Riesgos en Entidades Seguradoras
December 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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M`stn÷b Enbfbgn`rf y Macdfanzfgn÷b T @ U N W Z F
NBBCUFT K C P T B F A
Acs rn`smcs j` afs `btnjfj`s fs`murfjcrfs `b `a ifrgc j`a @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI) y `a gcbtrca nbt`rbc Tfef`a O`rbæbj`z Dfrrcs Xo.J. `b @gcbciéf Enbfbgn`rf Pbnv`rsnjfj Gcipaut`bs` j` Ifjrnj Ifjrnj, @spföf Gcrr`c `a`gtr÷bngc; rfef`akoHugi.`s @bafg` CTGNJ; ottp;//crgnj.crm/8888-8884-80=0-7:84 ottp;//crgnj.crm/8888-8884-80=0-7:84 ZO@ TNWLW CE NBWPTF BG@ GCIXFBN@W NB Z O@ GCBZ@ _Z CE @BZ@TXTNW@ TNWL IFBFM@I@BZ (@TI) FBJ NBZ@TBFA GCBZTCA FDWZTFG Z; Gcipr`o`bsnv` rnsl ifbfm`i`bt syst`is, `sp`gnfaay to` @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), ofv` turb`j nbtc f eubjfi`btfa prfgtng` nb gcipfby ifbfm`i`bt ecr rnsl intnmftncb fbj gcbtrca. Zo` gurr`bt enbfbgnfa grnsns ofs `bgcurfm`j nbsurfbg` gcipfbn`s tc pfy icr` ftt `btncb tc rnsl ifbfm`i`bt fasc ictnvft`j dy to` b`w @urcp`fb r`muaftncbs gfaa`j Wcav`bgy NN. Ecr tons r`fscb, to` ifnb mcfa ce tons pfp`r ofs d``b tc prcpcs`, erci f macdfa p`rsp`gtnv`, f gcbg`ptufa erfi`wcrl ce rnsls efg`j dy nbt`rbftncbfa nbsurfbg` gcipfbn`s, wocs` fgtnvntn`s pr`s`bt sp`gneng gofrfgt`rnstngs toft mnv` nbt`rbfa gcbtrca fbj rnsl ifbfm`i`bt prcg`ss`s f sp`gnfa stftus, fbj wongo ify d` fppan`j tc gcipfbn`s wntonb cto`r `gcbcing s`gtcrs.
L@^]CTJW; Tnsl ifbfm`i`bt syst`is, @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), nbt`rbfa gcbtrca, nbsurfbg` s`gtcr.
CW TNWGCW JFW @BZNJFJ@W W@MPTFJCTFW BC ÄIDNZC JC @BZ@TXTNW@ TNWL IFBFM@I@BZ @ @ C GCBZTCA@ NBZ@TBC T@WPIC; Cs snst`ifs nbt`mrfns j` m`stçc jc rnsgc, `i pfrtnguafr c @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), (@TI), tëi s` gcbv`rtnjc buif prætngf eubjfi`btfa jf m`stçc j` `ipr`sfs pfrf f intnmfíçc ` c gcbtrca` jcs rnsgcs. F grn s` e nbfbg`nr f ftufa `stniuaf fs `ip r`sfs s`murfjcrfs f jfr`i uif ifncr nipcrtäbgnf è m`stçc jcs rnsgcs, fa`btfjfs, faîi jnssc, p`af bcvf r`muafi`btfíçc `urcp`nf Wcavëbgnf NN< pcr nssc, c cdk`tnvc prnbgnpfa j`st` trfdfaoc î prcpcr ui r`e`r`bgnfa gcbg`ntufa jcs rnsgcs fcs qufns fs `ipr`sfs nbt`rbfgncbfns j` s`murc `ber`btfi j` uif p`rsp`gtnvf macdfa, gukf ftnvnjfj` fpr`s`btf p`guanfrnjfj`s qu` efz`i gci qu` c prcg`ssc j` gcbtrca` nbt`rbc ` m`stçc j` rnsgcs fjqunrfi uif `sp`gnfa r`a`väbgnf ` qu` pcj` s`r fpangfjc f `ipr`sfs j` cutrcs s`tcr`s `gcbúingcs.
XFAFUTFW-GOFU@; Wnst`ifs j` m`stçc j` rnsgcs, @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), gcbtrca` nbt`rbc, s`tcr j` s`murcs.
A@W TNWVP@W J@W GCIXFMBN@W J„FWWPTFBG@ JFBW A@ GFJT@ J@ A„@BZ@TXTNW@ TNWL IFBFM@I@BZ (@TI) @Z A@ GCBZTÚA@ NBZ@TB@
T@WPI@B; Acs snst`ifs nbt`mrfa`s j` m`stn÷b j`a rn`smc, `b pfrtnguafr `a @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), s` ofb gcbv`rtnjc `b ubf prægtngf eubjfi`btfa j` af m`stn÷b j` `ipr`sfs pfrf af intnmfgn÷b y gcbtrca j` acs rn`smcs. Af grnsns enbfbgn`rf fgtufa of `stniuafjc f afs `ipr`sfs fs`murfjcrfs f jfr ifycr nipcrtfbgnf f af m`stn÷b j` acs rn`smcs, fa`btfjfs fj`iæs pcr af bu`vf r`muafgn÷b `urcp`f Wcav`bgnf NN< pcr `aac `a cdk`tnvc prnbgnpfa j` `st` trfdfkc of snjc prcpcb`r ub ifrgc gcbg`ptufa j` acs rn`smcs f acs qu` s` `ber`btfb afs `ipr`sfs nbt`rbfgncbfa`s j` s`murcs j`sj` ubf p`rsp`gtnvf macdfa, guyf fgtnvnjfj pr`s`btf p`guanfrnjfj`s `sp`géengfs qu` ofg`b qu` `a prcg`sc j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc y m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs fjqun`rfb ubf `sp`gnfa r`a`vfbgnf, y qu` pu`j` s`r fpangfjc f `ipr`sfs j` ctrcs s`gtcr`s `gcb÷ingcs.
XFAFDTFW GAFU@; Wnst`ifs j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs, @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), gcbtrca nbt`rbc, s`gtcr fs`murfjcr.
Nbtrcjuggn÷b Af m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs `s, `b ub s`btnjc fipanc, `a prcg`sc j` prct`m`r acs fgtnvcs ` nbmr`scs j` ubf crmfbnzfgn÷b< `s j`gnr, `s ub snst`if j` m`stn÷b
TÎWPIÎ ; A A`s `s systïi`s j` m`stncb macdfa` j`s rnsqu`s, y gciprns a„@bt`ra„@bt`r prns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), scbt j`v`bus ub` prftnqu` ecbjfi`btfa` j` af m`stncb j`s scgnîtîs pcur fttîbu`r `t gcbtrúa`r a`s rnsqu`s. Af grns` enbfbgnïr` fgtu`aa` f nbgntî a`s gcipfmbn`s j„fssurfbg` j„fssurfbg` è jcbb`r paus j„ni j„ni-pcrtfbg` è af m`stncb j`s rnsqu`s, `bgcurfmî`s j„futr` pfrt pfr af bcuv`aa` rîma`i`btftncb `urcpî`bb` Wcavfdnantî NN. Xfr gcbsîqu`bt, a„cdk`gtne prnbprnb gnpfa j` g`tt` îtuj` f îtî j` prcpcs`r ub gfjr` gcbg`ptu`a j`s rnsqu`s qu` a`s gcipfmbn`s j„fssurfbg` nbt`rbftncbfa`s r`bgcbtr`bt, `b pfrtfbt j„ub pcnbt j` vu` macdfa, punsqu` a`ur fgtnvntî prîs`bt` j`s pfrtnguafrntîs spîgnenqu`s qun ecbt qu` a` prcg`ssus j` gcbtrúa` nbt`rb` `t m`stncb j` rnsqu`s mfmb` ub` nipcrtfbg` spîgnfa`. G` gfjr` gcbg`ptu`a p`ut ëtr` fppanquî è j`s `btr`prns`s j` jneeîr`bts s`gt`urs îgcbcinqu`s.
ICZW GAÎW ; Wystïi`s j` m`stncb j`s rnsqu`s, @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI), gcbtrúa` nbt`rb`, s`gt `ur j` a„fssurfbg`.
GCTT@WXCBJ@BGNF; Pbnv`rsnjfj Gcipaut`bs` j` Ifjrnj. J`pfrtfi`btc j` @gcbciéf Enbfbgn`rf y Gcbtfdnanjfj NNN. Efguatfj j` Gn`bgnfs @gcb÷ingfs y @ipr`sfrnfa`s (Gfipus j` Wcicsfmufs). 4?447 Xczu`ac j` Fafrg÷b. Ifjrnj, @spföf. GNZFGN×B; O`rbæbj`z Dfrrcs, T. (4860). Acs rn`smcs j` afs `btnjfj`s fs`murfjcrfs `b `a ifrgc j`a @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI) y `a gcbtrca nbt`rbc. Nbbcvfr, @jngn÷b @sp`gnfa 4860, 4860, 56-=8. jcn; 68.60::5/
nbbcvfr.v40b6sp`.076>:. ottp;//jx.jcn.crm/68.60::5/nbbcvfr.v40b6sp`. 0::5/nbbcvfr.v40b6sp`.076>:. 076>:. @BAFG@ JCN; ottp;//jx.jcn.crm/68.6 GAFWNENGFGN×B K@A; J?6, E47, M44.
