Rice Postharvest Technology (E-learning manual)

bec©k v iT üaeRk ay RbmUlplRs Uv RICE POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY

dkRsg; nigERbsRmYlBI Extracted and Translated from

karsik SaEbbeGLik RtUn ik (E-LEARNING) rbs; v iT üasßanRsav RCav dMN aMRsUv GnþrCati Produced by the

International Rice Research Institute

qñaM 2012 1

sarGKÁelxaFik arKMn it pþÜcepþImshRbtibtþik ares,óg nigksik mµGasIu

KMnitpþÜcepþImshRbtibtþikarGMBIes,óg nigksikmµGasIu sUmeKarBsVaKmn_ ! KMnitpþÜcepþImenHKWCaGgÁénkic©shRbtibtþikarmanlkçN³GnþrrdæaPi)al nigBhuPaKI EdlRtUv )anbegáIteLIgedayrdæ)alGPivDÆn_CnbTénsaFarNrdækUer: kñúgTisedAedIm,IbegáInplitkmµes,óg eFIV[ ekItmanCak;EsþgnUvkareFIVksikmµRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigEklm¥esvakmµpSBVpSayrbs;RbeTsnana enATIVbGasIu tamry³karEckrMElkcMeNHdwg nigB½t’mansþIBIbec©kviTüaksikmµ . rdæ)alGPivDÆn_CnbTxagelI EdlCasßab½nrdæaPi)alTTYlbnÞúkkargaresvakmµRsavRCav nig pSBVpSayksikmµ )anRbwgERbgbegáIt nigpSBVpSaybec©kviTüaksikmµ kñúgry³eBl 50 qñaMcugeRkay . CaEpñkmYyénkic©RbwgERbgenH ´mankitþiyseday)anTTYlnUv»kasedIm,Ie)aHBum1 sarsMxan;;énkarRcUtkat;RtwmRtUv nigkñúgeBld¾smRsb 2>2 viFIRbmUlplRsUv 2>2>1 karRbmUlpledayéd 2>2>2 karRcUtkat;edayéd nige)akEbnedaym:asIun 2>2>3 karRbmUlpledaykMuéb 2>3 bBaðaekItmanedaykarTukkNþab;kñúgERs 2>4 bBaðakúñgkarCBa¢ÚnkNþab; 2>5 kare)akEbn 2>6 karsMGat 2>7 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRbmUlpl 2>7>1 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRcUtkat; 2>7>2 kar)at;bg; kñúgeBle)akEbn nigsMGat 2>7>3 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún 2>8 sMNYrGMBIkarRbmUlpl 3> karhalsm¶Üt RsUv 3>1 sarsMxan;;énkarhalsm¶Üt 3>2 viFIsm¶Üt 3>2>1 karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ 3>2>2 karsm¶ÜtRsUvedaym:asIun 3>3 sMNYrGMBIkarhalsm¶Üt 4> karTuk dak;

TMB½r i iii x

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 11 13 13 14 14 15 17 17 18 18 20 22 24 v

4>1 brikçarTukdak; 4>2 l½kxç ½NÐsRmab;Tukdak; 4>3 RbB½n§Tukdak; 4>3>1 karTukdak;kñúg)av 4>3>2 karTukdak;kñúgCRguk 4>3>3 karTukdak;kñúgFugFM² 4>4 karTukdak;biTCit 4>4>1 mUlehtuRtUvTukdak;biTCit 4>4>2 karcMNaykñúgkarTukdak;biTCit 4>5 ktþacéRgkñúgeBlTukdak; - stVl¥it 4>5>1 brisßanrs;enArbs;stVl¥it 4>5>2 stVl¥itTI 1 nig TI 2 4>6 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTukdak; - stVkekr ¬kNþúrFM nigtUc¦ 4>6>1 karbgábBaðarbs;stVkekr 4>6>2 tRmUvkarrbs;stVkekr 4>6>3 viFankarTb;sáat; 4>7 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTukdak; - CMgW b¤ karduHpSit 4>7>1 bBaðabgáedaypSit 4>7>2 meFüa)ayTb;sáat;karekItmanCMgWpSit 4>8 kareRCIsyksMNak 4>8>1 sarsMxan;;énkareRCIsyksMNakRtwmRtUv 4>8>2 rebobeRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv 4>8>3 karrkSaTuk nigeRbIR)as;sMNak 4>9 GRtasMeNImRsUvGgár 4>9>1 karvas;GRtasMeNIm 4>9>2 GRtasMeNImsmta 4>9>3 GRtasMeNImeFobbriyakas 4>9>4 GRtasMeNImeFobsmta 4>10 sMNYrGMBIkarTukdak;

24 25 26 27 27 28 31 31 32 32 32 33 35 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 44 46 46 47 vi

5> karkin RsUv 5>1 viFIkinRsUv 5>1>1 karkinRsUvkñúg 1 lMdab; 5>1>2 karkinRsUv 2 lMdab; 5>1>3 karkinRsUveRcInlMdab; 5>2 m:asIunkinRsUvTMenIb 5>2>1 karsMGatRsUv munkin 5>2>2 karkinsMrUb 5>2>3 karEjkRsUv 5>2>4 karkinsRmit nigkarxat;rMlIg 5>2>5 karEjkGgár 5>2>6 karRcbl;Ggár 5>2>7 karføwgGgár 5>3 sMNYrGMBIkarkinRsUv 6 - KuN PaBRsUv Ggár 6>1 lkçN³rUbsaRsþénRsUvGgár 6>1>1 lkçN³rUbsa®sþénRsUv 6>1>2 lkçN³rUbsa®sþénGgár 6>2 lkçN³KImIénGgár 6>2>1 Gelatinization temperature ¬sItuNðPaBEdleFIV[GgárERbCa)ay¦ 6>2>2 Amylose content ¬GRtaGamILÚs¦ 6>2>3 Gel consistency ¬sißrPaBrbs;CatiGn§il¦ 6>3 ktþaman\Ti§Bldl;KuNPaBRsUvGgár 6>3>1 ktþaBUC 6>3>2 ktþaplitkmµ 6>3>3 ktþaRKb;RKgenAeRkayeBlRbmUlpl 6>4 lkçN³rbs;BUC 6>4>1 sarsMxan;;énKuNPaBRKab;BUC 6>4>2 lkçN³suT§xagBUCénRKab;BUCRsUv

49 50 50 52 52 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 56 56 56 57 61 61 62 63 64 65 65 65 65 66 67 vii

6>4>3 PaBmins¥at 6>4>4 TMhMRKab; 6>4>5 RKab;BUCxUc xUcRTg;RTay nigmanCMgW 6>4>6 GRtadMNuHkñúgERs 6>4>7 dMeNkénRKab;BUC 6>4>8 kareFIVetsþRKab;BUC 6>4>9 viBaØabnbR½tbBa¢ak;BUC 6>5 meFüa)ayedIm,IplitRKab;BUCmanKuNPaBx5>1 kareRCIserIsERs nigkarerobcMdI 6>5>2 karRKb;RKgdMNaM 6>5>3 karRKb;RKgRKab;BUCenAeRkayeBlRbmUlpl 6>6 kareFIVetsþvaytémøKuNPaBRKab;BUC 6>6>1 kareFIVetsþGRtasMeNIm 6>6>2 kareFIVetsþGRtadMNuH 6>6>3 kareFIVetsþPaBs¥atrbs;RKab;BUC 6>6>4 kareFIVetsþkMNt;PaBsuT§xagBUC 6>6>5 Tm¶n; 1000 RKab; 6>7 sMNYrGMBIKuNPaBRsUvGgár 7> esckIþs egçb 7>1 karRKb;RKg eRkayRbmUlpl 7>2 sarsMxan;énkarRKb;RKg eRkayRbmUlpl 7>3 kareFIV[kic©RbtibtþieRkayRbmUlpl manPaBRbesIr 7>4 sMNYrbBa©b; 8> karbegáIt EpnkarskmµPaB 9> Gñk rYmcMENkplit ÉksarenH Cakarsik SaEbbeGLik RtUn ik

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viii

TABLE OF CONTENT Message from the Director General of AFACI Acknowledgement Glossary 1. Introduction 2. Rice harvest 2.1 Importance of proper and on-time harvest 2.2 Harvesting methods 2.3 Problems occurred when leaving cut crop in the field 2.4 Problems occurred when gathering and transporting cut crop 2.5 Threshing 2.6 Cleaning 2.7 Postharvest losses 3. Rice drying 3.1 Importance of drying 3.2 Drying methods 3.3 Questions on drying 4. Rice storage 4.1 Storage facilities 4.2 Storage conditions; 4.3 Storage system 4.4 Sealed storage 4.5 Storage pests – Insects 4.6 Storage pests – Rodents 4.7 Storage pests – Fungi 4.8 Sampling 4.9 Rice moisture content 4.10 Questions on storage 5. Rice milling 5.1 Milling methods 5.2 Modern rice mills 5.3 Questions on rice milling 6. Rice grain quality 6.1 Physical properties 6.2 Chemical properties 6.3 Factors that affect rice grain quality 6.4 Seed properties 6.5 Ways to produce high-quality seed 6.6 Testing seed quality 6.7 Questions on rice grain quality 7. Summary 7.1 Postharvest management 7.2 Importance of postharvest management 7.3 Improving postharvest management 89 7.4 Final questions 8. Workplan 9. Contributors of the e-learning document

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sTÞanuRkm GgársMrUb ³GgárKµansm,kGgáam b:uEnþenAsl;RsTab;knÞk; . Chalky rice GgáreBaHs ³ GgárEdlépÞeRkAeRcInCag 75° manBN’dUcdIs ¬elIkElgGgárdMeNIb . Chip kemÞccugGgár ³ kemÞc b¤ bMENkGgár EdlGacFøak;cuHtamRbehag b¤ rn§mUl²manRbEvg Ggát;p©it cab;BI 1>4 mIløIEm:Rt . Damaged grains RsUvGgárxUc ³ RsUvGgárxUcedaysarsMeNIm ktþacéRg CMgW b¤ mUlehtuepSgeTot edayminrab;bBa©ÚlkarxUcxatbNþalBIkemþA . Discolored grain or yellow grain RsUvGgárERbBN’ b¤ GgáreLIgBN’elOg ³ RsUvGgárEdlxUc ehIyeFIV[ERbBN’eTACaelOg b¤ exµA edaykareLIgkemþA kareLIgesIm b¤ RsUbsMeNImcUlvij b¤ edaykarbMpøajénCMgWpSit . Dryer m:asIunsm¶Üt ³ m:asIunbnSat;sMeNImecjBIRsUvGgáresIm edayeFIV[manxül;ekþAbk;qøgkat; . Drying karhalsm¶Üt ³ kareFIV[fycuHsMeNImkñúgRKab;RsUvGgár . Foreign matter sarFatulayLM ³ sarFatusrIragÁ b¤ GsrIragÁ minEmnCaRsUvGgár ¬sMram¦ . Glutinous rice RsUv b¤ GgárdMeNIb ³ RsUvGgárBiess EdlmanGgárBN’sRsGab; . Harvesting karRbmUlpl ³ karRcUtkat;ykEpñkmankYr ecjBIedImRsUvkñúgERs . Head rice GgáredIm ³ GgármanRbEvgesIµ nigEvgCag 75° énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl . Heat damage grains RsUvGgárxUcedayeLIgkemþA ³ RsUvGgár ¬TaMgmUl b¤ bMENk¦ EdlERbBN’ edayeLIgkemþA . Immature grain RsUvesIÞrTwk ³ RsUvminTan;TMuRKb;RKan; b¤ minTan;dak;RKab;eBjelj . Large broken cugGgárRKab;FM ³ cugGgármanRbEvg 50 - 75°énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl . Medium broken cugGgárRKab;mFüm ³ cugGgármanRbEvg 25 - 50°énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl . Milled rice Ggárs b¤ GgársRmit ³ GgárEdlKµansm,kGgáam nigRsTab;knÞk; . Paddy RsUv ³ manrYmTaMgGgár RsTab;knÞk; nigsm,kGgáam . Red grain GgárRkhm b¤ rnuk ³ GgárEdlmanépÞeRkAeRcInCag 1¼4 BN’Rkhm edayminrab;bBa©Úl GgárEdlxUcedayeLIgkemþA . Small broken cugGgárRKab;tUc b¤ l¥it ³ cugGgárxIøCag 25°énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl . Sun drying karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ ³ viFIhalRsUvtamTmøab; edayBRgayva[rgkemþAéf¶ . Whole kernel RKab;GgárTaMgmUl ³ RKab;GgárBMumankar)ak;Ebk . Brown rice

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RKab;BUCCeRmIsviTUr ³ RKab;BUCénBUCfIµmYyEdlmanPaBsuT§x1 sarsMxan;;énkarRcUt kat;RtwmRtUv nigkñúgeBld¾s mRsb karRcUtkat;kñúgeBlsmRsb b¤ enAeBlEdlRsUvmanGRtasMeNImsmRsb Gacnwgpþl;Tinñpl RBmTaMgKuNPaBx1 karRbmUlpledayéd karRbmUlpledayédrYmman karRcUtedaykeNþóv ¬rUbTI 2>2¦ edIm,Ikat;ykcMebIg nigkYrRsUv TMu kñúgkméf¶¼hikta ehIyk¾tRmUv[cMNayBlkmµbEnßmedIm,IRbmUl nigCBa¢ÚnkNþab; . kare)akEbneFIVeLIg edayeRbIR)as;]bkrN_ b¤ brikçarmanlkçN³bUraN dUc CaERK b¤ kþare)ak EbnedayeCIg nigbBa¢an;eday stV b¤ yanynþ .

rUbTI 2>2 ³ karRcUtRsUvedayéd ¬edaykeNþóv¦ 2>2>2 karRcUtkat;edayéd nige)akEbnedaym:asIun tamviFIenH edImRsUvRtUv)anRcUtkat;edayéd b¤ edaym:asIunkat;pþÜl ehIykare)akEbn nigkar sMGatnwgGnuvtþedaym:asIun . m:asIunRcUtEdlkat;pþÜledImRsUvkñúgERs ¬rUbTI 2>3¦ BMusUvmankarniym eRbIR)as;TUlMTUlayeLIyenATIVbGasIu . enARbeTsmYycMnYn m:asIunRcUtRtUv)aneKdak;P¢ab;[dMeNIrkar 3

enABImuxRtak;T½r . m:asIunRcUtmanmuxkat; 1>5 Em:Rt GacRcUt)an 2 - 4 hikta¼éf¶ . edIm,I[Gac eRbIR)as;m:asIunEbbenH)anRsYl nigRtwmRtUv caM)ac;RtUvBRgabdIERs[esIµ nigbgðÚrTwkecj[Gs;BIERs munRcUt . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday m:asIunEbbenHlM)aknwgRcUtRsUvEdldYlrabdl;dI .

rUbTI 2>3 ³ karRcUtedaym:asIun 2>2>3 karRbmUlpledaykMuéb : kMuéb : ¬rUbTI 2>4 nigrUbTI 2>5¦ KWCam:asIunEdlbMeBjmuxgarxageRkamsrub b¤ kñúgeBlEtmYy ³ - karRcUtkat; ³ EpñkRcUtkat;manRbdab;elIkedImRsUv CaBiesssRmab;RsUvdYl nigRbdab;RcUt kat;edImRsUv . muxRcUtrbs;kMuébERbRbYlBI 1 - 5 Em:Rt GaRs½yeTAtamsmtßPaBrbs;va . - karbBa¢ÚnRsUvRcUtkat;ehIyeTAe)ak ³ mansIuLaMgFMmYybMeBjmuxgarpþÜl nigbBa¢ÚnedImRsUv Edlkat;ehIy eTAkñúgRbB½n§ExSBanbBa¢ÚneTAEpñke)ak . - kare)akEbn ³ EpñkenHmansIuLaMg b¤ t,al;e)ak 1 b¤ eRcIn nigbnÞHEdksrésenABIeRkam edIm,I CCuHRKab;ecjBIcMebIg . kMuébPaKeRcInmant,al;e)akRbePTbBa¢ÚnclnatambeNþayG½kS Edl manPaBsmRsbsRmab;edImRsUvesIm . - karsMGat ³ sRmab;EjksMram dUcCakemÞccMebIg sNIþ nigRKab;RsUves4 ³ kMuébkMBugRcUtRsUv sarsMxan;;énkareRbIR)as;kMuéb enAeBlBMuGacrk)annUvkmøaMgBlkmµRKb;RKan; nigTan;eBl karRcUtkat;KWCakic©RbtibtþiTI 1 Edl RtUv)aneKGnuvtþeLIgedayeRbIR)as;m:asIun . enARbeTs\NÐa cin nigéf karTTYlykeTAeRbIR)as;nUv kMuéb mansnÞúHelOn . kMuébsRmab;RcUtRsUvmanTMhMxus²Kña ehIytamFmµtavamankg;Rcvak; edIm,I[ gayeFIVclnaenAkñúgERs . Ca]TahrN_ kMuébplitenARbeTséfmanmuxRcUtRbEvg 2 - 3 Em:Rt Gac RcUt)an 0>6 - 1 hikta¼em:ag nigmanTm¶n; 4 - 8 etan enAeBlEdlkMuébFuntUc manmuxRcUtRbEvg 1>2 Em:Rt GacRcUt)an 0>12 hikta¼em:ag nigmanTm¶n; 0>5 etan . kMuébFuntUcmankg;Fmµta eBalKWmincaM)ac;mankg;Rcvak; eRBaHvaRsal mingayCab;pug b¤ GacelIk b¤ Kas;)an eBlCab;pug . 2>3 bBaðaekIt manedaykarTuk kNþab;k ñúgERs kñúgkarRbmUlpltamTmøab; ksikrEtgraykNþab;kñúgERskñúgry³eBlyUr edayRtUvrg;caMm:asIun e)ak b¤ halsm¶ÜtRsUv[ehIy munnwgykvaeTAe)akEbn . tamrebobenH RKab;RsUvGacrgTwkePøóg b¤ TwksenSImenAeBlyb; ehIyrgkemþAéf¶xøaMgkñúgeBléf¶ eFIV[vagayRCuH nigeRbHRsaMRKab; .

