Robot

 

 

Kbetmel`b Cmkklûe ?7 Letrb`ukklûe o NLI y Zrmamrmeklos me ^BNBP................................ ^BNBP.............................................. ............................. .............................. .........................? ..........? Cmkklûe >7 @melklûe `m pcoetos y céemos `m kbestrukklûe............................. kbestrukklûe............................................ .............................. ........................................> .........................> Cmkklûe ;7 @melr smkklbems, mspmsbrms m spmsbrms y ib`mcb `m kïckucb `mc poemc.................................. poemc................................................ ............................. ................; .; ^mpclkor plsbs........................... plsbs......................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................; ........; Cmkklûe 07 Ib`mcoilmetb `m kbcuieos, vlhos, cbsos y iurbs.............................. iurbs............................................. ............................. ............................. ....................1 .....1 Cmkklûe =7 Zrmsmetoklûe `m co mstrukturo y fmrroilmetos vlsuocms.............. vlsuocms............................. .............................. .................................. ...........................8 ........8 Cmkklûe 17 Alctrbs y smcmkklûe. Krmoklûe `m hrupbs............................. hrupbs............................................ ............................. ............................. ......................................8 .......................8 Korho `m vlmetb (wle` sliucotbr)......................... sliucotbr)....................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ................................ ....................... ......8 8 Zoro co korho sésilko......................... sésilko........................................ .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................6 .............6 Ebtos `m kïckucb `mc oeïclsls sésilkb..................... sésilkb.................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ................................... .....................< .< ^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC >:?0 KO[PMCCOEB.......................... KO[PMCCOEB......................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .............................< ..............< Plpbs `m k binleoklbems me co oyu`o `m ^bnbt.............................. ^bnbt............................................ ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .............................< ..............< Kbehuroklûe `mc `lsmÿb `m mcmimetbs `m fbrilhûe orio`b. Qlhos.......................... Qlhos................................................................ ......................................?: ?: Kbehuroklûe `mc `lsmÿb `m mcmimetbs `m fbrilhûe orio`b. Klimetoklbems olsco`os....................................?0 olsco`os....................................?0 Cbso `m klimetoklûe......................... klimetoklûe........................................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .......................... ............ ?= Lipbrtor mstrukturo ocïinrlko `ms`m outbko` o rbnbt.................................. rbnbt................................................ .................................................... ...................................... ?1 Oeïclsls `m smkklbems `m vlhos............................. vlhos........................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................?1 ........?1 Kbinleoklbems outbiïkos......................... outbiïkos........................................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................?1 ..............?1 Mxkmetrlkl`o` u bsmt outbiïkb............................. outbiïkb............................................ .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .............................. ...............?1 ?1 ^mcogoilmetbs y eu`bs kbiponcms.......................... kbiponcms......................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................................?8 ..............................?8 Kursb ^bnbt Oeïclsls Zrbamslbeoc........... Zrbamslbeoc......................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................................?< ..........................?< Letrb`ukklûe o ^bnbt............................ ^bnbt.......................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .....................................?< ......................?< Letmraoz `m ^bnbt.......................... ^bnbt........................................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...............................?< ................?< Céemos `m kbestrukklûe Mgms............................. Mgms............................................ .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................................ .........................>: >: ]el`o`ms `m prbymktb y abriotbs........................... abriotbs.......................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................................... ................................ >: Elvmcms ‛pcoetos...................... ‛pcoetos..................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................. ................................... >: Iotmrlocms......................... Iotmrlocms........... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................. .......................... ....... >: Krmoklûe `m smkklbems............................ smkklbems.......................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................. ................................... >: Orio`bs `m cbsos y iurbs............................ iurbs.......................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .............................>: ..............>:

 

Orio`bs `m okmrb y ocuilelb..................... ocuilelb................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................... ................. >= Orio`bs `m kbekrmtb.............................. kbekrmtb............................................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................. ................... >= Kursb ^bnbt [trukturoc Oeocysls Zrbamsslbeoc.......................... Zrbamsslbeoc......................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................>= ....................>= Letmraoz `m usuorlb7....................... usuorlb7..................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................................... ............................. .. >= Céemos `m kbestrukklûe........................... kbestrukklûe.......................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................ .................... ... >= Zcoetos `m co mstrukturo............... mstrukturo.............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................... ................. >1 K]^[B ^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC............................ [P^]KP]^OC........................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................................... ............................. >1 :? KcosmR?RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRueltsRkrmoehRrkRiotmrloc....... KcosmR?RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRueltsRkrmoehRrkRiotmrloc...................... ............................. ................................................ ..................................>1 >1 :> KcosmR>RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRbngmktRsmcmkbeRkrmoehRsmkbesRoe KcosmR>RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRbngmktRsmcmkbeRkrmoehRsmkbesRoe`Rsuppbrts.................................>1 `Rsuppbrts.................................>1 :0 KcosmR0RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRnulc`lehRmxoip KcosmR0RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRnulc`lehRmxoipcmRib`mclehRsmkbes........... cmRib`mclehRsmkbes.......................... ..........................................>8 ...........................>8 := KcosmR=RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRib`mclehRkbcuie KcosmR=RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRib`mclehRkbcuiesRnmoisRoe`Rwocc sRnmoisRoe`Rwoccs...................... s..................................... .............................. ................>< .>< :8 KcosmR1RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRib`mclehRstolrs KcosmR1RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRib`mclehRstolrsRoe`Rsuppbrts........... Roe`Rsuppbrts.......................... .............................. ......................................;> .......................;> :8 KcosmR8RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRcbo`sRoe`R KcosmR8RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRcbo`sRoe`Rwle`................. wle`................................ .............................. ............................. ........................................ .......................... ;; :6 KCO[M 6 kursb ^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC (kbinleobes, Z-@mcto)................... Z-@mcto)................................. ............................. .............................. ........................;= .........;=

 

Cmkklûe ?7 Letrb`ukklûe o NLI y Zrmamrmeklos me ^BNBP Nulc`leh leabribe ib`mcleh Ib`mco`b `m co leabrioklûe poro co kbestrukklûe Nuskor me ybutunm ²quì ms NLI2 Pbbcs/Zrmamrmekms/poro mskbhmr mc l`lbio `msmo`b Zoro qultor co kuo`rlkuco7 Qmr/Kuo`rékuco Zrbymkklûe7 poro cos pcoetos y mcmvoklbems Qlsto7 poro cos smkklbems me ;@ Kbe kclk me mc kunb `m vlsto y prbplm`o`ms sm pum`m ib`lkor su vlslnlcl`o`, unlkoklûe y toioÿb. Zoro koinlor mc kbcbr `mc abe`b7 Fmrroilmetos/Zrmamrmeklos. Zoro mc koinlb `m cos uel`o`ms7 kclk me co msquleo leamrlbr `mrmkfo. Ouequm tb`os cos `limeslbems mstìe me mc slstmio letmreoklbeoc sm pum`me pbemr pbr mgmipcb cos `limeslbems `m co mstrukturo me i, cos `m co smkklûe me ki y mc ïrmo `m rmaumrzb me ki>. P y  sbe oinos mxoktoimetm cb ilsib tbemco`os aumrzo. Me msto ilsio smkklûe sm mekumetroe toinlìe cbs iotmrlocms kuyos koroktmréskos pum`me smr ib`lko`os. Mxlstme toinlìe kotïcbhbs sbnrm pmrcms `m okmrb y io`mro, korhos pbr korrb, korhos ebriovos, tmrrmebs, tbrelccbs, tbrelccbs `m oekcogm, orio`uros y ioccos mcmktrbsbc`o`os. [m pum`me oÿo`lr btrbs kotïcbhbs kbib pbr mgmipcb mc `mc OKL ;?6-:6 sm `mnm mskbhmr co `mc slstmio letmreoklbeoc `m im`l`os y `melrco kbib kotïcbhb oktuoc. Me kuoetb o cos ebrios `m `lsmÿb me cb rmamrmetm o7 Mstrukturos `m okmrb/ocuilelb7 OE[L/OLK[ ;1:-?: Fbrilhûe orio`b7 OKL ;?6-?? Hmbtìkelko7 OKL Kbinleoklbems `m korhos7 OKL;?6R>:??. Oeoclzor sl ms pmremetm koinlor cos ebrios `m korhos kcliïkos y sésilkos. Co smcmkklûe `m co ebrio rmcoklbeo`o kbe cos uelbems `m okmrb eb sm trotorï me mstm kosb yo qum eb sm `lsmÿorïe mstrukturos imtïclkos me mstm kosb. Oeïclsls `m co mstrukturo/Oeïclsls ib`oc7

Nuskor qum slhelkoe mstos kbsos. ?

 

Pb`b cb `miïs sm qum`o kbib mstï prm`mtmrileo`b y sm huor`orbe mstos ib`lkoklbems me ue orkflvb me mc mc mskrltbrlb y sm mstoncmklmrbe kbib prm`mtmrileo`os.

Cmkklûe >7 @malelklûe `m pcoetos y céemos `m kbestrukklûe. [m vo o tronogor kbe ue pcoeb me outbko` suilelstro`b pbr mc orqultmktb. Zoro mccb `mnm `mspcozorsm mc brlhme `mc pcoeb `m ko`o ueo `m cos pcoetos oc brlhme `m kbbr`meo`os :,:,: y kfmqumorcb. Kfmqumor qum mstm nlme rmoclzo`b mc tronogb kbe cos kopos poro qum mc ^bnbt [trukturoc o`ilto nlme mc pcoeb. [m `mnme smporor ko`o ueo `m cos pcoetos `lamrmetms me ue orkflvb `m outbko` le`mpme`lmetm. @melr cbs elvmcms `m cos pcoetos7 Mstrukturo/Zcoetos/Zcoetos b me mc poemc `m co portm `mrmkfo Mstrukturo/Zcoetos `m co mstrukturo b `lrmktoimetm oc nbtûe `m Zcoetos `m co mstrukturo. Cos pcoetos sm pum`me `melr `m `bs abrios `lamrmetms7 @melklûe hrïko7 sm kbcbkoe cos kbtos `m ko`o elvmc y sm voe oÿo`lme`b. @melklûe ioeuoc7 sm kbcbkoe cos octuros `m ko`o plsb y mc prbhroio vo kockucoe`b co octuro `m kbto me ko`o kosb. Mc elvmc `m co nosm `mc m`lklb ms `be`m sm uem co kbcuieo kbe mc pcotb `m co klimetoklûe.

Kbe co `melklûe hrïko qum`oréo `m co slhulmetm abrio7

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@mspuìs sm prbkm`m o lipbrtor cbs iopos `m pcoeto7 Lipbrtor/Iopos `m pcoeto. [m kfoqumo qum mc pcoeb mstm slme`b lesmrto`b me mc pcoeb V\ y me mc elvmc kbrrmspbe`lmetm qum me mstm m stm kosb poro mc prlimr plsb smréo +;.6: b smo mc tmkfb `m co pcoeto nogo. Zoro mc `lnugb `m cos céemos `m kbestrukklûe ms lipbrtoetm qum cos kopos b coymrs `mc `lnugb me outbko` mstìe kbrrmktoimetm tronogo`os poro pb`mrcos `msokvor kuoe`b smo kbevmelmetm. Me co pcoeto kbrrmspbe`lmetm me mc kuo`ro`b ozuc sm `mnm `mspcmhor mc ime÷ `m lipbrtoklûe y me co smkklûe `m kopos `m cos kuocms sbcoimetm sm emkmsltorïe cbs mgms. Poinlìe sm pum`me `mgor tb`os cos kopos poro kbebkmr co pbslklûe `m cos kbcuieos. Kbe mc kbioe`b `m céemos `m kbestrukklûe `mc poemc `m co `mrmkfo sm lrïe smcmkklbeoe`b cbs mgms me cos `lrmkklbems `m V y \ foklme`b kbrrmspbe`mr co ebtoklûe `m cbs mgms mgm s `m cmtros b e÷imrbs o cbs `mc prbymktb orqultmktûelkb brlhleoc. Zoro co smcmkklûe `m mgms smrï emkmsorlb `mspcmhor cos kuo`rlkucos kbib sm lcustrû oetmrlbrimetm. Cos céemos `m kbestrukklûe `lnugo`os me ue elvmc slrvme poro tb`os cos pcoetos. Zbstmrlbrimetm smrï emkmsorlb `melr mgms smkue`orlbs yo qum mxlstme trohocukms y kbcuieos qum eb prmsmetoe huéos pbr cb qum cbs mgms smrïe emkmsorlbs poro co `melklûe `m cos vlhos kbrrmspbe`lmetms me ko`o kosb y poro kuocqulmr btro sltuoklûe qum rmqulmro cbs rmqulmro poro mc trozo`b. Me co ilsio bpklûe `m céemos `m kbestrukklûe sm `mem me eumvo kbe mc ebinrm `m mgms smkue`orlbs. [l cos céemos smkue`orlos eb meme kbib mgms mc lelklb y mc mc e `m co mstrukturo mstos eb sbnrmsoc`rïe kbib cbs mgms prleklpocms. [m `mnm koinlor co ebileoklûe `m cos céemos `m cbs mgms smkue`orlbs kbib pbr mgmipcb y: b x:. Cos `miïs céemos `m msm ilsib pb sm koinlorïe kbrrmspbe`lmetmimetm. Kbe mc o`ilelstro`br `m céemos pb`mibs `msokvor cbs mgms prleklpocms b cos céemos smkue`orlos kuoe`b sm `msmm.

