RIVERA crysopas

 

DFKZNUFE EJ @BIJB@JQÍF @BEZ[UQ@FN KZQ[H IJ[U@ÛB EJN MJE@H FMA@JBUJ UJMF KHB[JQTFK@ÛB KHB[JQTFK @ÛB EJ NF A@HE@TJQ[@EFE y A@HUJKBHNHIÍF[ @BTJ[U@IFK@HB SQHPJKUH EJ A@HKHBUQHNFEHQJ[ - KQ@FB\F EJ KQ@[HSF[ EHKJBUJ M[k @bi. Lhsà Fnajrth Qfmûb [`nvf Ej Nfs Kfsfs FNZMBH Q`vjrf Kjrvfbtjs, Fbíafn Sfun - 6;13645

1311

 

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@BUQHEZKK@HB

Eurfbtj vfr`fs eàkfefs fbtjs ej nf fpfr`k`ûb ej nfs hrifb`zfk`hbjs quj sj prjhkupfrfb phr jn fma`jbtj y phr nf shstjb`a`n`efe ej jstj, nfs `beustr`fs y irfbejs jmprjsfs firíkhnfs usfafb ej dhrmf ejsmje`ef nhs quím`khs pfrf jn khbtrhn ej nfs pnfifs quj sj prjsjbtfafb jb nfs khsjkgfs, fsí khmh ejbtrh ej nhs jspfk`hs ehbej sj khbtfafb khb pfrqujs y lfre`bjs ej irfb jxtjbs`ûb. Jn ush ej `bsjkk`efs sus ejr`vfehs jb nhs ünmhs s`inhs f `bkrjmjbtfeh khbs`ejrfanjmjbt khbs`ejrfanjmjbtj j nf prheukk`ûb firíkhnf, kuyf prheukk`ûb jb bujstrh pfís js nf ej mfyhr ejmfbef, yf quj, khbtfmhs khb prjsjbk`f firíkhnf jb nfs e`djrjbtjs rji`hbjs ej bujstrh Sjrü.

Bh hastfbtj, jn ush ej e`kghs khmphbjbtjs quím`khs s`iuj kfusfbeh eföhs f nf sfnue ej nfs pjrshbfs quj sj nhkfn`zfb jb nhs fnrjejehrjs ej nhs nuifrjs ehbej sj jmpnjfb. Js phr jnnh quj mje`fbtj jstj prhyjkth sj ejsjf ar`befr fntjrbfvfs quj sjfb fm`ifanjs khb jn fma`jbtj pfrf phejr ar`befr ubf kfn`efe ej v`ef hpmf f nfs pjrshbfs quj bh shnh jstæb kjrkfbfs f nhs kunvhs s`bh tfma`àb f nhs khbsum`ehrjs bfnjs ej nhs prheukths firíkhnfs. Jstf fntjrbfvf quj sj pnfbjtf khb jstj prhyjkth ej nf kr`fbzf ej kr`shpfs (Kgryshpjrnf) khmh fntjrbfvf pfrf jxtjrm`bfr pnfifs, yf quj, shb a`hkhbtrhnfehnjs muy jk`jbtjs pfrf nf jn`m`bfk`ûb ej pnfifs prjsjbtjs jb kunvhs, pnfbtfs kfsjrfs, frækb`ehs y ejmæs. Khb jstj prhyjkth tjbjmhs khmh b jn khmprhafr nf jkfk`f ej nf kr`fbzf y ubf phs`anj rjprheukk`ûb ej nfs kr`shpfs fbtj nfs e`djrjbtjs khbe`k`hbjs kn`mækfs quj prjsjbtf N`mf Mjtrhphn`tfbf y fsí phejr nhirf ub krjk`m`jbth shstjb`anj s`b nf un`zfk`ûb ej `bsjkk`efs h ejmæs prheukths quím`khs quj eföjb bujstrh fma`jbtj y ijbjrjb phs`anjs pjn`irhs pfrf nf sfnue ej nhs gfa`tfbtjs.

