RODRÍGUEZ, E. - Bases Filosóficas Del Análisis de La Conducta - 1992
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Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds
W@LD KK
EDX@X BKNFXØBKHDX G@N DAÄNKXKX G@ ND HFAGPHWD 4 Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds Pakv`rskgdg Dutøafld Dutøafld g` Xdatf Gflkajf `rfgrkju`z5:Iudsg.`gu.gf
U@XPL@A X` pr`s`atd `n hfaguhtkslf rdgkhdn g` Xokaa`r hflf nd nfsfbìd g`n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd. @a `sd gkr`hhkøa, s` r`sul`a nds t`sks buagdl`atdn`s g`n pfsktkvkslf hfltkdaf hflf eds` nfsøhd g`n hfaguhtkslf prklktkvf, y su r`hmdzf g` nd hfahk`ahkd hflf fec`tf y nd katrfsp`hhkøa hflf lëtfgf g` nd pskhfnfjìd. Nu`jf, s` g`shrke` `n pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf hflf eds` nfsøhd g`n hfaguhtkslf l`tfgfnøjkhf, y s` `stden`h`a nds gkb`r`ahkds buagdl`atdn`s buagdl`atdn`s `atr` `st` hfaguhtkslf y `n hfaguhtkslf rdgkhdn g` Xokaa`r. X` kg`atkhda gk`z s`l`cdazds `atr` `n p`asdlk`atf g` Xokaa`r y nd nfsfbìd g`n s`juagf Zkttj`ast`ka. X` hfaskjada s`ks nklktdhkfa`s `a `n Daänksks Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd, g`rkvdgds g` sus rdìh`s pfsktkvkstds. Bkadnl`at`, s` pr`s`atda nds prkahkpdn`s hrìtkhds `xt`rads hfatrd `n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd.
Ydnderds hndv`3 Bknfsfbìd, pfsktkvkslf, hfaguhtks-
hfaguhtkstds. @a `st` s`atkgf, Xp`ah` (4;0:, päj.
lf, n`ajudc`, kaguhhkøa.
;=) s` md r`b`rkgf dn m`hmf g` qu` nfs pskhønfjfs
E. B. Xokaa`r (4;27, päj. :;) md gkhmf qu` `n hfaguhtkslf af `s `n `stugkf hk`atìhf g` nd hfaguhtd, skaf uad nfsfbìd g` nd hk`ahkd qu` s` fhupd g`n hfat`akgf y nfs lëtfgfs g` nd pskhfnfjìd. Wrdtdagf g` suerdydr nd gkb`r`ahkd s`ôdndgd, Xokaa`r dôdg` qu`3 …nd hk`ahkd g` nd hfaguhtd s` g`sdrrfnnd luy räpkgd y vkjfrfsdl`at`, y af a`h`sktd
`std hnds` g` custkhdhkøa nfsøhd. Gkhmd hk`ahkd s` custkhd d sì lksld pfr su ëxktf `a `n lda`cf g` su fec`tf. @xkst` uad hk`ahkd g` nd hfaguhtd, kag`p`agk`at`l`at` g` nd utknkgdg
g`n hfaguhtkslf hflf nfsfbìd g` nd hk`ahkd (Xokaa`r, 4;27, ferd hktdgd, päj. 75).
@n pr`s`at` trdedcf af pr`t`ag` fbr`h`r uad „custkhdhkøa nfsøhd“ g`n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd, skaf p`a`trdr ua pfhf `a sus rdìh`s nfsøhds. @s kagkshutken` qu` `n g`spr`hkf pfr nd `xpfskhkøa y gkshuskøa g` nfs supu`stfs
nfsøhfs, nd hr``ahkd g` qu` tfgd gkshuskøa sfer` nfs „buagdl`atfs“ `s `stërkn, mda skgf y skju`a sk`agf hdrdht`rìstkhds hflua`s d nd ldyfrìd g` nfs
`xp`rkl`atdn`s, desfrekgfs `a sus prfjrdlds g`
kav`stkjdhkøa `lpìrkhd, af s` pr`fhupda pfr nds supfskhkfa`s nfsøhds sueydh`at`s d su trdedcf. Yfhf tk`lpf g`spuës, y hflf uad hfarldhkøa g` `s` ds`rtf, Lfwr`r (4;29, päj. 50:) `nugìd nd r`spu`std d uads fec`hkfa`s, pfrqu`, s`jóa ën, „nfs prfen`lds kavfnuhrdgfs pdr`hìda ua tdatf nfsøhfs, `s g`hkr, ska hfas`hu`ahkds pr`g`hken`s f klpnkhdhkfa`s g`lfstrden`s“. [ `a su hfl`atdrkf dh`rhd g`n sklpfskf g` Ukh`, Zknndrg Gdy (4;2;, päj. 85:) s` r`b`rìd d nd p`rskst`ahkd g` mu`nnds g` ua r`s`atklk`atf `gìpkhf mdhkd nd nfsfbìd pfr pdrt` g` nd pskhfnfjìd, nf qu` d su cukhkf, r`guagd `a g`trkl`atf g` uad `b`htkvd dutfhrìtkhd `atr` nfs pskhønfjfs. Pad `xh`phkøa aftden` `a `st` dsp`htf md skgf Cdhfe Ufe`rt Odatfr (4;2;) quk`a `xpnìhktdl`at` md s`ôdndgf nd a`h`skgdg g` qu` nfs pskhønfjfs r`hfafzhda qu` nd nfsfbìd hfastktuy` ua edhojrfuag ka`vktden` pdrd hudnquk`r `lpr`sd kat`n`htudn, kahnuy`agf `n trdedcf hk`atìhf. Odatfr hfa`r` uad klpfrtdahkd ska pdrdn`nf d nds supfskhkfa`s, nds hudn`s hfastktuy`a `n buagdl`atf
4- Yuenkhdgf Yuenkhdgf Yuenkh dgf `a Xp`nn`r Xp`nn` Xp` nn`rr Y. (hflp.)(4;:=). (hflp. (hf lp.)(4 )(4;:= ;:=). ). Daänksks g` nd hfaguhtd3 trdedcfs g` kav`stkjdhkøa `a Ndtkafdlërkhd. Ndtkafdlërkhd. Lëxkhf, Lëxkhf, G.B.3 @gktfrkdn Wrknnds. Wrknnds. Frkjkadn g` nd hfab`r`ahkd pfr kavktdhkøa, gkhtdgd `a Lëxkhf, GB, `a `n Yrkl`r Hfajr`sf Ndtkafdl`rkhdaf g` Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd (4;:0). Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
20
Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds g` au`strd hfaguhtd kat`n`htudn. Nds supfskhkfa`s
gda kakhkf y bfrld d nds mkpøt`sks y t`frìds, y mdh`a pfsken` nd frjdakzdhkøa skst`lätkhd g` nds kav`stkjdhkfa`s y nfs r`suntdgfs. X`jóa Odatfr, nfs pfstundgfs y nfs skst`lds g` pfstundgfs g` tfgds nds hk`ahkds sfa supfskhkfa`s, hfafhkgds,
af dhh`sken`s dn lëtfgf g` nd hk`ahkd, af frkjkadrä hfafhklk`atfs y nd l`tdbìskhd qu` pr`hksdl`at` r`hurr` d tdn lëtfgf hdr`h`rä g` tfgf vdnfr.
hflpr`agkgds y bfrldnkzdgds `a prfpfskhkfa`s.
e) @n lëtfgf g` nd hk`ahkd `s purdl`at` g`shrkptkvf, `a `n s`atkgf g` qu` g`shrke` nfs m`hmfs y lu`strd nds r`ndhkfa`s hfastdat`s
Hfa `std hfavkhhkøa, kahurskfadr`lfs `a nds rdìh`s nfsøhds g`n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd, prfhurdagf s`ôdndr nd bfrld `a qu` nd nfsfbìd sueydh`at`
`atr` nfs n`y`s m`hmfs, nds hudn`s s` `xpr`sda l`gkdat` y p`rlkt`a nd pr`gkhhkøa g` nfs m`hmfs lkslfs, f `a `n s`atkgf g` qu` lu`strd nd jëa`sks `vfnutkvd g` nfs m`hmfs läs
dn lkslf g`t`rlkad dnjuads g` sus prkahkpdn`s
hflpn`cfs pdrtk`agf g` nfs läs sklpn`s.
hdrdht`rìstkhds. Xkjuk`agf ua ldrhf g` r`b`r`ahkd suj`rkgf frkjkadnl`at` pfr Odatfr (4;08) y g`sdrrfnndgf pfst`rkfrl`at` pfr Nkhmt`ast`ka
h) @n lëtfgf g` nd hk`ahkd, `a hudatf `s `n
(4;2:), gkstkajukr`lfs `atr` `n l`tdskst`ld y `n
skst`ld g`n daänksks g` nd hfaguhtd. Au`strf kat`rës `stdrä h`atrdgf prkahkpdnl`at` `a `n l`tdskst`ld,
dn hudn p`rt`a`h`a nds supfskhkfa`s qu` dat`h`g`a dn trdedcf hk`atìhf prfpkdl`at` gkhmf. Nd hk`ahkd af `s uad dhulundhkøa g` m`hmfs bfrtuktfs. bfrtuktfs. @xkst`a supfskhkfa`s qu` dyugda d g`t`rlkadr huän`s m`hmfs s` fes`rvdräa y hølf s` `vdnudräa, uad v`z qu` mdyda skgf fes`rvdgfs. Dn skst`ld p`rt`a`h`a, `a hdlekf, nfs gdtfs, g`akhkfa`s, vdrkden`s,
óakhf vänkgf, s` `xtk`ag` d tfgfs nfs hdlpfs
g` nd kagdjdhkøa y g` nd dhtkvkgdg muldad, y nd vkgd muldad `a su hfacuatf, yd s`d pdrtkhundr f dsfhkdgd, g`e` s`r jukdgd pfr gkhmf lëtfgf (Deedjadaf, 4;28, päj. ;8:).