Cmkklûe ;7 @malelr smkklbems, mspmsbrms y ib`mcb `m kïckucb `mc poemc. [mcmkklbeor smkklûe me mc poemc `mrmkfb. @melr ueo smkklûe eumvo/pb `m pmrc (vlho f. ori, kbcuio f. ori, io`mro, ocuilelb, okmrb)/mskbhmr abrio `m co smkklûe y kbcbkor cos `limeslbems me kbesmkumeklo, smcmkklbeor mc iotmrloc `m cbs prm`mel`bs me co cmkklûe ? m lr oÿo`lme`b prbhrmslvoimetm cos smkklbems o co clsto. Mc ïehucb hoiio slrvm poro hlror co smkklûe me ue ïehucb `mtmrileo`b y sm pum`m koinlor me cos prbplm`o`ms `mc mcmimetb ueo vmz qum yo fo sl`b kbcbko`b. ^m`ukklûe `m ibimetbs `m lemrklo poro kbcuieos (nuskor kbcuieos (nuskor me mc OKL) ^mpclkor plsbs Zoro `melr plsbs lhuocms y rmpclkorcbs7 Hmbimtry/[tbrlms y `melr mc e÷imrb `m plsbs kbe co octuro kbrrmspbe`lmetm y ebinrorcbs. Me mc lespmktbr `m bngmtbs me mc oporto`b `mc plsb o rmpclkor rm pclkor kclk `mrmkfb/stbrlms/kbpy kbetmets ba tfm stbry. [m pum`m kbplor toinlìe sbcoimetm ochuebs bngmtbs smcmkklbeo`bs. Oc mgmkutor co bpklûe `m rmpclkor cbs plsbs `mnm opormkme ue ctrb `m plsbs qum ms iuy ÷c poro tronogor le`mpme`lmetmimetm kbe ko`o ueb `m mccbs. Oc `or kclk me co vlsto me ;@ me ueo céemo `m kbestrukklûe sm smcmkklbeoe tb`bs cbs mcmimetbs unlko`bs me mcco y cumhb me m`ltor sunmstrukturo me ueo vmetoeo eumvo sm pum`me oeoclzor le`mpme`lmetmimetm cbs mcmimetbs smcmkklbeo`bs. @u`os7 me cos vlhos mxlstm ueo bpklûe `m smkklûe vorloncm. Zoro `melr co smkklûe `m cbs iurbs b cbsos sm vo oc poemc `mrmkfb o mspmsbr7 smcmkklbeor uelabrim, kbcbkor mc mspmsbr y smcmkklbeor mc iotmrloc prm`mel`b. Mxlstm me co btro pmstoÿo co bpklûe `m cbso brtbtrûplko me co kuoc sm oprmklo emrvlbs o cbs kuocms foy qum oslheorcm 0 `limeslbems koroktmréskos y mc prbhroio rmoclzo ueo mqulvocmeklo `m mspmsbr, osé kbib barmkm ueo iotrlz `m rlhl`mz poro mc m c msto`b `m iminroeo, `m mxlûe y `m kbrtoetm (kbmklmetm `m rlhl`mz kbib me pumetm). [m pum`me kbcbkor emrvlbs me oinos `lrmkklbems.

;

 

emrvlbs me `bs `lrmkklbems

plsb ocvmbcor kbe rlhl`lzo`brms me `bs `lrmkklbems

miporrlcco`b `m vlhos

cbso fumko b splrbcc

pcmeo be`uco`o b cbso osnmstb-kmimetb @u`os7 vorloncm smh÷e co céemo y mc pcoeb, kbbr`meo`os `mc puetb kbe mc mspmsbr kbrrmspbe`lmetm, rm`ukklûe `m lemrklo, porïimtrbs `m co mcoskl`o` `mc sumcb. Zrbplm`o`ms `m pbs `m sumcbs qum vlmeme letrb`ukl`os me mc prbhroio

0

 

@m cbs slhulmetms pbs `m sumcb

[m pum`m letrb`uklr tbtocimetm ue pmrc `m sumcb kbe cos prbplm`o`ms prmklsos bntmel`os im`loetm mesoybs b `m co nosm `m `otbs troto`o oetmrlbrimetm.

=

 

Mxlstm mspmklkoklbems poro co letrb`ukklûe `m cbs vocbrms `mc kbmklmetm `m nocostb smh÷e mc pb `m klimetoklûe. Nuskor ue tutbrloc prmklsb sbnrm mc `lsmÿb hmbtìkelkb `m klimetoklbems me ^bnbt [trukturoc. Ib`mcb `m kïckucb `m cbs poemcms Nbtûe Iocco MA ‛ bpklbems `m hmemroklûe/ib`mcb `m kïckucb `mc poemc. Mxlstme ib`mcbs prm`mel`bs7 cbso`loarohio réhl`o, cïileo, poemc `m kbreo. [m krmo ueb eumvb7 sm iorko mcmimetbs eltbs pb cïileo, rlhl`lzo`b pbr `loarohio, troesamrmeklo `m korho7 slipclko`b me ueo `lrmkklûe (yo qum me mstm kosb mxlstme emrvlbs em rvlbs me co cbso brtbtrûplko me ueo `lrmkklûe).

Cmkklûe 07 Ib`mcoilmetb `m kbcuieos, vlhos, cbsos y iurbs. @mskorhor mc oyu`oetm me ^bnbt me co vmrslûe aumro `m céemo. fp7//debwcm`hm.outb`msd.kbi/supbrt hmeh stortm`/sfbw occ prb`ukts/^bnbt [trukturoc/Orkcm Kbetrlnube/Outb`msd ^bnbt [trukturoc Oeocysls Zrbamsslbeoc >:?8 Blem Fmcp/Mehclsf y sm `mskorho outbiokoimetm. Kfmqumor qum foy qum rmhlstrorsm.  Ib`mcoklûe `m cos kbcuieos7 Me mc poemc `m co `mrmkfo smcmkklbeor plcor7 [m kbcbkoe cos kbcuieos hlrïe`bcos kuoe`b smo emkmsorlb y il`lme`b cos `m co pcoeto orqultmktûelko lipbrto`o poro sonmr kuoc kbrrmspbe`m me ko`o kosb kbe co bpklûe céemos `m kbto `m fmrroilmetos. [m kbiprumno sl mstï kbrrmktoimetm kbcbko`o yme`b o vlsto.

1

 

Ib`mcoklûe `m vlhos7 `mspuìs `m kbcbko`os sm pum`me ibvmr b kbplor me mc ime÷ `m m`lklûe. m `lklûe. Cumhb `m smcmkklbeorcos sm `o ue kclk me co zbeo vmr`m `mc vmktbr `m troscoklûe sm `o kclk `be`m mstïe kbcbko`os y sm cumhb me `be`m sm qulmrme kbcbkor. Foy ue kbeguetb `m nbtbems me co portm leamrlbr lzqulmr`o `m co letmraoz. Kbe ìc `m abrio `m cos smkklbems sm pum`m vmr mc ;@ `m cos vlhos y kbcuieos. Zoro vmr cos smkklbems pbr kbcbrms y pb`mr `lsehulr o slipcm vlsto cbs pbs `m mcmimetbs7 kclk `mrmkfb/ibstror/`mslheoklûe pbr kbcbrms/Zmrcms ‛ cmyme`o smh÷e kbcbrms. Ib`mcoklûe `m cos cbsos7 kuoe`b sm vo o kbcbkor co cbso y sm smcmkklûe mc m c iìtb`b `m hmemroklûe rmktoehucor mc Z? y mc Z> le`lkoe co `lrmkklûe cbkoc V `m co cbso. Me kclk `mrmkfb/ibstror/Zoemcms / MA y iorkor smcmkklûe `m co `lrmkklûe prleklpoc `m co brtbtrbpéo. Msto sm `mnm fokmr kblekl`lr kbe co `lrmkklûe `m co korho. k orho. Me co bpklûe `m ibstror toinlìe opormkm co `lrmkklûe `m co korho. Kbe mc nbtûe m`ltor sunmstrukturo me ueo eumvo vmetoeo `mspuìs `m smcmkklbeo`b ue mcmimetb sm pum`m olscor oc ilsib y tronogor me ìc sle letmramrmeklos. Me mc lespmktbr `m bngmtbs sm fokm kclk k clk me co pcoeto qum sm qulmrm `upclkor y sm smcmkklbeo kbplor mc kbetmel`b `m pcoeto. [l sbcoimetm sm oprmkloe cos céemos `m cbs mcmimetbs sm `msokvo mc nbtûe `m ltrb `m pcoetos.

Cmkklûe =7 Zrmsmetoklûe `m co mstrukturo y fmrroilmetos vlsuocms. @mskorhor cbs `miïs iû`ucbs `m mstbs tutbrlocms. @ovl` Zocbileb. Zoro qum sm iumstrme cbs mspmsbrms `m cos cbsos me `lamrmetms kbcbrms7 Ibstror/@mslheoklûe pbr kbcbrms/Mspmsbr cmyme`o smh÷e kbcbr Me mc ékbeb pcoeto sm pum`me ib`lkor cbs kbcbrms `m ko`o pcoeto y cbs ebinrms. Bpklbems `m vlsuoclzoklûe, pcoebs `m kbrtm, vlsto rmoclsto, huor`or porïimtrbs `m vlslnlcl`o` pbr `mamktb, ibsolkb fbrlzbetoc. Cmkklûe 17 Alctrbs y smcmkklûe. Krmoklûe `m hrupbs. Alctror pcoetos `m co mstrukturo7 poro vmr cbs mcmimetbs `m ueo pcoeto `m abrio le`mpme`lmetm, pmrb kbe cos céemos `m cos vlhos y kbcuieos `m cos `miïs pcoetos. Zoro vmrcos sle letmramrmeklo sm smcmkklbeo co pcoeto qum sm `msmo vmr y sm `o kclk me m`ltor sunmstrukturo me ueo eumvo vmetoeo. Fumkbs poro vmetoeos7 sm go ue puetb `m rmamrmeklo y kbe k be cbs `lamrmeklocms me V y \ ncbqumo`bs sm pum`m smporor mc fumkb o co `lstoeklo qum sm rmqulmro `mc puetb `m rmamrmeklo. ]sb `m cbs kmrroilmetbs7 poro opclkor korhos `m vlmetb. Co smcmkklûe pum`m rmoclzorsm kbe mc smcmktbr `m bngmtbs b kbe mc lespmktbr. Mxlstm toinlìe ueo norro `m smcmkklbems mspmklocms7 smcmkklbeor kbe céemos `m kbestrukklûe. Aocto ue pm`ozb Korho `m vlmetb (wle` sliucotbr) Il iìtb`b7 Ms emkmsorlb `melr ue kco``leh b kmrroilmetb poro qum pum`o oktuor co korho `m vlmetb prmslbeoe`b sbnrm mstos zbeos7 Mstrukturo/kmrroilmetbs. Kclkd Cbo`s  Xle` cbo`s sliucotbe  Hmemrom Xle` Cbo`s.

8

 

@mnme kbesl`mrorsm cbs kuotrb kosbs `m korho pbr smporo`b qum co korho `m vlmetb vmeho me co `lrmkklûe `m –x’ me ue sme`b u btrb y qum vmeho me co `lrmkklûe `m –y’ me ue sme`b u btrb.

me mc kosb `m cos prbvleklos `m co zbeo L. Co prmslûe `mnm oamktorsm pbr btrbs kbmklmetms. Fokmr fbgo `m kïckucb. [mh÷e co ebrio kunoeo7

q?:9prmslûe nïslko koroktmrésko `mc vlmetb kbrrmspbe`lmetm o vmcbkl`o`ms `mc olrm me tmrrmebs ccoebs y onlmrtbs o ueo octuro `m ?: i sbnrm mc tmrrmeb, (dE /i>) Q?:9vmcbkl`o` koroktmrésko `mc vlmetb poro ue pmréb`b nïslkb `m rmkurrmeklo y o ueo octuro `m ?: i sbnrm mc tmrrmeb, tm rrmeb, (i/s), ?,19aoktbr mipérlkb Cos prmslbems nïslkos (q ?: ) pbr prbvleklos b rmhlbems, poro ueo rmkurrmeklo `m =: oÿbs sbe 7 Wbeo L - _um kbiprme`m cos prbvleklos7 Zleor `mc ^éb, Co Fonoeo, Klu`o` `m co Fonoeo, Lsco `m co Guvmetu`, Iotoezos, Qlcco Kcoro y Klmeaumhbs. q 9 ?,; dE/i > (?;: Dha/i>) • Wbeo LL - _um kbiprme`m cos prbvleklos `m [oek [plrltus, [ plrltus, Klmhb `m Ovlco y Koiohómy. > > q 9 ?,? dE/i  (??: Dha/i ) • Wbeo LLL - _um kbiprme`m cos prbvleklos `m Cos Pueos, Fbchuée, Hroeio, [oeohb `m Kuno y Huoetïeoib. q 9 :,< dE/i > () [pmklay wflkf mcmimets orm mxpbsm` tb tfm wle`, oe` le`lkotm la tfm bpmelehs le tfm poemcs iust nm kbesl`mrm` os kcbsm` br ebt.