rUbTI 2>5 ³ karKrkNþab;RsUvenAkñúgERs 5

maneBlxøHeTot ksikrKredIm b¤ kNþab;RsUvCaKMnr ¬rUbTI 2>5¦ edaydak;kYrEbrcUlkñúg edIm,I karBarRKab;RsUvBITwkePøóg TwksenSIm nigkarbMpøajrbs;stVsøab nigkNþúr . enAkñúgKMnrTaMgenaH EtgBMu manxül;bk;qøgkat;RKb;RKan; bgá[eLIgkemþAxøaMg EdleFIV[ ³ - RsUvrgkarbMpøajedayCMgWpSity:agqab;rh½s . - RsUvGgárERbBN’ sUm,IEtkñúgry³eBl 1 éf¶k¾eday . - CagenaHeTAeTot RsUvEdls¶ÜtehIy GacnwgRsUbsMeNImBIedImEdlenAesImenAeLIy eFIV[ eRbHRsaMGgár ehIyenATIbMput Ggárnwg)ak;exÞceRcIn . 2>4 bBaðakúñgkarCBa¢Ún kNþab; karCBa¢ÚnkNþab; b¤ édRsUvEdlRcUtehIy eTAdak;enAkEnøg b¤ TIlane)akEbn GaceFIV[RCuHx©at; x©ayeRcIn CaBiessenAeBlEdlRsUvs¶ÜtehIy . enAtMbn;PñMmYycMnYn ksikrEtgRcUtykEtkYrRsUv edIm,I gayRsYlCBa¢Ún ¬rUbTI 2>6¦ .

rUbTI 2>6 ³ karCBa¢ÚnkNþab; nigkYrRsUv 2>5 kare)akEbn kare)akEbnKWCaEpñkmYyénkarRbmUlpl edIm,IEjkRsUvecjBIedIm b¤ cMebIgedayviFIeKaHvay eFIV[kkit b¤ edaysrubrYmKñaEtmþg . karyWty:avmin)ane)akEbnRsUvPøambnÞab;BIRcUt edayTukkNþab; ecalkñúgERs b¤ KrCaKMnr GaceFIV[RsUvfycuHKuNPaBy:agelOn . kare)akEbnminRtwmRtUvk¾GaceFI[V RsUvxUcKuNPaB nigkMBb;x©at;x©ayEdr . 6

viFIe)akEbn - karEbnRsUv b¤ bBa¢an; ³ KWkareRbIR)as;eCIgmnusS b¤ eCIgstVedIm,IEbn b¤ bBa¢an;RsUvEdl BRgayelITIlan ¬rUbTI 2>7¦ . enAtMbn;mYycMnYn eKbBa¢an;RsUvedayebIkRtak;T½r b¤ yanynþ epSgeTotBIelIRsUv CMnYsstV . kareFIVEbbenHeFIV[RsUvminrgkarb:HTgÁicxøaMg eFIV[vamingay eRbHRsaM b:uEnþGacnwgmanbBaðakalNavaenAKryUrkñúgTIlan eBalKWmin)anhalsm¶Ütqab; .

rUbTI 2>7 ³ karEbn nigbBa¢an;RsUv - karvay b¤ e)akkNþab;pÞb;nwgGIVmYy ³ tamviFIenH RsUvRtUv)anEjkecjBIcMebIgedaykarvay kNþab;pÞb;nwgERKrnab kþare)ak b¤ vtßúepSg²Edlrwg dUcCaFugsaMgCaedIm ¬rUbTI 2>8¦ .

rUbTI TI 2>8 ³ kare)akRsUv - m:asIune)akRsUvmanQñan;Can;nwgeCIg ³ m:asIunEbbenH ¬rUbTI 2>9¦ RtUv)anécñbegáIteLIgCa sMxan;edIm,Ie)akRsUvEdlmingayrebHecjBIkYr . kNþab;RsUvRtUv)ankan;[Cab; ehIyykeTA dak;[kYrRsUv sitedayeFµjm:asIun EdlviledaykarFak;Qñan;nwgeCIg . CaTUeTA m:asIunenH EtgeFIV[cMebIgdac;layLMCamYynwgRsUv EdlcaM)ac;RtUvEtsMGatRsUvenaH bnÞab;BIe)akrYc .

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rUbTI 2>9 ³ m:asIune)akRsUvmanQñan;Can;edayeCIg - m:asIune)ak ³ edaysarfakare)akEbnedayéd b¤ edaybBa¢an; EtgtRmUv[cMNaykmøaMgBl kmµ nigeBlevlaeRcIn m:asIune)akRsUv ¬rUbTI 2>10¦ eRcInRbePTRtUv)anplit nigTTYlyk eTAeRbIR)as; .

rUbTI 2>10 ³ m:asIune)akRsUv GaRs½yeTAtamkarniymrbs;ksikr viFIRbtibtþieRkayplitkmµ nigehdæarcnasm11 ³ t,al;m:asIune)akKMrUevotNam nigKMrUéf RBmTaMgclnaRsUvkñúgeBle)ak viFIeRbIR)as;m:asIune)ak karEfrkSa karEksRmYl b¤ kareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvnUvm:asIune)akRsUv GaceFIV[ekInkar)at;bg; nigcMNayeRbgeRcIn ehIymaneBlxøHGaceFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;GñkRbtibtþieTotpg . dUecñH munnwgeRbIR)as;m:asIune)akRsUv RtUv ³ - Binitü[)anc,as;fam:asIunmansßanPaBl¥ . - eRCIserIsTItaMgmanPaBrabesIµ ehIyenACitKMnrkNþab; . - RkalkenÞl b¤ kRmalenABIeRkamm:asIune)ak . - cab;pÁúMnUvbgÁúM nigeRKOgkarBarnanaEdl)anedaH . - bMEbrTisbeBa©jcMebIg[eTAtamTisxül; . - BinitükRmitswkercril nigPaBCab;lab;éneFµjt,al; . - bgVilemIlt,al;e)ak 2 - 3 CMu . - BinitüemIlkRmit ¬nIv:U¦ eRbgm:asIun nigcMNuHeRbgsaMg b¤ m:as‘Ut . - BinitüemIlkEnøgEdlRtUvmanxøaj;eKa dUcCa)adagepSg² . - manmnusS 3 - 4 nak;edIm,IRbtibtþi ³ elIkkNþab;BIKMnr jat;bBa©Úl nigRckRsUvcUl)av . - beBaäHm:asIun ehIyBinitüemIlel,Ónvilént,al; . - Binitü[c,as;faExSBanrt;Rtg;enAelIb:UlI nigmanPaBtwgsmRsb . enAeBle)ak RtUv ³ - elIkkNþab;RsUvdak;elIfasm:asIun edaydak;xagkYreTAmux . - jat;bBa©ÚlkNþab;[esIµéd tRmUvtaml½kçx½NÐ b¤ sPaBrbs;edImRsUv edayéleFIV[m:asIune)ak )ankan;Etrh½s b:uEnþecosvagkMueFIV[vaGYl ¬rUbTI 2>12¦ .

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rUbTI 2>12 ³ karjat;RsUvcUlm:asIun - EksRmYlbrikçarsMGatRsUv eTAtaml½kçx½NÐe)ak . cUrbiTsnÞHkgðar ¬rUbTI 2>13¦ ehIy ebIkvabnþicmþg² rhUtTal;EtBinitüeXIjmanRKab;RsUvl¥tictYcGacebIughYssnÞH)aMgxül; .

rUbTI 2>13 ³ kgðarpøúMsMGatRsUv - cUrEksRmYlmuMsnÞH)aMgxül;enaH ¬rUbTI 2>14¦ .

rUbTI 2>14 ³ snÞH)aMgxül; 10

- eRbIR)as;rnabeQI b¤ b¤sSI edIm,IqáwHykkemÞckmÞIenACab; b¤ eFIV[sÞHkERBa©gjak; eRBaHfakar eRbI édTeTGacnwgeFIV[maneRKaHfñak; . edIm,IeFIV[kare)akRsUvmanRbsiT§PaBx15¦ edIm,IkM[u edImRsUvmUrCab;t,al; nigedIm,I[kare)ak)anRCHl¥ . RbsinebImincaM)ac; RtUvedaHr)ar Tb;enaHecj BIeRBaHvaeFIV[fycuHsmtßPaBe)akrbs;m:asIun .

rUbTI 2>15 ³ r)ar b¤ eFµjTb; - sRmab;RsUvesIm b¤ BukpuyxøH² KYrbnßyel,Ónjat;bBa©ÚledIm,IkMu[vaGYl ehIyeFIV[kERBa©g mansPaBs¥atCanic© . cUr]sSah_ebIkKRmbt,al;edIm,IsMGatRbeLaHenAeRkam nigCMuvijva . 2>6 karsMGat karsMGatKWCakic©RbtibtþicugeRkay enAkñúgkarRbmUlpl . sMGatRsUvmann½yfaykecjnUv kemÞckmÞI b¤ sMramnana dUcCasNþI dIxSac; RkYs cMebIg RKab;esµA .l. kMu[enAlayLMCamYyRsUv . karsMGatRsUvbnÞab;BI)ane)akEbnrYcmansarsMxan; edaysarvaykecjnUvsarFatunanaEdleyIgmincg; )an b¤ mincg;[enAlayLMCamYyRsUv eBalKWeFIV[ 1¦ ekInlT§PaBkñúgkarTukdak;edaysuvtßiPaB BI eRBaHsarFatuTaMgenaHGackøayCaCRmkrbs;ktþacéRg b¤ eFIV[RsUvesImeLIgvij 2¦ fycuHsarFatu layLMkñúgeBlkin EdleFIV[TTYl)anGRtakin nigKuNPaBGgárx16¦ .

rUbTI 2>16 ³ karerayRsUvedayeRbIR)as;kmøaMgxül; nigbrikçarCMnYy - karErg ³ sarFatuEdlmanTMhMtUcCagRKab;RsUv dUcCaRKab;esµA FUlIdI nigRkYsl¥it² Gacnwg RtUvEjkecjBIRsUv edaykERBa©gErgmanrn§tUcCag 1>5 mIløIEm:Rt ehIypøúMbMebIugedaykmøaMg xül;ecjBIkgðar . kERBa©genaHGacErgedaymnusS b¤ edaycab;P¢ab;elIm:asIunEdleFIV[va jak; b¤ TTak;cuHeLIg ¬rUbTI 2>17¦ .

rUbTI 2>17 ³ karsMGatRsUvedaykERBa©g nigm:asIunsMGat RbsinebIRtUvRbmUlplRsUvTukeFIVCaBUC caM)ac;RtUvRbugRby½tñedaysMGatva[RtwmRtUvCagRsUv Fmµta ¬rUbTI 2>18¦ . RKab;BUCEdlmansMramlayLM manTRmg;minRbRktI ERbBN’ )ak;Ebk b¤ man duHpSit KWCaRKab;BUCmanKuNPaBTab . vanwgminsUvduH b¤ eFIV[edImRsUvlUtlas;exSay . dUecñH munnwg ykvaeTATukdak; KYrsMGatva[s¥at . PaBlm¥itGMBIKuNPaBBUC manerobrab;kñúgEpñk 6>4 .

12

rUbTI 2>18 ³ RsUvBUCKYrRtUv)anTTYlkarsMGatRtwmRtUv edaysarRKab;BUC KYrmanTMhM Tm¶n; nigrUbragRbhak;RbEhlKña manbrikçarEjkmYycMnYnRtUv)an eKeRbIR)as; . brikçarTaMgenaHrYmman tuEjktamTm¶n; kERBa©gvil sIuLaMgmanfñk; b¤ kNþk;tUc² nig Rbdab;EjkRbEvgRKab; . 2>7 kar)at;bg;k ñúgeBlRbmUlpl kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRbmUlplKWCakar)at;bg;brimaN b¤ rUbsaRsþ GaRs½yeTAtamrebobRbtibtþi nigm:asIunEdleRbIR)as; . maneBlxøH vamanrhUtdl;x7>1 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRcUtkat; kar)at;bg;edayRCuHRKab; ³ karRCuHRKab;RsUvBIkYr eRcInbNþalBIstVsøab xül; kNþúr nigkarelIkdak; dwk CBa¢Ún . kar)at;bg;edayRsUvdYl ³ edImRsUvdYl PaKeRcInedaysarvax19¦ . kar)at;bg;enHnwgkan;EtF¶n;F¶r kalNaRsUvdYlkñúgERsmanTwk .

rUbTI 2>19 ³ edImRsUvdYl 13

kar)at;bg;edayRcUtminGs; ³ KWedaysarkarminbuinRbsb; b¤ PaBx¢Ix¢arbs;GñkRcUt b¤ GñkbBa¢am:asIun . edIm,Ivas;kMNt;kar)at;bg;TaMgenH eyIgGace)aH b¤ dak;Edksrésmanrag 4 RCug TMhM 1 Em:Rt kaer [)aneRcInkEnøg tameKalkarN_écdnüenAkñúgERs bnÞab;BIRcUtkat;ehIyPøam . BinitüerIsRKab; RsUvEdlRCuHenAkñúgkaerenaH ehIyføwgvaedayRbugRby½tñ . kar)at;bg;GacKNnaCaKILÚRkam¼hikta RbsinebIeyIgdwgTMhMERssrub b¤ Ca ° énTinñpl RbsinebIeyIgdwgTinñplsrub . 2>7>2 kar)at;bg; kñúgeBle)akEbn nigsMGat kar)at;bg;enHEtgekItmanedayEjk b¤ CCuHBIcMebIgminGs; edayRCuHkMBb;x©at;x©ay nigeday e)akminRCH b¤ mindac; Gs;BIkYr ¬rUbTI 2>20¦ .

rUbTI 2>20 ³ kar)at;bg;RsUv kñúgeBle)akEbn nigsMGat eyIgGacvaytémøkar)at;bg;EdlbgáeLIgedaym:asIune)ak edayRkalkRmal b¤ kenÞlBIeRkam va nigenAkEnøgcMebIgFøak; . bnÞab;BIe)akehIy cUrGUs b¤ elIkm:asuIn nigcMebIgecjedayRbugRby½tñ ehIyRbmUlykRKab;RsUvenAelIkRmal b¤ kenÞlenaH . kar)at;bg;edayRCuHkMBb; GacKitCaKILÚRkam¼ hikta b¤ ° énRsUvEdle)ak)ansrub . eyIgk¾GacdwgGMBIkar)at;bg;kñúgeBlsMGatedaym:asIun edayRtg b¤ ekþabykkemÞckmÞIcMebIg nigRKab;RsUvTaMgGs;BIRckbeBa©j edayeRbIR)as;és, b¤ sMNaj; edIm,IecosvagmineFIV[sÞHxül; . CRmHykRKab;RsUvl¥ ehIyhalsm¶Ütva[manGRtasMeNIm 14° . kar)at;bg;enaHGacKitCaKILÚ Rkam¼hikta b¤ ° énRsUvEdle)ak)an . 2>7>3 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún RsUvGacRCuH enAeBlelIkdak; lIEsg KrCaKMnr b¤ Rck)av . 14