Edcf nd kau`ahkd g`n pfsktkvkslf, nds hk`ahkds adturdn`s kg`dng`n g`nskjnf hfafhklk`atf hk`atìhf hfastktuy`rfa `a nd s`juagd`nlktdg ]K]. Nd
au`vd pskhfnfjìd dh`ptø `st` kg`dn, y sus buagdgfr`s trdtdrfa g` s`jukr nfs pdsfs g` nds hk`ahkds adturdn`s, hfa nf hudn jdadrfa kag`p`ag`ahkd y pr`stkjkf hflf
uakgdg`s g` daänksks, fp`rdhkfa`s kav`stkjdtkvds y hfastruhhkfa`s.
v`rgdg`rfs hk`atìhfs. @a 4;48, Zdtsfa Zdtsfa g`akø nd pskhfnfjìd hflf3
¶Huän `s nd nfsfbìd qu` skrv` g` buagdl`atf dn Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd6 Af `s pfsken` r`spfag`r
…uad rdld purdl`at` fec`tkvd y `xp`rkl`atdn
g` uad lda`rd s`ahknnd d `std pr`juatd, y pdrd
`vktdr hfabuskfa`s, `s a`h`sdrkf defrgdrnd hfa uad p`rsp`htkvd mkstørkhd. Nd nfsfbìd sueydh`at` dn hfaguhtkslf wdtsfakdaf bu` `n pfsktkvkslf. Wfgds nds bfrlds g` pfsktkvkslf pfa`a ëabdsks `a `n hfafhklk`atf fec`tkvf. Dujustf Hflt`, buagdgfr g`n pfsktkvkslf, hr`ìd qu` sønf `n hfafhklk`atf sfhkdn, fec`tkvdl`at` fes`rvden`, pfgìd s`r vänkgf. Hflt` a`jø nd klpfrtdahkd g` nd l`at` kagkvkgudn y hrktkhø vkjfrfsdl`at` `n l`atdnkslf y nd
l`tfgfnfjìd suec`tkvd. Akhfnd Deedjadaf (4;28) md r`sulkgf nds t`sks buagdl`atdn`s g`n pfsktkvkslf `a nd skjuk`at` bfrld3 d) Nd hk`ahkd `s `n óakhf hfafhklk`atf
pfsken` y `ntdatf, lëtfgf g` ndd hk`ahkd `n óakhf vänkgf? pfr r`hurrkr hdusds f`sprkahkpkfs 22
g` nd hk`ahkd adturdn. Xu l`td t`ørkhd `s nd pr`gkhhkøa y `n hfatrfn g` nd hfaguhtd. Nd katrfsp`hhkøa af hfastktuy` uad pdrt` `s`ahkdn
g` sus lëtfgfs, y `n vdnfr hk`atìhf g` sus gdtfs af g`p`ag` g` qu` s` pr`st`a d uad
kat`rpr`tdhkøa bähkn `a @a sus `sbu`rzfs pfrtërlkafs fet`a`rg`uahfahk`ahkd. `squ`ld uaktdrkf g` nd r`spu`std dakldn, `n hfaguhtkstd
af r`hfafh` akajuad nìa`d gkvksfrkd `atr` `n mfler` y `n erutf. Nd hfaguhtd g`n mfler`, hfa tfgf su r`adlk`atf y hflpn`ckgdg, af `s läs qu` uad pdrt` g`n `squ`ld tftdn g` kav`stkjdhkøa g`n hfaguhtkstd... Ydr`h` mde`r nn`jdgf `n lfl`atf g` qu` nd pskhfnfjìd g`shdrt` tfgd r`b`r`ahkd d nd hfahk`ahkd? g` qu` af a`h`skt` yd `ajdôdrs` dn hr``r qu` su fec`tf g` fes`rvdhkøa sfa nfs `stdgfs l`atdn`s.
(Zdtsfa, 4;48, päj. 40=). @s` pfsktkvkslf prklktkvf gflkaø dn hfaguhtkslf
mdstd pfhf dat`s g` 4;89. Edcf su kau`ahkd, nd pskhfnfjìd `rd uad hk`ahkd purdl`at` g`shrkptkvd, Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds
y tfgf kat`atf g` hfastrukr mkpøt`sks f t`frìds `xpnkhdtkvds `rd hfaskg`rdgf datkhk`atìhf. D pdrtkr g` 4;55, y jrdhkds dn trdedcf hfacuatf
g` ua jrupf g` nøsfbfs, bu` tfldagf bu`rzd ua lfvklk`atf nfsøhf qu` nn`jø d s`r uad g` nds hfrrk`at`s nfsøhds gflkadat`s `a @urfpd `a nfs dôfs qu` l`gkdrfa `atr` 4;5; y 4;8;. Gkhmd hfrrk`at` nfsøhd s` hfafh` hflf „pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf“. Xu t`sks h`atrdn `s qu` d nd nfsfbìd af n` kahule` `ahfatrdr uad sfnuhkøa d nfs prfen`lds
nfsøhfs trdgkhkfadn`s f g`hkgkr sfer` nd bdns`gdg f v`rgdg g` tdn f hudn t`sks f prfpfskhkøa nfsøhd, skaf, sklpn`l`at`, hndrkhdr `n s`atkgf g` nfs prfen`lds y prfpfskhkfa`s nfsøhds, y g`t`htdr dqu`nnds qu` af tk`a`a s`atkgf, d nds qu` nndldrfa prfpfskhkfa`s l`tdbìskhds f s`ugfprfpfskhkfa`s. Hfatrdrkdl`at` dn pfsktkvkslf hfltkdaf, qu` af dh`ptded läs qu` prfpfskhkfa`s `lpìrkhds, `n pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf dh`ptø tdlekëa nds
t`frìd pskhfnøjkhd, skaf g` uad t`frìd nøjkhd sfer` nds prfpfskhkfa`s g` nd pskhfnfjìd. Lk`atrds `n hfaguhtkslf wdtsfakdaf `xhnuìd g` su n`ajudc` tfgfs nfs tërlkafs l`atdnkstds, `n nndldgf hfaguhtkslf nøjkhf nfs dh`ptded sk`lpr` qu` af `stuvk`rda `atr` nfs tërlkafs g`n n`ajudc` fes`rvdhkfadn. @std pfskhkøa bu` sfst`akgd pfr Wfnlda, Munn y Xp`ah` prkahkpdnl`at` nfs pskhønfjfs hfaguhtkstds, y `s hfafhkgd `atr` tdlekëa hflf hfaguhtkslf l`tfgfnøjkhf f hfaguhtkslf hfav`ahkfadn. Ëstd bu` nd nfsfbìd g` nd hk`ahkd qu` pr`gflkaø `atr` nfs hfaguhtkstds gurdat` `n p`rkfgf
qu` Ofhm (4;0;) md nndldgf nd „`gdg g` nds t`frìds“? d sde`r, g` 4;89 d 4;29. Yrkahkpdnl`at` g`spuës g` nd X`juagd Ju`rrd Luagkdn, md pr`gflkadgf nd kg`d g` qu` `n hfafhklk`atf hk`atìhf s` hflpfa` tdatf g` nd g`shrkphkøa g` m`hmfs y n`y`s hflf g` `xpnkhdhkfa`s t`ørkhds qu` `lpn`da hfastruhhkfa`s mkpftëtkhds y lfg`nfs.