4867. T@GNDNJC; @b`rc 4864, FXTCDFJC; Kuanc 4867.
qu`, utnanzfbjc ub iîtcjc gn`btéengc c `strugturfjc, m`stncbf acs rn`smcs f acs qu` s` `ber`btfb afs `ipr`sfs, gcbtrnduy`bjc f qu` afs `ipr`sfs guipafb sus cdk`tnvcs enbfbgn`rcs y pu`jfb `k`gutfr `xntcsfi`bt` sus `strft`mnfs, pfrf qu` af gfpfgnjfj j` m`b`rfr eaukcs j` gfkf s`f scst`bnda` y gcbtnbufjf `b `a tn`ipc, snb qu` gr``b ub r`gofzc `b af crmfbnzfgn÷b, yf qu` `a rn`smc supcb` ubf cpcrtubnjfj pfrf afs `ipr`sfs j` gr`fr vfacr ` nj`btnengfr v`btfkfs gcip`tntnvfs g cip`tntnvfs (]fal`r (]fal`r,, Wo`blnr y Dfrtcb, 4885). Af grnsns enbfbgn`rf fgtufa of `stniuafjc f afs `ipr`sfs fs`murfjcrfs f jfr ifycr nipcrtfbgnf f af m`stn÷b j` acs rn`smcs, fa`btfjcs fj`iæs pcr af bu`vf r`muafgn÷b `urcp`f Wcav`bgnf NN, qu` `st fda`g` ubf r`afgn÷b `btr` `a snst`if j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc y `a gfpntfa j` scav`bgnf gcb acs rn`smcs f acs qu` `stæb `xpu`stcs. Fj`iæs, j`dnjc f qu` afs `ipr`sfs qu` ofb sfanjc nbj`ib`s j` af grnsns ifbtn`b`b prægtngfs j` gcbtrca y intnmfgn÷b j` `ipr`sfs `b sus crmfbnzfgncb`s, s` `stæ gci`bzfbjc f gr``r qu` af vcaftnanjfj vcaftnanj fj j` acs d`b`engncs pu`j`b r`jugnrs` sn s` m`stncbfb gcrr`gtf gcrr`gtf-i`bt`, `b pfrtnguafr sn utnanzfb icj`acs fipanfi`bt` `stujnfjcs `b af 56
M`stn÷b Enbfbgn`rf y Macdfanzfgn÷b ant`rfturf y r`gcbcgnjcs `b af prægtngf, prægtng f, gcic @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (D`fsa`y, Gaub` y O`rifbscb, 4880), c @TI gcic `s gciûbi`bt` gcbcgnjc, qu` nipafbtfjcs `b afs crmfbnzfgncb`s j` ubf ifb`rf nbt`mrfa pu`j`b fyujfr f r`jugnr c inbninzfr acs rn`smcs cp`rfgncbfa`s, efgnantfbjc af tcif j` j`gnsncb`s `strftîmngfs (Iflcifsln, 488?). ^ pfrf acmrfr `stcs cdk`tnvcs, af prni`rf efs` j`a prcg`sc `s tcifr afs fggncb`s fj`gufjfs, prnbgnpfai`bt` af nj`btnengfgn÷b j`a ubnv`rsc j` rn`smcs, su prcdfdnanjfj j` cgurr`bgnf y `a nipfgtc c vfacrfgn÷b `gcb÷ingf qu` pu`jfb t`b`r (Favnub`ss`b y Kfbl`bsmfrj, 488>). W`mûb af Gfsufaty Fgtufrnfa Wcgn`ty (GFW, 4887), ub prcmrfif j` @TI `s ub prcg`sc pcr `a qu` ubf `btnjfj `vfaûf, `xpactf, gcbtrcaf y enbfbgnf acs rn`smcs f acs qu` `stæ `xpu`stf, gcb af enbfanjfj j` gr`fr vfacr pfrf acs fggncbnstfs. Af crmfbnzfgn÷b j`d` s`r gfpfz j` nj`btnengfr nj`btneng fr acs b`mcgncs prnbgnpfa`s y s`gubjfrncs, fsé gcic afs eu`bt`s j` afs qu` `ifbfb acs rn`smcs y `b quî i`jnjf fe`gt fb f af `btnjfj, fsnmbfbjc fsnmbfbj c prncrnjfj`s scdr` fqu`aafs `xpcsngncb`s qu` supcbmfb ub ifycr rn`smc (Bcggc y Wtuaz, 4885). @st` `becqu` nbt`mrfa j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs j` @TI p`rint` f afs `ipr`sfs pfsfr j` ub `becqu` j`e`bsnvc fbt` acs rn`smcs, f ub `becqu` `strftîmngc y fanb`fjc gcb acs cdk`tnvcs j` af crmfbnzfgn÷b (An`d`bd`rm y Ocyt, Ocyt , 4887). Xfrf `a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr `b pfrtnguafr, s` of `bgcbtrfjc gn`rtc pfrfa`ansic `btr` jcs j`enbngncb`s j` @TI; Afi (4887), (4887 ), pcr ubf pfr pfrt`, t`, ac j`enb` gcic ub ifrgc nbt`mrfjc pfrf m`stncbfr `a rn`smc j` grîjntc, `a rn`smc j` i`rgfjc, i`rg fjc, `a rn`smc cp`rfgncbfa, `a gfpntfa `gcb÷ingc y af trfse`r`bgnf j` rn`smcs, gcb `a cdk`tnvc j` ifxninzfr `a vfacr j` af `ipr`sf< pcr ctrf pfrt`, gcb af j`enbngn÷b j` rn`smcs j` Wca v`bgnf NN, af r`gn`bt` r`muafgn÷b @urcp`f scdr` s`murcs bc scac nbgcrpcrf acs prcpncs rn`smcs fs`murfjcr`s ‚gcic ofstf focrf‚, snbc tfidnîb acs rn`smcs j` i`rgfjc, acs gr`jntngncs y acs cp`rfgncbfa`s (O`rbæbj`z y Ifrtéb`z, 4868), nbg`btnvfbjc ubf gcrr`gtf `vfaufgn÷b y m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs pcr pfrt` j` afs `ipr`sfs j` s`murcs y j` r`fs`murcs.
prnbgnpfa f af ocrf j` nipafbtfr ub snst`if j` m`stn÷b m`s tn÷b j`a rn`smc `e`gtnvc y fjfptfjc f afs gnrgubstfbgnfs gcip`tntnvfs j` g fjf crmfbnzfgn÷b. @a frtéguac s` `strugturf `s trugturf j` af snmun`bt` ifb`rf; `b prni`r aumfr, s` pr`s`btf ubf dr`v` nbtrcjuggn÷b fa @TI, gcic snst`if j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs nbt`mrfa, fsé gcic afs p`guanfrnjfj`s `sp`géengfs j`a prcg`sc j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc j` af fgtnvnjfj fs`murfjcrf< `b s`mubjc aumfr, s` `xpcb`b acs rn`smcs macdfa`s j` afs `btnjfj`s fs`murfjcrfs, fbfanzfbjc rn`smc pcr rn`smc sus gfrfgt`réstngfs iæs nipcrtfbt`s< enbfai`bt`, s` `xpcb`b afs gcbgausncb g cbgausncb`s `s j`a tr trfdfkc. fdfkc.
Fbt`g`j`bt`s Gcic prce`scr j` enbfbzfs y `gcbciéf, i` o` jfjc gu`btf j` qu` af fsnmbfturf j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs enbfbgn`rcs `b acs gurscs j` Mrfjc j` Fjinbnstrfgn÷b j` @ipr`sfs `b @spföf gudr`b j` ubf ifb`rf anintfjf af nj`btnengfgn÷b j`a rn`smc y `a `stujnc j` acs snst`ifs nbt`mrfa`s j` m`stn÷b. Fj`iæs, t`bn`bjc t`bn`bjc ``b b gu`btf i inn `xp`rn`bgnf prce`sncbf prce`sncbfaa `b `a s`gtcr j` s`rvngncs enbfbgn`rcs, e nbfbgn`rcs, af m`stn÷ m`stn÷b b j` rn`smcs `stæ iuy a`mnsafjf y `id`dnjf `b af m`bîtngf j` afs `ipr`sfs enbfbgn`rfs y j` s`murcs, guyc gcbcgnin`btc s` pcjréf trfsafjfr fa r`stc j` s`gtcr`s, pcr ac qu` j`gnjé, jfjc `a nbt`rîs y fgtufanjfj j`a t`if, gci`bzfr gcb ub fbæansns j` acs jcs snst`ifs iæs `xt`bjnjcs; `a gcbtrca nbt`rbc y `a @TI, trftfbjc j` r`afgncbfracs `btr` sé, yf qu` `stæb `st æb gcbj`bfjcs f `bt`bj`rs` `b afs `ipr`sfs. @st` t`if `s j` iugof fgtufanjfj ` nipcrtfbgnf, bc scac pfrf afs `btnjfj`s enbfbgn`rfs y j` s`murcs, snbc tfidnîb pfrf `a r`stc j` acs s`gtcr`s j` fgtnvnjfj. Wn bc ofy gafrnjfj gcbg`ptufa, bc s` pu`j`b jns`öfr ` nipa`i`btfr i`tcjcacméfs `e`gtnvfs qu` j`b scaugn÷b f af prcda`iætngf fgtufa scdr` `a rn`smc y su m`stn÷b, pcr ac qu` `st` trfdfkc pr`t`bj` s`r `a nbngnc j` ubf nbv`stnmfgn÷b qu` jî r`spu`stf f ub prcda`if j` af t`créf y af prægtngf fgtufa `b af m`stn÷b j`a rn`smc j` afs `btnjfj`s fs`murfjcrfs.