Zoro co korho sésilko Oeocysls/Oeocysls Pypm/Cbo` tb Ioss Kbevmrslbe/Kbevmrt Kosms y smcmkklbeor cos korhos hrovltotbrlos. Co korho vlvo kbe ue kbmklmetm `m :.>= y co iumrto kbe ue kbmklmetm `m ?. [mh÷e co ebrio mh mhlpklo lpklo rmvlsor co kunoeo poro `mtmrileor cbs vocbrms `m cbs kbmklmetms y cbs pbs `m korhos. Me co pmstoÿo `m Oeocysls Pypm/Emw y iorkor [mlsilk (Mqulvocmet Cotmroc Abrkm Imtfb`)/Bd. Me co pmstoÿo `m [mlsilk Oeocysls … nuskor cos ebrios kunoeos y cos `mc OKL poro sonmr cos slilcltu`ms me ko`o kbmklmetm y sonmr kbcbkorcbs. Nuskor tutbrlocms `m mstm tmio. Me co oyu`o `m ^bnbt vlmem cb qum ms ko`o ueb `m cbs kbmklmetms o `melr me mc oeïclsls sésilkb. 6

 

 Ebtos `m kïckucb `mc oeïclsls oeïclsls sésilkb Oeocysls/Kockucobe ebtms/Aucc ebtms _um sbe cbs kbrm woccs.

^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC >:?0 KO[PMCCOEB Zoro oslheor korhos b prbplm`o`ms `m btrb pb o eu`bs b norros. [mcmkklbeorcbs [m cmkklbeorcbs y kbplor co rmcoklûe `m cbs ilsibs qum opormkm me [mcmkklbeor eu`bs y [mcmkklbeor norros me co zbeo lzqulmr`o supmrlbr `m co poetocco y cumhb kbploe`b msto rmcoklûe me cos toncos qum opormkme me cbs oinlmetms rmqumrl`bs poro co oslheoklûe `m co prbplm`o` `mtmrileo`o `be`m sm pum`m ib`lkor b oslheor ioeuocimetm co ilsio.

Plpbs `m kbinleoklbems me co oyu`o `m ^bnbt KBINLEOPLBE[7 Euinmr ba `lmrmet mxprmsslbes (rucms) `mskrlnleh tfm imtfb` ba hmemroeh kbinleobes ]C[7(typm)7 abriuco Kbinleobes usm` abr cbo` kopoklty kfmkd kfmk d [C[7(typm)7 abriuco Kbinleobes usm` abr smrvlkmonlclty stotm kfmkd k fmkd OC[7(typm)7 abriuco Kbinleobes usm` abr okkl`metoc stotm kfmkd [ZK7(typm)7 abriuco Kbinleobes usm` abr spmkloc stotm kfmkd è O÷e me co bpklûe `m kbinleoklbems ioeuocms mxlstme kbmklmetms `mel`bs poro ko`o pb `m korho smh÷e mc pb `m kbinleoklûe smcmkklbeo`o.

Cr, [ y ^ Kuoe`b co korho `m vlmetb smo eb mxtrmib b `m smrvlklb `mnm mipcmorsm ?.1X y eb :.?X me cos mkuoklbems =.;.?` y =.;.?a, y :.6X me vmz `m :.=X me co mkuoklûe =.;.?k. Me co tonco cos kbinleoklbems kbesl`mro`os sbe `m vlmetb mxtrmib poro vlmetb eb mxtrmib kbesl`mror cos slhulmetms7 ]9?.>@+?.1X+?.:C+:.=(Cr û [ û ^) =.;.?`.? <

 

]9:.@+?.1 (Cr û [ û ^) +(?.:C û :.6X) =.;.?k.? Me kbekcuslûe, cos kbinleoklbems `mnme smr7 Kbinleoklûe ?.0@ ?.>@+?.1C+:.=(Cr û [ û ^) ?.>@+?.1(Cr û [ û ^) +(?C+:.=Xmxtrmib) ?.>@+?Xmxt ?.>@ +?Xmxtrmib+? rmib+?C+:.= C+:.=(Cr (Cr û [ û ^) ?.>@+?M+?C :.

 

O kbeeuoklûe sm iumstroe ochueos toncos kbe vocbrms emkmsorlbs poro co kbehuroklûe oetmrlbr7

Aumetm7 Fbrilhûe Mstrukturoc. @lsmÿb pbr msto`bs céiltms. Zortm ?. GG Fmreïe`mz [oetoeo.

?;

 

@lspbslklûe `m orio`uros7

Kbib socl`o `m rmsucto`bs tmemibs me ^msucto`bs7 Zcoeb `m mgmkuklûe me outbko` y ib`mcb me ;@, ebtos `m kïckucb kbe cbs vbc÷imems `m iotmrlocms, cos sbclkltoklbems rmcoklbeo`os, cos prbplm`o`ms `m cbs iotmrlocms, mtk. [l qulmrb qum cbs pcoebs `m mgmkuklûe eb sm iumstrme pbr smporo`b vby o Oeïclsls/Zorïimtrbs `mc `lnugb y mskbgb ueo pcoecco `be`m sm vmo me co prm vlsuoclzoklûe qum ms ueo vlho kbeeuo y rmhmemrb cbs pcoebs `m mgmkuklûe. Me btrb tutbrloc sm krmorïe k rmorïe pcoeccos pmrsbeoclzo`os. Me Orkflvb/Kbehuror pïhleos pum`b koinlos cos prbplm`o`ms poro liprlilr.

Kbealhuroklûe `mc `lsmÿb `m mcmimetbs `m fbrilhûe orio`b. Klimetoklbems olsco`os. [mcmkklbeor mc eu`b `m co klimetoklûe o kockucor/^maumrzb prbpbrklbeo`b `m mcmimetbs `m ^K/[mcmkklbeor cos kbinleoklbems poro mc `lsmÿb `m co klimetoklûe/Nuskor me mc lespmktbr `m bngmtbs co pmstoÿo `m mcmimetbs m cmimetbs mstrukturocms y cumhb mc elvmc kbrrmspbe`lmetm oc eu`b `m co klimetoklûe/Opormkm ue prm`limeslbeoilmetb `m co klimetoklûe olsco`o. ?0

 

Me poemc `m co `mrmkfo kclk me @melr `limeslbems/Opormkme `lamrmetms bpklbems `m `lsmÿb `m klimetoklûe7 pb `m klimetoklûe (olsco`o b kbeeuo poro iurbs) y pb `m hmbimtréo (octuro kbestoetm b vorloncm)

Kuoe`b sm fokm kclk me co pmstoÿo `m gb mc prbhroio vo o kockucor cos koroktmréskos `mc rmaumrzb sbcoimetm goe`b cbs vocbrms `m cos `limeslbems cotmrocms. Me kosb kbetrorlb mc prbhroio rmoclzoréo mc `lsmÿb hmbtìkelkb toinlìe.

f0 9 korpmto `m elvmcoklûe. f> 9 austm `m co kbcuieo. (pm`mstoc) Mxlstme bpklbems poro `melr sl sm rmqulmrme rmaumrzbs `m mspmro poro co kbcuieo `m fbrilhûe b poro kbcuieos imtïclkos y o`miïs me cos bpklbems `m bpilzoklûe sm mspmklko sl sm rmqulmrm gor co rmktoehucorl`o` `mc pcotb

  @melr korhos/me mc kosb `m qum mxlstoe vorlos kbinleoklbems opormkmrïe tb`os cos kbinleoklbems. @melr sumcb @melr bpklbems `m kïckucb Zorïimtrbs `m cos orio`uros

Cbso `m klimetoklûe Kclk `mrmkfb sbnrm co poetocco/ibstror/norros/pmrcms-cmyme`o smh÷e kbcbrms poro rmoclzor ue msqumio `m cos `lamrmetms smkklbems `mel`os me co mstrukturo toetb `m vlhos kbib `m kbcuieos. Bngmtbs/^mktïehucb/[m krmo kbe msto bpklûe ueo mstrukturo ocïinrlko me mc elvmc `m co klimetoklûe qum tmeho ?i mxtro pbr ko`o ueb `m cbs kuotrb k uotrb co`bs/mspmsbr/kclk me uelabrim/iorkor porïimtrbs `m mcoskl`o` `mc sumcb y kclk/kbmklmetm `m mcoskl`o` `mc sumcb/sm `mem mc pmrc `mc sumcb, mc pb `m klimetoklûe (olsco`o, kbrrl`o, cbso `m klimetoklûe), sl ms réhl`o b mxlncm y sm kockuco k ockuco co msioklûe `m co korho sbnrm co cbso7 ?. [m kocku kockucoe coe cos rrmokklb mokklbems ems vmrkocms vmrkocms `m `m ko`o ueb ueb `m cbs opbybs opbybs `m cos cos kbcuieos kbcuieos.. >. [m nusko su kme kmetrbl` trbl`m m y sm troto `m qum qum`m qum`m cb iïs kmrko kmrkoeb eb pbslncm pbslncm oc kmetrb kmetrb `m hrovm`o` hrovm`o` (kbib me mc kosb `m cos norros `m okmrb `m `lamrmetms `lïimtrbs me ueb y btro koio`o). ;. [m kockuc kockuco o mc ïrmo `m co cbso `m klimeto klimetoklûe klûe pbelme` pbelme`b b ue imtrb o ko`o cco`b o`b `mc ïrmo ïrmo `m co m`lkoklûe. m`lkoklûe. 0. Msio Msioklûe klûe `m co korh korho o sbnrm co cbso(dZ cbso(dZo)9su o)9suiotbrl iotbrlo o `m cos rmokklbems/ rmokklbems/ïrmo ïrmo me pco pcoeto eto `m co cbso ((dZo). dZo). Zormkm qum co lestocoklûe `mc ^bnbt >:?8 mem mrrbrms co bpklûe `m poemcms y `m iocco`b foy qum nuskorco me cos bpklbems `m ib`lkoklûe `m imeus y norro `m fmrroilmetos y sokorcos kbib ue okkmsb `lrmktb.

?=

 

Mstrukturo/Zoemcms/cïileo `m fbrilhûe orio`b, sm fonlclto mc puetb letmrlbr `oe`b ue kclk me co zbeo vmr`m y sm `o ue kclk `metrb `mc kbetbreb `m co cbso `m klimetoklûe. k limetoklûe. Oetms `m kockucor mstrukturocimetm co cbso sm `mnm rmoclzor mc m c iocco`b. Zoemc/ib`mcb/…/ib`mcb `m kïckucb `mc poemc Hmemror mc ib`mcb `m kïckucb Nuskor btrb ^bnbt kbe imgbr lestocoklûe yo qum me mstm eb opormkme cos bpklbems `m iocco`b kbe tb`os sus koroktmréskos. Qmrslûe >:?6. Eb tmrilem `m vmr mstm tutbrloc. Aoctoe pbr vmr cbs tutbrlocms 6 (korho iûvlc y céemo `m leumeklo) y < (toequm `m ohuo)

Lipbrtor mstrukturo ocïinrlko `ms`m outbko` o rbnbt Co mstrukturo smrï me ;@ y ueb `m sus eb`bs `mnmrï kblekl`lr kbe mc brlhme `m kbbr`meo`os poro mvltor mrrbrms `m lipbrtoklûe. [m `mnm huor`or me ue abriotb `m `lnugb `m outbko` >:::. `wh. Kuoe`b sm onro mc rbnbt sm `mnm onrlr kbe co pcoecco cïileo y qum cos uel`o`ms `m im`l`o `m co msquleo leamrlbr `mrmkfo mstìe me i b qum kblekl`oe kbe cos uel`o`ms `m outbko` me cos kuocms aum `lnugo`o co mstrukturo ocïinrlko. [m lipbrto mc orkflvb `m outbko` osmhurïe`bsm qum co `lskrmzoklûe `m bngmtbs me mcmimetbs eltbs smo me norros y cbs porïimtrbs `m `lskrmzoklûe `m cbs orkbs me kosb `m kbetor kbe ochueb. Mxlstm ueo bpklûe `m kbplor prbplm`o`ms me co kuoc sm pum`me `melr kuïcms sbe cos prbplm`o`ms qum sm `msmoe kbplor y o qum mcmimetbs sbcb kbe `or kclk b mskrlnlme`b mc ebinrm. Oeïclsls `m smkklbems `m vlhos Fmrroilmetos/Kotïcbhb `m pmrcms. Oeïclsls `m tmeslbems ebriocms y toehmeklocms. [l im fokm aocto im cb mstu`lb. Kbinleoklbems outbiïtlkos Ebrios `m kbinleoklbems `m korhos poro mstrukturos imtïclkos C^A@ O[KM 8-?: Korhos/Kbinleoklbems ioeuocms-hmemroklûe/Iïs/sm oeoclzoe cbs hrupbs/sm korhoe cbs hrupbs me co pmstoÿo `m rmcoklbems b sm m`ltoe `m smr emkmsorlb/slhulmetm/sm smcmkklbeoe cos kbinleoklbems `msmo`os/hmemror Msto`b céiltm ÷cib, Msto`b céiltm `m smrvlklb, korhos okkl`metocms, korhos mspmklocms. Me cbs hrupbs co korho `m vlmetb mipcmo ue bpmro`br b mxkcuslvb m xkcuslvb qum le`lko qum eueko sm mipcmorïe cbs `bs kosbs `m korhos `m vlmetb –b’ cbs qum foyo me ueo ilsio kbinleoklûe. Co korho pmrioemetm mem ue bpmro`br –y’ qum le`lko qum slmiprm mstorï prmsmetm me tb`os cos kbinleoklbems. Co korho `m mxpcbtoklûe b vlvo mem ue bpmro`br –b’ lekcuslvb qum le`lko qum usorï vorlos korhos `m mxpcbtoklûe `m cos `mel`os me ueo ilsio kbinleoklûe. Nuskor ue clnrb qum sm ccoio –@lsmÿb `m mstrukturos kbe outb`msd rbnbt mstrukturoc >:?1’ `m Korcbs Merlqum Qlccorbmc y co pïhleo `m Aokmnbbd o vmr qum foy.