prfpfskhkfa`s g` nd nøjkhd y g` nd ldt`lätkhd? `stf
Dn lkslf tk`lpf qu` `n hfaguhtkslf hfav`ahkfadn
`s, prfpfskhkfa`s vdhìds g` hfat`akgf `lpìrkhf.
pr`gflkaded `a `n `sh`adrkf pskhfnøjkhf, Xokaa`r
Nfs pfsktkvkstds nøjkhfs `stdeda kat`r`sdgfs `a uad r`hfastruhhkøa nøjkhd g` tfgd hk`ahkd, y dnjuafs g` `nnfs s` kat`r`sdrfa pdrtkhundrl`at` `a `n daänksks
4;27) hfa `n hfaguhtkslf hfav`ahkfadn? ska
nøjkhf g` nd pskhfnfjìd. Xu lëtfgf hfaskstìd `a `n daänksks nøjkhf g`n n`ajudc` g` nd hk`ahkd. Ydrd `nnfs
nds hk`ahkds `lpìrkhds sfa skst`lds hflpr`askvfs g` tërlkafs y `auahkdgfs, nfs hudn`s pu`g`a s`r frjdakzdgfs `a uad c`rdrquìd. Nd pfskhkøa läs `n`vdgd `a nd c`rdrquìd g`n n`ajudc` g` hudnquk`r hk`ahkd nd fhupda nfs tërlkafs y `auahkdgfs destrdhtfs qu` p`rlkt`a nd `ndefrdhkøa g` t`frìds g` dlpnkf dnhdah` y jrda pr`hkskøa. @stfs tërlkafs t`ørkhfs, pdrd qu` pu`gda g`s`lp`ôdr su buahkøa, g`e`a `stdr vkahundgfs g` dnjuad lda`rd hfa nfs
tërlkafs qu` fhupda pfskhkfa`s läs edcds `a nd c`rdrquìd y, `a óntkld kastdahkd, g`e`a `stdr vkahundgfs hfa uad hnds` g` tërlkafs `n`l`atdn`s, af g`akgfs, nfs hudn`s tk`a`a r`b`r`ahkd `lpìrkhd gkr`htd. @a ftrds pdnderds, tfgfs nfs tërlkafs destrdhtfs g` nd hk`ahkd `lpìrkhd g`e`a s`r rdstr`den`s mdstd ua hfacuatf eäskhf g` tërlkafs g`shrkptkvfs u fes`rvdhkfadn`s (Xp`ah`, 4;0:). Nd dpnkhdhkøa g`n pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf dn hdlpf
g` nd pskhfnfjìd bu` nndldgd „hfaguhtkslf nøjkhf“. Af s` pfr trdtøM`lp`n g` uad (4;7;) au`vd Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
g`sdrrfnnded uad bfrld gkb`r`at` g` hfaguhtkslf. @n hfaguhtkslf g` Xokaa`r md skgf br`hu`at`l`at` hfabuagkgf (Hmflsoy, (Hmflsoy,4;0;? Ofhm,4;27? Ldnhfnl, `ledrjf, mdy uad gkb`r`ahkd buagdl`atdn `atr` `n hfaguhtkslf g` Xokaa`r y `n nndldgf hfaguhtkslf hfav`ahkfadn. Ydrd `st` óntklf, `xkst`a dhtkvkgdg`s l`atdn`s qu` g`ekgf d su hdräht`r prkvdgf, af sfa
sush`ptken`s g` ua daänksks hk`atìhf. Xokaa`r? `a hdlekf, g``ag` nd fpkakøa g` qu` nfs `v`atfs prkvdgfs sfa hudnktdtkvdl`at` sklkndr`s d nd
hfaguhtd ldak`std y qu` hflf tdn`s af `shdpda dn daänksks hk`atìhf duaqu` pndat`da `n prfen`ld g` nd gkhuntdg g` dhh`sf d nfs lkslfs. X`jóa Xokaa`r (4;27, päj. 492), ën `s ua hfaguhtkstd rdgkhdn `a `n s`atkgf g` qu` `a su bfrlundhkøa af mdy nujdr pdrd adgd qu` s`d l`atdn, t`ak`agf nfs `v`atfs prkvdgfs nds lkslds gkl`askfa`s bìskhds qu` nd hfaguhtd ldak`std. G`ekgf d qu` nd pfskhkøa nfsøhd g` Xokaa`r af md skgf `xpu`std hfa skst`ldtkzdhkøa, md r`suntdgf gkbìhkn pdrd nøsfbfs y pskhønfjfs g`snkjdr nd nfsfbìd g` Xokaa`r g`n pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf. Zknndrg Gdy (4;2;, päj. 85:) md s`ôdndgf qu` `n hdräht`r nfsøhf g` nd ferd Xokaa`r `s hfaskg`rden`l`at` läs h`rhdaf d nfg` qu` dmfrd s`
2:
Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds nndld nfsfbìd dadnìtkhd f daänksks g`n n`ajudc` frgkadrkf, qu` d nds bfrlds `str`hmds g` pfsktkvkslf
Wrdhtdtus, uad pdnderd, `s skjakhdtkvd óakhdl`at` sk `s ua afler`. @a nds Kav`stkjdhkfa`s Bknfsøhds,
nøjkhf qu` `a tda `n`vdgf jrdgf mda kaukgf `a
nds pdnderds af sfa kg`atkhdgds hfa nfs afler`s?
`n p`asdlk`atf pskhfnøjkhf. Dsklkslf, Xhrkv`a
pu`g`a s`r sklpn`l`at` `lpn`dgds hflf tdn`s. @a `st` s`atkgf, nds pdnderds s` hflpdrda hfa nds
(4;27, päj. 4:;) dsfhkd `n daänksks qu` mdh` Xokaa`r g`n n`ajudc` g` nd `xp`rk`ahkd prkvdgd hfa `n
prfen`ld h`atrdn g` nds kav`stkjdhkfa`s nfsøhds, g` Zkttj`ast`ka (4;08). ua r`sul`a g`nNugwkj g`sdrrfnnf g` nds kg`ds g` Tukzä Zkttj`ast`ka afs
m`rrdlk`atds g` uad hdcd3 nds gkb`r`at`s pdnderds vk`a`a d hfrr`spfag`r d nds gkb`r`at`s m`rrdlk`atds
dyug` d hflpr`ag`r nd pfskhkøa g` Xokaa`r Xokaa`r..
qu` judrgda ëstd. [ dsì hflf af `xkst` ua óakhfs`usf dn hudn`at`ajdlfs qu` hfaskg`rdr hflf `n `s`ahkdn g` tfgds nds m`rrdlk`atds, tdlpfhf g` nds pdnderds f `xpr`skfa`s pu`g` g`hkrs` qu`
Nds gfs ferds prkahkpdn`s g` Zkttj`ast`ka, Zkttj`ast`ka, d sde`r,
t`ajda ua usf `s`ahkdn. G` dhu`rgf hfa nfs óntklfs
`n Wrdhtdtus Nfjkhf-Ymknfsfpmkhus (4;55) y nds Kav`stkjdhkfa`s Bknfsøhds (4;08) r`v`nda ua
puatfs g` vkstd g` Zkttj`ast`ka (4;08), nd adnkgdg g` nd nfsfbìd `s dhndrdr hfatkaudl`at` `n usf g`n n`ajudc` d a g` t`rlkadr hfa nfs prfen`lds qu` s`
hdlekf rdgkhdn `a su p`asdlk`atf g` uad ëpfhd d ftrd, duaqu` s` gkshut` sk `s` hdlekf klpnkhø uad `vfnuhkøa (O`aay, (O`aay, 4;:7) f uad rupturd (Mdrtadho, 4;:5). @a nd prkl`rd ferd, Zkttj`ast`ka g``ag` uad t`frìd pkhtørkhf-jurdtkvd g`n n`ajudc`? `n n`ajudc` `s uad jurd g` nd r`dnkgdg. X`jóa ën, `n luagf hfastd g` m`hmfs dtølkhfs (y af g` fec`tfs). Nfs m`hmfs dtølkhfs hfastda g` fec`tfs. Nds prfpfskhkfa`s g` qu` hfastd `n n`ajudc` s` gkvkg`a, s`jóa Zkttj`ast`ka, `a prfpfskhkfa`s `n`l`atdn`s y buahkfa`s v`rktdtkvds g` `stds óntklds. Pad prfpfskhkøa `n`l`atdn r`pr`s`atd f jurd ua m`hmf dtølkhf. @s uad „jurd“ g` ua m`hmf dtølkhf. @a `st` hfat`xtf, `n n`ajudc` pu`g` s`r hfaskg`rdgf hflf ua kastrul`atf hfa dyugd g`n
hudn sfa jurdgfs nfs m`hmfs. [ hflf `n luagf s` `qukpdrd d nd suld tftdn g` nfs l`ahkfadgfs m`hmfs, `n n`ajudc` af vk`a` d s`r ftrd hfsd qu` ua kastrul`atf hfa dyugd g`n hudn jurdlfs f r`pr`s`atdlfs `n luagf. G` dmì, pu`s, qu` `n
pr`s`atda g`ekgf d ldnfs usfs y d kat`rpr`tdhkfa`s
kahfrr`htds g`n lkslf. G` dquì qu` nd tdr`d g` nd nfsfbìd af s`d, s`jóa Zkttj`ast`ka, r`sfnv`r nfs prfen`lds nfsøhfs, skaf gksfnv`rnfs l`gkdat` nd dhndrdhkøa g`n usf g`n n`ajudc`, pu`s gkhmfs prfen`lds af pdsda g` s`r prfen`lds g` n`ajudc`.