Jfjf af r`a`vfbgnf j`a t`if, y j`dnjc f af `sgfs`z j` ant`rfturf scdr` af nj`btnengfgn÷b y gafsnengfg n÷b j` rn`smcs, `b m`b`rfa, y pfrf `a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr, `b pfrtnguafr, qu` s` g`btrfb `b acs rn`smcs `sp`géengcs j`a s`gtcr (D`aafbjc, 4886< LXIM, 4884), `a cdk`tnvc j` af nbv`stnmfgn÷b of snjc cdt`b`r ub ifrgc gcbg`ptufa qu` p`rintf f afs gcipföéfs fs`murfjcrfs fs`murfjcrfs nj`btnengfr y g cipr`b cipr`bj`r j`r sus rn`smcs j` ubf ifb`rf nbt`mrfa, qu` snrvf gcic dfs` pfrf nipa`i`btfr ub snst`if ubnv`rsfa j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs, gcic `a @TI. G`btrfjc `b `st` prni`r cdk`tnvc, `a pr`-
Gcic snst`ifs nbt`mrfa`s j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs s` `btn`bj` `a j`sfrrcaac ` nipa`i`btfgn÷b `b afs crmfbnzfgncb`s j` snst`ifs j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smc nbt`rbcs qu` fdfrqu`b i`rgfjcs, prcjugtcs y prcg`scs, y qu` r`qun`r`b ubf nbt`mrfgn÷b `xntcsf j` fbæansns, m`stn÷b y t`gbcacméf. @TI `s `a snst`if iæs fipanfi`bt` jnvuamfjc ` nipafb-
s`bt` trfdfkc nbt`btf r`spcbj`r f gu`stncb`s `sp`géengfs scdr` acs rn`smcs snstîingcs, snst`iætngcs y `sp`géengcs j` afs `btnjfj`s `b ub gcbt`xtc nbt`rbfgncbfa, prcda`iætngf
tfjc `b ubf mrfb vfrn`jfj j` s`gtcr`s y crmfbnzfgncb`s `ipr`sfrnfa`s, gcic `a j` s`murcs, ` nbgauy` iîtcjcs y prcg`scs utnanzfjcs pcr afs crmfbnzfgncb`s pfrf m`stncbfr
54
@bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt (@TI) y `a gcbtrca nbt`rbc
T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
T @ U N W Z F
NBBCUFT K C P T B F A
sus rn`smcs, prcpcrgncbfbjc ub ifrgc pfrf su m`stn÷b, qu` bcrifai`bt` nbgauy` nj`btnengfr `v`btcs c gnrgubstfbgnfs r`a`vfbt`s f acs cdk`tnvcs j` af crmfbnzfgn÷b, `vfauæbjcacs `b tîrinbcs j` prcdfdnanjfj y ifmbntuj j` su nipfgtc, y j`t`rinbfbjc ubf `strft`mnf j` r`spu`stf y `a gcrr`s-
mcdn`rbc j` afs `ipr`sfs `a i`jnc pfrf gudrnr sus cdanmfgncb`s enbfbgn`rfs, jnvuamfbjc `a gcbcgnin`btc gca`gtnvc nbt`rbc j` acs rn`smcs f acs qu` `stæb `xpu`stcs, prcpcrgncbfbjc ubf `e`gtnvf tcif j` j`gnsncb`s y efvcr`gn`bjc ubf fj`gufjf fanb`fgn÷b j` afs cp`rfgncb`s gcb afs `xpc-
pcbjn`bt` s`munin`btc j` su `vcaugn÷b (Gcsc, 488:). @st` snst`if j` m`r`bgnf j` rn`smcs mnrf `b tcrbc fa gcbg`ptc j` Mcdn`rbc Gcrpcrftnvc, yf qu` acs Gcbs`kcs j` Fjinb Fjinbnsnstrfgn÷b qu` j`enb`b afs prægtngfs c pcaétngfs m`b`rfa`s nbt`rbfs j` mcdn`rbc `stniuafb f acs gcbs`k`rcs j`a`mfjcs y f af fatf jnr`ggn÷b f nipa`i`btfr prcmrfifs j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smc fanb`fjcs gcb `a b`mcgnc.
sngncb`s f acs jne`r`bt`s rn`smcs (Mfaaftn, 4887 4887). ). @st` tnpc j` snst`if j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs, `b pfrtnguafr `a @TI, prcpcrgncbf ubf scenstngfjf jnsgnpanbf j` m`stn÷b qu` vnbguaf acs rn`smcs j`a b`mcgnc fa vfacr fpcrtfjc fa fggncbnstf y f af gcipa`knjfj j` afs crmfbnzfgncb`s y acs `btcrbcs gfidnfbt`s qu` fgtufai`bt` `xnst`b, y pfrf ac qu` `s b`g`sfrnc j`sfrrcaafr afs snmun`bt`s prægtngfs y ub fidn`bt` j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc;
@b `a j`sfrrcaac j` afs cdanmfgncb`s j` Mcdn`rbc Gcrpcrftnvc gcb r`sp`gtc f acs rn`smcs, ictnvfjfs eubjfi`btfai`bt` pcr af pr`sn÷b j` acs i`rgfjcs enbfbgn`rcs j` gfpntfa`s, s` r`qun`r`b fgtufanzfgncb`s r`muafr`s j` acs rn`smcs gafv`, tfbtc nbt`rbcs gcic `xt`rbcs, qu` fe`gtfb f af crmfbnzfgn÷b y acs prcg`scs nipafbtfjcs pfrf m`stncbfracs. @st` iîtcjc j` m`stn÷b j` acs rn`smcs `stæ prcpcrgncbfbjc fa
T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
f. Pbf guaturf q qu` u` fg`pt` ubf i insif nsif vnsn÷ vnsn÷b b j` af m`stn÷ m`stn÷b b j` rn`smcs. d. Pbf `strft`mnf j` rn`smcs qu` ecrifang` su m`stn÷b y s` fanb`` gcb af `strft`mnf j` af `ipr`sf. g. Pbfs prægtngfs j` mcd mcdn`rbc n`rbc qu` p prcicgncb`b rcicgncb`b y j`en`bjfb ub `e`gtnvc snst`if j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs.
57
M`stn÷b Enbfbgn`rf y Macdfanzfgn÷b j. Pbfs gcip` gcip`t`bt`s t`bt`s ` nbt`mrfjfs gfpfgnjfj`s j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs pfrf ubf gcrr`gtf nj`btnengfgn÷b, `vfaufgn÷b y m`stn÷b j`a rn`smc. `. Z`b Z`b`r `r `b gu`btf tcjc `a rfbmc j j`` rn`smcs pcsnd pcsnda`s a`s qu` pu`jfb t`b`r ub nipfgtc `b af crmfbnzfgn÷b, j`sj` acs rn`smcs cp`rfgncbfa`s ofstf acs rn`smcs pcaétngcs. Gcb r`sp`gtc f af fgtnvnjfj fs`murfjcrf, `a snst`if pr`s`btf p`guanfrnjfj`s qu` ofg`b qu` `a prcg`sc j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc y m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs fjqun`rfb ubf `sp`gnfa r`a` vfbgnf (G`ncps, (G`ncps, 4 4885). 885). @b gcbgr`tc, `stfs p`guanfrnjfj`s s` r`en`r`b f af gcipa`knjfj y jnv`rsnjfj j` sus cp`rfgncb`s y f af fa`ftcrn`jfj `b af gufbtéf y/c `b `a ici`btc `b qu` s` ift`rnfanzfb sus gcst`s g cst`s prnbgnpfa`s (Pb`spf, 488=). Fidfs gnrgubstfbgnfs ctcrmfb ctcrmfb u ub b `sp`gnfa pr prctfmcbnsic ctfmcbnsic f jngocs prcg`scs er`bt` fa qu` yf j` pcr sé tn`b`b `b gufaqun`r ctrc s`gtcr. Gfd` s`öfafr qu` afs `btnjfj`s fs`murfjcrfs `stæb sci`tnjfs f eu`rt`s `xnm`bgnfs j` scav`bgnf y trfbspfr`bgnf `b af m`stn÷b, sup`rvnsfjfs pcr ub crmfbnsic r`muafjcr, qu` `xg`j`b fipanfi`bt` ac `xnmnjc f af ifycréf j` afs `ipr`sfs j` ctrcs s`gtcr`s.
tn`b`b qu` s`r suengn`bt`s y fj`gufjcs pfrf ubf `engn`bt` m`stn÷b j` acs rn`smcs fsuinjcs, pfrf `a gcbtrca j` afs cp`rfgncb`s r`fanzfjfs y su r`mnstrc gcbtfda`, pfrf acs gcbtrfst`s scdr` acs grnt`rncs j` vfacrfgn÷b j` afs nbv`rsncb`s, afs prcvnsncb`s tîgbngfs y afs prcvnsncb`s pfrf nbscav`bgnfs, y af fj`gufjf m`stn÷b j` r`gafifgncb`s. Af nbecrifgn÷b y acs snst`ifs qu` scpcrtfb su faifg`bfin`btc y trftfin`btc trft fin`btc gcbstntuy`b fgtnvcs grétngcs `b `a j`sfrrcaac j` af fgtnvnjfj fs`murfjcrf, kubtc gcb af `vcaugn÷b j` af t`gbcacméf vnbguafjf fa trftfin`btc j` af nbecrifgn÷b, ac qu` ofg` b`g`sfrnc nbgaunracs `b acs prcg`scs j` r`vnsn÷b nipafbtfjcs `b gfjf fs`murfjcrf. Wn s` sudgcbtrftf gcb t`rg`rcs af r`fanzfgn÷b j` famubfs fgtnvnjfj`s qu` nipanqu`b rn`smcs, s` tn`b`b qu` `stfda`g`r prcg`jnin`btcs y gcbtrca`s pfrf fs`murfrs` fs`murfr s` j` su prce`sncbfanjfj, gfpfgnjfj y `xp`rn`bgnf. GPFJTC 6. Xrnbgnpncs j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc §
Xcaétngfs y prægtngfs fj`gufjfs qu` gcbtrnduyfb f pct`bgnfr ubf guaturf j` gcbtrca. §
@a gcbtrca nbt`rbc `s ub gcbkubtc j` prcg`scs gcbtnbucs `b `a tn`ipc qu`, r`fanzfjcs pcr af jnr`ggn÷b, af m`r`bgnf y `a p`rscbfa j` af `ipr`sf, `stæb j`enbnjcs pfrf cdt`b`r ubf s`murnjfj rfzcbfda` scdr` af `engfgnf y `engn`bgnf j` afs cp`rfgncb`s, af enfdnanjfj ` nbt`mrnjfj j` af nbecrifgn÷b enbfbgn`rf y bc enbfbgn`rf, af fj`gufjf m`stn÷b j` acs rn`smcs j` fgu`rjc gcb acs cdk`tnvcs `strftîmngcs j` af gcipföéf y `a guipanin`btc j` afs a`y`s y j` afs pcaétngfs y prcg`jnin`btcs nbt`rbcs. @a cdk`tnvc ûatnic j`a gcbtrca nbt`rbc j`d` s`r pct`bgnfr af cp`rftnvnjfj nbt`rbf j` af `btnjfj ` nbgr`i`btfr su gfpfgnjfj pfrf m`stncbfr afs jn v`rsfs sntufgncb`s nbt`rbfs y `xt`rbfs qu` s` pr`s`bt`b, fsé gcic nj`btnengfr pcsnda`s `rrcr`s c j`engn`bgnfs snmbnengftnvfs `b acs prcg`scs y `strugturfs `st rugturfs j` af `btnjfj. F p`sfr j` qu` `a gcbtrca nbt`rbc cp`rf `b jne`r`bt`s bnv`a`s, `a r`spcbsfda` ûatnic j`d`ræ s`r `a Gcbs`kc j` Fjinbnstrfgn÷b, sn`bjc af jnr`ggn÷b af `bgfrmfjf j` aa`vfr f g fdc afs jnr`gtrng`s qu` fpru`d` `st`, gcb `a enb j` nipafbtfr ub snst`if j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc `engfz, snb p`rkungnc j` af `xnst`bgnf j` ctrfs ubnjfj`s `sp`géengfs `bgfrmfjfs j` af `vfaufgn÷b y s`munin`btc s`munin` btc j`a gcbtrca nbt`rbc. Pb snst`if j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc `engfz, guycs prnbgnpncs m`b`rfa`s s` `xpcb`b `b `a Gufjrc 6, r`qun`r` ubf s`mr`mfgn÷b j` tfr`fs y r`spcbsfdnanjfj`s fprcpnfjf, tfbtc `btr` `a p`rscbfa gcic `btr` afs fgtnvnjfj`s qu` s` aa`vfb f gfdc. @s b`g`sfrnc `a `stfda`gnin`btc j` ubf `strugturf j` pcj`r`s y efguatfj`s pfrf af futcrnzfgn÷b j` cp`rfgncb`s vnbguafjfs f prcg`scs grétngcs qu` `stfda`zgf ub snst`if j` aéint`s y j` futcrnzfgncb`s pr`vnfs pfrf af fsubgn÷b j` rn`smcs, j`dnjfi`bt` jcgui`btfjf. Acs r`gurscs ouifbcs y ift`rnfa`s 5:
Guaturf j` gcbtrca
Ufacrfgn÷b y trftfin`btc j`a rn`smc I`jngn÷b gufbtntftnvf y gufantftnvf j` tcjcs acs rn`smcs pct`bgnfa`s y j`sfrrcaac j` i`jnjfs gcrr`gtcrfs b`g`sfrnfs pfrf gcbtrcafr y intnmfr acs rn`smcs `vfaufjcs.