Mxkmetrlkl`o` u baasmt outbiïtlkb Msto bpklûe sm mipcmo poro qum cos vlhos qum`me kbrrmktoimetm opbyo`os sbnrm cos kbcuieos  kbcuieos b qum su portm supmrlbr kblekl`o kbe cos kbcuieos o hustb `mc prbymksto. Ms `mklr qum mc mcmimetb smo trosco`o`b fosto mc nbr`m `mc btrb mcmimetb uel`b o ìc pbr co zbeo qum sm rmqulmro toc y kbib sm iumstro me co huro. Norro `m fmrroilmetos `m @melklûe `m co mstrukturo/Mxkmetrlkl`o`ms/sm kbehuro mc pb `m mxkmetrlkl`o` `msmo`o oco supmrlbr, leamrlbr, `mrmkfo, lzqulmr`o, pbslncms kbinleoklbems metrm cos bpklbems smÿoco`os oetmrlbrimetm y kmetrb.

?1

 

 

Kuoe`b sm socm `mc kuo`rb `m `locbhb pum`m qum cos mxkmetrlkl`o`ms sm `mgme `m oprmklor. Kclk `mrmkfb/ibstror/ib`mcb/kclk me mxkmetrlkl`o`ms.

Mxlstme btrbs pbs `m mxkmetrlkl`o`ms qum eb pum`me smr sbcuklbeo`os kbe co bpklûe `mskrlto oetmrlbrimetm y sm oeoclzoe kbib ue bsmt mstïe`or. Poc kbib co qum sm iumstro me co abtb oetmrlbr me co kuoc sm `msmo qum cbs poroimetbs cotmrocms `m cos kbcuieos y cos vlhos mstìe me co ilsio pbslklûe pbr cb qum sm `mnm fokmr ue oeïclsls nosïe`bebs me cos `limeslbems `m cos smkklbems `m cos `lstoeklos y `lrmkklbems qum sm `mnme trosco`or cbs mcmimetbs y cumhb kbcbkorcbs me cos bpklbems `m mxkmekl`o`ms.

^mcogoilmetbs y eu`bs kbipotlncms [m smcmkklbeo tb`o co mstrukturo b co portm `m mcco qum sm qulmro `lvl`lr pbr sus letmrsmkklbems/M`lklûe/Letmrsmkklûe.

?8

 

[m oprmklo ueo sltuoklûe me co kuoc me co vlho `lvl`l`o cbs ibimetbs y cos `mabrioklbems eb sm troesiltme foklo co btro portm `m co vlho. O`miïs co vlho imtïclko `mnm mstor orkuco`o me sus mxtrmibs y mxlstm ue ibimetb pbr cb qum sm sonm qum eb ms osé. Norro `m fmrroilmeto @melklûe `m co mstrukturo/^mcogoklûe/Mipbtro`b-^btuco`o (tmemr me kumeto co `lrmkklûe `m ko`o norro y su rmcoklûe `m lelklb y e)

?6

 

Oqué sm opclkb mc mipbtro`b me co uelûe `m cos `bs portms `m co vlho y mc rbtuco`b me mc mxtmrlbr. Zbr cb qum mc ibimetb me co orkucoklûe ms kmrb pmrb o÷e eb sm troesiltme cos sbclkltoklbems foklo co btro portm `m co vlho o pmsor `m qum foy unlko`b ue mipbtroilmetb. Zoro mccb sm vo o7 Norro `m fmrroilmeto @melklûe `m co mstrukturo/Eu`bs kbiponcms (poro qum `bs eu`bs sm kbipbrtme `m co ilsio ioemro me ueo ilsio kbbr`meo`o `mc ib`mcb)/@melr eumvb pb `m kbiponlcl`o`

Kbe msto kbehuroklûe cbs eu`bs voe o tmemr co clnmrto` `m hlror le`mpme`lmetmimetm ueb `mc btrb pmrb su `mspcozoilmetb clemoc sl vo o smr kbeguetb.

Kursb ^bnbt Oeïclsls Zrbamslbeoc Letrb`ukklûe o ^bnbt Fmrroilmetos/prmamrmeklos. Zoroimtrbs rmhlbeocms7 Msto`bs ]el`bs (poro qum cos ebrios pbr `maouct smoe cos OKL, OL[K), l`lbio `m tronogb (ms mc m c `mc oinlmetm), l`lbio `m liprmslûe (pum`m tro`uklr outbiïkoimetm kuocqulmr mcmimetb qum foyoibs ebinro`b me mc prbymktb). Kbipcmimetbs/Letmhroklûe/Outb`msd ^mvlt [trukturm

Letmraoz `m ^bnbt Nuskor me cos oyu`os poro cb qum sm mipcmo rmocimetm ko`o k o`o ueo `m cos bpklbems lelklocms `m ^bnbt7

?<

 

Céemos `m kbestrukklûe Mgms Pmemr kbcbko`b mc ime÷ `m poetoccos me Hmbimtréo poro qum opormzko me m e mc ime÷ kbetmktuoc `m portm cotmroc `mrmkfo `m co poetocco co bpklûe `m céemos `m kbestrukklûe. Pmemr me kumeto7 Co pbslklûe brlhleoc `ms`m co kuoc portm mc mspokloilmetb y cos rmpmklbems. Mc ebinroilmetb me e÷imrbs me ueo `lrmkklûe y me cmtros me btro. Mstos bpklbems `m pum`me 





pmrsbeoclzor. Mxlstme porïimtrbs ovoezo`bs me cbs kuocms k uocms sm pum`me kbeabrior céemos lekcleo`os.



Mxlstme bpklbems poro cos kbbr`meo`os klcle`rlkos.

]el`o`ms `m prbymktb y abriotbs Me fmrroilmetos/prmamrmeklos poro mc prbymktb (b `be`m sm oprmkloe cos uel`o`ms me co portm leamrlbr `mrmkfo `m co poetocco) sm pum`me kbehuror7 cos uel`o`ms, cos ebrios o mipcmor poro ko`o `lsklpcleo, cbs iotmrlocms, mtk. mxlstm toinlìe co bpklûe `m huor`or cbs porïimtrbs oktuocms kbib prm`mtmrileo`bs.  Elvmcms ‛pcoetos Me co bpklûe pcoetos `m co mstrukturo sm pum`m `melr mc elvmc `m nosm (- b +) o porr `mc kuoc sm pum`me rmpmr cbs elvmcms `m plsb. Me co bpklûe euimroklûe/`melr sm pum`m kbcbkor co kbto `m ko`o elvmc kbib su ebinrm –Elvmc %+v’ b sl sm `msmo pbemr –EZP %+v’, slmiprm ioetmelme`b %+v poro qum socho co kbto kbib ebinrm. Iotmrlocms Zrmamrmeklos poro mc prbymktb/iotmrlocms/sm pum`me ib`lkor `m co nosm `m `otbs `mc poés smcmkklbeo`b m lr ohrmhïe`bcbs poro cumhb smcmkklbeorcbs smh÷e mc mcmimetb y sm pum`me huor`or kbe cos `miïs prmamrmeklos.

Krmoklûe `m smkklbems [mkklbems (sbcb poro vlhos y kbcuieos)7 Me mc kosb `m cbs pmrcms imtïclkbs mxlstme vorlos bpklbems7 mstïe`or sm soko `m cos toncos `m pmrcms smh÷e co ebrio smcmkklbeo`o, poroiìtrlkb sbe cos abrios kbebkl`os `m pmrcms pmrb cos `limeslbems sm pum`me letrb`uklr ioeuocimetm. Me cos vlhos `m fhbe7 sm pum`m `lsmÿor vlhos –P’, –L’, kbe pmroctb vorloncm y kbe co rm`ukklûe `m lemrklo me cbs ; mgms. Me co kbcuieos `m fbrilhûe orio`b mxlstme toinlìe i÷cpcms smkklbems y toinlìe sm pum`me rm`uklr cos lemrklos. 





Orio`bs `m cbsos y iurbs Cbsos7 >:

 

Nuskor me cos oyu`os `m ^bnbt mc pb `m kïckucb o mipcmor smh÷e cos vorlm`o`ms `m cbso7 mxlûe + trokklûe/kbiprmslûe, mxlûe slipcm, trokklûe/kbiprmslûe. Nuskor me co oyu`o me qum kbeslstm ko`o ueo `m cos bpklbems `m co `lrmkklûe `m co orio`uro prleklpoc sleb fokmr ue kosb outbiïkb kbe rmkt lhuoc o ?, imebr y ioybr qum > o vmr sl cb fokm nlme me outbiïkb y trotor `mspuìs kbe co bpklûe ioeuocimetm pbr `bs puetbs. ?. @lrm @lrmkk kklû lûe e `m co o ori rio` o`ur uro7 o7 Kcoslkoklûe `m co cbso smh÷e su abrio `m tronogb7 Me ueo `lrmkklûe7 sl co cbso mstï opbyo`o me sbcb `bs nbr`ms bpumstbs co `lrmkklûe `m korho `m co ilsio smrï pmrpme`lkucor o `lkfbs opbybs sle lipbrtor co rmktoehucorl`o` `m msto. Kuoe`b co rmktoehucorl`o` ms octo co cbso troesiltm co korho foklo sus opbybs me ueo sbco `lrmkklûe pmrpme`lkucor o co `lrmkklûe prm`bileoetm (Cc), ms `mklr, mc troib iïs kbrtb b qum imebs rmslstmeklo rmslstmeklo nrle`o nrle`o qum smo porocmcb porocmcb o co imebr cuz (Cc/Ck ≭>). Kuoe`b Kuoe`b mxlstm ueo sbco `lrmkklûe `m tronogb sm rmqulmrm orio`uro `m rmaumrzb prleklpoc sbcb me co `lrmkklûe `m tronogb, ilmetr ilm etros os qum me co `lr `lrmkk mkklûe lûe pmr pmrpme pme`lk `lkuco ucorr o mcco, mcco, sm `mnm `mnm `ls `lspbe pbemr mr ueo ori orio`u o`uro ro smkue smkue`or `orlo lo (okmrb (okmrb `m tmipmroturo). Me `bs `lrmkklbems7 sbe oqumccos qum `mnl`b o sus kbe`lklbems `m sustmetoklûe, b `m rmktoehucorl`o`, cos korhos sm troesiltme kbe slilcor letmesl`o` me cos `bs `lrmkklbems `mc pcoeb. Zum`me prmsmetorsm `m i÷cpcms abrios7 

 

Opbyo`os me iurbs b vlhos me cos `bs `lrmkklbems, `melme`b poÿbs `m rmktoehucorl`o` pmqumÿo (^mkt7 Cc/Ck3>). Opbyo`os `lrmktoimetm sbnrm kbcuieos. Opbyo`os me kbcuieos qum kumetoe kbe ïnokbs, kopltmcms b co kbinleoklûe `m oinbs, poro `lsileulr mc mamktb `mc puezbeoilmetb.

Cbsos rmkucorms. Mc krltmrlb `m cbs opbybs ms `meltbrlb slmiprm qum mxlsto oc imebs ue nbr`m qum sm mekumetrm clnrm, ilmetros qum mc `m co rmktoehucorl`o` sbcb ms opclkoncm o cbsos qum sm mekumetrme opbyo`os me sus kuotrb nbr`ms. ^mhcos poro cos kbe`lklbems `m tronogb `m co cbso7 

 

[l sbe trms cbs opbybs, mc tronogb ms me cos `bs `lrmkklbems. [l sbe sbcb `bs cbs opbybs, pum`me okbetmkmr cos `bs sltuoklbems slhulmetms7 >?

 

b

Cbs opbybs sbe kbevmrhmetms7 metbekms mc tronogb `m co cbso ms me cos `bs `lrmkklbems.

b

Co `lrmkklûe `m cbs opbybs ms porocmco7 me mstm kosb, mc tronogb `m co cbso ms me ueo `lrmkklûe,

prmklsoimetm me oqumcco qum ms pmrpme`lkuocor o cbs opbybs. Co cbso sm mekumetro opbyo`o me ue sbcb nbr`m7 metbekms mc tronogb ms me ueo `lrmkklûe, me msto sltuoklûe, me co `lrmkklûe pmrpme`lkucor oc opbyb , ms `mklr, kbib ue vbco`lzb. Co `lrmkklûe `m tronogb y co `m co orio`uro ms co ilsio, cos norros voe kbcbko`os o cb corhb me co ilsio `lrmkklûe. 

>. Cbso Cbsoss m me e ueo ueo `l `lrm rmkk kklû lûe7 e7 >.? @mabrioklûe pm pmrilslncm rilslncm poro cbsos cbsos pcoeos me ueo `lrmkklûe7

Qocbrms `m f iéelibs pbr `mabrioklûe poro cbsos me ueo `lrmkklûe (me aueklûe `m co cuz `mc mcmimetb, c)

Mcmimetb

Cbsos ioklzos rmabrzo`os me ueo sbco `lrmkklûe Qlhos b cbsos kbe emrvlbs me ueo `lrmkklûe

[lipcmimetm opbyo`o

Zmroctb tbtoc iéelib, f Oinbs mxtrmibs ]e mxtrmib kbeeub kbeeubs b b mipbtro`b mipbtro`bs >6: 0>: >6: 0>:

>6:

0>:

c/>=

c/>:

c/;:

c/>0

c/;=

c/>6

c/>:

c/?1

c/>0

c/?6.=

c/>6

c/>?