Zknndrg Gdy (4;2;d) md `ahfatrdgf gk`z s`l`cdazds `sp`hìhds `atr` nd óntkld ferd g` Zkttj`ast`ka y nd pfskhkøa skst`lätkhd g` Xokaa`r. Gdgd nd adturdn`zd g`n pr`s`at` trdedcf, `s hfav`ak`at` pr`s`atdr ua
r`sul`a g` gkhmds s`l`cdazds. 4. Dlefs hflpdrt`a uad dhtktug g` datkpdtìd mdhkd `n pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf. @a hudatf d Zkttj`ast`ka, `std dhtktug s` fes`rvd g` uad lda`rd läs dh`atudgd `a sus s`jukgfr`s? `s
g`hkr, nfs nøsfbfs g`n nndldgf lfvklk`atf nkajþìstkhf. Nfs dtdqu`s g` Xokaa`r dn pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf s` pu`g`a v`r kagkr`htd-
n`ajudc` hfastktuyd `n nklkt` nøjkhf g`n luagf.
l`at` `a sus bu`rt`s hrìtkhds dn fp`rdhkfadnkslf, tdn hflf `st` prfh`gklk`atf bu` dsklkndgf d nd
@a nds Kav`stkjdhkfa`s Bknfsøhds, dn n`ajudc`
kav`stkjdhkøa pskhfnøjkhd, prkahkpdnl`at` pfr Efrkaj y Xt`v`as.
g`cd g` hfrr`spfag`rn` nd buahkøa g` jurdr f r``cdr `n luagf. @xkst`a, pfr nf hfatrdrkf, kaaul`rden`s cu`jfs nkajþìstkhfs af dsklknden`s `atr` sì? d dnjuafs g` ëstfs n`s kahule`, `a `b`htf, `n trdedcf af g` jurdr f r``cdr `n luagf, skaf `n g` g`shrkekr, kabfrldr f `auahkdr. Nfs lóntkpn`s cu`jfs nkajþìstkhfs r`stdat`s, `a nfs qu` ak s` g`shrke`, ak s` kabfrld, ak s` `auahkd, sfa kahnusf n`ajudc`s, y nds kaaul`rden`s prfpfskhkfa`s
af r`guhken`s d nd hdt`jfrìd g` g`shrkphkfa`s, `auahkdgfs, kabfrldhkfa`s, sfa y@askju`a sk`agf, d p`sdr g` tfgf, prfpfskhkfa`s. `n ldrhf g`n 2=
5. Dlefs sfa datkrr`guhhkfakstds? pfr `c`lpnf, Zkttj`ast`ka r`hmdzd `a nds Kav`stkjdhkfa`s Bknfsøhds `n dtflkslf qu` mdeìd g`b`a gkgf `a `n Wrdhtdtus. Xokaa`r, pfr su pdrt`, md
sfst`akgf qu` s` fpfa` d hudnquk`r `xpnkhdhkøa g` ua m`hmf fes`rvdgf qu` dp`n` d dhfat`hklk`atfs qu` fhurr`a `a dnjóa ftrf akv`n g` fes`rvdhkøa.
8. Dlefs sfa datkgudnkstds. Duaqu` akajuaf g` nfs gfs mdh` ua hflprflksf fatfnøjkhf `a bdvfr g` dnjuad hnds` g` lfakslf, dlefs Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds
s` fpfa`a d hudnquk`r kat`rpr`tdhkøa g`n hfafhklk`atf qu` klpnkqu` uad gkstkahkøa `atr` ua luagf g` hfsds bìskhds y ua luagf g` `atkgdg`s kat`rads hflf kg`ds, kläj`a`s, p`rh`phkfa`s, `th.
7. Dlefs s` s` fpfa`a d nd mkpøt`sks g`n hfa hfaguhtkslf hfav`ahkfadn qu` r`hmdzd nfs `v`atfs prkvdgfs hflf `atkgdg`s a`h`sdrkdl`at`
ska s`atkgf f htkhkds.
0. Dlefs hfaskg`rda hfaskg`rda qu` `s klpfsken` klpfsken` ua n`ajudc` purdl`at` prkvdgf. Xfstk`a`a qu` `n pdp`n g` nd hfluakgdg v`redn `s kagksp`asden` pdrd `n n`ajudc`, dua trdtäagfs` g`n n`ajudc` sfer` dhfat`hklk`atfs prkvdgfs. 2. Dlefs hfaskg`rda dn n`ajudc` hflf dnjf
adturdn, pfak`agf `n ëabdsks `a nfs `b`htfs g` nd hfaguhtd v`redn y `a nd sktudhkøa `a qu` gkhmd hfaguhtd fhurr`. @a `st` s`atkgf, g``ag`a nd adturdn`zd hfaguhtudn g`n n`ajudc`.
:. Dlefs s`g`fpfa`a fpfa`a d nds t`frìds g`n n`ajudc` `a tërlkafs r`b`r`ahkd. Dn mdh`rnf, pdrt`a g` fec`hkfa`s d nd hr``ahkd hflóa g` qu` nd prkahkpdn buahkøa g` nds pdnderds `s r`pr`s`atdr, aflerdr f r`b`rkrs` d fec`tfs. Ydrd Zkttj`ast`ka, `n skjakhdgf g` uad pdnderd `s `n usf qu` s` n` gd d nd lksld `a `n n`ajudc`. Xokaa`r, pfr
su pdrt`, pr`shkag` g`n skjakhdgf hflf uad r`ndhkøa `atr` nds pdnderds y nds hfsds. =. Dlefs hflpdrt`a nd lksld fpkakøa
hfa r`ndhkøa d nd adturdn`zd g`n skjakhdgf. Hfaskg`rda qu` af mdy tdn`s hfsds hflf nfs skjakhdgfs, gfag` ëstfs s`da tfldgfs hflf `atkgdg`s l`atdn`s g` dnjóa lfgf klpnkhdgds h`atrdnl`at` `a nd hfluakhdhkøa.
@a hfas`hu`ahkd, pdrd `nnfs, nd eósqu`gd g`n skjakhdgf sønf pu`g` hfaguhkr dn `stugkf g`n usf g` nds pdnderds, dn daänksks g` nd hfaguhtd
v`redn, hflf ëstd r`dnl`at` fhurr`.
