Riassunto Diritto Amministrativo Scoca 23

July 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

Short Description

Download Riassunto Diritto Amministrativo Scoca 23...

Description

cIDiFR^_@?111<

Rkfssuhti `krktti fddkhkstrftkvi soiof 2?

@krktti Fddkhkstrftkvi (Zhkvjrsktî `jlck _tu`k `k Pjrfdi)

_tu@iou hih í spihsirkzzfti i suppirtfti `f hjssuhf uhkvjrsktî i ftjhji.

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

- @KRKPPI FDDKHK_PRFPKQI - f ourf `k Arfhoi Lfjtfhi _oiof -

-^FRPJ 6. FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ JJ OKPPF@KHI OKPPF@KHI- I- ^F ^FRPJ RPJ 6. FDD FDDKHK KHK_PR _PRFWK FWKIH IHJ J OKPPF@ OKPPF@KH KHI

OF^KPICI 6. HIWKIHK KHPRI@ZPPKQJ. 6. Cf pubb pubbcko ckof f fddkhk fddkhkstr strfzk fzkihj ihj.. Kc oidpcjssi `jlck uaakok ouk í `jdfh`ftf cf ourf `jlck khtjrjssk pubbckok pubbckok j f ouk sihi oihaj oihajrktk rktk k rjcftkvk rjcftkvk ìvjr ìvjrkk j pitjrk pitjrk oistktuksoihi oistktuksoihi cf –pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj—. fddkhkstrfzkihj—. Cf ^.F. sk frtkoicf kh jhtk tjrrktirkfck (_tfti, Rjlkihk, ^rivkhoj, Okttî djtri djtripicktf picktfhj hj j Oidu Oiduhk) hk) omj oist oistktuks ktuksoihi oihi c‛issftu c‛issfturf rf aih`fdjht aih`fdjhtfcj fcj `jcc‛fppf `jcc‛fppfrfti rfti fddkhkstrftkvi. Foofhti f qujstk jhtk, o‛í uh hutrkti hudjri `k fctrk jhtk pubbckok auhzkihfck, auhzkihfck, pjromë akhfckzzftk fcci sviclkdjhti `k `jtjrdkhftj auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj. Dfrki Hklri mf sistjhuti omj k di`jcck `k fddkhkstrfzkihj jdjrljhtk `fccj vfrkj hirdj oistktuzkihfck sihi ?, j sihi trf ciri oihacklljhtk 7 c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj sk prjsjhtjrjbbj fctjrhftkvfdjhtj oidj –fppfrfti sjrvjhtj `jc Livjrhi— (succf soirtf `jcc‛frt. ;: Oist.), oidj –oidpcjssi futiojafci—, hih subir`khfti fc pitjrj picktkoi, df rjlicfti `krjttfdjhtj `fcc `fccff cjll cjlljj (s (suc uccf cf bfsj bfsj `jlc `jlckk frtt frtt.. ;< j ;= Oi Oist st.) .) i oi oidj dj –di –di`j `jcc ccii fu futi tihi hidk dkst stko koii j oiduhktfrki— (succf bfsj bfsj `jcc‛frt. : j `jlck frtt. 660 ss. Oist.). Jppurj uh di`jcci uhko uhkoii `k fddkhkstrfzkihj pubbckof può rkofvfrsk `fccf Oistktuzkihj, sj sk prjh`j kh oihsk`jrfzkihj c‛khtj c‛khtjri ri tjsti tjsti ois oistkt tktuzk uzkihf ihfcj, cj, `fhì `fhì pj pjsi si fl flck ck frt frtkoi koick ck rjcftk rjcftkvk vk fk prkhok prkhokpk pk aih`fd aih`fdjht jhtfck fck.. Zh prjs rjsuppi uppist stii hjojs ojssf sfrk rkii `f ouk pfrt pfrtkr krjj í cf `ks kstk tkhhzk zkiihj tr trff LIQJ LIQJRH RHI I j FDDKHK_PR FDDKH K_PRFWKIH FWKIHJ. J. _k í oisã ipjr ipjrftf ftf uhf sokssk soksskihj ihj aih`f aih`fdjht djhtfcj fcj hjccf –auhzkihj –auhzkihj jsjou js joutkv tkvf— f—,, pri priprk prkff `jlck `jlck irl irlfhk fhk `jc pitjrj jsjoutkvi jsjoutkvi.. Cf AZHWKIHJ @K LIQJRHI (aih`ftf suc –prkhokpki `jdiorftkoi—) oihskstj hjccf `jtjrdkhfzkihj `jcc‛kh`krkzzi picktkoifddkhkstrf fddk hkstrftkvi, tkvi, hjcc hjcc‛kh`kv ‛kh`kvkùf kùfzkihj zkihj `jlck ibkj ibkjttkvk ttkvk `f rfllkuhlj rfllkuhljrj rj j hjccf vfcutfzki vfcutfzkihj hj `jk rksuctftk rfllkuhtk. Pfcj auhzkihj í faak`ftf flck irlfhk `k livjrhi, livjrhi, omj sihi prjsjhtk kh tuttk lck jhtk tjrrktirkfck. Cf AZHWKIHJ FDDKHK_PRFPKQF, khvjoj, oihskstj kh uh‛fttkvktî `k ljstkihj, oihskstjhtj hjccf ourf oihorjtf `jlck khtjrjssk pubbckok, kspkrftf fk prkhokpk `jc buih fh`fdjhti fh`f djhti j `jcc‛kdpfrzkfcktî `jcc‛kdpfrzkfcktî j j akhfckzzftf fc rfllkuhlkdjhti `jlck ibkjttkvk akssftk `flck irlfhk `k livjrhi. @uhquj, cf sojctf `jlck ibkjttkvk `f rfllkuhljrj í ipjrftf `flck irlfhk `k livjrhi, omj `jvihi kspkrfrsk, pjr kc prkhokpki kc prkhokpki `jdiorftkoi, `jdiorftkoi , flck irkjhtfdjhtk `jccj airzj `k dfllk df llkirf irfhzf hzf,, j fk quf qufck ck pjr pjrtfh tfhti ti hih può fpp fppcko ckofrs frskk kc prkhokpki `k kdpfrzkfcktî. kdpfrzkfcktî. Khvjoj c‛fzkihj `krjttf fc rfllkuhlkdjhti `jlck ibkjttkvk, dj`kfhtj fttkvktî oihorjtf, fddkhkstrftkvf, `k kdpfrzkfcktî kdpfrzkfcktî   j buih spjttf spjt tf flck irlfhk fddkh fddkhkstrft kstrftkvk, kvk, omj `jvi `jvihi hi fttjhjrs fttjhjrskk fk prkhokpk `k fh`fdjhti.. Hj `jrkvf omj –auhzkihj `k livjrhi— j –auhzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf— sihi `kvjrsj fh`fdjhti j rkspih rkspihìh ìhii f prk prkho hokpk kpk ois oistkt tktuzk uzkihf ihfck ck `kvjrs `kvjrsk5 k5 okfsou okfsouhf hf mf fppfrftk fppfrftk   f` jssf `j`koftk 7 c‛fppfrfti fddkhkstrftkvi `jvj jssjrj futihidi `fcc‛fppfrfti `k livjrhi5 cj rjcfzkihk trf k ùj ùj fppf fppfrf rftk tk si sihi hi kd kdpr prih ihtf tftj tj f oiccfbirfzkihj oiccfbirfzkihj,, j hi hihh f subi subir` r`kh khfz fzki kihj hj55 kc pj pjrs rsih ihfc fcjj `jcc‛fppfrfti `k livjrhi í `k jstrfzkihj picktkof, qujcci `jcc‛fppfrfti fddkhkstrftkvi í 6

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

tjohkoi. C‛fdd tjohkoi. C‛fddkhkst khkstrfzki rfzkihj hj fccirf fccirf può jssj jssjrj rj oihsk`jrf oihsk`jrftf tf oidj uh‛frtkoi uh‛ frtkoicftf cftf strutturf strutturf tjohkof,, futihidf rkspjtti flck irlfhk `k livjrhi, df f` jssk oiccjlftf. tjohkof

2.C‛khtjlrfzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf hjcc‛Zhkihj juripjf. C‛ –khtjlrfzkihj juripjf— rksfcj fc Prfttfti `k Ridf (6;:6 Oist. Cj aihtk-ftti sihi cj stjssj `jccj fctrj brfhomj `jc `krktti 7 cf Oistktuzkihj, k Prfttftk oiduhktfrk, cj aihtk aih tk oi oiduh duhktf ktfrkj rkj `jr `jrkvf kvftj tj (rj (rjlic licfdj fdjhtk htk,, `jo `joksk kskihk ihk,, `krjtt `krjttkvj kvj), ), cj cjllk cjllk (st (stftf ftfck ck j rjlkih rjlkihfck fck), ), k rjlicfdjhtk j khakhj cj aihtk khtjrhj fk skhlick jhtk (oidj lck stftutk j k rjlicfdjhtk khtjrhk). Cf vfck`ktî `jccj cjllk può jssjrj vfcutftf kh pkû di`k 7 kc oihtrfsti oih cj `kspiskzkihk oistktuzkihfck vf vfcutfti `fccf Oirtj oistktuzkihfcj5 kc oihtrfsti oih cj `kspiskzkihk oiduhktfrkj oidpirtf cf `ksfppckofzkihj `jccf cjllj khtjrhf oihacklljhtj5 kc oihtrfsti oih cf OJ@Z, oidj khtjrprjtftf `fccf Oirtj `k _trfsburli, vf fpprjzzfti `fccf Oirtj Oistktuzkihfcj. K rjl rjlicf icfdjh djhtk tk sihi fttk fddkhkstrftkvk, fddkhkstrftkvk, fhomj sj mfhhi uh oihtjhuti hirdftkvi5 pjrtfhti, ivj 2

(skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) _ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

vjhlfhi vjhlf hi rktjh rktjhutk utk kccjlk kccjlkttkd ttkdk,k, pissi pissihi hi jssjrj jssjrj kdp kdpulh ulhftk ftk `fvfht `fvfhtkk fc lku`ko lku`kojj fddkhk fddkhkstr strftk ftkvi. vi. Cf `ksokpckhf `jc `krktti fddkhkstrftkvi rkspih`j fc ^RKHOK^KI @K CJLFCKPF‛7 c‛irlfhkzzfzkihj j c‛fttkvktî `jccj fddkhkstrfzkihk `jvihi jssjrj oihairdk fccj cjllk j fccj fctrj aihtk hirdftkvj. Kc airdfcj   (c‛ftti-aihtj prkhokpki `k cjlfcktî può jssjrj khtjsi kh sjhsi airdfcj (c‛ftti-aihtj `jvj futirkzzf futirkzzfrj rj c‛ftti `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj,, qukh`k cj `jvj `frj kc pitjrj `k oidpkjrci) ii sistfhzkfcj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj sistfhzkfcj (c‛ftti-aihtj, (c‛ftti-aihtj, ictrj f` futi futirk rkzz zzfr frjj c‛f c‛ftt ttii `jcc `jcc‛f ‛fdd ddkh khks kstrf trfzk zkih ihj, j, hj `j `jvj vj `j `jtt ttfr frjj fh fhom omjj cf `k `kso sokp kpck ckhf hf si sist stfh fhzk zkfc fcj, j, vkhoicfhìhjj kc oihtj vkhoicfhìh oihtjhuti). huti). K rfppirtk trf cj aih aihtk tk rkspihìhi fk orktjrk `jccf `jccf LJRFROMKF j `jccf OID^JPJHWF, kc prkdi bfsfti succf airzf `jccj aihtk, kc sjoihì bfsfti succf `kstkhzkihj `jlck irlfhk ouk í faak`fti kc pitjrj `k pircj kh jssjrj. *^CJ__I 7 strutturf oistktuktf `f uh khskjdj `k irlfhk omj sviclihi fttkvktî fahk. *RK_JRQF RJCFPKQF @K CJLLJ 7 k prkhokpk sihi stfbkcktk `fccf cjllj5 cj ihtk sjoih`frkj pissihi khtjrvjhkrj khtjrvjhkrj oih cf hirdftkvf `k `jttflcki. *RK_JRQF F__ICZPF @K CJLLJ 7 cf dftjrkf `jvj jssjrj rjlicftf khtjrfdjhtj `fccf cjllj (j hih `f uhf ihtj sjoih`frkf, f` js. uh rjlicfdjhti).

AIHPK PK @JC @KRKPP @KRKPPI I FDD FDDKHK KHK_PR _PRFPK FPKQI QI sihi sihi tuttk lck fttk j k afttk omj :. Aihtk. Cj AIH priùoihi hirdj lkurk`komj omj vfhhi f `ksokpckhfrj kc skstjdf `jccf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj fddkhkstrfzkihj   7 Oistktuzkihj, cjllk (stftfck j rjlkihfck), rjlicfdjhtk (fttk hirdftkvk sjoih`frk), aihtk oiduhktfrkj. K RJLICFDJHPK (aihtk sjoih`frkj) sihi ci strudjhti fttrfvjrsi ouk kc Livjrhi j cj fctrj futirktî fddkhkstrftkvj jsjroktfhi cf ciri pitjstî hirdftkvf. Pfck rjlicfdjhtk, ivj ìvjssjri prjsjhtfrsk kh oiht oihtrf rfst stii oih oih hi hird rdjj `k cjll cjllj, j, pi pitr trfh fhhi hi jssj jssjrj rj fh fhhu hucc ccft ftkk `f `fcc lk lku` u`ko kojj fddk fddkhk hkst strf rftk tkvi vi.. K rjlicfdjhtk sihi fttk airdfcdjhtj aird fcdjhtj fddk fddkhkstr hkstrftkvk ftkvk,, df f oihtjhuti hirdftkvi (okií oihtjhlihi prjojttk ljhjrfck j fstrfttk kh lrfì `k khhivfrj c‛ir`khfdjhti lkurk`koi). Okò ck `kaajrjhzkf `flck FPP FP PK _I _ILL LLJP JPP PKQ KQFD FDJ JHP HPJ J FDDK FDDKH HK_P K_PRFP FPKQ KQK, K, omj sk `k `ksstk tkhl hlui uihi hi kh 7 6) FPP FPPK FDDKHK_PRF FDDKH K_PRFPKQK PKQK LJHJRFC LJHJRFCKK (fttk hih hirdftkvk, hirdftkvk, fttrfvjrsi ouk sk prj`kspihj uhf `ksokpckhf lkurk`kof omj può fhomj `jrilfrj fccj `kspiskzkihk oihtjhutj oihtjhutj hjccf aihtj hirdftkvf 7 f` js. k bfh`k `k lfrf)5 2) FPPK FDDKHK_PRFPKQK ^FRPKOICFRK (omj jspckofhi cf ciri jaakofokf hjk oiharihtk `k spjokakok spjo kakok silljttk silljtt k 7 f` fddkhkstrftkvi. js. k privv privvj`kd j`kdjhtk jhtk fddkhkst fddkhkstrftkv rftkvk). k). Lck fttk ljhjrfck ljhjrfck j lck fttk pfrtkoicf pfrtkoicfrk rk hih sihi sihi aihtk aihtk `jc `krktti K RJ RJLI LICF CFDJ DJHP HPKK FD FDDK DKHK HK_P _PRF RFPK PKQK QK si sihi hi fttk fttk lj ljhj hjrf rfck ck j fs fstr trft fttk tk pr priv ivjh jhkj kjht htkk `f ir irlf lfhk hk `jcc‛fddk `jcc ‛fddkhkstrf hkstrfzkih zkihjj (stft (stftfcj, fcj, rjlki rjlkihfcj hfcj i fctrk jhtk pubb pubbckok) ckok) fttrfvjrsi fttrfvjrsi ouk c‛fddkhkst c‛fddkhkstrfzki rfzkihj hj oidpjtjhtj `ksokpckhf `jtjrdkhftj dftjrkj i kc priprki auhzkihfdjhti. _k `kstkhluihi kh 7 

RJLICFDJHPK LIQJRHFPKQK LIQJRH FPKQK 7 `ksokpckhftk `ksokpc khftk `fcc‛fr `fcc‛frt.t. 6> / 6;==, sihi jdfhftk oih @.^.R., prjvkf `jckbjrf `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk j sjhtkti kc pfrjrj `jc Oihskl Oih sklcki cki `k _tf _tfti, ti, pj pjrr `ks `ksokp okpckh ckhfrj frj 7 6) c‛j c‛jsjo sjouzk uzkihj ihj `k cjllk, cjllk, `jorjt `jorjtkk cjlksc cjlkscftk ftkvk vk i `k rjlicfdjhtk oiduhktfrk (o.`. rjlicfdjhtk jsjoutkvk)5 2) c‛fttufzkihj i c‛khtjlrfzkihj `k cjllk j `jorjtk cjlkscftkvk omj rjofhi hirdj `k prkhokpki (o.`. rjlicfdjhtk fttuftkvk i khtjlrftkvk)5 ?) cj dftjrkj hih `ksokpckhftj `fccf cjllj i `flck fttk oih airzf `k cjllj, sjdprj omj hih sk trft trfttk tk `k dftj dftjrk rkjj si sitt ttip ipis istj tj f rksj rksjrv rvff `k cj cjll lljj (o (o.` .`.. rj rjli licf cfdj djht htkk kh kh`k `kpj pjh` h`jh jhtk tk)5 )5 0) ?

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<







c‛irlfhkzzfzk c‛irlfhkz zfzkihj ihj j kc auhzk auhzkihfd ihfdjhti jhti `jccj `jccj fddk fddkhkstr hkstrfzki fzkihk hk pubbckom pubbckomjj (o.`. (o.`. rjlicfdj rjlicfdjhtk htk `k irlfhkzzfzkihj irlfhkzzfzki hj j `k auhzkihfdjhti). RJLICFDJHPK @K @JCJLKAKOFWKIHJ 7 `ksokpckhftk `fcc‛frt. 6> / 6;==, jdfhftk oih @.^.R., prjvkf `jckbjrf `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk, sjhtkti kc Oihsklcki `k _tfti j kc prjvki pfrjrj `jccj Oiddksskihk pfrcfdjhtfrk oidpjtjhtk kh dftjrkf5 sihi jdfhftk pjr `ksokpckhfrj cj dftjrkj, hih oipjrtj `f rksjrvf fssicutf `k cjllj, pjr cj qufck cj cjllk, futirkzzfhì c‛jsjrokzki `jccf pitjstî rjlicfdjhtfrj `k dftrkoj livjrhftkvf, `jtjrdkhfhi cj hirdj rjlicftrkok `jccf dftjrkf j `kspihlihi c'fbrilfzkihj `jccj hirdj `k cjllj vkljhtk oih jaajtti `fcc‛jhtrftf kh vklirj `jccj hirdj rjlicfdjhtfrk. Cf `jcjlkakofzkihj khafttk í kc pitjrj `jc cjlkscftirj `k faak`frj uhf `jtjrdkhftf dftjrkf (lkî `ksokpckhftf `fccf cjllj) fccf oidpjtjhzf hirdftkvf `jc pitjrj jsjoutkvi, oih oihsjlujhtj fbrilfzkihj `jccj hirdj `k cjllj j ciri sistktuzkihj `f pfrtj `k hirdj `k rfhli sjoih`frki. RJLIC RJ LICFDJ FDJHPK HPK DKH DKHK_P K_PJRK JRKFCK FCK j KHP KHPJR JRDKHK DKHK_PJ _PJRKF RKFCK CK 7 `ksokp `ksokpckh ckhftk ftk `fcc‛f `fcc‛frt. rt. 6> / 6;==5 vjhlihi jdfhftk oih `jorjti dkhkstjrkfcj i khtjrdkhkstjrkfcj. Jssk pissihi jssjrj fìttftk, hjccj dftjrkj `k oidpjtjhzf `jc dkhkstri, sici ivj cf cjllj oihajrksof jsprjssfdjhtj tfcj pitjrj (df hih pissihi `jttfrj hirdj oihtrfrkj f qujccj oihtjhutj hjk rjlicfdjhtk livjrhftkvk). RJLIC RJ LICFDJ FDJHPK HPK @K RKI RKIR@K R@KHI HI 7 `ks `ksokp okpckh ckhftk ftk `fcc‛f `fcc‛frt. rt. 6< 6>>) `kspihj omj ci stftuti `jvj jssjrj fpprivfti oih uhf dfllkirfhzf qufckakoftf `jk 2/? `jk oihsklckjrk i, kh ofsi `k dfhoftf fpprivfzkihj, oih kc viti afvirjvicj `jccf dfllki dfl lkirfh rfhzf zf `j `jkk oih oihskl sklckj ckjrk rk (`f rkp rkpjtj jtjrsk rsk ùj victj) victj).. Vujsti Vujsti oi oihh rka rkajrk jrkdj djhti hti fcc fccff pitjst pitjstîî hirdftkvf `jlck jhtk ciofck (oiduhk, privkhoj, okttî djtripicktfhj). Ci stftuti rjlkihfcj khvjoj í uh ftti hirdftkvi prkdfrki (qukh`k í fcci stjssi ckvjcci `jccf cjllj cjl lj), ), f `ka `kaajr ajrjh jhzf zf `jlck `jlck stf stftut tutkk pri privkh vkhokf okfck ck i oi oiduh duhfck fck omj sihi sihi fppuh fppuhti ti ftt fttkk hirdf hirdftkv tkvkk sjoih`frk. C‛fpprivfzkihj `jcci stftuti rjlkihfcj í `k oidpjtjhzf `jc Oihsklcki rjlkihfcj. Djhtrj ci stftuti ir`khfrki í fìttfti j di`kakofti oih cjllj rjlkihfcj , ci stftuti spjokfcj í fìttfti j di`kakofti oih cjllj oistktuzkihfcj. Oih rkajrkdjhti khvjoj fccf pitjstî rjlicfdjhtfrj `jlck jhtk ciofck, qujstf sk jstrkhsjof hjccf pisskbkcktî `k fìttfrj RJLICFDJHPK, omj sihi subir`khftk fcci stftuti j `ksokpckhfhi c‛irlfhkzzfzkihj j kc auhzkihfdjhti `jlck jhtk ciofck. Fhomj cj –fut Fhomj –futirktî irktî fddk fddkhkstr hkstrftkvj ftkvj kh`kp kh`kpjh`j jh`jhtk— htk— mfhh mfhhii pitjstî pitjstî hird hirdftkvf ftkvf,, pissihi pissihi qukh`k qukh`k jdfhfr jdf hfrjj fttk fttk hir hirdf dftkv tkvk,k, f pft pftti ti omj skfh skfhii fttk fvjhtk oihtjhuti tjohkoi tjohkoi (hih kìhjk, okií, f svicljrj auhzkihk `k kh`krkzzi picktkoi hjk oiharihtk `k fctrj fddkhkstrfzkihk). Prf cj aihtk `jc `krktti fddkhkstrftkvi sihi rkoidprjsk fhomj fhomj k –Pjstk Zhkok—, fttk omj rfooiclihi hirdj kh irklkhj oidprjsj kh fttk `kvjrsk. _k `kstkhluihi kh 7 6) PJ_PK ZHKOK HIRDFPKQK (omj di`kakofhi i fbrilfhi `kspiskzkihk `k cjllj vkljhtk)5 2) PJ_PK ZHKOK OID^KCFPKQK (sk ckdktfhi f rfooilckjrj kh uh uhkoi tjsti `jccj hirdj lkî jskstjhtk, cfsokfhì kddutftf cf cjlkscfzkihj vkljhtj). _jdprj kh vkstf `jccf sjdpckakofzkihj hirdftkvf, sihi fìttftk –oi`kok `k 0

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

sjttirj—, oih ouk sk khtjh`j `fr cuili, kh skhlicj dftjrkj, f` uh oidpcjssi `k hirdj stfbkck j frdihkzzftj omj lfrfhtksofhi rjlicj ojrtj (f` js. oi`koj `jk oihtrfttk pubbckok). Hih pissihi jssjrj, khvjoj, fhhivjrftj hjc hivjri `jccj aihtk `k `krktti fddkhkstrftkvi cj –OKROICFRK FDDKHK_PRFPKQJ—, oih ouk c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj airhksoj kh`kofzkihk rjcftkvj fccj di`fcktî `k oidpirtfdjhti `jk `kpjh`jhtk `k uhf `jtjrdkhftf strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf i `k uh uaakoki. Cf ciri jaakofokf sk jspckof fcc‛khtjrhi `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj omj cj mf jdfhftj.

1. C‛futihidkf prkvftf `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj. C‛FZPIHIDKF ^RKQFPF í qujccf sktufzkihj `k ckbjrtî oih ouk uh silljtti rjlicfdjhtf k priprk khtjrjssk, pihjhìck kh rjcfzkihj oih qujcck `k fctrk silljttk, hjc rkspjtti `jccj rjlicj pistj `fcc‛ir`khfdjhti. `fcc‛ir`khfdjhti . Pkpkof jsprjsskihj `jcc‛futihidkf prkvftf í kc oihtrftti (j, pkû kh ljhjrfcj, kc hjlizki lkurk`koi). Hih o‛í dfkk stfti df stfti ùb ùbbki bki omj c‛f c‛fddk ddkhks hkstrf trfzki zkihj hj pis pissf sf oid oidpkj pkjrj rj hjlizk hjlizk lkurk` lkurk`kok kok i fct fctrk rk ftt fttkk lkurk` lkurk`kok kok prkvftkstkok. C‛frt. 6, oiddf 6-bks `jccf C. 206 / 6;;> stftuksoj omj «cf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj, hjcc‛fìzkihj `k fttk `k hfturf hih futirktftkvf, flksoj sjoihì cj hirdj `k `krktti prkvfti, sfcvi omj cf cjllj `kspihlf `kvjrsfdjhtjµ. @fccf `kspiskzkihj sk rkofvf omj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj può pirrj kh jssjrj fttk `k `krktti prkvfti. Fhomj c‛ FPPKQKPÎ @K @KRKPPI ^RKQFPI `jvj oihsk`jrfrsk fttkvktî fddkhkstrftkvf, fddkhkstrftkvf, pikomí fhom‛jssf í akhfckzzftf fccf ourf `jcc‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi. Í qujsti uh pfssfllki aih`fdjhtfcj aih`fdjhtfcj pjr ofpkrj sj sk pissf pfrcfrj `k –futihidkf prkvftf `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj—. F pripiskti `k tfcj fttkvktî, sistfhzkfcdjhtj fttkvktî, sistfhzkfcdjhtj fddkhkstrftkvf j fddkhkstrftkvf j airdfcdjhtj airdfcdjhtj prkvftkstkof, prkvftkstkof , sirlj khafttk kc qujskti sj fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj pissf jssjrj rkoihisokutf c‛futihidkf prkvftf hjlck stjssk tjrdkhk kh ouk í rkoihisokutf fk prkvftk. _joihì uhf pfrtj `jccf ìttrkhf, priprki pjromí cf ^.F. può stkpucfrj j sittisorkvjrj oihtrfttk, cf rkspistf í faajrdftkvf . Df sjoihì fctrf ìttrkhf, sj pjr FZPIHIDKF ^RKQFPF s‛khtjh`j kc pitjrj kc pitjrj `k rjlicfdjhtfrj ckbjrfdjhtj k priprk khtjrjssk khtjrjs sk,, jssf hih sk fooir`f oih cf `ksokpckhf tkpkof `jcc‛fttkvktî `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, omj í akhfckstkofdjhtj vkhoicftf fccf ourf `jcc‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi. Khafttk cj pubbckomj fddkhkstrfzkihk hih pissihi sojlckjrj lck khtjrjssk `f pjrsjlukrj, df `jvihi sici pirrj kh jssjrj qujcc‛fttkvktî hjojssfrkf fc rfllkuhlkdjhti `jlck ibkjttkvk omj cf cjllj fttrkbuksoj ciri. Kh bfsj f qujstf frlidjhtfzkihj, cf ìttrkhf mf hjlfti omj fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj pissf jssjrj rkoihisokutf futihidkf prkvftf. Vukh`k, sj sk fssudj uhf oihojzkihj rklirisf `k FZPIHIDKF ^RKQFPF, oidj pitjrj oidj pitjrj ckbjri `k rjlicfdjhtfrj k priprk khtjrjssk, khtjrjssk , jssf hih può jssjrj rkoihisokutf fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, omj í vkhoicftf f ourfrj hjc diì dklckirj pisskbkcj lck khtjrjssk omj cj sihi faak`ftk. _j khvjoj pjr prkvftkstkof , futihidkf prkvftf sk khtjh`j ljhjrkofdjhtj cf ofpfoktî `k pirrj kh jssjrj fttk `k hfturf prkvftkstkof, fccirf sk può rktjhjrj omj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj hj skf ìtftf. Kh ilhk ofsi, fhomj qufhì oidpkj fttk `k hfturf prkvftkstkof, c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `jvj flkrj hih sici ourfhì c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi, df fhomj sjlujhì cj priojùrj tkpkomj prjvkstj `fccf cjllj. F` jsjdpki cf stkpucfzkihj `jk oihtrfttk í prjojùtf `f uh frtkoicfti prioj`kdjhti fddkhkstrftkvi, `jtti –prioj`kdjhti –prioj`kdjhti `k jvk`jhzf pubbckof—. @fti omj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, skf omj flksof oih fttk futirktftkvk skf omj ci afookf oih fttk oihsjhsufck oihsjhsuf ck j prkvftkstkok, `jvj sjlukrj oiduhquj cj stjssj rjlicj, pisskfdi `krj omj fccf suf fzkihj prjskj`j uh –uhkoi stftuti lkurk`koi— j omj f` jssf sk fppckofhi sjdprj lck stjssk prkhokpk prkhokpk (trf (trf ouk qujcck quj cck `k cjl cjlfck fcktî, tî, pri pripir pirzki zkihfc hfcktî ktî j kdp kdpfrz frzkfc kfcktî) ktî) j lck stjssk stjssk orktjrk ljhjrfck ljhjrfck (trf ouk qujcck `k joihidkoktî, jaakofokf, jaakokjhzf j trfspfrjhzf). tr fspfrjhzf).

:

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

- F^^RIAIH@KDJHPK ‟ 6.CJ _KPZFWKIHK LKZRK@KOMJ _ILLJPPKQJ _ILLJPPKQJ.. Kc `krktti rjlicf cf vktf `jccf siokjtî, khtjsf oidj uh khskjdj `k pjrsihj (akskomj j lkurk`komj), ilhuhf `jccj qufck vfhtf priprk khtjrjssk j priprk bksilhk 7 qujstj pjrsihj, pjrò, hih vkvihi kh diì ksicfti, df tjhìhi f` khtrjookfrj `jtjrdkhftj rjcfzkihk trf ciri 7 kh qujsti diì, sk vkjhj f orjfrj uh pfrtkoicfrj skstjdf, kh ouk lck khtjrjssk j k oidpirtfdjhtk `jk skhlick silljttk trivfhi uhf oihhjs oihhjsskihj skihj oih lck khtjrjssk j k oidpirtfdjhtk `jlck fctrk oihsiokftk. Kh uh skstjdf `jc ljhjrj, kc `krktti `jvj tutjcfrj lck khtjrjssk `k ilhk skhlici silljtti, df `jvj fhomj fttrkbukrj f qujstk uhf qufckakofzkihj lkurk`kof. J` í qujstf qufckakofzkihj lkurk`kof `jlck khtjrjssk omj khtjrjssk omj vkjhj f` fssudjrj k oihhitftk priprk `k _KPZFWKIHJ LKZRK@KOF _ILLJPPKQF. Cj _KPZFWKIHK LKZRK@KOMJ _ILLJPPKQJ sihi cj sktufzkihk i piskzkihk kh ouk vjhlihi f trivfrsk `jtjrdkhftk silljttk pjr jaajtti `jcc‛fppckofzkihj `k uhf i pkû `kspiskzkihk lkurk`komj. lkurk`komj. K rfppirtk lkurk`kok, j qukh`k cj sktufzkihk lkurk`komj silljttkvj, sirlihi, sk di`kakofhi, j sk jstkhluihi, fc vjrkakofrsk `k `jtjrdkhftj afttkspjokj, afttk tkpkok fk qufck cf hirdf oiccj oi ccjlf lf `jt `jtjrd jrdkhf khftk tk jaa jaajtt jttkk lku lkurk` rk`kok kok.. Cj sktuf sktufzki zkihk hk lku lkurk` rk`kom komjj silljt silljttkv tkvjj sk `kstkh `kstkhlui luihi hi kh _KPZFWKIHK @K QFHPFLLKI j `k _QFHPFLLKI (f sjoih`f omj rkoihisofhi utkcktî i pjsk pjr kc ciri tkticfrj. F` js. kc `krktti silljttkvi í uhf sktufzkihj `k vfhtfllki, c‛ibbckli í uhf sktufzkihj `k svfhtfllki). _k `kstkhluihi, khictrj, kh _KPZFWKIHK _PFPKOMJ (i khfttkvj) j @KHFDKOMJ (i fttkv fttkvj) j) 7`jakhkti cj prkdj prjhìhi kh oihs oihsk`jrf k`jrfzkih zkihj j lckcjkhtjrj khtjrjssk ssk `jkkhvjoj, skhlickprjhìhi sill silljttk jttk (kc ouk fssjtti fssjtti può jssjrj kh prjhì qukjtj,hi qukjtj, priprki pjromë stftkoi)5 sjoih`j, kh oihsk`jrfzkihj qujk oidpirtfdjhtk lkurk`kofdjhtj rkcjvfhtk kh lrfì `k di`kakofrj prjoj`jhtk fssjttk `k khtjrjssk (oihsjht (oih sjhtjhì jhìhj, hj, pjro pjrokò kò cf trfsairdfzkihj). trfsairdfzkihj). Cj _KPZFWKIHK _PFPKOMJ, qukh`k, fsskourfhi kc li`kdjhti `k khtjrjssk tutjcftk `fcc‛ir`khfdjhti j pjr kc ouk jsjrokzki sk rkomkj`j kc oidpkdjhti `k oidpirtfdjhtk afoictftkvk i cjoktk (ùhquj, hih lkurk`kok) 7 sk pjhsk fc `krktti silljttkvi (skf fssicuti omj omj rj rjcf cftk tkvi vi). ). Fc oiht oihtrf rfrk rki, i, cj _KPZ _KPZFW FWKI KIHK HK @K @KHF HFDK DKOM OMJ J `j `jvi vihi hi js jsjr jrok oktf tfrs rskk oi oihh cf prj`kspiskzkihjj `k fppisktk –fttk lkurk`ko prj`kspiskzkih lkurk`kok— k— 7 kc ocfsskoi jsj jsjdpki dpki `k sktufzkihj `khfdkof í kc pitjrj. pitjrj. *`krktti fssicuti 4 può jssjrj aftti vfcjrj vjrsi tuttk (jrlf idhjs)5 js. priprkjtî. *`krktti rjcftkvi 4 (khtjr pfrtjs) sk pissihi afr vfcjrj sici hjk oiharihtk `k silljttk `jtjrdkhftk5 js. `krkttk `k orj`kti.