Me vbco`lzb >6: c/?>. =

0>: c/?:

c/?1

Co iïs mxlhmetm ms co `m C/06:. >.> Mspmklkoklbe Mspmklkoklbems ms `m rmaumrzb iéelib y smporoklûe smporoklûe iïxlio poro cbsos cbsos pcoeos me ueo `lrmkk `lrmkklûe7 lûe7 

^maumrzb iéelib me co `lrmkklûe prleklpoc >>

c/6

 

 O sile9 Ϗ ile∘n∘ `  Ϗile7 b

:.::> poro norros kbrruho`os kbe ay30>:IZo

b

:.::?6 poro norros kbrruho`os kbe ay90>:IZo :.::?6∘0>:

b

a  y

≥ :.::?0  poro

norros kbrruho`os me ay50>:IZo (eb imebr qum)

Me oqumccbs kosbs me qum mc céiltm oetmrlbr sm ioybr qum ?.;; vmkms mc ïrmo `m okmrb rmqumrl`b pbr kïckucb, ms suklmetm `lspbemr `m msto ÷cio prbpbrklûe. 

[mporoklûe iïxlio me co `lrmkklûe prleklpoc7

[iox ≠ ; f b 0= ki ^maumrzb iéelib me co `lrmkklûe smkue`orlo7 Ms lhuoc qum co `lrmkklûe `lrmkk lûe prleklpoc. 



[mporoklûe iïxlio me co `lrmkklûe smkue`orlo7

[iox ≠ = f b 0= ki >.; Mspmklkoklbe Mspmklkoklbems ms `m oekcogm poro poro cbsos pcoeos pcoeos me ueo `lrmkklûe7 `lrmkklûe7

^mkbime`oklbems `mc OKL7 [m mxlhm qum slmiprm ccmhum oc opbyb oc imebs ?/; `mc tbtoc `m norros, cb qum bnclho o qum oc imebs ueo `m ko`o trms `m mccos, kockuco`os poro mc ibimetb pbslvb, sm mxme`o foklo cbs opbybs mxtmrlbrms poro oekcorcos `mnl`oimetm me mso rmhlûe. Poinlìe, mstos norros eb `mnme mstor smporo`os iïs occï `m 0:ki.

Zmroctb iéelib, kbiprbnoklûe `m cos `mabrioklbems, rmaumrzb iéelib, smporoklûe iïxlio y cbehltu` `m oekcogm kbe cos rmkbime`oklbems y kbe cbs kïckucbs. ^mvlsor me cos fbgos `m kïckucb `m gg.

>;

 

;. Cbso Cbsoss me `bs `bs `lrm `lrmkk kklb lbem emss

^mvlsor cbs `bs iìtb`bs `m kïckucb qum mxlstme mc imtb`b `m `lsmÿb `lrmktb y mc `mc pûrkb mqulvocmetm poro cbsos kbe b sle vlhos. Qmr qum tmehoe lekcul`os cos mspmklkoklbems smÿoco`os oetmrlbrimetm. Qmr qum `lkme cos ebrios OKL iïs oktuocms sbnrm mstbs iìtb`bs.

Oqué sm `mnme `melr nlme cbs iotmrlocms oetms. Qmr sl socm och÷e okmrb eumvb kuoe`b sm krmo.

Nuskor kbiprbnoklûe `m suroklûe me cbsos me cos ebrios OKL. Nuskor me cos oyu`os `m ^bnbt me qum kbeslstm co kbrrmklûe kbrrmk lûe `m orio`uros, rmcoklûe `m cos korhos `m corho `uroklûe/vorloncms y mc kbmklmetm ε. >0

 

0. @lsm @lsmÿb ÿb `m cos ccbsos bsos prmaonrl prmaonrlko`o ko`oss kbib kbib vlhos vlhos P

Me cbsos prmaonrlko`os kbe smkklbems eb pcoeos mc meabqum prleklpoc poro mc `lsmÿb ms troesabrior msto smkklûe me ueo smkklûe P vlrtuoc. Msto troesabrioklûe troesabrioklûe sm prb`ukm nogb cbs slhulmetms krltmrlbs. 

Mc pmroctb `m co smkklûe P smrï mc ilsib qum mc `m co cbso rmoc



Mc oekfb `mc oco supmrlbr smrï mc ilsib `m co cbso rmoc



Mc mspmsbr `mc oco supmrlbr smrï mc mspmsbr `m co korpmto supmrlbr `m co cbso rmoc



Mc oekfb `mc emrvlb sm kbestruym kbib co suio `m cbs mspmsbrms imebrms im ebrms `m co cbso Me co huro sm mgmipclko co troesabrioklûe poro trms kosbs plkbs `m cbso prmaonrlko`os7 cbso `bncm P, kogûe y ofumko`o

Orio`bs `m okmrb y ocuilelb Mstu`lor cos kbeamrmeklos `m imtïclko y kbiprbnor cbs `otbs qum pl`me me ^bnbt. Orio`bs `m kbekrmtb

Kursb ^bnbt [trukturoc Oeocysls Zrbamsslbeoc Z rbamsslbeoc Letmraoz `m usuorlb7 Norro `m smcmkklûe `m norros, `m eu`bs, `m kosbs `m korhos, mtk. Co letmraoz `m rbnbt sm koroktmrlzo pbr co prmsmeklo `m ime÷s kbetmxtuocms. Mc lespmktbr `m bngmtbs pmrilmtm ueo smcmkklûe iïs mspmklko `m tb`bs t b`bs cbs mcmimetbs ib`mco`bs y co m`lklûe `m sus prbplm`o`ms. Mstm sm pum`m ib`lkor smh÷e cbs mcmimetbs oeoclzo`bs o uelbems `m okmrb, kbipbemetms `m fbrilhûe orio`b y prmporoklûe `m rmsucto`bs. Norro `m fmrroilmetos/Qlsto `leïilko me ;@7 pbr ko`o kuo`roetm7 rbtoklûe me ;@, zbbi, rbtoklûe rmspmktb o ue mgm y poe. Céemos `m kbestrukklûe Zoro oÿo`lr cos céemos mipcmor ton y metmr.

>=

 

Zcoetos `m co mstrukturo Me co norro `m smcmkklûe Zcoetos `m co mstrukturo/`melr mc elvmc `m co nosm `mc m`lklb (mstm pum`m smr emhovb)/ohrmhor tb`bs cbs elvmcms `msmo`bs/sl sm `msmo ueo `mebileoklûe mspmklko poro mc sûtoeb, co pcoeto nogo b co kunlmrto sm ohrmhoe lelklocimetm tb`bs cbs elvmcms y cumhb sm vo koinloe`b co `mebileoklûe `m cbs elvmcms iïs nogbs o cbs iïs octbs poro qum sm voyo kbrrlme`b mc e÷imrb `m cbs elvmcms outbiïkoimetm iorkoe`b co prlimro bpklûe `m cos trms nrle`o`os poro cbs kosbs `lamrmetms y co tmrkmro (Eumvo pcoecco poro tb`os cos pcoetos sukmslvos) poro cbs kosbs qum sm rmpltme. Co nosm eb sm pbem. Co bpklûe `m `melr sm opclko poro tb`bs cbs elvmcms eb sbcoimetm poro cbs smcmkklbeo`bs.

Kbinleoklbems `m korho [m pum`m krmor ue `bkuimetb `m Mxkmc Mxkm c me mc kuoc sm kbetmipcme cos kbinleoklbems mipcmo`os poro kosbs `mtmrileo`bs7

Mc kosb `m korho `mnm tmemr co ilsio euimroklûe me co tonco qum me mc ^bnbt. [m kbplo co tonco kbe Ktrb+K y sm pmho me mc `bkuimetb `m ^bnbt ueo vmz yo sm foe krmo`b cbos kosbs `m korho kbe cos mspmklkoklbems oetmrlbrms y sm pmho me Korho/Poncos-Kbinleoklbems/M`lklûe/Ktrbc+Q. Korho/Poncos-Kbinleoklbems/M`lklûe/Ktrbc+Q. Ms lipbrtoetm smÿocor qum sm oÿo`me tb`os kbib msto`b céiltm ÷cib pbr cb qum foy qum usor co bpklûe `m ib`lkor me cos `m smrvlklb me Korhos/Kbinleoklbems ioeuocms.

K]^[B ^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC :? KcosmR?RkursbRrb KcosmR?RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRu nbtRstrukturocRueltsRkrmotlehRrkR eltsRkrmotlehRrkRiotmrloc iotmrloc ?. Me Fmrroi Fmrroilmeto lmetos/prma s/prmamrmekl mrmeklos os sm pum`me pum`me koinlor koinlor cbs porïimtrbs porïimtrbs rmhlbeoc rmhlbeocms ms y mc l`lbi l`lbio o `m tronogb y `m liprmslûe.

>. Kbe mstos fmrroilmetos sm smcmkklbeoe cbs eu`bs, cos norros y cbs kosbs `m korhos k orhos me ko`o pmstoÿo `mspcmhoncm.

;. Norro `m otrl otrlnutbs nutbs77 pmriltm pmriltm vlsuoclzor vlsuoclzor leabriok leabrioklûe lûe okmrko okmrko `mc ib`mcb ib`mcb me qum sm mstì tronogoe` tronogoe`b7 b7 (me br`me) e÷imrb `m eu`bs, e÷imrb `m norros, oebtoklbems `m poemcms, séinbcbs `m opbyb, abrios `m smkklbems, slstmio cbkoc, letmrlbr `m poemcms, séinbcbs `m korhos y oebtoklbems `m cbs vocbrms `m korhos. 0. Nbtûe `m ibstro ibstrorr mc lespmktbr lespmktbr `m poetoccos poetoccos okvos. okvos. =. Kbe Kbeh hur uror or cos cos uel uel`o `o`m `ms. s.

>1

 

1. Iotmrl Iotmrlocms7 ocms7 fmrroilme fmrroilmetos/p tos/prmamrme rmamrmeklos klos poro mc prbymktb/i prbymktb/iotmrlo otmrlocms/i cms/ib`l b`lkor kor (me mc kosb qum sm `msmm pmrsbeoclzor ue iotmrloc) 

Iû`ucb `m mcoskl`o`  Mk 9 08:: b 06::∘∗ a ° k ( IZo ) kbiprbnor pbr cos ebrios OKL iïs oktuocms.



Kbmklmetm `m Zblssbe ι9:.>:~:.>=. o`limeslbeoc.



Kbmklmetm `m Dlrkfb H9



Zmsb mspmkékb ZM9>0dE/iU; le sltu y ZM9>=dE/iU; prmaonrlko`b.



@lcotoklûe tìrilko ο k 9:.::::? 9?∘?:

  Mk

∘(? + ι )

>

 smh÷e co ebrio nbclvloeb, nuskor OKL.

T  Y

∞=   ?





∖

K 

Kbmklmetm `m oibrhuoilmetb sbcb sm mipcmo me co ebrio aroekmso b ocmioeo 9 :.:0 b :.:= me co mstrukturo eb me mc iotmrloc. ^mvlsor sl sm kbcbko rmslstmeklo koroktmrésko (OKL) b `m kïckucb

Zrbnmto klcée`rlko 9 :.?=x:.;:ki Ebinror/Ohrohor/Okmptor. 

:> KcosmR>RkursbRrb KcosmR>RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRb nbtRstrukturocRbngmktRsmcmktlbeR ngmktRsmcmktlbeRkrmotlehRsmktlbes krmotlehRsmktlbesRoe`Rsuppbrts Roe`Rsuppbrts ?. Me co msqule msquleo o leamrlbr leamrlbr lzqulmr`o lzqulmr`o me Qlsuoclzor Qlsuoclzor otrlnutb otrlnutbs/Poi s/Poioÿb oÿb `mc séinbcb90 séinbcb90: : poro ohroe`or ohroe`or co euimroklûe `m eb`bs y norros. >. Abri Abrios os `m `m sm smcm cmkk kklû lûe7 e7 [m pum`me mipcmor cos vmetoeos `m smcmkklûe (puetmo`os (puetmo`os tb`bs cbs mcmimetbs qum tbko y kbeeuo sbcb cbs mcmimetbs mehcbno`bs) toc y kbib me OutbKO@ y ^mvlt. Im`loetm mc lespmktbs `m bngtbs kbe Ktrbc poro vorlbs mcmimetbs. Kbe cos norros `m smcmkklûe `m eu`bs, norros y korhos troto`os me co kcosm oetmrlbr. (sm mskrlnm me co norro ? ; (kbe mspoklbe letmrim`lb) poro smcmkklbeor cos norros ? y ;, ; , ?o; poro smcmkklbeor cos norros ?, > y ;.) ;. Krm Krmok oklû lûe e `m sm smkk kklb lbem emss Mstrukturo/Zrbplm`o`ms/[mkklûe Mstrukturo/Opbybs ?. Kor Korho hos/ s/Ko Kosb sbss ` `m m korh korhos os.. ^mvlsor me qum kbeslstme cos kotmhbréos `m cos korhos `m mxpcbtoklûe. m xpcbtoklûe. >. Eb ms emkmso emkmsorlb rlb oslheor oslheor mc pmsb prbplb prbplb kuoe`b kuoe`b sm lekcuym lekcuym mc prlimr prlimr kosb `m `m korho pmrioemetm pmrioemetm mc prbhroio cb osuim smh÷e cos smkklûe y mc pmsb mspmkékb `mc iotmrloc oslheo`b. [l pbr ochueo rozûe sm mclileo co oslheoklûe `mc pmsb prbplb fmkfo `m msto abrio sm pum`m vbcvmr o kbcbkor me m e @melr korhos/Zmsb y ioso/Zmsb prbplb-Zz poro co mstrukturo metmro. ;. Fmrroi Fmrroilmeto lmetoss (ékbeb me abrio abrio `m ccovm)/Kbt ccovm)/Kbtos. os. [m kbcb kbcbkoe koe toc y kbib me cbs cbs `miïs sb sbworm worm `m Outb`msd. 0. Opbyb Opbybs/Mcï s/Mcïskb/ skb/sm sm kbcbko mc vocbr vocbr `mc kbmklmetm kbmklmetm `m no nocostb costb (uel` (uel`o` o` `m korho/ korho/cbehl cbehltu` tu` b smo iucpclko`b pbr mc ïrmo `m nosm poro kbcbkorcb `m abrio clemoc) me co `lrmkklûe `msmo`o y sm rmstrlehme cos `miïs `lrmkklbems poro qum eb sm prb`uzkoe mrrbrms `m mstonlcl`o` m stonlcl`o` me co mstrukturo. =. [l cos kfos qum bar barmkme mkme cbs vocbrms vocbrms `m korhos, sbclklto sbclkltoklbems klbems,, msaumrzb msaumrzbss b `mabriokl `mabrioklbems bems sm letmrpbeme letmrpbemem m me co vlslnlcl`o` sm pum`me `mspcozor ioeuocimetm. 1. Kuoe` Kuoe`b b cos korhos sm sm `msmoe opclkor opclkor me co `lrmkklû `lrmkklûe e pmrpme pmrpme`lkuc `lkucor or o ueo norr norro o lekcleo`o lekcleo`o mxls mxlstm tm ueo bpklûe `m mgms cbkocms me `melr korhos. Pmemr me kumeto cos `lstoeklos onsbcutos y rmcovos. 8. Kuoe` Kuoe`b b yo sm fo kbrrl`b kbrrl`b mc ib`mcb ib`mcb kbe kclk `mrmkfb/p `mrmkfb/prbplm rbplm`o`ms `o`ms `mc bngmtb bngmtb op opormkme ormkme tb` tb`os os cos koroktmréskos `m oeïclsls emkmsorlos poro mc `lsmÿb `mc mcmimetb kbib pbr mgmipcb7 ueo kurvo `m tb`os cos sbclkltoklbems me co qum sm pum`m kbebkmr mc vocbr poro ko`o k o`o cbehltu` (kbrrlme`b mc ibusm eb 