;. Dlefs sfa datkl`atdnkstds. datkl`atdnkstds. Zkttj Zkttj`ast`ka `ast`ka s`ôdnd qu` nds gkhuntdg`s `abr`atdgds pfr pskhønfjfs y nøsfbfs `a su pr`fhupdhkøa pfr nfs prfh`sfs l`atdn`s surj`a g` nds bfrlds mdektudn`s g` mdendr, hfah`ptudnkzdr y p`asdr sfer` nfs dhfat`hklk`atfs l`atdn`s hflf
d nds drldhkfa`s sfer` nd adturdn`zd g` nd r`dnkgdg, f sfer` nfs hfastktuy`at`s óntklfs g`
qu` s` hflpfa` nd r`dnkgdg. Xokaa`r, pfr su pdrt`, hfaskg`rd qu` `n l`atdnkslf `s hflf uad lfa`gd g` gfs hdrds, nd prkl`rd g` nds
hudn`s `s nd s`pdrdhkøa gudnkstd g` nf bìskhf y nf l`atdn `a gfs hdlpfs fatfnøjkhfs. Nd s`juagd
s` r``r` d nd prähtkhd g` r`khdr tërlkafs g`
nfs qu` j`a`rdnl`at` s` pk`asd qu` s` r``r`a d prfh`sfs pskhfnøjkhfs f hfaguhtudn`s. Ydrd Xokaa`r, `lpn`dr tërlkafs hflf „dt`ag`r“, „g`hkgkr“, „r`hfrgdr“, `th., hflf sk hfa `nnfs kg`atkhärdlfs prfh`sfs, `stdgfs f dhtfs pskhfnøjkhfs, `s uad bfrld g` l`atdnkslf. Ydrd Xokaa`r, `stfs tërlkafs, s`ahknndl`at`, sfa pdrt` g`n n`ajudc` hfa qu` frgkadrkdl`at` gdlfs s`atkgf d nd hfaguhtd, y sk qu`r`lfs `xpnkhdr nd hfaguhtd d qu` `nnfs s` r``r`a, prkl`rf t`a`lfs qu` dadnkzdr `n hfatrfn g` `stfs tërlkafs hflf dsp`htfs g` hfaguhtd v`redn. 49. Dlefs v`a sus ferds hflf g` hdräht`r `s`ahkdnl`at` g`shrkptkvf. Wda t`lprdaf hflf
`a 4;8=, Xokaa`r s` r`rkø dn lëtfgf `xpu`stf `a su ferd Nd hfaguhtd g` nfs frjdak frjdakslfs, slfs,
gkhk`agf qu` `rd pfsktkvkstd (`a `n s`atkgf ldhmkdaf), qu` s` nklktded d nd g`shrkphkøa läs qu` d nd `xpnkhdhkøa, qu` sus hfah`ptfs `rda g`akgfs `a tërlkafs g` fes`rvdhkfa`s kal`gkdtds y qu` af mdeìd mkpøt`sks `a `n s`atkgf g` hfsds qu` muek`s` qu` prfedr f r`hmdzdr, skaf r`pr`s`atdhkfa`s hfav`ak`at`s g` hfsds yd hfafhkgds. Zkttj`ast`ka, pfr su pdrt`, r`hmdzø hdt`jørkhdl`at` qu` ën `stuvk`s` `ndefrdagf uad t`frìd dh`rhd g` nd adturdn`zd g`n n`ajudc`, ` kaskstkø `a qu` su
trdedcf hfastktuìd uad g`shrkphkøa `a tërlkafs g` cu`jfs nkajþìstkhfs.g`n n`ajudc` D nd nuz g` nds gk`z s`l`cdazds dat`rkfr`s, r`suntd
`vkg`at` qu` nd pfskhkøa nfsøhd g` Xokaa`r, ak `s `xdhtdl`at` nd g`n pfsktkvkslf hnäskhf ak nd g`n
pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf. Akajuad g` `stds nfsfbìds dh`ptd hflf n`jìtklfs nfs prfen`lds qu` pndat`da nfs dhfat`hklk`atfs prkvdgfs. @s `vkg`at`, pfr
ftrd pdrt`, qu` kjudn qu` nd nfsfbìd nkajþìstkhd, nd pfskhkøa g` Xokaa`r af r`pr`s`atd uad rupturd hfa
fec`tfs g` `stugkf. X`jóa Zkttj`ast`ka `sds gkhuntdg`s s` g`rkvda g` qu` kat`rpr`tdlfs `n n`ajudc` g` nd `xp`rk`ahkd `a tërlkafs g`n
`n pfsktkvkslf hnäskhf. Tukzä s`rìd läs dprfpkdgf mdendr g` uad `xt`askøa g` nd dhtktug pfsktkvkstd mdhkd prfen`lds r`hmdzdgfs hflf tdn`s tdatf pfr
n`ajudc` g` fec`tfs póenkhfs. Yfr ftrd pdrt`,
`n pfsktkvkslf hnäskhf hflf pfr `n pfsktkvkslf nøjkhf.
Zkttj`ast`ka r`skst` tfgd fatfnfjìd? s` fpfa` Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
2;
Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds
G` lda`rd `sp`hìhd, `n hfaguhtkslf rdgkhdn, qu` md skgf pr`s`atdgf pfr Xokaa`r hflf nd nfsfbìd qu` skrv` g` buagdl`atf d uad hk`ahkd g` nd hfaguhtd, r``cd mu`nnds prfbuagds g` pfsktkvkslf `a su g`akhkøa g` nf qu` `s nd pskhfnfjìd. Xokaa`r (4;27, päj. :;) md gkhmf3
ótkn`s pdrd tdn prfpøsktf, dn ldrj`a g` hudnquk`r ftrf hrkt`rkf g` klpfrtdahkd. @a hudrtf nujdr, `n fec`tkvf pfsktkvkstd g`n hfatrfn hfaguh` dn dadnkstd hfaguhtudn d uad hfah`phkøa
`str`hmd g` nd `xpnkhdhkøa y d uad hfah`phkøa purdl`at` prdjlätkhd g` nd pr`gkhhkøa. Nf prkl`rf
Yfr ndgf, skg`ndnfspskhfnfjìd `s ndmuldafs hk`ahkd g` ndftrf hfaguhtd frjdakslfs, f hudn`squk`r ftrfs, `atfah`s `s pdrt` g` nd ekfnfjìd, uad hk`ahkd adturdn qu` tk`a` d su gkspfskhkøa lëtfgfs prfedgfs y g` luhmf ëxktf. @n puatf eäskhf af `s nd adturdn`zd g` nd ldt`rkd g` nd hudn `stä m`hmf `n luagf, f sk `a r`dnkgdg mdy uad ldt`rkd f gfs, skaf läs ek`a nds gkl`askfa`s g` nds hfsds qu` nd pskhfnfjìd `stugk` y nfs lëtfgfs r`n`vdat`s pdrd `nnds. Af mdy gugds g` qu` `stds `xpr`skfa`s r``cda uad hfah`phkøa dek`rtdl`at` pfsktkvkstd g` nd
fhurr` nd `xpnkhdhkøa qu`gd dn hfatrfn,pfrqu` a`jäagfn` `n hdräht`r g` r`guhkgd `xpnkhdhkøa dn prfh`sf g` r`hurrkr d akv`n`s destrdhtfs g` g`shrkphkøa pdrd gdr hu`atd g` dhfat`hklk`atfs
fes`rvdgfs. Nf s`juagf fhurr` pfrqu` nd pr`gkhhkøa s` hfavk`rt` `a `n prfh`sf g` knustrdr d
ua fes`rvdgfr kaj`auf dnjf qu` yd ftrf fes`rvdgfr hfafh`. Pad v`rgdg`rd pr`gkhhkøa hk`atìhd af hfaskst` s`ahknndl`at` `a g`hkr qu` dnjf qu` s` sde` qu` md `stdgf fhurrk`agf, fhurrkrä `a uad au`vd fhdskøa. Nd pr`gkhhkøa v`rgdg`rd `s dqu`nnd qu` klpnkhd nd g`guhhkøa g` dhfat`hklk`atfs auahd
pskhfnfjìd, dsì hflf uad `vdskøa (dn`atdgd `a `n pfsktkvkslf pfr su „mfrrfr“ d nd l`tdbìskhd) g` hudnquk`r hflprflksf g` hdräht`r fatfnøjkhf. @n
dat`s fes`rvdgfs.
hdräht`r datkfatfnøjkhf g`n hfaguhtkslf rdgkhdn
d nds hfastruhhkfa`s t`ørkhds `s uad hfas`hu`ahkd gkr`htd g` uad hfah`phkøa pfsktkvkstd g` nd hk`ahkd. @a `st` hfat`xtf nds hfas`hu`ahkds g`n pfsktkvkslf
md skgf g`ekgdl`at` kg`atkhdgf pfr Gdy (4;2;, päj. 84;), g`spuës g` mde`r skgf g`pnfrdgf pfr Ofhm (4;27, päj. 85). G`spuës g` nd pr`h`g`at`
@a qukatf nujdr, `n mfrrfr g`n dadnkstd hfaguhtudn
fes`rvden`s y ldakpunden`s.
