf. :92
Hjsj gb nubrzj1 Xb s`tñj jo ojgf gb oj zflj gb hfcbgfr b `lcbg`jtjcbltb jo `ldrbsf gb sbrv`h`f. Àstb kofqub hflt`blb j oj Xuk Bstjh`øl boàhtr`hj, jo drupf bobhtrødblf, j ofs gbpøs`tfs gb ajrg`lbrãj, o`cp`bzj, ofdãst`hj y j ofs vbstujr`fs gb efckrbs y cuabrbs.
@oustrjh`ûl L± 4;1 4;1 Hfrtbs gbo prfybhtf
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
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2.7. Yojl`cbtrãj ^br oj rbojh`øl gb pojlfs jgaultj gbkjaf y rbv`sjrofs bl bo bxpbg`bltb tàhl`hf1 Wjkoj L¹ ::1 ::1 [bojh`øl gb oêc`ljs gb oj Yojl`cbtrãj Dblbrjo, pjrtb :. [BOJH@ØL GB OÊC@LJX1 OÊC@LJX1 LRB^J @LN[JBXW[RHW[R [J
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Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
:95
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Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
2.2. ^`stjs 8G Drên`hf L¹ ;81^`stj ;81^`stj `ltbr`fr gb oj pojzj gb Wjoobr gb Hflstruhh`øl ejh`j bo Jug`tfr`f.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
:90
Drên`hf L¹ ;71 ;71 ^`stj `ltbr`fr gb oj pojzj bltrb bo pjkbooøl gb Juojs y Wjoobr gb Jrqu`tbhturj.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
Drên`hf L¹ ;21 ;21 ^`stj Bxtbr`fr ‘ @ldrbsf Yr`lh`pjo.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
::9
2.>. Nftfs gb oj cjqubtj gbo prfybhtf. prfybhtf. Drên`hf L¹ ;>1 ;>1 ^`stj êrbj gb cjqubtj vfoucàtr`hj.
Nubltb11 Bojkfrjh`øl gbo jutfr. Nubltb
:::
HFLHORX@FLBX :. :. Gbk`gf qub bl oj jhtujo`gjg lf sb `lv`brtb cuhef bl bguhjh`øl ul`vbrs`tjr`j, bo g`sbúf gb jck`bltbs bguhjt`vfs pjrj oj hjrrbrj gb Jrqu`tbhturj gbkb `lvfouhrjr bspjh`fs pñko`hfs hfl g`lêc`hjs qub pubgjl bv`gblh`jr ulj `gblt`gjg gb ulj njhuotjg hfl bo càtfgf gb blsbújlzj. ;. ;. Xbdñl ojs Hflg`h`flbs Kês`hjs gb Hjo`gjg bstjkobh`gjs pfr oj XRLBGR, ojs njhuotjgbs gb jrqu`tbhturj bl bo pjãs gbkbl jgbhujrsb j ul bstêlgjr gb `lnrjbstruhturjs, pfr boof bo g`sbúf prfpubstf hflt`blb, bltrb ftrfs1 bspjh`fs hfobht`vfs, bspjh`fs pbrcbjkobs, jk`brtfs-hfltbl`gfs (jln`tbjtrfs pjrj bxpfs`h`flbs jo j`rb o`krb). o`krb). 8. Oj `lnrjbstruhturj prfpubstj tbl tblgrê grê bl hubltj ul g`sbúf bhfoød`hf j trjvàs gb bspjh`fs hfcpobcbltjr`fs b `c`tjlgf rbnbrbltbs gb hjo`gjg hfcf oj Yflt`n`h`j Rl`vbrs`gjg Hjtøo`hj gbo Ybrñ y oj Rl`vbrs`gjg [`hjrgf Yjocj. Yjocj. 7. Ofs jck`bltbs gb trjkjafs gbkbl sbr sbdurfs y kr`lgjr hflnfrt s`l pbrgbr ojs g`cbls`flbs jgbhujgjs gbo g`sbúf pjrj ulj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj. Jgbcês, ofs hr`tbr`fs gb sbdur`gjg sb suabtjl j oj lfrcjt`vj v`dbltb gbo [bdojcbltf Ljh`fljo gb Bg`n`hjh`flbs.