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>8

 

kbcbkoe`b co `lstoeklo mxokto), koroktmréskos `m co smkklûe, `mc iotmrloc, `mspcozoilmetb, kosb `m korho iïs `maonbroncm, puetbs rmcmvoetms poro mc `lsmÿb (kbiprbnor sl opormkm co `lstoeklo o puetbs `m ibimetb eucb poro cos cbehltu`ms `m oekcogm). 6. Msqul Msquleo eo leamr leamrlbr lbr `mrmkf `mrmkfo/Zorï o/Zorïimtrbs imtrbs pbr pbr `mamktb `m co vlsuoclz vlsuoclzoklûe oklûe poro poro mclileor mclileor `m co vlsto tb`os cos oslheoklbems `m korhos, rmsucto`bs, mtk.

:0 KcosmR0RkursbRrb KcosmR0RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRn nbtRstrukturocRnulc`lehRmxoipcmR ulc`lehRmxoipcmRib`mclehRsmktlbe ib`mclehRsmktlbess Ib`mcoklûe `m ueo mstrukturo `m fbrilhûe trl`limeslbeoc. ?. Zoro mc orkflv orkflvb b `m lipbrtoklûe lipbrtoklûe `m OutbKO@7 OutbKO@7 pcoebs pcoebs `m pcoeto y mcmvo mcmvoklbems klbems (p (poro oro cbs elvmcms), elvmcms), abriotbs abriotbs *.`xa b prmamrmetmimetm *.`wh, uel`o`ms qum kblekl`oe kbe cos qum sm mstï tronogoe`b me ^bnbt Mstrukturoc (cbehltu`ms me i y co `mebileoklûe kbe mc prm`limeslbeoilmetb `m cos smkklbems `m vlhos, kbcuieos, mtk. me ki toc y kbib sm mipcmo me ^bnbt), mgms rmamrl`bs oc brlhme `m kbbr`meo`os (mc prlimr krukm `m cbs mgms me m e oinos `lrmkklbems mem qum smr mc brlhme `m kbbr`meo`os `m OutbKO@ `be`m mstïe unlko`o co liohme `m cbs mgms kortmsloebs poro unlkorcb me co ilsio pbslklûe me ^bnbt) (poro cos mskocmros, kbcuieos, kogo `m oskmesbr). [l sm ib`lko mc orkflvb KO@ oc lelklor ^bnbt sm barmkmrï co bpklûe `m oktuoclzor cos ib`lkoklbems. >. Kbehu Kbehuror ror cos uel`o` uel`o`ms, ms, cos ebrios ebrios `m `lsmÿb `lsmÿb,, `m korhos y cbs iot iotmrloc mrlocms. ms. ;. Krmor cos pc pcoetos7 oetos7 N Norro orro supmrlbr/ supmrlbr/Zcoet Zcoetos os `m co mstrukturo/ mstrukturo/mclil mclileor eor co pcoeto pcoeto ? qum oporm opormkm km prm`mtmrileo`o/`melklûe ioeuoc/ohrmhor cos pcoetos kbesl`mroe`b mc elvmc iïs nogb kbib :.::/`melr co prbaue`l`o` me mc sumcb `mc elvmc `m co nosm `mc m`lklb y sm koinlo k oinlo outbiïkoimetm me cos pcoetos.

0. Lipbrt Lipbrtoklûe oklûe `mc orkflvb orkflvb KO@7 Orkflvb Orkflvb/Lipb /Lipbrtor/I rtor/Iopo opo `m pcoetos pcoetos `wa, `wh/nuskor `wh/nuskor co ruto/me ruto/me mc kuo`rb kuo`rb `m `locbhb7 kbiprbnor cos uel`o`ms qum smoe kbeslstmetms kbe cos `m ^bnbt, sm pum`m koinlor co mskoco, co lekcleoklûe, kbcbkorcb me mc brlhme `m kbbr`meo`os toc y kbib mstï `mel`b me OutbKO@, cos kopos qum >6

 

sm `msmoe lipbrtor, ockoekm `m co vlslnlcl`o`7 sle cliltms poro qum smo vmo mc pcoeb lipbrto`b me tb`os cos pcoetos (co bpklûe `m outbiïkb sm mipcmo sl mc m`lklb prmsmeto pcoebs `lamrmetms poro ochuebs `m sus elvmcms). =. Me mc poemc ` `m m prbplm`o`ms prbplm`o`ms `mc pcoeb pcoeb `m lipbrtokl lipbrtoklûe7 ûe7 koinlorcm koinlorcm mc kbcbr, kbcbr, okvor okvor b eb su vlsln vlslnlcl` lcl`o` o` y mc ockoekm. 1. Céemos ` `m m kbestrukklûe7 kbestrukklûe7 poro poro `lnu `lnugor gor cos rmglcco rmglcco mc iìtb`b iìtb`b `m smcmkklûe smcmkklûe kbe mc hrl` nosm nosm `mc prbhroio prbhroio fokm fokm kbipcmgb co smcmkklûe `m cbs mcmimetbs qum eb kblekl`oe kbe mc hrl`, poro `msokvorcb7 kclk `mrmkfb/iìtb`b `mc puetmrb/iìtb`b `mc puetmrb/`msiorkor kuo`rékuco. @mspuìs `m mstb sm voe smcmkklbeoe`b smkumeklocimetm cbs mxtrmibs `m cos céemos `m rmglccos me oinos `lrmkklbems. (tmemr me kumeto co ebtoklûe `m e÷imrbs me ueo `lrmkklûe y cmtros me co btro) 8. Co Coss smk smkkl klbe bems ms77 Zoro krmor ueo smkklûe `m cbso oclhmro`o `m vlhumto prmtmeso`o (rmvlsor (rmvlsor me kotïcbhbs `m aonrlkoetms cbs `limeslbeoilmetbs `m cos vlhumtos prmtmeso`os, prmtmeso`os, mc iotmrloc mxtmrlbr ms `m kbipcmimetb pcostbabrib). [m krmo ueo cbso mqulvocmetm `m co ilsio rlhl`mz poro rmoclzor co ib`mcoklûe kbib eb sm vo o `lsmÿor co ilsio. Mc rmsucto`b eb vo o smr mxoktb pmrb o mamktbs m amktbs prïkkbs vo o aueklbeor co oprbxlioklûe `m co cbso mqulvocmetm. Mspmsbr/Brtûtrbpb/emrvlbs `m ue co`b me ueo `lrmkklûe (`mnl`b o qum msto cbso tronogo me ueo sbco `lrmkklûe)/tmemr me kumeto co `lrmkklûe `m cbs emrvlbs (krmor `bs kbe cos ilsios prbplm`o`ms ueo kbe cbs emrvlbs me co `lrmkklûe `m –x’ y btro me –y’).

[m pum`m imgbror mc kockucb `m co mqulvocmeklo `m co smkklûe `m co vlhumto prmtmeso`o o co mqulvocmetm, abriucor me Iotfko` y kbiporor rmsucto`bs.

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Mspmsbrms poro co cbso ccmeo `m metrmplsb, cbs iurbs `mc oskmesbr y co cbso `m mskocmro7 Mspmsbr/uelabrim.

KcosmR=RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRib nbtRstrukturocRib`mclehRkbcuiesRn `mclehRkbcuiesRnmoisRoe`Rwoccs moisRoe`Rwoccs := KcosmR=RkursbRrb @lnugor cos vlhos slmiprm oc mgm `m cos kbcuieos. ?. ]eo vmz `ln `lnugo`o ugo`oss cos kbcuieos, kbcuieos, vlhos vlhos y iurbs iurbs `m co pcoeto nogo nogo (vme`réoe (vme`réoe sl slme`b me`b pm`mstoc pm`mstocms ms y vlhos zopotos qum me mstm kosb `limeslbeorbe lhuoc qum cbs `miïs mcmimetbs `mc m`lklb)7 kclk `mrmkfb sbnrm co pcoeto nogo me mc lespmktbr `m bngmtbs/pcoeto/kbplor mc kbetmel`b `m co pcoeto/iorkor meklio y `mklr mc e÷imrb `m rmpmklbems (`mnme mstor krmo`bs cbs elvmcms supmrlbrms). Mxlstm ueo bpklûe poro qum sm kbplme sbcoimetm cbs mcmimetbs smcmkklbeo`bs prmvloimetm. Co kbplo sm pum`m fokmr ouequm cbs elvmcms y pbr kbrrmspbe`lmetm cos kbcuieos tmehoe `lamrmetm octuro, sm ccmvorï outbiïkoimetm fosto co octuro rmqumrl`o pbr mc elvmc oc qum sm kbplo. >. Ibvmr co vl vlho ho `m co mskocmro mskocmro fosto co octuro octuro `mc `mc `mskoesb. `mskoesb. M`lklûe/ M`lklûe/m`lklû m`lklûe/ibv e/ibvmr mr b kbplor/iorkor kbplor/iorkor ibvmr /kbcbkor mc ibvlilmetb qum sm `msmo me abrio `mc vmktbr `m troscoklûe. [l sm `msmo ibvmr o co ilto` `m co kbcuieo smréo :4:4-?.8=. [m ibvmrï me mc sme`b kbetrorlb `mc mgm z ?.8=i ioetmelìe`bsm kbestoetm su pbslklûe me cbs mgms –x’ y –y’. ;. Kbe mstm ibv ibvlilme lilmetb tb co vlho mstï mstï btoe`b btoe`b me mc olrm y sm mem qum vlekucor vlekucor o co kbc kbcuieo uieo pbr pbr cb qum sm `mnm `lvl`lr co kbcuieo me `bs poro qum sm krmm me m e mcco ue eu`b me co pbslklûe qum sm `mno vlekucor co vlho. M`lklûe/@lvl`lr/`msiorkor co bpklûe `m hmemror eu`bs sle `lvl`lr norros/nbr`ms, iorkor me E portms y kbcbkor > me e÷imrb `m smhimetbs. 0. Ms emkms emkmsorlb orlb metbekms metbekms uelr uelr oinbs eu`bs eu`bs kbe ue nrozb nrozb réhl réhl`b. `b. Mstm mcmimetb mcmimetbss mem kbib au aueklûe eklûe qum qum tb`os cos sbclkltoklbems `m aumrzos b `mspcozoilmetbs `mc eu`b `m co vlhos sm troesiltoe oc `m co kbcuieo opclkïe`bcm ue nrozb kbrrmspbe`lmetm o co `lstoeklo metrm `lkfbs eb`bs. Mc eu`b prleklpoc smrï mc `m co kbcuieo qum rmslsrï cos sbclkltoklbems. @melklûe `m mstrukturo/uelûe réhl`o/krmor ueo eumvo `mebileo`o nrozb réhl`b y iorkor tb`os cos `lrmkklbems clemocms y oehucorms cliltoe`b mc ibvlilmetb/oslheorcb. =. Ms emkms emkmsorlb orlb oslheorcm oslheorcm eumvoi eumvoimetm metm cos prbplm`o prbplm`o`ms `ms `m plcor, plcor, vlho b cbso cbso o tb`bs cbs mcmimetb mcmimetbss qum foyo foyoe e surhl`b prb`uktb `m ueo `lvlslûe yo qum opormkme sbcoimetm kbib norros. 1. Zoro qum tb`b tb`bss cbs mcmimetbs mcmimetbs `m ko`o pcoeto pcoeto tmeho ueo kbcbrokl kbcbroklûe ûe `lamrmetm `lamrmetm metrm sé7 Ibs Ibstror/@ tror/@mslhe mslheoklûe oklûe pbr kbcbrms/Zcoetos-cmyme`o smh÷e kbcbrms.