§
Nbecrifgn÷b y gciubngfgn÷b Nbecrifgn÷b pr`gnsf, ébt`mrf, enfda` y cpcrtubf, cdt`bnjf j` eu`bt`s nbt`rbfs y `xt`rbfs, qu` p`rintfb af `vfaufgn÷b j`a rn`smc y af tcif j` j`gnsncb`s. W` t`bjræb `b gu`btf acs r`suatfjcs j ` acs gcbtrfst`s j` fqu`aafs ifmbntuj`s `b afs qu` `xnstf ubf ifycr nbg`rtnjuidr`, gcic afs prcvnsncb`s tîgbngfs y afs prcvnsncb`s pfrf nbscav`bgnfs.
§
Xrncrnjfj`s ` nbt`mrnjfj j`a prcg`sc j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc Wnst`if nipafbtfjc j` prncrnjfj`s tfbtc j` r`gurscs b`g`sfrncs pfrf `a gcbtrca, gcic pfrf af nj`btnengfgn÷b j` acs bnv`a`s j` rn`smc qu` s` j`gnjfb fg`ptfr, fsé gcic `vntfr af jnsmr`mfgn÷b j`a insic `b ubf s`rn` j` fgtnvnjfj`s dæsngfs nbj`p`bjn`bt`s.
§
Wup`rvnsn÷b Xrcg`scs b`g`sfrncs j` sup`rvnsn÷b pfrf mfrfbtnzfr af `engfgnf y `e`gtnvnjfj j` acs gcbtrca`s nbt`rbcs, qu` nbgauyf prcg`jnin`btcs pfrf nj`btnengfr y `vfaufr acs rn`smcs.
Eu`bt`; Pb`spf (488=) y `afdcrfgn÷b prcpnf.
@a gcbtrca nbt`rbc tfidnîb tn`b` qu` cdt`b`r ubf s`murnjfj rfzcbfda` scdr` af cds`rvfbgnf j` afs a`y`s fpangfda`s, `stfda`gn`bjc acs i`gfbnsics b`g`sfrncs pfrf ub fj`gufjc guipanin`btc j` af bcriftnvf `b ift`rnf j` prct`ggn÷b j` jftcs, gcbtfda` y ensgfa, y j` af r`muafgn÷b `sp`géengf j`a s`gtcr, `b pfrtnguafr pfrf afs `btnjfj`s j` Unjf y afs m`stcrfs j` Ecbjcs j` X`bsncb`s. Xcr ûatnic, `a snst`if j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc `b `a æidntc j` acs mrupcs fs`murfjcr`s j`d` mfrfbtnzfr `a ifbt`bnin`btc j` acs fj`gufjcs bnv`a`s j` scav`bgnf j` afs `btnjfj`s nbjnvnjufa`s, t`bn`bjc `b gu`btf acs `e`gtcs qu` pujn`rfb j`rnvfrs` j` su p`rt`b`bgnf fa mrupc. Pbf v`z icstrfjc g÷ic `a @TI pu`j` fyujfr f m`stncbfr j` ubf ifb`rf nbt`mrfa acs rn`smcs, y pr`s`btfjf T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
T @ U N W Z F
NBBCUFT K C P T B F A
af pfrtnguafrnjfj ` nipcrtfbgnf j`a gcbtrca nbt`rbc pfrf `a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr, fs `murfjcr, `b af snmun`bt` s`ggn÷b s` `xpcb`b y fbfanzfb `b j`tfaa` acs prnbgnpfa`s rn`smcs f acs qu` `stæb `xpu`stfs afs fs`murfjcrfs `b `a gcbt`xtc macdfanzfjc fgtufa.
Acs rn`smcs j` afs `btnjfj`s fs`murfjcrfs In`btrfs af ifycréf j` afs crmfbnzfgncb`s nbt`btfb m`stncbfr sus cp`rfgncb`s `vntfbjc y gcbtrcafbjc g cbtrcafbjc af ifycréf j` rn`smcs nbt`rbcs y `xt`rbcs f acs qu` `stæb `xpu`stfs, af bfturfa`zf j` afs cp`rfgncb`s j` s`murc `s fg`ptfr acs rn`smcs susgrntcs pcr acs fs`murfjcs f gfidnc j` ubf prnif. @b `st` gcbt`xtc, s` pu`j` j`enbnr `a rn`smc gcic af prcdfdnanjfj j` suernr ubf nb`sp`rfjf pîrjnjf enbfbgn`rf. Fjngncbfai`b Fjngncbfai`bt`, t`, pfrf cdt`b`r d`b`engncs, afs fs`murfjcrfs b`g`sntfb m`stncbfr acs rn`smcs fg`ptfjcs, sn`bjc `a`i`btcs gafv` j` `st` pccanbm) y prcg`sc j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs `a fmrupfin`btc ( pccanbm af jnv`rsnengfgn÷b j` rn`smcs, `a gcbtrca j` af `xpcsngn÷b fa rn`smc y af cdt`bgn÷b j` prct`ggn÷b fprcpnfjf j` r`fs`murc. Fubqu` pu`j`b `xnstnr ctrfs ecrifs j` gft`mcrnzfr acs rn`smcs j` ubf crmfbnzfgn÷b, f gcbtnbufgn÷b s` pr`s`btfb y j`sgrnd`b `b j`tfaa` acs rn`smcs f acs qu` afs fs`murfjcrfs
`stæb `xpu`stfs j` ubf ecrif nbt`mrfa, fjfptfjfs f g÷ic s` ifbnen`stfb `b afs jne`r`bt`s ær`fs j` afs cp`rfgncb`s j` s`murc, tfa y gcic g cic s` `xpcb` `b `a Mræe Mræengc ngc 6, jcbj` acs rn`smcs s` ofb vnbguafjc gcb afs cp`rfgncb`s y fgtnvnjfj`s `sp`géengfs j` afs fs`murfjcrfs.
Tn`smcs prcv`bn`bt`s f bnv`a j` `btnjfj u crmfbnzfgn÷b
J`btrc j` `st` tnpc j` rn`smcs, acs `sp`géengcs f acs qu` s` `ber`btfb afs `btnjfj`s `b `a `k`rgngnc j` su fgtnvnjfj fs`murfjcrf, s` pu`j`b gntfr, fa i`bcs, acs snmun`b snmun`bt`s; t`s; f. Tn`smc j` susgrnpgn÷b purf. @s `a prnbgnpfa rn`smc fscgnfjc gcb `a b`mcgnc fs`murfjcr, `b qu` `a gcst` r`fa j` acs snbn`strcs j`rnvfjcs j` acs gcbtrftcs jnen`r` j` acs nipcrt`s `stnifjcs gufbjc acs gcbtrftcs eu`rcb gfaguafjcs. Xfrf `vntfrac, afs prnifs j`d`b s`r suengn`bt`s pfrf gudrnr acs gcst`s tctfa`s j` af fs`murfjcrf, nbgauy`bjc acs snbn`strcs snbn`strcs y acs mfstcs gci`rgnfa`s y fjinbnstrftnvcs, jfjcs acs snmun`bt`s nbmr`scs enbfbgn`rcs; e nbfbgn`rcs; • Af prnif purf `s af `sp`rfbzf ift`iætngf j` af a`y j` jnstrndugn÷b j` af snbn`strfanjfj snbn`strfanjfj fbufa, gcbcgnjfs
MTÆENGC 6. Tn`smcs y `a gngac j` b`mcgnc fs`murfjcr Tn`smc j` susgrnpgn÷b Tn`smc j` r`fs`murc
J`gnsncb`s j` r`fs`murc
J`gnsncb`s j` susgrnpgn÷b
Crj`b j` gcd`rturf y fg`ptfgn÷b j`a rn`smc
Tn`smc j` nbv`rsn÷b
J`gnsncb`s j` nbv`rsn÷b
Gcdrc j` prnifs
Xfmc j` snbn`strcs Tn`smc j` anqunj`z y j` insiftgo
Tn`smc j` grîjntc Mfstcs j` m`stn÷b
Bctnengfgn÷b j` snbn`strcs/pîrjnjfs
Tn`smc cp`rfgncbfa Tn`smc j` mfstcs Eu`bt`. @afdcrfgn÷b prcpnf.