2>8 sMN YrGMBIk arRbmUlpl sUmKUs ¬¦ kñúgRbGb; EdlGñkyl;faRtwmRtUv . sMNYrTI 1 ³ etIeKGacdwgfaRsUvdl;eBlRtUvRcUt tamviFINa ?  enAeBlEdlRKab;RsUvenAKl;kYrdl;dMNak;kaldak;emSArwg .  enAeBlEdlRKab;RsUvmanGRtasMeNIm 14°.  enAeBlEdlmanRCuHRKab;RsUveRcInenAkñúgERs .  enA 45 éf¶ bnÞab;BIkMNkMeNItkYr . sMNYrTI 2 ³ etIlMdab;énkic©RbtibtþiNaEdlRtwmRtUv ?  RcUtkat; e)akEbn halsm¶Üt sMGat Tukdak; .  RcUtkat; halsm¶Üt e)akEbn sMGat Tukdak; .  RcUtkat; Tukdak; e)akEbn halsm¶Üt Tukdak; .  RcUtkat; e)akEbn sMGat halsm¶Üt Tukdak; . sMNYrTI 3 ³ etIkMuébbMeBjmuxgarGIVxøH ?  Cam:asIune)akRsUvy:agrh½s .  vapSMeLIgedaykarRcUtkat; e)akEbn sMGat nigTukdak;RsUvkñúgFug kñúgeBlRBm²Kña .  vaeFIV[RKab;RsUvs¶Üt .  vabMeBjmuxkardUcmnusS b:uEnþrh½sCag . sMNYrTI 4 ³ edIm,IRcUtkat; etIeyIgKYrbgðÚrTwkecjBIERsenAeBlNa ?  Pøam²enAmuneBlRcUt .  7 - 10 éf¶ muneBlRcUt .  20 - 25 éf¶ muneBlRcUt .  30 - 35 éf¶ muneBlRcUt . sMNYrTI 5 ³ etIKYrTukkNþab;RsUvenAkñúgERsyUrb:uNÑa ?  rhUtTal;Etvas¶Üt .  rhUtTal;EtvamanGRtasMeNImsmRsb .  [yUr eTAtamkarcg;)an .  [kan;EtxøI tamEdlGaceFIV)an . 15

sMNYrTI 6 ³ ehtuGIV)anCakarRcUtkat;enAkñúgeBlsmRsb mansarsMxan;; ?  BIeRBaHvanwgR)ab;eyIgGMBIviFITukdak;RsUv .  edIm,I[m:asIune)akGacsMGatRsUv)anRsYl .  edIm,IecosvagkMu[RsUvduH .  edIm,Ikat;bnßykar)at;bg;bNþalBIkarxUcxat nigkarRCuHx©at;x©ayRKab; . sMNYrTI 7 ³ etIkrNImYyNaEdlminEmnCaviFIe)akEbn ?  kare)akedayvaypÞb; .  m:asIune)akRsUvCan;nwgeCIg .  m:asIune)ak .  kareraysMGat .  karEbnnwgeCIg . sMNYrTI 8 ³ etIkarsMGatCaGIV ?  karsMGatm:asIune)ak bnÞab;BIeRbIR)as;rYc .  karykecjnUvFUlI kemÞccMebIg nigRsUves1 sarsMxan;;énkarhalsm¶Üt enAeBlRbmUlpl RsUveRcInmanGRtasMeNImx1 ³ bBaðakñúgeBlkin bNþalBIGRtasMeNImminsmRsb GRtasMeNIm bBaðaGacekItman x3¦ CaviFIbUraNEdlmankarniymcUlcitþGnuvtþbMputenATIVb GasIu . RBHGaTitüeFIV[RsUvEdlcak;BRgay nigxül;briyakaseLIgkemþA ehIyeFIV[bMPay ¬rMhYt¦ sMeNImecjBIRKab;RsUv . vaeFIV[cMNayGs;R)ak;tic nigminb:HBal;brisßan b:uEnþ ³ - minGacGnuvtþ)ankalNamanePøóg b¤ enAeBlyb; . - GaceFIV[RsUvminGacs¶Ütqab; bNþal[vadkdegðImxøaMg nigeLIgkemþA . - tRmUv[cMNaykmøaMgBlkmµeRcIn ehIyminGaceFIV)ankñúgRTg;RTayFM . 18

- eFIV[Bi)akRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB EdleFIV[RsUveLIgkemþAxøaMg . - GaceFIV[RsUvs¶ÜtminesIµsBV eFIV[RsUvs¶ÜtRcbl;layCamYyRsUvesIm bNþal[vaeRbHRsaM ehIyGgár)ak;exÞceRcIn .

rUbTI 3>3 ³ karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ karhalRsUvenAelIkenÞl sMBt;ekAs‘U nigés,nILúg CaviFIEdlmanGnam½yx2 karsm¶ÜtRsUvedaym:asIun m:asIunsm¶ÜtbnSat; b¤ pat;yksMeNImecjBIRsUv edayeFIV[manxül;ekþAbk;qøgkat;va b¤ eFIV[va qøgkat;xül;ekþA eBalKWGacGnuvtþ)anminfayb; b¤ éf¶ b¤ enAeBlemXggwt b¤ manePøógFøak;eLIy . m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRsUvKµanclna ³ m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRbGb;epþk (Flatbed dryer) eFIV[xül;ekþAqøg kat;RsTab;RsUvEdlKµanclna rhUtTal;Etkarsm¶ÜtRtUv)anbBa©b; . m:asIunRbePTenHmanPaBsmRsb sRmab;shKmn_ksikr Gñkpþl;esvakmµsm¶Üt nigm©as;m:asIunkinRsUvtUc² . vamanTMhM ¬cMNuH¦ xus²Kña eRbIRbPBkemþAeRcInRbePT ¬rUbTI 3>4¦ .

rUbTI 3>4 ³ m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRbGb;epþk m:asIunRbePTenHmanKuNsm,tþimYycMnYn dUcCamantémøefak TRmg;samBaØ EdleFIV[Gacplit )ankñúgPUmiRsuk niggayEfrkSa nigCYsCul RBmTaMgGacdMeNIrkar)anedaym:asIunclkrsaMg b¤ m:as‘Ut sRmab;kEnøgEdlKµanGKiÁsnI b¤ GKiÁsnIéfø . vak¾manKuNvibtþiedayGaceFIV[RsUvtamRsTab;mins¶ÜtesIµ²Kña ehIymaneBlxøH RsUvenARsTab; elIGaceLIgesImCagmun edaysarvaTTYlsMeNImBIRsUvenARsTab;xageRkam . vaEtgtRmUv[cMNay BlkmµeRcIn CaBiessenAeBldak;RsUvcUl Rcbl;RsUv nigekIbRsUvecj . cMNaM ³ enAeBlEdlRsUvkñúgFugsm¶ÜtRkas;Cag 30 sgÞIEm:Rt ¬3 twk¦ KYrRcbl;RsUvenaHy:agticmþg edIm,IeFIV[vas¶ÜtsBV ehIykñúgeBlsm¶Üt RtUv]sSah_BinitüemIlsItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImRsUv edIm,IkMu [vaeLIgkemþA b¤ s¶ÜtRCul .

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m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRsUvmanclnaeLIgcuH ³ m:asIunRbePTenH ¬rUbTI 3>5¦ smRsbsRmab;m:asIunkin RsUv Gñkpþl;esvakmµsm¶Üt nigshKmn_ksikrEdlRKb;RKgRsUvRTg;RTayFM . CaTUeTA vaeRcIneFIV[RsUv GgármanKuNPaBl¥ .

rUbTI 3>5 ³ m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRsUvmanclnaeLIgcuH taragTI 3>2 ³ RbePTsMxan;²énm:asIunsm¶Üt RbePTm:asIun mUlehtuRtUveRbIva m:asIunRbePTRbGb;epþk mineFIV[RsUv - edIm,ITTYl)anRsUvmanKuNPaBx2 ³ ry³eBlTukdak; ERbRbYltamGRtasMeNIm nigsItuNðPaB sItuNðPaB ¬GgSaes¦ GRtasMeNIm ¬°¦ 5

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

130 70 45 30 23 17 13 10

10

15

130 65 40 30 22 17 3 10 8 8

160 100 50 35 25 17 15 11 8 7 4 6

20 180 100 50 30 22 17 12 8 7 6 5 4 3

25 115 50 30 20 12 8 5

30 90 30 15 8 5 2 0

4>3 RbB½n §T uk dak; munnwgTukdak; eyIgRtUvEtdwgGMBI ³ - brimaNRsUvEdlRtUvTukdak; . - mUlehtuEdlRtUvTukdak; . - TItaMg kEnøg b¤ RbePTénbrikçarTukdak; . tamFmµta eyIgEtgTukdak;RsUvkñúg)av b¤ edaycak;Far . 26

4>3>1 karTukdak;kñúg)av RsUveRcInRtUv)anTukdak;kñúg)avcMNuHBI 40 eTA 100 KILÚRkamEdl)avTaMgenaHeFIVGMBIRkecA b¤ GMe)aHnILúg ¬rUbTI 4>2¦ . )avRsUveRcInRtUv)anKrteRmobCaKMnrFM b¤ tUc GaRs½yeTAnwgbrimaNRsUv . manksikrxøHRckRsUvkñúg)av ehIyykeTATukdak;kñúgCRguk EdleFIVGMBIeQI b¤sSI dI\dæ b¤ sIum:gt_ .

rUbTI 4>2 ³ karTukdak;minRtwmRtUv nigRtwmRtUv 4>3>2 karTukdak;kñúgCRguk RsUvCaeRcInRtUv)anksikrTukdak;edaycak;Far enAkñúgCRgukeFIVGMBIeQI s½gásI b¤ sIum:gt_ . man eBlxøH ksikreRbIR)as;edak b¤ FugepSg² edaydak;enAeRkam b¤ kñúgpÞH . CRgukTaMgenHmancMNuHBI 200 - 1000 KILÚRkam ehIyeRcInbgá[RsUvrgkar)at;bg;eRcIn edaykarbMpøajrbs;stVl¥it kNþúr nig stVsøab RBmTaMgkarRsUbsMeNImBIbriyakas ¬rUbTI 4>3¦ . ykl¥ KYrBicarNaGMBIkarsagsg;CRguk b¤ XøaMgTukdak;RsUvEdlGacTb;sáat;)annUvkarbMpøajrbs;ktþacéRgnana ¬rUbTI 4>4 nigrUbTI 4>5¦ .

rUbTI 4>3 ³ CRgukminRtwmRtUv 27

rUbTI 4>4 ³ CRgukKMrU

rUbTI 4>5 ³ XøaMgTukdak;RsUvRtwmRtUv 4>3>3 karTukdak;kñúgFugFM² enAkñúgRbeTseCOnelOn eragm:asIunkinRsUv nigXøaMgFM²maneRbIFugFM²eFIVGMBIEdk b¤ sIum:gt_ ¬rUbTI 4>6¦ . FugTaMgenaHmancMNuHBI 20 eTA 2000 etan . eKGacbiTP¢itva)any:aggay edIm,I)aj; fñaMsmøab;stVl¥it ehIyvamingaynwgeFIV[mankarRCuHkMBb;RsUv . b:uEnþ FugTaMgenHminsUv)aneKniym eRbIR)as;enATIVbGasIueT .

28

rUbTI 4>6 ³ FugFM²sRmab;Tukdak;RKab;FBaØCati cMNuHénkarTukdak; RsUvBUCxus²Kña nigFatupÁúMepSg²rbs;va EtgmanTm¶n; nigmaDxus²Kña ¬taragTI 4>3¦ . Cak; Esþg RsUvmanPaBsMBIgsMeBag EdltRmUv[RtUvkarkEnøgTukdak;FM b¤ eRcInCagGgár . edIm,IKitKUrGMBI karRKb;RKg nigrkSasuvtßiPaBénbrikçarTukdak; eyIgRtUvEtyl;dwgGMBITm¶n; nigmaDRsUvGgár .

taragTI 4>3 ³ Tm¶n; nigmaDRsUv RBmTaMgsmasFatuepSg²rbs;va briyay dg;sIuet ¬KILÚRkam¼m3¦ cMnYn)av ¬)av¼etan¦

Tm¶n; ¬KILÚRkam¼)av¦ RsUv 600 13 - 25 40 - 80 Ggár 850 20 - 25 40 - 50 knÞk; 550 20 50 Ggáam 120 50 - 100 10 - 20 smÁal; ³ sRmab;épÞdITMhM 1 Em:Rtkaer: GacTukRsUv)anBI 12 - 13 )av kalNa)avmanépÞrab 1 x 0>5 Em:Rt nigEdlmancMNuHRbmaN 50 KILÚRkam . rebobKNnacMNuH b¤ smtßPaBénbrikçarTukdak;epSg² KitCaKILÚRkam k> sRmab;CRguk b¤ FugRCug ³ beNþay x TTwg x km7 ³ brikçarbiTCitRbePTepSg² 4>4>1 mUlehtuRtUvTukdak;biTCit edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBRsUvFmµta nigsmtßPaBdMNuHrbs;RsUvBUC . CamYynwgkarTukdak;biTCit eyIgGac ³ - rkSaGRtasMeNImedImrbs;RsUv nigRKab;FBaØCati[enAefr . - kat;bnßykarbMpøajrbs;ktþacéRgnana dUcCastVl¥itCaedIm edaymincaM)ac;eRbIR)as;fñaMBul . RtUvcgcaMfa ³ - RtUvsMGat nighalsm¶ÜtRsUv[s¥at nigs¶ÜtRtwmRtUv ¬RsUvBUC 12° nigRsUvFmµta 14°¦ . - karebIk nigbiTbrikçar b¤ fg;Tukdak;biTCit nwgeFIV[stVl¥itmYycMnYn dUcCaxµÚtCaedIm GaccUl kñúgRsUvsaCafµI . stVl¥itenHGacecaHTmøúHes,ag b¤ fg;)øasÞikBIkñúgmkeRkA)an . 31

- kñúgbrikçarEdldak;RsUvmineBj GaceFIV[mansl;xül;RKb;RKan; sRmab;stVl¥itGacrs;)an . - kNþúrGackat;bMpøajbrikçarTukdak;FM²eFIVGMBIC½r)øasÞik)an RbsinebIeyIgminRbugRby½tñ . cUr Tajsn§wgva[twg ehIyrkSa[manRbeLaHenACMuvijva . 4>4>2 karcMNaykñúgkarTukdak;biTCit - fg;cMNuH 50 KILÚRkam EdlGaceRbIeRcIndg)an dUcCafg;s‘uEBrIRRI éfø 0>5 - 1 duløar . - FugsaMg b¤ FugeRbgeFIVBIEdk b¤ )øasÞik cMNuH 200 lIRt GacmantémøBI 2 - 5 duløar . - brikçarTukdak;FM² dUcCaFug Silos mantémøBI 50 - 100 duløar sRmab;RsUv 1 etan . brikçar EbbenHGaceRbIR)as;)any:agticbMputk¾ 10 qñaMEdr . 4>5 ktþacéRgkñúgeBlTuk dak; - stVl¥it stVl¥it kNþúr stVsøab nigFatubgáCMgW KWCaktþacéRgenAkñúgkarTukdak;RsUv . vaeFIV[mankar)at; bg; tamry³karsIubMpøaj kareFIV[rlYyxUc nigkareFIV[RbLak; . tamFmµta manstVl¥iteRcInRbePT rs;enAkñúgRsUvGgár . PaKeRcInénstVTaMgenHEtgbgá[manbBaðaFM .

rUbTI 4>8 ³ stVl¥itsIubMpøajRsUvGgár 4>5>1 brisßanrs;enArbs;stVl¥it stVl¥itRbePTnImYy² RtUvkarsItuNðPaB nigsMeNImkMNt;mYy edIm,Irs; nigsIubMpøajRsUvGgár . rUbTI 4>9 bgðajGMBIl½kçx½NÐsItuNðPaBsRmab;karrs;enA nigbgákMeNItrbs;stVl¥it .

32

rUbTI 4>9 ³ l½kçx½NÐsItuNðPaBsmRsb nigminsmRsbsRmab;stVl¥itmYycMnYn 4>5>2 stVl¥itTI 1 nig TI 2 stVl¥itEdlsIubMpøajRsUvkñúgeBlTukdak; GacEckCastVl¥itTI 1 nig TI 2 . stVl¥itTI 1 bgábBaðaeRcInCagstVl¥itTI 2 eRBaHfastVl¥itTI 1 sIubMpøajBIEpñkxagkñúgénRKab;RsUv cMENkÉstVl¥itTI 2 sIubMpøajBIEpñkxageRkAénRKab;RsUv . k> stVl¥itTI 1 eBlenACakUndgáÚv vasIuEpñkxagkñúgénRKab;RsUvTaMgmUl . k>1 stVkEBa© b¤ kMeBag (Sitophilos oryzae, Linnaeus) stVl¥itenH ¬rUbTI 4>10¦ eTaHCaeBjv½y b¤ enACakUndgáÚv EtgsuIbMpøajRsUv . stVjIbegáItBg mþg)ancMnYn 150 . BgnImYy²eRcInjas;kñúgRKab;RsUvmYy bnÞab;BIemva)anecaH[RbehagrYc . kUndgáÚv Edljas;ehIy enAbnþrs;kñúgRKab;RsUvenaHrhUtdl;FMeBjv½y . tamrebobenH stVl¥itmYyGacbMpøaj RsUvGs;mYyRKab;TaMgRsug .