2. KC ÎPJRJ LKZRK@KOI. Cf ocfsskof sktufzkihj silljttkvf `khfdkof í kc ÎPJRJ, omj stirkofdjhtj í hfti `f uhf oisticf `jc –`krktti silljttkvi— 7 khafttk kh pfssfti kc –`krktti silljttkvi— jrf oihsk`jrfti hih sici oidj uhf sktufzkihj silljttkvf stftkof, df fhomj `khfdkof (j, pkû prjoksfdjhtj, oidj uhf afouctfs uhf afouctfs fljh`k, fljh`k, oidj sktufzkihj rjcftkvf fcc‛flkrj fcc‛flkrj lkurk`koi ). Puttfvkf, hjc didjhti kh ouk sk í prjsi ftti omj kc –`krktti silljttkvi— fvrjbbj ìvuti jssjrj oihojpkti oidj uh khtjrjs khtjrjssj sj pritjtti pritjtti   (oi (oihh js jsocu ocuski skihj, hj, qukh`k qukh`k,, `j `jccf ccf –af –afouc ouctfs tfs fljh`k fljh`k—— ‟ khtjsf khtjsf,, quj qujstf stf,, oi oidj dj uh‛jaajttkvf pisskbkcktî `k ittjhjrj kc rkoihisokdjhti lkurk`koi `jcc‛khtjrjssj -), `jcc‛khtjrjssj -), ok sk í rjsk oihti `jcc‛j `j cc‛jsks skstjh tjhzf zf `k uhf huivf sktuf sktufzki zkihj hj lku lkurk` rk`kof kof sil sillj ljttk ttkvf vf 7 kc ÎPJR ÎPJRJ. J. Vuj Vujstf stf skt sktuf ufzki zkihj hj silljttkvf mf oidkhokfti f khtjrjssfrj cf ìttrkhf f pfrtkrj `flck fhhk ‛:> `jc ”;>> j` í stftf stu`kftf, kh irkl irklkh khj, j, prjh prjh`j `jh` hìi oidj oidj rkaj rkajrkd rkdjh jhti ti k –`krk –`krktt ttkk rj rjfc fck— k—,, j kh pf pfrtk rtkoi oicf cfrj rj kc @KRK @KRKPP PPI I @K `jtjrdkhftj (frt. =?2 ^RI^RKJP ^RI^ RKJPÎ Î 7 qujs qujst‛uctk t‛uctkdi, di, jssjhì kc `krktti `k li`jrj j `kspirrj `k oisj `jtjrdkhftj (frt. o.o.), fvjvfhi aftti oidprjh`jrj omj k ùj tjrdkhk usftk `fccf hirdf (kc li`kdjhti (kc li`kdjhti j j cf `kspiskzkihj `kspiskzkihj)) afttufcj,, djhtrj cf jrfhi ùj sktufzkihk `kvjrsj, pjromë kc LI@KDJHPI prjsuppihj uh‛fttkvktî uh‛ fttkvktî afttufcj 1

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

@K_Î_KWKIHJ può fvjr cuili sici cuili sici sj kc tkticfrj `jc `krktti pihj kh jssjrj –fttk lkurk`kok lkurk`kok—. —. Oisã, uhf victf ksicfti kc ÎPJRJ (`kspiskzkihj ( `kspiskzkihj)) `fc @KRKPPI ( li`kdjhti), li`kdjhti), í stfti pisskbkcj jhuocjfrj kc oihojtti `k @KRKPPI ÎPJ_PFPKQI, cf ouk hizkihj rksuctf dicti ofrf fc `krktti fddkhkstrftkvi, hjc ouk fdbkti qujsti oihojtti fssudj k oihhitftk `jccf –ÎPJ_PF‛—, i djlcki, `jc o.`. ÎPJRJ FZPIRK FZP IRKPFP PFPKQI KQI.. J sk trftt trfttff `k uh pitjrj fttrfvjrsi ouk fccf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj vkjhj oihojssf cf pisskbkcktî `k pirrj kh jssjrj –fttk lkurk`kok uhkcftjrfck—, kh lrfì `k priùrrj jaajttk lkurk`kok (fdpckftkvk ( fdpckftkvk i rjstrkttkvk) hjccf sajr sajrff `jk `jstkhftfrk, kh`kpjh`jhtjdjhtj `fc ciri oihsjhsi. Puttfvkf, qujsti pitjrj uhkcftjrfcj `jvj afrj k oihtk oih c‛ –khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi— (khtjrjssj f omj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj privvj`f i hih privvj`f, f sjoih`f `jk ofsk) spjttfhtj fk okttf`khk oikhvictk, f vfrki tktici, hjccf vkojh`f fddkhkstrftkvf. *@krktti pitjstftkvi 4 sktufzkihj `k –pitjrj— oihtri uhf sktufzkihj `k silljzkihj. Zhf pfrtj mf kc pkjhi pitjrj `k rjfckzzfrj uhf di`kakofzkihj lkurk`kof5 c‛fctrf pfrtj hih può omj subkrcf. J‛ priprki `jc `krktti prkvfti (sjrvj f tutjcfrj uh khtjrjssj priprki). *îtjstî 4 sjrvj f tutjcfrj uh khtjrjssj fctruk5 í tkpkof `jc `krktti pubbckoi.

OF^KPICI 2. _KPZFWKIHK LKZRK@KOMJ _ILLJPPKQJ @JCC‛FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ. 6. ^rjok ^rjoksfz sfzki kihk hk suc pitjrj pitjrj lkurk`k lkurk`koi. oi. Kc tjrdkhj ÎPJRJ `jsklhf cf –sktufzkihj lkurk` lku rk`kof kof sillj silljttk ttkvf vf `jc `jccf cf ^.F ^.F.,., om omjj quj qujstf stf js jsjro jroktf ktf oi oidj dj futi futirkt rktîî hjcc‛fdbkti `jcc‛fttkvktî fddkhkstrftkvf—. Kc pitjrj omj jsjroktf cf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj oidj futirktî sk khsorkvj hjccf pkû ljhjrfcj oftjlirkf `jc ÎPJRJ LKZRK@KOI j prjsjhtf priprk ofrfttjrk `kstkhtkvk 7 6) hih í fttrkbukti f tuttk k silljttk `jcc‛ir`khfdjhti, df tkticfrk `jc pitjrj hj sihi sici fcouhk, kh`kvkùftk `fccf hirdf, f `kaajrjhzf `k qufhti fvvkjhj pjr kc pitjrj lkurk`koi, omj í oihajrkti f tuttk tut tk k sillj silljttk ttk `jcc‛i `jcc‛ir`k r`khfd hfdjht jhti. i. Ois Oisã,ã, kc pit pitjrj jrj `k oi oihoc hocu`j u`jrj rj oihtrf oihtrfttk ttk í dfhka dfhkajst jstfzk fzkihj ihj `jcc‛f `jc c‛futi utihid hidkf kf fttrkb fttrkbukt uktff f tut tuttk tk k sillj silljttk ttk,, dj djhtr htrjj kc pitjrj pitjrj `k js jspri priprk prkfzk fzkihj ihj può jss jssjrj jrj jsjr jsjroktft oktfti i rk`kok sici irlfh irlfhk k c‛ir`k kh`kv kh`kvkùft kùftk k oidj oidpjtj oidpjtjhtk `fcc‛ir`kh `fcc fdjhti5 ti5 2) `jtj rdkhf lck jaajtt jaa jttk k lku lkurk` kok`flck prj prjvks vkstk tk `fc `fcc‛i r`khfd hfdjht jhti, i, sjh sjhzf zf omj htk io iooir oirrf rf‛ir`khfdjh kc oihsj oih sjhsi hsi `j `jcc `jtjrdkhf `j `jstk stkhf hftfrk tfrki, i, oistktujhì, di`kakofhì i jstkhlujhì sktufzkihk lkurk`komj silljttkvj. Khvjoj, hjk rfppirtk trf k sillj silljttk ttk `j `jcc‛ cc‛ir` ir`khf khfdjh djhti, ti, pjr trf trfsai sairdf rdfrj rj cj skt sktufz ufzkih kihkk lkurk` lkurk`kom komjj sillj silljttk ttkvj vj iooirr iooirrjj kc oihsjhsi `jlck khtjrjssftk. Kc trfsajrkdjhti `jc `krktti `k priprkjtî su uh bjhj ipjrf, oih c‛jspriprkfzkihj, sjhzf omj skf hjojssfrki kc oihsjhsi `jc sui priprkjtfrki j fhomj oihtri cf suf vicihtî. Kc pfssfllki `k uh bjhj kh priprkjtî `f uh silljtti fcc‛fctri, khvjoj, khtjrvkjhj sj sk khoihtrfhi cf vicihtî `k omk vuicj vjh`jrj kc bjhj j qujccf `k omk ci vuicj foqukstfrj 5 ?) sk jsjrok jsj roktf tf fttrfv fttrfvjrs jrsii c‛f c‛fìz ìzkih kihjj `k uh ftti ftti tkp tkpkoi koi,, `jt `jtti ti –privv –privvj` j`kdj kdjhti hti fddkh fddkhkst kstrft rftkvi kvi—, —, `ksokpckhfti `fccj hirdj lkurk`komj qufhti f prjsuppistk, f prjsuppistk, prioj`kdjhti , illjtti j` jaajttk  .. Kc pitjrj lkurk`koi, khvjoj, sk jstrkhsjof kh pkû fttk, tkpkok j ftkpkok. Jskstihi khafttk hjlizk tkpkok, `ksokpckhftk `fc oi`koj okvkcj j `fccf cjllj, df fhomj ftkpkok, omj cj pfrtk pissihi sittisorkvjrj stfbkcjhì oihtjhutk j` jaajttk lkurk`kok hih prj`jtjrdkhftk `fccj hirdj. C‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, khvjoj, hjcc‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj futirktftkvi può fìttfrj sici fttk tkpkok5 0) sk oiharihtf oih cf <

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf `k –khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi—, omj mf uhf strutturf j tutjcf `kvjrsf `fc `krktt `kr kttii sil silljt ljttkv tkvi5 i5 :) lck fttk fttk om omjj hj oi oistk stktuk tuksoi soihi hi js jsjro jrokzk kzkii sihi sihi skh`fo skh`fofb fbkck kck `f `fcc lku`ko lku`kojj fddkhkstrftkvi, fhomj sj oih ckdktfzkihk, pikomë cf lkurks`kzkihj `jc Prkbuhfcj fddkhkstrftkvi rjlkihfcj j `jc Oihsklcki `k _tfti rklufr`f cf –cjlkttkdktî— (omj sk frtkoicf hjk vkzk `k vkicfzkihj `k cjllj, cjllj, khoidpjtjhzf khoidpjtjhzf j` j` joojssi `k pitjrj). pitjrj).

2.@k 2. @kst stkh zkih jvfht `jc `j pitj pi rj `j `jcc f ^. F. rj cfzk zkih ihj fc oi oiht htjh jhut C‛ C‛fs fspj pjtt ttiikhzk pk pkû ûihj rk rkcj cjvf htjj c `j `jcc ccff tjrj `k `kso sokp kpck ckhf hfccf `jc `jc ^.F. pi pitj tjrj rj kh `j `jcc ccfrjcf f pu pubb bbck ckof of jfd fddk dkhk hkst strf rfzk zkih ihj j uti. í i. kc OIHPJH OIH PJHZPI ZPI (c‛f (c‛fssj ssjtti tti `k kht khtjrj jrjssk ssk omj vkj vkjhj hj stf stfbkc bkckti kti oih c‛jsjro c‛jsjrokzk kzkii `jc pitjrj), pitjrj), omj può `kstkhlujrsk sitti ? priakck 7 6) ÎPJRK @K PRF_AIRDFWKIHJ J ÎPJRK @K OIH_JRQFWKIHJ 7 rklufr`fhi k pisskbkck jaajttk omj jaajttk omj può priùrrj c‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj. Cf PRF_AIRDFWKIHJ oidpirtf cf oistktuzkihj, di`kak di` kakof, of, jst jstkhz khzkih kihjj `k skt sktufz ufzkih kihkk lku lkurk` rk`kom komjj sil sillj ljttk ttkvj vj j khok`j khok`j hj hjcc rjfcj, rjfcj, pjromë pjromë rkomkj rkomkj`j `j cf priùzkihj `k jaajttk dftjrkfck. Cf OIH_JRQFWKIHJ stfbkcksoj omj hih sk priùofhi di`kakofzkihk `jc rjfcj j lck jaajttk sk jsfurksoihi sici suc pkfhi lkurk`koi. C‛ftti jsprjsskihj `jc pitjrj `k trfsairdfzkihj í c‛ –ftti fddkhkstrftkvi pisktkvi—, djhtrj qujcci `k oihsjrvfzkihj oihsjrvfzkihj í c‛ –ftti fddkhkstrftkvi hjlftkvi—. _k può pjhsfrj fc pitjrj `k trfsairdfzkihj victi fc rkcfsoki `k uh pjrdjssi `k oistrukrj oistrukrj,, omj futirkzzf kc `jstkhftfrki f` jsjlukrj kc dfhuaftti rkomkjsti5 i fc pitjrj `k oihsjrvfzkihj omj hjlf kc pjrdjssi `k oistrukrj. oihsjrvfzkihj oistrukrj. @k ooihsjlujhz ihsjlujhzff 7 Kc rkspjtti `jc –^RKHOK^KI @K CJLFCKPF‛— vfcj oih dfllkir rklirj pjr kc pitjrj `k trfsairdfzkihj5 Lck jaajttk khhivftkvk `k trfsairdfzkihj sihi stfbkcktk `flck –fttk pisktkvk—5 djhtrj qujcck hih khhivftkvk, `k oihsjrvfzkihj, sihi stfbkcktk `flck –fttk hjlftkvk—. Hjc ofsi `jc _KCJHWKI-F__JH_I OMJ @JPJRDKHF JAAJPPK KHHIQFPKQK, cf trfsairdfzkihj sk priùoj sj vjhlihi rkspjttftj cf oidpjtjhzf oidpjtjhzf j j cj hirdj sistfhzkfck, sistfhzkfck, df sfctfhi tuttj cj fctrj rjlicj airdfck j prioj`kdjhtfck, pjr ouk k tjrzk cjsk `fc skcjhzki-fssjhsi pitrfhhi `jùrrj kh lku`kzki sici kc vkzki `k –khoidpjtjhzf— –khoidpjtjhzf— j `k –vkicfzkihj `jccj hirdj sistfhzkfck— (f `kaajrjhzf `k qufhì c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj fìttf uh privvj`kdjhti pisktkvi, oihtri ouk í pisskbkcj `jùrrj `fvfhtk fc lku`koj tuttk k vkzk, airdfck, prioj`kdjhtfck j sist sistfh fhzk zkfc fck) k).. Hj Hjcc _KCJ _KCJHW HWKI KI-R -RKA KAKZ KZPI PI i RK RKLJ LJPP PPI, I, lc lckk ja jaaj ajtt ttkk `k oi oihs hsjr jrvf vfzk zkih ihjj sk 









priùoihi fhomj sj hih sk rkspjttfhi cj hirdj succf oidpjtjhzf j qujccj sistfhzkfck, pjromë hih sk mf dutfdjhti `jccf sktufzkihj prjjskstjhtj prjjskstjhtj.. Kc –pitjrj `k `ksfppckofzkihj `jcc‛ftti fddkhkstrftkvi— fttrkbukti fc lku`koj ir`khfrki í uhf dksurf kìhjf f kdpj`krj lck jaajttk `jc pitjrj `k trfsairdfzkihj, df hih ci í pjr oihtrfstfrj lck jaajttk `jc pitjrj `k oihsjrvfzkihj. Kc –pitjrj `k fhhuccfdjhti— `jc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi oihsjhtj uh khtjrvjhti jaakofoj suc pitjrj `k trfsairdfzkihj sjhzf fcouhf ckdktfzkihj kh ir`khj fk vkzk `jùokbkck. Hjk oiharihtk `j `jcc pit pitjrj jrj `k oi oihsj hsjrvf rvfzki zkihj hj í c‛fzkihj `k f`jdpkdjhti f f`jdpkdjhti f oihsjhtkrj uh‛jaakokjhtj tutjcf, fhomj sj hih può khtjrvjhkrj hjk oiharihtk `jc pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj.

2) ÎPJ ÎPJRK RK @K KH KH@K @KRK RKWW WWI I J Î ÎPJ PJRK RK @K LJ LJ_P _PKI KIHJ HJ 7 í uh uhff `k `kst stkh khzk zkih ihjj om omjj oi oihh hhit itff cf `kstrkbuzkihj `jc pitjrj trf pitjrj trf lck irlfhk picktkok (jcjttkvk) j qujcck fddkhkstrftkvk. Lck irlfhk irlfhk   picktkok picktkok pihlihi lck kh`krkzzk, kh`krkzzk, lck soipk, k rksuctftk omj lck irlfhk fddkhkstrftkvk `jv `jvihi ihi pjrsjlukrj fttrfvjrsi fttrfvjrsi c‛jsjrokzki `jk ciri pitjrk `k ljstkihj. Okò mf oidpirtfti kc pfssfllki `fc –di`jcci f rjspihsfbkcktî =

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

dkhkstjrkfcj— f qujcci –f oidpjtjhzj `kaajrjhzkftj—. Khafttk lck jcjdjhtk jssjhzkfck `jc –DI@JCCI F RJ_ÎH_FBKCKPF‛ DKHK_PJRKFCJ— sihi 7 









ojhtrfcj cj55 _k Prf Prf k `k `kpj pjh` h`jh jhtk tk j c‛i c‛irl rlfh fhii pi pick cktk tkoi oi (Dkh (Dkhks kstr tri, i, f ckvjcci ojhtrf _kh` h`fo foi, i, Lk Lkuh uhtf tf j Oihsklcki, f ckvjcci oiduhfcj, privkhokfcj j rjlkihfcj) rjlkihfcj) o‛í uh –rfppirti `k ljrfromkf—5 K `kpjh`jhtk, rjocutftk kh bfsj f oihoirsi pjr djrkti, sihi irlfhkzzftk kh uaakok omj hih mfhhi kc pitjrj `k jstjrhfrj cf vicihtî `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj. K `kpjh`jhtk sviclihi fttkvktî prjpfrftirkf j kstruttirkf, rj`klihi lck fttk j `fhhi f` jssk jsjouzkihj, df kc didjhti `jokskihfcj `k ilhk skhlici ftti í `k oidpjtjhzf `jlck irlfhk picktkok. K `kpjh`jhtk jsjroktfhi f tjdpi kh`jtjrdkhfti cj ciri auhzkihk j o‛í oikhok`jhzf trf kc –rfppirti `‛uaakoki— ( pubbckomj pubbckomj auhzkihk svictj svictj)) j kc –rfppirti `k sjrvkzki— ( prjstfzkihj prjstfzkihj j rjtrkbuzkihj). rjtrkbuzkihj ). K `kpjh`jhtk sihi –krrjspihsfbkck—, pikomë lck irlfhk picktkok sihi rjspihsfbkck `jlck fttk fssuhtk suc pkfhi okvkcj, fddkhkstrftkvi j pjhfcj, pjhfcj , hihomë suc pkfhi picktkoi pkfhi picktkoi..

^jr qufhti qufhti rkl rklufr ufr`f `f cj –AZ –AZHWK HWKIHK IHK @KA @KAAJR AJRJHW JHWKFP KFPJ— J— (kh (kh`kr `krkzz kzzii j ljstki ljstkihj) hj),, lck fs fspjt pjttk tk qufckakofhtk sihi 7 











C‛jckdkhf C‛jckd khfzki zkihj hj `jccf `jccf oi oihoj hojhtr htrfzk fzkihj ihj hjl hjlck ck irl irlfhk fhk picktk picktkok ok `jcc‛f `jcc‛fttkv ttkvktî ktî `k kh`krkzzi kh`krkzzi,, `k ljstkihj   j `k oihtricci ljstkihj oihtricci,, oih c‛fttrkbuzkihj fk `krkljhtk `jk pitjrk `k ljstkihj, djhtrj lck irlfhk picktkok kh`kofhi lck ibkjttkvk `f pjrsjlukrj j oihtriccfhi c‛fttkvktî `jk `krkljhtk (hjc ciri khskjdj, j hih pjr ilhk skhlici ftti) pjr vjrkakofrj kc rfllkuhlkdjhti `jlck ibkjttkvk j c‛jaakokjhzf `jccf ljstkihj5 `fc rfppirti `k ljrfromkf sk pfssf f –qujcci `k `krjzkihj—. K `krkljhtk `krkljhtk   vjhlihi `kstkhtk `f tuttk lck fctrk `kpjh`jhtk 7 lck uaakok `k ouk sihi tkticfrk `kvjhtfhi –irlfhk—, pitjhì kdpjlhfrj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj vjrsi c‛jstjrhi. K `krkljhtk `kvjhtfhi rjspihsfbkck `jlck fttk fìttftk suc pkfhi fddkhkstrftkvi fddkhkstrftkvi,, okvkcj okvkcj j j pjhfcj pjhfcj,, ictrj omj `jcc‛jaakokjhzf `jcc‛jaakokjhzf `jccf ljstkihj j ljstkihj j `jc rfllkuhlkdjhti `jlck ibkjttkvk. ibkjttkvk. Lck khofrkomk `k –`krjzkihj `k frjj auhzkihfck— pissihi jssjrj oihajrktk f tjdpi `jtjrdkhfti, pjr ouk fk `krkljhtk può jssjrj fttrkbukti uh –khofrkoi `k `krjzkihj— omj oidpirtf cf oirrj rrjspihs pihski kihhj `k uh trf trfttf ttfdjh djhti ti joi joihid hidkoi koi fllku fllkuhtk htkvi vi,, oih okò ipjr jrffh` hìisk uh uhff `kaajrjhzkfzkihj trf lck jdicudjhtk kc `krkljhtj rkojvj pjr cjj pjr prjstfzkihk hirdfcdjhtj svictj oidj `kpjh`jhtj (rfppirti `komj (rfppirti sjrvkzki sjrvkzki) ) j qujcck omj rkojvj rkojv kc pfrtkoicfrj pfrtkoicf rj khofrkoi auhzkihfcj (rfppirti (rfppirti `k uaakoki). uaakoki). Vukh`k o‛í uhi soirpiri trf kc rfppirti `‛uaakoki j `k sjrvkzki. uaakoki) í f tjdpi `jtjrdkhfti, può C‛khofrkoi `k –`krjzkihj `k frjj auhzkihfck— (rfppirti ( rfppirti `k uaakoki) jssjrj rkhhivfti, df può ditkvftfdjhtj ojssfrj fhzktjdpi kh rjcfzkihj fk rksuctftk rfllkuhtk J‛ pisskbkcj omj vjhlf omkfdfti uh fctri silljtti, hih `kpjh`jhtj `fcc‛jhtj, f svicljrj cj auhzkihk auhz kihk `krkl `krkljhzk jhzkfck fck (oih foojssi foojssi,, qukh qukh`k, `k, `fcc‛ `fcc‛jstj jstjrhi, rhi, sjhzf sjhzf afr rkoir rkoirsi si f `kpjh`jh `kpjh`jhtk tk rjocutftk kh bfsj f oihoirsi pjr djrkti).

?) @K_ORJWKIHFCKPF‛ ^ZRF, @K_ORJWKIHFCKPF‛ PJOHKOF J ÎPJRJ QKHOICFPI QKHOICFPI 7 cf pkû kdpirtfhtj `kstkhzkihj `kstkhzkihj `jc pitjrj `jccf ^.F. í qujccf trf –pitjrj vkhoi vkhoicfti—, cfti—, –`ksorjzkihf –`ksorjzkihfcj cj puri— j –`ksorjzkihfcj tjohkoi—. Cf ^.F. jsjluj, oidj cf lkurks`kzkihj, cf cjllj, fppckofhìcf, pjr ouk kc oihtjhuti `jc privvj`kdjhti (4 privvj`kdjhti (4 c‛fssjtti `k khtjrjssk) khtjrjssk) ìvrjbbj jssjrj ci spjoomki `jccf prjvkskihj hirdftkvf. Df oisã hih í. C‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, khafttk, ipjrf hjc oihorjti `jccf rjfctî afttufcj j `jvj ;

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

rjfckzzfrj –c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi spjokakoi omj mf kh fttrkbuzkihj— j omj hjccf rjfctî hih sk prjsjhtf ksicfti, df khskjdj f` fctrk khtjrjssk pubbckok j prkvftk, pjr ouk cf cjllj hih può prjvj`jrj tuttj cj pisskbkck jvjhtufcktî omj sk `jtjrdkhfhi hjccf rjfctî. Hih vkjhj, qukh`k, akssfti hjccf hirdf kc oihtj oi htjhut hutii `jlck `jlck fì fìttf ttfh`k h`k privvj privvj`kd `kdjh jhtk tk j c‛f c‛fddk ddkhks hkstrf trfzki zkihj hj può sojlck sojlckjrj jrj cf sicuzk sicuzkihj ihj pkû ippirtuhf pjr si``ksafrj c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi. Cf –@K_ORJWKIHFCKPF‛ FDDKHK_PRFPKQF— (i purf) stf kh qujsti pitjrj `k sojctf. Khvjoj kc –ÎPJRJ QKHOICFPI— sk mf qufhì cf hirdf rksicv rks icvj, j, kh vkf ljh ljhjrf jrfcj cj j fst fstrft rfttf, tf, cf vfc vfcutf utfzki zkihj hj `jl `jlck ck khtjrj khtjrjssk ssk j stf stfbkc bkckso ksojj kc oihtjh oihtjhuti uti `j `jcc privvj`kdjhti `f fìttfrj fcciromí sk vjrkakomkhi k prjsuppistk `k aftti prjvkstk `fccf hirdf. Cf –@K_ORJWKIHFCKPF‛ PJOHKOF—, khvjoj, hih í jsprjsskihj `k uhf sojctf, df í kc arutti `k uh lku`kzki lku` kzki tjoh tjohkoi koi (joi (joihidk hidkoi, oi, khljlhjr khljlhjrkstko kstkoi, i, sfhk sfhktfrki tfrki,, jstj jstjtkoi, tkoi, joo.) joo.) omj cf hirdf stfbkcksoj stfbkcksoj `k jaajttufrj.

?.îtjrj vkhoicfti j pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj puri. _j cf hirdf `ksokpckhf oidpkutfdjhtj c‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf j, hjc oihorjti, hih ok sihi spfzk `k sojctf, sk í kh prjsjhzf `k uh –ÎPJRJ QKHOICFPI—5 sj khvjoj cf hirdf hih ipjrf cf sojctf, omj `jvj jssjrj jaajttuftf `fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj hjc oihorjti, ippurj cf rjfctî pihj uh‛jvjhkjhzf hih prjvkstf, sk í `k arihtj f uh –ÎPJRJ @K_ORJWKIHFCJ—. Cf ìttrkhf mf ojrofti cj –rjlicj omj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `jvj sjlukrj hjcc‛jsjrokzki `jc sui pitjrj `k sojctf—. Khafttk, sj hjccj hirdj `k `krktti pisktkvi hih sk rkhvkjhj uhf `ksokpckhf succ‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj,, sk fprj c‛fctjrhftkvf i `k rktjhjrci khskh`fofbkcj i `k kh`kvkùfrj uh djtri `k lku`kzki omj hih pitjrj í hjccj hirdj, df kh fctrk vfcirk, omj pissihi jssjrj k pkû `kvjrsk. Khafttk kc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi sviclj svi clj uh lku lku`kz `kzki ki su succf ccf –cj –cjlkt lkttkd tkdktî ktî—, —, j hih suc –djrk –djrkti-i ti-ipp ppirt irtuhk uhktî— tî—,, oi oidpf dpfrfh rfhì ì c‛fzki c‛fzkihj hj fddkhkstrftkvf oih okò omj prjvj`j cf hirdf, pjr ouk okò omj hih í prj`jtjrdkhfti `fccj hirdj í khskh`fofbkcj. Cf ìttrkhf mf kh`kvkùfti kc –priojssi `jokskih `jokskihfcj fcj omj pirtf cf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj fddkhkstrfzkihj f` ipjrfrj cf sojctf— 7 c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `jvj flkrj pjr kc si``ksafokdjhti `jcc‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi spjokakoi `k ouk í fttrkbutfrkf (–khtjrjssj prkdfrki—) i omj cf hirdf, kh qujc ofsi, cj kdpihj `k pjrsjlukrj, j cf sojctf vf jsjluktf vfcutfhì oidpfrftkvfdjhtj tuttk lck –khtjrjssk sjoih`frk— (pubbckok j prkvftk) prjsjhtk hjccf oihorjtf afttkspjokj fccf cuoj `jcc‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi prkdfrki, pjr pik `jok`jrj c‛fssjt c‛f ssjtti ti `jl `jlck ck kht khtjrjs jrjssk sk,, f sj sjoi oih` h`ff `j `jcc cc‛k ‛kht htjr jrjs jssj sj rk rktj tjhu huti ti pr prjv jvfc fcjh jhtj tj hj hjcc sk skhl hlic icii ofsi ofsi.. _k í kh`kvkùftf, okií, cf –oirrjttf di`fcktî oih ouk cf ^.F. `jvj prioj`jrj hjcc‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj `ksorj `ks orjzki zkihfc hfcj—, j—, df c‛fssj c‛fssjtti tti `jl `jlck ck kht khtjrj jrjssk ssk vkjhj vkjhj cfs cfsokf okfti ti fcc fccff sicuzk sicuzkihj ihj `jttft `jttftff `f `fccf ccf skhlic skhlicff oihorjtf afttkspjokj, omj può pirtfrj fhomj f rktjhjrj rjojsskvi (4 omj frrjtrf) j f sforkakofrj c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi prkdfrki kh rflkihj `k fctri khtjrjssj, rktjhuti ìdkhfhtj kh qujccf pfrtkoicfrj jvjhkjhzf. C‛jvi C‛j vicuz cuzkih kihjj hir hirdft dftkvf kvf mf kh` khìtt ittii f ork orktko tkofrj frj c‛f c‛faaj aajrdf rdfzki zkihj hj omj cf ^.F. ^.F. `j `jbbf bbf pj pjrsj rsjluk lukrj rj c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi spjokakoi omj cf cjllj cj fttrkbuksoj i omj cf skhlicf `kspiskzkihj hirdftkvf cj kdpihj `k rjfckzzfrj. Khafttk, lck –jhtk f akhk ljhjrfck— (Rjlkihk, ^rivkhoj, Oiduhk j lck fctrk jhtk tjrrktirkfck f akhk ljhjrfck) hih mfhhi kh fttrkbuzkihj uhi spjokakoi khtjrjssj pubbckoi, df tuttk lck khtjrjssk khtjrj ssk pubb pubbckok ckok.. Af joojzkihj ci _tfti, omj prjsjhtf uh‛irlfhkzzfzkihj f lrissj brfhomj, k dkhkstjrk, omj mfhhi kh fttrkbuzkihj uh khtjrjssj pubbckoi bjh kh`kvkùfti. @f qujsti puhti `k vkstf, fssudj vfcjhzf sici tjirkof c‛faajrdfzkihj omj sk pjrsjluf c'khtjrjssj pubbckoi akssfti `fccf cjllj, sj qujst‛uctkdf fttrkbuksoj fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj k pkû fdpk akhkfddkhkstrftkvi ljhjrfck omj skíoiccjlfhi tjrrktirki `k livjrhi. livjrhi . _itti uh‛fctrf ittkof, qufhì kh uh prioj`kdjhti ippirtuhifc«jaajttufrj uh jsfdj jsfdj oih oihtjs tjstuf tufcj cj `k vfr vfrkk kht khtjrj jrjssk ssk pubbc pubbckokµ kokµ,, c‛fddk c‛fddkhks hkstrf trfzki zkihj hj prioj prioj`jh `jhtj tj «kh`ko «kh`kojj uh uhff 6>

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

oihajrjhzf `k sjrvkzkµ pjr frrkvfrj f uhf `jokskihj arutti hih `k uh irlfhi omj flksoj `f sici, df `jcc‛khskjdj `jk tkticfrk `jk `kvjrsk khtjrjssk pubbckok oikhvictk, omj jsprkdihi kc ciri fvvksi kh rjcfzkihj rjcf zkihj fcc‛ fcc‛khtjrjssj khtjrjssj pubbckoi prkdfrki omj ilhuhi mf kh ourf, ourf , pj pjrr ou oukk kc di`j di`jcc ccii `j `jcc ccff oidpfrfzkihj `jlck khtjrjssk omj sk prjsjhtfhi kh oihorjti (–sjoih`frk—, pubbckok j prkvftk) kh rjcfzkihj fcc‛–khtjrjssj pubbckoi prkdfrki— jhtrf kh orksk 7 hjccf oihajrjhzf `k sjrvkzk sk oiharihtfhi oiht oihtjd jdpi pirf rfhj hjfd fdjh jhtj tj –pkû –pkû khtj khtjrj rjss sskk pr prkd kdfr frkk oikh oikhvi vict ctkk kh uh uhff `j `jtj tjrd rdkh khft ftff ip ipjr jrfz fzki kihj hj fddkhkstrftkvf—. ^jr oihocu`jrj, qukh`k, sjoihì cf tjsk prjvfcjhtj, c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj í ckbjrf `k sojlckjrj trf pkû sicuzkihk, tuttj rflkihjvick j cjlkttkdj, kh bfsj f orktjrk orktjrk   `k ippirtuhktî j oihvjhkjhzf, oihvjhkjhzf, omj sihi, kh qufhti tfck, sittrfttk fc skh`fofti `k cjlkttkdktî.