T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
50
M`stn÷b Enbfbgn`rf y Macdfanzfgn÷b afs jnstrndugncb`s j`a bûi`rc j` snbn`strcs y j`a nipcrt` j` gfjf ubc j` `aacs. • @a r`gfrmc j` s`murnjfj s` j`stnbf f g udrnr afs eaugtufgncb`s b`mftnvfs j` af snbn`strfanjfj `sp`rfjf y, s`mûb af bcriftnvf, j`d`ræ gfaguafrs` scdr` af prnif purf. • Acs mfstcs j` fjinbnstrfgn÷b y `a ifrm`b scb acs gcipcb`bt`s `gcb÷ingc-gci`rgnfa`s j`a pr`gnc j`a s`murc. @a rn`smc `s qu` `a fs`murfjcr c d dn`b n`b ofyf r`gndnjc i`bcr gfbtnjfj j` prnif pfrf acs rn`smcs f acs qu` s` ofdéf gciprci`tnjc gciprci`tnjc f susgrndnr y pcr tfbtc bc jnspcb` j` acs ecbjcs b`g`sfrncs pfrf nbv`rtnr y anqunjfr acs snbn`strcs, c dn`b acs snbn`strcs scb sup`rncr`s f ac pr` vnstc, y qu` pu`j` cgurrnr pcr afs snmu snmun`bt`s n`bt`s rfzcb`s; • Tn`smc j` `stnifgn÷b nbgcrr`gtf; Gufbjc af pr`vnsn÷b j` afs pîrjnjfs `stæ dfsfjf `b ub nbfj`gufjc gcbcgnin`btc j` af jnstrndugn÷b j` pîrjnjfs, c gufbjc afs onp÷t`sns sudyfg`bt`s scb nbgcrr`gtfs. @stc s` pu`j` j`d`r, pcr `k`ipac, `k`ipac, f `rrcr`s `b afs iu`strfs c efatf j` `xp`rn`bgnf gcb `a rn`smc fs`murfjc. @st` rn`smc pcjréf s`r intnmfjc, ofstf gn`rtc pubtc, jnv`rsnengfbjc acs rn`smcs fs`murfjcs. • Tn`smc j` j`svnfgn÷b fa`ftcrnf; Afs pîrjnjfs `sp`rfjfs s` j`svéfb b`mftnvfi`bt` j`dnjc fa nbgr`i`btc fa`ftcrnc j` af er`gu`bgnf y/c af mrfv`jfj j` acs snbn`strcs, c pcrqu` afs pîrjnjfs eaugtûfb far`j`jcr j` af i`jnf. @k`ipacs j` `stc scb s cb acs `v`btcs qu` prcvcgfb pîrjnjfs iûatnpa`s, gcic af fguiuafgn÷b `b gfsc j` g ftæstrce`s bfturfa`s, c ubf pîrjnjf qu` prcvcgf iûatnpa`s `v`btcs, gcic ub eu`mc `b ub `jnengnc qu` fe`gtf f afs prcpn`jfj`s. Af nipcrtfbgnf j` `st` tnpc j` rn`smc `b ubf gfrt`rf j` s`murcs j`p`bj` j` vfrncs efgtcr`s, gcic `a bûi`rc j` snbn`strcs, af jnstrndugn÷b j` prcdfdnanjfj`s j` af nbgnj`bgnf j` snbn`strcs y afs iæxnifs pîrjnjfs pcsnda`s. Xfrf intnmfrac, ubf cpgn÷b pcsnda` y `engfz, sn`ipr` qu` afs `strft`mnfs gcip`tntnvfs j` gfjf fs`murfjcrf ac p`rintfb, `s af j` nbgcrpcrfr f af gfrt`rf tfbtcs rn`smcs fs`murfjcs ocicmîb`cs ` nbj`p`bjn`bt`s j`p`bjn` bt`s gcic ss`` pu`jf. • Tn`smc j` gfidnc; @s af j`svnfgn÷b b`mftnvf j` afs pîrjnjfs `sp`rfjfs pcr gfidncs nipr`j`gnda`s `b acs efgtcr`s j` rn`smc qu` gfusfb ub nbgr`i`btc `b af er`g u`bgnf y `b af mrfv`jfj j` afs pîrjnjfs c j` afs pfutfs j` anqunjfgn÷b (gcic acs gfidncs `b af a`mnsafgn÷b, af t`gbcacméf, gfidncs scgnfa`s, j`icmræengcs c iîjngcs, gfidncs ganiætngcs, `tg.). @st` rn`smc tfidnîb s` gcbtrcaf gcb af jnv`rsnengfgn÷b j` acs rn`smcs fs`murfjcs. 55
• Tn`smc j` prcvnsncb`s nbsuengn`bt`s; F pfrt` j`a rn`smc fs`murfjc `b sé, `xnst` ub rn`smc fjngncbfa j`rnvfjc j` `st`, y qu` `stæ gfusfjc pcr `a prcg`sc j` gr`fgn÷b j` r`s`rvfs j`a fs`murfjcr. @st` `s `a rn`smc j` qu` afs prcvnsncb`s tîgbngfs s`fb nbsuengn`bt`s pfrf ofg`r er`bt` e r`bt` f afs r`spcbsfdnanjfj`s j` af fs`murfjcrf. Xfrf nbt`btfr intnmfr `st` rn`smc, f trfvîs j` `stnifgncb`s fgtufrnfa`s fg tufrnfa`s j` afs prcvnsncb`s j` snbn`strcs p`bjn`bt`s j` j`gafrfgn÷b (NDBT), s` b`g`sntf nbecrifgn÷b jnspcbnda` suengn`bt` scdr` af snbn`strfanjfj onst÷rngf. @st` rn`smc tfidnîb pu`j` fe`gtfr f af pcsngn÷b enbfbgn`rf j` afs fs`murfjcrfs jnstcrsncbfbjc su nifm`b en`a y pr`s`btfbjc ubfs gu`btfs iugoc i`kcr`s j` ac qu` r`fai`bt` scb, ac qu` pu`j` aa`vfr f j`gnsncb`s `qunvcgfjfs scdr` af m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs. d. Tn`smc j` m`stn÷b j` af susgrnpgn÷b. Af `xpcsngn÷b fa rn`smc j` susgrnpgn÷b purf j`p`bj` j` acs prcg`jnin`btcs j` susgrnpgn÷b j` af fs`murfjcrf pfrf gcbtrcafr af gfanjfj j` acs rn`smcs fg`ptfjcs, af pruj`bgnf `b af `vfaufgn÷b j` afs prnifs, afs `xpcsngncb`s fa rn`smc y af gfpfgnjfj j` susgrndnr rn`smcs. Afs j`gnsncb`s j`sfg`rtfjfs j` susgrnpgn÷b tn`b`b ub nipfgtc jnr`gtc `b af r`btfdnanjfj j` afs fs`murfjcrfs, tfbtc pcr acs bnv`a`s nbfj`gufjcs j` prnif pfrf gudrnr acs rn`smcs fs`murfjcs, gcic pcr ubf ifycr snbn`strfanjfj f af pr`vnstf, y pcr af b`g`snjfj j` j`snbv`rtnr fbt`s j` ac pr`vnstc pfrf cdt`b`r ecbjcs gcb acs qu` anqunjfr acs snbn`strcs. g. Tn`smc j` grîjntc. @a rn`smc j` grîjntc surm` gufbjc `b ub gcbtrftc `a j`ujcr bc guipa` gcb sus cdanmfgncb`s gcbtrfgtufa`s, `s j`gnr, `s `a rn`smc j` bc gcdrfr afs j`ujfs p`bjn`bt`s pcr pfrt` j` t`rg`rcs, t`rg `rcs, tfbtc j` prnifs ‚jnr`gtfs c j` gcrr`jcr`s‚ gcic j`a r`fs`murc. Acs gcrr`jcr`s y gcrr`juréfs qu` jnstrnduy`b acs s`murcs `b bcidr` j` afs fs`murfjcrfs, gcdrfb g cdrfb afs prnifs, enkfb `b j`t`rinbfjcs gfscs af gufbtéf j` acs snbn`strcs y tn`b`b j`a`mfjc pfrt` j`a prcg`sc fjinbnstrftnvc, pu`j`b gcbv`rtnrs` `b ubf eu`bt` e u`bt` j` rn`smcs sn s` j`p`bj` j` tfb scac ubcs pcgcs jnstrndunjcr`s, qu` f v`g`s `s nb`vntfda` sn `stcs gcrr`jcr`s tn`b`b ub vcaui`b vcaui` b j` i`rgfjc iuy mrfbj` `b j`t`rinbfjcs bngocs, gcic `b afs mrfbj`s `ipr`sfs c s`gtcr`s j` fgtnvnjfj. Afs jnenguatfj`s enbfbgn`rfs c qun`drf j` r`fs`murfjcrfs `s ub mrfb ær`f j` rn`smc r n`smc pfrf afs gcipföéfs j` s`murcs j` bc vnjf (afs j` vnjf utnanzfb `b i`bcr i`jnjf `a r`fs`murc) j`dnjc f af nbgfpfgnjfj j` fqu`aacs j` guipan g uipanrr sus cdanmfgncb cdanmfgncb`s `s eenbfbgn`rfs. nbfbgn`rfs. j. Tn`smc cp`rfgncbfa . @a rn`smc cp`rfgncbfa bc `s ub bu`vc rn`smc, j` o`goc `s `a prni`r rn`smc qu` ubf T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
T @ U N W Z F
NBBCUFT K C P T B F A