33

rUbTI 4>10 ³ stVkEBa© b¤ kMeBag stVl¥itenHmanvdþCIvitRbmaN 35 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsmRsbsRmab;va KWsItuNðPaB RbmaN 28 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFobRbmaN70° . k>2 Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitatroga cerealella (Olivier)) stVl¥itenHEtgBgenAelI b¤ Ek,rRKab;RsUv . eBlkøayCakUndgáÚv vaecaHTmøúHRKab;RsUvehIysIu bMpøajBIxagkñúg . dgáÚveBjv½ysIurhUtdl;EpñkxageRkAénRKab; edayTukEtsm,k[enAs¥at . vaeRcIn EtsIubMpøajRsUvenARsTab;xageRkAénKMnr eRBaHvaminGaceRCotcUleTAkñúg)an .

rUbTI 4>11 ³ Angoumois Grain Moth k>3

Lesser Grain Borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricus)

stVl¥itenHEtgBgenAkñúgKMnrRsUv . eBljas;rYc kUndgáÚvGaccUlehIyFMFat;enAxagkñúgRKab; RsUv b¤ sIubMpøajBIxageRkA . vasIukemÞckmÞIl¥it²EdlbnSl; b¤ bgáedaykarsIubMpøajrbs;stVl¥iteBj v½y b¤ kUndgáÚvepSgeTot . 34

rUbTI 4>12 ³ Lesser Grain Borer stVl¥itenHBgmþg)an 300 - 500 nigmanvdþCIvit 20 - 84 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsmRsb sRmab;va KWsItuNðPaBRbmaN 34 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFob 60 - 70° . x> stVl¥itTI 2 x>1 Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Linnaeus) tamFmµta stVl¥itenHdak;BgmYy² b¤ CaRkumtUc²enAkñúgsñameRbHénRKab;RsUv . sRmab;plit plm:dæ² dUcCaemSACaedIm vaBRgayBgsBVkEnøg .

rUbTI 4>13 ³ Saw-toothed Grain Beetle stVl¥itenHBgmþg)anRbmaN 150 nigmanvdþCIvitRbmaN 20 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsm RsbsRmab;va KWsItuNðPaB 30 - 35 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFob 70 - 90° . x>2 Rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) stVl¥itenH ¬rUbTI 4>14¦ eRcInbMpøajGgár . eTaHCaeBjv½y b¤ CakUndgáÚv vasIuEtkemÞckmÞI l¥it² ehIyminbMpøajRKab;RsUvGgárEdlenAl¥eT . eRkABIsIubMpøaj vaEtgeFIV[RsUvGgármankøinminl¥ . 35

rUbTI 4>14 ³ Rust-red flour beetle stVl¥itenHBgmþg)anRbmaN 500 nigmanvdþCIvitRbmaN 20 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsm RsbsRmab;va KWsItuNðPaBRbmaN35 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFobRbmaN75° . 4>6 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTuk dak; - stVk ekr ¬kNþúrFM nigtUc¦ kNþúrtUc nigFMKWCastVkekr . stVkekr 3 sMxan; EdlEtgCYbRbTHkñúgkarTukdak;RsUvman ³ - kNþúrFMexµA b¤ kNþúrFMtampÞH (Rattus rattus) . - kNþúrn½rev:s b¤ kNþúrFmµta (Rattus norvegicus) . - kNþúrtUctampÞH (Mus musculus) .

rUbTI 4>15 ³ stVkNþúr 4>6>1 karbgábBaðarbs;stVkekr k> stVkekrsIubMpøajRsUvGgárkMBugTukdak; ³ kNþúrFMmYyGacsIuRsUv b¤ GgárGs;RbmaN 25 Rkam kñúgmYyéf¶ ehIykNþúrtUcmYyGacsIuGs;RbmaN3 eTA 4 RkamkñúgmYyéf¶ . 36

x> stVkekreFIV[RsUvGgárkMBugTukdak; kxVk; ³ vaeFIV[RsUvGgárkxVk;edayTwkenam lamk nigeram ehIyvaKWCaPñak;garcmøgCMgW . RsUvGgárEdlkxVk;edaysarstVenH EtgRtUv)aneKvaytémøfaGaceFIV[ b:HBal;dl;suxPaBmnusS . K> stVkekreFIV[xUcxatsmÖar nigbrikçarTukdak; ³ stVkekreFI[V xUcxatKRmb fg; b¤ )av kþarkMNl; nigsMNg;CRguk b¤ XøaMg dUcCaExS ExSePøIg TVar .l. Caplvi)ak ³ - sm,kfg; b¤ )avEdlFøúHedaykNþúrkat; nwgeFIV[RCuHkMBb;RsUvGgár . - eCIgkMNl;Edl)ankekrbMpøajedaykNþúr Gacnwg)ak; ehIyeFIV[dYlrlMKMnr)avRsUvGgár . - karkekrbMpøajsm,kExSePøIg GacbNþal[TuesS ehIybgá[manGKIÁP½y . - Fug b¤ XøaMgdak;RsUvFM²GacRsut b¤ rhUtdl;dYlrlM kalNaenABIeRkamvamanrn§kNþúreRcIn . - RbB½n§lUEdlenACMuvijkEnøgTukdak; GacnwgxUcxat . 4>6>2 tRmUvkarrbs;stVkekr tamFmµta stVkekrRtUvkar ³ - es,ógGaharRKb;RKan; . - kEnøgmansuvtßiPaB edIm,IvaGaceFIVrn§ nigsm,úkrs;enA)an . - kEnøglak;xøÜneRcIn . - RckecjcUlkEnøgTukdak;es,ógGahar y:agRsYl . 4>6>3 viFankarTb;sáat; eyIgGacGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;mYycMnYn dUcCa ³ - enAeBlsagsg;CRguk b¤ kEnøgTukdak;fIµmYy RtUvEtKitGMBIviFITb;sáat;stVkekr edayRby½tñ enARtg;TVar rn§ b¤ Rckxül; ¬søabRBil b¤ \dæxül;¦ nigcenøaHrvagCBa¢aMg nigdMbUl . - CYsCulkEnøg)ak;Ebk b¤ FøúHFøayCabnÞan; edayykcitþTukdak;Rtg;TVar . - rkSaCRguk b¤ kEnøgTukdak;[)ans¥atRtwmRtUv eday ³ • rkSava[s¥at b¤ manGnam½yCanic© edayekIbsMG atRsUvEdlkMBb; nigsMramepSg²Ca bnÞan; eRBaHvaGacCakEnøglak;xøÜn b¤ Casm,úkrbs;stVkekr . cUrdut b¤ kb;sMramecal . • sMG atkMu[manesµAduHRTubRTulenATIEk,rxagCRguk b¤ XøaMg eRBaHvaGacCakEnøglak;xøÜn . stVkekrmincUlcitþqøgkat;val b¤ RbeLaHs¥ateT . • kMu[manTwkdk;enAkñúg b¤ CMuvijCRguk b¤ XøaMg eRBaHstVkekrGacnwgmanTwksRmab;pwk . 37

KrteRmob)avRsUv b¤ )avGgár[RtwmRtUvenAelIkMNl; ehIyTuk[manRbeLaHBIKMnrmYy eTAmYy RbmaNCa 1 Em:Rt . • Tukdak;)avcas;² b¤ )avTeT nigtg;ekAs‘U b¤ kenÞlelIkMNl; edayELkBIRsUvGgár .

•

4>7 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTuk dak; - CMgW b¤ karduHpSit karduHpSitkñúgeBlTukdak;eFIV[xUcxatRsUvGgár . tamFmµta bBaðaenHGacmantictYc enAeBl EdlRsUvminTan;)anRcUtkat;enAeLIy . pSitEdlekIteBlTukdak;jwkjab;CageKeQµaHfa Aspergillus nig Penicillium . RsUvGgárGacnwgekItpSitedaysar ³ - vaCab;emeraKpSittaMgEtBImuneBlTukdak; . - maneBlxøHeTot emeraKpSitmanenAelIRbdab;Rbda b¤ brikçareRbIR)as;kñúgkarTukdak; . - briyakasenAkEnøgTukdak;mansItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImeFobx7>1 bBaðabgáedaypSit k> rlYyxUcRsUvGgár RsUvGgárnwgrlYyxUcedaypSit ehIyCaplvi)ak KW ³ - BUCnwgmandMNuHexSay . - mankar)at;bg; edayRskTm¶n; . - témøsarFatuciBa©wmnwgfycuH. - KuNPaBGgárnwgfycuH CaBiesskøinRkGUbnwgERbRbYl b¤ )at; . - BN’sm,úrnwgERbRbYl.

38

rUbTI 4>16 ³ RsUvERbBN’ x> karekItman Mycotoxins Bul karxatbg;edaykarxUcxatepSg²GacmanTMhMFM b:uEnþminsUveRKaHfñak;dUc Mycotoxins eLIy . Micotoxins CasarFatuKImImanCatiBul EdlbgáeLIgedaypSitmYyRbePT . 4>7>2 meFüa)ayTb;sáat;karekItmanCMgWpSit eyIgGacTb;sáat; b¤ bnßykarekItmanCMgWpSitedayhalsm¶ÜtRsUv[s¶Üt Tukdak;enAkñúgbriya kasmanGnam½y ehIyebIGacKWTukdak;kñúgbrikçarbiTCit . 4>8 kareRCIs yksMN ak kareRCIsyksMNakRsUv KWCakareRCIsyknUvEpñktUcmYyénRsUv BIEpñkmYyEdlFM . sMNak GacRtUv)aneRCIsykBIkñúgERs BIKMnr b¤ BIRsUvEdlRckkñúg)av . KYrGnuvtþkareRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv edIm,ITTYl)ansMNak {manlkçN³tMNag} Edl )anesckIþfalkçN³nanaénsMNak ¬dUcCaGRtasMeNIm b¤ GRtadMNuHCaedIm¦ manPaBdUcKñanwglkçN³ énRsUvkñúgKMnr EdlRtUv)aneRCIsyksMNakenaH .

39

rUbTI 4>17 ³ RsUvkñúgERs kñúg)av b¤ kñúgKMnr GacmanlkçN³xus²KñaxøaMg 4>8>1 sarsMxan;;énkareRCIsyksMNakRtwmRtUv tamFmµta RsUvGacmansPaB b¤ lkçN³xus²Kña edaysarvaeRcInRtUv)andaMkñúgERstUc² eday eRbIBUCeRcInmux . eTaHenAkñúgERsEtmYy k¾RsUvEdlRcUtBIkEnøgepSgKñaGacmanGRtasMeNImxusKñaEdr. dUecñH kareRCIsyksMNakRtwmRtUvmansarsMxan;;Nas; edIm,ITTYl)anRsUvmanlkçN³tMNag . edIm,IeRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv eyIgGacnwgRtUvkar ³ - EdkqaM 1 edIm,IyksMNakBIkñúgCRguk . - Fug b¤ kMb:ugmYycMnYn sRmab;dak;sMNakedIm,IviPaK . - ÉksarBiFIsa Edlerobrab;GMBIviFan b¤ EbbbTGnuvtþ ¬rUbTI 4>18¦ . BiFIsa Fug b¤ kMb:ug

EdkqaM

rUbTI 4>18 ³ Rbdab;RbdasMxan;²sRmab;yksMNakRsUv b¤ RKab;FBaØCatiepSg² 40

4>8>2 rebobeRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv k> sMNakBIkñúgERs karTTYl)ansMNakmanlkçN³tMNagBIkñúgERs ¬enAmuneBlRbmUlpl¦ KWCakarlM)ak eday sarRsUvenACayERseRcInmansPaBxusBIRsUvenAEpñkxagkñúg . dUecñH Cakarl¥EdlRtUvcUleTAbUtyk sMNakenAEpñkxagkñúgERs Edl)anedAcMNucTukCamun . enAeBlbUt)anehIy RtUvRcbl;va[sBV ehIy vas;[)any:agtic 3 dg rYcKNnarktémømFüm . x> sMNakBIkñúgKMnr enAeBleRCIsyksMNakRsUvBIkñúgKMnr cUreRbIR)as;EdkqaMcak;ykBIcMNucmYycMnYn . ykl¥ KYreRCIsyksMNakenAeBlEdlRsUvRtUv)anbgðÚrcUl b¤ ecj edayykkMb:ugeTARtgenAeBlkMBughUr kñúg cenøaHeBleTogTat;mYy ehIycak;vacUlkñúgFug rYcRcbl;va[sBVmunnwgeRCIsyksMNak . K> sMNakBICRguk enAeBleRCIsyksMNakBIkñúgCRguk cUreFIVkñúgCeRmAxus²Kña edayecosvagcMNuckNþal nig EKmCRguk . ykl¥ KYrecosvagkarRcbl;sMNakEdlRCIsyk)anBIcMNucTaMgenaH b:uEnþRtUvBinitü b¤ viPaKvaedayELk²BIKña . kardwg b¤ karkMNt;)annUvlkçN³rbs;sMNakBIkEnøg b¤ BIcMNucepSg²Kña kñúgCRguk nwgCYy[eyIgGacdwgBIcMNuc b¤ kEnøgmanbBaða ehIyGnuvtþkarRKb;RKg)anl¥RbesIr . X> sMNakBI)av RbsinebIRsUvEdlRtUvviPaK RtUv)anTukdak;kñúg)aveRcInCag 1 RtUveRCIsyksMNakBI)avmYy cMnYn . viFId¾l¥mYykñúgkarseRmceRCIserIscMnYn)avEdlRtUvyksMNakKWKNnatémøb¤skaer ¬ ¦ én cMnYn)avsrubenaH . Ca]TahrN_ ³ - ebIcMnYn)avsrubman 9 RtUvyksMNaky:agticbMputBI)avcMnYn 3 ¬KWfa 9 = 3 ¦ . - ebIcMnYn)avsrubman 100 RtUvyksMNaky:agticbMputBI)avcMnnY 10 ¬KWfa 100 = 10 ¦ . 4>8>3 karrkSaTuk nigeRbIR)as;sMNak karyWty:avkñúgkarviPaKsMNakGaceFIV[vaERbRbYlGRtasMeNIm niglkçN³KuNPaBepSg² . edIm,IecosvagbBaðaenH nigbBaðaepSgeTot cUr ³ - Tukdak;sMNakkñúgkMb:ug Fug b¤ fg;)øasÞikEdlGacbiTCit[)anPøambnÞab;BIeRCIsykrYc . - TuksMNakkñúgTUTwkkk b¤ bnÞb;RtCak; ebImanlT§PaB . - sresreQµaHsMNakelIkMb:ug Fug b¤ es,ag edayb‘íkhVWtmingayrlub . 41

- sikSa nigGnuvtþtameKalkarN_c,ab;sþIGMBIBUC enAeBlEdlRtUvbBa¢ÚnsMNakBUCRsUveTAviPaK enAeRkARbeTs . 4>9 GRtasMeNImRsUv Ggár GRtasMeNImKWCaTm¶n;TwkEdlmanenAkñúgRsUv b¤ Ggár edayKitCaPaKry . kñúgkarGnuvtþTUeTA nigenAelITIpSar eKniymeRbIGRtasMeNImeKalkarN_esIm . GRtasMeNImeKalkarN_esImrbs;RsUvKW CaPaKryénTm¶n;TwkenAkñúgRsUv eFobnwgTm¶n;RsUvenaHsrub . ]bkrN_vas;sMeNImEtgbgðajlT§pl GRtasMeNImeKalkarN_esIm . ÉGRtasMeNImeKalkarN_s¶Üt EdlCaPaKryénTm¶n;TwkeFobeTAnwg Tm¶n;énsarFatus¶ÜtEdlmanenAkñúgRsUv b¤ Ggár eRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarsikSaRsavRCav . rUbmnþ xageRkambgðajGMBIrebobKNnaGRtasMeNImTaMg 2 .

n;Twk x 100 GRtasMeNImeKalkarN_esIm = Tm¶Tm¶ n;RsUvsrub Tm¶ n;Twk GRtasMeNImeKalkarN_s¶ Üt = Tm¶ n;sarFatu s¶ Ütsrub x 100 karvas;kMNt;GRtasMeNImRtwmRtUv mansarsMxan;kñúgkarRKb;RKg niglk;dUrRsUvGgár . kar vas;kMNt;EdlminRtwmRtUv eFIV[ ³ - RtUvcMNaybEnßmedIm,Ihalsm¶Üt . - xUcxatkñúgeBlTukdak; RbsinebIRsUvenAesIm . - cMNay\tRbeyaCn_edIm,Ihalsm¶ÜtRsUv[s¶ÜtRCul EdlmincaM)ac; ehIyeFIV[Gn;KuNPaB . - manGRtaGgáredImTab RbsinebIRsUvRtUv)ankin edaymanGRtasMeNImminsmRsb . - RsUvRskTm¶n;eRcIn EdlGac[xatbg;kñúgkarlk;dUr . RsUvEdlmanGRtasMeNIm 14 ° eRcIneFIV[Tukdak;mansuvtßiPaB nigkin)anGgáreRcIn nigl¥ . KYrkt;smÁal;fakalNaeyIgRtUvkarTukdak;RsUv[kan;EtyUr caM)ac;RtUvEteFIV[GRtasMeNImrbs;vakan; EtTab ¬taragTI 4>1¦ . 4>9>1 karvas;GRtasMeNIm CaTUeTA eKeRcInviPaK b¤ vas;GRtasMeNImRsUvGgáredayviFILsm¶Üt b¤ viFIbzm nigedayeRbI R)as;Rbdab;vas; . enAkñúgkic©RbtibtþiFmµta b¤ enAkñúgkarlk;dUr kareRbIR)as;Rbdab;vas; manPaBrh½s 42

niggayRsYlCag . viFILsm¶ÜtbnSat;ecjnUvsMeNImTaMgGs;BIsMNak edaykemþAvaenAkñúgL . vatRmUv [cMNayeBlyUr b:uEnþpþl;lT§plKYr[TukcitþCag . edIm,IGnuvtþviFIenH KYrman ³ - LGKÁisnImYy ¬rUbTI 4>19¦ . CaTUeTA eKGaceRbILesIÞrEtTaMgGs;)an [EtGacdak;[vaman sItuNðPaBefr 130 GgSaes )an . - RsUvRKb;RKan; edIm,IeRCIsyksMNak 3 EdlsMNaknImYy²manTm¶n; 100 Rkam . - CBa¢IgsRmab;føwgsMNakRsUvenaH . - fassRmab;dak;sMNak . - kMb:ug kUnFugC½r b¤ fg;RkdastUc²sRmab;dak;sMNak . - b‘ík b¤ exµAéd nigm:asIunKitelx sRmab;kt; nigKNnaGRtasMeNIm RBmTaMgtémømFüm .

rUbTI 4>19 ³ Lsm¶Üt eRbIR)as;kñúgmnIÞrBiesaFn_ ÉkarviPaKGRtasMeNIm eFIVeLIgeday ³ 1> dak; b¤ EksRmYl[LenaHdMeNIrkarkñúgsItuNðPaB 130 GgSaes . 2> eRCIs nigføwgyksMNak 100 Rkam [)an 3 . 3> dak;sMNakTaMg 3 enaHeTAkñúgL ehIyTukvary³eBl 16 - 24 em:ag . 4> føwgTm¶n;sMNakEdlenasl; bnÞab;BIry³eBlxagelI . 5> KNnaGRtasMeNImrbs;sMNaknImYy² tamrUbmnþ ³ GRtaseMNIm =

Tmn¶; edmI -Tmn¶; cgu ×100° Tmn¶; edIm

6> KNnaGRtasMeNImmFümedaybUkGRtasMeNImTaMg 3 bBa©ÚlKña ehIyEcknwg 3 . sRmab;karkMNt;edayeRbIRbdab;vas; KWRtUv ³ 43

1> GannUvkarENnaM eRbIR)as; . 2> cuc b¤ mYlebIk . 3> cuc b¤ EksRmYlva[smRsbsRmab;RsUv . 4> dak;sMNakRsUvcUleTAkñúgsøabRBa ehIys‘kbBa©Úlkñúgva . 5> mYl b¤ cuc edIm,I[vabgðajlT§pl ¬CaGRtasMeNIm¦ . 6> eFIVrebobenHy:agtic 3 dg ehIyKNnaGRtasMeNImmFümrbs;RsUvenaH . mkdl;sBVéf;¶ manRbdab;vas;GRtasMeNImeRcInRbePTRtUv)aneKplit ¬rUbTI 4>20¦ ehIyman mYycMnYnminGaceRbIR)as;)ansRmab;RsUvGgár . dUecñHRtUvBinitü[c,as;fa Rbdab;EdleyIgbRmugnwg eRbIenaH manPaBsmRsbCamYyRsUvGgár .

rUbTI 4>20 ³ Rbdab;vas;GRtasMeNImmYycMnYn bBa¢ak; ³ RtUveFIV[)anR)akdfaeyIgmYlRbdab;vas;[dl;kMNt; dUcEdlmanbBa¢ak;kñúgÉksarENnaM

eRBaHebIBMudUecñaHeT eyIgGacTTYl)anlT§plminRtwmRtUv ehIyKYr]sSah_Binitü nigEksRmYlPaBeTog Tat;rbs;Rbdab;vas;sMeNIm edayeRbobeFobGRtasMeNImrbs;sMNakRsUvmYy Edlvavas;eXIj nig bgðajeLIgtamviFILsm¶Üt .