0.Cf `ksokpckhf `jc oihtjhuti `jc pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj. Zh‛fctrf ìttrkhf, rkdfstf rkdfs tf dkhi dkhirktfrkf rktfrkf,, jckdk jckdkhf hf kc djrkti `jccf sojctf fddkhkstrftkvf oidj fddkhkstrftkvf oidj sajrf khvkicfbkcj `jcc‛flkrj ckbjri `jcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj. _k faajrdf omj cf ^.F. hih può `jtjrdkhfrj ckbjrfdjhtj –k orktjrk omj rjlicf rjl icfhi hi cj soj sojctj ctj `ksorj `ksorjzki zkihf hfck— ck—,, pjr pjromë omë quj qujstk stk sihi sihi jsprjssk jsprjsskihj ihj `k sokjhzj siokfck, siokfck, cf ouk fppckofzkihj vkhoicf c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj j cf oihùoj f uhf sicuzkihj ibbcklftf, oih cf oihsjlujhzf `jccf pkjhf –skh`fofbkcktî `jc pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj—, omj `jvj jssjrj jsjroktfti kh fppckofzkihj `k fctrj `ksokpckhj `ksokpckhj,, siprfttutti siokfck siprfttutti siokfck,, j omj sihi `ftj pjr prjsuppistj (4 soihtftj) `fccf hirdf. Df cf lkur lkurks kspr pru` u`jh jhzf zf fddk fddkhk hkst strf rftk tkvf vf mf sj sjdp dprj rj faaj faajrd rdft ftii `k hi hihh pi pitj tjrr sv svic iclj ljrj rj uh –s –skh kh`f `fof ofti ti succ‛ippi succ‛ ippirtuhk rtuhktî tî `jcc `jccff sojc sojctf tf rkdjs rkdjssf sf fccf ^.F.—, trfhhj omj hjccj dftjrkj dftjrkj,, jsprjssfdjhtj kh`koftj `fcc `f ccff cjll cjllj, j, kh ou oukk js jsjro jrokt ktff cf pkû pkû fd fdpk pkff lkur lkurks ks`k `kzk zkih ihjj jst jstjsf jsf fc djrkt djrktii . Oki Okihih hihist istfht fhtj, j, cf lkurkspru`jhzf rktkjhj omj kc ÎPJRJ @K_ORJWKIHFCJ skf oiduhquj sittipisti fc –skh`fofti `k cjlkttkdktî cjlk ttkdktî—, —, omj svicl svicljj fttrf fttrfvjrsi vjrsi cj aklurj skhtidftkomj `jcc‛joojssi `k pitjrj pitjrj.. Kh tfc diì, cf lkurkspru`jhzf mf oistrukti `jk –orktjrk omj cf `ksorjzkihfcktî `jvj rkspjttfrj—, pur kh fssjhzf `k jsprjssf prjvkskihj hirdftkvf. _k trfttf `k –prkhokpk succ‛fttkvktî fddkhkstrftkvf— omj hfsoihi `fccf vfcut vf cutfzk fzkihj ihj lku lku`kz `kzkfr kfrkf kf `jc of ofsi si oih oihorj orjti ti j omj sk ksp kspkrf krfhi hi f vf vfcir cirkk `j `jsuh suhtk tk `fcc‛i `fcc‛ir`k r`khf hfdjh djhti ti lkurk`koi (hih (hih   oihtrf``kttirkjtî oihtrf``kttirkjtî,, oihsjlujhzkfcktî cilkof trf prjsuppistk j oihsjlujhzj, oihsjlujhzj , joo.), `fc prjoj`jhtj `jccf stjssf ^.F., ^.F., omj sk futivkhoicf pjr cf suoojsskvf fzkihj fzkihj (`k quk fcouhj rjlicj, oidj cf prjvjhtkvf oihtjstfzkihj, oihtjstfzkihj, cf hih `kspfrktî `k trfttfdjhti, trfttfdjhti , joo.). Oisã, cf lkurkspru`jhzf mf kh`kvkùfti uh djtri pjr lku`kofrj kc oihtjhuti `jc `jc pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj `jccf ^.F., ^.F., skooidj cf `ksokpckhf `jttftf `fccf hirdf lkurk`kof, prjdjssf dfllkirj `jc skccilksdi lku`kzkfcj (prjvkskihj hirdft hir dftkvf kvf - aft afttks tkspjo pjokj kj oi oihor horjtf jtf - oi oihar hariht ihtii `k quj qujst‛ st‛uct uctkdf kdf oih cf prkdf prkdf,, pjr lkuhljr lkuhljrjj fcc fccff oihocuskihj `jccf –cjlkttkdktî—, sj oihairdj, i `jcc‛ –kccjlkttkdktî—, sj `kaairdj), dfhof hjc pitjrj `ksorjzki `kso rjzkihfcj. hfcj. Kc lku` lku`koj koj fddkhkstrftkvi fddkhkstrftkvi í vjhu vjhuti ti oisã f orjf orjfrj rj uhf lrklckf `k rjlicj rjlicj `ksokpckh `ksokpckhfhtk fhtk c‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj f ouk cf ^.F. í vkhoicftf pjr jvktfrj c‛fhhuccfdjhti, kh ofsi `k kdpu kd pulh lhft ftkv kvf, f, j ci stjs stjssi si lku` lku`ko kojj hjcc hjccjj su sujj sj sjht htjh jhzj zj cj fs fssu sudj dj oi oidj dj pr prkh khok okpk pk om omjj of ofus usfh fhii c‛kccjlkttkdktî `jc privvj`kdjhti. Kh si sistf stfhz hzf, f, kc lku lku`ko `koj, j, kh fss fssjhz jhzff `k prj prjvks vkskih kihjj hir hirdft dftkvf kvf `ksokp `ksokpckh ckhfht fhtjj c‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj,, mf oistrukti cj priprkj hirdj. Fcci stfti, kc pitjrj `ksorjzkihfcj í `ksokpckhfti `f uh `ksorjzkihfcj –rjt –rjtko koic icii `k hird hirdjj `k irkl irklkh khjj lkur lkurks kspr pru` u`jh jhzk zkfc fcj— j—,, js jspr prjs jssk skih ihjj `j `jkk –prkh –prkhok okpk pk succ succ‛f ‛ftt ttkv kvkt ktîî fddkhkstrftkvf—, j c‛flkrjcickbjri `jccf ^.F. í oihakhfti FDDKHK_PRFPKQF, kh fdbktk sjdprj pkû rkstrjttk. Puttfvkf kc lku`koj hih può rkpjtjrj sviclkdjhti `jcc‛FWKIHJ pihjhìsk fc pisti `jccf ^.F. j vfcutfhì tuttk lck fpprjzzfdjhtk jsjluktk, pjromë qujstf kh`flkhj í rktjhutf fppfrtjhjrj 66

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

fc djrkti `jcc‛fttkvkt `jcc‛fttkvktîî fddk fddkhkstrf hkstrftkvf tkvf   j, oidj oidj tfcj tfcj,, í kh khsk skh` h`fo fofb fbkc kcjj hj hjcc ccff –l –lku kurks rks`k `kzk zkih ihjj `k cjlkttkdktî—.

@K_ORJWKI WKIHFC HFCKPÎ KPÎ PJOHKO PJOHKOF F kh irklkh irklkhjj jrf :.Cf `ks :.Cf `ksor orjzk jzkihf ihfck cktî tî tjohko tjohkof. f. Cf @K_ORJ rkajrktf fccf –hirdf o.`. kdprjoksf—, isskf qujccf omj può `fr cuili f` fpprjzzfdjhtk silljttkvk, hih uhkviok, pjr cj flljttkvfzkihk usftj (jvjhti «lrfvjµ, pjrkoici «kddkhjhtjµ, joo.) j omj sihi `jakhktk afttk oidpcjssk oidpcjssk rkspjtti rkspjtti f qujcck –sjdpckok— pjr k qufck o‛í uh djri foojrtfdjhti, sjhzf vfcutfzkihj `jcc‛«khtjhsktîµ `jc aftti (c‛fctjzzf `k uh dfhuaftti5 cf cuhlmjzzf `k uhf strf`f, joo.). Cf ìttrkhf mf jvk`jhzkfti omj c‛foojrtfdjhti `jc aftti j cf suf vfcutfzkihj í uh‛fttkvktî omj cf ^.F. sviclj ìpi fvjr khtjrprjtfti cf hirdf j, qukh`k, rkoihùojhì kc aftti fccf hirdf, oih uh‛fttkvktî k`jhtkof f qujc qujccf cf hj hjoj ojss ssfr frkf kf kh prjs prjsjh jhzf zf `k uhf uhf hird hirdff prjo prjoks ksf, f, pj pjrr ou oukk í pf pfcj cjsj sj cf `k `kaa aajr jrjh jhzf zf oi oihh cf –`ksorjzkihfcktî fddkhkstrftkvf—. Puttfvkf, kc trfttfdjhti lkurk`koi `jccf –hirdf kdprjoksf— j `k –quj –qujcc ccff omj omj fttr fttrkb kbuk ukso sojj uh pi pitj tjrj rj `kso `ksorj rjzk zkih ihfc fcjj fccf fccf ^.F. ^.F.—— í ci st stjs jssi si 7 c‛khskh`fofbkcktî c‛khskh`fofbkcktî.. Aftti fhoirf pkû oidpcjssi rkoirrj qufhì cf hirdf stfbkcksoj omj sk `jbbfhi ipjrfrj vfcutfzkihk omj trivfhi kc ciri pfrfdjtri kh sokjhzj kh sokjhzj  jsfttj jsfttj  i udfhkstkomj (f` udfhkstkomj (f` jsjdpki, qufhì sk fttrkbuksoj fccf ^.F. kc pitjrj `k vkjtfrj cf vjh`ktf `k sistfhzj tisskomj 7 cf tisskoktî vf fpprjzzftf fppckofhì oihi oihiso sojh jhzj zj rk rkaj ajrk rkbk bkck ck fccf fccf omkd omkdko kof, f, fccf fccf dj dj`k `kok okhf hf,, jo joo. o.). ). Kh tu tutt ttkk qu qujs jstk tk of ofsk sk sk pf pfrc rcff `k @K_ORJWKIHFCKPF‛ PJOHKOF, pjromë kc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi cf rktkjhj skh`fofbkcj, kh sj`j `k –cjlkttkdktî—, sici hjlck stjssk di`k oih ouk vf f skh`fofrj cf `ksorjzkihfcktî fddkhkstrftkvf, j okií fttrfvjrsi cj aklurj cj aklurj o.`. skhtidftkomj `jcc‛joojs `jcc‛joojssi si `k pitjrj. pitjrj. Df cf ìttrkhf mf fvvjrtkti omj kh qujstj kpitjsk sk í kh prjsjhzf `k uhf «psjuì-`ksorjzkihfcktîµ, omj kdpckof sici uh –lku`kzki—, j hih í jsprjsskihj `k uhf sojctf, oidj hjccf `ksorjzkihfck ckttî fddkhkstrftkvf. Cf omjj sk mf ìp ipii uh @K_O @K _ORJ RJWK WKIH IHFC FCKP KPF‛ F‛ PJ PJOH OHKO KOF F í cf df dfhk hkaj ajst stfz fzki kihj hj `k uh lku`kzki , om foojrtfdjhti foojrt fdjhti `k aaftti ftti bfsfti su rjlicj tjohkomj j sokjhtkakomj . Pfck rj rjlicj licj sihi sihi rkomkfd rkomkfdftj ftj `fccf `fccf hirdf, omj hih cj jspihj, df cj `î pjr prjsuppistj j oihisokutj. Cf ìttrkhf mf faajrdfti omj lck –fpprjzzfdjhtk –fpprjzzfdjhtk tjohkok— hih pissihi jssjrj pistk succi stjssi pkfhi `jcc ccff –pih`j ih`jrf rfzzkihj kihj `k khtj khtjrj rjsssk sk——, piko ikomë si sihi hi qujst qujstki kihk hk `k `krk `krktt ttii, pi piko komë më rkl rkluf ufr` r`fh fhii c‛ c‛kh khtj tjrp rprj rjtf tfzk zkih ihjj `j `jcc ccff hird hirdff omj omj –kho –khoir irpi pirf rf— — cf tjoh tjohko koff , oi oihh oi oihs hsjl jluj ujht htjj hj hjoj ojss ssfr frkf kf sittipiskzkihj f vjrkakof `krjttf `f pfrtj `jc lku`koj. 6) ^jr rkdfrofrj c‛khlkustkakoftf omkusurf `jc `jc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi hjc skh`fo skh`fofrj frj cf `ksorjzkihfcktî tjohkof, sk í sittickhjfti omj kc lku`koj ir`khfrki oihisoj `jlck fpprjzzfdjhtk tjohkok `jccf ^.F., `kspihjhì oihsucjhzj tjohkomj omj vfhhi f rkvfcutfrj cj ipjrfzkihk jsjluktj. 2) Zhf pfrtj `jccf ìttrkhf, khvjoj, oih`kvk`j cf lkurkspru`jhzf `jc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi (okií c‛khskh`fofbkcktî)) 7 kc lku`koj ir`khfrki, sk í `jtti, oihisoj `jc `krktti silljttkvi j silljttkvi j `jvj oih`kvk`j c‛khskh`fofbkcktî vfcutfrj sj skf stfti cjsi `fcc‛fttkvktî `jccf ^.F. omj, sj oihvjhutf `fvfhtk fc lku`koj ir`khfrki, hih mf flkti hjcc‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj, pjr ouk í kh piskzkihj pfrktjtkof oih c‛fttirj, qukh`k í hjojssfrki uh foojrtfdjhti `jc rfppirti f tutti ofdpi, fhomj kh ir`khj flck foojrtfdjhtk tjohkok. Kc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi, khvjoj, oihisoj `k khtjrjssk cjlkttkdk khoksk cjlkttkdk khoksk `fcc‛ftti `jccf ^.F., omj sk prjsjhtf oidj «silljtti f ouk spjttf kc pitjrj `k vfcutfrj uhf ojrtf sktufzkihjµ, oih cf oihsjlujhzf omj sj kc lku` lku`ko koj, j, khvj khvjoj oj `k ckdk ckdktf tfrs rskk f skh` skh`fo fofr frjj cf oir oirrjt rjttjzz tjzzff `jcc‛f `jcc‛foojr oojrtfd tfdjhti jhti j `jccj `jccj vfc vfcutf utfzki zkihk hk oKcid pkutj fddkhkstrftkvi `fccf ^.F., mf pjrsi sk scf istsuf ktukslrfhktkof sj f` piskzkihj jssf, kh hj ir`khj khvffcc‛khskh`fofbkcktî `jrkhskh`fofbkcktî jbbj kc of`jccf dpi. lku`koj fcc‛ `ksorjzkihfcktî tjohkof, tjohkof, oih uh‛kdpirtfhtj prihuhokf `jccf –qufrtf _jzkihj `jc Oihsklcki `k _tfti—, 62

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

(s (sjh jht. t. 1>6 1>6 / 6;;; 6;;;)) omj omj sk í prih prihuh uhok okft ftff f afvi afvirj rj `j `jcc ccff _K _KH@ H@FO FOFB FBKC KCKP KPÎ Î j` mf `k `kst stkh khti ti c‛–ippirtuhktî— (priprkf `jccf vfcutfzkihj `k djrkti) `fcc‛–ipkhfbkcktî `k fcouhk lku`kzk tjohkok— 7 cf prkdf í uhf sojctf tr trff pkû sicuzkihk pjr cf ourf `k uh khtjrjssj pubbckoi, cf sjoih`f í jsprjsskihj silljttkvf `k uh lku`kzki tjohkoi rjcftkvi fc aftti, hih fcc‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi. @f quk cf pisskbkcktî `k uh _KH@FOFPI KHPRKH_JOI, KHPRKH_JOI, omj faaih`k cf suf kh`flkhj akhi fccf vjrkakof `jccf –oirrjttjzzf `jc orktjrki tjohkoi kh`kvkùfti— j `jc –prioj`kdjhti sjlukti `fcc‛futirktî pjr fppckofrci—. Fcci stfti, o‛í uh akcihj lkurkspru`jhzkf lkurkspru`jhzkfcj cj omj sjluj cf stjssf kdpistfzkihj, fhomj sj sihi fhoirf ìdkhfhtk cj `jokskihk omj fsskdkcfhi cf `ksorjzkihfcktî tjohkof f tjohkof f qujccf fddkhkstrftkvf qufhti fddkhkstrftkvf qufhti fccf skh`fofbkcktî. skh`fofbkcktî. _k í faajrdfti uh irkjhtfdjhti omj `kstkhluj trf lku`kzk trf lku`kzk tjohkok ipkhfbkck (j ipkhfbkck (j qukh`k –silljttkvk—) j lku`kzk omj sk bfsfhi su `ftk hih ipkhfbkck ipkhfbkck   (j qukh`k –illjttkvk—)5 pjr k sjoih`k í prjvksti uh skh`fofti «airtjµ, pjr ouk kc lku`koj può sistktukrsk fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj hjcc‛jsprkdjrj kc lku`kzki5 djhtrj pjr k prkdk í prjvksti uh skh`fofti «`jbicjµ, fttrfvjrsi c‛joojs c‛joojssi si `k pitjr pitjrjj j cj suj aklurj o.`. skhtidftkomj, skhtidftkomj, hih jssjhì pisskbkcj sistktukrj kc lku`kzki silljttkvi j ipkhfbkcj `jc lku`koj f qujcci fctrjttfhti ipkhfbkcj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj. Df kc skh`fofti `jc lku`koj hih può jsocu`jrsk hjddjhi kh prjsjhzf `k uh privvj`kdjhti fddkhkstrftkvi omj fppckof uh pfrfdjtri tjohkoi ipkhfbkcj omj af pfrtj `jccf afttkspjokj hirdftkvf `f fppckofrj fc ofsi oihorjti. oihorjti . C‛fddkhkstrfzkihj hih af fctri omj khtjrprjtfrj kc `fti hirdftkvi, foojrtfrj kc aftti j vfcutfrj, sjoihì k –pfrfdjtrk tjohkok `jccf sokjhzf rkomkfdftf `fccf hirdf—, sjh sjhzf zf ìv ìvjr jr jsj jsjluk lukrj rjí fco fcouhf uhf vfc vfcutf utfzki zkihj hjfccf `k hirdf ipp ippirt irtuhk uhktî i `k djrkti djr hj hjccf ccf stjssf stjssf foojrtf pis piskzk kzkihj ihj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj kc lku`koj rkspjtti hjctîdidjhti kh kti5 ouk5 cf khtjrprjtf, kc aftti j vfcu vfcutf tf kc `fti tjoh tjohkoi koi rkomkfdfti rkomkfdfti hjccf hirdf hirdf.. Hih sk può faajrdfrj, faajrdfrj, qukh`k, omj kc lku`koj lku`koj jsprkdf uh lku`kzki rksjrvfti fc pitjrj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj. Kc lku`koj, sj oidpkj ZH‛KH@FLKHJ ^KJHF J @KRJPPF _ZCCF QFCZPFWKIHJ PJOHKOF PJOHKOF,, `î sjdpckojdjhtj jsjouzkihj fccf hirdf, fhomj qufhì k pfrfdjtrk `f fppckofrj sihi ipkhfbkck.

OF^KPICI ?. CJ _KPZFWKIHK LKZRK@KOMJ _ILLJPPKQJ @JK ^RKQFPK.

6.@krkttk silljttkvk `jk prkvftk hjk oiharihtk oiharihtk `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkih `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj. j. K silljttk prkvftk pissihi jssjrj tkticfrk, hjk oiharihtk `jcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj, skf `k `krkttk silljttkvk omj `k khtjrjssk cjlkttkdk. Fc prkvfti omj skf priprkjtfrki `k uh bjhj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `jvj kc rkspjtti omj í ìvuti `f tuttk k silljttk `jcc'ir`khfdjhti. _j, pjr jskljhzj `k pubbckof utkcktî, kc bjhj `jvj jssjrj jspriprkfti, c'fddkhkstrfzkihj c'fddkhkstrfzkihj `jvj flkrj hjc rkspjtti `jc ^RKHOK^KI @K CJLFCKPF‛ 7 c'fddkhkstrfzkihj mf kc pitjrj `k jstkhlujrj kc `krktti `k priprkjtî, df `jvj jsjroktfrj kc sui pitjrj kh prjsjhzf `jk prjsuppistk prjvkstk `fccf cjllj j oih cj di`fcktî j k tjdpk omj cf cjllj prjsorkvj. Akhomí kc privvj`kdjhti `k jspriprkfzkihj hih `kvjhtf jaakofoj, kc `krktti `jc prkvfti pjrdfhj. K `krkttk silljttkvk `jk prkvftk sihi tfck fhomj hjk oiharihtk `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, omj mf kc pitjrj `k ckdktfrck i jstkhlujrck. Cf oijskstjhzf `k `krkttk (prkvftk) j (prkvftk) j `k pitjrk `k pitjrk (pubbckok) kìhjk (pubbckok) kìhjk f khok`jrj suk `krkttk hih í oihtrf``kttirkf 7 cj kcùj silljttkvj jhtrfhi`jc kh oicckskihj sici hjc didjhti kh ouk c'fddkhkstrfzkihj jsjroktf suisktufzkihk pitjrj. îkomë c'jsjrokzki pitjrj fvvkjhj dj`kfhtj c‛ ktjr prioj`kdjhtfcj,, í oih c'fpjrturf `jc prioj`kdjhti omj ci stfti `k oicckskihj khkzkf f oihorjtkzzfrsk. prioj`kdjhtfcj oihorjtkzzfrsk. 6?

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

Puttfvkf, sj c'fddkhkstrfzkihj mf kc pitjrj kc pitjrj `k ckdktfrj i jstkhlujrj kc `krktti, `krktti , qujst‛uctkdi hih può trivfrj tutjcf hjk oiharihtk `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj 7 hih pissihi jssjrj oihtjdpirfhjfdjhtj tutjcftk kc –`krktti silljttkvi— j kc –pitjrj `k ckdktfrj i jstkhlujrj qujc `krktti—. Puttfvkf kc prkvfti, tkticfrj `jc `krktti silljttkvi, hih può rkdfhjrj sjhzf tutjcf 7 oisã c‛ir`khfdjhti fttrkbuksoj fc tkticfrj `jc `krktt `kr kttii uhf `kv `kvjrs jrsff skt sktufz ufzkih kihjj lkurk` lkurk`kof kof sil sillj ljttk ttkvf, vf, c‛ khtjrj khtjrjssj ssj cjlkttkdi cjlkttkdi,, omj lck oihsjhtj `k pfrtjokpfrj fc prioj`kdjhti j afr vfcjrj cj suj rflkihk, pjr jvktfrj i pjr rk`kdjhskihfrj c‛khok`jhzf hjlftkvf suc sui `krktti. Kc ajhidjhi `jcc‛jstkhzkihj `jc `krktti j `jccf hfsoktf `jcc‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi í stfti vksti pjr fhhk oidj –`jlrf`fzkihj `jc `krktti silljttkvi—, khtjh`jhì omj qujst‛uctkdi sk trfsairdf kh khtjrjssj cjlk cj lkttk ttkdi di.. Df hi hihh o‛í o‛í fcou fcouhf hf trfs trfsai aird rdfz fzki kihj hj.. C‛kh C‛khtj tjrj rjss ssjj cj cjlk lktt ttkd kdii hf hfso sojj oi oihh c'k c'khk hkzk zkii `j `jcc prioj`kdjhti, kc `krktti silljttkvi sk jstkhluj sici fccf oihocuskihj `k jssi j sici hjc ofsi omj kc privvj`kdjhti skf safvirjvicj pjr kc prkvf prkvfti. ti. Hih può qukh`k pf pfrcfrsk rcfrsk `k –trfsairdfzkihj –trfsairdfzkihj—— `jc `krktti kh khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi. _k trfttf `k ùj vkojh`j sjpfrftj omj afhhi sã omj, pjr tuttf cf ùrftf `jc prioj`kdjhti, oijskstfhi oijskstfhi jhtrfdbj cj sktufzkihk silljttkvj. Oisã kc prkvfti, `f uh cfti, oihtkhuf hjc li`k li`kdj djht htii `jc `jc bjhj bjhj `k su suff prip priprk rkjt jtî, î, j `f `fcc cc'f 'fct ctri ri,, js jsjr jrok oktf tf cf su suff `k `kaj ajsf sf hj hjcc pr prio ioj` j`kd kdjh jhti ti fddkhkstrftkvi `k jspriprkfzkihj. ^jr oihtrfstfrj c‛jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj `k jstkhlujrj kc `krktti, kc prkvfti hih può khviofrj cf tkticfrktî `jc `krktti, pikomí hih sk trfttf `k rjflkrj f` uhf cjskihj `jc `krktti5 `jvj privvj`jrvk usfhì c'c‛faajrdfzkihj c'kh khtj tjrj rjss ssjj cjlk cjlkttk ttkdi di tkticfrktî 7 cf tutj tu`jc tjcf cf`krktti, oihs oihsjh jhtk tfí kc hi hih h í oih c‛ c‛ip ippi pisk skzk zkih ihjj fc fcc‛ c‛fd fddk dkhk hkst strf rfzk zkih ihjj oi oihh `jccf dftktf `kfcili c'fddkhkstrfzkihj hjc prioj`kdjhti pjr afr sã omj kc pitjrj skf jsjroktfti kh diì cjlkttkdi cjlkttkdi j pripirzkihfti fccj jskljhzj `k pubbckoi khtjrjssj.. khtjrjssj Kc `krktti silljttkvi può jssjrj tutjcfti oidj tfcj (isskf, oidj `krktti silljttkvi) sici sj kc pitjrj futirktftkvi `k ckdktfrci i jstkhlujrci hih susskstj 7 okò foof`j qufhì kc silljtti pubbckoi omj fìttf privvj`kdjhtk fbcftirk hih í tkticfrj `k tfcj pitjrj. _k mf fccirf cf huccktî `jc privvj`kdjhti fìttfti kh ofrjhzf `k pitjrj (omj cf cjllj `jhidkhf «`kajtti fssicuti `k fttrkbuzkihjµ).

2.Kc pribcjdf `jk o.`. `krkttk rjskstjhtk. Hjlck fhhk ” cf Ofssfzkihj kh`kvkùò `krkttk hih ckdktfbkck hë jstkhlukbkck f` ipjrf `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj 7 `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj 7 sk orjò oisã cf oftjlirkf `jk `krkttk hih `jlrf`fbkck, `jlrf`fbkck, `jttk fhomj –`krkttk rjskstjhtk— (f ouk vjhkvfhi rkoihìttk qujk `krkttk omj fvjvfhi rkoihisokdjhti hjccf Oistktuzkihj). C‛kpitjsk khkzkfcj í qujccf `jc `krktti fccf sfcutj, jstjsi fhomj fc `krktti fcc'fdbkjhtj sfcubrj. Cf prjsjhzf `k `krkttk hih ckdktfbkck j khjstkhlukbkck hih khjstkhlukbkck hih í tuttfvkf oidpftkbkcj oih c‛fttrkbuzkihj jstkhlujrck.. ^jrtfhti c‛faajrdfzkihj `jc ofrfttjrj fcc fcc‛fd ‛fddkh dkhkst kstrfz rfzkih kihjj `jc pitjrj `k ckdktfrck j jstkhlujrck rjskstjhtj `k uh qufcskfsk `krktti `jvj cilkofdjhtj oidpirtfrj c‛fssjhzf `k pitjrk fddkhkstrftkvk omj hj pis pissf sfhi hi `jtjr `jtjrdkh dkhfrj frj c‛f c‛fbcf bcfzki zkihj. hj. Vuj Vujstf stf í kha khaftt fttkk cf lkustk lkustkako akofzk fzkihj ihj tjirko tjirkoff `jc of ofrft rfttjr tjrjj khoidprkdkbkcj `k tfck `krkttk 7 sk fssudj omj c'fddkhkstrfzkihj skf prkvf `jc pitjrj `k oidprkdjrj kc `krk `k rktt ttii sill silljt jttk tkvi vi oist oistkt ktuz uzki kihf hfcd cdjh jhtj tj lf lfrf rfht htkt kti. i. Putt Puttfv fvkf kf,, sj tf tfck ck pi pitj tjrk rk si sihi hi ft fttr trkb kbuk uktk tk fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, hih í pisskbkcj kpitkzzfrj c‛jskstjhzf `k `krkttk rjskstjhtk 7 qujsti pjromë hjccf oicckskihj trf pitjrj j `krktti   `krktti kc sjoihì oj`j. Khictrj c‛fttrkbuzkihj `k pitjrk fcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj í akhfckzzftf fccfoidj ourf `krkttk `k khtjrjssk pubbckok, cf ouk si``ksafzkihj può oihacklljrj oih lck khtjrjssk omj sihi tutjcftk silljttkvk prkvftk. Kc pubbckok   j `krkttk prkvftk í prkvftk í pjrtfhti uh oihacktti trf khtjrjssk pubbckok j khtjrjssk oihacktti trf pitjrk trf pitjrk pubbckok 60

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

prkvftk 7 cf tutjcf pkjhf `k qujstk oidpirtf hjojssf hjojssfrkfdjhtj rkfdjhtj c‛kdpisskbkcktî `k si``ksafrj lck khtjrjssk pubbckok, j, vkojvjrsf. Cf Ofssfzkih Ofssfzkihjj mf trfttf trfttfti ti `jk `krktt `krkttkk rjskstj rjskstjhtk htk oih oih rkajrkdjhti f uh –pribcjdf `k lkurks`kzkihj", faajrdfhì omj cj rjcftkvj oihtrivjrskj rkjhtrfhi hjccf lkurks`kzkihj `jc lku`koj ir`khfrki (lku`koj `jk `krkttk silljttkvk) j hih kh qujccf `jc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi (lku`koj `jlck khtjrjssk cjlkttkdk). Vukh`k, kc oihacktti trf `krkttk oistktuzkihfcdjhtj lfrfhtktk lfrfhtktk j pitjrk `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj ìvrjbbj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj ìvrjbbj jssjrj rksicti `fc lku`koj ir`khfrki. Puttfvkf qujsti hih í pisskbkcj, pjromë cf tutjcf `jc `krktti silljttkvi í `kvjrsf `fccf tutjcf `jcc'khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi j khictrj kc lku`koj ir`khfrki hih mf kc pitjrj `k fhhuccfrj k privvj`kdjhtk fddkhkstrftkvk kccjlkttkdk (può sici oih`fhhfrj fc rksfrokdjhti `jc `fhhi i fppckofrj dksurj khtjr`kttkvj `jlck khtjrvjhtk pubbckok). Cf oftjlirkf `jk @KRKPPK RJ_K_PJHPK hih í dfk stftf rkoihisokutf `fc cjlkscftirj, omj fhzk, `ksokpckh `kso kpckhfhì fhì k privvj`kdjhtk ofutjcfrk `jc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi fddkhkstrftkvi kh kh tjdf `k «khtjrjssk jssjhzkfck `jccf pjrsihfµ (oidj kc `krktti fccf sfcutj, fcc‛khtjlrktî `jcc'fdbkjhtj, i f` fctrk bjhk `k rkckjvi oistktuzkihfcj), faajrdf cf –lkurks`kzkihj `jc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi—, hjlfhì cf lkurks`kzkihj `jc lku`koj ir`khfrki j c‛jskstjhzf `k `krkttk rjskstjhtk. Puttfvkf cf Ofssfzkihj Ofssfzkihj mf dfhtjhuti ajrdi kc sui irkjhtfdjhti. Cf Oirtj oistktuzkihfcj mf prjsi piskzkihj suc pribcjdf, faajrdfhì omj «hih í rfvvksfbkcj fcouh prkhokpki i hirdf hjc histri ir`khfdjhti omj rksjrvk jsocuskvfdjhtj fc lku`koj ir`khfrki - jsocu`jhìhj kc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi - cf tutjcf `jk `krkttk oi oistk stktuz tuzkih kihfcd fcdjht jhtj pritjt tkµ. . i C‛f C‛faaj aajrdf zkihj hjtftkvk `jccf `jccf lku lkurks rks`kz `kzkih kihj jzkihj `jc lku`ko lku`koj fddkhk fdd ftkvi vik oidpi oi dpirtf rtf omj 7 j6) pri sussks sustjttkµ skstih tihi pit pitjrk jrkrdfzki fut futirk irktft kvk `jc `jcc‛f c‛fdd ddkhks khkstrf trfzki hj omj khokì khojkìhi hi khkstr sukstrftk `krktt `kr kttk oistk oi stktuz tuzkih kihfcd fcdjht jhtjj lfr lfrfh fhtkt tktk5 k5 2) hjc hjcc‛j c‛jsjr sjrokz okzki ki `k tfc tfckk pitjrk pitjrk c‛fddk c‛fddkhks hkstrf trfzki zkihj hj può f` fìtt ittfrj frj privvj`kdjhtk omj khokìhi su qujstk `krkttk5 ?) cf tutjcf oihsjhtktf fk tkticfrk `k tfck `krkttk í qujccf tkpkof `jcc‛khtjrjssj `jcc‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi, cjlkttkdi, bfsftf succf `kdistrfzkihj `jc ofttkvi jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj `f pfrtj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj j succ‛khvfck`ktî `jc privvj`kdjhti khok`jhtj hjlftkvfdjhtj hjlftkvfdjhtj suc `krktti.

?.C‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi. C‛KHPJRJ__J CJLKPPKDI pjrdjttj fc prkvfti `k `kajh`jrj kc ?.C‛khtjrjssj sui pftrk pftrkdihki dihki lkurk lkurk`koi `koi `fcc `fcc‛fzki ‛fzkihj hj khtru khtruskvf skvf `jcc `jcc‛fddk ‛fddkhkstrf hkstrfzkihj zkihj i `k siccjoktf siccjoktfrj rj j sistjhj sistjhjrj rj c‛fzkihj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `krjttf fcc‛fdpckfdjhti `jcci stjssi pftrkdihki. Hjc prkdi ofsi, ippisktkvi,, djhtrj hjc sjoihì sk `koj prjtjhskvi c‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi sk `koj ippisktkvi `koj prjtjhskvi.. C‛khtjrjssj ippisktkvi sk mf, f` jsjdpki, oihtri c‛fzkihj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `krjttf f jspriprkfrj uh bjhj kddibkcj `k priprkjtî prkvftf5 c‛khtjrjssj í khvjoj prjtjhskvi qufhì kc prkvfti rkomkj`j uh privvj`kdjhti fddkhkstrftkvi f së afvirjvicj (f` jsjdpki, cf oihojsskihj kh usi jsocuskvi `k uhf pirzkihj `k bjhj `jdfhkfcj). Fccf airdfzkihj `jc Rjlhi `‛Ktfckf (6=16) cf tutjcf `jk prkvftk hjk oiharihtk `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj fvjvf ofrfttjrj fddkhkstrftkvi, kh idfllki fc prkhokpki `jccf sjpfrfzkihj `jccf sjpfrfzkihj `jk pitjrk, pitjrk, omj kdpj`kvf omj lck fttk `jc pitjrj jsjoutkvi pitjssjri jssjrj lku`koftk `f irlfhk `jc pitjrj lkurks`kzkihfcj. C‛fddkhks C‛fd dkhkstrfzk trfzkihj ihj sk `kvk` `kvk`jvf jvf fcci fccirf rf kh –fdd –fddkhkst khkstrfzki rfzkihj hj purf—, purf—, oidprjh`j oidprjh`jhtj htj lck irlfhk `k fddkhkstrfzkihj fttkvf, fttkvf, j kh –fddkhks –fddkhkstrfzk trfzkihj ihj oihtjhz oihtjhzkisf kisf—, —, ouk afojvfhi afojvfhi ofpi k Prkbuhfck `jc oihtjhzkisi fddkhkstrftkvi. fddkhkstrftkvi. Kh ioofskihj `jccf –Cjllj `k uhkakofzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf— (C. 220= / 6=1:), supjrfhì cf rklirisf oihojzkihj `jccf sjpfrfzkihj `jk pitjrk, sk viccj ofdbkfrj rf`kofcdjhtj kc skstjdf faak`fhì fc lku`koj cf tutjcf `jk silljttkvk omj k romë prkvftk rktjhj rkt jhjvfh vfhii `kcjs cjsktutjcf, k `fc `fcc‛f c‛fddk ddkhks hkstrf trfzki zkihj hj.. Df ir`khfrki cf rkai rkairdf rdf hi hihh `kj`j `kj `j `krkttk k rks rksuct uctftk ftk spjrft spjrftk, k, pj pjrom ë cj oihtr oi htrivj ivjrsk rskjj oi oihh c‛f c‛fddk ddkhks hkstrf trfzki zkihj hj hih rkl rklufr ufr`fv `fvfhi fhi sjd sjdprj prj `krktt `krkttkk sillj silljttk ttkvk, vk, j pjr qujstj qujstj 6:

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

oihtrivjrskj sk pjrsj cf pisskbkcktî `k afrcj `jok`jrj `fk Prkbuhfck `jc oihtjhzkisi fddkhkstrftkvi (omj, oih cf stjssf cjllj, jrfhi stftk fbicktk). Oiskoomë tuttk lck khtjrjssk hih rkoihisokutk oidj `krkttk silljttkvk rkdfsjri sjhzf uhf tutjcf lkurks`kzkihfcj. Vujstf sktufzkihj `jtjrdkhò uhf sjoih`f kdpirtfhtj rkairdf, fttuftf hjc 6==; oih c‛kstktuzkihj `jccf Vufrtf _jzkihj `jc Oihsklcki `k _tfti, `jhidkhftf «pjr cf lkustkzkf fddkhkstrftkvfµ. Kc huivi irlfhi ìvjvf fsskourfrj cf tutjcf «oihtri fttk j privvj`kdjhtk `k uh‛futirktî fddkhkstrftkvf omj fbbkfhi pjr illjtti uh khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi `k kh`kvkùk i `k jhtk dirfck lkurk`kokµ.