::;
[BHFCBLGJH@FLBX :. Yrfcfvbr oj `lvbrs`øl pñko`hj hfcf pr`vjgj pr`vjgj pjrj prfpflbr prfpflbr lubvfs cfgbofs gb `lnrjbstruhturj pjrj oj bguhjh`øl supbr`fr ul`vbrs`tjr`j, bl oj qub sb prbsbltbl lubvfs cfgbofs cbtfgfoød`hfs gb blsbújlzj, qub pbrc`tjl j lubstrfs nuturfs prfnbs`fljobs sbr cês hfcpbt`t`vfs. ;. G`nulg`r bo hflfh`c`bltf y ofs trjkjafs prfguh`gfs prfguh`gfs bl bl bstj lubvj njhuotjg gb jrqu`tbhturj, ejh`j bo pñko`hf bl dblbrjo, pjrj cft`vjrofs j bstug`jr oj hjrrbrj bl bstj `lnrjbstruhturj y j jouclfs qub bstug`bl bl ftrjs ul`vbrs`gjgbs, pjrj dblbrjr oj rbtrfjo`cbltjh`øl gb `lnfrcjh`øl. 8. @cpuosjr oj tbhlfofdãj tbhlfofdãj ej tbl`g tbl`gff ulj drjl drjl rbpbrhus`øl pfs`t`vj bl oj hjrrbrj gb jrqu`tbhturj, sb prfpflb qub oj cjooj hurr`huojr pjrj bstj prfnbs`øl sb jaustb y jhfaj j lubvjs cjtbr`js gb blsbújlzj hfcf bo Njk Ojk bl ofs tjoobrbs gb hflstruhh`øl f bl tjoobrbs nfrcjt`vfs.
7. @cpojltjr bl oj cjooj hurr`huojr f js`dljr gbtbrc`ljgfs jck`bltbs pjrj rbul`flbs sbcjljobs bltrb jouclfs y gfhbltbs, b `lhousf jouclfs gb ftrjs njhuotjgbs y pñko`hf bl dblbrjo, pjrj rbjo`zjr gbkjtbs, `lvbst`djh`flbs qub jpfrtbl j oj sfh`bgjg.
::8
NRBLWBX GB @LNF[CJH@ØL K`ko`fdrên`hjs Kuhek`lgbr, Yjkof. (;99>). Oj Rl`vbrs`gjg1 krbvb `ltrfguhh`øl j su bvfouh`øl e`stør`hj . Rl`vbrs`gjg Ljh`fljo gbo O`tfrjo1 Xjltj nb, Jrdblt`lj. Hruhejdj Kbojulgb, C. (;9:9). :99 júfs nfrcjlgf jrqu`tbhtfs bl bo Ybrñ . Hfobd`f gb Jrqu`tbhtfs gbo Ybrñ (HJY)1 O`cj, Ybrñ. Gb Xfusj Xjltfs, K. (;994). Oj Rl`vbrs`gjg bl bo X`dof UU@ , Yjrj ulj rbnfrcj gbcfhrêt`hj y bcjlh`pjgfrj gb oj ul`vbrs`gjg . Yourjo Bg`tfrbs1 Cbx`hf. Dflzêobs Hubvjs, F. (:004). Bo hflhbptf gb Rl`vbrs`gjg 1 H`ugjg gb Càx`hf.
Dubvjrj Êovjrbz, F. (;9:8). Jlêo`s`s gbo prfhbsf gb blsbújlzj, jprblg`zjab gb oj G`sh`po`lj Yrfybhtf Jrqu`tbhtøl`hf, bl oj hjrrbrj gb Jrqu`tbhturj, bl bo hfltbxtf gbo juoj. Rl`vbrs`gjg Jutølfcj gb Kjrhboflj 1 Kjrhboflj.