4>9>2 GRtasMeNImsmta smta = :tulüPaB : b¤ :ElgERbRbYl} dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcmkehIy RsUvGgárEtgpøas;bþÚrsMeNImCamYyxül;briyakasEdlenACMuvij va . enAeBlTukdak; GRtasMeNImcugeRkaybMputrbs;RsUvGgárEdlTukdak;Fmµta nwgERbRbYleTAtam sItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImeFobénxül;briyakasEdlenACMuvijRsUvGgárenaH . RsUvGgárnwgbnþRsUb b¤ beBa©jsMeNIm rhUtTal;EtvamantulüPaBCamYynwgbriyakasCMuvijva ehIyGRtasMeNImcug eRkaybMput EdlElgERbRbYlenaHeQµaHfa : GRtasMeNImsmta : . RbsinebIRsUvminRtUv)ankarBar Tl;nwgsMeNImkñúgxül; CaBiesssRmab;l½kçx½NÐGakasFatuenAtMbn;RtUBik dUcenARbeTseyIgEdl 44

GRtasMeNImeFobGacmanrhUtdl; 95 - 100° GRtasMeNImrbs;vanwgekIneLIg ehIyeFIV[xUcxat b¤ Gn;KuNPaB . enArdUvvsSa enAtMbn;RtUBikesIm dUcenAkm4 ³ GRtasMeNImsmtaénRsUv ERbRbYltamsItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImeFob GRtasMeNIm sItuNðPaB ¬GgSaes¦ 24 28 32 36 40 eFob ¬°¦ 22 50 55 60 65 70 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91

11.2 11.7 12.3 12.7 13.5 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.3 15.7 16.1 16.6 17.2 17.9

¬RbPB ³ Teter, 1987¦

10.9 11.5 12.0 12.6 13.3 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.7 15.9 16.4 17.0 17.7

10.7 11.2 11.8 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.7 16.2 16.8 17.5

10.5 11.0 11.6 12.2 12.8 13.6 13.9 14.3 14.6 15.1 15.5 16.0 16.6 17.3

10.2 10.8 11.4 12.0 12.6 13.4 13.7 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.8 16.4 17.1

Ca]TahrN_ ³ GRtasMeNImeFob 77° RKab;RsUvnwgmanGRta  nigsItuNðPaB 32 GgSaes sMeNIm 13>9° 

10.0 10.6 11.2 11.8 12.5 13.2 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.6 16.2 16.9

44 9.9 10.4 11.0 11.6 12.3 13.0 13.4 13.7 14.1 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.1 16.7

mansuvtßiPaB kñúgkarTukdak;

GRtasMeNImeFob 85° RKab;RsUvnwgmanGRta minmansuvtßiPaB   nigsItuNðPaB 32 GgSaes sMeNIm 15>5° kñúgkarTukdak; 45

4>9>3 GRtasMeNImeFobbriyakas (Relative humidity) GRtasMeNImeFobbriyakasKWCatémøelx ¬KitCa °¦ EdlbBa¢ak;BIsMeNImenAkñúgxül;briya kas RBmTaMgsmtßPaBrbs;xül;kñúgkarpøas;bþÚrsMeNImCamYyvtßúTaMgLayEdlenACamYyva . kalNa témøelxenHkan;EttUc ¬kan;EtxiteTACit 0°¦ mann½yfaxül;manlT§PaB RsUbsMeNImBIvtßúTaMgLay Edlb:HCamYyva)ankan;EteRcIn . pÞúyeTAvij kalNatémøelxenHkan;EtFM ¬kan;EtxiteTACit 100°¦ mann½yfaxül;manlT§PaBkan;EttickñúgkarRsUbyksMeNImBIvtßúTaMgLayEdlenACamYyva ehIyman eBlxøHvaEfmTaMgeFIV[vtßúenaHkan;EtesImeTotpg . GRtasMeNImeFobERbRbYleTAtambrimaNcMhayTwkEdlmanenAkñúgxül;briyakas nigbri maNcMhayTwkeRcInbMput ¬Gtibrima¦ Edlxül;dEdlenaHGacpÞúk)an . cMhayTwkGtibrimaEdlxül; GacpÞúk)anERbRbYleTAtamsItuNðPaBrbs;xül;enaH ¬taragTI 4>5¦>. sMeNImeFob

%=

cMhayTwkkñ úgxül; 1 K/Rk cMhayTwkGt ibrimakñúg xül; 1 K/Rk

× 100

taragTI 4>5 ³ cMhayTwkGtibrimasRmab;xül;mansItuNðPaBepSg² sItuNðPaBxül;

¬GgSaes¦

0

10

20 30

40

50

60

70

80

90

cMhayTwk 3>9 7>9 15>2 28>1 50>6 89>5 158>5 289>7 580>0 1559 Gtibrima ¬Rkam¦ ]TahrN_xageRkambBa¢ak;fa eRkamsItuNðPaBxus²Kña xül;EdlmancMhayTwk 15>2 Rkam mansMeNImeFobepSg²Kña ³ 15.2 × 100 = 100 % 15.2 15.2 RH = × 100 = 54 % 28.1 15.2 RH = × 100 = 17 % 89.5

RH =

eRkamsItuNðPaB

20 °C

eRkamsItuNðPaB

30 °C

eRkamsItuNðPaB

50 °C

4>9>4 GRtasMeNImeFobsmta RbsinebIRsUvRtUv)anTukdak;kñúgbrisßanbiTCit dUcCakñúgfg;)øasiÞk FugEdk b¤ FugC½rFM²CaedIm xül;enACMuvijRsUvenaHminb:HBal;edaypÞal;CamYyxül;xageRkA eFIV[GRtasMeNImeFobrbs;xül;enA 46

CamYyRsUvnwgdl;kRmitsmta eBalKWmantulüPaBCamYyGRtasMeNImRsUv . GRtasMeNImeFobcug eRkaybMputénxül;kñúgbrisßanbiTCitenaH eRcInRtUv)aneKehAfa : GRtasMeNImeFobsmta : . CaTUeTA GRtasMeNImeFobsmtakñúg)av CRguk FugFM²biTCit b¤ enAkñúgbrikçarTukdak;epSgeTot KYrmankRmitx10 sMN YrGMBIk arTuk dak; sUmKUs ¬¦ kñúgRbGb; EdlGñkyl;faRtwmRtUvCageK . sMNYrTI 1 ³ ehtuGIV)anCaRtUvTukdak;RsUvGgár[)anRtwmRtUv ?  edIm,IkM[ u eKlYc .  edIm,IkarBarvaBIsMeNIm ktþacéRg nigCMgW .  edIm,IgayRsYlKNnaTinñpl .  edIm,IRsYlekIb b¤ ykecj . sMNYrTI 2 ³ etIRtUvTukdak;GIV edIm,Iecosvagkarqab;xUcxat ?  CaRsUv .  CaGgársRmit .  CaGgársMrUb . sMNYrTI 3 ³ etIbrikçar b¤ kEnøgTukdak;Edll¥ KYrmansPaBdUcemþc ?  manTMhMFM .  GacTb;sáat;ktþacéRgnana nigsMeNIm .  RtUv)ansagsg;enAeRkamdI .  RtUv)ansagsg;x mancugGgártictYc .

rUbTI 5>1 ³ cugGgár

RsUvPaKeRcInman ³ - GgáamRbmaN 20° . - RsTab;knÞk;RbmaN10° . - sac;Ggár ¬Gg;dUEs2 ³ RKab;RsUv = Ggáam + knÞk; + sac;Ggár 49

k> RsUv

RsUvEdlTTYl)anBIERsEtgmansm,kGgáamsRmab;karBarBIxageRkA EdleyIgminGacbriePaK )aneLIy . x> GgársMrUb KWCaGgárEdlTTYl)anBIRsUvEdl)anbkykGgáamecj . vaenAmanRsTab;knÞk;BN’RsGab; . eyIgGacbriePaKGgársMrUb)an b:uEnþvasVit b¤ rwgCagGgársRmit . karcm¥inGgársMrUbEtgeRbIeBlyUr CagGgársRmitFmµta . K> Ggárs b¤ GgársRmit KWCaGgárEdlTTYl)anBIkarkinsRmit . tamFmµta vaElgmanRsTab;knÞk; nigkMBIg ¬kEnøgduH¦ eTotehIy . 5>1 v iFIk in RsUv cUrcgcaM ³ karkinRsUv = karykecjnUvRsTab;Ggáam nigknÞk; edIm,ITTYl)anGgárs . ehIykarkinRsUvGacRbRBwtþeTAkñúg 1 b¤ eRcInlMdab; . karkinRsUvGacnwgRbRBwtþeTA)an ³ - kñúg 1 lMdab; ³ RsTab;Ggáam nigknÞk;RtUv)anbk b¤ xat;ecjkñúgeBlEtmYy KWfavaplit)an GgársRmitedaypÞal;BIRsUv . - kñúg 2 lMdab; ³ RsTab;Ggáam nigknÞk;RtUv)anbk b¤ xat;ecjkñúgeBledayELkbnþbnÞab;Kña . mundMbUgbMputKWeFIV[TTYl)anGgársMrUbBIRsUv rYc)anGgársRmitBIGgársMrUb . - kñúgeRcInlMdab; ³ RsUvqøgkat;kic©Rbtþibtþi nigbgÁúMrbs;m:asIunepSg²TRmaMkøayCaGgársRmit . 5>1>1 karkinRsUvkñúg 1 lMdab; karbukRsUvedayeRbIt,al; nigGERg ¬rUbTI 5>3¦ enARtUv)anGnuvtþenAeLIy enAtMbn;mYycMnYn . Ggáam nigRsTab;knÞk;xøH²RtUvrebHecj edaykarkkitrvagRsUv nigRsUv RBmTaMgrvagGERg nigt,al; . tamrebobenH eFIV[Ggár)ak;exÞceRcIn . karsMGatcugeRkay EtgRtUv)aneKeFIVedayeray GMu nigésÞ .

50

rUbTI 5>3 ³ karbukRsUvedayGERg nigt,al; m:asIunEdk EdlkinRsUvkñúg 1 lMdab; manRbeTsRkIRkCaeRcInenAniymeRbIR)as;m:asIunkinkaehV m:ak :Engleberg : enAeLIy sRmab; kinRsUvEtkñúg 1 lMdab; . edaysarm:asIunenHCaRbePTRtdusedayEdknwgEdk ehIyeRbIR)as;sm1>2 karkinRsUv 2 lMdab; m:asIunkinRsUv 2 lMdab; ¬rUbTI 5>5¦ EtgRtUv)aneKehAfam:asIunkinRsUvbRgYmmaD b¤ m:asIun xñattUc . vaRtUv)aneKeRbICMnYsm:asIunEdkRbePTkinkaehV ehIymanEpñk b¤ bgÁúMedIm,IkinsMrUb nigkin sRmitedayELkBIKña . rULÚekAs‘Ubksm,kGgáam ehIyGgársMrUbRtUv)anxat;knÞk;ecj edayt,al; sRmitRbePTRtduseFIVGMBIEdk .

rUbTI 5>5 ³ m:asIunkinRsUv 2 lMdab; 5>1>3 karkinRsUveRcInlMdab; dMeNIrkarkñúgm:asIunkinRsUvEbbBaNiC¢kmµFM² ¬rUbTI 5>6¦ manrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkic©RbtibtþimYycMnYn edIm,Iplit)anGgársRmitmanbrimaNnigKuNPaBx karsMGatRsUvmunkin . 2> karkinsMrUb ¬karbksm,kGgáam¦ . 3> karkinsRmit ¬karxat;RsTab;knÞk;¦ . 4> kareFIV[GgársRmitrelag ¬b:Uelo¦ . 5> karEjkcugGgárecjBIGgáredIm . 6> karRck b¤ evcx©b;Ggár . 6> karRKb;RKg nigeRbIR)as;plitplrYmpSM dUcCaGgáam knÞk; nigcugGgár .

52

rUbTI 5>6 ³ m:asIunkinRsUvEbbBaNiC¢kmµ 5>2 m:asIun kin RsUv TMenIb 5>2>1 karsMGatRsUv munkin kic©karenHEtgRtUv)anGnuvtþedIm,IykecjnUvsMramepSg²EdlenAlayLM dUcCakemÞccMebIg RKab;esµA FUlI .l. RbsinebIsarFatuTaMgenHminRtUv)ansMGatecj enAmuneBlkinsMrUbeTenaH smtß PaBrbs;t,al;sMrUb GRtaGgárEdlkin)annwgfycuH GgárminsdUc²Kña ehIymaneBlxøHsMramGaceFVI[ xUct,al;sMrUbEtmþg . tamFmµta eKeFIVRbdab;sMGatRsUvmunkin[GacbMeBjmuxgar)an 1>5 dg elOn CagbrimaNRsUvEdlbBa©Úlkñúgm:asIunkin . 5>2>2 karkinsMrUb karkinsMrUb b¤ karbksm,kGgáam EtgRbRBwtþeTAedaykarxat;Rtdus enAeBlEdlRsUvqøg kat;cenøaHépÞ 2 EdlmanPaBeRKIm nigmanclnakñúgel,ÓnxusKña . sm,kGgáamRtUv)anRsUb ehIynaM eTAkEnøgTukdak;vaEdlenAeRkAeragm:asIun . tamFmµta GgáammanRbmaN 20° énTm¶n;RsUvsrub . 5>2>3 karEjkRsUv RsUvenAsl; bnÞab;BIqøgkat;t,al;sMrUb EtgRtUv)aneKEjkecjBIGgársMrUb . t,al;sMrUb kan;Etl¥ kan;EteFIV[manenAsl;RsUvkan;Ettic . RsUvenHminKYr[manenAsl;elIsBI 10° eT . kar EjkenHeFIVeLIgedayEp¥kelIPaBxusKñaénRsUv nigGgársMrUb dUcCadg;sIuet PaBGacGENþt nigTMhM . 5>2>4 karkinsRmit nigkarxat;rMlIg enAkñúgkic©RbtibtþienH RsTab;knÞk;RtUv)anxat;ecjedayRbdab;bnSwk b¤ Rtdus . tamFmµta knÞk;Edlxat;ecjmanGRtaBI 8 eTA 10° énTm¶n;RsUvsrub . edIm,Ibnßykar)ak;exÞc kñúgKMlugeBlkin sRmit eKeRcIneFIV[Ggárqøgkat;t,al;sRmit nigt,al;xat;rMlIg ¬b:Uelo¦ BI 2 eTA 4 dg bnþbnÞab;Kña . 53

karxat;rMlIgGgársRmitepSImedaydMNk;Twkqµar² GaceFIV[RKab;Ggárkan;EtPøWrelag edaymineFIV [fycuHTinñplGgár . t,al;sRmitRbePTRtdus rYmpSMnwgRbB½n§beBa©jdMNk;TwktUcqµar² EtgRtUv)an eKeRbIR)as;kñúgdMNak;kalcugeRkaybMputénkarxat;rMlIgGgár munnwglk;dUr . 5>2>5 karEjkGgár bnÞab;BIkinehIy GgársRmitEtgRtUv)aneKEjkCaGgáredIm cugGgárRKab;FM nigcugGgárRKab;l¥it edayeRbIkERBa©gjak; b¤TTak; . GgáredImKWCaRKab;GgármanRbEvgxøIbMput 75° énRbEvgGgárTaMgmUl . Rbdab;EjkRKab; tameKalkarN_RbEvg EtgRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IEjkykGgáredIm . 5>2>6 karRcbl;Ggár m:asIunkinRsUvl¥ GñkbBa¢am:asIunbiunRbsb; rYmnwgRsUvmanKuNPaBx2>7 karføwgGgár GgáreRcInRtUv)anevcx©b; niglk;dUredayRckkñúg)avcMNuH 50 KILÚRkam EdlRtUvEtføwg[)anesIµ² nigeTogTat; ehIymandak;søakpg . m:asIunkinRsUvPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;RbB½n§føwgemkanikmanPaBeTog Tat; . RbB½n§føwgGgáreGLikRtUnikk¾RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;Edr . 5>3 sMN YrGMBIk arkin RsUv sUmKUs enAelIRbGb;cemøIyEdlRtwmRtUv . sMNYrTI 1 ³ etIkarkinRsUvCaGIV ?  CakarkinRsUv[eTACaemSA .  CakarsMGatRsUv .  Cakarbk nigxat;ecjnUvRsTab;Ggáam nigknÞk; .  Cakarbk nigxat;ecjnUvRsTab;Ggáam knÞk; ehIyEjkykGgáredIm . sMNYrTI 2 ³ etIlMdab;kinRsUvmYyNaEdlmanPaBRtwmRtUv ?  sMGatRsUvmunkin kinsMrUb kinsRmit EjkGgár nigevcx©b; . 54

 kinsMrUb EjkGgár kinsRmit nigevcx©b; .  EjkGgár kinsMrUb kinsRmit nigevcx©b; .  sMGatRsUvmunkin kinsRmit EjkGgár nigevcx©b; .