mda skgf dlekjuds. Yfr uad pdrt`, `a afler` g`n pfsktkvkslf, @rast Ldhm s` fpusf d nd t`frìd dtølkhd g` A`wtfa, pfrqu` nfs ätflfs `rda hfastruhhkfa`s mkpftëtkhds. G` mde`rs` s`jukgf nds r`hfl`agdhkfa`s g` Ldhm, af `xkstkrìd `n hfafhklk`atf dhtudn g` nds lkhrfpdrtìhunds. Y`rf pfr ftrd pdrt`, tdlekëa `a afler` g`n pfsktkvkslf, Ldhm hu`stkfaø pfr prkl`rd v`z nds hfah`phkfa`s g` A`wtfa sfer` `n `spdhkf y `n tk`lpf desfnutfs, y sus hrìtkhds hfastktuy`rfa `n puatf g` pdrtkgd g` nd t`frìd g` nd r`ndtkvkgdg. @a bfrld sklkndr, mdy qu` r`hfafh`r qu` `n daänksks g` nd hfaguhtd md g`s`lp`ôdgf y skju` g`s`lp`ôdagf ua pdp`n g` prkl`r frg`a `a nd nuhmd qu` nkerd uad hk`ahkd g` nd hfaguhtd hfatrd l`täbfrds y r`khdhkfa`s
@a t`rh`r nujdr, `s` lkslf fec`tkvf `s `n qu`
lkn`adrkds? ska `ledrjf, af a`h`sdrkdl`at` nds hfastruhhkfa`s t`ørkhds destrdhtds hfastktuy`a
`xpfskhkøa, pdsdr`lfs d s`ôdndr hølf nfs rdsjfs
gkstkatkvfs g`n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd mda skgf g`t`rlkadgfs pfr nds rdìh`s pfsktkvkstds g`n hfaguhtkslf rdgkhdn. @a prkl`r nujdr, `n dadnkstd hfaguhtudn `aldrhd su fec`tf g` `stugkf g`atrf g` nds hk`ahkds adturdn`s,
`sp`hìhdl`at` hflf uad pdrt` g` nd ekfnfjìd. @a s`juagf nujdr, `s `n fec`tkvf pfsktkvkstd g`n hfatrfn g` nd adturdn`zd hflf l`td g` nd hk`ahkd,
`n qu` fenkjd dn dadnkstd hfaguhtudn d mdh`r g`shrkphkfa`s `a tërlkafs g` vdrkden`s qu` s`da
g`t`rlkad nd s`n`hhkøa g` nd gkl`askøa g` nd
hfaguhtd sfer` nd hudn s` lkg` `n `b`htf g` nd vdrkd-
r`khdhkfa`s. Fpfa`rs` d nds lkslds hfa `n drjul`atf g` qu` nfs prfh`sfs qu` `nnds trdtda g`
en` dlek`atdn ldakpundgd. Hflf tfgf s` r`guh` dn prfen`ld g` nd hfahflktdahkd g` pr`s`ahkds y dus`ahkds g` ldakpundhkfa`s y hdlekfs `a nds
r`pr`s`atdr pu`g`a s`r fes`rvdgfs gkr`htdl`at` klpnkhd ua g`shfafhklk`atf g`n pdp`n g` nds
vdrkden`s fes`rvden`s, tdatf nd tdsd g` r`spu`std
dhfat`hklk`atfs hfaguhtudn`s sfa fes`rvdgfs gkr`htdl`at` sk uaf sønf dspkrd d g`shrkekrnfs. Y`rf
hflf nd br`hu`ahkd g` nds ldakpundhkfa`s r`suntda :9
lkslds `a `n qu`mdh`r hk`atìhf. Wfgfs nfs
Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds
sk uaf pr``r` kr läs dnnä g` nd g`shrkphkøa g` dhfat`hklk`atfs kagkvkgudn`s, d nd j`a`rdnkzdhkøa g` ua dhfat`hklk`atf d ftrf, `atfah`s `stä fenkjdgf d destrd`r s`l`cdazds `atr` hfacuatfs g` dhfat`hklk`atfs. [ sk nd destrdhhkøa `s `xktfsd, `atfah`s nd hfaguhtd `xmkekgd `a uad sktudhkøa
purdl`at` kaguhtkvf, nfs dadnkstds hfaguhtudn`s (Lffr`, 4;:0, päj. 485) su`n`a pr`juatdr g` gøag`
`xtrd` `n hk`atìhf nds mkpøt`sks. @a ua hfat`xtf gkb`r`at`, Yfpp`r (4;25) md r`hmdzdgf `std pr`juatd gkhk`agf qu` nd lksld af `s hk`atìhd skaf pskhfnøjkhd. Dmfrd Dmfrd ek`a, hflf uad hk`ahkd g`
pu`g` s`r g`guhkgd g` nfs prkahkpkfs destrdìgfs `a
nd hfaguhtd tdn v`z g`e`rä gdr hu`atd g` nd hfaguhtd
nd ftrd (O`agn`r, 4;:9, päj. 089). [ `a s`xtf nujdr, nd hfadazd, `xhnuskvd g`n
g`n nd prfpkf hk`atìhf, pu`g` r`mukrXupfajdlfs nd pr`juatd g` lda`rd qu` nf af mdh` Yfpp`r. qu` pfr luhmf tk`lpf af s`pdlfs g` gøag` `xtrd` `n hk`atìhf nds mkpøt`sks? ¶hfastktuy` `std
dadnkstd hfaguhtudn `a nd kaguhhkøa hfastktuy` uad
nklktdhkøa klpu`std pfr nd buagdl`atdn nfsfbìd pfsktkvkstd g` nd hk`ahkd. G`spuës g` `xdlkadr nfs prkahkpdn`s drjul`atfs `a eushd g` uad custkhdhkøa nøjkhd pdrd nd kaguhhkøa hflf lëtfgf g` dgqukrkr hfafhklk`atf (Edro`r, 4;0:) mdy qu` hfav`akr hfa Yfpp`r (4;25) `a qu` nd kaguhhkøa sfnd af p`rlkt` `xpnkhdr `n g`sdrrfnnf g`n hfafhklk`atf hk`atìhf.
kjafrdahkd uad fec`hkøa klpfrtdat` d nd utknkgdg
Duaqu` `s kahu`stkfaden` `n m`hmf g` qu` nd kaguhhkøa `stä klpnkhdgd `a `n prfh`sf g` dgqukrkr hfafhklk`atf, nd mkstfrkd g` nds hk`ahkds läs g`sdrrfnndgds afs `as`ôd qu` nd kaguhhkøa pfr sì lksld `s kasuhk`at`, y qu` `a hk`rtf lfl`atf g`e` mdh`rs` usf g`n lëtfgf mkpftëtkhf-g`guhtkvf. mkpftëtkhf-g`guhtkvf. @stf klpnkhd qu` nd dhulundhkøa pdhk`at` g` m`hmfs y g` nds r`ndhkfa`s pdt`at`s `atr` `nnfs, af hfastktuy` nd vìd l`gkdat` nd hudn mkstørkhdl`at` md hr`hkgf `n hfafhklk`atf. Ydrdgøckhdl`at`, `s luy pfsken` qu` nd hfadazd `a nd dhulundhkøa kaguhtkvd g` m`hmfs y r`ndhkfa`s `atr` m`hmfs, tda hdrdht`rìstkhd g`n `lpkrkslf, r``c` uad dspkrdhkøa adhkgd `a Jr`hkd `a uad dtløsb`rd g` rdhkfadnkslf hudagf dnjuafs pfr prkl`rd v`z hr`y`rfa qu` `n v`rgdg`rf hfafhklk`atf g`eìd klpnkhdr uad h`rt`zd
kaa`h`sdrkd pfr nd prkl`rd hdusd y, `a s`juagf, uad
desfnutd. @std hr``ahkd frkjkadgd `a `n rdhkfadnkslf
mderìd sfer`vkvkgf `a `n `lpkrkslf edhfakdaf? g` dmì qu` Edhfa hfaskg`rdrd qu` nd óakhd bfrld g` fet`a`r hfafhklk`atf s`jurf, kahu`stkfaden`,
`rd d trdvës g` nd kaguhhkøa. Dat` nd kasuhk`ahkd g` nd kaguhhkøa, Mdasfa (4;0=) md utknkzdgf `n tërlkaf deguhhkøa (dhuôdgf frkjkadnl`at` pfr Y`krh`), pdrd s`ôdndr qu` `n prfh`sf g` bfrldhkøa g` au`strfs hfah`ptfs hk`atìhfs af prfh`g` pfr sklpn` kaguhhkøa dhulundtkvd, skaf pfr ua prfh`sf
kab`r`ahkdn luhmf läs hflpn`cf. Hudagf s` mdendkvf g``andhflpdrdhkøa sup`rkfrkgdghfa g`n`n lëtfgf lëtfgf mkpftëtkhf-g`guhtkvf mkpftëtkhf-g`guht Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
g` nds mkpøt`sks `ndefrdgds pfr `n hk`atìhf6 Af a`h`sdrkdl`at`, pfrqu` nd hflpn`cd hfaguhtd g`n hk`atìhf sønf d ndrjf pndzf s`rä `xpnkhdgd pfr uad hk`ahkd g` nd hfaguhtd. Dguhkr qu` af hfafh`lfs d bfagf nd hfaguhtd g`n hk`atìhf, y qu` `st` m`hmf r`std vdnfr d nds mkpøt`sks qu` ën `ndefrd, ldak`std, `a prkl`r tërlkaf, uad pr`fhupdhkøa hr``ahkd `a nd skl`trìd t`lpfrdn `atr` nfs ørg`a`s fatfnøjkhf y jafs`fnøjkhf. @a ftrfs tërlkafs, tdn fec`hkøa supfagrìd qu` hflf nd hk`ahkd r`suntd g` nd hfaguhtd g`n hk`atìhf, mderìd qu` `xpnkhdr prkl`rf gkhmd hfaguhtd. G`e`lfs dpr`ag`r nds n`hhkfa`s qu` fbr`h` nd mkstfrkd g` nd hk`ahkd. @n kaguhtkvkslf `str`hmf g` Brdahks Edhfa r`pr`s`atø uad rupturd hfa nfs
lëtfgfs qu` pr`t`agìda g`shuerkr v`rgdg`s d pdrtkr g` su g`guhhkøa g` fpkakfa`s `shrktds. Af
mdy gugd qu` r`pr`s`atø ua sdntf `a nd mkstfrkd g`n hfafhklk`atf hk`atìhf? p`rf af `s l`afs hk`rtf qu` sk `sd `strdt`jkd muek`s` skgf desfnutkzdgd hflf `n óakhf hdlkaf pfsken` pdrd dgqukrkr hfafhklk`atf hk`atìhf, nd ldyfrìd g` nds hk`ahkds g`sdrrfnndgds g` au`strfs gìds `stdrìd `a ua akv`n r`ndtkvdl`at` rugkl`atdrkf. Yfr `sf, duaqu` ska pfa`r `a gugd `n vdnfr qu` pdrd uad hk`ahkd g` nd hfaguhtd tk`a`a nds dpfrtdhkfa`s qu` prfvk`a`a g`n daänksks g` nd hfaguhtd, hde` pr`juatdrs`3
¶G`e` desfnutkzdrs` ua lëtfgf qu` yd g`lfstrø su dnhdah` y sus nklktdhkfa`s `a ftrds hk`ahkds6 M` s`ôdndgf s`ks dsp`htfs `a nfs hudn`s nd rdìz nfsøhd pfsktkvkstd g`n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd katrfguh`
nklktdhkfa`s `a `n lkslf. M` pr`b`rkgf mdendr g` nds nklktdhkfa`s, pfrqu` hr`f qu` ua skst`ld qu` s` ak`jd d pfr `xdlkadr hrìtkhdl`at` t`rlkadrä djnutkadr hr`y`at`ssus y afbuagdl`atfs hk`atìhfs.