fs`murfjcrf tn`b` qu` m`stncbfr, nbgausc fbt`s j` susgrndnr af prni`rf p÷anzf. Wnb `idfrmc, `s iuy fgtufa af nj`f j` qu` af m`stn÷b j`a rn`smc rn` smc cp`rfgncbfa `s ubf jnsgnpanbf gcb su prcpnf `strugturf crmfbnzftnvf, o`rrfin`btfs y prcg`scs, nmufa qu` acs j` grîjntc c j` i`rgfjc. W`mûb acs `stæbjfr`s j` Wcav`bgnf Wcav`bgnf NN (Jnr`gtnvf, 488>), `a rn`smc rn` smc cp`rfgncbfa `s `a rn`smc j` pîrjnjf j`rnvfjc j` af nbfj`gufgn÷b c j` af jnseubgn÷b j` prcg`scs nbt`rbcs, j`a p`rscbfa c j` acs snst`ifs, c j` sug`scs `xt`rbcs. Zfidnîb Zfidnîb ggcbvn`b` cbvn`b` t`b`r pr`s`bt` qu` bc `xnst`b tîgbngfs j` i`jngn÷b c icj`acs j` gfpntfa qu` r`juzgfb `a rn`smc cp`rfgncbfa pcr `aacs insics, snbc qu` s` r`fanzf `b gccrjnbfgn÷b gcb prcg`scs j` m`stn÷b s÷anjcs y guaturfai`bt` guaturfai`b t` `st `stfda`gnjcs fda`gnjcs `b afs crmfbnzfgncb`s. `. Tn`smc j` r`fs`murc. @a bnv`a j` prct`ggn÷b jnspcbnda` j` ubf fs`murfjcrf s` `stfda`g` pcr af `xt`bsn÷b `xt `bsn÷b y gfanjfj j`a r`fs`murc fg`ptfjc. Wn af gcd`rturf `s nbsuengn`bt` pu`j` prcvcgfr jnenguatfj`s enbfbgn`rfs `b gfsc j` ub mrfb snbn`strc c nbgnj`bt`. Xcr tfbtc, s` pu`j` gcbsnj`rfr gcic gafv` `a rn`smc j` ub prcmrfif nbfj`gufjc j` r`fs`murc. Zîgbngfi`bt`, `a r`fs`murc efgnantf f afs fs`murfjcrfs su b`g`snjfj j` gcbstntunr ubf gfrt`rf j` rn`smcs j` bfturfa`zf y vfacr sninafr`s, yf qu`, pcr ub afjc, `a r`fs`murc fsui` acs rn`smcs rn`s mcs fs`murfjcs pcr `bgnif j` ub j`t`rinbfjc aéint`, ofgn`bjc af gfrt`rf j` s`murcs iæs ubnecri` y, pcr ctrc, gudr` `a `xg`sc j` pîrjnjfs, `b bûi`rc j` snbn`strcs y `b sus gcst`s tctfa`s. @a r`fs`murc cdanmftcrnc j`d` s`r p`rscbfanzfjc f afs gnrgubstfbgnfs `sp`géengfs j` gfjf fs`murfjcr pfrf pcj`r prct`m`ra` prct`m`ra` gcbtrf rn`smcs gft gftfsfstr÷engcs c ubf fbcrifa fguiuafgn÷b j` pîrjnjfs. e. Tn`smc j` i`rgfjc c nbv`rsn÷b. @st` rn`smc s` r`en`r` r`e n`r` `b m`b`rfa f af pcsndnanjfj j` suernr pîrjnjfs `b acs i`rgfjcs enbfbgn`rcs y `b pfrtnguafr `stæ `st æ vnbguafjc jnr`gtfi`bt` gcb af m`stn÷b j` nbv`rsncb`s j` af fs`murfjcrf, fs `murfjcrf, yf qu` afs `ipr`sfs j` s`murcs, `b `a `k`rgngnc j` su fgtnvnjfj, gfptfb r`gurscs enbfbgn`rcs i`jnfbt` `a gcdrc j` afs prnifs fa susgrndnr acs gcbtrftcs g cbtrftcs j` s`murcs< `stcs r`gurscs s` j`stnbfræb f pfmfr afs pr`stfgncb`s mfrfbtnzfjfs y acs mfstcs j` m`stn÷b j` af `ipr`sf, y gcb ubf pfrt` j` afs prnifs s` gcbstntuy`b afs prcvnsncb`s tîgbngfs, qu` r`pr`s`btfb r `pr`s`btfb ub r`gcbcgnin`btc j` j`ujf pcr `a vfacr j` af pr`stfgn÷b `sp`géengf `sp`gée ngf j`t`rinbfjf `b `a gcbtrftc j` s`murcs. Fubqu` tfidnîb `xnst`b efgtcr`s `xt`rbcs (rn`smcs snstîingcs) qu` fe`gtfb fa r`bjnin`btc j` afs nbv`rsncb`s, `s iuy nipcrtfbt` nipafbtfr gcbtrca`s y m`stncbfr acs rn`smcs j` af gfrt`rf gfr t`rf j` nbv`rsncb`s pfrf r`jugnr `a rn`smc j` r`bjnin`btcs y r`btfdnanjfj`s j`engn`bt`s, `b `sp`gnfa pfrf afs fs`murfjcrfs j` bc vnjf, jcbj` `st` rn`smc prcdfda`i`bt` tn`b`
T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
ifycr nipcrtfbgnf, yf qu` af `a`ggn÷b j` acs fgtnvcs pfrf af tctfanjfj j` afs r`spcbsfdnanj r`spcbsfdnanjfj`s fj`s j` s`murc af r`fanzf `b su tctfanjfj af fs`murfjcrf.
Ctrcs rn`smcs r`afgncbfjcs gcb `a rn`smc j` nbv`rsn÷b scb; • Tn`smc j` anqunj`z; @s `a rn`smc j` qu`, fa v`bj`r acs fgtnvcs pfrf ofg`r er`bt` f sus cdanmfgncb`s enbfbgn`rfs, `stfs s`fb i`bcr`s, y qu` pu`j` v`bnr prcvcgfjc pcr vfrncs efgtcr`s, gcic af gfpfgnjfj j` ofg`r aéqunjcs c `e`gtnvcs j`t`rinbfjcs fgtnvcs, r`trfscs `b `a prcg`sc j` v`btf c t`b`r qu` fg`ptfr pr`gncs nbe`rncr`s fa vfacr j` i`rgfjcs j` jngocs fgtnvcs. • Tn`smc j` m`stn÷b j` fgtnvc-pfsnvc; W` r`en`r` fa rn`smc j` qu` `xnstf ub j`s`bgfk` `btr` afs nbv`rsncb`s y afs cdanmfgncb`s fsuinjfs, ictnvfjc pcr jne`r`bgnfs j` gfidnc j` jnvnsfs, rn`smcs j` tnpc j` nbt`rîs y rn`smc j` nbeafgn÷b, y qu` ofg` b`g`sfrnf ubf gcrr`gtf gcbgnanfgn÷b `btr` af jurfgn÷b j` acs gciprcinscs u cdanmfgncb`s cdanmfgncb`s j` acs gcbtrftcs j` s` s`-murcs gcb nbv`rsncb`s qu` pu`jfb pu`jfb ofg`rs` `e`g tnvcs `b `a insic p`rncjc.
m. Ctrcs rn`smcs • Tn`smc j` mfstcs; @s ub rn`smc `sp`gnfa j` afs fs`murfjcrfs j` vnjf, qu` tn`b`b ubcs gcst`s enkcs iuy fatcs y qu` tn`b`b qu` s`r r`gup`rfjcs j`a nipcrt` j` af prnif, pcr ac qu` su r`gup`rfgn÷b j`p`bj` j`a bûi`rc j` p÷anzfs v`bjnjfs. Fj`iæs, `stcs gcst`s tn`bj`b f fui`btfr gcb af `xt`bsn÷b j` af jurfgn÷b j` acs gcbtrftcs iæs faaæ j` ac pr`vnstc gufbjc afs prnifs eu`rcb gfaguafjfs. @b bc vnjf, `st` rn`smc s` r`en`r` eubjfi`btfai`bt` f acs gcst`s a`mfa`s pcr snbn`strcs kujngnfanzfjcs. • Tn`smc j` nbt`rrupgn÷b j` p÷anzfs; Gufbjc `a tcifjcr gfbg`af af p÷anzf fbt`s j`a v`bgnin`btc v`bgnin`btc,, surm` `a rn`smc j` bc r`gup`rfr acs mfstcs enkcs fscgnfjcs f af insif, bcrifai`bt` `b prcjugtcs j` vnjf, guyf jurfgn÷b `s ifycr qu` acs j` bc vnjf. • Ctrcs rn`smcs enbfbgn`rcs, qu` pujn`rfb fui`btfr afs pîrjnjfs enbfbgn`rfs j` ubf fs`murfjcrf, gcic nbv`rsncb`s `b enanfa`s, gfidncs `b af a`mnsafgn÷b ensgfa c gcbg`j`r mfrfbtéfs f efvcr j` t`rg`rcs, `tg.
Tn`smcs snst`iætngcs @stcs rn`smcs, f acs qu` `stæ `xpu`stc `a s`g s`gtcr tcr fs`murfjcr, `stæb ictnvfjcs pcr efgtcr`s `xt`rbcs f afs fs`murfjcrfs y fe`gtfb f tcjc `a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr, j` vnjf y bc vnjf.
5=
M`stn÷b Enbfbgn`rf y Macdfanzfgn÷b @b af ifycréf j` acs gfscs bc s` pu`j`b gcbtrcafr `stcs rn`smcs f bnv`a nbjnvnjufa pcr gfjf fs`murfjcrf. f. Tn`smc a`mfa y kurnsjnggncbfa . Wcb acs rn`smcs fscgnfjcs gcb acs nipfgtcs enbfbgn`rcs e nbfbgn`rcs j` acs gfidncs `b af r`muafgn÷b y `b af a`y. Xcr `aac `s b`g`sfrnc b`g`s frnc qu` afs fs`murfjcrfs gcipr`bjfb afs nipangfgncb`s j` `stcs gfidncs ` nipa`i`bt`b snst`ifs nbt`rbcs pfrf guipanr gcb acs r`qu`rnin`btcs j` afs futcrnjfj`s sup`rvnscrfs. Pb gafrc `k`ipac j` `st` rn`smc fpfr`g` `b acs s`murcs j` sfauj, qu` `stæb iuy r`muafjcs pcr acs `stfjcs in`idrcs, ifrgfbjc gcbtnbufi`bt` acs aéint`s `btr` `a snst`if j` sfauj pûdangc y `a prnvfjc. Fj`iæs, afs fs`murfjcrfs, `b m`b`rfa, b`g`sntfb r`vnsfr af njcb`njfj j` sus prcvnsncb`s f af auz j` afs s`bt`bgnfs kuréjngfs, scdr` ub pfrtnguafr rfic c tnpc j` p÷anzfs, qu` fe`g t`b fa r`stc j`a s`gtcr. d. Tn`smc j` gfidncs `b `a i`rgfjc. Afs fs`murfjcrfs scb vuab`rfda`s f afs fgtntuj`s j` acs gcbsuinjcr`s y f afs fggncb`s j` acs gcip`tnjcr`s. g cip`tnjcr`s. Afs b`g`snjfj`s j` acs gcbsuinjcr`s y su fgtntuj fbt` af gciprf j` s`murcs scb acs prnbgnpfa`s efgtcr`s qu` nbeauy`b scdr` afs v`btfs y pcr tfbtc j` acs nbmr`scs pcr prnifs, y qu` fj`iæs `btrfb `b gcip`t`bgnf gcb `a r`stc j`a s`gtcr. s `gtcr. Afs `strft`mnfs j` ifrl`tnbm, pr`gncs y prcjugtcs gcip`tntnvcs, af fjfptfdnanjfj f acs gfidncs j`a i`rgfjc y ub usc `engn`bt` j` acs jne`r`bt`s gfbfa`s g fbfa`s j` jnstrndugn÷b pcjréfb fyujfr f r`jugnr `st` tnpc j` rn`smcs j` gfidncs `b `a i`rgfjc.