sMNYrTI 3 ³ edIm,ITTYl)anGgármanKuNPaBl¥ etIRtUvkinRsUvmanGRtasMeNImkRmitNa ?  b:unµank¾)anEdr .  16° .  14° .  11° . sMNYrTI 4 ³ etIGgáredImKWCaGIV ?  RKab;GgárEdlmanRbEvgEvgCag 65 eTA 75° énRbEvgGgársrub .  RKab;GgárEdlmanRbEvgEvgCag 75° énRbEvgGgársrub .  RKab;GgárEdlmanRbEvgEvgCag 80 eTA 85° énRbEvgGgársrub .  RKab;GgárEdlenATaMgmUl . sMNYrTI 5 ³ etIGRtaGgársRmit nigGRtaGgáredIm Edl TTYl)anBIm:asIunkinRsUvd¾l¥mYyenATIVbGasIu mankRmitb:unNa ?  GgársRmit 60 - 65° nigGgáredIm 45 - 50° .  GgársRmit 60° nigGgáredIm 50 - 55° .  GgársRmit 65 - 70° nigGgáredIm 50 - 60° .  Ggárs 70 - 75° nigGgáredIm 60 - 65° .

55

6 - KuN PaBRsUv Ggár GñkeRbIR)as; b¤ GñkhUbcukKWCaGñkseRmcfa etIRsUvGgárEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ KYrmansPaBEbb Na ehIyeKnwgpþl;témøeTAtamenaH . enHmann½yfa TIbMputKWGñkeRbIR)as;EdlCaGñkseRmcfaRsUv GgármanKuNPaBx1¦ . KuNPaBRsUvGgárKWCakarrYmpSMén

lkçN³rUbsa®sþ

lkçN³KImI

rUbTI 6>1 ³ lkçN³ 2 sMxan;énKuNPaBRsUvGgár 6>1 lkçN ³rUbsaRsþénRsUv Ggár 6>1>1 lkçN³rUbsa®sþénRsUv lkçN³rUbsaRsþsMxan;²rbs;RsUvmancMnYn 6 KW ³ - GRtasMeNIm . - GRtaRKab;eRbHRsaM . - TMhMRKab; . - GRtaRKab;enAesIÞrTwk ¬minTan;TMul¥¦ . - GRtasarFatulayLM . - Tm¶n; 1000 RKab; .

rUbTI 6>2 ³ RKab;RsUvmins¥at s¥at nigl¥ bBa¢ak; ³ niymn½y sarsMxan; nigrebobvas;kMNt;lkçN³TaMgenHmanerobrab;kñúgEpñkTI 4>9 nig 6>4 . 56

6>1>2 lkçN³rUbsa®sþénGgár lkçN³rUbsa®sþénGgár rYmman ³ - GgáredIm nigcugGgár . - RKab;xUc nigERbBN’ . - rUbrag nigTMhMRKab; . - sPaBdUcdI s ¬seBaH¦ . - BN’sm,úr . - Tm¶n; . - FUlI RkYs sMramlayLM . - GRtasMeNIm . GgáredIm nigGRtaGgáredIm GgáredImKWCaRKab;GgárEdlenArlUnmin)ak; b¤ EvgCag 3¼4 énbeNþayGgárTaMgmUl . CaTUeTA GgáredImEtgRtUv)aneKKitCaPaKryeFobeTAnwgRsUv EdleKehAfaGRtaGgáredIm . Ca]TahrN_ Rbsin ebI 45° énRsUvEdlykeTAkinCaGgáredIm eyIgGacniyayfaGRtaGgáredImEdlTTYl)anBIRsUvenaH man 45° . GRtaGgáredImGacERbRbYlBI 25 eTA 65° . lkçN³KuNPaBrbs;RsUv KWCaktþasMxan; CageK EdleFIV[b:HBal;dl;GRtaGgáredIm . KuNPaBm:asIunkinRsUv nigPaBCMnajénGñkbBa¢am:asIunkin RsUvk¾rYmcMENkman\Ti§Bldl;KuNPaBenHEdr .

sac;Ggár kMBIg

rUbTI 6>3 ³ RKab;Ggár GRtacugGgár GRtacugGgár eRcInRtUv)aneKkMNt;edayeRbobeFobTm¶n;cugGgáreTAnwgTm¶n;Ggársrub . edIm,I vas;kMNt;GRtacugGgár KYrman ³ 57

- GgárRKb;RKan; edIm,IeRCIsyksMNak 25 Rkam . - CBa¢Ig ¬sRmab;føwgsMNakenH¦ . - Rbdab;EjkcugGgárecjBIGgáredIm . - Fug b¤ kMb:ugC½rFmµta b¤ fg;RkdastUc²sRmab;dak;Ggár . - b‘ík b¤ exµAéd Rkdas nigm:asIunKitelx sRmab;kt;Rta nigKNna . ÉviFIvas;kMNt;GRtacugGgár KW ³ 1> eRCIsyksMNakGgár 25 Rkam tameKalkarN_écdnü ¬k¦ . 2> eRbIR)as;Rbdab;Ejk edIm,IEjkcugGgárecjBIGgáredIm . bBa¢ak; ³ GgáredImKWCaGgárman beNþayEvgCag 75° énRbEvgGgárTaMgmUl . 3> føwg : cugGgár : Edl)anEjkecjBIsMNakxagelI ¬x¦ . 4> KNna : GRtacugGgár : ¬K¦ tamrUbmnþ ³ GRtacguGgár ¬K ¦=

Tmn¶;cugGgrá ¬x ¦ ×100 Tm¶n; sMNakGgár ¬k ¦

rUbTI 6>4 ³ cugGgárRKab;l¥wtkan;EteRcIn eFIV[témøGgárkan;Etefak RKab;xUc nigERbBN’ muneBlkin RsUvGacnwgxUcxatedaykarERbRbYlCIv-KImIénsac;xagkñúg . karERbRbYlenHGac eFIV[RsUvGgármanBN’xusFmµta nigkøinminl¥ . mUlehtuepSgeTotEdleFIV[RsUvGgárxUc KWedaysar stVl¥it karduHpSit karRtUvTwk b¤ RsUbsMeNIm nigkareLIgkemþA . edIm,Ivas;kMNt;GRtaGgárxUc RtUvmansmÖardUcteTA ³ - GgárRKb;RKan; edIm,IeRCIsyksMNak 25 Rkam . 58

- CBa¢Ig ¬sRmab;føwgsMNakenH¦ . - Fug b¤ kMb:ugC½rFmµta b¤ fg;RkdastUc² sRmab;dak;Ggár . - b‘ík b¤ exµAéd Rkdas nigm:asIunKitelx sRmab;kt;Rta nigKNna . ÉviFIvas;kMNt;GRtaGgárxUcKW ³ 1> eRCIsyksMNakGgár 25 Rkam edayeRbIR)as;CBa¢Ig ¬k¦ . 2> eRCIserIs nigEjkGgárxUcecjBIsMNakenaH . 3> føwgGgárxUc Edl)anEjk ¬x¦ . 4> KNnaGRtaGgárxUc tamrUbmnþ ³ GRtaGgárEdlxcU =

Tm¶n; GgárEdlxUc ¬x ¦ ×100 Tm¶n; sMNakGgár ¬k ¦

sPaBdUcdI s sPaBdUcdI sEtgRtUv)ankMNt;eTAtamsPaBføa b¤ minføaénsac;Ggár . RbsinebIEpñkxøHénsac; GgárminmansPaBføa eKEtgehAfavamansPaBdUcdI s b¤ maneBaHs . eTaHbICasPaBenHRtUv)anrlub )at;enAeRkayeBlcm¥in nigBMuman\Ti§Bldl;rsCati b¤ kiønvak¾eday k¾eKEtg[témøGgárEbbenaHefak CagGgárFmµtaEdr . CaTUeTAbBaðaenHekItmanedaykarrMxankñúgeBlEdlRsUvkMBugdak;RKab; ehIyeFIV[ Ggárgaynwg)ak;exÞckñúgeBlkin . GñkviTüasa®sþmYycMnYn)anGHGagfabBaðaenHekItmanedaysar sPaBminENnénemSA Starch nigRbUetGIun ehIyBUCRsUvEdlmanEbkExñgeRcIn eRcIneFIV[manbBaðaenH eRcInCagBUCRsUvEdlminsUvEbkExñg . edIm,Ivas;kMNt;GRtaGgárEdlmansPaBdUcdI s enAkñúgGgár caM)ac;RtUvman ³ - GgárRKb;RKan; edIm,IeRCIsyksMNak 25 Rkam . - CBa¢Ig ¬sRmab;føwgsMNakenH¦ . - Fug b¤ kMb:ugC½rFmµta b¤ fg;RkdastUc²sRmab;dak;Ggár . - b‘ík b¤ exµAéd Rkdas nigm:asIunKitelx sRmab;kt;Rta nigKNna . ÉviFIvas;kMNt;GRtaenH KW ³ 1> eRCIsyksMNakGgár 25 Rkam edayeRbIR)as;CBa¢Ig ¬k¦ . 2> eRCIserIs nigEjkRKab;GgármansPaBdUcdI secjBIsMNak . bBa¢ak; ³ karkMNt;sPaBdUc dI s eRcIneFIVeLIgedayemIlnwgEPñk ehIycat;fñak;eTAtamtaragTI 6>1 . 59

taragTI 6>1 ³ cMNat;fñak;GgármansPaBdUcdI s kRmit 0 1 5 9

PaKryénEpñkmansPaBdUcdI s KµanesaH ticCag 10° 10 eTA 20° eRcInCag 20°

3> føwgGgármansPaBdUcdI s ¬kRmit 9¦ Edl)anEjkecjBIsMNakGgár ¬x¦ . 4> KNnaGRtaGgárEdlmansPaBdUcdI s tamrUbmnþ ³ GRtaGgárEdlmansPaBdUcdsI =

Tm¶n; GgárEdlmansPaBdUcdsI ¬x ¦ ×100 Tmn¶; sN M akGgár ¬k ¦

PaBs føa nigkRmitkin PaBs PaBføa nigkRmitkin KWCaktþakMNt;GMBIBN’sm,úrGgár . vaKWCaplrYménlkçN³rUbrbs; BUC nigkRmitkin . KYrbBa¢ak;faGgárEdlminmanPaBTak;TajsRmab;GñkbriePaK nwgmantémøefakelI TIpSar . ehtuenH karEklMGBN’sm,úrGgáredaykinRtwmRtUv nigRKb;RKan; nwgeFIV[témøvaekIneLIg . kñúgeBlkinsRmit RsTab;manBN’R)ak; nigRsTab;knÞk;RtUv)anxat;ecj . kRmitkinEtgRtUv)an eKkMNt;eTAtambrimaNknÞk;Edlxat;ecjBIGgár .

n; knÞk; kRmitkin , % = Tm¶Tm¶n; Ggá rsMrUb

× 100

GgárRkhm nigGgárrnuk GgárRkhm nigGgárrnuk CaGgárEdlmansl;RsTab;knÞkx; øH bnÞab;BIkinehIy . GñkbriePaK)ay esIÞrEtTaMgGs; Etgcg;)anGgárEdlkin)anl¥ ¬xat;RsTab;knÞk;Gs;¦ edaysarvaemIleTAl¥ nigmingay p¥Ür ehIykarenAsl;GgárRkhm nigGgárrnukkñúgGgármann½yfaGgárenaHkinmin)anl¥ b¤ minRCHknÞk; EdleFIV[vak¾lk;min)anéføeTAtamenaH .

60

rUbTI 6> 5 ³ GgárRkhm nigGgárrnuk 6>2 lkçN ³KImIénGgár lkçN³KImIénGgárKWCaktþakMNt;PaBrwg s¶Üt RCay b¤ Tn; nigq¶aj;BisabnÞab;BcI m¥in . lkçN³ TaMgenaHcMnYn 3 sMxan;KW ³ Gelatinization temperature, Gel consistency nig Amylose content .

rUbTI 6>6 ³ )ay 6>2>1

¬sItuNðPaBEdleFIV[GgárERbCa)ay¦ Gelatinization temperature KWCasItuNðPaB EdlenAeBlenaHGgárRsUbTwk ehIyemSA Starch enAkñúgsac;Ggárcab;epþImrIk ¬minrYmvij¦ . vakMNt;ry³eBlRtUvkarsRmab;cm¥in)ay Edlmann½yfa kalNaGgármansItuNðPaBenHkan;Etx7 ³ Gelatinization temperature kMNt;ry³eBlEdlRtUvkarcm¥inGgárCa)ay 61

maneBlxøH eK)anCUneyabl;edIm,ITukdak;RsUv[)any:agtic 4 Ex bnÞab;BIRcUtehIy munnwgyk vaeTAkin ehIydaMCa)ay sRmab;vaytémøKuNPaB . { PaBcas; } énRsUvGgár k¾eFIV[ekIneLIgnUvkar RsUbTwk nigkarrIkmaD)ay Edlmann½yfa)aydaMBIGgárRsUvcas;eRcInrwgCag)aydaMBIGgárRsUvfIµ . GaRs½yeTAtam Gelatinization temperature GgárRtUv)ancat;fñak;famansItuNðPaBenHTab mFüm nigx9 ³ )ays¶Üt rwg esIm s¥it ERbRbYleTAtamGRta Amylose content taragTI 6>2 ³ lkçN³rbs;)ay EdlERbRbYleTAtam Amylose content kñúgGgár Amylose content

eRcIn tic 6>2>3

lkçN³rbs;)ay rIkmaD b¤ eLIgxøaMg ehIys¶Üt sVit nigrwg enAeBlTuk[RtCak; esIm ehIys¥it

¬sißrPaBrbs;CatiGn§il¦ PaBrwgenHkMNt;TMenarrbs;)ayeTArkPaBrwg enAeBlTukva[RtCak; Edlmann½yfakalNa Ggárman Gel consistency kan;Etx4 eRbobeFob)ayEdldaMBIGgárman Gel consistency rwg nigTn; . Gel consistency

taragTI 6>3 ³ cMNat;fñak;Ggár eTAtam Gel consistency cMNat;fñak; rwg rwgmFüm mFüm Tn;

¬KitCa °¦ 27 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 100

Gel consistency

taragTI 6>4 ³ lkçN³)ayERbRbYleTAtam Gel consistency Gel consistency

rwg Tn;

lkçN³rbs;)ay minsUvs¥it ehIyeRcInrwg puy ¬mankarniymeRcIn¦ 63

viFIeFIVetsþEbbrUb-KImI EdlEtgRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IkMNt;KuNPaB)ay mandUcCa ³ - kareFIVetsþedayeRbI Alkali (Alkali test) . - kareFIVetsþviPaKGamILÚs (Amylose test) . - kareFIVetsþviPaK Gel consistency (Gel consistency test) . - kareFIVetsþBnøÚtRKab; (Kernel elongation test) . - kareFIVetsþkøin (Aroma test) . kareFIVetsþviPaK Gel consistency eRcInRtUv)aneKGnuvtþ eday ³ 1> kemþAGgárbnþickñúg Alkali ¬Catik,úg¦ Edl)anlay b¤ BRgav EdleFIV[xusBI Consistency rbs;emSAlayTwk 5° EdlRtCak; . 2> rkSaTuk Gel EdlRtCak; kñúgbMBg;Ekvepþk ry³eBl 1 em:ag . 3> vas;RbEvg Gel . karviPaK Gel consistency )anEckGgárEdlman Amylose content x Ggárman Gel consistency rwg ¬Gel esIµ b¤ xøICag 40 mIløIEm:Rt¦ eFIV[)ayrwgxøaMg . 2> Ggárman Gel consistency rwgmFüm ¬Gel RbEvg 41 - 60 mIløIEm:Rt¦ eFIV[)ayrwg . 3> Ggárman Gel consistency Tn; ¬Gel EvgCag 61 mIløIEm:Rt¦ eFIV[)ayTn; . lMhat; ³ etIlkçN³TaMgLayxageRkamenH CalkçN³rUbsa®sþ b¤ lkçN³KImIénGgár ?