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8. Zoro osl oslheor heor ueo cb cbso so ms emkmsorlb emkmsorlb tmemr me kumeto kumeto co `lrmkklûe `lrmkklûe ` `m m cbs emrvlbs emrvlbs me mc kosb `m cos brtbtrûp brtbtrûplkos lkos y co `lrmkklûe `m opclkoklûe `m co korho b ib`mcb `m kïckucb `m poemc. Cbsos kbe emrvlbs me ueo `lrmkklûe (co `lrmkklûe `m tronogb `m co cbso ms co ilsio qum co `m cbs emrvlbs), ib`mcb `m kïckucb ms toncmrb uel`lrmkklbeoc.

mstb qulmrm `mklr qum co troesamrmeklo `m korho smrï `m co slhulmetm abrio7 co ilto` `m co korho nogorï pbr ko`o vlho unlko`o o cb corhb `m co cbso. Nuskor slhelko`b `m cbs ib`mcbs `m kïckucb `m poemc mxlstmetms me ^bnbt. Co prlimro céemo `mc kbetbreb `m co cbso qum sm `lnugm mem qum kblekl`lr kbe mc sme`b `m co troesamrmeklo `m korho `m co cbso.

co mkfo hrumso ms co `lrmkklûe `m co brtbtrbpéo y co `mcho`o ms co `m troesilslûe `m co korho. Oinos sm pum`me okvor me ibstror. Co `lrmkklûe `m co korho `m co cbso slmiprm vo o mstor me mc mgm m gm cbkoc –x’ yo qum ms mc prlimrb qum sm krmo, sl sm Mstrukturo/prbplm`o`ms/brlmetoklûe `mc mgm cbkoc `m cbs poemcms/smcmkklbeor mc poemc y iorkor `melr co brlmetoklûe `mc mgm –x’ `mc slstmio cbkoc me mc m c slstmio kortmsloeb `m kbbr`meo`os/iorkor me mc poemc ue vmktbr qum `meo co eumvo brlmetoklûe `mc mgm –x’ y pbr kbeslhulmetm `m co `lrmkklûe `m co korho. Zoro co cbso ioklzo me `bs `lrmkklbems mc ib`mcb `m kïckucb smrï mc m c `m cïileo

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co troesamrmeklo `m korho ms pbr mcmimetbs eltbs (smh÷e co koe`o` `m korho qum rmklno ko`o eb`b `mc iocco`b qum sm cm oslhem o co cbso). [m pum`m krmor ue ib`mcb `m kïckucb `m poemc `m cïileo kbe troesamrmeklo `m korho `m abrio slipclko`o (`lstrlnuklûe pbr zbeos `m leumeklo) b `mgorcb pbr mcmimetbs eltbs. Me mc tutbrloc cb fokme oeocékb. Nuskor co `lamrmeklo me cbs rmsucto`bs `m kïckucb pbr ue iìtb`b u btrb. 6. Zoro orrm orrmhcor hcor mc fmkfb fmkfb `m qum cos kbcuieos kbcuieos sm ueoe ueoe o cos vlhos vlhos me sus mgms sm cm opclko opclko ueo mxk mxkmetrlk metrlkl`o`7 l`o`7 @melklûe `m co mstrukturo/mxkmetrlkl`o`ms/oco supmrlbr. Zoro vmr me qum kbeslstm msto mxkmetrlkl`o`7 mxkm etrlkl`o`7 pmstoÿo rmcovb/pbslklûe `mc pmrc. [m opclko msto mxkmetrlkl`o` o tb`os cos vlhos. @m msto abrio co koro k oro supmrlbr `m co kbcuieo okonorï me mc puetb smÿoco`b pbr co liohme.

Oetms `m opclkor co mxkmetrlkl`o` `mc oco supmrlbr

@mspuìs `m opclkor co mxkmetrlkl`o` `mc oco supmrlbr

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:8 KcosmR1RkursbRrb KcosmR1RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRib nbtRstrukturocRib`mclehRstolrsRoe `mclehRstolrsRoe`Rsuppbrts `Rsuppbrts ?. Kbe msto fmr fmrroilm roilmeto eto sm olscoe olscoe cbs mcmimetbs mcmimetbs kbe cbs cbs qum sm `msmme `msmme tronog tronogor or poro ueo imgbr imgbr vlslnlcl vlslnlcl`o`. `o`. [mcmkklbeor cbs mcmimetbs y me co norro `m smcmkklûe M`ltor sunmstrukturo me eumvo vmetoeo. Kuoe`b sm `msmm vbcvmr o co vlsto kbipcmto kclk me tmrileor. tm rileor. >. [m pum`me ohr ohrmhor mhor céemos céemos `m kbes kbestrukklû trukklûe e o cb corhb `m –z’ (qum (qum eb smo me abri abrio o `m pcoetos) pcoetos) `m abri abrio o tmipbroc poro oyu`or me mc `lnugb. ;. ]soe` ]soe`b b cos céemos céemos `m kbestrukklû kbestrukklûe e tmipbr tmipbrocms, ocms, co bpklûe bpklûe cbso cbso fbrlzbetoc fbrlzbetoc y cbs seops seops `m cos céemos céemos `m kbestrukklûe me co vlsto me ;@ (sle abrio `m smkklbems) sm `lnugo prlimrb mc m c `mskoesb y cumhb cbs `bs troibs `m mskocmro lekcleo`bs qum`oe`b osé7

0. Kbe co fmrro fmrroilmet ilmeto o Qlsto me co portm portm leamrlbr leamrlbr `mrmkfo sm sm pum`me rmoclzo rmoclzorr kbrtms o ioybr b imebr imebr prbaue`l`o` me cbs trms mgms kbe ioybr b imebr troespormeklo.è

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:8 KcosmR8RkursbRrb KcosmR8RkursbRrbnbtRstrukturocRc nbtRstrukturocRcbo`sRoe`Rwle` bo`sRoe`Rwle`

?. Co korho sésilko mstï me mc clnrb `mc kursb. Korho/kosbs `m korho.

[m vo o usor mc sliuco`br `m ^bnbt poro krmor krm or cos korhos `m vlmetb smh÷e co ebrio O[KM :8 (Oimrlkoeo). [l sm aumro o hmemror co korho `m vlmetb `m abrio ioeuoc sm `mnmréoe kbitmipcor cos slhulmetms `lrmkklbems7 V+, V-, \+, \-4 me ochueos `lrmkklbems `lohbeocms me aueklûe `m co hmbimtréo `mc m`lklb. [m `mnm lr oc prbymktb `m orqultmkturo y unlkor co korho pmrioemetm `m iurbs. Kbe co bpklûe Kbplor mc kbetmel`b `m cos pcoetos sm kbploe toinlìe cos korhos. >. Korh Korho o` `m m vl vlme metb tb Ms emkmsorlb ib`mcor kmrroilmetbs (mcmimetbs supmrklocms qum pmriltme troesilr korhos ÷elkoimetm, mstbs eb meme mspmsbr el rlhl`mz sbe mcmimetbs tmûrlkbs) poro qum co korho korh o `m vlmetb lipoktm me co supmrklm y eb sbcoimetm me cos vlhos y kbcuieos. Mstrukturo/kmrroilmetb/`lstrlnuklûe `m korhos7 `bs `lrmkklbems/rmktïehucb. [m klmrroe tb`os oqumccos supmrklms qum voyoe o mstor me kbetoktb kbe mc vlmetb me cos `lrmkklbems kortmsloeos prleklpocms b me ochueos lekcleo`o. [bcb sm `mgo sle kmrroilmetb co portm qum mstorï nogb mrro. m rro. Korhos/[liucoklûe `m korho `m vlmetb/hmemror korhos `m vlmetb7 co vmcbkl`o` `mc vlmetb `mpme`m `m co zbeo `be`m sm voyo o mstor unlko`o co bnro (nuskorcbs me co EK), iorkor cos kuotrb k uotrb `lrmkklbems brtbhbeocms (V+, V-, \+, \-), elvmc `mc tmrrmeb9: (`m kmrb poro onogb eb im kbesl`mrm elehueo aumrzo `m vlmetb), mxpbslklûe oc vlmetb (mcmimetbs qum sm voe o bpbemr o cos korhos `m vlmetb, cbs kmrroilmetbs ib`mco`bs oetmrlbrimetm y cbs ipoebs me co kunlmrto `m co kogo `mc mcmvo`br)7 kclk `mrmkfb/smcmkklbeor `mrmk fb/smcmkklbeor smimgoetms/smcmkklbeor pbr mspmsbr (sleb opormkme me mc kuo`rb `m `lïcbhb `m co korho `m vlmetb kbplorcbs `ms`m co norro `m smcmkklûe), `mgor iorko`bs co bpklûe `m fumkbs me poemcms kmrro`bs poro mc ugb `m vlmetb (me mc kosb `m vmetoeos y pumrtos). ;0

 

rmoclzor ue mstu`lb `m kbib ib`lkor mstm pmrc `m vlmetb poro cbhror osmimgorcb me co im`l`o `m cb pbslncm o cos korhos `m vlmetb pbr co ebrio kunoeo. [mh÷e mc prbamsbr co `lamrmeklo `m cbs rmsucto`bs `m co korho `m vlmetb hmemro`o pbr mc prbhroio y kockuco`o ioeuocimetm (smh÷e co ebrio nbclvloeo) ms `msprmkloncm.

:6 KCO[M 6 kursb ^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC (kbinleotlbes, (kbinleotlbes, Z-@mcto) [mh÷e co ebrio nbclvloeo

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Plpbs `m oeïclsls Zoro co rmoclzoklûe `mc oeïclsls Z-@mcto me cos kbinleoklbems7 Plpb `m oeïclsls/Zorïimtrbs/iorkor Z-@mcto y @mspcozoilmetbs hroe`ms/Onrlr Zorïimtrbs `m oeïclsls eb clemoc/Krltmrlbs o`lklbeocms poro `mtmemr mc oeïclsls/[upmroklûe `mc `mspcozoilmetb iïxlib/iorkor me kuocqulmr eu`b/`lrmkklûe7 tbtoc/`mspcozoilmetb pmrilslncm. B eb iorkor mstos bpklbems `m krltmrlbs o`lklbeocms. Plpbs `m norros Me co clsto `m poetocco `mspcmhor Koroktmréskos/me co norro cotmroc `mrmkfo/Plpb `m norro `m fbrilhûe orio`b7 Zoro cos vlhos7

[m `mnm iorkor co cbehltu` opbyo`o kbeabrio co hmbimtréo `m co mstrukturo yo qum mc oekfb `m cos kbcuieos b iurbs pum`m koinlor y pbr cb toetb co cbehltu` `m opbyb sbnrm `lkfbs mcmimetbs eb smnm smr go. Co mkfo o`ilslncm smrï `m korïktmr rmcovb smh÷e co tonco qum sm prmsmeto o kbeeuoklûe7

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[bcb sm tme`rïe me kumeto cbs vocbrms smÿoco`bs me rbgb yo qum cos `miïs mkfos sbe lestoetïemos pbr cb qum eb sm pum`me mipcmor poro kbiporor kbe cos `mabrioklbems rmsucto`bs `mc oeïclsls mstrukturoc. Me mc kosb `m co cbso kbconbroetm sm mipcmorï me oqumccbs kosbs qum sm voyo o `lsmÿor ueo cbso `m fbrilhûe orio`b sbpbrto`o pbr vlhos kbe cbs rmqumrlilmetbs qum o kbeeuoklûe sm smÿocoe7

[lme`b cm co cuz mamkvo `m co vlho y N co smporoklûe metrm ueo y btro `ms`m mc mgm. Kbib sm vm `lkfb oekfb `mpme`m `m vorlbs aoktbrms pbr cb qum mstbs `mnme `melrsm poro ko`o kosb y oslheorcb pbstmrlbrimetm o ko`o pb `m vlho.

Nuskor me cos ebrios OKL kuoc ms m mcc pbrklmetb `m cos korhos `m corho `uroklûe rmspmktb o cos tbtocms qum sm pum`m kbesl`mror. Zoro cos kbcuieos

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[l co mstrukturo kumeto kbe mcmimetbs `m orrlbstrm tocms kbib iurbs `m kbrtoetm b vlhos sm pum`m kbesl`mror letroscoklbeoc smh÷e mc tutbrloc. Nuskor cos ebtos me co clnrmto smh÷e mc clnrb `m gg.

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[l sm smcmkklbeo ueo `m cos bpklbems `m kbcuieos y vlhos kbeuyme`b foklo ue ilsib eb`b ms emkmsorlb smcmkklbeor `lkfbs mcmimetbs poro qum sm rmoclkm mc kïckucb `mc kbmklmetm `m poe`mb y co cbehltu` mamkvo.

]eo vmz kbehuro`os cos koroktmréskos `m cos vlhos y kbcuieos sm cm oslheoe o cbs mcmimetbs `mc ib`mcb ouxlclïe`bebs `mc lespmktbr `m bngmtbs/ bngmtbs `m ib`mcb poro co smcmkklûe. Kbe kclk `mrmkfb/prbplm`o`ms `mc bngmtb toinlìe sm pum`m fokmr mc koinlb pmrb eb sm vm mc ebinrm `m co prbplm`o` kbipcmtb.

Cos kurvoturos `m cbs hrïkbs `m ibimetb eb opormkme kbrrmktoimetm kbrrmk toimetm `mel`os yo qum mc iocco`b eb prmsmeto co kbehuroklûe rmqumrl`o (mc prbhroio fokm mc iocco`b pbr `mamktb ko`o ?i). Nuskor mc vl`mb o`guetb me ybutunm poro kbehuror mc iocco`b `m cbs mcmimetbs eltbs. Ime÷ `m poetoccos/^msucto`bs-iopos. Zoro kbebkmr mc iocco`b, cbs `mspcozoilmetbs y sbclkltoklbems oktuoetms me poemcms (iurbs, cbsos). Mipcmor co fmrroilmeto M`ltor sunmstrukturo me ueo eumvo vmetoeo poro imgbr vlsuoclzoklûe.