0.C‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi oidj sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf. O‛í uh cuhli pjroirsi 7 `fpprkdf c‛KHPJRJ__J í oihsk`jrfti 7 6) uhf sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf5 silljttkvf5 2) pik uhf sktufzkihj uhf sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf `k `krktti sistfhzkfcj sistfhzkfcj55 ?) j khakhj uhf sktufzkihj uhf sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf rksfrokbkcj. rksfrokbkcj. C‛khkzki au burrfsoisi, pjromë c‛khtjrjssj hih jrf rkoihisokuti hjddjhi oidj sktufzkihj oidj sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf.. K prkdk oiddjhtftirk `jccf cjllj `jc 6==; khafttk jsocu`jvfhi omj aissj stftf orjftf uhf silljttkvf huivf sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf5 djhi omj dfk pitjvfhi pjhsfrj fc rkoihisokdjhti `k huivk `krkttk silljttkvk, pjromë, ivj sk aissj trfttfti `k `krkttk, cf tutjcf ìvjvf jssjrj omkjstf fc lku`koj ir`khfrki, kh rkoihisokutk airzf `jccf cjllj `jc 6=1:. ^jr lkustkakofrj `ftf tutjcf lkurks`kzkihfcj khtjrjssk hih oidj `krkttk silljttkvk, sk usfrihi omj vfrkaissj jspj`kjhtk 7 Djuook kpitkzzò omj kcf rkoirsi oihskstjssj kh uh‛fzkihj uh‛fzkihj pipicfrj pipicfrj di`jrftf di`jrftf,, rkspjtti f ouk c‛khtjrjssj sjrvkvf f okroisorkvjrj c‛fdbkti `jk silljttk cjlkttkdftk f` jsjroktfrcf5 sjdprj Djuook oistruã kc rkoirsi oidj khtjsi f tutjcf tut jcfrj rj kh di diì ì `kr `krjtt jttii c‛khtj c‛khtjrjssj rjssj pubb pubbckoi ckoi   j kh di` diìi sici ioofski ioofskihfc hfcjj c‛khtjrjssj `jc prkvfti rkoirrjhtj,, orjfhì cf airducf `jcc‛«khtjrjssj ioofskihfcdjhtj pritjttiµ (isskf pritjtti `k rkacjssi, rkoirrjhtj ivj oikhok`jhtj oih c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi)5 Rfhjccjttk kddflkhò omj c‛khtjrjssj `jc prkvfti rkoirrjhtj ais aissj uh vjri vjri j prip riprki rki `krkt krktti ti si sill lljjttkv ttkvii, «oid idpr prjjssiµ ssiµ `fl flck ck ftt ttkk j pr priivv vvj` j`kd kdjjhtk `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj. C‛«khtjrjssj cjlkttkdiµ hih jrf oihojpkti oidj uhf sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf 7 i jrf uh khtjrjssj krrkcjvfhtj lkurk`kofdjhtj i lkurk`kofdjhtj i sk k`jhtkakofvf oih kc `krktti silljttkvi «oidprjssiµ.. «oidprjssiµ Zh jdkhjhtj priojssufcokvkckstf, Omkivjh`f, fcc‛khkzki `jc ”;>>, jhuhokò cf tjsk pjr ouk c‛ ‛FWKIHJ LKZRK_@KWKIHFCJ  `jvj `jvj jssjrj oihsk`jrftf uh «`krkttiµ f sí stfhtj, sjpfrftf `fc `krktti silljttkvi omj jssf sjrvj f tutjcfrj5 tutjcfrj 5 j, f `kdistrfzkihj `jcc‛futihidkf `jcc‛fzkihj pirtò f` jsjdpki priprki «kc `krktti `k omkj`jrj c‛fhhuccfdjhti `jlck fttk fddkhkstrftkvk kccjlkttkdkµ, rkajrjhìsk fc lku`kzki omj sk svicljvf `fvfhtk fccf Vufrtf _jzkihj. Cf tjsk `k Omkivjh`f hih jcjvf fhoirf c‛khtjrjssj cjlk cjlktt ttkd kdii f sktu sktufz fzki kihj hj lk lkur urk` k`ko koff si sill lljt jttk tkvf vf,, df jc jckd kdkh khff uh is istf tfoi oici ci kdpi kdpirt rtfh fhtj tj fc su suii rkoihisokdjhti oidj sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf 7 hih ok può jssjrj fcouhf sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf sjhzf omj f` jssf skf rkoihisokutf tutjcf lkurks`kzkihfcj. _u qujstf strf`f sk í pistf kh sjlukti cf ìttrkhf, sistjhjhì omj c‛khtjrjssj `jc prkvfti sk rkùoj f uh –khtjrjssj priojssufcj— (kh ouk ouk kc rk rkoi oirr rrjh jhtj tj trivf trivf hih hih kc tkti tktici ci `f afr afr vfcjr vfcjrjj oic oic rk rkoi oirsi rsi,, df si sicci cf cjl cjlkttk kttkdfz dfzkih kihjj pjr pripirci)) 7 khaft pripirci khafttk tk cj hirdj omj rjli rjlicfhi cfhi c‛fz c‛fzkihj kihj fddkh fddkhkstrft kstrftkvf kvf sjrvihi sjrvihi f tutjcfrj tutjcfrj c‛khtjrjssj c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi j c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj omj vkicf tfck hirdj cj`j c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi5 qukh`k kc lku`kzki fddkhkstrftkvi dkrf f rkstfbkckrj c‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi cjsi. Kc prkvfti, oidj tfcj, hih mf kc tktici pjr ìcjrsk `jcc‛jvjhtufcj vkicfzkihj `k hirdj, df pikomë kc sui khtjrjssj può rksjhtkrj uhi svfhtfllki `fcc‛khissjrvfhzf `k qujccj hirdj, c‛ir`khfdjhti sk fvvfcj `k cuk oidj `jcci strudjhti ftti f 61

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

priduivjrj cf rjstfurfzkihj `jcc‛khtjrjssj pubbckoi cjsi. C‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi rjstf prkvi `k qufcskfsk rkcjvfhzf lkurk`kof suc pkfhi sistfhzkfcj, df foqukstf rkckjvi suc pkfhi priojssufcj. Vukh`k vkjhj jcjvfti f aftti f aftti khtjlrfhtj cf cjlkttkdfzkihj f` flkrj (i flkrj (i oidj –pitjrj `k flkrj kh lku`kzki—).

:.C‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi oidj sktufzkihj lkurk`kof sistfhzkfcj. Khtjsi oidj sktufz oidj sktufzkih kihjj pri priojs ojssuf sufcj, cj, c‛khtj c‛khtjrjs rjssj sj cjl cjlkttk kttkdi di hfsoj hfsoj ìpi ìpi c‛fìz c‛fìzkih kihjj `j `jcc privvj privvj`kd `kdjht jhtii safvirjvicj. Hih susskstjhì prkdf `jcc‛fìzkihj `k qujst‛uctkdi, hih mf huccf f omj afrj oih kc prioj`kdjhti j cj afoictî omj, hjcc‛fdbkti `jc prioj`kdjhti prioj`kdjhti,, sihi fttrkbuktj fc prkvfti j omj lck oihsjh hsjhti tihhi `k khac khacuukrj krj suc diì iì kh ouk c‛f c‛fddk dkhk hksstr trffzki kihj hj jsj sjro rokt ktff kc sui pit itjjrj rj.. ^jr rktjhjrj rktjhjrj susskstj susskstjhtj htj uhf _KPZFWKIHJ @K @KRKPPI _I_PFHWKFCJ , iooirrj omj jssf fbbkf rkoihisokdjhti j tutjcf fhomj auirk (j prkdf) `jc priojssi 7 hih può trfttfrsk sjdpckojdjhtj `k uh pitjrj `k rjfzkihj kh sj`j priojssufcj priojssufcj.. Fccff ois Fcc oistru truzki zkihj hj `jc `jcc'k c'khtj htjrjs rjssj sj cjl cjlktt kttkdi kdi ist istfvf fvf uhf okr okrois oistfh tfhzf zf aih`fd aih`fdjht jhtfcj fcj 7 c‛khtjrjssj `jc prkvfti può cjlkttkdfdjhtj hih jssjrj si``ksaftti `fcc‛fzkihj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj.. _ j h j `jùojvf `jù ojvf,, qukh qukh`k, `k, omj hih pitjssj jssjrj rktjhu rktjhuti ti pritjtti pritjtti lkurk`kof lkurk`kofdjht djhtjj uh khtjrjssj `k ouk c‛ir`khfdjhti hih lfrfhtkvf cf si``ksafzkihj. si``ksafzkihj . Fccirf c‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi au oihojpkti oidj –khtjrjssj fccf cjlkttkdktî `jcc‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf— (Pisfti). Puttfvkf cf –CJLKPPKDKPÎ— í uh vfcirj illjttkvi j fstrftti, omj dfc sk prjstf f` jssjrj c‛illjtti `k uhf sktufzkihj silljttkvf. Iooirrj uh fllfhoki fllfhoki `k qujsti vfcirj fstrftti f qufcoisf qufcoisf `k oihorjti ouk kc silljtti fspkrf 7 iooirrj okií rjh`jrj kh`kvkùfcj j silljttkvi c‛–khtjrjssj fccf cjlkttkdktî—. Cf ìttrkhf oidkhokf f rjh`jrsk oihti omj c‛KHPJRJ__J FCCF CJLKPPKDKPF‛ í uh khtjrjssj strudjhtfcj,, omj vf oiccjlfti oih uh fctri khtjrjssj, omj skf sistfhzkfcj strudjhtfcj skf sistfhzkfcj (khtjrjssj (khtjrjssj f uh bjhj `jccf vktf) j skf khictrj priprki `k `jtjrdkhftk silljttk (isskf rjcftkvi f uh bjhj `jccf vktf, omj jssk vilcki vil ckihi hi foq foquks ukskrj krj i hih pj pjr`j r`jrj) rj).. Kh qujsti qujsti diì diì sk può spkjl spkjlfrj frj kc –o –ofrf frfttj ttjrj rj sillj silljttk ttkvi vi `jcc‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi—. _k í ojrofti pik `k jsfdkhfrj qufcj pissf jssjrj c‛illjtti c‛illjtti   `jcc‛ `jcc‛khtjrjssj khtjrjssj cjlkt cjlkttkdi tkdi   j` í stfti kh`kvkùfti hjcc‛FWKIHJ @JCC‛FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ, kh qufhti strudjhtfcj f` foqukskrj (i f hih pjr`jrj) uh bjhj `jccf vktf 7 pikomë ci strudjhti `k si``ksafzkihj `jcc‛khtjrjssj fc bjhj `jccf vktf í kc oidpirtfdjhti `jcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj, `jcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj, í cilkoi rktjhjrj omj c‛illjtti skf priprki tfcj oidpirtfdjhti oidpirtfdjhti (_oiof). _joihì fctrk, tuttfvkf, sfrjbbj prjajrkbkcj kh`kofrj oidj illjtti `jcc‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi `krjtt `kr jttfdj fdjhtj htj kc BJ BJHJ HJ @JC @JCCF CF QKP QKPF F (Dkjcj (Dkjcj). ). F sfh sfhzki zkihfr hfrjj `jakhk `jakhktkv tkvfdj fdjhtj htj kc of ofrft rfttjr tjrjj `k sktufzkihj sistfhzkfcj `jcc‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi í stftf cf Oistktuzkihj 7 c‛frt. 20, oicciofhì lck khtjrjssk cjlkttkdk foofhti fk `krkttk silljttkvk, prjsuppihj omj k prkdk skfhi, oidj k sjoih`k, sktufzkihk lkurk`komj silljttkvj `k `krktti sistfhzkfcj sistfhzkfcj55 j fccf stjssf oihocuskihj pirtfhi lck frtt. 6>? j 66? Ois Oist.t. Kc oihtjh oihtjhuti uti si sistf stfhzk hzkfcj fcj `jc `jcc‛k c‛khtj htjrjs rjssj sj cjl cjlktt kttkdi kdi í stfti stfti trfsau trfsausi si kh `kspis `kspiskzk kzkih ihkk cjlkscftkvj oih cf –cjllj suc prioj`kdjhti fddkhkstrftkvi— (C. 206 / 6;;>) 7 sk trfttf `k afoictî omj fttjhlihi fc prioj`kdjhti. –C‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi vkvj hjc prioj`kdjhti—. @ipi c‛fìzkihj `jc privvj`kdjhti omj omku`j kc prioj`kdjhti, prioj`kdjhti, sj c‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi sk rktkjhj vkicfti, sirlj kc kc pitjrj pitjrj `k tutjcf lkurks`kzkihfcj, lkurks`kzkihfcj, omj sk jspckof jspckof oih c‛kdp c‛kdpulhf ulhfzkihj zkihj `jc privvj`k privvj`kdjhti djhti `fvfhtk `fvfhtk fc lku`koj lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi.

6<

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

1.C‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi oidj sktufzkihj lkurk`kof rksfrokbkcj. Zhf victf vic tf faajrdf faajrdfti ti kc ofrfttjrj sistfhzkfcj `jcc‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi, cjlkttkdi , fvrjbbj ìvuti `jrkvfrhj oidj kddj`kftf oihsjlujhzf cf suf rksfrokbkcktî kh ofsi `k vkicfzkihj `f pfrtj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, skf pjr kc –dfhofti i rktfr`fti jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj— (pjr c‛fssjhzf i cf tfr`kvf fìzkihj `jc privvj`kdjhti rkomkjsti), skf pjr c‛–kccjlkttkdi jsjrokzki `jc pitjrj— (j pjr c‛fìzkihj `k privvj`kdjhtk kccjlkttkdk safvirjvick pjr kc ciri `jstkhftfrki i pjr silljttk tjrzk). Okihihistfhtj cf lkurkspru`jhzf hih mf rktjhuti fddksskbkcj kc rksfrokdjhti `jc `fhhi akhi fccf akhj `jc sjoici soirsi 7 cf rjskst rjskstjhz jhzff `jc `jccf cf lku lkurks rkspru pru`j `jhzf hzf,, ìv ìvutf utf fcc‛ir fcc‛irkjh kjhtfd tfdjht jhtii `jccf `jccf Ofssf Ofssfzki zkihj, hj, hih fvj fvjvf vf uh aih`fdjhti lkurk`koi j rkspih`jvf sici fccf prjiooupfzkihj `k tutjcfrj cj akhfhzj pubbckomj, hih jspihjhìcj f jsbirsk `f rksfrokdjhti. F oihvkhojrj cf Ofssfzkihj `jcc‛khsistjhkbkcktî `jc sui irkjhtfdjhti í stftf cf prjsskihj `jc `krktti oiduhktfrki, omj mf faajrdfti, kh tjdf `k fppfctk pubbckok, kc prkhokpki pjr ouk í rksfrokbkcj qufcskfsk `fhhi priviofti `fc oidpirtfdjhti kccjokti `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj,, fhomj sj f` jssjrj cjsk sihi khtjrjssk cjlkttkdk. Oiskoomë c‛KHPJRJ__J `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj CJLKP CJ LKPPKD PKDI I mf vks vksti ti oid oidpcj pcjtft tftff cf su suff jv jvicu icuzki zkihj hj j prj prjsjh sjhtfr tfrsk sk akhfcd akhfcdjht jhtjj oidj oidj sktufzkihj lkurk`kof silljttkvf, sistfhzkfcj j rksfro rks frokbk kbkcj cj.. Puttfvkf 7 6) sj sk fssudj omj c‛khtjrjssj cjlkttkdi mf f` illjtti kc –bjhj `jccf vktf— f ouk kc sui tkticfrj fspkrf (i kc bjhj omj jlck tjdj `k pjr`jrj), cf dksurf `jc rksfrokdjhti `jvj pfrfdjtrfrsk fc vfcirj `jc bjhj kccjoktfdjhtj pjrùti i kccjoktfdjhtj hih foqukskti. foqukskti. 2) _j khvjoj sk fs fssudj sudj oomj mj c‛khtj c‛khtjrjssj rjssj cjlkttkdi mf f` illjtti kc –oidpirtfdjhti `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj—, í ci pjr`jrj strudjhti hjojssfrki pjr foqukskrj huivi bjhj `jccf vktf (khtjrjssj prjtjhskvi) i omj pjr hih uh bjhj lkî afojhtj pfrtj `jcuhpftrkdihki lkurk`koi `jc prkvfti (khtjrjssj ippisktkvi), cf dksurf `jc `fhhi rksfrokbkcj rklufr`f sici kc vfcirj `jcc‛ khtjrjssj, khtjrjssj, cjsi `f oidpirtfdjhtk prioj`kdjhtfck kccjlkttkdk.

*FRP. 20 OI_P. 7 –Puttk pissihi flkrj kh lku`kzki pjr cf tutjcf `jk priprk `krkttk j khtjrjssk cjlkttkdk—. *FRP. 6>? OI_P. 7 –Kc Oihsklcki `k _tfti j lck fctrk irlfhk `k lkustkzkf fddkhkstrftkvf mfhhi lkurks`kzkihj pjr cf tutjcf hjk oiharihtk `jccf ^.F. `jlck KHPJRJ__K CJLKPPKDK j, kh pfrtkoicfrk dftjrkj kh`koftj `fccf cjllj, fhomj `jk @KRKPPK _ILLJPPKQK—. *FRP. 66? OI_P. 7 –Oihtri lck fttk `jccf ^.F. í sjdprj fddjssf cf tutjcf lkurks`kzkihfcj `jk @KRKPPK j `jlck KHPJRJ__K CJLKPPKDK `fvfhtk flck irlfhk `k lkurks`kzkihj ir`khfrkf i fddkhkstrftkvf—.

-^FRPJ KK. IRLFHKWWFWKIHJ FDDKHK_PRFPKQF -

- 2. IRLFHKWWFWKI IRLFHKWWFWKIHJ HJ FDDKHK_PRFPKQF-

OF^KPICI 6. CF ^ZBBCKOF FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ J CF _ZF JQICZWKIHJ. 6=

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

6. C'uh C'uhkako kakofzki fzkihj hj fddkhkst fddkhkstrftk rftkvf. vf. Oih cf airdfzkihj picktkof `jc Rjlhi `‛Ktfckf oidj _tfti uhktfrki cj skhlicj `ksokpckhj fddkhkstrftkvj vkljhtk hjlck _tftk prjuhktfrk, dicti `kvjrsj trf ciri, sk sihi uhkairdftj fc `krktti vkljhtj kh ^kjdihtj (khafttk pjr c‛uhkakofzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf sk í pfrcfti `k «pkjdihtjskzzfzkihjµ). Cj rflkihk `jcc‛uhkairdfzkihj fc skstjdf pkjdihtjsj, j hih f` fctrk, sitti ojrtk fspjttk pkû prilr prilrj`ktk j`ktk (qujcci cidbf cidbfrì, rì, tisofh tisofhii i hfpicjtf hfpicjtfhi) hi) sihi sihi ùj 7 6) kc Rjlhi sfbfuì jrf kc sici _tfti oistktuzkihfcj fc oistktuzkihfcj fc didjhti `jccf airdfzkihj `jc Rjlhi `‛Ktfckf, pjr ouk k tjdk `k aihì (rfppirtk trf ^frcfdjhti j` Jsjoutkvi, rjcfzkihk trf Livjrhi j fppfrfti fddkhkstrftkvi, pitjrk `jc _ivrfhi) ìvjvfhi pjr airzf kspkrfrsk fc di`jcci pkjdihtjsj5 2) hjc 6=:; kc Livjrhi pkjdihtjsj, usuarujhì `jk pitjrk omj lck jrfhi stftk fttrkbuktk kh ioofskihj `jccf sjoih`f lujrrf `k kh`kpjh`jhzf, fvjvf priduclfti cjllk dicti kdpirtfhtk5 sjdprj hjc 6=:;, khictrj, jrfhi stftk pubbckoftk kc oi`koj pjhfcj, `k priojùrf pjhfcj j `k priojùrf okvkcj, oiskoomë c‛ir`khfdjhti pkjdihtjsj jrf kc pkû fllkirhfti. Puttfvkf, cf sistktuzkihj `jc vjoomki skstjdf oih kc `krktti fddkhkstrftkvi pkjdihtjsj fvvjhhj, hjccj vfrkj zihj `jc Rjlhi, kh tjdpk j di`k `kvjrsk 7 khafttk, djhtrj hjk ùoftk `k ^frdf j Di`jhf, kc rjlljhtj Afrkhk `joksj `k khtriùrrj qufsk subkti kc skstjdf pkjdihtjsj, kh Pisofhf kc Rkofsick, oihvkhti `jccf supjrkirktî `jc skstjdf vkljhtj hjc Lrfhùofti, rktjhhj hjojssfrki dfhtjhjrj kh vktf cj vjoomkj kstktuzkihk (khcftfcCidbfr`kf diì, c‛uhkairdfzkihj `krktti fvvjhhj quk pjr afsk suoojsskvj). ^jr okò omj rklufr`f khvjoj (ivj purj sk jrf`jcoihvkhtk `jccf supjrkirktî `jc skstjdf kh vklirj prjoj`jhtjdjhtj), prjoj`jhtjd jhtj), hjc 6=1> sk jbbj uhf brusof khtriùzkihj `jc skstjdf pkjdihtjsj (fhomj sj au prjvksti uh pjrkiì `k trfhskzkihj vicuti `f Ofviur). Dicti pkû `kaakokcj au, fc oihtrfrki, c‛khtriùzkihj `jc di`jcci pkjdihtjsj hjc skstjdf hfpicjtfhi j kh qujcci skokckfhi, kh ouk au hjojssfrki kc sussjlukrsk sussjlukrsk `k `kvjrsk livjrhk (`f (`fccf ccf `kttfturf Lfrkbfc`k fccf cuilitj cuilitjhjhzf hjhzf Okfc`khk) 7 priprki pjr tfcj ditkvi, c‛futihidkf irlfhkzzftkvf `jc Djzzilkirhi ùrò akhi fc 6¾ hivjdbrj `jc 6=16. C‛–uhkakofzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf— au fttuftf kh vkf `jakhktkvf sici oih cf C. 220= / 6=1:, fpprivftf su prjsskihj `jc Livjrhi Cf Dfrdirf 7 tfcj cjllj jrf oistktuktf `f uh frtkoici j `f 1 fccjlftk (rjcftkvk fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj privkhokfcj j oiduhfcj, fccf skourjzzf, fccf sfhktî pubbckof, fc Oihsklcki `k _tfti, fcc‛fbickzkihj `jc oihtjhzkisi fddkhkstrftkvi j fccj ipjrj pubbckomj).

2. Cf ak aksk skih ihid idkf kf irkl irklkh khfr frkf kf `j `jcc ccf f fd fddk dkhk hkst strf rfzk zkih ihj j pubb pubbck ckof of ktfckfhf. C‛irlfhkzzfzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf pkjdihtjsj prjsjhtfvf k ofrfttjrk `jccf sjdpckoktî `jccf sjdpckoktî,, `jcc‛uhkairdktî `jcc‛ uhkairdktî,, `jcc‛foojhtrfdjhti `jcc‛foojhtrfdjhti j j `jccf ljrfromkf `jccf ljrfromkf.. Vukh`k jrf `jc tutti `kvjrsf `f qujccf fttufcj. Lck stjssk ofrfttjrk sihi stftk trfsdjssk fcc‛irlfhkzzfzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf `jc Rjlhi `‛Ktfckf. Cj strutturj irlfhkzzftkvj sihi oihojhtrftj hjlck jhtk tjrrktirkfck 7 _tfti, ^rivkhokf j Oiduhj. _ihi piomk lck jhtk pubbckok `kvjrsk `flck jhtk tjrrktirkfck j qujcck omj ok sihi mfhhi irklkhk fhtkomj j str truuttur tturff fssio ssiokf kftk tkvf vf (f` (f` js. lck lck ir` ir`khk khk priaj riajss sski kihhfc fckk j cj ofdj fdjrj `k oi oidd ddjjro roki ki). ). Cj ^rivkhoj j k Oiduhk, pur jssjhì ìtftk `k pjrsihfcktî lkurk`kof priprkf, sihi oihsk`jrftk «djdbrf «djd brf `jcci _tftiµ. îkomë c‛khtjrf –irlfhk –irlfhkzzf zzfzkihj zkihj pubbcko pubbckof— f— í irlfhkzzfzkihj `jcci _tfti, _tfti, iooirrj `kstkhlujrcf kh FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ kh FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ @KRJPPF @KRJPPF (sj (sj af ofpi fccf pjrsihf lkurk`kof _tfti) j kh FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ KH@KRJPPF KH@KRJPPF   (sj fttkjhj flck jhtk tjrrktirkfck dkhirk). C‛irlfhkzzfzkihj khtjrhf `jccf ^rivkhokf j `jc Oiduhj í ìdkhftf `f irlfhk `jcci _tfti 7 fc vjrtkoj `jccf ^rivkhokf í pisti uh irlfhi oiccjlkfcj, cf @jputfzkihj privkhokfcj, prjskjùtf `fc ^rjajtti. Fc 6;

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

vjrtkoj `jc Oiduhj skj`j kc _kh`foi, omj í hidkhfti `fc Livjrhi (`fc Rj) trf k oihsklckjrk oiduh oi duhfck fck.. Lck jht jhtkk tjr tjrrkti rktirkf rkfck ck dkh dkhirk irk si sihi hi ljrfromkofdjhtj `kpjh`jhtk `fcci _tfti. _tfti. Cf strutturf irlfhk irl fhkzz zzftk ftkvf vf `k tfck tfck jht jhtkk rkspih rkspih`j `j fc ork orktjr tjrki ki `jcc‛ `jcc‛uhkairdktî uhkairdktî.. C‛uh C‛uhka kair irdk dktî tî í fh fhom omjj pr prip iprk rkff `jcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj `jcci _tfti 7 f ckvjcci ojhtrfcj trivkfdi k Dkhkstjrk (su``kvksk kh `krjzkihk j sjzkihk)5 f ckvjcci pjrkajrkoi cj ^rjajtturj j cj _ittiprjajtturj. C‛fddkhkstrfzkihj sk prjsjhtf oidj uh oirpi oidpftti livjrhfti `fc ojhtri j mf ofrfttjrj airtjdjhtj foojhtrfti.

?. Jvicuzkihj `jk di`jcck irlfhkzzftkvk. Zh skstjdf oisã sjdpckoj, uhkairdj j foojhtrfti (kh ouk ci _tfti jrf c‛fssicuti ìdkhfhtj) hih pitjvf rjlljrj fcc‛fudjhti `jccj auhzkihk fssjlhftj fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj pubbckof. Oisã cj strutturj irlfhkzzftkvj irklkhfrkj (`jcci _tfti j `jlck jhtk tjrrktirkfck dkhirk) sk sihi `kcftftj5 oihtjdpirfhjfdjhtj sihi fudjhtftk lck jhtk pubbckok fusk fuskck ckfr frkk j sihi sihi stft stftkk khtr khtri` iìt ittk tk hu huiv ivkk di di`j `jcc cck. k. Fccf Fccf ak akhj hj `j `jcc cc‛= ‛=>> >> au kh khtr tri` iìt itti ti kc di`j di`jcc ccii `jcc‛ FWKJH@F FWKJH@F FZPIHIDF FZPIHIDF,, khsjrktf kh fdbkti dkhkstjrkfcj, df ìtftf `k futihidkf ljstkihfcj j akhfhzkfrkf 7 akhfhzkfrkf 7 kh prftkof, fttrfvjrsi c‛fzkjh`f futihidf ci _tfti fssuhsj kc oidpkti `k jrilfrj kh diì `krjtti sjrvkzk fk okttf`khk (sk pjhsk fcc‛kstktuzkihj `jcc‛ –Fzkjh`f futihidf Ajrrivkj `jcci _tfti—, oihsjlujhtj fccf hfzkihfckzzfzkihj `k buihf pfrtj `jccj strf`j ajrrftj, prkdf ljstktj `f siokjtî prkvftj kh bfsj f oihojsskihk). Cj irklkhfrkj strutturj dkhkstjrkfck khafttk hih jrfhi f`fttj f svicljrj oidpktk `k ofrfttjrj fzkjh`fcj j sk ì ìvj vjtt ttjj khtr khtri` iùr urrj rj uh di di`j `jcc ccii irlf irlfhk hkzz zzft ftkv kvii fz fzkj kjh` h`fc fcj. j. Cf st stjs jssf sf js jskl kljh jhzf zf í fc fccf cf bf bfsj sj `jcc‛khtri `jcc ‛khtriùzki ùzkihj, hj, fcc‛k fcc‛khkzki hkzki `jc ”;>> ”;>>,, `jcc `jcc‛–FWK ‛–FWKJH@F JH@F DZHKO DZHKOK^FCK K^FCKWWFP WWFPF—, F—, frtkoicfzkihj `jc Oiduhj j `jccf ^rivkhokf, akhfckzzftf fccf ljstkihj `k vfrk sjrvkzk (`fcc‛kccudkhfzkihj sjrvkzk (`fcc‛kccudkhfzkihj `jc tjssuti strf`fcj, flck foqujìttk, fc trfspirti pubbckoi). Khictrj kh jpiof afsokstf aurihi kstktuktk fhomj k o.`. –JHPK –J HPK ^ZB ^ZBBCK BCKOK OK AZHWKI AZHWKIHFC HFCK—, K—, strutturj irlfhkzzftkvj ìtftj `k pjrsihfcktî lkurk`kof `k `krkt krktti ti pubbc ubbcko koii j `js jstk tkhhftj ftj f sv svic iclljr jrjj auhz auhzki kihhk spjo spjoka kako kommj 7 tr trff qu qujjst stkk rk rkooir ir``kf kfd di c‛Kstktuti hfzkihfcj `jccf prjvk`jhzf siokfcj (KH^_), c‛Kstktuti hfzkihfcj fsskstjhzf khairtuhk suc cfviri (KHFKC) j c‛Kstktuti pjr cf rkoistruzkihj khùstrkfcj (KRK). 0. C'ir`khf C'ir`khfdjhti djhti rjlkihf rjlkihfcj. cj. Cf Oistktuzkihj `jc 6;0= mf frrkoomkti kc pfhirfdf `jlck jhtk jh tk tjrrkt tjrrktirk irkfck fck,, khs khsjrj jrjhì hìvk vk cf RJL RJLKIH KIHJ, J, jhtj ìtfti `k –pitjrj cjlkscftkvi— kh `jtjrdkhftj dftjrkj (jcjhoftj dftjrkj (jcjhoftj hjcc‛frt. 66< Oist.), hihomë `k –pitjrj stftutfrki—, oih auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj hjccj stjssj dftjrkj `jvicutj fccf suf oidpjtjhzf cjlkscftkvf. cjlkscftkvf . _k prjvj`jvf omj cf Rjlkihj ìvjssj jsjroktfrj cj suj auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj hih `krjttfdjhtj, df dj`kfhtj `jcjlf fccj ^rivkhoj j fk Oiduhk i fvvfcjhìsk `jk ciri uaakok 7 sk vicjvf oisã jvktfrj omj cf Rjlkihj `kvjhkssj uh –jhtj `k ljstkihj—, rkdfhjhì uh ojhtri `k kh`krkzzi j oiir`khfdjhti `k fttkvktî `jdfh`ftj f` jhtk lkî jskstjhtk. Df uhf victf kstktuktj cj Rjlkihk (6;), c‛irklkhfrki `ksjlhi oistktuzkihfcj í fh`fti pjrùti. Cj Rjlkihk, Rjlkihk, khvjoj `k `jcj `jcjlfrj lfrj cj ciri auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj fddkhkstrftkvj flck jhtk ciofck i `k fvv fvvfcjrsk fcjrsk `jkk ciri `j ciri uaakok uaakok,, mfh mfhhi hi svk svkcup cuppf pfti ti pri priprk prkjj strutt strutturj urj ipj ipjrft rftkvj kvj,, js jsjro jroktf ktfhì hì `krjtt `krjttfdj fdjhtj htj cj ciri ciri auh auhzkih kihk (j okò mf akhk akhkti ti pjr fppj fppjssfhtkr htkrjj kc quf uf``ri `jc jcc‛ c‛iirl rlffhk hkzzzf zfzk zkiihj pu pubb bbck ckoof). ^jr qujc omj rklufr`f, khvjoj, cf auhzkihj cjlkscftkvf, oih cf rkairdf `jc Pktici Q, ^frtj KK `jccf Oistktuzkihj (cjllj oist. ? / 2>>6) í stfti stfbkckti omj cf ciri pitjstî cjlkscftkvf sk jstjh`j «f` ilhk dftjrkf hih jsprjssfdjhtj rksjrvftf fccf cjlkscfzkihj `jcci _tftiµ (frt. 66

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

cf rjlicf `jc –pfrfccjcksdi `jccj auhzkihk— akssftf hjc vjoomki tjsti oistktuzkihfcj, okií `jccf ciri oirrkspih`jhzf fccj dftjrkj `k oidpjtjhzf cjlkscftkvf (vjoomki frt. 66= 7 –_pjttfhi fccf Rjlkihj cj auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj pjr cj dftjrkj jcjhoftj hjc prjoj`jhtj frtkoici—) . Kc huivi orktjrki `k `kstrkbuzkihj `jccj auhzkihk fddk fd dkhk hkst strf rftk tkvj vj tr trff jhtk jhtk tjrr tjrrkt ktir irkf kfck ck sk bf bfsf sf su sukk pr prkh khok okpk pk `k sussk`kfrkjtî sussk`kfrkjtî,, `kaajrjhzkfzkihj `kaajrjhzkfzkihj   j f`jluftjzzf f`jl uftjzzf 7 cj auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj «sihi fttrkbuktj fk Oiduhk sfcvi omj, pjr fsskourfrhj c‛jsjrokzki uhktfrki, skfhi oihajrktj f ^rivkhoj, Okttî djtripicktfhj, Rjlkihk j _tftiµ (frt. 66=, 6¾oiddf). *ÎPJ_PF‛ _PFPZPFRKF _PFPZPFRKF 4 pitjrj `k futirjlicfdjhtfrsk. futirjlicfdjhtfrsk. *_PFPZPI 4 `ksokpckhf c‛irlfhkzzfzkihj j kc auhzkihfdjhti `k uh jhtj. *C. oist. ? / 2>>6 4 fttrkbuksoj fccj Rjlkihk –oidpjtjhzf cjlkscftkvf rjskùfcj— kh ir`khj fccj priprkj jcjzkihk. *FRP. 66. ';>. C‛khhi C‛khhivfz vfzkih kihjj dfllk dfllkirj irj rkluf rkl ufr`f r`f cf `ks `kstkh tkhzki zkihj hj trf auh auhzki zkihk hk picktk picktkoioi-fdd fddkhk khkstr strftk ftkvj vj (kh`kr (kh`krkzz kzzii j oi oihtr htricc icci) i) j qu qujcc jccjj prjttfdjhtj fddkhkstrftkvj (ljstkihj fddkhkstrftkvf, akhfhzkfrkf j tjohkof) 7 kh bfsj f tfcj `kstkh `ks tkhzki zkihj hj lck irlfhk irlfhk `k ilh ilhkk fdd fddkhk khkstr strfzk fzkihj ihj sk `ks `kstkh tkhlu luihi ihi kh irlfhk picktkoi-fddkhkstrftkvk (irlfhk `k livjrhi) j irlf irlfhk hk tjoh tjohko koii-fd fddk dkhk hkst strf rftk tkvk vk   (`krkljhtk). ^jr qufhti rklufr`f c‛fppfrfti dkhkstjrkfcj, í stftf rkir`khftf cf ^rjsk`jhzf `jc Oihsklcki, strutturf `jstkhftf f` fsskourfrj c‛uhktî `k kh`krkzzi picktkoi j fddkhkstrftkvi `jc Livjrhi, oih oidpktk `k kdpucsi, kh`krkzzi j oiir`khfdjhti j` í stftf rkvkstf c‛irlfhkzzfzkihj khtjrhf `jk dkhkstjrk. Ci somjdf irlfhkzzftkvi `jc dkhkstjri prjvj`j strutturj `k prkdi ckvjcci, omj pissihi jssjrj i k –`kpfrtkdjhtk— i cj –`krjzkihk ljhjrfck—. Qkjhj `ksokpckhftf cf aklurf `jc –_jlrjtfrki ljhjrfcj—, df sici pjr k dkhkstjrk frtkoicftk kh `krjzkihk ljhjrfck. _ihi stftj khictrj khtriìttj khtriìttj cj –fljhzkj—, –fljhzkj—, strutturj irlfhkzzftkvj ìtftj `k pkjhf futihidkf omj sviclihi fttkvktî tjohkoi-ipjrftkvj `k khtjrjssj hfzkihfcj, ipjrfhi fc sjrvkzki `k fddkhkstrfzkihk pubbckomj j sihi sittipistj fk pitjrk `k kh`krkzzi j vklkcfhzf `jc Dkhkstri Dkhkstri.. F ckvjcc ckvjccii pjr pjrkaj rkoi, i, khv khvjo joj, j, í stf stftf `ks `kspis pistf tf cf trf trfsai sairdf rdfzki zkihj hj `j `jccf ccf –^rjaj –^rjajttu tturf— rf— kh –Zaako –Zaakoki ki tjrrktirkfcj `jckajrko Livjrhi— (ZPL), fctfqufcj khkzkfcdjhtj jrfhi stftj fttrkbuktj tuttj cj oidpjtjhzj pjrkajrkomj `jcci _tfti, df pik jssi í stfti rk`kdjhskihfti f` uaak uaakok okii oi oihh dj djrk rk oi oidp dpkt ktkk `k oiir`khfdjhti `jlck fctrk uaakok pjrkajrkok `jcci _tfti. Flck jhtk tjrrktirkfck dkhirk, ^rivkhoj j Oiduhk, í stftf fttrkbuktf akh `fc 6;;> pitjstî stftutfrkf, df fhomj futihidkf «hirdftkvf, fddkhkstrftkvf, kdpisktkvf j akhfhzkfrkf µ. Kc quf`ri `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj pubbckof illk í fssfk `kvjrsi `fc quf`ri irklkhfrki 7 fccf sjdpckoktî í sjluktf sjlu ktf cf oidp oidpckofz ckofzkihj5 kihj5 fcc‛u fcc‛uhkaird hkairdktî ktî cf `kaaj `kaajrjhzk rjhzkfzki fzkihj hj `jk di`jcck5 di`jcck5 fcc‛fooj fcc‛foojhtrfd htrfdjhti jhti kc `jojhtrfdjhti.