GgárRKab;FM

GgárRKab;l¥it

PaBgayRsYlxaMTMBar )ays¥it

xSac;kñúgGgár

køinl¥

BN’elOg

q¥in enAsItuNðPaB 90 GgSaes

6>3 ktþaman\Ti§Bldl;K uN PaBRsUv Ggár KuNPaBRsUvGgárEtgrg\Ti§BlBIktþacRmuHmYycMnYn dUcCaBUC viFIplit ¬plitkmµ b¤ kardaMduH¦ nigkarRKb;RKgeRkayeBlRbmUlpl . 64

6>3>1 ktþaBUC BUCRsUvnImYy²manlkçN³epSg²Kña EdleFIV[GacxusKña TaMg ³ - Tinñpl . - lkçN³rUb ³ BN’ rUbrag TMhM dg;sIuet PaBsVit b¤ rwgmaM PaBmanBN’dUcdI s .l. - lkçN³KImI ³ PaBTn; b¤ rwgrbs;)ay køinRbehIr rsCati ry³eBlcm¥in .l. - PaBFn;RTaMCamYynwgkarxUcxatedaybBaðaepSg² dUcCaPaBraMgs¶Üt ktþacéRg nigCMgW . 6>3>2 ktþaplitkmµ karrMxanepSg²kñúgGMLúgeBlplitkmµ ¬kñúgeBlEdlRsUvduHlUtlas;¦ Gacnwgman\Ti§Bldl; KuNPaBRsUvGgár . karrMxanTaMgenaH GacCa ³ - karBMumanTwkRKb;RKan; . - karBMumanCICatiRKb;RKan; . - karbMpøajedayktþacéRgnana . karrMxanenAeBlRsUvkMBugduHlUtlas; GacbNþal[ ³ - fycuHTinñpl . - RsUvminTMudMNalKña . - RKab;RsUvxUc b¤ es3>3 ktþaRKb;RKgenAeRkayeBlRbmUlpl karRKb;RKgBMuRtwmRtUv enAeRkayplitkmµ GacbNþal[ ³ - )at;bg;RsUvGgár edaysarktþacéRgnana . - )at;bg;RsUvGgárenAkñúgkic©RbtþibtþiNamYy b¤ kñúgkic©RbtþibtþimYycMnYn . - xUcxatEpñkrUbsaRsþ dUcCa)ak;exÞcRKab; manlayLMedayFUlIdI nigTwkenamkNþúr .l. - ERbBN’RsUvGgáredayRbtikmµKImI EdlCaplénkarRsUbsMeNImcUlvij . 6>4 lkçN ³rbs;BUC KuNPaBrbs;RKab;BUCGaRs½ynwgl½kçx½NÐTaMgLayEdledImem nigRKab;vaqøgkat; kñúgeBlduH lUtlas; RbmUlpl RKb;RKg Tukdak; nigdaMduH . sItuNðPaB sarFatuciBa©wm nigktþabrisßanepSg² k¾ 65

man\Ti§Bldl;karekIt CarUbragRKab; ehIynigKuNPaBrbs;vaEdr . 6>4>1 sarsMxan;énKuNPaBRKab;BUC RKab;BUCKWCaplitplenAmanCIvit . eyIgRtUvEtdaM RbmUl nigRKb;RKgva[RtwmRtUv edIm,I[va duHeRcIn nigl¥ ehIypþl;plitPaBx mansarFatulayLMtictYcbMput . 3> manPaBeføas . 4> minmankarxUcxat . 5> manGRtadMNuHx4>2 lkçN³suT§xagBUCénRKab;BUCRsUv lkçN³suT§xagBUC KWkarminmanRKab;BUCepSglayLM . vaGackMNt;edaylkçN³rUb KImI nig dMNaM . lkçN³rUbrbs;RKab;BUCKWRbEvgbeNþay TTwg rUbrag TMhM BN’ nigkøin . eyIgGackMNt; lkçN³TaMgenHedayrab; nigføwgTm¶n; 1000 RKab; BinitüedayEPñkTeT b¤ edayeRbIR)as;xñatBN’ .l. rIÉlkçN³KImIvijmandUcCa Amylose content BN’ Alkali digestion, Gel consistency nigRbUetGIun . BUCsuT§EtgeFIV[RsUvmankm4>3 PaBmins¥at PaBmins¥atGacCaRKab;esµA RKab;BUCdMNaMepSg sarFatulayLMepSg² dUcCaRKab;RkYs FUlI b¤ kemÞckmÞIepSg² . sarFatuTaMgenHEtgRtUv)aneKKitCaPaKryénTm¶n;RsUvBUCsrub . 6>4>4 TMhMRKab; PaBeføas b¤ kardak;RKab;eBj KWCalkçN³rbs;RKab;BUCl¥ KWfavaeRcInmanskþanuBlPaBx4>5 RKab;BUCxUc xUcRTg;RTay nigmanCMgW RKab;BUCmanKuNPaBl¥ KYrEtminmanCMgW minrgkarbMpøaj nigminmanbBaðaepSgeTot . vaKYrEt enAl¥ Kµankardac;rlat; b¤ )ak;Ebk EdlGaceFIV[GRtadMNuH nigPaBxøaMgrbs;vafycuH .

rUbTI 6>12 ³ RKab;BUCEdlxUc xUcRTg;RTay nigmanCMgW 6>4>6 GRtadMNuHkñúgERs GRtadMNuHénRKab;BUCenAkñúgERs GaRs½yCasMxan;elIGRtasMeNImrbs;vakñúgeBlTukdak; skþa nuBlPaBdMNuH nigPaBxøaMgrbs;va . GRtasMeNImman\Ti§Bly:agxøaMgeTAelICIvit nigPaBxøaMgénRKab; BUC . CaTUeTA GRtasMeNImenHKYrTabCag 14° ehIyKYrEt[TabCag 13° RbsinebIRtUvTukdak;BUC kñúgry³eBlyUr . PaBxøaMgrbs;RKab;BUCKWCaRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarduH niglUtlas;enAkñúgERs . RKab;BUCEdlxøaMg eFIV[ edImqab;duH manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña ehIyGacRTaMRT)anl¥CamYyl½kçx½NÐdaMduHminsUvGMeNay pl . pÞúyeTAvij RKab;BUCexSayeFIV[mingayduHBnøk manedImexSay ehIygaynwgxUcxat .

68

enAeBlEdldMNuHRKab;mansnÞúHxusKñatictYc BIBUCmYyeTAmYy RKab;BUCEtgRsUbsMeNIm ehIy kñúgry³eBl 2 éf¶ vaKYrduHb¤s nigkñúgry³eBl 4 éf¶ vaKYrduHsøwkTI 1 . karduH karbnþrs;ran niglUt las;KWCakarkMNt;GRtadMNuHenAkñúgERs .

rUbTI 6>13 ³ RKab;BUCduH 6>4>7 dMeNkénRKab;BUC BUCRsUvCaeRcInmanry³eBldMeNkPøam²bnÞab;BIRcUtkat;rYc EdleFIV[vamanGRtadMNuHTab . tamFmµta ry³eBlenHmanRbEhlCa 1 Ex . manviFImYycMnYnRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IbMEbkdMeNk ehIyeFIV[vaduHeRcIn . viFITaMgenaHmandUcCa ³ kareRbIsItuNðPaBx8 kareFIVetsþRKab;BUC CaTUeTA RKab;BUCEtgRtUv)aneRCIserIs nigviPaKkñúgmnIÞrBiesaFn_ bnÞab;BIsm¶Üt nigsMGatrYc . sMNakBUCEtgRtUv)anviPaKedayBinitüelIlkçN³KuNPaBdUc)anerobrab;xagelI .

69

rUbTI 6>14 ³ RKab;BUCminsuT§ nigkareRCIserIs b¤ Ejk 6>4>9 viBaØabnbRtbBa¢ak;BUC kareFIvV iBaØabnbRtbBa¢ak;GMBIBUCmaneKalbMNgsMxan; edIm,IeFIV[manRKab;BUCmanKuNPaBl¥ sRmab;ksikreRbIR)as; . RKab;BUCEdl)anTTYlkarbBa¢ak;RtUvEtmanPaBsuT§xagBUC mandMNuHx5 erobrab;GMBIlkçN³sþg;daBUCenARbeTshIVúlIBIn .

taragTI 6>5 ³ sþg;darpøÚvkarsRmab;eFIVviBaØabnbRtbBa¢ak;GMBIRKab;BUC enARbeTshIVúlIBIn briyay BUCsuT§ ¬°¦ RKab;BUCRsUvepSg ¬RKab;¼500 Rkam¦ RKab;esµAcéRg nigdMNaMepSg ¬°¦ sMramlayLM ¬°¦ RKab;RsUvRkhm ¬RKab;¼500 Rkam¦ GRtadMNuH ¬° ticbMput¦ GRtasMeNIm ¬°¦

BUCkRmit

BUCkRmit

BUCkRmit

BUCkRmit

Breeder

Foundation

Registered

Certified

98 0 0 2 0 80 14

98 2 0 2 0 80 14

98 5 0>05 2 1 80 14

97 10 0>1 3 2 80 14 70

cMNaM ³

- RtUvdaMRKab;BUC Breeder edIm,ITTYl)anRKab;BUC Foundation . - RtUvdaMRKab;BUC Foundation edIm,ITTYl)anRKab;BUC Registered . - RtUvdaMRKab;BUC Registered edIm,ITTYl)anRKab;BUC Certified . RbsinebIBMumanRKab;BUC Registered RtUvdaMRKab;BUC Foundation edIm,ITTYl)anRKab;BUC Certified .

edIm,IbBa¢ak;TTYlsþal;BUC manRbeTsCaeRcInGnuvtþkarRtYtBinitütaMgBIvaenACadMNaMkñúgERs . Pñak;gareFIVviBaØabnbRtBinitüemIlRsUvkñúgERs y:agehacNas;mþg kñúgdMNak;kallUtlas; nigmþgeTot enAmuneBlRcUtkat; ehIyGacnwgbdiesFminecjviBaØabnbRtTTYlsÁal; RbsinebIdMNaMRsUvminl¥RKb; RKan; eRBaHEt ³ - manesµAcéRgeRcIn . - duHlUtlas;exSay . - manedImminrwgmaM b¤ manCMgW . - manstVl¥itbMpøaj . - l½kçx½NÐepSgeTot EdlmineFIV[karRtYtBinitüRbRBwtþeTA)anRtwmRtUv b¤ eFIV[manmnÞilGMBIGtþ sBaØaNénBUCenaH .

rUbTI 6>15 ³ karBinitüemIlsßanPaBRsUvkñúgERs sRmab;BinitüKuNPaBBUCRsUv RbeTsepSg²)aneFIVsþg;daepSg²Kña. taragTI 6>6 erobrab;GMBI sþg;daBinitüsßanPaBRsUvkñúgERsenARbeTsmIy:an;m:a . 71

taragTI 6>6 ³ sþg;darsRmab;RtYtBinitüsßanPaBRsUvkñúgERs enARbeTsmIy:an;m:a briyay

BUC Foundation BUCkøay ¬°¦ 0>05 edImepSgEdlminGacbMEbk )an ¬°¦ 0>01 esµAcéRgEdlminGacTTYl yk)an ¬°¦ 0>01 edIm b¤ kYr manCMgW ¬°¦ 0>01

BUC Registered 0>30 0>05 0>02 0>05

BUC Certified 0>30 0>05 0>02 0>05

6>5 meFüa)ayedIm,Iplit RKab;BUCmanKuN PaBx5>1 kareRCIserIsERs nigkarerobcMdI ERsEdleRCIserIssRmab;plitRKab;BUC KYrEtmanlkçN³vinicä½ymYycMnYn EdlrYmman ³ - min)andaMduHRsUvkalBIqñaM b¤ rdUvmun elIkElgEtERs)andaMBUCdUcKña sRmab;TTYl)anviBaØabn bRtbBa¢ak; . - xNÐdac;BIERsmYyeTotEdldaMBUCRsUvdUcKña edayRbLay pøÚv b¤ RbeLaHTMenr y:agehac Nas; 3 Em:Rt edIm,IecosvagnUvkarkøay b¤ layLM .

rUbTI 6>16 ³ KmøatrvagRsUvdaMykBUC ¬y:agtic 3 Em:Rt¦ - erobcMdI)anl¥ edIm,Ismøab; b¤ km©at;edImRsUvmY ¬RsUvduHBIRKab;BUCEdlRCuHkñúgrdUvmun¦ nigesµA céRg . dIERsKYrRtUv)anP¢Ürras; b¤ dak;fñaMKImI edIm,ITb;min[RsUvmY nigesµAcéRgGacEpø)an .

rUbTI 6>17 ³ dIERsKYrRtUv)anerobcM ¬P¢Ürras;¦ RtwmRtUv 72

6>5>2 karRKb;RKgdMNaM karRKb;RKgdMNaMnwgman\Ti§Bldl;karlUtlas; nigPaBTMudMNal²KñaénRsUv . karRKb;RKgenH rYmmankarRKb;RKgTwk CI dg;sIuetedIm esµAcéRg RBmTaMgktþacéRg nigCMgWepSg² . karRKb;RKgTwk ³ edIm,IRKb;RKgTwk)anl¥ ERsRtUvmansPaBrabesIµ ehIymanPøWKt;mt; . karmanTwk CeRmA 2 - 5 sgIÞEm:Rt ray b¤ raceBjERs GacnwgrYmcMENkeFIV[ ³ - dMNaMduHlUtlas;l¥ nigesIµ²Kña . - TTYl)anTinñplx18 ³ ERsrabesIµCYyeFIV[RKb;RKgTwk)anl¥ karRKb;RKgTwkRtwmRtUv k¾nwgCYybnßykarRbkYtRbECgrbs;esµAcéRg begáInTinñpl nigKuNPaB RKab; edaykarbnßysMram b¤ sarFatulayLMepSg² .

rUbTI 6>19 ³ karelIkPøWERs 73

karRKb;RKgCI ³ kardak;CIRtwmRtUv nigsmRsb eTAtamBUC nigl½kçx½NÐdaMduH mansarsMxan; . kardak; edayRbugRby½tñnUvCIGahSÚt GacCYyeFIV[RsUvTMudMNalKña dak;RKab;eBj nigmankRmitRbUetGIunx8 erobrab;GMBIGRtasMeNIm nigry³ eBlTukdak;smRsb .

76

taragTI 6>8 ³ ry³eBlTukdak; nigGRtasMeNImRKab;BUCRsUv ry³eBlTukdak; 2 - 3 s)þah_ 8 - 12 Ex yUrCag 1 qñaM

GRtasMeNImsuvtßiPaB bBðaaEdlGacnwgekItman ebITukdak;yUr b¤ esImCag 14° duHpSit ERbBN’ nig)at;bg;edaykardkdegðIm Tab b¤ esIµ 13° rgkarbMpøajrbs;stVl¥it Tab b¤ esIµ 9° fycuHsmtßPaBdMNuH

karsm¶Üt nigp¶MeRcIndg GacCYyrkSaKuNPaBRKab;BUC . eyIgGaceFIVkic©karenHedayhalRsUv edaykemþAéf¶ b¤ edayeRbIR)as;m:asIunsm¶Üt kñúgry³eBlkMNt;mYy ehIyp¶MvaedayeFIV[vacuHRtCak; enA kñúgFug b¤ kñúg)av kñúgry³eBlkMNt;mYyeTot . kic©karenHKYrRtUv)aneFIVsacuHsaeLIgy:agtic 2 dg rhUtTal;EtRsUvmanGRtasMeNImTabCag b¤ esIµ 14° . kñúgkrNIhalsm¶ÜtedaykemþARBHGaTitü KYrBRgayRKab;BUCesIþg² ¬1 - 3 sgIÞEm:Rt¦ enAelI kenÞl kRmal b¤ TIlan ehIyvIRtLb;va 7 - 8 dg¼éf¶ . eFIVrebobenH eFIV[sMeNImkñúgRKab;BUCGac mansPaBRbhak;RbEhlKña ehIyCYybegáInel,Ónsm¶Üt . sItuNðPaBRKab;RsUvEdlhal Gacx24 ³ karhalsm¶ÜtRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ m:asIunsm¶ÜtFuntUcEdleKniymeRbI mansmtßPaBsm¶Ütmþg)an 1 - 3 etan kñúgry³eBl 6 12 em:ag . enAtMbn;RtUBik eKeRcIndutkemþAxül;[mansItuNðPaB 40 - 42 GgSaes ehIy[vaman el,Ón 0>15 - 0>25 Em:Rt¼ vinaTI . eyIgGaceFIV[RbsiT§PaBénm:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTenHekIneLIg eday Rcbl;RtLb;RsUv kñúgeBlsm¶Üt . 77

rUbTI 6>25 ³ karsm¶Ütedaym:asIunFuntUc karsMGat ³ RKab;BUCEdl)ane)akEbnEtgmansarFatu b¤ kemÞckmÞIepSg²enAlayLM . sarFatuTaMg enaHGacCakemÞcedIm b¤ søwk sNIþ RKab;dMNaMepSg dI nigRkYs EdlGacCaRbPBbgábBaðaepSg² dUcCa CRmkrbs;ktþacéRg nigkareFIV[RsUvesIm .l. dUecñHRtUvsMGatRKab;BUC[)anqab; tamEdlGaceFIV )an bnÞab;BIRcUtkat; CaBiessenAmuneBlTukdak; . karTukdak; ³ RbsinebIRtUvTukdak;RKab;BUCRsUv[mansuvtßiPaB kñúgry³eBlyUr vaRtUvEt ³ - manGRtasMeNImTabCag 13 b¤ 14° . - TTYl)ankarkarBarTl;nwgstVl¥it stVsøab nigkNþúr . - TTYl)ankarkarBarTl;nwgkarRsUbsMeNImBITwkePøóg b¤ BIxül;briyakasEdlenACMuvijva .