Ebljf Zu`ltbrf, O. (;9:2). Oj pbrcbjk`o`gjg gb ojs nfrcjs jrqu`tbhtøl`hjs. Ofs Cbrhjgfs Cul`h`pjobs gb H`utjt ^booj y gbo B`xjcpob gb Kjrhboflj 1 Kjrhboflj. Cjrtãlbz [jcãrbz, Xbrd`f. (:05:). Oj `lnoublh`j gb oj KJREJRX bl oj blsbújlzj gb oj jrqu`tbhturj bl Càx`hf 1 H`ugjg gb Càx`hf.
Cblbsbs Rrk`lj, G. (;9:8). Ofs càtfgfs pbgjdød`hfs jht`vfs bl oj blsbújlzj-jprblg`zjab gb oj jrqu`tbhturj . Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Oj Xjoob1 Kûdftj. Lbunbrt, Brlst. (;9:8). Jrtb gb prfybhtjr bl jrqu`tbhturj . :>¹ bg`h`øl. Bg`tfr`jo Dustjvf D`o`1 Kjrhboflj. Yjocbr`lf Wfrboo`, G. (;997). Oj KJREJRX y bo g`sbúf . Rl`vbrs`gjg Jk`brtj @ltbrjcbr`hjlj ‘ Njhuotjg gb H`blh`js gb oj Hfcul`hjh`øl1 Kublfs J`rbs. Yàrbz Xbrrjlf, C. (;992). [fo Gfhbltb y Ybgjdfdãj Jht`vj bl oj nfrcjh`øl ul`vbrs`tjr`j . Oj blsbújlzj hbltrjgj bl bo jprblg`zjab gbo jouclf. Jgjptjh`øl gbo prfdrjcj jo BBBX. Rl`vbrs`gjg Jutølfcj gb Cjgr`g1 Cjgr`g. [bdojcbltf Ljh`fljo gb Bg`n`hjh`flbs ([LB)1 ([LB)1 O`cj.
XRLBGR. (;9:2). Bo cfgbof gb O`hblh`jc`bltf y su @cpojltjh`øl bl bo X`stbcj Rl`vbrs`tjr`f Ybrujlf 1 O`cj. ^`gjo Cfrjltj, Wfcbu. (;992). Oj jprfp`jh`øl gbo bspjh`f1 ulj prfpubstj tbør`hj pjrj hfcprblgbr oj v`lhuojh`øl bltrb ojs pbrsfljs y ofs oudjrbs. Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Kjrhboflj 1 Kjrhboflj.
Bobhtrøl`hjs Hflhursf Bg`n`h`f ggbb Ojk Ojkfrjtfr`fs frjtfr`fs gb oj Rl`vbrs`gjg. Rl`vbrs`gjg. ettps1//www.yfutukb.hfc/wjthe6v3r52sB[CcM:C
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Hflg`h`flbs Kês`hjs gb Hjo`gjg, [bhupbrjgf gb1 ettps1//www.sulbgu.dfk.pb Bo jrqu`tbhtf gb oj KJREJRX. [bhupbrjgf gb1 ettp1//www.huot`br.bs
Drjkjgf gb cjbstrf bl su hêtbgrj `cpjrt`blgf ulj hojsb cjd`stbr`jo. [bhupbrjgf gb1 ettp1//www.ljt`fljodbfdrjpe`h.h ettp1//www.ljt`fljodbfdrjpe`h.hfc.bs fc.bs Oj
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Rl`vbrs`gjg gb Fxnfrg, ulj gb ojs ul`vbrs`gjgbs cês jlt`dujs gbo culgf, bl @ldojtbrrj. [bhupbrjgf gb1 ettp1//webrb-wejt.hfc Rl`vbrs`gjg Yjrãt`cj Y`r` ettp1//www.jrhegj`oy.pb
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