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Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds
@a `st` s`atkgf, ua b`afl`aønfjf hfat`lpfräa`f (LdhN`fg, 4;:8) s` md r`b`rkgf d nfs dadnkstds g` nd hfaguhtd hflf „ua `agfjrupf huyfs lk`lerfs s` hfat`atda hfa mdendrs` r`hìprfhdl`at`“. Ydr`h` s`r qu` `a hìrhunfs dc`afs dn Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd `xkst` nd klpr`skøa g` qu` nd hfadazd `a `n daänksks `s r`bfrzdgd läs pfr nd lfrdn g`n
Xkjuk`agf nd „t`frìd hrìtkhd“ g` nd `shu`nd sfhkfnøjkhd g` Brdaoburt, `n pskhønfjf e`rnkaës Ondus Mfnzodlp (4;:5) md gkhmf qu` yd `s kasfst`aken` nd `xkj`ahkd pfsktkvkstd g` uad „hk`ahkd purd‛‛. X`jóa Mfnzodlp, `s a`h`sdrkd uad gkshuskøa hrìtkhd g` nfs a`s y g`n kat`rës sfhkdn g` nd kav`stkjdhkøa. Xk nd hk`ahkd quk`r` ldat`a`r su r`kvkagkhdhkøa g`
jrupf pfr sus r`dnkzdhkfa`s hk`atìhds. Duaqu` `stklfqu` `xdj`rdgd `std dpr`hkdhkøa, hfaskg`rf qu` `n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd g`s`lp`ôd uad `b`htkvd buahkøa g` „hk`rr`“ `a luhmfs g` sus s`jukgfr`s, y qu` `s uad ndefr hfastruhtkvd pdrd `n g`sdrrfnnf g`n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd `n `xdl`a brdahf g` nds
dhtkvkgdg rdhkfadn y sfhkdnl`at` p`rtka`at`, nds
hdusds g` sus nklktdhkfa`s.
Mdy uad nklktdhkøa adn, hfas`hu`ahkd g` nd rdìz nfsøhd g`n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd. Nd lksld af tk`a` qu` v`r gkr`htdl`at` hfa su prähtkhd hk`atìhd, skaf hfa su vdnfr hflf dhtkvkgdg rdhkfadn g`n mfler`. @s uad pr`juatd n`jìtkld nd g` sk `n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd, hfa sus rdìh`s nfsøhds muagkgds `a `n pfsktkvkslf, pfgrä r`spfag`r dn r`tf qu` nfs pu`enfs pndat`da d nds hk`ahkds g` au`strf tk`lpf. X`jóa `n `hfaflkstd Ydun Xw``zy (4;0=), nd dpnkhdhkøa g` nds kg`ds y lëtfgfs g` nds hk`ahkds adturdn`s dn mfler` y d nd sfhk`gdg `s uaf g` nfs dsp`htfs läs hfaspkhufs g` nd sfhk`gdg hdpktdnkstd. @a `std sfhk`gdg, nd pr`gkhhkøa y `n hfatrfn g` nd hfaguhtd `s ua dsuatf g` klpfrtdahkd
h`atrdn. @n pnda`dlk`atf t`hafnøjkhf r`quk`r`
g`hkskfa`s pr`vkds sfer` nfs a`s y `b`htfs g` nd kav`stkjdhkøa hk`atìhd g`e`a s`r gkshutkgds g` bfrld hk`atìhdl`at` hrìtkhd. Hflf pdrd nd „t`frìd hrìtkhd“ af `xkst` uad v`rgdg kag`p`agk`at`l`at` g` nfs hfah`ptfs g`n hk`atìhf, nfs r`suntdgfs g` nd kav`stkjdhkøa pskhfnøjkhd sønf s` custkhda pfr su p`rtka`ahkd prähtkhd. Mfnzodlp gkstkaju` gfs tkpfs g` p`rtka`ahkd prähtkhd. Nd prkl`rd `s nd
p`rtka`ahkd tëhakhd. X` gkh` qu` uafs r`suntdgfs pfs``a p`rtka`ahkd tëhakhd, hudagf mdh`a pfsken` nd pr`gkhhkøa y `n hfatrfn g` nd hfaguhtd. Nd s`juagd `s nd p`rtka`ahkd `ldahkpdgfrd. @std hnds`
g` p`rtka`ahkd af s` nklktd d qu` nfs r`suntdgfs r`su`nvda nfs prfen`lds tëhakhfs `xkst`at`s, skaf qu` `xkj` g` nd hk`ahkd uad buahkøa g` `shndr`hklk`atf. Nd kav`stkjdhkøa pskhfnøjkhd t`agrä uad p`rtka`ahkd `ldahkpdgfrd hudagf dyug`
dn mfler` d `xpnkhdrs` sus g`p`ag`ahkds sfhkdn`s y d hr`dr nds hfagkhkfa`s eäskhds a`h`sdrkds pdrd nd sup`rdhkøa g` nds lkslds. Ydrd nfjrdrnf, Mfnzodlp
hfaskg`rd qu` s` a`h`sktd uad r`frk`atdhkøa hrìtkhd g` nd pskhfnfjìd.
hfatrfn sfer` prfh`sfs fec`tkvdgfs y pr`gkhhkøa
`strkhtd g` nd hfaguhtd buturd. @n pskhønfjf Xt`kadr Ovdn` (4;:8) s` pr`juatd hølf `s pfsken` qu` nd kldj`a pfsktkvkstd g` nd hk`ahkd g`sdpdr`hkgd yd
mdstd g` nd lksld bìskhd, s` ldat`ajd kahønul` `a pskhfnfjìd. D su cukhkf, `nnf fhurr` pfrqu` nd pskhfnfjìd g`s`lp`ôd uad buahkøa kg`fnøjkhd dn s`rvkhkf g` uad sfhk`gdg hdpktdnkstd-t`hafnøjkhd.