1. Ci svkcuppi `jccj futihidkj j kc aj`jrfcksdi. Lck jhtk tjrrktirkfck dkhirk, `f «djdbrf «djdbrf `jc `jcci ci _tf _tftiµ tiµ sk jvi jvicvi cvihi hi kh jhtk futihidk j, futihidk j, `f uhf piskzkihj `k –subir`khfzkihj ljrfromkof— rkspjtti fcci aih`fdjhtfck _tfti, sihi jcjvftk f` jhtk f` `fc jssiskstjdf jqukir`khftk jqukir`khftk. . Hjc titfcdjhtj priojssi jvicutkvi kh`kvkùkfdi ùj tfppj 7 6) kc pfssfllki irklkhfrki, stftufcj (stftiojhtrkoi), f` uh skstjdf kh ouk ci _tfti oihsjrvf uhf piskzkihj ìdkhfhtj (hjc sjhsi omj rjstf 26

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

kc ojhtri `k kh`krkzzi uhktfrki `jc skstjdf oidpcjsskvi), df cj strutturj fddkhkstrftkvj `jlck jhtk tjrrktirkfc tjrrkt irkfckk hih sihi pkû oihs oihsk`jrf k`jrftj tj fddk fddkhkstr hkstrfzkih fzkihkk kh`kr kh`krjttj jttj `jcci _tfti5 _tfti5 2) kc pfssfllk pfssfllkii f` uh skstjd sks tjdff «pi «picko ckojh jhtrko trkoiµ, iµ, iss isskf kf frt frtkoi koicft cftii kh pkû oj ojhtr htrkk `k jcfbir jcfbirfzk fzkihj ihj `k kh`krkz kh`krkzzk zk picktk picktkoioifddkhkstrftkvk, afojhtj pjrhi sulck jhtk tjrrktirkfck ouk vkjhj rkoihisokutf cfrlf futihidkf. Kh qujsti quf`ri ci _tfti í sici uhf `jccj oidpihjhtk `jccf Rjpubbckof, airdfcdjhtj jqukpfrf jqukpfrfti ti flck fctrk jhtk tjrrktirkfck. Cf prkdf tfppf khkzkf oih cj –rkairdj orkspkhj— (akhj ”=>>), sk khtjrridpj oih kc afsoksdi, j sk oihocu`j oih cf –Oistktuzkihj `jc 6;0=—5 cf sjoih`f sk jstjh`j hjc pjrkiì suoojsskvi, trivf kc sui pkjhi rkoihisokdjhti oih cf rkairdf oistktuzkihfcj `jc 2>>6 (cjllj oist. h. ? / 2>>6) j` í fhoirf kh oirsi, hih jssjhì stftj pkjhfdjhtj fttuftj cj huivj rjlicj oistktuzkihfck. Hjlck fhhk '=> `jcc‛=>> Orkspk rjh`j jcjttkvf cf ofrkof `k _kh`foi hjk Oiduhk dfllkirk (cf rkairdf vjhhj pik jstjsf f tuttk k oiduhk `fc @k Ru`khã)5 aftti okò, Orkspk fbicksoj cf @jputfzkihj privkhokfcj j rjh`j jcjttkvf cf ofrkof `k ^rjsk`jhtj `jccf ^rivkhokf. Cj ùj ofrkomj `k vjrtkoj `jc Oiduhj j `jccf ^rivkhokf `kvjhtfhi oisã jsprjsskihj `jk rjcftkvk Oihsklck j vkjhj ritti c‛fdbklui rfppirti omj khtjroirrjvf trf lck irlfhk stftfck j lck irlfhk `jlck jhtk ciofck. Puttfvkf rjstf khfctjrftf c‛khljrjhzf `jcci _tfti hjcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `k Oiduhk j ^rivkhoj, kh qufhti c‛fppfrfti ojhtrfcj oihsjrvfvf oiduhquj uh khacujhtj pitjrj, omj vjhkvf jsjroktfti fttrfvjrsi k pjhjtrfhtk –oihtricck—, cjlkttkdktî, df fhomj `k djrkti, djrkti, jaajttuftk `fc –^rjajtti— j `fccf –Lkuhtf privkhokfcj hih sici `k cjlkttkdktî, fddkhkstrftkvf—. Cf sktufzkihj hih ofdbkf lrfhomí akhi fcc‛fvvjhti `jc rjlkdj afsokstf, omj sk kspkrf `k huivi fk –prkhokpk –prkh okpk `k ljrf ljrfromkf romkf—— j –uhktî `jcc‛kh `jcc‛khtjrf tjrf fddkhks fddkhkstrfzki trfzkihj hj pubbckof—, pubbckof—, livjrhftf livjrhftf `fcci _tfti. _tfti. Kc _kh`foi, irf `jhidkhfti î`jstî, tirhf f` jssjrj hidkhfti `fc Livjrhi j fccf ^rivkhokf vkjhj prjpisti kc ^rjsk`j, ofrkof fhom‛jssf `k hidkhf livjrhftkvf. @ipi cf ofùtf `jc rjlkdj afsokstf, hjc 6;0?, vjhlihi rkprkstkhftk lck irlfhk jcjttkvk (vicutk `fccf rkairdf Orkspk), df rkdfsjri kh vklirj k prjoj`jhtk j pjhjtrfhtk oihtricck. J frrkvkfdi oisã fcc‛fvvjhti `jccf Oistktuzkihj `jc 6;0= 7 jssf oihtkjhj uhf hirdf aih`fdjhtfcj 7 «cf Rjpubbckof, uhf j kh`kvkskbkcj, rkoihisoj j priduivj cj futihidkj ciofckµ (frt. :). Df o‛í `k pkû 7 c‛f c‛frt rt.. 6? 6?>> Oi Oist st.. (i (ill llkk fbri fbrilf lfti ti `fcc `fccff c. oist oist.. ? / 2> 2>>6 >6)) di di`k `kak akof of kc sk skst stjd jdff `j `jkk oi oiht htri ricc cck, k, trfsairdfhì kc –oihtricci `k djrkti— `f sfhzkihftirki `f sfhzkihftirki (fvjhtj (fvjhtj oidj jskti c‛fhhuccfdjhti `jlck fttk oiccfbirftkvi   (tj oihtri htricc ccfftk) tk) f oiccfbirftkvi (tjh` h`jh jhtj tj f rkom rkomkj kj`j `jrj rj di ditk tkvf vftf tfdj djht htjj fl flck ck jh jhtk tk oi oiht htri ricc ccft ftkk «`k rkjsfdkhfrj cf ciri `jckbjrfzkihjµ) j faak`f fccf Rjlkihj k oihtricck sulck jhtk tjrrktirkfck dkhirk. Oih cf Oistktuzkihj sk omku`j cf prkdf tfppf 7 ci _tfti hih í pkû jljdihj, df mf fhoirf uh foojhtufti prjìdkhki hjk oiharihtk `jccj fctrj fddkhkstrfzkihk pubbckomj. C‛kstktuzkihj `jccj Rjlkihk (hjc 6;) í stfti uh pfssi kh fvfhtk hjc ofddkhi vjrsi kc pkjhi rkoihisok rkoih isokdjhti djhti `jcc‛fut `jcc‛futihid ihidkf kf `jlc `jlckk jhtk tjrrktirkf tjrrktirkfck ck dkhi dkhirk. rk. _kf kc pitjrj pitjrj stftutfrki stftutfrki,, skf cf pitjstî pitjstî cjlksc cjl kscftk ftkvf vf kh fcouhj fcouhj dft dftjrk jrkj, j, mfhhi mfhhi ritti ritti kc dih dihip ipick ickii stftfc stftfcjj fhomj fhomj hj hjccf ccf `j `jtjr tjrdkh dkhfzk fzkihj ihj `jcc'kh`krkzzi picktkoi-fddkhkstrftkvi. Hjlck fhhk ';> cf pitjstî stftutfrkf í stftf rkoihisokutf fhomj f Oiduhk j ^rivkhoj. Hjc oihtjdpi sihi stftk rkìttk k oihtricck stftfck succj Rjlkihk j k oihtricck rjlkihfck sulck jhtk ciofck. Kc puhti `k frrkvi sk mf oih cf cjllj oist. h. ? / 2>>6, omj mf di`kakofti kc Pktici Q `jccf Oistktuzkihj. C‛frt. 660, 2¾oiddf rjoktf 7 «k Oiduhk, cj ^rivkhoj, cj Okttî djtripicktfhj j cj Rjlkihk sihi jhtk futihidk oih priprk stftutk, pitjrk j auhzkihk sjoihì k prkhokpk akssftk `fccf Oistktuzkihjµ (kh tfc diì kc ^RKHOK^KI kc ^RKHOK^KI FZPIHIDK_PKOI vkjhj FZPIHIDK_PKOI vkjhj `ksokpckhfti kh diì oihorjti). Jssi sk rjfckzzf fttrfvjrsi c‛fttrkbuzkihj flck jhtk futihidk skf `jccf –pitjstî stftutfrkf—, skf `k 22

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

uh‛fdpkf uh‛fdp kf –p –pitj itjstî stî rjl rjlicf icfdj djhtf htfrj— rj—.. F prj prjsok sokh`j h`jrj rj `fc `fccj cj Rjlkih Rjlkihk,k, om omjj mfhhi mfhhi fh fhomj omj –p –pitj itjstî stî cjlk cj lksc scft ftkv kvf— f—,, fhom fhomjj lck lck jhtk jhtk tjrr tjrrkt ktir irkf kfck ck (Oid (Oiduh uhk, k, ^r ^riv ivkh khoj oj j cj hi hihh fh fhoi oirf rf ks kstk tktu tukt ktjj Ok Okttî ttî djtripicktfhj) sihi ìtftk, ictrj omj `k –pitjstî stftutfrkf—, `k –pitjstî rjlicfdjhtfrj— kh ir`khj cirii irl irlfhk fhkzzfz zzfzkih kihjj j ``jjcci sviclkdjhti `jccj ciri auhzkihk. auhzkihk. fccf `ksokpckhf `jccf cir Zh‛uctjrkirj rkairdf kh oirsi í irkjhtftf vjrsi uh di`jcci `k –AJ@JRFCK_DI DI@JRFPI—. Kh fttufzkihj `jc hivjccfti frt. 66; Oist., omj jsfctf c‛«futihidkf akhfhzkfrkf `k jhtrftf j `k spjsfµ `jlck jhtk tjrrktirkfck, í stftf oihajrktf `jcjlf fc Livjrhi pjr cf rjfckzzfzkihj `jc o.`. –aj`jrfcksdi aksofcj—, oih c‛ibkjttkvi `k sistktukrj kc vjoomki skstjdf `k akhfhzkfdjhti (dj`kfhtj vjrsfdjhtk stftfck) oih uh huivi skstjdf bfsfti suc oihajrkdjhti flck jhtk tjrrktirkfck `k uh pitjrj kdpisktkvi priprki 7 c‛ibkjttkvi omj sk khtjh`j pjrsjlukrj pjrsjlukrj í qujcci `k oihsjhtkrj flck jhtk tjrrktirkfck `k akhfhzkfrj akhfhzkfrj cf spjsf oih jhtrftj priprkj, succf bfsj `k oistk stfh`fr` . Kh tfc diì okfsouh jhtj mf ? tkpk `k jhtrftj 7 k trkbutk j cj jhtrftj priprk, cj oidpfrtjokpfzkihk fc ljttkti `k trkbutk jrfrkfck j cj jrilfzkihk `jc aihì pjrjquftkvi . Cf rkairdf sk kspkrf, ictrj omj fc prkhokpki `k futihidkf, fhomj f VZJCCI @K _ICK _ICK@FRKJ @FRKJPÎ PÎ 7 sk prjvj`j cf oistktuzkihj `k uh ai aih` hìi pj pjrj rjqu quft ftkv kvii f afvi afvirj rj `j `jkk «tjr «tjrrk rkti tirk rk oih oih dk dkhi hirj rj of ofpf pfok oktî tî ak akso sofc fcjj pj pjrr fb fbkt ktfh fhtjµ tjµ.. Flck jhtk tjrrkt tjrrktirkfc irkfckk vjhl vjhlihi ihi trfsajrk trfsajrktk tk k bjhk `jdfhk `jdfhkfck fck j pftrkdihk pftrkdihkfck fck `jcci _tfti. K bjhk trfsajrktk trfsajrktk pjrìhi kc ofrfttjrj `jdfhkfcj, `jdfhkfcj, trfhhj qujcck `jc `jdfhki dfrkttkdi, dfrkttkdi, k`rkoi k`rkoi j` j` fjrjihfutkoi fjrjihfutkoi.. Cj ciri rksirsj `jvihi akhfhzkfrj cj auhzkihk pubbckomj fttrkbuktj flck jhtk5 í prjvkstf pjrò cf pisskbkcktî `k kh` kh`jb jbktf ktfdjh djhti tijssjhì (rko (rkoirs irsiipjrò fccj fccjjsocusf bfhom bfhomj, j, fclfrfhzkf rkspfr rks pfrdki dki prk vfti, i,sujo joo.) o.)prjstktk. sici sici pjr akhfhz akhfhzkfr kfrjj spjsj spjsj `k khvjstkdjhti, ilhk `jcciprkvft _tfti tfck *FRP. 62? OI_P. 4 ci –stftuti rjlkihfcj— í fpprivfti `fc Oihsklcki rjlkihfcj oih uh ktjr fllrfvfti. *_PFPZPI *_PFPZ PI RJL RJLKIH KIHFCJ FCJ 4 rjlicf rjlicf cf –ai –aird rdff `k livjrh livjrhi— i— j c‛– c‛–irl irlfhk fhkzzf zzfzki zkihj hj khtjr khtjrhf— hf— `jcc‛j `jcc‛jhtj htj (í uhf sirtf sirtf `k Oistktuzkihj rjlkihfcj). *PRKBZPK JRFRKFCK JRFRKFCK 4 `f vjrsfrj fcci _tfti. *FRP. 66:0 pjr tuttj pjrsihj –rjlicj spjokfck— pjrvklihi cj pjrsihj lkurk`komj pubbckomj (f` js. frt.o.o.) 2= Oist.). Pfckcjrjlicj hihlkurk`komj, mfhhi huccfi f omj vj`jrj oih cf aklurf `jcc‛irlfhi j oih kc rfppirti `k kdputfzkihj irlfhkof. Cf rjspihsfbkcktî `jccj pjrsihj lkurk`komj oihhjssf f –kccjoktk pjhfck—, khvjoj, í `ksokpckhftf `fc `.cls. h. 2?6/2>>6. C‛kdputfz C‛kdp utfzkihj kihj `jk afttk kccjoktk sk aih`f suc hjssi `k ofusfcktî dftjrkfcj5 dftjrkfcj5 k –afttk –afttk kccjoktk— kccjoktk— hih sihi sihi jstrkh jst rkhsj sjofz ofzkih kihjj `jccf `jccf sil silljt ljttkv tkvktî ktî lku lkurk` rk`kof, kof, hë si sihi hi rkaj rkajrkb rkbkck kck fc sillj silljtti tti khtjs khtjsii oidj oidj ipjrft ipjrftirj irj lkurk`koi. Fhomj silljttk lkurk`kofdjhtj khofpfok pissihi khafttk jssjrj kdputftk `k afttk kccjoktk. Oidpkjrj Oidp kjrj uh aftti kccjok kccjokti ti sklh sklhkakof kakof oidpkjrci oidpkjrci dftjrkfcdjhtj dftjrkfcdjhtj55 oidpkjrj uh ftti lkurk`koi sklhkakof jssjrhj lkurk`kofdjhtj c‛futirj.

0. Irlfhi j uaakoki. Zhf pfrtkoicfrj fttjhzkihj iooirrj `j`kofrcf fccj hizkihk `k IRLFHI ipjrftkvi (pjrsihf akskof i oiccjlki `k pjrsihj akskomj), j `k ZAAKOKI. C‛IR C‛IRLF LFHI HI í uh ojhtri ipjrftkvi fttrfvjrsi skrlfhi kdputfhi j` jaajttk fccf pjrsihf lkurk`kof . Jssjrjirlfhkzzftkvf, uhi –strudjhti `k kdputfzkihj— kdp kdpcko ckoff om omjouk j c‛i c‛irlf hi fbb fbbkf kffttkuhf suf oic oiccio ciofzk fzkihj ihj hjc hjccf cf strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf , j pikomë qufcskfsk strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf sk frtkoicf kh –uaakok—, c‛irlfhi (oihsk`jrfti sitti kc priakci kc priakci irlfhkzzftkvi) irlfhkzzftkvi ) `jvj jssjrj oihsk`jrfti uh ZAAKOKI (okií oidj uh ojhtri `k cfviri). Jsjdpcfrj, fc rklufrì, í cf dfsskdf `k Lkfhhkhk, sjoihì ouk –c‛IRLFHI í uh uaakoki `k kdputfzkihj—. Fccirf sk pihj uh `kcjddf 7 kc –rfppirti `k kdputfzkihj— sk rf`kof hjcc‛irlfhi oihsk`jrfti oidj uaakoki uaakoki i i hjccf pjrsihf hjccf pjrsihf akskof aks kof omj omj í prjpistf fcc‛uaakoki j omj í tkticfrj `jcc‛irlfhi9 Kc RF^ÎRPI @K KD^ZPFWKIHJ oirrj trf cf –pjrsihf akskof tkticfrj `jcc‛irlfhi— j cf –aklurf silljttkvf—. C‛IRLFHI, `fc puhti `fc puhti `k vkstf strutturfcj, strutturfcj, tjohkoi í pfrtj khtjlrfhtj `jccf strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf irlfhkzzftkvf `jccf aklurf silljttkvf 7 kh qufhti tfcj può jssjrj khtjsi oidj –uaakoki—. @fc puhti @fc puhti `k vkstf auhzkihfcj, auhzkihfcj, jssi í khvjoj khv joj uhi –st –strud rudjh jhti ti `k kdp kdputf utfzki zkihj— hj—,, omj sk k`j k`jhtk htkako akoff pjrokò pjrokò oih cf pjrsih pjrsihff aks akskof kof tkt tkticf icfrj rj `jcc‛irlfhi-uaakoki. Hih bksilhf, qukh`k, oihaih`jrj kc RF^ÎRPI @K KD^ZPFWKIHJ (omj oirrj trf c‛irlfhi j cf aklurf silljttkvf) oih kc ^RIAKCI IRLFHKWWFPKQI, omj í c‛uhkoi sitti ouk c‛irlfhi rkcjvf oidj uaakoki.. uaakoki Df qufck sihi lck fttk oidpkutk `fccf pjrsihf akskof omj vjhlihi kdputftk fccf pjrsihf lkurk`kof9 Cf 2<

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

rkspistf sk trivf hjccf –`jckdktfzkihj auhzkihfcj— `k okfsouh irlfhi, omj oirrkspih`j fcc‛fdbkti fcc‛fdbkti   `jccf oidpjtjhzf `jcc‛uaakoki (okií, `jcc‛uaakoki (okií, ilhk irlfhi può kdputfrj fccf pjrsihf lkurk`kof sici lck fttk omj jlck oidpkj hjcc‛fdbkti `jccf oidpjtjhzf omj lck spjttf).

*OF^FOKPF‛ LKZRK@KOF 4 ofpfoktî `k jssjrj tkticfrj `k `krkttk j` ibbcklmk (sktufzkihk lkurk`komj silljttkvj). _k foqukstf oih cf hfsoktf. *OF^FOKPF‛ @K FLKRJ 4 ofpfoktî `k pirrj kh jssjrj fttk lkurk`kok vfck`k. _k foqukstf oih cf dfllkirj jtî. *_ILLJPPI LKZRK@KOI 4 qufcskfsk ojhtri `k kdputfzkihj lkurk`kof. *RF^^RJ_JHPFHPJ 4 flksoj kh hidj j pjr oihti `jc rfpprjsjhtfti. *KD^ZPFRJ 4 fttrkbukrj. *IRLFHI @K ZHF ^JR_IHF LKZRK@KOF 4 í cf pjrsihf akskof i c‛khskjdj `jccj pjrsihj akskomj omj flksoj pjr jssf, oidpkjhì fttk lkurk`kok. *^JR_IHF AK_KOF 4 jssjrj udfhi. *^JR_IHF LKZRK@KOF 4 pjrsihf –akotf—, akhzkihj omj c‛ir`khfdjhti usf pjr kdputfrj rfppirtk lkurk`kok fhomj f silljttk `kvjrsk `fccj pjrsihj akskomj. *KHOFR@KHFPI 4 oicciofti. *_KPZFWKIHK LKZRK@KOMJ KHFPPKQJ 4 stftkomj. *_KPZFWKIHK LKZRK@KOMJ FPPKQJ 4 `khfdkomj. *ZAAKOKI 4 uhktî irlfhkzzftkvf `k uh jhtj. *IRLFHI 4 pfrtj *IRLFHI pfrtj `jcc‛jhtj `jcc‛jhtj.. Frtkoicfzki Frtkoicfzkihj hj khtjrhf khtjrhf `jcc‛jhtj `jcc‛jhtj spjokfckzzftf spjokfckzzftf pjr uh `jtjrdkhf `jtjrdkhfti ti oidpk oidpkti ti omj vkjhj fttrkbukti fccj suj oidpjtjhzj. *PKPICFRJ @JCC‛ZAAKOKI 4 oicuk omj í prjpisti fcc‛uaakoki. *FRP. 2= OI_P. 4 –K auhzkihfrk j k `kpjh`jhtk `kpjh`jhtk `jcci _t _tft ftii j `jlck `jlck jhtk pubb pubbckok ckok sih sihii `krjtt `krjttfdj fdjhtj htj rjspihsfbkck , fd dkhkstrftkvj ftkvj , `jlck fttk oidpkutk kh vkicfzkihj `k `krkttk . Kh tfck tf ck ofs o fskk cf ––rjsp rjspihs ihsfbkc fbkcktî ktî ok vkck j fddkhkstr sjoihì cj cjllk pjhfck, okvkck ok okvk vkcj cj—— sk jstjh`j fcci _tfti j flck jhtk pubbckok —. Kh prftkof sfhoksoj cf @Z^CKOJ RJ_ÎH_FBKCKPF‛ (@KRJPPF J _ICK@FCJ) PRF JHPJ J@ IRLFHI. *KDDJ@J_KDFWKIHJ IRLFHKOF 4 f `kaajrjhzf `jccf –rfpprjsjhtfhzf— (ìvj ok sihi ùj silljttk), jvk`jhzkf c‛jskstjhzf `k uh sici silljtti. C‛irlfhi hih í, hjcci sviclkdjhti `jccj suj auhzkihk, `kvjrsi `fccf pjrsihf lkurk`kof. J‛ rkajrkti fccf ofpfoktî `k flkrj `jccf pjrsihf lkurk`kof .

- OF^KPI OF^KPICI CI ?. CJ _PRZPP _PRZPPZRJ ZRJ IRLFHK IRLFHKWW WWFPK FPKQJ QJ 2=

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

6. Kc `ksjlhi irlfhkzzftkvi `jccj strutturj. Cj FDDKH FDDKHK_PR K_PRFWKIH FWKIHK, K, kh qufhti qufhti strutturj irlfhkzzftkvj irlfhkzzftkvj,, sih ihii `jccj ccj vjrj j pri priprkj prkj dfo dfoomk omkhj hj k`jftj k`jftj pjr ci sviclk sviclkdjh djhti ti `k fttkvkt fttkvktîî oidpcjssj, kh vkstf `jc pjrsjlukdjhti `k uh rksuctfti. rksuctfti . C‛IRLFHKWWFWKIHJ FDDKHK_PRFPKQF í khtjrfdjhtj `ksokpckhftf `f hirdj lkurk`komj, `k rfhli fhomj oistktuzkihfcj. Cj strutturj irlfhkzzftkvj pubbckomj   sihi 7 6) –IRLFHKWWFWKIHK AIRDFCK—, isskf oistktuktj pjr rfllkuhljrj `jtjrdkhftk pubbckomj soipk5 2) j –BZRIORFPKOMJ—, pikomí c‛fttkvktî cfvirftkvf, omj vkjhj svictf fc ciri khtjrhi, í fcqufhti `fcc‛ fssuhzkihj   `jcc‛khkzkftkvf `jcc‛khkzkftkvf,, pfssfhì pjr c‛foqukskzkihj c‛foqukskzkihj   `jk `ftk, `ftk, akhi `frtkoicftf jokskihj 7 f oidkhokfrj `fcc‛fssuhzkihj akhfccf fcj. C‛IRLFHKWWFWKIHJ @JCCJ FDDKHK_PRFWKIHK sk frtkoicf kh o.`. –ojhtrk `k cfviri— omj hj oistktuksoihi cj uhktî strutturfck jcjdjhtfrk, `jttk uaakok uaakok,, pistk trf ciri kh uhf qufcomj rjcfzkihj omj ck djttf «f skstjdfµ. _koomë kc `ksjlhi irlfhkzzftkvi í oidpisti hih sici `fccf siddf `jlck uaakok, df fhomj `fk oidpktk fssjlhftk f okfsouhi `k jssk j `fccf ciri rjtj `k rjcfzkihk. C‛kh`kofzkihj `jc hudjri, `jccf `kdjhskihj j `jc ruici `jlck uaakok foqukstf `klhktî lkurk`kof kh qufhti kc –prkhokpki `k cjlfcktî— kdpihj omj tfcj `ksjlhi skf akssfti oih hirdj lkurk`komj. lkurk`komj.

irlfhkzzftkvf sihi lck 2. Cf hi hizki zkihj hj `k uaako uaakoki ki.. Cj uhktî jcjdjhtfrk `k qufcskfsk strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf ZAAKOK . Jssk khvjstihi sici kc pkfhi irlfhkzzftkvi, jssjhì jstrfhjk jstrfhjk fc pribcjdf `jccf silljttkvktî j `jccj kdputfzkihk. ^jrokò, cf hizkihj `k ZAAKOKI (rkajrktf fcc‛irlfhkzzfzkihj strutturfcj `jccj fddkhkstrfzkihk) `j `jvj vj jssj jssjrj rj tjhu tjhutf tf `k `kst stkh khtf tf `f qu qujc jccf cf `k IR IRLF LFHI HI (r (rka kajr jrkt ktff fc fccf cf si sill lljt jttk tkvk vktî tî lk lkur urk` k`ko koff `j `jcc ccjj fddkhkstrfzkihk). Irlfhi j uaakoki sihi qukh`k hizkihk rklufr`fhtk priakck `kvjrsk (c‛uhi rklufr`f kc tjdf `jccf _ILLJPPKQKPÎ LKZRK@KOF `jccj irlfhkzzfzkihk, c‛fctri qujcci `jccf ciri FRPKOICFWKIHJ IRLFHKWWFP IRLFH KWWFPKQF). KQF). Lck –uaakok— –uaakok—,, qukh`k qukh`k sihi frtkoicfzkihk irlfhkzzftkvj omj mfhhi cf auhzkihj `k prjpfrfrj c‛fttkvktî f rkcjvfhzf jstjrhf priprkf `jlck irlfhk j omj, qukh`k, sviclihi qukh`k, sviclihi oidpktk `k rkcjvfhzf djrfdjhtj khtjrhf. Cf khtjrhf. Cf vfcirkzzfzkihj `jccf sistfhzf djrfdjhtj irlfhkzzftkvf `jcc'uaakoki, khtjsi oidj ojhtri `k cfviri, cfviri, mf pisti cf prjdjssf pjr qufckakofrci oidj –prj`jtjrdkhfzkihj `k uh‛fttkvktî cfvirftkvf omj, oiir`khftf oih cj fttkvktî `jlck fctrk ojhtrk `k cfviri (uaakok), oihsjhtj fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `k svicljrj cj priprkj auhzkihk—. Kh tfc sjhsi sk può `krj omj lck uaakok sihi –sj`j j puhti `k sviclkdjhti `jccf auhzkihj—. Khictrj okfsouh uaakoki í ìtfti `k uh priprki ruici. Cj hirdj lkurk`komj pissihi `ksjlhfrj uaakok oih pkû ruick i `kstrkbukrj uhi stjssi ruici su pkû uaakok.