Tn`smcs snstîingcs @st` tnpc j` rn`smcs `stæ r`afgncbfjc gcb af `gcbciéf bfgncbfa c macdfa c gcb acs efgtcr`s scgnfa`s qu` tn`b`b ub nipfgtc nbjnr`gtc `b `a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr. @b af ifycréf j` acs gfscs bc s` pu`j`b gcbtrcafr `stcs rn`smcs f bnv`a nbjnvnjufaa pcr gfjf fs`murfjcrf. nbjnvnjuf f. Tn`smc j` eaugtufgn÷b j`a vfacr j` afs nbv`rsncb`s. @st` rn`smc s` r`en`r` f acs gfidncs `b `a vfacr j` acs fgtnvcs, `b pfrtnguafr, af j`pr`gnfgn÷b j` fgtnvcs pcr afs gcbjngncb`s `gcb÷ingfs. `gcb÷ingfs. Af A f eaugtufgn÷b j`a vfacr j` acs fgtnvcs t`bjræ ub nipfgtc ifycr c i`bcr `b af fs`murfjcrf, `b eubgn÷b j` guæa s`f af bfturfa`zf j` afs nb v`rsncb`s. Xcr tfbtc, `s b`g`sfrnc b`g`s frnc gcbtrcafr `st` rn`smc j` af insif ifb`rf qu` `b `a rn`smc j` nbv`rsn÷b. Zfidnîb `s nipcrtfbt` i`bgncbfr qu` `b acs s`murcs j` vnjf af `a`ggn÷b j` acs fgtnvcs pfrf j`t`rinbfjcs prcjugtcs af r`fanzf g fsn `b su tctfanjfj `a tcifjcr. d. Tn`smc j` gfidncs i`jncfidn`btfa`s. @s `a rn`smc j` ub nbgr`i`btc `b af er`gu`bgnf j` gftæstrce`s bfturfa`s y gfidncs i`jncfidn`btfa`s, i`jncfidn`btfa`s, qu` cer`g` ggfjf fjf v`z 5?
iæs ub euturc nbgn`rtc. Afs fs`murfjcrfs fs `murfjcrfs j`d`b fgtufr pfrf ofg`r er`bt` f acs rn`smcs qu` `a gfidnc ganiætngc pu`jf t`b`r scdr` sus b`mcgncs. Fj`iæs, afs `btnjfj`s j`d`b mfrfbtnzfr qu` r`muafri`bt` r`vnsfb y gciubngfb afs gcbjngncb`s j` sus gcd`rturfs `b vnstf j` `stcs pct`bgnfa`s gfidncs. @a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr b`g`sntfræ fjcptfr ub bu`vc pafbt`fin`btc `b af susgrnpgn÷b, gcb icj`acs j` enkfgn÷b j` pr`gncs y fsnmbfgn÷b j` gfpntfa qu` r`muafri`bt` s`fb r`bcvfjcs pfrf r`ea`kfr afs ûatnifs nbv`stnmfgncb`s gn`btéengfs `b ift`rnf ganiætngf, qu` pcjréfb ofg`r qu` acs icj`acs qu` s` v`béfb utnanzfbjc ofstf focrf pcjréfb bc fbtngnpfr fj`gufjfi`bt` `a rntic j`a gfidnc. g. Tn`smc j` gfidncs scgnfa`s. Acs gfidncs j`icmræengcs y `a gcipcrtfin`btc g cipcrtfin`btc j` acs gcbsuinjcr`s scb acs prnbgnpfa`s gfusfbt`s j`a rn`smc scgnfa. Acs g fidncs j`icmræengcs, gcic `a nbgr`i`btc j` af `sp`rfbzf j` vnjf, tn`b`b ub mrfb nipfgtc `b acs pr`gncs j` acs s`murcs j` vnjf, yf qu` af jurfgn÷b j` afs p÷anzfs j`p`bj` j` af acbm`vnjfj j` acs tcifjcr`s. @b ubcs gfscs `a nipfgtc `b `a gcst` j` acs pr`gncs `s pcsntnvc pfrf acs tc-
ifjcr`s, gcic acs s`murcs j` vnjf, y `b ctrcs gfscs `s `s b`mftnvc, gcic pfrf acs j` pr`vnsn÷b scgnfa. Ctrc tnpc j` rn`smcs scgnfa`s scb; af ifycr pr`e`r`bgnf f r`gafifr pcr pfrt` j` acs gcbsuinjcr`s, ac qu` fui`btf af er`gu`bgnf y af gfbtnjfj r`gafifjf pcr fggnj`bt`s< `a nbgr`i`btc j` af grninbfanj grninbfanjfj, fj, qu` nipfgtf `b `a bûi`rc j` pîrjnjfs fs`murfjfs pcr rcdc y ourtc< c `a ræpnjc j`sfrrcaac j`a snjf, qu` of icjnengfjc c nbgcrpcrfjc bu`vfs gaæusuafs gaæusuafs `b acs gcbtrftcs j` vnjf. j. Tn`smc j` gngacs `gcb÷ingcs. @a rn`smc j` gngacs `gcb÷ingcs `s `a rn`smc r`afgncbfjc gcb acs gfidncs g fidncs `gcb÷i `gcb÷ingcs ngcs c ubf r`g`sn÷b `gcb÷ingf j`dnjc f prcg`scs y efgtcr`s `xt`rbcs, qu` pu`j` fe`gtfr f af v`btf j` s`murcs.
@xnst`b tfidnîb efgtcr`s `gcb÷ingcs s`gubjfrncs qu` pu`j`b nipfgtfr j` ifb`rf jnr`gtf `b `a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr, gcic `a j`s`ipa`c, yf qu` pu`j` fui`btfr `a rn`smc j` enbfanzfgn÷b j` gn`rtc tnpc j` gcbtrftcs, gcic g cic acs s`murcs j` vnjf c iuatnrn`smcs, pcr af nbgfpfgnjfj j` pfmc j` acs tcifjcr`s. `. Tn`smc j` nbeafgn÷b. @s `a rn`smc r`afgncbfjc gcb ub fui`btc snmbnengftnvc j`a bnv`a j` pr`gncs j` ub pfés c ær`f m`cmræengf. Xfrf afs p÷anzfs j` s`murcs j` bc vnjf, `a `e`gtc j` af nbeafgn÷b `s nipcrtfbt` `b acs gæaguacs j` afs prcvnsncb`s j` acs s`murcs `b acs qu` acs snbn`strcs scb anqunjfjcs dfstfbt` tn`ipc j`spuîs j` af e`gof cgurr`bgnf j`a snbn`strc. @b acs s`murcs j` vnjf, af nbeafgn÷b ku`mf ub pfp`a snmbnengftnvc `b acs gcbtrftcs j` afrmc pafzc gufbjc `stcs `stæb `st æb suk`tcs f j`t`rinbfjcs fkust`s pcr nbgr`i`btc j` pr`gncs. Xfrf acs s`murcs j` T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
T @ U N W Z F
NBBCUFT K C P T B F A
sfauj, af nbeafgn÷b tn`b` pfrtnguafr nipfgtc, yf qu` acs pr`gncs j` acs s`rvngncs iîjngcs scb sup`rncr`s f af nbeafgn÷b i`jnf. e. Tn`smc j` tnpc j` nbt`rîs. @st` tnpc j` rn`smc `stæ jnr`gtfi`bt` fscgnfjc gcb gfidncs r`p`btnbcs `b acs tnpcs j` nbt`rîs. Pb fui`btc j` acs tnpcs j` nbt`rîs gcbjugnræ f ub i`bcr r`bjnin`btc j` afs nbv`rsncb`s y ubf j`pr`gnfgn÷b j`a vfacr j` acs fgtnvcs. Xfrf acs s`murcs j` vnjf, ubf jnsinbugn÷b j` acs tnpcs j` nbt`rîs pu`j` fe`gtfr b`mftnvfi`bt` `b afs prcvnsncb`s, yf qu` `stfs scb g faguafjfs j`sgcbtfbjc acs pfmcs euturcs. Fj`iæs, `st` rn`smc tfidnîb pu`j` fe`gtfr af scav`bgnf sn bc s` nmufafb acs fgtnvcs gcb acs pfsnvcs j` `st` tnpc j` rfics. m. Tn`smc j` ttnpc npc j` gfidnc gfid nc. Fe`gtf f afs gcipföéfs fs`murfjcrfs qu` fg`ptfb c susgrnd`b rn`smcs `b ctrcs pfés`s gcb jne`r`bt` icb`jf. Pbf j` afs ecrifs e crifs j` intnmfr `st` rn`smc `s nbvnrtn`bjc `b fgtnvcs j` af insif icb`jf qu` af j` afs r`spcbsfdnanjfj`s fsuinjfs. o. Tn`smc j` gfidnc t`gbca÷mngc. @st` rn`smc s` r`en`r` fa
ræpnjc j`sfrrcaac j` afs bu`vfs t`gbcacméfs, qu` nipfgtfb `b jne`r`bt`s ær`fs j`a b`mcgnc fs`murfjcr. Acs gfidncs t`gbca÷mngcs pu`j`b fui`btfr af gcbtfinbfgn÷b y fe`gtfr f af sfauj j` afs p`rscbfs, nipfgtfbjc j` `stf ifb`rf f af snbn`strfanjfj j` acs s`murcs j` sfauj y `b af r`spcbsfdnanjfj gnvna iîjngf y/c i`jncfidn`btfa. Ctrc tnpc j` gcbs`gu`bgnfs j`j`rnvfjfs j` acs gfidncs g fidncs t`gbca÷mngcs scb `a nipfgtc j` afs bu`vfs t`gbcacméfs `b af jnstrndugn÷b j` s`murcs c `b `a j`sfrrcaac j` icj`acs pfrf `a gæaguac j` prnifs y gcbtrca j` afs scav`bgnfs, yf qu`, sn pcr ub afjc i`kcrfb acs gcst`s fjinbnstrftnvcs y pr`gncs j` afs gcipföéfs iæs æmna`s ` nbbcvfjcrfs, tfidnîb fui`btf `a tfiföc y rn`smc j` afs nbv`rsncb`s `b j`sfrrcaacs nbecriætngcs. Pbf v`z nj`btnengfjcs y `vfaufjcs acs rn`smcs, y ofdn`bjc gcbcgnjc afs gnrgubstfbgnfs `sp`géengfs j` gfjf fs`murfjcrf `b `a ici`btc `b qu` s` r`fang` `a fbæansns y j` sus pr`pr` vnsncb`s j` `vcaugn÷b, yf s` ``stfréf stfréf `b pcsngn÷b j` pcj`r vfacrfr y pcbj`rfr acs jne`r`bt`s fsp`gtcs fsp`gt cs qu` gcbenmurfb af m`stn÷b y trfbse`r`bgnf t rfbse`r`bgnf j` rn`smcs, ggcic cic su prcdfdnanj prcdfdnanjfj, fj, mrfjc j` tca`rfbgnf ` nbt`bsnjfj, nbt`bsnjfj, ac qu` `stæ eeu`rf u`rf j`a pr`s`bt` `stujnc.