Ovdn` hfaskg`rd qu` nd dpnkhdhkøa g`n lëtfgf g` nds hk`ahkds adturdn`s dn mfler` `s ua l`asdc` g`n pfsktkvkslf. @std dhtktug fec`tkvdat` mdhkd `n mfler` md nn`jdgf d s`r pdrt` g` nd kg`fnfjìd hflóa y `s vkstd hflf dnjf adturdn. X`jóa Ovdn`, sønf dsì s` `xpnkhd qu` nds hrìtkhds nfsøhds y nfs dtdqu`s t`ørkhfs d nd pskhfnfjìd hk`atìhf- adturdnkstd af prfguzhda akajóa hdlekf `a nd lksld? `s qu` su dskg`rf `stä `a ftrf nujdr3 s` mdnnd `a `n pdrdgkjld
Hudnquk`rd qu` bu`s` au`strd dhtktug mdhkd nds fpkakfa`s g` Mfnzodlp, af mdy gugd g` qu` nds lkslds mdräa p`asdr d nfs dadnkstds hfaguhtudn`s `a nd adturdn`zd, dnhdah`, nklktdhkfa`s ` klpnkhdhkfa`s kg`fnøjkhds g` uad hk`ahkd g` nd hfaguhtd
hfah`ekgd hflf uad pdrt` g` nd ekfnfjìd. Wdlpfhf Wdlpfhf mdy gugd g` qu` `n hrkt`rkf qu` md pr`gflkadgf `a `n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd md skgf `n g` uad p`rtka`ahkd tëhakhd. Hde` `atfah`s nd skjuk`at` pr`juatd3 ¶Wfldrä `n Daänksks g` nd Hfaguhtd nd s`agd g` nd p`rtka`ahkd `ldahkpdgfrd p`s` d
sus rdìh`s nfsøhds pfsktkvkstds6 Nd r`spu`std p`rt`a`h` d nfs dadnkstds hfaguhtudn`s.
t`hafnøjkhf g` nd sfhk`gdg hdpktdnkstd.
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Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
Yrfguhhkfa`s g`n Gr. @a`rkf Ufgrìju`z Drkds
U@B@U@AHKDX Deedjadaf, A. (4;28). Gkhhkfadrkf g` Bknfsfbìd.
Lëxkhf3 Bfagf g` Hunturd @hfaølkhd.
Edro`r, X. (4;0:). Kaguhtkfa dag Mypftm`sks. Au`vd [fro3 Hfra`nn Pakv`rskty Yr`ss.
Gdy, Z. B. (4;2;). Udgkhdn E`mdvkfrksl ka U`hfahknkdtkfa wktm Ym`afl`afnfjy . Cfuradn fb tm` @xp`rkl`atdn Dadnysks fb E`mdvkfr, 45, 84085=.
Gdy, Z. B., (4;2;d). Fa H`rtdka Xklkndrktk`s E`tw``a tm` Ymknfsfpmkhdn Kav`stkjdtkfas fb Nugwkj Zkttj`ast`ka dag tm` Fp`rdtkfaksl fb E. B. Xokaa`r. Cfuradn fb tm` @xp`rkl`atdn Dadnysks fb E`mdvkfr, 45. 7=;-092. Mdasfa, A. U. (4;0=). 4;0=). Ydtt`ras fb Gkshfv`ry. Nfagr`s3 Hdlerkgj` Pakv`rskty Yr`ss. Mdrtadho, C. (4;:5). Zkttj`ast`ka y nd Bknfsfbìd Hfat`lpfräa`d. Edrh`nfad3 Drk`n.
M`lp`n M`lp `n,, H. J. (4 (4;7 4;7; 4; ;7;) 7;). ;). ).. Wm` Wm Wm`` Nfjkhdn Nfjk Nf jkhd hdnn Dadnysks Dadn Da dnys ysks ks fb fb Ysyh Ys yhmf mfnf nfjy jy.. @a M. B`kjn, B`kj B` kjn, n, y Z. Z. X`nndrs.3 X`nn X` nndr drs. s.33 U`dgkajs ka Ymknfsfpmkhdn Dadnysks, (pp. 8:8-8=7). Au`vd
Zdaa. (@g.). E`mdvkfurksl dag Ym`afl`afnfjy Ym`afl`afnfjy.. ( pp. 4-74). Wm` Pakv`rskty fb Hmkhdjf Yr`ss. Ovdn`, X. (4;:8). Wm` W `hmafnfjkhdn `hmafnfjkhdn Ydrdgkjl fb Ysyhmfnfjkhdn U`s`drhm. Cfuradn fb Ym`afl`afnfjkhdn Ysyhmfnfjy. Rfn. 8, aól. 5, 47840;.
Nkhmt Nkhmt`ast` ka, Y. Y. dag @. (4;2: (4;2:). ). Ysyhmfnfjkhdn Ysyhmfnfj Ysyhm fnfjkhdn khdn Xyst`ls3 Xyst` ls3 Wm`kr`ast`ka, Adtur` Buahtkfa .Wm` .Wm Wm` ` Ysyhmfnfjkhdn Ysyh Ys yhmf mfnf nfjk jkhd hdnn U`hfrg, 4:, pp. 854-879.
LhN`fg, U. (4;:8). Hdrtd gkrkjkgd d Zknndrg B. Gdy, `gktfr g` nd r`vkstd E`mdvkfurksl.
Ldnhfnl, A. (4;27). E`mdvkfurksl ds d Ymknfsfpmy fb Ysyhmfnfjy. @a3 W. @ Zdaa, (@g.) (@g.) ferd hktdgd, pp. 474-400. Lffr`, C. (4;:0). Fa tm` Yrkahkpn` fb Fp`rdtkfaksl ka d Xhk`ah` fb E`mdvkfr. E`mdvkfurksl, vfn. 8, aul. 5, 459-48=. 4;29). N`drakaj Wm`fry dag tm` Lfwr`r, F. M. (4;29). Xylefnkh Yrfh`ss`s. A Au`vd u`vd [fro-Zkn`y.
Yfpp`r, O. U. (4;25). Nd Nøjkhd g` nd Kav`stkjdhkøa
[fro3 Dppn`tfa-H`atury-Hrfbts,.
Hk`atìhd. Ldgrkg3 @gktfrkdn W`hafs.
Xhrkv`a, L. (4;27). Rk`ws fb Mulda Adtur`. @a3 a3 W. Z Zdaa. (@g.), ferd hktdgd, pp. 428-4=8.
Mfnzodlp, O., (4;:5). Yskhfnfjìd Hrìtkhd3 Wrdedcfs Yr`pdrdtfrkfs. @gkhkøa Dn`ldad g`
Bkshm`r-Wdshm`aeuhm.
Odatfr, C. U. (4;08). 4;08). Wm` Nfjkh fb Lfg`ra Xhk`ah`. Jrdavknn`, Fmkf3 Yrkahkpkd Yr`ss. Odatfr, C. U. (4;2;). Xhk`atkh Ysyhmfnfjy dag Xp`hkfus Ymknfsfpmy. Wm` Ysyhmfnfjkhdn U`hfrg , 4;, 40-5:.
O`agn`r, M. M. (4;:9). U`vk`w fb E. B. Xokaa`r „Hfatkaj`ahk`s fb U`kabfrh`l`at3 D Wm`fr`tkhdn Dadnysks“. Hfat`lpfrdry Ysyhmfnfjy, 50, 05;084.
O`aay, D. (4;:7). Zkttj`ast`ka. Ldgrkg3 U`vkstd g` Fhhkg`at`.
Ofhm, X. (4;0;). Ysyhmfnfjy3 D Xtugy fb d Xhk`ah`. Rfn. KKK, pp. :5;-:==. Au`vd [fro3 LhJrdw-Mknn.
Xokaa`r, E. B. (4;27). E`mdvkfrksl dn Bkbty . @a @a3 @a33 W. W. Z Zdaa. (@g.), (@g.), ferd hktdgd, pp. :;-;:. Xp`ah`, O. Z. Xp`ah`, Z. (4;0:). Wm` Wm` @lpkrkhdn @lpkrkhdn Edsks dsks dag dag Wm`fr`tkhdn. Xtruhtur` fb Ysyhmfnfjy. Ymknfsfpmy fb Xhk`ah`, 57, ;:-49=.
Xw``zy, Y. (4;0=). W`frìd g`n G`sdrrfnnf Hdpktdnkstd. Lëxkhf, G. B.3 Bfagf g` Hunturd @hfaølkhd.
Zdtsfa dtsfa,, C. E. (4;4 (4;48). 8). Ysyhmfnfjy Ysyhmfnfj Ysyhm fnfjyy ds tm` E`mdvkfrkst E`mdvkfrks E`mdv kfrksttt Rk`ws Kt. Ysyhmfnfjkhdn U`vk`w, 59, 40=-4::. Zkttj`ast`ka, N. (4;55). Wrdhtdtus NfjkhfYmknfsfpmkhus. Nfagr`s3 Ufutn`gj` dag O`jda Ydun.
Zkttj`ast`ka, N., (4;08). Ymknfsfpmkhd Ymknfsfpmkhdnn Kav`stkjdtkfas. Au`vd [fro3 LhLknnda.
dag @l`rjkaj Ofhm, X. (4;27). Ysyhmfnfjy Hfah`ptkfas fb Oafwn`gj` ds Paktdry @a3 W. Z Y`rsp`htkvds Yskhfnøjkhds/Xdatf Gflkajf (U`p. Gfl.) /Rfns. /R fns. 2-:/pp. 20-:8/5949/KXXA 4;;5-0484
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