?. Rf Rfpp ppir irti ti `'ua `'uaak akok oki. i. @i @ivj vjrj rj `' `'ua uaak akok oki. i. Rf Rfpp ppir irti ti `k sjrv sjrvkz kzki ki.. Duhus j iaakokud. C‛uaakoki sk oidpihj `k pjrsihj akskomj omj, kvk khofr`khftj, prjstfhi cf priprkf fttkvktî cfvirftkvf 7 jssj sihi lck F@@JPPK lck F@@JPPK , trf ouk sk `kstkhluj, pjr cf suf piskzkihj prjdkhjhtj, kc PKPICFRJ @JCC‛ZAAKOKI. @JCC‛ZAAKOKI. Vujsti í cf pjrsihf cf pjrsihf akskof omj, fssjlhfhì oidpktk spjokakok flck f``jttk, `krklj kc cfviri `jcc‛uaakoki j hj í rjspihsfbkcj fhomj hjk rfppirtk oih lck fctrk uaakok. _k `jckhjf, qukh`k, fcc‛khtjrhi `jcc‛uaakoki, uhf ljrfromkf. _u okfsou okfsouhi hi `jl `jlck ck f` f``jt `jttk tk j suc tkticf tkticfrj rj `jc `jcc‛u c‛uaak aakoki oki lrf lrfvf vf c‛IBBC c‛IBBCKLI KLI @K ^RJ_PF ^RJ_PFRJ RJ KC ^RI^RKI ^RI^ RKI CFQI CFQIRI RI ^RIA ^RIAJ__K J__KIHFC IHFCJ, J, oihs oihskstjh kstjhtj tj hjc oidpkdjhti `jccj fttkvktî omj sihi `jdfh`ftj fcc‛uaakoki. fcc‛uaakoki. F arihtj `k tfcj ibbckli stf kc @KRKPPI @JCC‛FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ @K RKOJQJRJ CF ^RJ_PFWKIHJ CFQIRFPKQF. Pfcj `krktti í kc cfti pfsskvi `jc rfppirti omj oirrj trf c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj j cf pjrsihf akskof (f``jtti), `jhidkhfti –RF^ÎRPI @‛ZAAKOKI—. 2;

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

Kc o.`. @IQJRJ @‛ZAAKOKI, khtjsi oidj ìvjrj `jlck f``jttk `k prjstfrj kc ciri cfviri hjccf strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf irlfhkzzftkvf,, hih hih `jvj `jvj js jssj sjrj rj oiha oihaus usii pj pjrò rò oi oihh cf o. o.`. `. @IQJ @IQJRI RI_K _KPÎ PÎ @JCC @JCCF F AZHW AZ HWKI KIHJ HJ,, oih oih ouk ouk khvj khvjoj oj ok sk rkaj rkajrk rkso sojj fcc‛ fcc‛fz fzki kihj hj omj omj c‛f c‛fdd ddkh khks kstrf trfzki zkihj hj í tjhu tjhutf tf f khtrfprjh`jrj pjr kc pjrsjlukdjhti `jlck ibkjttkvk prjakssftk. prjakssftk . Vujs Vujst‛uctk t‛uctkdi di fspjtti fspjtti ok ok pjrdjttj pjrdjttj fhomj `k oidprjh`jrj cf `kaajrjhzf omj khtjroirrj trf kc @IQJRJ @‛ZAAKOKI j cf aklurf `jc DZHZ_ DZH Z_ (i fho fhomj mj –u –uaako aakoki ki kh sjh sjhsi si silljt silljttkv tkvi—) i—) 7 quj qujstk stk khaftt khafttk,k, f `kaajr `kaajrjhz jhzff `jc tkt tkticf icfrj rj `jcc‛uaakoki, í fhomj tkticfrj `jccf auhzkihj j` auhzkihj j` í uhf aklurf uhf aklurf silljttkvf f ouk í faak`ftf cf ourf `k `k uh khtjrjssj fctruk, fctruk, omj può jssjrj uh khtjrjssj prkvfti (tfcj í f` jsjdpki cf –pitjstî ljhktirkfcj—, omj oidprjh`j k `krkttk j k ìvjrk `f ljstkrj hjcc‛khtjrjssj `jk aklck dkhirk) i uh khtjrjssj pubbckoi (sk pjhsk fcc‛fttkvktî priajsskihfcj fuskckfrkf fuskckfrkf   `jccf auhzkihj auhzkihj lkurks lkurks`kzki `kzkihfcj hfcj,, omj vkjhj svictf svictf `fk –oihsucjhtk tjohkok—). Kc DZHZ_ í qufcskfsk fttkvktî `f ouk `jrkvk c‛fttufzkihj `k akhk pubbckok, jsjroktftf `f prkvftk (isskf `f pjrsihj akskomj omj hih sihi irlfhk `k jhtk stftfck i pubbckok, df omj sihi tkticfrk `k uhf qufcomj pitjstî), qukh`k `f pjrsihj akskomj khvjstktj `jccf ourf `k khtjrjssk fctruk. fctruk . Kc tkticfrj `k uh duhus pubbckoi, pur dfhtjhjhì uhf hfturf prkvftkstkof, può fìttfrj fttk priùttkvk `k jaajttk fddkhkstrftkvk, fhomj sj hih pjrajttfdjhtj jqukpfrfbkck flck fttk fddkhkstrftkvk (tfhti `f jsocu`jrj pjr jssk cf lkurks`kzkihj `jc lku`koj fddkhkstrftkvi). Kh`kof uhf auhzkihj `k pubbckoi khtjrjssj. Jsjdpk `k duhus pubckoud sihi c'fttkvktî `jc tutirj omj mf cf ourf `jc dkhirj, ci rfpprjsjhtf kh tuttk lck fttkfc okvkck j hj fddkhkstrf bjhk5 j c'fvviofti hidkhfti `'uaakokifttrkbuktj pjr cf `kajsf `jccf pfrtj fddjssf bjhjakoki `jc lrftukti kpftriokhki. _ihi auhzkihk pubbckomj f` uh prkvfti. @fc duhus vf tjhuti pik `kstkhti c‛IAAKOKZD c‛IAAKOKZD (–uaakoki kh sjhsi illjttkvi—), omj í ci strudjhti ci strudjhti oih ouk uhf `jtjrdkhft `jtjrdkhftff oiccjttkvktî, oiccjttkvktî, prkvf `k pjrsih pjrsihfcktî fcktî lkurk`ko lkurk`koff (o.`. jhtj `k aftti) rkjsoj f` flkrj lkurk lkurk`kofd `kofdjhtj jhtj.. Ok Okòò `kdi `kdist strf rf omj omj c‛ia c‛iaak akok okud ud,, f `k `kaaj aajrj rjhz hzff `j `jcc ccjj ak aklu lurj rj `k ua uaak akok okii su fhfckzzftj, vf oihsk`jrfti oidj uh vjri j priprki ojhtri `k kdputfzkihj, kdputfzkihj, hjc sjhsi omj li`j `k uhf priprkf –silljttkvktî—, kh airzf `jccf qufcj í tkticfrj fhomj `k uhf priprkf cjlkttkdfzkihj sistfh sis tfhzkf zkfcj cj j pri priojs ojssuf sufcj cj pjr cf our ourff `jlck `jlck kht khtjrj jrjssk ssk faa faak`f k`ftkl tklck ck (sk pj pjhsk hsk fcc fccjj rfpprjsjhtfhzj skh`fofck fzkjh`fck)5 fzkjh`fck)5 khtjrjssk omj, f `kaajrjhzf `jc duhus, hih sihi jstrfhjk rkspjtti fccf strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf `k qujstj aklurj silljttkvj. Kc RF^ÎRPI @‛ZAAKOKI í jstjsi f tuttk k oidpihjhtk `jcc‛uaakoki (j, ùhquj, ictrj omj fc tkticfrj `jcc‛ua ‛uaako akoki, f tuttk lck f``jttk omj sihi cjlftk fcc‛fddkhkstrf rfzzkihj). Vufhì khvj Vufhì khvjstj stj kc tkti tkticfr cfrj, j, kc rfppirti `'uaakoki fssjlhf fhomj cf qufckakof `k –irlfhi— 7 trfdktj kc rfppirti `‛uaakoki cf pjrsih pjr sihff akskof akskof,, omj rkv rkvjst jstjj quj qujccf ccf pis piskzk kzkihj ihj fcc‛kh fcc‛khtjr tjrhi hi `jcc'uuaakoki aakoki,, kdputf kdputf lck fttk omj oidpkj oidpkj kh of ofpi pi fccf aklurf silljttkvf. Kc –rfppirti `‛uaakoki— sk khstfurf oih c‛FPPI @K KHQJ_PKPZRF @JC PKPICFRJ, ìpi uh prioj` pri oj`kdj kdjhti hti `k hid hidkhf khf i dj` dj`kfh kfhtj tj uh sks skstjd tjdff `k jcj jcjzki zkihj. hj. Cf hidkhf hidkhf può `jrkvfrj `jrkvfrj `f uhf sojctf sojctf bfsftf bfs ftf suc succf cf ak` akùok uokf, f, sojctf sojctf f victj victj jaa jaajtt jttuft uftff trf uhf «ri «risfµ sfµ `k fspkrf fspkrfhtk htk kh` kh`kof koftk tk `fccf `fccf cjllj cjllj i `f uh‛futirktî fddkhkstrftkvf (pripistf `k `jsklhfzkihj) kh bfsj fk rjquksktk rktjhutk pkû kìhjk pjr qujcci spjokakoi uaakoki. Vufhì oihsjluj f` uh prioj`kdjhti jcjttirfcj (oidj pjr k oihsklckjrk rjlkihfck, privkh pri vkhokf okfck ck j oid oiduhf uhfck), ck), cf hid hidkhf khf khv khvjst jstjj rfp rfpprj prjsjh sjhtfh tfhtk tk `j `jcc oirpi oirpi jcj jcjtti ttirfcj rfcj.. @kstkhti `fc –rfppirti `‛uaakoki— í kc –RF^ÎRPI @K _JRQKWKI—, omj khvjstj omk í fccj `kpjh`jhzj `jcc `jcc‛‛ fd fddk dkhk hkst strf rfzk zkih ihjj pubb pubbck ckof of   (lck f``jttk j kc tkticfrj `jcc‛uaakoki) svic svicljh ljhì ì pjr cf pjr pjrsih sihff lku lkurk`k rk`kof of uh‛ uh‛fttk fttkvktî vktî cfv cfvirf irftkvf tkvf f tkt tktici ici pri priajss ajsskih kihfcj fcj,, isskf isskf kh diì diì ?>

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

oihtkhuftkvi j` jsocuskvi `kjtri oirrjspihskihj `k uhf rjtrkbuzkihj. Pfcj rfppirti rfoomku`j tutti okò omj fttkjhj fc trfttfdjhti joihidkoi `jccf pjrsihf akskof (omj akskof (omj í fhomj kdpkjlfti) omj prjstf cf priprkf fttkvktî cfvirftkvf j fc sui stfti lkurk`koi (qufckakof, fhzkfhktî, dfhskihk, joo.). Kh ilhk ofsi, cj vkojh`j `jcc‛uhi j `jcc‛fctri rfppirti, sjbbjhj `kstkhtj, khoihtrfhi didjhtk `k oiccjlfdjhti, oidj hjc ofsi kh ouk pjr pitjr jssjrj prjpis prj pistk tk f` uh uaak uaakok okii í hjoj hjojss ssfr frki ki pis isssj`jr j`jrjj `jtj `jtjrd rdkkhftj hftj quf ufck ckak akoomj hj hjcc cc‛f ‛fdb dbkkti `jc rf rfpp ppir irti ti `k cfviri.

0. Zaakok dihipjrsihfc dihipjrsihfckk j pcurkpjrsihfck. _j uh uaakoki sk oidpihj `k pkû pjrsihj akskomj, foquksksoj kc ofrfttjrj `jccf OICCJLKFCKPF‛, omj pjrò oidpirtf cf hjojssktî `k rkùrrj f uhktî cj ipkhkihk `jk skhlick oidpihjhtk `jc oiccjlki 7 f tfc akhj, c‛ir`khfdjhti mf akssfti `jccj rjlicj `jstkhftj f rjlicfrj cf oist oistkt ktuz uzki kihhj `jcc `jcc‛u ‛uaa aako koki ki j cf cf `jck `jckbj bjrf rfzk zkih ihjj `jcc `jccff `jok `jokski skihj hj.. ^jr cf OI_PKPZWKIHJ @JC OICCJLKI í hjojssfrkf cf prjsjhzf `k uh ojrti hudjri `k oidpihjhtk (o.`. quirud strutturfcj) stfbkckti `fccf cjllj omj, kh fssjhzf `k `kvjrsj prjvkskihk, sk rktkjhj khtjlrfti oih cf prjsjhzf prjsjhzf `jc `jccf cf djtî `jk oidpihjhtk `jc oiccjlki pkû uhi, uhi , j omj `jvj pjrdfhjrj pjr tuttf cf ùrftf `jccf sjùtf 7 sk pjhsk, f` jsjdpki, f` uh oihsklcki oiduhfcj airdfti `f 0> oihsklckjrk, fc ouk khtjrhi kc quir quirud ud str strut uttu turf rfcj cj   susskstj qufhì sihi prjsjhtk fcdjhi 26 `k jssk. _j cf hirdftkvf prjvj`j c‛ibbcklftirkf prjsjhzf `k tuttk k oidpihjhtk `jc oiccjlki pjr cf vfck`ktî `jccf rkuhk rku hkih ihj, j, kc oicc oiccjl jlki ki sk `k `koj oj –^JR –^JRAJ AJPP PPI— I— 7 sk pjhs pjhskk f` js jsjd jdpk pkii fk tr trkb kbuh uhfc fckk pj pjhf hfck ck,, ok okvk vkck ck j fddkhkstrftkvk. Zhf victf oistktukti, kc oiccjlki `jckbjrf (sjoihì k puhtk kh`koftk hjc o.`. ir`khj `jc lkirhi `jccf sjùtf) succf –pripistf `k `jckbjrf— jdjrsf fcc‛jskti `jccf `ksousskihj. Cf –pripistf `k `jckbjrf— `kvjhtf –`jckbjrf `jc oiccjlki— sici qufhì sk sihi jsprjssk afvirjvicdjhtj su `k jssf k oidpihjhtk `jc oiccjlki hjc hudjri rkomkjsti `fccf hirdf, vfrkfbkcj f sjoih`f `jc tkpi `k oiccjlki i `jc tkpi `k `jckbjrf `f fìttfrj (o.`. quirud auhzkihfcj), df omj, kh fssjhzf `k prjoksj `kspiskzkihk, oirrkspih`j fcc ccff djtî `jk djdbrk vitfhtk pkû uhi (o.`. uhi (o.`. dfllkirfhzf sjdpckoj), sjbbjhj spjssi skfhi prjvkstj dfllkirfhzj qufckakoftj 7 pjrtfhti, sj uh oihsklcki oiduhfcj í oidpisti `f 0> pjrsihj, kc quirud strutturfcj í strutturfcj í `k 26 djdbrk, djhtrj qujcci auhzkihfcj `kpjh`jrî auhzkihfcj `kpjh`jrî `fc hudjri `jk prjsjhtk (oisã, f` js., sj fccf sjùtf sihi prjsjhtk ?> oidpihjhtk, kc quirud auhzkihfcj sfrî `k 61 vitk 7 cf djtî pkû uhi `jk prjsjhtk). @urfhtj cf vitfzkihj può foof`jrj omj uhi `jk oidpihjhtk sk fstjhlf 7 kh tfc ofsi, sfcvi `kvjrsf kh`kofzkihj hirdftkvf, c‛fstjhuti vkjhj oidputfti trf k vitfhtk j, qukh`k, vkjhj oidputfti hjc quirud strutturfcj (j ùhquj trf k prjsjhtk). K oiccjlk sihi oistktuktk `f uh hudjri akssi `k pjrsihj, fhomj sj ok sihi ofsk kh ouk cf oidpiskzkihj í vfrkfbkcj kh rjcfzkihj f afttk illjttkvk (f` js. kc hudjri `k ofh`k`ftk `f jsfdkhfrj, oidj hjc ofsi `jccf oiddks oid dksski skihj hj pjr pjr lck jsf jsfdk dk `k fb fbkck kcktfz tfzkih kihjj fccf fccf pri priajs ajsski skihj hj `k fv fvvio viofti fti)) i sj sihi sihi om omkfd kfdftk ftk f pfrtjokpfrvk tuttk oiciri omj mfhhi uhf pfrtkoicfrj qufckakof (f` js. tuttk k priajssirk `k ruici `k uh‛uhkvjrsktî). K oidpihjhtk `jcrfoomku`j oiccjlki `jvihi kc ciri viti succf bfsj `jkìvrî puhtk `jckbjrfrj) kh`koftk hjc7 o.`. –ir`khj `jc lkirhi— (omj c‛jcjhoijsprkdjrj `jlck frlidjhtk su ouk kc oiccjlki c‛ir`khj `jc lkirhi `jvj jssjrj akssfti `fc ^rjsk`jhtj, omj oihviof j prjskj`j c‛fùhfhzf, oih kc rjcftkvi ir`khj `jk ?6

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

cfvirk. Cf `jckbjrfzkihj sk rktkjhj fssuhtf qufhì k oidpihjhtk `jc oiccjlki jsprkdihi cf ciri vicihtî, j hih qufhì í fpprivfti kc vjrbfcj `jccf rjcftkvf sjùtf (omj `k sickti í fpprivfti hjccf sjùtf suoojsskvf). Cf vjrbfckzzfzkihj vjrbfckzzfzkihj khtjlrf, khafttk, uh‛fttkvktî suoojsskvf, faak`ftf f` uh sjlrjtfrki, victf f trfùr trf ùrrj rj pjr kso ksorkt rktti ti ci svi sviclk clkdjh djhti ti `jc `jccf cf `ks `ksous ousski skihj hj j kc oihtjh oihtjhuti uti `jccf `jccf `joksk `jokskihj ihj fs fssuh suhtf. tf. Kh ìttrkhf sk `kstkhluj trf OICCJLK @K ÎH@JRFWKIHJ, qufhì sk qufhì sk rkuhksoihi r kuhksoihi kh uh uhkoi oirpi pkû ofpfoktî priajsskihfck, pjrsihj omj prjhìhi pfrtj fc oiccjlki pjr cf ciri ofpfoktî `k vfcutfzkihj (j` í priprki pjr qujsti omj sihi `jttk fhomj –oiccjlk `k vfcutfzkihj—, oidpistk `f pjrsihj omj, pjr cf ciri priajsskihfcktî, `jvihi vfcutfrj afttk spjokakok) spjokakok) j OICCJLK @K OIDÎ_KWKIHJ, sj cf rflkihj `jccf `jc cf oi oiccj ccjlkf lkfcktî cktî í quj qujccf ccf `k oidpirrj kh uh‛uhkof sj`j khtjrjssk `kvjrsk, jtjriljhjk. jtjriljhjk. K –oiccjlk `k pih`jrfzkihj"" sihi oidpistk `f pjrsihj omj vk prjhìhi pfrtj pjr cf ciri ofpfoktî `k vfcutfzkihj, pih`jrfzkihj vfcutfzkihj, djhtrj djh trj hjk –o –oicc iccjlk jlk `k oi oidpi dpiskz skzkih kihj— j— jh jhtrf trfhi hi f afr pfr pfrtj tj k rfpprj rfpprjsjh sjhtfh tfhtk tk `k khtjrj khtjrjssk ssk `kvjrs `kvjrsk.k. K oiccjlk `k pih`jrfzkihj sihi pjrajttk5 qujcck `k oidpiskzkihj sihi khvjoj oiccjlk kdpjrajttk 7 k prkdk auhzkihfhi sici oih cf pfrtjokpfzkihj `k tuttk k oidpihjhtk (4 pcjhud)5 k sjoih`k pissihi auhzkihfrj fhomj kh fssjhzf `k fcouhk oidpihjhtk.

kc tkticfrj `jcc'uaakoki sk trivk, hjc `jc rfppirti, :.Kc auhzkihfrki `k khofpfoktî aftti. Vufcirf kh sktufzkihk `k tjdpirfhjf `k prjstfrj cf priprkf fttkvktî cfvirftkvf (fòirsi js. khofrkomk auirk sj`jj i sktufz sj` sktufzkih kihkk `k ofr ofrftt fttjrj jrj pjr pjrsih sihfcj fcj)) c‛i c‛ir`k r`khf hfdjh djhti ti prjvj` prjvj`j, j, pjr fs fssko skourf urfrj rj cf oihtkh oihtkhukt uktîî `jcc‛jsjr `jcc ‛jsjrokzki okzki `jk oidpktk `jcc‛ua `jcc‛uaakoki akoki,, cj ùj aklurj `jccf _Z^^CJHWF _Z^^CJHWF   j `jcc `jccff RJLLJHWF RJLLJHWF.. Kc suppcjhtj (omj hjccf dfllkir pfrtj `jk ofsk í kc tkticfrj `k uh fctri uaakoki `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj) subjhtrf futidftkofdjhtj hjccf tkticfrktî `jcc‛uaakoki fc vjrkakofrsk `jccf vfofhzf, sjhzf omj skf hjojssfrki uhi spjokakoi ftti `k hidkhf. Cf rjlljhzf, khvjoj, jhtrf kh lkioi sici hjc ofsi kh ouk hih skf stftf `kspistf cf suppcjhzf 7 kh tfc ofsi, sk rjh`j hjojssfrkf cf hidkhf `k uh fctri tkticfrj `jcc‛u `j cc‛uaako aakoki, ki, spjok spjokako akofdj fdjhtj htj kh` kh`kvk kvkùf ùfti ti sjo sjoih` ihìi pri prioj ojùr ùrjj stfbkc stfbkcktj ktj.. ^jrò ^jrò qujstj qujstj aklurj aklurj (omj (omj rjlicfhi cj kpitjsk kh ouk kc tkticfrj `jcc‛uaakoki skf tjdpirfhjfdjhtj khofpfoj `k svicljrj cj suj dfhskihk) hih mfhhi huccf f omj vj`jrj oih cf –OJ__FWKIHJ @JC RF^ÎRPI @'ZAAKOKI— 7 qujst‛uctk qujs t‛uctkdf df può jssjrj jssjrj `jtjrdk `jtjrdkhftf hftf `f ofusj rkluf rklufr`fh r`fhtk tk cf pjrsihf pjrsihf `jc tkticfrj tkticfrj (f` js. dirtj i kdpj`kdjhti pjrdfhjhtj) i `fccf ojssfzkihj `jc rfppirti `k cfviri (f` js. pjr sof`jhzf `jcci stjssi). Kh qujst‛uctkdi ofsi, pjrò, sirlj cf hjojssktî `k fsskourfrj kc rjlicfrj auhzkihfdjhti `jcc‛uaakoki 7 f tfc rklufrì, kh pfssfti, pjr fsskourfrj cf oihtkhuktî `k auhzkihfdjhti `jlck uaakok, sk pjrdjttjvf fc tkticfrj tkticfrj `jcc‛uaakoki `k oihtkhufrj f jsjroktfrj kc priprki ruici ruici akhi fcc‛khsj`kfdjhti fcc‛khsj`kfdjhti `jc suoojssirj5 uhf skdkcj pisskbkcktî (omj vjhkvf afttf rkjhtrfrj hjcc‛fdbkti `jccf pririlftki `jccf pririlftki)) jrf pjrò prjvkstf sici pjr lck uaakok f tkticfrktî picktkof (f` js. k Oihsklck oiduhfck j privkhokfck, uhf victf sofùtk, rjstfhi kh ofrkof akhi fcc‛jcjzkihj `jk huivk)5 fc oihtrfrki, pjr lck uaakok f tkticfrktî ihirfrkf j pj pjrr tut tuttj tj cj hi hidkh dkhjj `k oi oidpj dpjtjh tjhzf zf pfr pfrcfd cfdjht jhtfrj frj,, ìp ìpii uh khoksk khokskvi vi khtjrv khtjrvjht jhtii `j `jccf ccf Oirtj Oirtj oistktuzkihfcj, kc cjlkscftirj í khtjrvjhuti oih uhf `ksokpckhf omj, hjc rkbf`krj kc prkhokpki pjr ouk lck irlfhk fddkhkstrftkvk sviclihi «cj ciri auhzkihk sjoihì kc tjrdkhj `k ùrftf pjr okfsouhi `k jssk prjvksti j` jhtri tfcj tjrdkhj `jvihi jssjrj rkoistktuktkµ, oihsjhtj, kh ofsi `k dfhoftf pririlftki   pjr hih pkû `k 0: lkirhk rkoist rko istktu ktuzki zkihj, hj, fc tkticf tkticfrj rj so sofù fùti ti `k ipj ipjrfr rfrjj kh rjl rjlkdj kdj `k pririlftki `joirrjhtk `fccf sof`jhzf, fìttfhì sici fttk `k ir`khfrkf fddkhkstrfzkihj, hihomë qujcck urljhtk j kh`kaajrkbkck spjokakofdjhtj ditkvftk. Fc `k auirk `k qujstk oihakhk, lck jvjhtufck fttk fssuhtk sihi ?2

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

sfhzkihftk oih cf huccktî. Kh il ilhk hk ofsi ofsi,, cf ak aklu lurf rf `j `jcc tkti tkticf cfrj rj pr prir iril ilft ftii hi hihh mf hu hucc ccff f om omjj vj vj`j `jrj rj oi oihh qu qujc jccf cf `j `jcc –AZHWKIHFRKI @K AFPPI—, omj khvjoj í qujc silljtti omj pihj kh jssjrj uh ftti sjhzf jssjrhj cjlkttkdfti, kh qufhti kc sui ftti `k khvjstkturf í kccjlkttkdi, hucci, i f``krktturf dfhofhtj 7 dfhofhtj 7 kh ofsk `jc ljhjrj, cj rjlicj succ‛ khvfck`ktî `jcc‛ftti `k khvjstkturf ìvrjbbjri oidpirtfrj c‛khvfck`ktî `k tuttk lck fttk fìttftk `fc auhzkihfrki `k aftti5 kc omj, pjrò, oflkihjrjbbj uh `fhhi fk `jstkhftfrk `jcc‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf (omj khafttk, hih jssjhì f oihisojhzf `jcc‛khvjstkturf, hih pissihi oihtriccfrhj cf vfck`ktî). ^jr rksicvjrj c‛khoihvjhkjhtj, pjrtfhti, sk í airdftf hjc tjdpi cf rjlicf pjr ouk tuttk lck fttk pistk kh jssjrj `fc tkticfrj `k uh uaakoki kc ouk ftti `k khvjstkturf skf kccjlkttkdi i dfhomk `jc tutti sihi vfck`k, akhi f qufhì c‛ftti `k khvjstkturf hih vjhlf fhhuccfti 7 kh qujsti diì iì sk í ojro ojroffti `k sf sfcv cvffluf ufr` r`ffrj cf –bui –buihhf aj aj``j— `j `jkk si sill lljt jttk tk omj mj,, rk rkvi vicl cljjhì ìsk sk fcc‛ fcc‛fd fddk dkhk hkst strf rfzk zkih ihj, j, afhh afhhii faak faak`f `fdj djht htii su pj pjrs rsih ihjj om omjj pf pfki kihi hi tk tkti ticf cfrk rk `j `jkk ci ciri ri ua uaak akok ok.. @kstkhtf `fccf aklurf `jc auhzkihfrki `k aftti í qujccf `jcc‛–Z_ZR^FPIRJ @K ZAAKOKI—, oicuk omj oih oisokjhzf j vicihtî fssudj cf tkticfrktî `jcc‛uaakoki kh fssjhzf `k uhf vfck`f khvjstkturf (fc oihtrfrki, kc auhzkihfrki `k aftti flksoj kh dfhofhzf `k uhf vicihtî usurpftrkoj).

skstjdf `jc bittkhi) bittkhi) í cf prftkof :.6. Ci _^ :.6. _ÎK IKC_ C_ _[_P _[_PJD JD.. Ci _ÎKC _ÎKC_ _ _[_P _[_PJD JD ( skstjdf picktkof sjoihì ouk lck fctk `krkljhtk `jccf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj ofdbkfhi oih kc ofdbkfrj `jc livjrhi . Cj airzj picktkomj fc livjrhi sojclihi k `krkljhtk `krkljhtk,, faak`fhi ùhquj cf luk`f `jccf oidpcjssf dfoomkhf fddkhkstrftkvf f `krkljhtk omj rktjhlihi omj hih sici pissfhi, df fhomj vilckfhi afr ciri rfllkuhljrj lck ibkjttkvk picktkok. Hjcc‛foojzkihj pkû hjlftkvf, cj airzj picktkomj fc livjrhi `kstrkbuksoihi f priprk faakckftk j skdpftkzzfhtk cj vfrkj ofrkomj kstktuzkihfck, cf tkticfrktî `k uaakok pubbckok j piskzkihk `k pitjrj, kh diì `f lfrfhtkrj lck khtjrjssk `k omk ck mf khvjstktk `jcc‛k `j cc‛khof hofrko rkoi. i. _jbbj _jbbjhj hj cj ckh ckhjj jj ljh ljhjrf jrfck ck `k quj qujstf stf prf prftko tkoff sk pissfh pissfhii rkoih` rkoihùrr urrjj fcc fccff hizkih hizkihjj oihtrfoofdbki), `k –ockjhtjcksdi— ( prftkof oihskstjhtj hjc oihoj`jrj vfhtfllk f omk può iaarkrj uh oihtrfoofdbki), c‛jsprjsskihj spikcs c‛jsprjsskihj spikcs systjd h systjd hih ih kdpck kdpckof, of, irklk irklkhfrkf hfrkfdjhtj djhtj,, uhf oihhitfz oihhitfzkihj kihj hjlftkvf hjlftkvf i c‛k`jf c‛k`jf omj tfcj `kstrkbuzkihj `k ofrkomj skf hjojssfrkfdjhtj hjojssfrkfdjhtj uh fbusi fbusi 7 sk trfttf `k uh‛jsprjsskihj omj `jsorkvj `jsorkvj uhf prfssk airdfcdjhtj rkoihisokutf, j fpjrtfdjhtj fppckoftf kh vfrk ^fjsk. Fcci spikcs systjd sk oihtrfppihj spjssi kc djrkt systjd (cjttjrfcdjhtj7 systjd (cjttjrfcdjhtj7 skstjdf `jc djrkti) kh bfsj fc qufcj cf tkticfrktî `jlck uaakok pubb pubbckok ckok vkjhj fssjlhftf f sjlukt sjluktii `k uhf vfcutfzkih vfcutfzkihjj illjttkvf illjttkvf `jccf ofpfoktî `k svicljrj cj rjcftkvj auhzkihk, sjhzf tjhjrj oihti `jcc'   faakckfz faakckfzkihj kihj pic picktkof ktkof `jk ofh`k`ftk flck uaak uaakok ok.. Zh tkpk tkpkoi oi jsjd jsjdpk pkii fttr fttrfv fvjr jrsi si kc qufc qufcjj sk rjfc rjfckz kzzf zf kc djrk djrktt sy syst stjd jd í uh oi oiho hoir irsi si pu pubb bbck ckoi oi.. F pfrtkrj `flck fhhk ”;>, c‛jsprjsskihj –spikcs systjd— í jhtrftf kh usi fhomj kh ktfckfhi, pjr kh`kofrj c‛kh c‛khsk skjd jdjj `jk `jk pitj pitjrk rk om omjj oi oihs hsjh jhti tihi hi flck flck ir irlf lfhk hk pick picktk tkok ok `k soj sojlc lckj kjrj rj cj aklu aklurj rj `k vj vjrtk rtkoj oj oidj sjlrjtfrk ljhjrfck, ofpk `k `kpfrtkdjhti, sjlrjtfrk oiduhfck, joo. Ci spikcs systjd í stfti rjlicfti kh vkf cjlkscftkvf rjlicfti hjc 2>>2 j hjc 2>>1, prjvj`jhìsk cf ojssfzkihj futidftkof `jlck khofrkomk `k fctf j dj`kf `krkljhzf hjccf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj pfssftk ;> lkirhk `fccf akùokf fc huivi jsjoutkvi (okií cf hidkhf `k uh huivi livjrhi). C‛kstktuti C‛kst ktuti mf oidj rftki cf hjo hjojsskt jssktîî `k akùo akùokf kf j frdi frdihkf hkf arf c‛fddkhkst c‛fddkhkstrfzki rfzkihj hj j cf picktkof picktkof oidj jcjdjhti hjojssfrki pjr kc buih buih fh`f h`fdj djhhti `jccf jccf pubb pubbck ckof of fddkh ddkhks kstr trffzki zkihj. hj. Cf qu qujst jstkih kihjj mf `f ti cui cuili f hud hudjri jrisk pri prihu huhok hokfdj htk `jccf `jc cf spikcs Oirtj Oirtj systjd, Oistkt Oistktuzk uzkihf ihfcj. cj. Cf Oir Oirtj tj oistktuzkihfcj, hjc `fti 2>>1, mf li oihajrdfti cfskvfck`ktî `jcfdjhtk skstjdf `jcci faajrdfhì oidj cf hjojssktî `jc buih fh`fdjhti `jccf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj skf fddkhkstrfzkihj skf prkirktfrkf rkspjtti fc –prkhokpki ??

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

`k kdpfrzkfcktî— (omj kh tjirkf jsocu`jrjbbj vjrtkok fddkhkstrftkvk "pfrzkfck" vjrsi c‛jsjoutkvi)5 cf oirtj oi rtj mf pjrò pjrò fh fhomj omj faa faajrd jrdfti fti oid oidjj tfcj tfcj sks skstjd tjdff hih pi pissf ssf kha kharfh rfhlj ljrj rj ci spfzk spfzkii rks rksjrv jrvfti fti fcc‛kh`kpjh`jhzf fcc‛ kh`kpjh`jhzf   `jccf pubb pubbckof ckof fddkh fddkhkstrfzk kstrfzkihj ihj   (ljhjrfcdjhtj, qujcci pkû strjttfdjhtj cjlfti fcc‛fttkvktî `jccf stjssf) ckdktfhì qukh`k ci spikcs systjd sici fccj piskzkihk fpkofck j` jsocu`jhì cf dj`kf `krkljhzf j` k vjrtkok `jccj siokjtî pubbckomj5 jssf faajrdò fhomj oidj kc skstjdf hih pitjssj oihor oi horjtk jtkzzf zzfrsk rsk kh uhf prj prjof ofrkj rkjtî tî khf khfoo oojtt jttfbk fbkcj cj `jccf `jccf `kr `krklj kljhzf hzf,, jsocu` jsocu`jh jhì ì qukh`k qukh`k kc pi pissk sskbkc bkcjj fzzjrfdjhti `jk vjrtkok `jccj fddkhkstrfzkihk, oisf omj orjjrjbbj fhomj uhf pjrkoicisf `kpjh`jhzf `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj vjrsi cf picktkof. ^jr qufhti rklufr`f c‛kh`kvkùfzkihj prjoksf `jk vjrtkok fddkhkstrftkvk khtjrjssftk `fcci spikcs systjd, cf Oirtj hih mf airhkti orktjrk ofpfok `k kh`kvkùfrck oih prjokskihj5 sk può sici khtukrj oidj skfhi cj piskzkihk pkû f strjtti oihtftti oih lck irlfhk picktkok. Prf kc 2>>< j kc 2>>= cf Oirtj mf sfhzkihfti oih c‛kccjlkttkdktî cj vfrkj `kspiskzkihk `k cjllj (stftfck j rjlkihfck) omj prjvj`jvfhi djoofhksdk `k ojssfzkihj futidftkof `jlck khofrkomk `krkljhzkfck kh ofsi `k –fvvkojh`fdjhti picktkoi—. Pfck `kspiskzkihk (qufhì hih sk trfttk `k piskzkihk `krkljhzkfck `k vjrtkoj) oihtrfstfhi oih kc –prkhokpki `k oihtkhuktî `jcc‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf—, omj í strjttfdjhtj oirr oirrjc jcft ftii f qu qujc jcci ci `k –bui –buihh fh`f fh`fdj djht hti— i— (O (Oir irtj tj Oi Oist st.,., 2> 2>>< >>, `fccf –cjllj ljhjrfcj `k oihtfbkcktî `jcci _tfti—, `fc –tjsti uhkoi `jccj cjllk succf Oirtj `jk oihtk— j `fc –tjsti uhkoi `jccj cjllk oiduhfck j privkhokfck—, omj fvjvfhi khojhtrfti kc skstjdf suc –OIHPRICCI – OIHPRICCI J_PJRHI—, ^RJQJHPKQI, j @K CJLKPPKDKPÎ _ZK _KHLICK FPPK (j, kh pfrtkoicfrj, qujcci `k oidpjtjhzf `jccf Oirtj `jk oihtk pjr lck fttk `jccj fddkhkstrfzkihk stftfck). K oihtricck sulck fttk `jk Oiduhk j `jccj ^rivkhoj jrfhi khvjoj `k cjlkttkdktî (o.`. vklkcfhzf) j `k djrkti (o.`. tutjcf) j` jrfhi faak`ftk fc ^rjajtti (kc oihtricci sulck fttk `jk Oiduhk) j fccf Lkuhtf privkhokfcj fddkhkstrftkvf (qujcci sulck fttk `jccj ^rivkhoj). Cj rkairdj `jlck uctkdk fhhk mfhhi oidpcjtfdjhtj sivvjrtkti kc `ksjlhi irklkhfrki. Cf prkdf oihskstjh oihs kstjhtj tj rkaird rkairdff `jk oihtricc oihtricckk jrf lkî stftf khtri` khtriìttf ittf `fccf Oistktuzki Oistktuzkihj, hj, omj, `f uh cfti, cfti, fvjvf fvjvf rkìtti kc –OIHPRICCI @K DJRKPI— f uhf sjdpckoj rkomkjstf `k rkjsfdj `f pfrtj `jlck jhtk `k oihtricci flck jhtk oihtriccftk j, oihtriccftk j, `fcc'fctri, fvjvf faak`fti k oihtricck f irlfhk f oidpiskzkihj tjohkof, f lfrfhzkf `jccf ciri kdpfrzkfcktî. C‛fssjtti fppjhf `jckhjfti fvjvf rjskstkti akhi flck fhhk ';>. @ipi`komë í stfti `jakhktkvfdjhtj fbickti, `fpprkdf, kc –oihtricci `k djrkti—5 j pik fhomj kc –oihtricci `k cjlkttkdktî— í stfti jckdkhfti oih c‛fbrilfzkihj `jlck frtt. 62:, 6¾ oiddf j 6?> Oist. f`` illk OIHPRICCK ipjrf `jccf llj oif` st. jaajtti kdpj`ktkvi ? / 2> >6sk. F ^RJQJHPKQK @KcjCJLKPPKDKPÎ `jcc‛jaakofokf jsjroktfhi hjk sick oiharihtk `jlck «fttk `jc Livjrhiµ, kh bfsj fcc‛frt. 6>>, 2¾oiddf Oist., omj fttrkbuksoj fccf Oirtk `jk oihtk kc rjcftkvi pitjrj. Oisã, pjr jaajtti `jccj rjojhtk rkairdj, sk í oidpkuti kc pfssfllki `f uh _K_PJDF BF_FPI _ZK OIHPRICC OIHP RICCKK @K CJLK CJLKPPKD PPKDKPÎ KPÎ,, J_PJRHK J _Z _KHLICK FPPK FPPK , f` uh _K_PJDF KHOJHPRFPI _Z OIHPRICCK KHPJRHK , fvjhtk f` illjtti hih pkû k skhlick fttk, df C‛KHPJRF FPPKQKPÎ j oidj pfrfdjtri hih cf oihairdktî fccf cjllj, df C‛JAAKOKJHWF LJ_PKIHFCJ @JCC‛JHPJ OIHPRICCFPI. Qj`kfdi irf cj tkpicilkj `k –OIHPRICCK KHPJRHK— kh vklirj 7 

kc –oihtricci `k rjlicfrktî fddkhkstrftkvf j oihtfbkcj—, tjh`jhtj f lfrfhtkrj cf cjlkttkdktî, cf rjlicfrktî jrjssfd cfsfdjht oirrjttjzzf `jcc‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf5 jssjrj jssjrj prjvjhtkvi hjkf sic sick k of ofsk sk jsp jsprjs jhtjj stf stfbkc bkcktk ktk `fccf `fccf cjl cjllj lj j hih í jssi dfk può kdp kdpj`k j`ktkv tkvii prjvjhtkvi `jcc‛j `jcc‛jaako aakofok fokf `jcc‛ftti, omj í rkdjssf fcc‛jsocuskvf rjspihsfbkcktî `jcc‛irlfhi jdfhfhtj5 0>

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<





kc –oihtricci `k ljstkihj—, khtjsi f vjrkakofrj c‛jaakofokf, c‛jaakokjhzf j c‛joihidkoktî `jcc‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf, pjr oihsjhtkrj fk `krkljhtk `k ittkdkzzfrj kc rfppirti trf oistk j rksuctftk5 cf –vfcutfzkihj j kc oihtricci strftjlkoi—, dkrfhtk f suppirtfrj c'fttkvktî `jlck irlfhk `k kh`krkzzi picktkoi-fddkhkstrftkvi j f vfcutfrj c‛f`jluftjzzf `jccj sojctj ipjrftj `fk `krkljhtk rklufrì flck ibkjttkvk stfbkcktk `fccj hirdj, hihomë f k`jhtkakofrj lck jvjhtufck afttirk `k fttufzkihj istfoici fcjoihsjlukdjhti `jlck ibkjttkvk, cj jvjhtufck rjspihsfbkcktî pjr cf ciri dfhoftf k pisskbkck rkdj`k.