 

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QJT@[HB EJ N@UJQFUZQF

Nf kr`shpf js ub frtrûpheh quj pjrtjbjkj f nf knfsj ej nhs `bsjkths. Fubquj mukghs khbs`ejrfb f nfs kr`shpfs khmh `bsjkths ajbjk`hshs, yf quj, ej fniubf mfbjrf jb e`sbths gujrths, lfre`bjs, pfrqujs y ejmæs nuifrjs ehbej sj khbkjbtrjb e`djrjbtjs phs ej pnfbtfs y khsjkgfs ehbej pujefb prhn`djrfr nfs e`djrjbtjs pnfifs. Nfs kr`shpfs pherífb tjbjr prjsjbk`f bfturfn jb nfs khsjkgfs h pheífb sjr `btrheuk`efs phr nf mfbh ejn ghmarj. Fbtj nh mjbk`hbfeh phejmhs mjbk`hbfr quj jx`stjb e`vjrsfs jspjk`js ej kr`shpfs f b`vjn inhafn y jsth nh frmf Hswfne, (136:) y Nfvfib`b`, (136:). Nf dfm`n`f Kgryshp`efj khmprjbej 656; jspjk`js y suajspjk`js e`str`au`efs jb 71

iàbjrhs? Kgryshpjrnf jxtjrbf Gfijb 6746 js khbs`ejrfef nf ej mfyhr faubefbk`f jb Fmàr`kf y pujej sjr jbkhbtrfef ejsej jn sur ej Jstfehs Zb`ehs gfstf Frijbbf. Jb bujstrh tjrr`thr`h phejmhs jbkhbtrfr tfma`àb nf prjsjbk`f ej nfs kr`shpfs jb sus e`djrjbtjs jspjk`js khmh bhs nh mjbk`hbf Büöjz y Sfreh (1333). [jöfnfb f nf Kgryshp`efj khmh nf dfm`n`f quj jstæ khbdhrmfef khb 14 jspjk`js pjrtjbjk`jbtjs f 66 iàbjrhs ej jstf dfm`n`f, ehbej 63 shb nfs mæs khmubjs, mjbk`hbfbeh f nf Kgryshpjrnf jxtjrbf Gfijb y Kjrfjhkgrysf k`btf [kgbj`ejr, khmh nfs jspjk`js pjrufbfs quj ejstfkfb phr sus kfrfktjrískfs prjefthr`f prjefthr`fs, s, fmpn`f e`str`auk`ûb, prjsjbk`f ej feunths theh jn föh, dæk`n kr`fbzf jb kfuvjr`h, phtjbk`fn pfrf fefptfrsj f vfr`hs fma`jbtjs ej kunvh y su rjs`stjbk`f f bumjrhshs pjsk`efs. Kgryshpjrnf kfrbjf js ub ejprjefehr ijbjrfn`stf y vhrfz jb s`stjmfs firíkhnfs (Ufuajr jt fn., 1333), tfma`àb prjsjbtfb ub fmpn`h `btjrvfnh ej prjsfs (MkJwjb jt fn., 1336), sj nj

 

khbs`ejrf ubh ej nhs fijbtjs a`hnûi`khs ej khbtrhn ej pnfifs muy jdjkvh jbtrj nhs e`djrjbtjs khbtrhnfehrjs a`hnûi`khs. Nfs nfrvfs ej nhs kr`sûp`ehs shb muy mûv`njs, prjsjbtfb fntf kfpfk`efe ej aüsqujef sharj e`vjrsfs pnfifs khmh æehs, kûkk`ehs, tr`ps, fnj`rûe`ehs, jbtrj htrfs, yf quj ejprjefb fkvfmjbtj sharj jsths `bsjkths (Ifmahf jt fn., 1364). Jsth bhs khbnnjvf f vjr jn prhkjsh jb jn kufn nfs kr`shpfs sj vfb ejsfrrhnnfbeh sjiüb nhs e`djrjbtjs kn`mfs ej bujstrf k`uefe. Shejmhs vjr mfrkfefs nfs 1 irfbejs jtfpfs khmh nf kr`fbzf ej nfrvfs y nf kr`fbzf ej feunths. Jb jstj mhmjbth vjrjmhs khmh nf kr`fbzf ej nfrvfs sj vj fdjktfef phr jn kfb`afn`smh y [jiüb Jn`zfajtg Büöjz (6003).