karTukdak;kñúg)av ³ enAeBlTukdak;RKab;BUCkñúg)av KYr)aj;fñaMCaerOy²edIm,IkarBarTl;nwgstVl¥it nig

CMgWpSit ehIysRmab;briyakasmansMeNImx26 ³ karTukdak;kñúg)av 78

karTukdak;kñúgCRguk ³ ksikrCaeRcIneRbIR)as;CRguk eFIVBIeQI ¬rUbTI 6>27 ¦ dI\dæ sIum:gt_ b¤ bnÞHbJsSI EdlgaynwgeFIV[RsUvBUCrgkarbMpøajBIsMNak;stVlit¥ kNþúr nigstVsøab .

rUbTI 6>27 ³ CRgukRsUv karTukdak;biTCit ³ karTukdak;kñúgbrikçarbiTCit KWCaCeRmIsd¾manskþanuBlmYy enAtMbn;RtUBik . Rbsin

ebIRKab;BUCRtUv)anhalsm¶Üt[manGRTasMeNImesIµ b¤ TabCag 14° ehIyrkSaTukkñúgbrikçarbiTCit vanwgminrgkarbMpøajBIsMNak;stVl¥it kNþúr stVsøab nigCMgWpSit ehIyk¾nwgminRsUbsMeNImBIxül; enA CMuvijva b¤ rgkarxUcxatedayTwkePøógeLIy . brikçarTukdak;biTCitGacmanrag nigTMhMxus²Kña Edl GacCaFugeRbgmancMNuH 200 lIRt rhUtdl;brikçarTMenIb nigéfø dUcCabrikçarbiTCiteFIVBI)øasÞikCaedIm .

rUbTI 6>28 ³ brikçarTukdak;biTCitmYycMnYn 6>6 kareFIVetsþv aytémøK uN PaBRKab;BUC CaTUeTA kareFIVetsþvaytémøKuNPaBRKab;BUC EtgRtUv)aneKGnuvtþ edayBinitüelI ³ 1> GRtasMeNIm . 2> GRtadMNuH . 3> PaBs¥at . 4> PaBsuT§xagBUC . 79

6>6>1 kareFIVetsþGRtasMeNIm viFIeFIVetsþ b¤ vas;kMNt;GRtasMeNImRsUvGgár manerobrab;kñúgEpñk 4>9 . 6>6>2 kareFIVetsþGRtadMNuH kareFIVetsþGRtadMNuHCaviFIEdlGaceFIV)an muneBlykRKab;BUCeTAdaMduH . ry³eBlEdlRKab; BUCRtUvkaredIm,IduHBnøk KWCasBaØaEdlbgðajGMBIPaBxøaMgrbs;va . viFIenHgayRsYlGnuvtþ cMNaytic ehIyminerIsTIkEnøg . edIm,IeFIVetsþdMNuH KYrman ³ - fasminRCabTwk b¤ dbTwksuT§manRCugrabesIµ mYycMehog ¬kat;tambeNþay edIm,I[man TRmg;Cafas¦ . - RkNat;EdlRsUb b¤ Ck;Twk . RkdasCUtmux b¤ kUnkEnSgGMe)aH manPaBsmRsbbMput . - RKab;BUC . - TwksRmab;epSIm . ehIyGnuvtþva eday ³ 1> dak;latRkNat; b¤ RkdasCk;Twk kñúgfas . 2> eRCIsyksMNakBIKMnr b¤ )avRKab;BUC tameKalkarN_écdnü ehIyRcbl;vakúñgFugmYy . bnÞab;mk eRCIsyksMNaky:agtic 3 BIRKab;BUCEdl)anRcbl;enaH . 3> rab;ykRKab;BUCcMnYn 100 RKab; BIkñúgsMNaknImYy²TaMg 3 enaH ehIydak;rayvaenAelI RkNat; b¤ RkdasCk;Twk EdlenAkñúgfas . 4> Caerogral;éf¶ kñúgry³eBl 10 éf¶ RtUv ³ k> eFIV[RkNat; b¤ RkdasenaHCk;Twk b¤ esImCanic© edaycak;TwkepSImedayRbugRby½tñ . x> kt;RtacMnYnRKab;BUCEdlduHBnøk . 5> KNnaGRtadMNuH enAéf¶TI 5 nigTI 10 tamrUbmnþ ³ GRtadMNuH =

cnMYnRKab; BCUEdlduH ×100 cMnYnRKab; BUCEdl)andak; kñgúfas

Ca]TahrN_ ebImanRKab;BUC 86 kñúgcMeNamRKab;BUCTaMg 100 RKab; duHBnøk kñúgry³eBl 10 éf¶ eFIV[ ³ 80

GRtadN M uHeRkay 10 éf¶ =

86 ×100 =86° 100

6>6>3 kareFIVetsþPaBs¥atrbs;RKab;BUC RKab;BUCmanKuNPaBx29 ³ PaBmins¥at b¤ sarFatuepSg²enAlayLMkñúgRKab;BUCRsUv edIm,Ivas;kMNt;PaBs¥aténRKab;BUC RtUv ³ 1> eRCIsyksMNakRKab;BUC Tm¶n; 100 Rkam . 2> føwgsMNakenaH ¬k¦ . 3> EjkecjnUvsarFatulayLM dUcCaRKab;esµA RKab;dMNaMepSg nigsMram . 4> føwgsarFatulayLMxagelI ¬x¦ . 5> KNnaGRtaRKab;esµA b¤ GRtamins¥at tamrUbmnþ ³ GRtaRKab; esµAcéRg = GRtalayLéMnsarFateupSg =

Tmn¶; esµAcéRg ×100 Tm¶n; sN M aksrbu Tmn¶; énsarFateupSg ¬K ¦ ×100 Tm¶n; sN M aksrbu ¬k ¦

6>6>4 kareFIVetsþkMNt;PaBsuT§xagBUC dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagedIm RKab;BUCmanKuNPaBl¥ RtUvEtmanPaBsuT§xagBUCx eRbIRbBay ¬rUbTI 6>30¦ b¤ Rbdab;BRgIkrUbftedIm,Ivas;vimaRtRKab;nImYy² ¬TaMg 20RKab;¦.

rUbTI 6>30 ³ RbBayvas;RbEvg 4> kt;RtavimaRtRKab;BUCEdlvas;eXIj kñúgtaragxageRkam ³ RKab;BUCRsUv TTwg ¬mIløIEm:Rt¦ beNþay ¬mIløIEm:Rt¦ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 82

20 srub mFüm

¬k¦

¬x¦

¬srub¼20¦ 5> eRbIrUbmnþxageRkamedIm,IKNnapleFobbeNþay nigTTWgRKab; ³ pleFobRbEvg nig TTgwRKab; =

RbEvgRKab; BCUmFüm ¬k ¦ TTgwRKab; BCUmFüm ¬x ¦

tYelxkñúgtaragTI 6>9 nigtaragTI 6>10 bgðajKMnitmYycMnYn sRmab;eFIVcMNat;fñak;RKab;BUC .

taragTI 6>9 ³ cMNat;fñak;RKab;BUC eTAtambeNþayrbs;va cMNat;fñak; 1 3 5 7

beNþay EvgxøaMg ¬EvgCag 7>5 mIløIEm:Rt¦ Evg ¬6>6 - 7>5 mIløIEm:Rt¦ mFüm ¬5>51 - 6>6 mIløIEm:Rt¦ xøI ¬esIµ b¤ xøICag 5>5 mIløIEm:Rt¦

taragTI 6>10 ³ cMNat;fñak;RKab;BUC eTAtamrUbrag nigpleFobbeNþay nigTTwg cMNat;fñak; rUbrag 1 esþIg 3 mFüm 5 Rkas; 9 mUl

pleFob FMCag 3>0 2>1 - 3>0 1>1 - 2>0 tUcCag 1>1

6>6>5 Tm¶n; 1000 RKab; viFImYyeTotedIm,Ivas;kMNt;PaBsuT§xagBUC KWkMNt;Tm¶n; 1000 RKab; . Tm¶n;enHeRcInRtUv)an eKe)aHBum eRCIsyksMNak 1 BIKMnr b¤ )avRKab;BUC tameKalkarN_écdnü . 2> rab;ykRsUv 1000 RKab; edayykRKab;min)ak;Ebk b¤ xUcxat BIsMNakxagelI . 3> føwgRsUvBUCTaMg 1000 RKab;enaH . 6>7 sMN YrGMBIK uN PaBRsUv Ggár sUmKUs  enAelIRbGb;cemøIysmRsb . sMNYrTI 1 ³ etIKuNPaBRsUvGgárCaGIV ?  lkçN³rUbsa®sþ niglkçN³KImI eTAtamcMNUlcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; .  lkçN³KuNPaBEdlkMNt;edayGñklk;dUrRsUvGgár .  rsCatiRsUvGgár .  kRmitcMNat;fñak; EdlmansresrelI)av b¤ kBa©b; . sMNYrTI 2 ³ etIKuNPaBRsUvGgárEtgRtUv)aneKkMNt;tamrebobNa ?  edayGñklk;dUrRsUvGgár nigm©as;m:asIunkinRsUv .  edaykareFIVetsþlkçN³KuNPaB ehIyeRbobeFobCamYysþg;dar b¤ RsUvGgárepSgeTot .  edayRbFanPUmi .  edayviTüasßanRsavRCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCati b¤ sßab½nCatinana . sMNYrTI 3 ³ etIRsUvGgármanKuNPaBx > > > > > > > > > enAlayLM .  kemÞccMebIg .  RkYs .  RKab;esµA .  FUlIdI .  sMram . sMNYrTI 8 ³ GRtasMeNImRsUvsmRsbsRmab;karkinKW 20 - 24° .  RtwmRtUv .  minRtwmRtUv . sMNYrTI 9 ³ viFILsm¶Ütpþll ; T§plGRtasMeNImEdlKYr[TukcitþCageK .  RtwmRtUv .  minRtwmRtUv . sMNYrTI 10 ³ karvas;kMNt;vimaRtRKab; edIm,IkMNt;PaBsuT§xagBUC KWCakarcaM)ac; BIeRBaHkarmanBUC eRcInkñúgRsUveFIV[ > > > > > > >  fycuHsmtßPaBkinrbs;m:asIunkinRsUv . 85

 Ggár)ak;exÞcRKab;eRcIn .

 fycuHGRtasMeNImrbs;RsUv .  fycuHGRtaGgárEdlkin)an .  fycuHGRtaGgáredIm .

sMNYrTI 11 ³ RbsinebITm¶n;RsUv 1000 RKab; RsalCagtYelxEdleK)an e)aHBum > > > > > > > > > > > > > > enAetagCab; bnÞab;BIkin . sMNYrTI 18 ³ etIBaküTaMgLayxageRkamNaxøH CalkçN³KImIrbs;Ggár ?  sItuNðPaB .  Gel consistency .  Gelatinization temperature .  Amylose content .  GRtasMeNIm . sMNYrTI 19 ³ etI Amylose content eFIV[b:HBal;dl;GIV ?  sPaBs¥it b¤ sVit .  ry³eBlcm¥in .  gaypuy b¤ sVit . sMNYrTI 20 ³ Gel consistency eFIV[b:HBal;dl;PaBpuy b¤ sVitén)ay .  RtwmRtUv .  minRtwmRtUv . sMNYrTI 21 ³ etIlkçN³KImIxageRkamNaxøH eFIV[b:HBal;dl;ry³eBlcm¥in ?  Gel consistency .  sItuNðPaB Gelatinization .  Amylose content . sMNYrTI 22 ³ kareRbIRKab;BUCmanKuNPaBl¥ GaceFIV[TinñplekIneLIg 5 - 20° . 87

 RtwmRtUv .  minRtwmRtUv .

sMNYrTI 23 ³ KuNPaBRKab;BUCGaRs½ynwgl½kçx½NÐrUbsaRsþ EdledImemrbs;vaRtUv)andak;[rg b¤ qøgkat; kñúgdMNak;kallUtlas; k¾dUcCakarRbmUlpl karRKb;RKgpl karTukdak; nigkardaMduH .  RtwmRtUv .  minRtwmRtUv . sMNYrTI 24 ³ RKab;BUCmanKuNPaBx2 sarsMxan;énkarRKb;RKg eRkayRbmUlpl bnÞab;BIRsUvdl;dMNak;kalTMueBjelj vaEtgcab;epþImTTYlrgkarxUcxat b¤ )at;bg; . el,Ón énkarxUcxat b¤ kar)at;bg; GaRs½ynwgviFI b¤ rebobRKb;RKgva . tamFmµta kar)at;bg;témøenAeRkay eBlRbmUlpl mankRmit 5 - 10° b:uEnþmaneBlxøH kar)at;bg;enHGacmanrhUtdl; 50° .

7>3 kareFIV[ kic©RbtibtþieRkayRbmUlpl manPaBRbesIr viFIedIm,IeFIV[kan;EtRbesIrnUvkarRKb;RKgRsUv eBalKWeFIV[fycuHnUvkar)at;bg; mandUcCa ³ - RbmUlpl enAeBlvamanGRtasMeNImsmRsb KW 20 - 25° . - e)akEbn nigsMGatRsUv[qab; bnÞab;BIRcUtkat;rYc .

89

rUbTI 7>1 ³ karRcUtkat; nige)akRsUv - halsm¶ÜtRsUv[)anqab; bnÞab;BIe)akEbn nigsMGatrYc edIm,ITb;sáat;karERbBN’ nigkareLIg kemþARCul . KYrecosvagkMuhalsm¶ÜtkNþab;enAkñúgERs b¤ KrkNþab;esIm . - RbsinebIGac cUrsm¶ÜtRsUvedaym:asIun . - RbsinebIhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ cUrhalesIþg² ¬2 - 4 sgÞIEm:Rt¦ ehIy]sSah_vIRtLb; ¬]> erogral; 30 naTI¦ . - minhalsm¶Üt[RsUvs¶ÜtelOnRCul . GRtasm¶ÜtKYrEtminelIs 1° GRtasMeNIm¼em:ag kalNaGRtasMeNImcuHdl; 18 ° ehIy .

rUbTI 7>2 ³ karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ - KYrTukdak;RsUvFmµta nigRsUvBUC; EdlmanGRtasMeNImsmRsb ¬14° sRmab;RsUvFmµta nig 12 ° sRmab;RsUvBUC¦ . - eFIV[)anR)akdfaRsUvFmµta b¤ RsUvBUC nwgminRsUbsMeNImcUlvij edayTukdak;vakñúgbrikçar biTCit . - karBarRsUvFmµta nigRsUvBUC BIkarbMpøajrbs;stVl¥it stVsøab kNþúr nigkarekItpSit . - Tukdak;RsUv ¬minEmnGgár¦ rhUtdl;eBlkin . 90

rUbTI 7>3 ³ KYrTukdak;kñúgbrikçarbiTCit nigsMGatkEnøgTukdak;

- kinRsUveRcInlMdab; b¤ dMNak; . - éllk b¤ erobcM[t,al;sMrUb enAdac;BIt,al;sRmit . - eRbIR)as;t,al;sMrUbmanrULÚBasedayekAs‘U .

rUbTI 7>4 ³ t,al;sMrUb manrULÚBasedayekAs‘U 7>4 sMN YrbBa©b; sUmKUs sRmab;cemøIyRtwmRtUYv . sMNYrTI 1 ³ etIKuNPaBRsUvGgárCaGIV ?  lkçN³rUbsa®sþ nigKImI eTAtamcMNUlcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; .  KuNPaBEdlkMNt;edayGñklk;dUrRsUvGgár .  rsCatiRsUvGgár .  kRmitcMNat;fñak; EdlmansresrelI)av b¤ kBa©b; . 91

sMNYrTI 2 ³ etIGñkNaCaGñkkMNt;KuNPaBRsUvGgár ?  Gñklk;dUrRsUvGgár nigm©as;m:asIunkinRsUv .  RbFanPUmi .  viTüasßanRsavRCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCati b¤ sßab½nCatinana .  GñkeRbIR)as; b¤ GñkhUbcuk . sMNYrTI 3 ³ etIRsUvGgármanKuNPaBx bnÞab;mk cUrEklMdab;rbs;kic©RbtibtþienaHeTAtamkRmiténkarcMNay ¬R)ak; nigeBlevla¦ . etIkic©RbtþibtþiNaEdlRtUvEklm¥ edaysarEtvaeFIV[cMNayGs;eRcInCageK ? 4> edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH[)anCak;Esþg . CakarsMxan;EdlRtUveFIV[mankarcUlrYmBIGñkBak;B½n§TaMgGs; dUcCaksikr GñkeFIVesckIþseRmc m®nþIrdæaPi)al kmµkr .l.¦ edIm,IBinitü nigedaHRsaybBaða eTAtamlMdab;xagelI . 97

9 - Gñk rYmcMENkplit ÉksarenH Cakarsik SaEbbeGLik RtUn ik GñkrYmcMENk cgRkgGtßbT

eQµaH Joseph F. Rickman

GñkviTüasaRsþCan;x