Zhf hitf Zhf hitfzk zkih ihjj í `f `j`k `j`kof ofrj rj,, khakh khakhj, j, fk –R –RF^ F^Î ÎRP RPKK @K OI OIHP HPRI RICC CCI I AR ARF F FZ FZPI PIRK RKPÎ PÎ JVZKIR@KHFPJ—. Vujstk rfppirtk sihi prjvkstk `f spjokakomj `kspiskzkih `kspiskzkihkk `k cjllj, kdpckofhì cf silljzkihj (fctrkdjhtk hih oihsjhtktf) `k uh‛futirktî fddkhkstrftkvf f` uh‛fctrf `jcci stjssi ckvjcci 7 í kc ofsi, f` jsjdpki, `jk Dkhkstjrk hjk oiharihtk `jc Dkhkstjri `jcc‛joihidkf, f ouk cf cjllj fttrkbuksoj kc pitjrj `k vjrkakofrj (kh sj`j `k prj`kspiskzkihj `jc bkcfhoki fhhufcj) cj hjojssktî `k ouk ilhk skhlici Dkhkstjri fbbksilhf. Qkojvjrsf, k –RF^ÎRPK @K OIHPRICCI PRF FZPIRKPÎ KH Î_KWKIHJ Î_KWKIHJ @K RJOK^ RJOK^RIOF RIOF KH@K^ KH@K^JH@JH JH@JHWF— WF— (f` js. kc rfpp rfppirti irti trf cf Oirtj `jk oihtk j kc Livjrhi) i –@K FZPIHIDKF— (f` js. kc rfppirti trf _tfti j Rjlkihk) sihi kstktuktk `krjttfdjhtj `fccf Oistktuzkihj i `f hirdj `k cjllj kh bfsj f prjoksj jskljhzj oistktuzkihfck 7 sk pjhsk, f` jsjdpki, fc oihtricci suoojsskvi omj cf Oirtj `jk oihtk í omkfdftf f jaajttufrj succf ljstkihj `jc bkcfhoki `jcci _tfti prj`kspisti _tfti prj`kspisti `fc Livjrhi (frt. 6>>, 2¾ oiddf, Oist.).

1. @jcjlfzkihj `k auhzkihk j utkckzzfzkihj `jlck uaakok. Hjcc‛fdbkti `jk rfppirtk `k oiccfbirfzkihj trf aklurj silljttkvj `kvjrsj vfhhi rkoidprjsk ùj di`jcck aih`fdjhtfck 7 cf –`jcjlfzkihj `k auhzkihk— j c‛–utkckzzi `k uaakok fctruk—. Kc prkdi di`jcci (@JCJLFWKIHJ @K AZHWKIHK) rkoirrj qufhì cf aklurf silljttkvf `jcjlfhtj, omj í tkticfrj `k uh pitjrj i `k uhf auhzkihj, hj trfsajrksoj c‛jsjrokzki f` uh‛fctrf aklurf silljttkvf, cf ouk fttkvktî, pjrò, sfrî oihtriccftf `fc silljtti `jcjlfhtj, omj `kspihj `k spjokakok pitjrk `k kh`krkzzi j oihtricci. oihtricci. Cf `jcjlfzkihj può khtjroirrjrj skf trf strutturj i jhtk `kvjrsk (o.`. –@JCJLFWKIHJ KHPJR_ILLJPPKQF— 7 f` js. trf _tfti j Rjlkihk i trf Rjlkihk j` jhtk tjrrktirkfck dkhirk), skf trf irlfhk (hih uaakok!) `jccf stjssf strutturf strut turf (o.`. –@JCJ –@JCJLFWKI LFWKIHJ HJ KHPJ KHPJRIRLF RIRLFHKOF— HKOF—). ). Faakhomí, Faakhomí, pjrò, cf `jcjlfzk `jcjlfzkihj ihj pissf pissf fssudjrj vfck`ktî lkurk`kof, í hjojssfrki uh fppiskti –ftti `k `jcjlfzkihj—, omj può fvjrj hfturf cjlkscftkvf i fddkhkstrftkvf (kh qujstf kpitjsk, pjrò, c‛ftti `k `jcjlfzkihj `jvj jssjrj rkpjtuti hjc ofsi ofsi kh ouk ouk du dutk tkhi hi i kc tkti tkticf cfrj rj `j `jcc cc‛i ‛irl rlfh fhii i lc lckk fddk fddkhk hkst strf rfti tirk rk `j `jcc cc‛j ‛jht htjj `j `jcj cjlf lfht htj) j).. Cf `jcjlfzkihj `î cuili fc ajhidjhi `jcc‛ –jsjrokzki kh`krjtti `jccf auhzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf— (`jtti fhomj fddkhkstrfzkihj kh`krjttf). C‛ZPKCKWWFWKIHJ @JLCK ZAAKOK @K ZH FCPRI JHPJ sk mf qufhì uh‛ fddkhkstrfzkihj pubbckof, fhzkomë ìtfrsk `k uaakok priprk, sk fvvfcj (pjr c‛jspcjtfdjhti `jccj auhzkihk omj cj oidpjtihi) `jc pjrsihfcj j `jccj fttrjzzfturj `k uhf aklurf silljttkvf `kvjrsf. `kvjrsf . Vujsti di`jcci sjrvj f jvktfrj c‛khutkcj prickajrfzkihj `k strutturj j fssjttk irlfhkzzftkvk. Jssi jrf prjvksti `fc vjoomki frt. 66=, uct. oiddf, Oist. omj, prkdf `jccf rkairdf `jc 2>>6, prjvj`jvf omj cj Rjlkihk jsjroktfssjri cj priprkj auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj «`jcjlfhìcj « `jcjlfhìcj fccj fccj ^rivkhoj, fk Oiduhk i f` fctrk vfcjhìsk `jk ciri uaakokµ. jhtk ciofck i 06

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

_kf fccf `jcjlfzkihj omj fcc‛utkckzzfzkihj `jlck uaakok sk può afr rkoirsi sici kh prjsjhzf `k uh‛jsprjssf `kspiskzkihj `k cjllj.

*Frt. 62: Oist. 4 OIHPRICCI _ZLCK FPPK RJLKIHFCK. Rjoktfvf 7 –Kc oihtricci `k cjlkttkdktî sulck fttk fddkhkstrftkvk   `jc `jccf cf Rjlkih Rjl kihj j í jsjroktfti `f uh irlfhi `jcci _tfti. Cf cjllj può kh `jtjrdkhftk ofsk fddjttjrj kc oihtric oihtricci ci `k djrkti , fc sici jaajtti `k priduivjrj, oih rkomkjstf ditkvftf, kc rkjsfdj `jccf `jckbjrfzkihj `f pfrtj `jc Oihsklcki rjlkihfcj —. J‛ stfti fbrilfti `fccf C. oist. ? / 2>>6. *Frt.. 6?> Oist. 4 OIHPRICCI *Frt OIHPRICCI _ZLCK FPPK FPPK @JLCK JHPK CIOFCK. CIOFCK. Rjokt Rjoktfvf fvf 7 –Zh irlfhi irlfhi `jccf Rjlkihj jsjroktf jsjroktf kc oihtricci `k cjlkttkdktî sulck fttk `jccj ^rivkhokj, `jk Oiduhk j `jlck fctrk jhtk ciofck . Kh ofsk `jtjrdkhftk `fccf cjllj può jssjrj jss jrj jsjroktf jsjroktfti ti kc oihtricci `k djrkti , hjccf airdf `k rkomkjstf rkomkjstf ditkvftf flck jhtk `jckbjrfhtk `jckbjrfhtk `k rkjsfdkhfrj rkjsfdkhfrj cf ciri

`jckbjrfzkihj—. J‛ stfti fbrilfti `fccf C. oist. ? / 2>>6. *Frt. 6>>, 2¾oiddf Oist. 4 – Cf Oirtj `jk oihtk jsjroktf kc –oihtricci prjvjhtkvi `k cjlkttkdktî— sulck fttk `jc Livjrhi, j fhomj –qujcci suoojsskvi— succf ljstkihj `jc bkcfhoki `jcci _tfti —.

- OF^K OF^KPI PICI CI :. C‛IRL C‛IRLFH FHKW KWWF WFWK WKIH IHJ J FDDKHK_PRFPKQF C‛IRLFHKWWFWKIHJ fddkhkstrftkvf. FDDKHK_PRFPKQF í c‛khskjdj `k silljttk pubbckok omj, hjc ciri oidpcjssi, oidpihlihi oidpihlihi cj pubbckomj fddkhkstrfzkihk 7 í qujsti kc o.`. – priakci stftkoi `jcc‛irlfhkzzfzkihj `jcc‛irlfhkzzfzkihj—. —. Df qujsti skstjdf rkvjcf fhomj uhf pfrtkoicfrj pripjhskihj –`khfdkof –`khfdkof—, —, kh qufhti ilhk pubbckof fddk fd dkhk hkst strf rfzk zkih ihj, j, f sj sjoi oih` h`ff `j `jkk akhk omj í omkfdftf f pjrsjlukrj , í uh –o –ojh jhtr trii `k rkajrkdjhti— `jputfti fccf ourf `k uh pfrtkoicfrj khtjrjssj pubbckoi.

6. C‛irlfhkzzfzkihj

2.

C‛irlfhkzzfzkihj

fddkhkstrftkvf

hjcc‛fromktjtturf

oistktuzkihfcj. J‛ hjojssfrki f`jssi fhfckzzfrj cj hirdj omj cf Oistktuzkihj `j`kof fccf dftjrkf. Fhzktutti, `fc tjsti oistktuzkihfcj jdjrlj c‛fssjhzf `k uh qufcskfsk rkajrkdjhti fc DI@ DI@JCC JCCI I IRL IRLFHK FHKWWF WWFPKQ PKQI I @JC @JCCJ CJ ^ZB ^ZBBCK BCKOMJ OMJ FDDKHK FDDKHK_PR _PRFWK FWKIHK IHK 7 kc oistktujhtj, khafttk, sk ckdktf `f uh cfti f `jttfrj `jk –prkhokpk ljhjrfck— fttk f luk`frj k irlfhkzzftkvi,, j `fcc‛fctri f `jckhjfrj cf `kaajrjhzf trf silljttk sill jttk hjcc‛js hjcc‛jsjrokz jrokzki ki `jc pitjrj irlfhkzzftkvi auhzkihj `k kh`krkzzi picktkoi picktkoi   (j ok okiií `k li livvjrh rhi) i) j auhzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf fddkhkstrftkvf.. C‛uhkoi rkomkfdi f uh di`jcci prjoksi rkhvjhkbkcj f ckvjcci oistktuzkihfcj rklufr`f cf strutturf dkhkstjrkfcj, omj í kc di`jcci rkspjtti f ouk í jsprjssfdjhtj prjvkstf uhf –rksjrvf `k cjllj— rjcftkvf fc priakci kstktutkvi (frt. ;: Oist.)5 rksjrvf rkbf`ktf hjcc‛frt. ;< oih rkajrkdjhti fcc‛irlfhkzzfzkihj fcc‛ irlfhkzzfzkihj   `jk pubbckok uaakok, uaakok, cf ouk strutturf j kc ouk auhzkihfdjhti `jvihi trivfrj cf priprkf aihtj hjccf cjllj. Cj fctrj `kspiskzkihk oistktuzkihfck omj oihtjhlihi `jk rkomkfdk fc priakci `jcc‛IRLFHKWWFWKIHJ afhhi rkajrkdjhti f uh di`jcci ljhjrfcj omj oihstf `k trj pfrtk «`ksidiljhjjµ. Cf prkdf khojhtrftf suc DI@JCCI suc DI@JCCI DKHK_PJRKFCJ , kh auhzkihj sjrvjhtj rkspjtti fc Livjrhi, `f ouk `kpjh`j j omj, fk sjhsk `jcc‛frt. ;: Oist., hj «`jtjrdkhf 02

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

lck kh`krkzzk j hj ourf c‛uhktîµ. Cf sjoih`f, rkoihùokbkcj f` uh DI@JCCI uh DI@JCCI FZPIOJAFCI `k fddkhkstrfzkihj, trivf cf priprkf oihsforfzkihj hjlck frtt. ;< j ;= Oist. Kc di`jcci futiojafci í uhf vfrkfhtj `jc di`jcci foojhtrfti `k fddkhkstrfzkihj, ofrfttjrkzzfti, pjrò, `f kdpf kd pfrz rzkf kfckt cktîî j buih buih fh`f fh`fdj djht hti. i. Cf tjrz tjrzff pf pfrt rtjj í qu qujc jccf cf rj rjcf cftk tkvf vf fc o. o.`. `. DI@JCCI FZPIHIDK_PKOI (i FZPIHIDK_PKOI (i oiduhktfrki), rkoihùokbkcj fcc‛frt. : Oist. 7 sk trfttf `k uh di`jcci kh ouk sihi stftk oihsforftk k –prkhokpk `k futihidkf— (cf ofpfoktî `jcc‛jhtj tjrrktirkfcj `k





ai aird rduc ucfr frjj uh) jpr prip iprk rki i kh`k kh`krk rkzz zzii pi pick cktk tkoi oi j fd fddk dkhk hkst strf rftk tkvi vi55 futih futihidkf idkf hird hirdftkvf ftkvf j irlfhkzzftkvf irlfhkzzftkvf) `jc –`jojhtrfdjhti fddkhkstrftkvi—(omj jsprkdj uhf Rjpubbckof omj hih prjsjhtf fhomj fhomj   oi oiduh duhk,k, privkho privkhojj j rjl rjlkih kihk,k, df omj oihskstj `k jssk), jssk), irf spjokakoftk hjc rkairdfti Pktici Q. ^jrò, fc `k auirk `k qujstj joojzkihk, hjccf Oistktuzkihj hih o‛í fcouh rkomkfdi fc –di`jcci irlfhkzzftkvi `jccj pubbckomj fddkhkstrfzkihk— j okò mf kdpj`kti omj sk pitjssj lkuhljrj fcc‛jhuocjfzkihj `k uhf `jakhkzkihj `k –^ZBBCKOF FDDKHK_PRFWKIHJ—. Vujsti vuiti í stfti oicdf oicdfti ti `fcc `fccff ìttrk ìttrkhf, hf, omj mf kh`kvkù kh`kvkùfti fti `jlck `jlck –kh`kok –kh`kok `k rkoihisok rkoihisokdjht djhtii airdfck— airdfck— oih ouk vfcutfrj uhf strutturf pjr qufckakofrcf oidj uh jhtj pubbckoi. pubbckoi. Jssk sihi ùj 7 kc prkdi kh`koj rklufr`f kc –rjlkdj lkurk`koi `jcc‛jhtj— (f tfc pripiskti, okò omj fssudj rkcjvfhzf í cf oistktuzkihj f khkzkftkvf pubbckof pubbckof `jcc‛jhtj `jcc‛jhtj)5 )5 kc sjoihì kh`koj rklufr`f, khvjoj, –tuttk lck jcjdjhtk omj afhhi prjsuppirrj c‛khsjrkdjhti `jcc‛jhtj hjc skstjdf `jccj pubbckomj fddkhkstrfzkihk— (sk pjhsk, f` js., fcc‛khljrjhzf `jcci _tfti hjccf hidkhf j rjviof `jk `krkljhtk i fccf susskstjhzf `k uh akhfhzkfdjhti pubbckoi, joo.).

Cf ìt ìttrkh trkhff mf pik kh` kh`kvk kvkùf ùfti ti `jk –or –orktj ktjrk rk sis sistfh tfhzkf zkfck—, ck—, om omjj pj pjrò rò sk rka rkajrk jrkso soihi ihi fc priakci auhzkihfcj `jcc‛jhtj 7 hjc sjhsi omj c‛jhtj può oihsk`jrfrsk –pubbckoi— sici sj cf suf fttkvktî í `krjttf fc pjrsjlukdjhti `k uh khtjrjssj oiccjttkvi. Duivjhì `f qujstj oihsk`jrfzkihk, cf ìttrkhf mf oisã kh`kvkùfti k ofrfttjrk jssjhzkfck faakhomí uh jhtj pissf jssjrj oihsk`jrfti –pubbckoi—5 jssk sihi 7  





?.

c‛futfromkf c‛futfromkf,, okií cf ofpfoktî `jcc‛jhtj `k livjrhfrsk5 c‛futitutjcf c‛futitutjcf,, okií cf ofpfoktî `jcc‛jhtj `k rksicvjrj uh oihacktti `k khtjrjssk j `k oihtriccfrj cf vfck`ktî `jk priprk fttk5 c‛futihidkf c‛futihidkf,, okií cf ofpfoktî `k jdfhfrj privvj`kdjhtk succf bfsj `k sojctj jaajttuftj `fcc‛jhtj5 c‛futilivjrhi c‛futilivjrhi,, okií cf afoictî `k fddkhkstrfrsk fttrfvjrsi priprk irlfhk.

Kc skstj skstjdf df `jccj `jccj pubbckom pubbckomj j fddk fddkhkst hkstrfzk rfzkihk. ihk. Iooirrj irf rkomkfdfrj fcouhk orktjrk jcfbirftk `fccf ìttrkhf pjr ocfsskakofrj cj pubbckomj fddkhkstrfzkihk 7 6) kc –ORKPJRKI PJRRKPIRKFCJ—, okií c‛fdbkti spfzkfcj kh ouk kc silljtti pubbckoi ipjrf 7 sitti itti qujs ujsti priak riakci ci,, sk `kstk kstkhhlu luiihi c‛fdd c‛fddkhkstr khkstrfzkih fzkihjj stftf stftfcj cj   (dkhk (dkhkstjrk stjrk,, fljhzkj, fljhzkj, fddkhkstrfzkihk kh`kpjh`jhtk), ojhtrfcj j pjrkajrkof (^rjajtturj-ZPL Zaakok tjrrktirkfck `jc Livjrhi, Vujsturj, _iprkhtjh`jhzj, frtkoicfzkihk rjlkihfck `jccj fljhzkj, joo.) `f qujccf rjlkihfcj rjlkihfcj j j ufr`f ciofcj (^rivkhoj, ciofcj Oiduhktî dihtfhj, OkttîFDD djtripicktfhj)5 2)HK uh fctri orktjr ork tjrki ki rkl rkluf r`f (^rivkhoj, c‛F c‛FDBK DBKPI PIOiduhk, @K I^J I^JRFP RFPKQK KQKPÎ PÎ @JCCJ @JCCJ FDDKHK_ KHK_PRF PRFWKI WKIHK 7 kh qujst‛ittkof sk `kstkhluihi lck jhtk pubbckok (okií pubbckok (okií qujccj pjrsihj lkurk`komj pubbckomj orjftj 0?

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

`f `fcci cci _tfti, _tfti, `fccf `fccf Rjl Rjlkih kihjj i `fc `fcc‛j c‛jhtj htj cio ciofcj fcj pjr pjrsjl pjrsjlukr ukrjj uh `jtjrd `jtjrdkhf khfti ti khtjrj khtjrjssj ssj pubbckoi) `flck jhtk pubbckok joihidkok (orjftk joihidkok (orjftk pjr ci sviclkdjhti `k fttkvktî joihidkomj j ipjrfhtk, f `kaajrjhzf `k qujcck hih joihidkok, oih fttk `k `krktti prkvfti)5 ?) sitti kc `krjttf (airdftf ^RIAKCI @JCCF OID^JPJHWF sk `kstkhluj, pik, trf fddkhkstrfzkihj `krjttf (airdftf `f irlfhk cj ouk fttkvktî í kdputftf `krjttfdjhtj fcc‛jhtj pjr ouk flksoihi) j fddkhkstrfzkihj kh`krjttf,, kh ouk uh jhtj dfllkirj sk sjrvj pjr kc pjrsjlukdjhti `jk priprk akhk `k fctrk kh`krjttf silljttkf`pubbckok, omj sk pihlihi kh uhf piskzkihj `k ouk strudjhtfcktî rkspjtti fc prkdi (sk pjhsk, js., fcc‛kstruzkihj soicfstkoi-uhkvj soicfstkoi-uhkvjrsktfrkf, rsktfrkf, kh kc Dkhkstjri pjrsjluj k priprk ibkjttkvk fttrfvjrsi c‛ipjrf `k souicj j uhkvjrsktî). 0.

C‛irlfhkzzf C‛irlfh kzzfzkih zkihj j dkhkstjrk dkhkstjrkfcj fcj j cj fljh fljhzkj. zkj. Kc di`jcci irlfhkzzftkvi stftfcj pjr cuhli tjdpi í stfti rfpprjsjhtfti `f qujcci –dkhkstjrkfcj—, fc ouk vjrtkoj sihi pistk k Dkhkstrk, djdbrk `jc oirpi picktkoi j` jsprjssfdjhtj prjvkstk f ckvjcci oistktuzkihfcj. K dkhkstjrk pjr cuhli tjdpi sihi stftk `ksokpckhftk `fccj priprkj cjllk kstktutkvj, omj pjrò hih trivfvfhi kc ciri rkajrkdjhti kh uh ftti cjlkscftkvi jsprkdjhtj uh `ksjlhi irlfhkzzftkvi uhktfrki. _ici oih cf C. 0>> / 6;== kc cjlkscftirj mf `jakhkti kh diì puhtufcj skf cf dksskihj omj cj auhzkihk   auhzkihk priprkj `k okfsouh Dkhkstjri. Fhfc Fh fckz kzzk zkfd fdii cf st stru rutt ttur urff dkhk dkhkst stjr jrkf kfcj cj 7 c‛ c‛irlf irlfhkzzfzk hkzzfzkihj ihj khtjrh khtjrhff sk oidpihj `k –@K^FRPKDJHPK— j `k –@KRJWKIHK LJHJRFCK—. K @K^FRPKDJHPK sihi strutturj sihi strutturj `k prkdi ckvjcci, kstktuktj pjr fsskourfrj kc oirrjtti jsjrokzki `jccj auhzkihk dkhkstjrkfck. dkhkstjrkfck.   Kc `kpfrtkdjhti sk frtkoicf f suf victf kh –@KRJWKIHK LJHJRFCK— (uaakok ( uaakok `krkljhzkfck `k sjoihì ckvjcci ckvjcci)) omj `kpjhìhi `fc prkdi. C‛frtkoicfzkihj khtjrhf `jlck uaakok `krkljhzkfck ljhjrfck ljhj rfck prjvj` prjvj`jj uaakok `krkljhzkfck `krjttk `krkljhzkfck `krjttk `f `krkljhtk. Ilhk `kpfrtkdjhti í `krjtti `f uh –`krjttirj ljhjrfcj—, hidkhfti oih `jorjti `jc ^rjsk`jhtj `jccf Rjpubbckof su `jckbjrfzkihj `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk j pripistf `jc Dkhkstri oidpjtjhtj. Kc ofpi `jc `kpfrtkdjhti, hih sici ipjrf f strjtti oihtftti oih kc Dkhkstri, df, jssjhì rjspihsfbkcj `jk rksuctftk pjrsjluktk `f `flck lck uaa uaakok kok `kr `krklj kljhz hzkfc kfckk pis pistk tk fccj fccj suj `kpjh` `kpjh`jh jhzj, zj, í fhomj fhomj omkfd omkfdfti fti f `krklj `krkljrhj rhj j f oihtriccfrhj c‛ipjrfti. Fc ofpi `jc `kpfrtkdjhti spjttfhi fhomj pitjrk `k fcciofzkihj `jccj rksirsj `kspihkbkck arf lck uaakok `kpjh`jhtk, hihomë cf pridizkihj j` kc dfhtjhkdjhti `jccj rjcfzkihk oih lck irlfhk oidpjtjhtk `jcc‛Zhkihj juripjf pjr cf trfttfzkihj `k faafrk `k oidpjtjhzf `jc priprki `kpfrtkdjhti. Cf strutturf `jk –Dkhkstjrk `jccf `kajsf—, `jlck –faafrk jstjrk— j –pjr k bjhk j cj fttkvktî ouct ouctur urfc fck— k—,, khvj khvjoj oj hih hih kh kh`k `kvk vkù ùff fc prkd prkdii ck ckvj vjcc ccii k `k `kpf pfrtk rtkdj djht htk, k, df cj @KRJWKIHK LJHJRFCK , omj pissihi ofrfttjrkzzfrsk fhomj pjr cf prjsjhzf `jc –_jlrjtfrki ljhjrfcj—, omj ipjrf fccj `krjttj `kpjh`jhzj `jc Dkhkstri oidpjtjhtj j privvj`j fcc‛jcfbirfzkihj `jlck kh` kh`krkz krkzzk zk j `jk `jk prilr rilrffddk ddk `k oidp dpjjtjh tjhzf `j `jcc Dkh Dkhks kstr tri. i. Hjk tr trjj dkh dkhks kstj tjrk rk hi hihh `kpfrtkdjhtfckzzftk, ictrj fccj `krjzkihk ljhjrfck j fccf aklurf `jc _jlrjtfrki ljhjrfcj, può fhomj jssjrok uh hudjri ckdktfti `k –uaakok `k `krjttf oiccfbirfzkihj oih k dkhkstrk, oih k vkoj-dkhkstrk j oih k sittisjlrjtfrk— 7 sk trfttf `k uaakok `k stfaa , strutturj omj hih ljstksoihi `krjttfdjhtj lck faafrk fddkhkstrftkvk j omj rjstfhi fcc‛jstjrhi `jccf strutturf fddkhkstrftkvf `jc skhlici dkhkstjri (oistktuktf `fk o.`. uaakok `k ckhj). Prf lck uaakok `k stfaa vfhhi khocusj, f` jsjdpki, cj sjlrjtjrkj `jk dkhkstrk i lck –uaakok `k lfbkhjtti—. Cf cjllj h. 0>> / 6;== mf prjvksti cf pisskbkcktî `k hidkhfrj k o.`. –Dkhkstrk sjhzf pirtfailcki—, okií dkh dkhkst kstjrk jrk prk prkvk vk `k uh pri priprk prkii fpp fppfrf frfti ti irl irlfhk fhkzzft zzftkvi kvi   (tfht‛í omj sk 00

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

fvvfclihi, pjr c‛jsjrokzki `jccj ciri auhzkihk, `jccf ^rjsk`jhzf `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk). Khakhj fc dkhkstjri pissihi jssjrj oiccjlftj uhf i pkû FLJHWKJ. Cj fljhzkj sihi strutturj sihi strutturj omj sviclihi fttkvktî tjohkomj `k khtjrjssj hfzkihfcj. hfzkihfcj . J‛ ciri rkoihisokutf uh‛futihidkf stftutfrkf stft utfrkf,, irlfh irlfhkzzf kzzftkvf tkvf,, oiht oihtfbkcj fbkcj j ljst ljstkihf kihfcj, cj, df jssj sihi oiduhquj oiduhquj sittipistj sittipistj fk –pitjrk `k kh`krkzzi j `k vklkcfhzf— `jc dkhkstjri oidpjtjhtj (`jc qufcj sihi uh vjri j priprki brfooki ipjrftkvi ipjrftkvi pjr cj fttkvktî tjohkomj), hihomë fk –pi –pitjrk tjrk `k oihtricci— `jccf Oirtj `j `jk k Oih Oihtk. tk. vjrtko vj rtkoj `jcc‛f ljhzkf zkf ljhjrfcj ,tkfa faak akfh fhof tistri `f ir uh`khf oidktfti `krjttkvi `krjttkvi oidp oiFc dpis isti ti j`f`jc ?c‛fljh `k `krk rklj ljht htk. k.o‛íPrf Pruh f cj`krjttirj Fl Fljh jhzk zkjljhjrfcj, j pr prjs jsjh jhtk hj hjc c ofti hi hist ri ir`k hfdj djht hti, i, pfrtkoicfrj kdpirtfhzf rkvjstihi cj –Fljhzkj aksofck—, ìtftj `k pjrsihfcktî lkurk`kof `k `krktti pubbckoi. Fccj fljhzkj aksofck (Fljhzkf `jccj jhtrftj, Fljhzkf `jccj ìlfhj, Fljhzkf `jc tjrrktirki j Fljhzkf `jc `jdfhki), omj oihtfhi frtkoicfzkihk rjlkihfck, sihi fttrkbuktj auhzkihk rklufr`fhtk 7 6) «cj jhtrftj trkbutfrkj jrfrkfckµ (FLJHWKF @JCCJ JHPRFPJ)5 2) «k sjrvkzk rjcftkvk fcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, fccf rksoisskihj j fc oihtjhzkisi `jk `krkttk ìlfhfckµ (FLJHW (FL JHWKF KF @JC @JCCJ CJ @ILFHJ @ILFHJ)5 )5 ?) «k sjrvk sjrvkzk zk rjcftk rjcftkvk vk fc of oftfs tfsti ti j qujcck qujcck rjcftk rjcftkvk vk fcc fccjj oihsjrvftirkj `jk rjlkstrk kddibkckfrk, oic oidpkti `k oistktukrj c‛fhflrfaj `jlck kddibkck jskstjhtk suc tjrrktirki hfzkihfcjµ (FLJHWKF @JC PJRRKPIRKI)5 0) «c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `jk bjhk kddibkck `jcci _tfti, oic oidpkti `k vfcirkzzfrhj c‛kdpkjliµ (FLJHWKF @JC @JDFHKI). *Vujstirj 7 f ofpi `jccf pickzkf `k _tfti. Cf qujsturf í c‛uaakoki `jccf îckzkf `k stfti fccj `kpjh`jhzj `jc Dkhkstjri `jcc‛Khtjrhi. _k trivf kh ^rivkhokf (djhtrj hjk Oiduhk fbbkfdi k oiddkssfrkftk). ^rjajttur turf f í uh‛ uh‛frt frtkoi koicfz cfzkih kihj j tjr tjrrkt rktirk irkfcj fcj `jc Dkhkst Dkhkstjri jri `jcc‛K `jcc‛Khtj htjrhi rhi55 í cf *^rjaj *^r jajttu tturf rf 7 í rjttf rjttf `f uh ^rjajt ^rjajtti. ti. Cf ^rjajt rfpprjsjhtfhzf ciofcj `jcc‛jsjoutkvi, `jc livjrhi suc tjrrktirki `jccf privkhokf. Kc qujstirj khvjoj í kc ofpi `jccf pickzkf. Kc prjajtti può `kspirrj `jcc‛fkuti `k tuttj cj airzj frdftj. Kc Vujstirj í uh irlfhi I^JRFPKQI, djhtrj kc ^rjajtti í uh irlfhi ÎCKPKOI. Kc ^rjajtti kh fdbkti privkhokfcj rfpprjsjhtf kc Livjrhi hjc sui oidpcjssi, j` jsjroktf auhzkihk omj pissihi rklufr`frj tuttk k sjttirk `jcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj `jcci _tfti. @kpjh`j `fc Dkhkstjri `jcc'Khtjrhi (ljrfromkofdjhtj), djhtrj `fc puhti `k vkstf auhzkihfcj jlck í `k victf kh victf subir`khfti fc Dkhkstjri oidpjtjhtj hjccf dftjrkf trfttftf. J‛ Futirktî privkhokfcj `k ûbbckof _kourjzzf (cf auhzkihj pkû kdpirtfhtj) j` í rjspihsfbkcj `jccf tutjcf `jcc'ir`khj j `jccf sko skourj urjzzf zzf pubbck pubbckof of hjc hjccf cf privkh privkhokf okf.. ^jr qujsti qujsti vkj vkjhj hj oistfh oistfhtjd tjdjht jhtj j khaird khairdfti fti `fc Vujsti Vujstirj rj j `fc Oidfh` Oidfh`fht fhtj j privkhokfcj `jk Ofrfbkhkjrk j f suf victf khairdf kc Dkhkstjri `jcc‛Khtjrhi. Cf `kaajrjhzf sistfhzkfcj í qujstf 7 spjttf fc ^rjajtti `jtjrdkhfrj c'kh`krkzzi ljhjrfcj j lck ibkjttkvk `jccj fttkvktî pjr cf tutjcf `jccf skourjzzf pubbckof. Kc prjajtti kh`kvkùf lck ibkjttkvk. Fc qujstirj pik í fttrkbukti kc oidpkti `k `jtjrdkhfrj kc diì pjr rfllkuhljrck. *_iprkhtjh`jhzf 4 irlfhi pjrkajrkoi `jc Dkhkstjri pjr k bjhk j cj fttkvktî oucturfck. *Dkhkstri sjhzf pirtfailcki 4í uh dkhkstri, df hih í prjpisti f` uh `kofstjri. *_ittisjlrjtfrk 4 oif`kuvfhi kc Dkhkstri j sviclihi oidpktk f` jssk `jcjlftk. *@ilfhf 4 irlfhksdi omj oihtriccf c‛jhtrftf j c‛usoktf `jccj djrok `fc tjrrktirki hfzkihfcj. Kc `fzki ìlfhfcj í uh trkbuti succj kdpirtfzkihk j cj jspirtfzkihk. *Oihsjrvftirkf 4 uaakoki ìvj sihi oihsjrvftk k rjlkstrk kddibkckfrk j kpitjofrk. Mf kc ruici `k rjlkstrfrj k –pfssfllk `k priprkjtî—. *Oftfsti 4 khvjhtfrki `jlck kddibkck (oih k rjcftkvk priprkjtfrk) f akhk aksofck. *Fljhzkj 4 fhomj kh ^rivkhokf. *Zaakok `k stfaa j `k ckhj 4 ^jr lck uaakok `k ckhj sk, sk prjsuppihj uh rfppirti `k ljrfromkf. Vujcck `k stfaa pissihi jssjrj `k ùj tkpk7 qujcck `k `krjttf oiccfbirfzkihj (qukh`k strudjhtfck fcc'jsjrokzki `jccj auhzkihk `jlck uaakok `k ckhj) j qujcck `k spjokfckzzfz spjokf ckzzfzkihj kihj tjohkof, sjdprj oif`kuvfhtk oif`kuvfhtk flck uaakok `k ckhj, df oih oidpjtjhzj pkû spjoka spjokakomj komj (js. kc Dkhkstri Dkhkstri `jccf sfcutj sfcutj prkdf prkdf `k fppriv fpprivfrj frj c'jhtrftf c'jhtrftf suc djroft djrofti i `k uh dj`kok dj`kokhfc hfcj j ìvrî ìvrî fsoict fsoictfrj frj kc pfrjrj pfrjrj `k uh uaa uaakok koki i tjo tjohko hkoi i oidpjtjhtj).

c‛jsprjss jsskih kihjj :. Ojh jhh hk suc uccc'i 'ir rlfh lfhkzz zzf fzk zkih ihj j stf tftf tfcj cj pj pjr rkaj ajr rkof. of. Oih c‛jspr FDDKHK FDD KHK_PR _PRFWK FWKIHJ IHJ _PFPF _PFPFCJ CJ ^JR ^JRKAJ KAJRKO RKOF F ok sk kht khtjh jh`j `j rkajrkrj rkajrkrj f qujccj frtkoi frtkoicfzki cfzkihk hk 0:

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

tjrrktirkfck kh ouk sk shi`f tjrrktirkfck shi`fhi hi fcouhk Dkhkstjrk, hihom hihomëë cj Fljhzkj Fljhzkj aksofck. aksofck . Oih qujsti djoofhksdi, khafttk, sk fttuf uh –`jojhtrfdjhti buriorftkoi `jlck jhtk omj ipjrfhi suc tjrrktirki hfzkihfcj—. F sjoi sjoih` h`ff `jcc `jccjj fttrk fttrkbu buzk zkih ihkk ciri ciri `jvi `jvicu cutj tj,, sk `kst `kstkh khlu luih ihii –IRL –IRLFH FHKK F OID^ OID^JP JPJH JHWF WF LJHJRFCJ—, omj rfpprjsjhtfhi ci _tfti hjccf suf titfcktî, jsjroktfhì auhzkihk `k rfpprjsjhtfhzf livjrhftkvf (oidj, f` js., cj prjajtturj - ZPL) j –IRLFHK F OID^JPJHWF _^JOKFCJ—, omj sviclihi spjokakomj auhzkihk stftfck, rklufr`fhtk skhlick sjttirk (f` js. pubbckof skourjzzf) su uhf arfzkihj `k tjrrktirki.