„Nf kr`fbzf ej nfrvfs js nf jtfpf kríkf jb nf prheukk`ûb mfs`vf. Jn mfbjlh sj vj e`kuntfeh phr jn fkjbtufeh kfb`afn`smh quj prjsjbtfb jspjk`fnmjbtj nfs nfrvfs  lûvjbjs, nfs kufnjs kufnjs sj fn`mjbtfb ej gujvhs bh jknhs`hbfehs, ej htrfs htrfs nfrvfs j `bk `bknush nush ej feunths” Fghrf nf kr`fbzf ejn feunth ejpjbej mæs quj theh sharj nf prhtjkk`ûb ej nf prjpupf y pupf khmh bhs nh mjbk`hbf Jn`zfajtg Büöjz (6003).

„Nhs khkhbjs, quj prhtjijb `b`k`fnmjbtj nf prjpupf y sjiu`efmjbtj nf pupf, sj jbkujbtrfb fegjr`ehs f nfs pfrjejs ej nfs kjnefs jb nfs ub`efejs ej kr`fbzf ej nfrvfs” [jiüb nhs jstue`hs rjfn`zfehs phr pfrtj ej Jn`zfajtg Büöjz (6003) bhs mjbk`hbf quj< „pfrf ub bhrmfn fpfrjfm`jbth y hv`phs`k`ûb ej jstfs jspjk`js sj bjkjs`tfb khbe`k`hbjs ej pjbumarf u hskur`efe”

 

Nfs khbs`ejrfk`hbjs sharj nh quà ejaj sjr nh shstjb`anj khb nf kr`fbzf y rjprheukk`ûb ej nfs kr`shpfs, tfbth kûmh gfkjrnh pjreurfanj jb jn jmph ej dhrmf jqu`tfvf shb nfs knfvjs ejn bujvh jbdhquj ejn ejsfrrhnnh gumfbh mje`fbtj nf `mpnjmjbtfk`ûb f irfb jskfnf ej nhs a`hkhbtrhnfehrjs khb fphyh ej nhs iha`jrbhs.

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MFUJQ@FNJ[ f) Mftj Mftjr` r`fn fn A`hn A`hnûi ûi`k `kh h 

36 jbvfsj khb 533 gujvhs ej kr`shpfs (Kgryshpjrnf).

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36 jbvfsj khb fn`mjbth (gujvhs ej [`thtrhif kjrjfnjnnf ejaj sjr rjdr`ijrfeh)

a) Mftj Mftjr` r`fn fn ej shph shphrt rtj j 

36 jbvfsj ej pnæskh (afnej 5 nt) khb tfpf.

 

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36 kukgfr`tf pfrf mje`r jn fn`mjbth.

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31 pföh ej tjnf phn`sjef khnhr anfbkh.

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36 p`bkjn.

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36 nupf.

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36 rjinf.

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31 ghlfs ej pfpjn ahbe F5 ej khnhr.

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vfr`hs pjefzhs ej kfrtûb ej e`djrjbtj tfmföh ej hbef pfrf nfs e`djrjbtjs jtfpfs ej krjk`m`jbth.

@T. @T.

NZ NZIF IFQ QE EJJ JLJ JLJKZ KZK@ K@HB HB EJ EJNN S SQH QHPJ PJKU KUH H

Bhmarj ejn e`str`th