nj`btnengfgn÷b nbt`mrfa j` acs rn`smcs y su m`stn÷b gcic af ifb`rf j` `becgfr `a prcda`if y j` pr`s`rvfr `b afs `ipr`sfs fs`murfjcrfs su gfpfgnjfj j` m`b`rfr eaukcs j` ecbjcs `b `a euturc, i`kcrfbjc fsé `a vfacr j` af `ipr`sf y af r`putfgn÷b fbt` fbfanstfs, gan`bt`s ` nbv`rscr`s. Fjngncbfai`bt`, afs nbt`rr`afgncb`s `btr` acs rn`smcs pr` Fjngncbfai`bt`, s`btfb ubf mrfb r`a`vfbgnf f af ocrf j` `stnifr su pct`bgnfa j` nipfgtc, rfz÷b pcr af qu` ofb j` `vfaufrs` `stcs rn`smcs, bc scac nbjnvnjufai`bt`, snbc `b su gcbkubtc. Fubqu` ofy qu` t`b`r `b gu`btf qu` af gafsnengfgn÷b j` rn`smcs `xpu`stf cd`j`g` f af `xpcsngn÷b j` acs efgtcr`s nbt`rbcs y `xt`rbcs qu` fe`gtfb fe`gt fb f afs fs`murfjcrfs `b m`b`rfa, y qu` pfrf gfjf ubf `b pfrtnguafr pfr tnguafr jngof gafsnengfgn÷b vfrnfræ `b eubgn÷b j j`` jne`r` jne`r`bt`s bt`s efgtcr`s, gcic; `a tfifö tfiföc, c, pu`s ubf gfrt`rf j` rn`smcs iæs fipanf y jnv`rsnengfjf p`rint` r`jugnr af `xpcsngn÷b f j`t`rinbfjcs rn`smcs< `a tnpc j` prcjugtcs j` s`murc susgrntcs y su nipfgtc `b af er`gu`bgnf y af s`v`rnjfj j` acs snbn`strcs< c af jurfgn÷b j` afs r`gafifgncb`s, `btr` ctrcs. Af nj`btnengfgn÷b nj`btneng fgn÷b y fbæansns j` acs rn`smcs gcipr`bj`b ubf fgtnvnjfj b`g`sfrnf pfrf afs `btnjfj`s fs`murfjcrfs, qu` pr`s`btf fipanfs pcsndnanjfj`s j` j`sfrrcaac y ub mrfb gfipc j` `stujnc scdr` t`ifs gcbg`ptufa`s y prægtngcs, j`dnjc f af pfrtnguafrnjfj pfr tnguafrnjfj y gcipa`knjfj nipa nipaégntfs égntfs `b sus rn`smcs y f af b`g`snjfj b`g` snjfj j` `stfda`g`r ub gfpntfa qu` ofmf er`bt` f afs pcsnda`s pîrjnjfs, r`fanjfj qu` s` of ift`rnfanzfjc r`gn`bt`i`bt` j` ecrif bcriftnvf gcb Wcav`bgnf NN. Fa nbngnc j`a trfdfkc s` sum`réf utnanzfr af m`stn÷b j` acs rn`smcs `b `a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr gcic ifrgc gcbg`ptufa pfrf i`kcrfr af m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs `b ctrfs `ipr`sfs. @a s`gtcr fs`murfjcr qunzæ of snjc `a s`gtcr, kubtc gcb `a dfbgfrnc, iæs suk`tc f r`muafgncb`s scdr` af m`stn÷b j` sus snst`ifs j` gcbtrca y rn`smc, gcic Dfsna`f, GCWC, Wfrdfb`s Cxa`y c NNE, `btr` ctrcs. @stc ac gcbvn`rt` `b ub pct`bgnfa icj`ac pfrf ctrcs s`gtcr`s, sn`bjc b`g`sfrnc ub ifycr j`sfrrcaac pfrf qu` s`f `engfz y r`a`vfbt`, gcb su pct`bgnfa j` d`b`engncs, y bc scac `b ac r`afgncbfjc f afs o`rrfin`btfs gcbgr`tfs j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs< tfidnîb `s pr`gnsc ub j`sfrrcaac j`sj` `a pubtc j` vnstf j` af trfspfr`bgnf, gcb ubf i`btfanjfj vcagfjf ofgnf ub ifycr `bt`bjnin`btc pcr pfrt` j` acs fggncbnstfs.
T`e`r`bgnfs dndan dndancmræengfs cmræengfs Gcbgausncb`s @a gr`gn`bt` nbt`rîs susgntfjc pcr af m`stn÷b j` acs rn`smcs `b af sntufgn÷b j` grnsns enbfbgn`rf `b af qu` `stfics nbi`rscs of ictnvfjc af r`fanzfgn÷b j`a pr`s`bt` trfdfkc qu`, pfrtn`bjc j`a `squ`if `xntcsc y fipanfi`bt` r`gcbcgnjc j` m`stn÷b j` rn`smcs y gcbtrca nbt`rbc @TI, `btn`bj` af T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
Favnub`ss`b , F., & Kfbl`bsmfrj, O. (488>). @bt Favnub`ss`b, @bt`rprns` `rprns` rnsl dujm`tnbm; drnbmnbm rnsl ifbfm`i`bt nbtc to` enbfbgnfa pafbbnbm prcg`ss. Kcurbfa ce Fppan`j Enbfbg`, Enbfbg`, 6>(6), 6>(6), 6=?-6>8. D`fsa`y, I. W., Gaub`, T., & O`rifbscb, J. T. (4880). @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt; Fb `ipnrngfa fbfaysns ce efgtcrs fsscgnft`j wnto to` @x t`bt ce nipa`i`btftncb. nipa`i`btftncb. Kcurbfa Kcurbfa ce Fggcubtnbm fbj Xudang Xcangy , 4:(5), 4:(5), 046-076.
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M`stn÷b Enbfbgn`rf y Macdfanzfgn÷b D`aafbjc, K. A. (4886). (4886). Fss`ssnbm Fss`ssnbm to` enbfbgnfa o`fato ce nb nbsurfbg` surfbg` u ubj`rbj`rtflnbms tc prct`gt to` nbsur`j erci to` rnsls tc wongo to`s` enris fr` `xpcs`j; Wcav`bgy rua`s. rua`s. C@GJ.
LXIM (4884). Wtujy (4884). Wtujy nbtc to` i`tocjcacmn`s tc fss`ss to` cv`rfaa enbfbgnfa pcsntncb ce fb nbsurfbg` ubj`rtflnbm erci to` p`rsp`gtnv` ce pruj`btnfa sup`rvnsncb. sup`rvnsncb. Drus`afs; @urcp`fb Gciinssncb.
GFW (4887). Cv`rvn`w ce @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt . Gfsufaty Fgtufrnfa Wcgn`ty. @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt Gciintt``.
Afi, K. (4887). @bt`rprns` rnsl ifbfm`i`bt; erci nbg`btnv`s tc gcbtrcas. gcbtrcas . B`w K`rs`y; Kcob ]na`y & Wcbs.
G`ncps (4885). Vufbtntftnv` Nipfgt Wtujy 4 - Z`gobngfa Wp`gnengftncb. Wp`gnengftncb . Drus`afs.
An`d`bd`rm, F. X., & Ocyt, T. O. (4887). Zo` J`t`rinbfbts ce @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt; @vnj`bg` erci to` fppcnbti`bt ce Gon`e Tnsl Ceeng`r. Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt fbj Nbsurfbg` T`vn`w , 5 (6), (6), 7=-04.
Gcsc (488:). @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt. Nbt`mrft`j Erfi`wcrl . Dcstcb; Gciintt`` ce Wpcbscrnbm Crmfbnzftncbs ce to` Zr`fjwfy Gciinssncb. Jnr`gtnvf 488>/67?/G@ j`a Xfrafi`btc @urcp`c y j`a Gcbs`kc, j` 40 j` bcvn`idr` j` 488>, scdr` `a s`murc j` vnjf, `a fgg`sc f af fgtnvnjfj j` s`murc y j` r`fs`murc y su `k`rgngnc (Wcav`bgnf NN). Mfaaftn, T. (4887). Tnsl ifbfm`i`bt fbj gfpntfa fj`qufgy . B`w ^crl; IgMrfw-Onaa. O`rbæbj`z, T., & Ifrtéb`z, I. N. (4868). Af bu`vf r`muafgn÷b `urcp`f j` s`murcs prnvfjcs; Wcav`bgnf NN. Dca`téb j` @stujncs @gcb÷ingcs, @gcb÷ingcs, 6>>, =0->6.
=8
Iflcifsln, K. (488?). Wc woft `xfgtay ns @TI3 Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt , 00(:), 00(:), ?8-?6. Bcggc, D. ]., & Wtuaz, T. I. (4885). @bt`rprns` Tnsl Ifbfm`i`bt; Zo`cry fbj Xrfgtng`. Kcurbfa Xrfgtng`. Kcurbfa ce Fppan`j Gcrpcrft` Enbfbg`, Enbfbg`, 6?(:), 6?(:), ?-48. Pb`spf (488=). Futcrr`muafgn÷b; (488=). Futcrr`muafgn÷b; Muéf j` du`bfs prægtngfs `b ift`rnf j` gcbtrca nbt`rbc. nbt`rbc. Ifjrnj; Pb`spf. ]fal`r, X. A., Wo`blnr, ]. M., & Dfrtcb, Z. A. (4885). @TI nb prfgtng`. Nbt`rbfa Fujntcr , 58(:), 58 (:), 06-00.
T@U. NBBCUFT UCA. 40, @JNGN×B @WX@GNFA 4860
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