;<

 

^msucto`bs/@lohroios poro m`lklbs7 pmiltm vmr mc kmetrb `m hrovm`o` `m co cbso `m co pcoeto, kmetrb `m hrovm`o` `m co pcoeto (me msto kosb lekcuym cos vlhos, kbcuieos, iurbs, mtk. pbr cb qum mstï m stï ue pbkb pbr `mnogb `mc elvmc `m co pcoeto), `mskrlpklûe `m kbbr`meo`os (nrle`os cos kbbr`meo`os `m cbs puetbs smÿoco`bs oetmrlbrimetm) y mc kmetrb `m rlhl`mz (co `lstoeklo metrm mstm m stm y mc kmetrb `m hrovm`o` `m co pcoeto ms mc nrozb `m cbs ibimetbs tbrsbrms hcbnocms smh÷e cbs kuocms sm `mnm lekrmimetor mc rmaumrzb, sm troto slmiprm me co im`l`o `m cb pbslncm `m qum oinbs puetbs mstìe cb iïs kmrkoeb pbslncm). Poinlìe sm barmkme cos rmsuctoetms `m cos sbclkltoklbems pbr pcoetos, osé kbib cbs `mspcozoilmetbs iïxlibs, iéelibs, im`lbs y rmcovbs metrm pcoetos, osé  kbib mc kbmklmetm `m `mspcozoilmetb rmcovb (`r/f) poro oeoclzor `mrlvos me oeïclsls sésilkb. sésilkb. Qmr sl sm pum`m mipcmor msto bpklûe poro co kbiprbnoklûe `m cbs pûrkbs orrlbstro`bs b eb orrlbstro`bs (_).

  Kmetrbs `m hrovm`o` `m cbso, `m pcoeto y kmetrb `m rlhl`mz. Kbbr`meo`os `m cbs ilsibs.

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[bclkltoklbems hmemrocms `m tb`o co pcoeto kbe sus oebtoklbems.

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CO[M < kursb CO[M kursb ^BNBP ^BNBP [P^] [P^]KP] KP]^OC ^OC (>e` (>e` br`m br`mr, r, scon scon imsfl imsfleh) eh) ?. Krltmr Krltmrlbs lbs poro poro ` `mtme mtmemr mr m mcc o oeïc eïclsl lslss

Cb qum sm fo rmoclzo`b me mstm kosb poro kbehuror mc pb `m oeïclsls ms abrzor qum sm lekrmimetm co korho me letmrvocb `m :.? fosto ockoezor ue `mspcozoilmetb iïxlib `m =ki `m ofé qum co kbinleolûe o co kuoc sm cm rmoclzû msto mspmklkoklûe nrle`m vocbrms `m sbclkltoklbems iuy pbr meklio qum cbs `miïs. Mstb sm pum`m mipcmor poro oeïclsls `m potbcbhéo krmb yb. ^msucto`bs `m kbrrl`os rmoclzo`os koinloe`b mc `mspcozoiloetb iïxlib y mc lekrmimetb `mc porïimtrb `m korho (euro `mc lekrmimetb `m korho poro ockoezor co kbevmrhmeklo foklo mc `mspcozoilmetb iïxlib go`b) poro vmr su leumeklo me cbs oxlocms qum ccmhoe o co nosm `m cos kbcuieos `mc ?mr elvmc.

[m rmkbilme`o co opclkoklûe `m ue oeïclsls Z-@mcto pmrb sle lekculr krltmrlbs `m `mtmeklûe `mc oeïclsls. 0?

 

>. @lamrm @lamrmeklos eklos metrm oeïcls oeïclsls ls Z-ΐ y Z-ΰ Z-ΰ smh÷e smh÷e co ebrio ebrio nb nbclvl clvloeo oeo

Z-ΐ7 `mspcozoilmetb `m eu`bs (sm ioelmsto aue`oimetocimetm me pûrkbs eb orrlbstro`bs) qum hmemroe ibimetbs `m smhue`b br`me. Z-ΰ7 kuoe`b cb qum aocco ms mc iotmrloc y co hmbimtréo `m co kbcuieo (smkklûe troesvmrsoc) opormkmrïe toinlìe ibimetbs `m >`b br`me. Cb qum prmvocmzko `m cbs `bs kosbs oetmrlbrms ms o cb qum sm cm `mebileo mamktb Z-@mcto y m mcc ibimetb `m >`b br`me smrï mc ioybr `m cbs `bs. ;. Elvm Elvmcm cmss `m `m oe oeïc ïcls lsls ls ;.? Oeïcsls mcïskb `m ?mr br`me7 mc iïs kbi÷eimetm uclzo`b poro `lsmÿb `lsmÿb fby me `éo. Eb kbesl`mro elehueo `m cos aumetms `m eb clemocl`o` me mstrukturos. Aumetms `m eb clemocl`o` hmbimtréo, smkklûe y iotmrloc. ;.> Oeïclsls mcïskb `m >`b br`me7 kbesl`mro cbs mamktbs sbnrm msaumrzbs y `mabrioklbems `m co mstrukturo prbvmelmetms `m kbesl`mror mqulclnrlb `m ìsto me co pbslklûe `mabrio`o. Eb lekcuym cbs mamktbs `m co eb clemocl`o` `mc iotmrloc, pmrb pmriltm `mtmrileor co mstonlcl`o` mcïsko `m mstrukturos sbim`os sliuctïemoimetm o korhos vmrkocms (hrovltoklbeocms) y cotmrocms (vlmetb, slsib, mtk.). Mc prbncmio `mnm pcoetmorsm me abrio lekrmimetoc, `mnl`b o qum mc msto`b oktuoc `m co mstrukturo `mpme`m `m cb qum foyo poso`b oetmrlbrimetm. ;.; Oeïclsls lemcïskb `m ?mr br`me7 kbesl`mro sûcb sûcb cbs mamktbs `m co eb clemocl`o` `mc iotmrloc. Eb pmriltm mvocuor co mstonlcl`o` `m co mstrukturo. ;.0 Oeïclsls lemcïskb `m >`b br`me7 kbesl`mro kbesl`mro toetb co eb cl clemocl`o` emocl`o` `mc iotmrloc kbib co hmbiìtrlko. Me tìrilebs hmemrocms, prbvmm co rmprmsmetoklûe iïs o`mkuo`o `mc kbipbrtoilmetb rmoc `m co mstrukturo oetm korhos.

0>

 

[mh÷e co ebrio nbclvloeo EN ?:.?:.8.0. Kuoe`b sm fokm mc `lsmÿb `m kbcuieos ^bnbt fokm mc kïckucb iïtmiïkb y `mtmrileo sl mc pûrkb ms `mspcozoncm b le`mspcozoncm smh÷e mc kursb. kursb. [m kbebkm qum mxlstm ueo bpklûe qum oc pormkm pormkmrr rmoclzo msto aueklûe pmrb sm mekumetro ncbqum`o me co vmrslûe qum tmehb `m ^bnbt. Nuskor o vmr sl mstm kïckucb sm fokm outbiïkb `m tb`os abrios. Ms vïcl`b rmoclzor mc oeïclsls Z-@mcto me tb`bs cbs kosbs. 0. Zo Zoro ro mc ioc iocco` co`b Mc iocco`b sm cm rmoclzo o cbs poemcms, mstm oamkto o cos vlhos yo qum co cbso cm troesiltm cos korhos o mccos im`loetm eu`bs qum mstïe `mel`bs pbr `lkfb iocco`b.

Iocco MA-bpklbems `m hmemroklûe/sl mxlstm ue iocco`b prmvlb (?i pbr `mamktb) sm `mnm mclileor mstm prlimroimetm kbe Mclileor iocco cbkoc (sl sm `msmo rmoclzor msto bpklûe sbcb poro ue mcmimetb `mtmrileo`b smcmkklbeorcb prmvloimetm). Co mclileoklûe `m co iocco prmmxlstmetm tromrï kbeslhb co `msoktuoclzoklûe `m cbs rmsucto`bs IMA/Bpklbems `m iocco`b (`melr mc toioÿb `m co iocco)/Hmemror iocco cbkoc. Mxlstme me cos bpklbems ovoezo`os vorlos kbehuroklbems `m pb `m iocco`b.

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?: KCO[M ?: kursb ^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC (^K nmois) Zbemr ebrio kunoeo poro rmkunrlilmetbs `m kbekrmtb. Nuskor cbs `m cos klimetoklbems qum eb mstïe kbetmipco`bs me mc clnrb `m gg. [mcmkklbeor mc mcmimetb o `lsmÿor/^maumrzb prbpbrklbeo`b `m mcmimetbs ^K/smcmkklbeor cos kbinleoklbems rmqumrl`os. Mspmklkoklbems `m vlhos.`bkx @mspuìs `m tb`os mstos kbehuroklbems kclk me Kockucor. @mspuìs opormkme ueo smrlm `m poetoccos qum lekcuyme vlstos `m `lohroios, orio`uros, ebtos `m kïckucb (kbiprbnor (kbiprbnor mc kïckucb `mc mekbaro`b) mekbaro`b) y toncos qum sbe `leïilkos y pbr cb toetb ib`lkoncms. Me co norro `mrmkfo mstï co bpklûe `m pcoeb `m mgmkuklûe m gmkuklûe qum pbstmrlbrimetm sm pum`m mxpbrtor o OutbKO@ pmrb eb ms ib`lkoncm me mc ilsib ^bnbt.

Zoro vbcvmr oc ime÷ `m cos ebtos `m kïckucb kclk me co norro `mrmkfo me Orio`uros. Cos orio`uros emhovos me vlhos `mnme tmrileor me hoekfb. Me cos pmstoÿo `m vlho-orio`uros me mc poemc `m prbplm`o`ms `mspuìs qum sm smcmkklbeor ueo norro `mtmrileo`o/kbcbkor me mc mxtrmib `mrmkfb b lzqulmr`b smh÷e kbrrmspbe`o mc ïehucb `mc hoekfb y co cbehltu` `mc ilsib. Zoro ib`lkor co smporoklûe `m cbs mstrlnbs7 kclk `mrmkfb/smporoklûe `m cbs mstrlnbs. [m pum`m ib`lkor ioeuocimetm co smporoklûe y kbcbkor `ms`m `be`m sm `msmo qum sm kbbqum mc ?mr mstrlnb y co koe`o` kbe co smporoklûe mspmklko`o.

Me co norro supmrlbr/Orio`uros/Proescoklûe, Ib`lkoklûe, Eumvo norro. Zoro ib`lkor cos norros mxlstmetms. Orio`uro/Qlhos-m`lklûe `m orio`uros. [mcmkklbeoe`b cos norros kbcbko`os me co portm leamrlbr sm rmsoctoe me co vlsto `m co vlho. Qmr/ibstror b bkuctor `lohroio poro qum eb socho me co vlsto `m m`lklûe `m orio`uros.

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Lesmrtor/smkklûe/iorkor co pbslklûe y `lrmkklûe `be`m sm `msmo rmoclzor co smkklûe. Lesmrtor/tonco `m orio`uros. Me cos prbplm`o`ms sm pum`m ib`lkor co vlsuoclzoklûe `m ko`o iû`ucb pbr smporo`b co `m co smkklûe, co mcmvoklûe.

Orkflvb/Mxpbrtor kbib `xa/`wh. Msto vlsuoclzoklûe sm klmrro poro qum`or me co vlsto `m orio`uros oetmrlbr. Kuoe`b sm `lsmÿo ueo vlho kbeeuo kbe vorlbs troibs sm `mnm ib`lkor co pcoecco `mc pcoeb `m mgmkuklûe `m ^bnbt poro qum eb soqum mc prbhroio i÷cpcms pcoebs pbr troibs `m co ilsio vlho. Oeïclsls/Zorïimtrbs `mc `lnugb/Zcoecco/…/smcmkklbeor ueo pcoecco qum eb smo pbr troibs

?? KCO[M ?? kursb ^BNBP [P^]KP]^OC (^K kbcuies) Cbs pm`mstocms pbr meklio `mc pcotb `m cos klimetoklbems y pbr `mnogb `m co kbcuieo mstïe nogb mc sumcb `mc rmccmeb pbr cb qum su rmkunrlilmetb `mnm `m smr kbeslstmetm kbe mc `m cos vlhos zopotos qum ueme `lkfbs pm`mstocms (pbemr (pbemr oqué ue `mtoccm) `mtoccm) poro cbhror mc tronogb kbeguetb. Zbr cb hmemroc, sm mesoekfo cos `limeslbems `mc pm`mstoc rmspmktb o co `m cos kbcuieos poro horoezor mc lekrmimetb `mc rmkunrlilmetb y qum cbs rmaumrzbs `m mspmro qum sm prbcbehume `ms`m mc pm`mstoc qum`me pbr aumro `m cbs `m co kbcuieo poro horoezor mc sbcopm. Kotmhbréo `m ohrmslvl`o` Oct Iuy octo Im`lo Nogo o Wopotos fbrilhbeo`os kbetro kbarm 0= 0= ;= ;=

Ebtos poro co ib`mcoklûe ^m`ukklûe `m lemrklo Mxkmetrlkl`o`ms 0=

 

Letmrokklûe sumcb-mstukturo Iìtb`b `m mcmimetbs eltbs

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