1. _trutturj `k rfooirì khtjrhj j` jstjrhj fcc'fddkhkstrfzkihj. Ilhk dkhkstjri mf uhf priprkf futihidkf, hjojssfrkf pjr kc pjrsjlukdjhti pjrsjlukdjhti `jk priprk ibkjttkvk 7 jssi dksskih.. Puttfvkf hih dfhofhi `jlck jcjdjhtk, khtjrhk j` í uhf strutturf oidpkutf, oih uhf priprkf dksskih jstjrhk fccf strutturf, kstktuktk pjr rfooir`frj trf ciri k dkhkstjrk. Oih rkajrkdjhti flck _PRZDJHPK @K RFOOIR@I KHPJRHI FCCJ _KHLICJ IRLFHKWWFWKIHK IRLFHKWWFWKIHK,, uh ruici ojhtrfcj vf rkoihisokuti flck –uaakok ojhtrfck `jc bkcfhoki—, omj `kpjhìhi `fc Dkhkstjri `jcc‛joihidkf j `jccj akhfhzj 7 f tfck uaakok spjttf kc oidpkti `k oihtriccfrj cf rjlicfrktî akhfhzkfrkf `jccj ipjrfzkihk pistj kh jssjrj `fk Dkhkstjrk prjssi ouk sihi khofr`khftk khofr`khftk   (j `fk qufck, qufck, pjr pjrò, ò, rkdfh rkdfhlih lihii jstrfh jstrfhjk, jk, priprk priprkii pj pjrom romëë `kpjhìhi `fc Dkhkstjri `jcc‛joihidkf). Vujstk uaakok oihtriccfhi cf rjlicfrktî akhfhzkfrkf `jccj ipjrfzkihk j privvjìhi fccf tjhutf `jccj sorktturj oihtfbkck, vklkcfhì succ‛issjrvfhzf `jccj cjllk j `jccj `kspiskzkihk kdpfrtktj `fc dkhkstjri `jcc‛joihidkf j `jccj akhfhzj. _jdp _j dprj rj kh vkst vkstff `jcc `jcc‛u ‛uhk hkai airdf rdfzk zkih ihjj `jcc `jcc‛f ‛fzk zkih ihjj fd fddk dkhk hkst strft rftkv kvf, f, pi pik, k, si sihi hi pr prjv jvks kstj tj `j `jcc ccjj _PRZPPZRJ @K RFOOIR@I J_PJRHJ , trf cj quf qufck ck rkoir` rkoir`kfd kfdii 7 kc oi oihsk hsklck lckii `j `jkk dkhkst dkhkstrk, rk, k oidktftk `jk dkhkstrk, k oidktftk khtjrdkhkstjrkfck j kc ^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk. 





Kc OIH_KLCKI @JK DKHK_PRK  í í oidpisti `f `fcc ^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihsklcki j `fk `fk Dkhkstrk (frt. ;2 Oist.), omj mfhhi kc oidpkti `k `jtjrdkhfrj cf picktkof ljhjrfcj `jc Livjrhi, akssfhì c‛kh`k c‛kh`krkz rkzzi zi pic picktk ktkoi oi-fdd -fddkhk khkstr strftk ftkvi vi `jc `jc ^fj ^fjsj, sj, hihomë hihomë cf luk`f luk`f picktk picktkof of,, hirdft hirdftkvf kvf j akhfhzkfrkf `jc Livjrhi. Jssi sk fvvfcj, pjr kc pjrsjlukdjhti `jccj suj auhzkihk, `k uh Zaakoki `k sjlrjtjrkf `krjtti sjlrjtjrkf `krjtti `fc –_ittisjlrjtfrki `k _tfti fccf ^rjsk`jhzf `jc Oihsklcki—. K OIDKPFPK @JK DKHK_PRK   sihi oidpis oidpistk tk jsoc jsocuskv uskvfdjh fdjhtj tj `f dkhkstrk, dkhkstrk, omj sviclihi auhzkihk kstruttirkj j oihsuctkvj hjk oiharihtk `jc Livjrhi. Prf qujstk, f` jsjdpki, o‛í kc –Oihsklcki `k Lfbkhjtti—, k ouk djdbrk sihi hidkhftk `fc ^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihsklcki pjr fkutfrci hjk suik oidpktk. K OIDKPFPK KHPJRDKHK_PJRKFCK   sih sihii silljtt silljttkk `k rfooir` rfooirìi f oidpiskzkihj dkstf, dkstf, kh qufhti hj afhhi pfrtj dkhkstrk, jspjrtk j rfpprjsjhtfhtk `jccj fddkhkstrfzkihk `k victf kh hjojssfrk `jc Livjrhi, omj pissihi fvjrj victf khtjrjssftj. _k trfttf `k irlfhk oiccjlkfck hih hjojssfrk `jc uhf –auhzkihj oihsuctkvf—, sj prjpfrfhi cj `jckbjrfzkihk `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk, i uhf –auhzkihj `jckbjrftkvf— hjk ofsk kh ouk jx cjlj pissihi cjlj pissihi sistktukrsk fcci stjssi Oihsklcki hjccj suj `jckbjrfzkihk. Jssk sihi ? 7 O.K.^.J. (Oidktfti ( Oidktfti khtjrdkhkstjrkfcj pjr cf prilrfddfzkihj joihidkof), joihidkof ), O.K.O.R. (Oidktfti (Oidktfti khtjrdkhkstjrkfcj pjr kc orj`kti j` kc rkspfrdki) rkspfrdki ) j O.J._.K._. (Oidktfti jsjoutkvi pjr k sjrvkzk `k khairdfzkihj j `k skourjzzf). Kc O.K.^.J. sviclj auhzkihk `k oiir`khfdjhti kh dftjrkf `k prilrfddfzkihj j `k picktkof joihidkof hfzkihfcj, hihomë `k oiir`khfdjhti `jccf picktkof hfzkihfcj oih cj picktkomj oiduhktfrkj. Kc O.K.O.R. mf kc oidpkti `k vklkcfrj succf tutjcf `jc rkspfrdki j succ‛jsjrokzki `jc orj`kti. 01

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

*Oihsklcki `k Lfbkhjtti 4 í uh oihsklcki picktkoi omj oihsjhtj oihsuctfzkihk pkû rfpk`j, pik sittipistj fc vflcki `jc Oihsklcki `jk Dkhkstrk. J‛ oidj sj aissj uh Oihsklcki `jk Dkhkstrk rkstrjtti (^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihsklcki j fcouhk dkhkstrk), omj jcfbirf tjdftkomj omj pik sihi sittipistj fc Oihsklcki `jk Dkhkstrk fc oidpcjti.

Cf ^rjsk` ^rjsk`jhz jhzf f `jc Oihsk Oihsklck lcki i `jk `jk dkhks dkhkstrk trk.. C‛uctkdf strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf jstjrh jst jrhff í cf ^RJ_K@JHWF @JC OIH_KLCKI @JK DKHK_PRK, omj í prjskjùtf `fc ^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihskl Oih sklcki cki.. Kc ^rjsk` ^rjsk`jht jhtjj `j `jcc Oih Oihskl sklcki cki `jk dkh dkhkst kstrk rk `kr `krklj klj cf picktk picktkof of lj ljhjr hjrfcj fcj `jc Livjr Livjrhi, hi, dfhtjhjhì c‛uhktî `k kh`krkzzi picktkoi-fddkhkstrftkvi j oiir`khfhì c‛fttkvktî `jk dkhkstrk (frt. ;: Oist.). Kc ^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihsklcki í pisti f ofpi `k uhf strutturf irlfhkzzftkvf (cf ^rjsk`jhzf `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk) `ksjlhftf oidj ojhtri `jcc‛fzkihj `k livjrhi. Cf ^rjsk`jhzf `jc Oihsklcki í stftf rkairdftf kh diì irlfhkoi `fccf cjllj 0>>/6;== j `fc `.cls. ?>? / 6;;;. oiir`khfdjhti,, hihomë Fc ^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihsklcki sihi fttrkbuktj auhzkihk fttrkbuktj auhzkihk `k kdpucsi, kh`krkzzi j oiir`khfdjhti fdpk pitjrk `k `jcjlf fc sittisjlrjtfrki fccf ^rjsk`jhzf i f` fctrj futirktî picktkomj pjr sjttirk `k fttkvktî. Jlck sk fvvfcj `jccf ^rjsk`jhzf `jccf ^rjsk`jhzf pjr pjr c‛jsjrokzki `jccj priprkj auhzkihk, trf ouk rkjhtrfhi cf `krjzkihj picktkof `jc Livjrhi, cf priljttfzkihj `jccj picktkomj ljhjrfck j c‛fssuhzkihj `k `jokskihk `k kh`krkzzi picktkoi ljhjrfcj, hihomí cj rjcfzkihk oih kc ^frcfdjhti, oih cj kstktuzkihk juripjj, oih cj futihidkj futihidkj j oih cj oihaj oihajsski sskihk hk rjcklki rjcklkisj. sj. Kc ^rjsk` ^rjsk`jhtj jhtj `j `jcc Oihsklcki Oihsklcki mf uh ìppki lrfì `k futihidkf,, –irlfhkzzftkvf— futihidkf –irlfhkzzftkvf— j –oihtfb –oihtfbkcj— kcj— 7 khafttk, sitti kc priakci irlfhkzzftkvi irlfhkzzftkvi,, kc ^rjsk`jhtj, oih priprk `jorjtk, può faak`frj spjokakomj auhzkihk fcc‛uaakoki `jc _jlrjt _jlrjtfrkfti frkfti ljhjrf ljhjrfcj cj   (fhomj sj qujs qujstk, tk,ùfr hjcc hjcc‛jspc `jccj `jccjfstjs stjssj, sj,birfzkihj flksoj flksoj oih futi hidkf). Khict Khictrj rj kc ^rjsk`jht ^rjs k`jhtj jilcki. può kh kh`k `kvk vkù frjj ‛jspcjtfd lc lckk jtfdjhti uaakokjhti `k `krjtt `krjttf oiccf oiccfbirfz kihj priprk pripkjhf prk j futihidk qujcck qujcck `jkf).dkhkst dkh kstrk rk sjhzf sjh zf pir pirtfa tfailc ki. C‛futihidkf C‛futihidkf oihtfbkcj j `k bkcfhoki oihsjhtj, bkcfhoki oihsjhtj, khvjoj, cf acjsskbkcktî hjccf ljstkihj `jccj spjsj, hjk ckdktk `jccj `kspihkbkcktî ksorkttj kh uh uhkoi stfhzkfdjhti fpprivfti fhhufcdjhtj `fc ^frcfdjhti. @k @ksstkht tkhtii `flck lck uaak uaakok ok `k stfa stfaa a   `j `jcc ^rj ^rjsk` sk`jht jhtj, j, kc –_J –_JLRJ LRJPFR PFRKFP KFPI— I— fss fsskour kourff kc suppirt suppirtii fcc‛ fcc‛js jspc pcjt jtfd fdjh jhti ti `j `jkk oidp oidpkt ktkk `j `jcc ^rjs ^rjsk` k`jh jhtj tj `j `jcc Oi Oihs hskl klck ckii `j `jkk Dkhk Dkhkst strk rk,, si sivr vrkh khtj tjh` h`jj fcc‛i fcc‛irlf rlfhkz hkzzf zfzki zkihj hj j fccf fccf ljstk ljstkih ihjj fddkh fddkhkst kstrft rftkv kvff `j `jcc _j _jlrj lrjtfr tfrkf kfti ti lj ljhj hjrf rfcj cj j` í fh fhom omjj rjspihsfbkcj `jcc'fpprivvklkihfdjhti `jccj rksirsj udfhj `jccf ^rjsk`jhzf `jc Oihsklcki `jk Dkhkstrk Dkhk strk.. Kc _jlr _jlrjtf jtfrki rki ljh ljhjrf jrfcj cj prj` prj`kspi kspihj hj kc priljtti priljtti `k bkcfhok bkcfhokii fhhufc fhhufcjj j pcurkjhh pcurkjhhfcj fcj `k prjvkskihj j kc oihti oihsuhtkvi `jccf ^rjsk`jhzf j ck sittipihj fcc‛fpprivfzkihj `jc ^rjsk`jhtj5 pjr cj strutturj `jc _jlrjtfrkfti ljhjrfcj kdpfrtksoj cj `krjttkvj ljhjrfck pjr c‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf j `jtjrdkhf lck ibkjttkvk ljstkihfck.

OHJC, Oihsklcki `k _tfti j Oirtj `jk oihtk. Foofhti flck jcjdjhtk `k rfooirì jstjrh jst jrhkk fk dkh dkhkst kstjrk jrk oid oidpcj pcjtfh tfhii kc quf quf`ri `ri lck –IR –IRLFH LFHKK FZ_KCK FZ_KCKFRK— FRK—,, om omjj mf mfhhi hhi auhzki auhzkihk hk oihsuctkvj j `k oihtricci succ‛fttkvktî `jccj pubbckomj fddkhkstrfzkihk. Jssk sihi 7 

cfviri (OHJC 5 frt. ;; Oist.), kstktukti hjc 6;: Oist. omj oj ci prjsjhtf oidj uh «irlfhi `k oihsucjhzf lkurk`koi-fddkhkstrftkvf j `k tutjcf `jccf lkustkzkf hj hjcc‛ cc‛fdd fddkhk khkstr strfzk fzkih ihjµ jµ j om omj, j, quk qukh`k h`k,, rko rkoipr iprjj uhf ùpcko ùpckojj auhzki auhzkihj hj 7 lkurks lkurks`kz `kzkih kihfcj fcj j oihsuctkvf. @fc puhti `k vkstf strutturfcj, kc Oihsklcki `k _tfti (ìtfti `k uh irlfhi `k futilivjrhi 7 futilivjrhi 7 kc –Oihsklcki `k prjsk`jhzf—) prjsk`jhzf—) í frtkoicfti kh < sjzkihk, fcouhj oih auhzkihk lkurks`kzkihfck, fctrj oih auhzkihk oihsuctkvj. F `kaajrjhzf `jc pfssfti, ivj vkljvf cf rjlicf pjr ouk cj sjzkihk 0, : j 1 flkvfhi oih auhzkihk lkurks`kzkihfck, djhtrj cj rjstfhtk oih auhzkihk oihsuctkvj, illk kc ^rjsk`jhtj `jc Oihsklcki `k _tfti, oih priprki privvj`kdjhti, fcc‛khkzki `k ilhk fhhi, sjhtkti kc Oihsklcki `k prjsk`jhzf, kh`kvkùf cj sjzkihk omj sviclihi auhzkihk lkurks`kzkihfck j oihsuctkvj, `jtjrdkhf cj rkspjttkvj dftjrkj `k oidpjtjhzf j cf oidpiskzkihj. F` jssj sk oihsuctkvj, j c‛Fùhfhzf ^cjhfrkf, fllkuhlihi c‛Fùhfhzf Ljhjrfcj, fhom‛jssf oih auhzkihk oih auhzkihk oihsuctkvj, oih auhzkihk lkurks`kzkihfck lkurks`kzkihfck.. C‛fttkvktî oihsuctkvf mf ofrfttjrj ljhjrfcj, pitjhì rklufr`frj skf cf –cjlkttkdktî— omj kc –djrkti— `jcc‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf, j vkjhj jsjroktftf fttrfvjrsi cf airducfzkihj `k –pfrjrk— omjj pis om pissih sihii jss jssjrj jrj afoictftkvk (sj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj mf cf djrf afoictî `k rkomkj`jrck) i ibbcklftirk (sj c‛fddkhkstrfzkihj í ibbcklftf f rkomkj`jrck) j hjc ofsi `k pfrjrk ibbcklftirk cf hfturf `jc pfrjrj vfrkf uctjrkirdjhtj 7 í vkhoicfhtj vkhoicfhtj,, sj kc privvj`kdjhti `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj hih può fvjrj uh oihtjhuti `kvjrsi `f qujcci kh`kofti hjc pfrjrj5 í rjcftkvfdjhtj vkhoicfhtj, vkhoicfhtj, qufhì í fddjssf c‛fìzkihj `f pfrtj `jcc‛fddkhkstrfzkihj `k uh privvj`kdjhti privvj`kdjh ti oih oihtjhuti `kvjrsi `f qujcci kh`kofti hjc pfrjrj `jc Oihsklcki `k _tfti, df iooirrj kh ilhk ofsi uhf `jckbjrfzkihj `k uh fctri irlfhi, f ouk vkjhj kdputftf cf rjspihsfbkcktî fddkhkstrftkvf `jccf sojctf. Cf rk rkom omkj kjst stff `k pfrj pfrjrj rj (omj (omj vf di ditk tkvf vftf tf kh aftti aftti j kh `krktti) `krktti) `jvj jssjrj trfsdjssf fc Oihs Oi hskl klck ckii `fc `fc Dkhkstri prioj`jhtj prioj`jhtj   i `f `fc sittisjlrjtfrki sittisjlrjtfrki,, su pr prip ipis istf tf `j `jcc `k `krk rklj ljht htjj `jc `jc sjrvkzki. Aftti okò, cf rkomkjstf vkjhj sdkstftf fccf sjzkihj oidpjtjhtj, omj prioj`j fccf



airducfzkihj `jc pfrjrj kh fssjhzf `k oihtrf``kttirki `jccj pfrtk khtjrjssftj (joojtti kc ofsi kh ouk oihtrf``kttirk skfhi k dkhkstrk, omj pissihi khtjrvjhkrj). Hjc hivjri `jlck irlfhk fuskckfrk rkjhtrf, pik, cf Oirtj `jk oihtk 7 oihtk 7 sk trfttf `k uh irlfhi `k oihtr oi htricc iccii `jc `jcc‛f c‛fddk ddkhks hkstrf trfzki zkihj hj om omjj oih oihtf tf fho fhomj mj uh‛frt uh‛frtkoi koicfz cfzkih kihjj rjlkih rjlkihfcj fcj.. @itftf @itftf `k fssicutf kh`kpjh`jhzf hjk oiharihtk `jc Livjrhi j `jc ^frcfdjhti, jssf í oidpistf `f kdpkjl kdp kjlftk ftk fd fddkh dkhkst kstrft rftkvk kvk j dfl dflkst kstrft rftk.k. C‛f C‛frt. rt. 6>> Ois Oist.t. cj ftt fttrkb rkbuks uksoj oj spj spjoka okakof kofdjh djhtj tj –auhzkihk `k oihtricci— j –auhzkihk lkurks`kzkihfck hjccj dftjrkj `jccf oihtfbkcktî pubbckof j hjccj fctrj dftjrkj spjokakoftj `fccf cjllj—. Jssf sviclj fhomj auhzkihk fhomj auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj, fddkhkstrftkvj, oidj f` jsjdpki k privvj`kdjhtk omj fìttf rklufrì fcci stfti lkurk`koi `jk priprk `kpjh`jhtk, j auhzkihk oihsuctkvj oihsuctkvj,, oidj oidj k pf pfrj rjrk rk rjsk rjsk fc Li Livj vjrh rhii su sulc lckk ft fttk tk f` fìt ittf tftk tk `f `fcc ccii st stjs jssi si.. Cj –auhzkihk `k oihtricci— sk frtkoicfhi hjk o.`. –oihtricck jstjrhk— (oihtricci prjvjhtkvi, suoojsskvi, hihomí oihtricci succf ljstkihj `jlck jhtk ciofck) j –oihtricck khtjrhk—, akhfckzzftk f lfrfhtkrj cf cjlkttkdktî, c‛jaakofokf j c‛jaakokjhzf `jcc‛fzkihj fddkhkstrftkvf (oihtricci `k rjlicf rjl icfrktî rktî fdd fddkhk khkstr strftk ftkvf vf j oihtfb oihtfbkcj kcj55 oih oihtri tricci cci `k lj ljstk stkihj ihj55 vfcutf vfcutfzki zkihj hj j oihtri oihtricci cci 0=

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

strftjlkoi). Cf Oirtj sviclj fhomj oidpktk tjsk f lfrfhtkrj kc oihtricci succf oipjrturf joihidkof `jccj cjllk `k spjsf, spjsf, pjr lfrfhtkrj kc rkspjtti `jlck jqukckbrk akhfhzkfrk j `jk vkhoick `k bkcfhoki. Lck jsktk `k qujstk oihtricck sihi jsprjssk kh uhf rjcfzkihj trfsdjssf fc ^frcfdjhti j rj`fttf oih of`jhzf quf`rkdjstrfcj succf oipjrturf `k spjsf `jccj cjllk fìttftj hjc pjrkiì. Jssf í oidpjtjht oidp jtjhtjj fhomj kh djrkt djrktii fccf ojrtkak ojrtkakofzkih ofzkihjj akhfh akhfhzkfrkf zkfrkf `jk oihtrf oihtrfttk ttk oiccjttkvk oiccjttkvk `k cfvir cfvirii.



Vufhti, khvjoj, fccj –auhzkihk Oirtj `jk Oihtk mf oidpjtjhzf hjk lku`kzk lku`kzk `k oihti (lku`kzk oihti (lku`kzk suk oihtk `jlcklkurks`kzkihfck—, fljhtk oihtfbkck),cf hjk lku`kzk hjk lku`kzk `k rjspihsfbkcktî `jk hjk oihtfbkck oihtfbkck j j kh   dftjr kh dftjrkf kf pjhsk pjhskihkstk ihkstkof— of—   (rklufrì fccf susskstjhzf `jc `krktti fccf pjhskihj j` fc sui fddihtfrj). Oidpcjtf kc quf`ri, khakhj, c‛ Fvviofturf c‛ Fvviofturf `jcci _tfti, _tfti, omj af ofpi fc –_jlrjtfrki ljhjrfcj `jccf ^rjsk`jhzf `jc Oihsklcki `jk dkhkstrk— j mf kc oidpkti `k privvj`jrj `k privvj`jrj fccf tutjcf cjlfcj `jccj fddkhkstrfzkihk `jcci _tfti. _tfti. Jssf í frtkoicftf kh –Fvviofturj `kstrjttufck— f ckvjcci rjlkihfcj, j` í oidpistf `f fvvioftk `jcci _tfti j `f pjrsihfcj fddkhkstrftkvi. Fc vjrtkoj `jcc‛irlfhi í pisti c‛ Fvviofti Fvviofti  ljhjrfcj. ljhjrfcj.

, su prjsskihj `jc `krktti oiduhktfrki, df siprfttutti pjr rksicvjrj cf qujstkihj `jc `jbkt `j bktii pubbck pubbckoi oi (`k (`kvjh vjhuti uti khs khsist istjh jhkbk kbkcj) cj),, ci _tf _tfti ti oi oidkh dkhokf okf f rkhuho rkhuhokfr kfrjj fc priprk priprkii ruici ruici `k FWKJH@F FZPIHIDF FZPIHIDF prkdf j `jcc‛ JHPJ JHPJ kdprjh`ktirj, ouk sjluj c‛fbbfhìhi `jccj airducj `jcc‛ FWKJH@F ^ZBBCKOI JOIHIDKOI JOIHIDKOI   ìpi ìpi.. Vu Vujs jsti ti pj pjro roir irsi si au ft fttu tuft ftii kh ù ùjj tf tfpp ppjj 7 6) cf pr prkd kdff (–prkvftkzzfzkihj airdfcj—), `krjttf fccf trfsairdfzkihj, fttrfvjrsi uh privvj`kdjhti cjlkscftkvi, `jcc‛fzkj `jcc ‛fzkjh`f h`f i `jcc‛ `jcc‛jhtj jhtj kh s.p. s.p.f.5 f.5 2) cf sjoih`f sjoih`f (–prkv (–prkvftkzz ftkzzfzki fzkihj hj sistfhzkfcj—) sistfhzkfcj—),, oihskstjh oihskstjhtj tj hjc oicc ccio iofd fdjh jhti ti suc dj djro roffti `jc `jc pfoo foomjtti jtti fzkih kihfrk rkii `jc jccj cj sio iokj kjtî tî kh dfhi pu pubb bbck ckoof. Kc prkdi sjttirj f` jssjrj khtjrjssfti `fc priojssi `k prkvftkzzfzkihj au qujcci bfhofrki. Oih cf o.`. cjllj Fdfti `jc 6;;> lck jhtk pubbckok orj`ktkzk aurihi orj`ktkzk aurihi trfsairdftk kh siokjtî pjr fzkihk j sittipistk fc oihtricci `jlck jhtk pubbckok tkticfrk `jcc‛fzkjh`f bfhofrkf (pik `jakhktk Aih`fzkihk bfhofrkj). ^jr qufhti rklufr`f, khvjoj, lck fctrk sjttirk, hjc 6;;6 au `kspistf cf trfsairdfzkihj kh siokjtî kh siokjtî pjr fzkihk `jlck –jhtk pubbckok joihidkok—, `jccj –fzkjh`j futihidj— j `jlck –jhtk `k ljstkihj—. Hjc 6;;2, pik, í stftf rjfckzzftf cf trfsairdfzkihj `jk dfllkirk –jhtk pubbckok joihidkok— (KRK, JHK, JHJC, KHF) kh siokjtî pjr fzkihk kc ouk dfllkirj fzkihkstf í rkdfsti kc silljtti pubbckoi. kdprjh`ktirj f Puttfvkf qufhì ci _tfti mf fbbfhìhfti kc priprki ruici `k kdprjh`ktirj f afvirj afvirj `k uh skstjdf `k djrofti oihoirrjhzkfcj, í sirtf cf hjojssktî `k jvktfrj omj kh qujk sjttirk sk orjfssj uh vuiti hjccf tutjcf `jlck khtjrjssk pubbckok 7 hjojssktî f ouk c‛ir`khfdjhti mf vicuti rkspih`jrj oih cf orjfzkihj `k futmirktkjs   futmirktkjs `k sjttirj (FDDKHK_PRFWKIHK KH@K^JH@JHPK). Kc priojssi `k –prkvftkzzfzkihj— mf siccjvfti kh ìttrkhf j kh lkurkspru`jhzf `kvjrsk pribcjdk, trf ouk qujcci qujc ci soft softurjh urjhtj tj `fccf oijsks oijskstjhz tjhzff trf hftu hfturf rf lkurk lkurk`kof `kof (prkvftf (prkvftf)) `jccj huivj s.p.f. (jx fzkjh`j futihidj j` jhtk pubbckok joihidkok) j akhfcktî pjrsjluktj (`k khtjrjssj pubbckoi). Kh qujstf `kftrkbf sk si sihi hi oiht oihtrf rfpp ppis istj tj ù ùjj oirr oirrjh jhtk tk `k pj pjhs hskj kjri ri 7 6) `f uh cf cfti ti,, k sistj istjhk hkti tirk rk `j `jcc ccff PJ_K ^RKQFPK_PKOF,, pjr ouk, fhomj sj kc pfoomjtti fzkihfrki `k dfllkirfhzf í `jtjhuti `f uh silljtti ^RKQFPK_PKOF pubbckoi, qujstj siokjtî sfrjbbjri `k `krktti prkvfti5 2) `fcc‛fctri, k sistjhktirk `jccf PJ_K ^ZBBCKOK_PKOF,, omj priprki pjr cf `jtjhzkihj `jc pfoomjtti fzkihfrki `k dfllkirfhzf `f pfrtj `k ^ZBBCKOK_PKOF uh silljtti pubbckoi mfhhi faajrdfti omj cj hjihftj siokjtî fvrjbbjri ìvuti oihsjrvfrj oihsjrvfrj cf cf hfturf pubbckokstkof (hihistfhtj cf airdf siokjtfrkf prkvftkstkof). Cf Oirtj oistktuzkihfcj mf fooicti qujst‛uctkdf tjsk, rkbf`jhì rkbf`jhì c‛fssilljttfdjhti c‛fssilljttfdjhti `k tfck siokjtî fc oihtricci `jccf Oirtj `jk oihtk, j okò fhomjj kh oihs fhom oihsk`jrf k`jrfzkih zkihjj `jcc `jcc‛khhj ‛khhjlfbk lfbkcj cj rkckjv rkckjvii pubb pubbckoks ckokstkoi tkoi omj qujstj qujstj siokjtî siokjtî dfhtjhli dfhtjhlihi, hi, rkoihùokbkcj fccf dfhoftf rjfckzzfzkihj `k uhf –prkvftkzzfzkihj sistfhzkfcj— fttrfvjrsi c‛jaajttkvf `ksdksskihj `jccj quitj fzkihfrkj kh dfhi pubbckof. Vukh`k, í stfti rktjhuti omj cf airducf siokjtfrkf hih khok`jssj succf `jtjrdkhfzkihj `jccf –hfturf lkurk`kof— `jc silljtti, pikomë jssf fvjvf kc sici soipi `k dklckirfrj c‛jaakofokf `jcc‛fttkvktî svictf `fc silljtti hjc quf`ri `jc djrofti khtjrhfzkihfcj. :?

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

* KRK 4 jhtj pubbckoi joihidkoi, omj rkspih`jvf fc Dkhkstjri `jccj ^frtjokpfzkihk _tftfck . C‛KRK hih au prkvftkzzfti, df sdjdbrfti j ckquk`fti j cj suj fzkjh`j ipjrftkvj vjhùtj. Prf kc 6;;2 j` kc 2>>> c‛KRK vjh`jttj pfrtjokpfzkihk j rfdk `'fzkjh`f, omj `jtjrdkhfrihi uh khofssi pjr kc dkhkstjri `jc Pjsiri, sui uhkoi fzkihkstf, `k dkckfr`k j dkckfr`k `k ckrj. *JHPK ^ZBBCKOK ^ZBBCKOK JOIHIDKOK 4 pfrtkoicfrj oftjlirkf `k jhtj pubbckoi omj ipjrf hih kh rjlkdj `k `krktti fddkhkstrftkvi bjhsã `k `krktti prkvfti. Prf qujstk rkoir`kfdi c'KHF (6;62), c'Krk (6;??), c‛Jhk (6;:?), c'Jhjc j cj Ajrrivkj `jcci _tfti (6;=:). Vujsti tkpi `k jhtj, jssjhì sjpfrfti `fcc‛fppfrfti buriorftkoi `jccf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj ktfckfhf, può f`fttfrsk pkû afokcdjhtj afokcd jhtj fk ofdbkfdjhtk `jc djrofti, djrofti, fhomj pjromë pjromë tfck jhtk mfhhi f` illjtti illjtti jsocuskvi i prkhokpfcj prkhokpfcj c'jsj c'jsjrokzki rokzki `k uh'kdprjsf oiddjrokfcj j, khictrj, `jvihi ksorkvjrsk hjc –rjlkstri `jccj kdprjsj—. Jssk khafttk hih afhhi pfrtj `jccf ^.F. ktfckfhf, ktfckf hf, j` kc rfppirti rfppirti `'kdpkjli `'kdpkjli `jc pjrsihfcj pjrsihfcj prjssi tfck jhtk í `k `krktti prkvfti. prkvfti. F` ilhk diì sihi spjssi cjlftk fccf kh pubbckof ouk ipfddkhkstrfzkihj jrf c‛jhtj5 ktfckfhf, f` jskhskqufhti spjtlck tf irlfhk uh `k pvjrtkoj itjrj sihi `k hidkhftk kh`krkzzi`fk Dkhkstjrk ljhjrfcjoidpjtjhtk j `k pjrvkcklsjttirj kcfhzf. _pjssi _pj ssi lck jhtk jhtk pub pubbck bckok ok joihid joihidkok kok sihi sihi kc pfssfl pfssfllki lki kht khtjrd jrdj`k j`ki i hjc hjccf cf trf trfsai sairdf rdfzki zkihj hj `k uh‛fzk uh‛fzkjh` jh`f f futihi futihidf df kh uhf siokjtî pjr fzkihk. ^jr qujstk ditkvk vjhlihi ocfsskakoftk oidj jhtk pubbckok strudjhtfck kh qufhti flksoihi sjoihì lck kh`krkzzk j sitti kc oihtricci `k uh irlfhi `jcci stfti pjr svicljrj auhzkihk fuskckfrkj. Lrfh pfrtj `k jssk ipjrfvfhi oidj mic`khl  `k oihtricci `k vfrkj siokjtî. Cj siokjtî oihtriccftj, pur fvjhì cf airdf prkvftkstkof `jccf siokjtî pjr fzkihk , jrfhi pjr ci pkû pissjùtj titfcdjhtj `fcci _tfti i `flck jhtk pubbckok joihidkok. *KD^RJ_F ^ZBBCKOF 4 í uh'kdprjsf kc ouk ofpktfcj i pftrkdihki í oihajrkti kh tutti i kh pfrtj `f uh silljtti pubbckoi, isskf `fcci stfti i fctrk jhtk pubbckok. Cj kdprjsj pubbckomj pissihi jssjrj orjftj `krjttfdjhtj `fcci stfti i fctrk jhtk pubbckok pubbck ok ippurj ippurj pissihi pissihi hfsojrj hfsojrj oidj kdprjsj prkvftj prkvftj suoojsskvfdj suoojsskvfdjhtj htj foqukstftj foqukstftj `fc silljtti silljtti pubbckoi. pubbckoi. C‛kdprjsf C‛kdprjsf pubbckof può jssjrj jsjroktftf 7 6) `f uh'fddkhkstrfzkihj pubbckof oih k priprk irlfhk5 2) `f uh‛ fzkjh`f futihidf5 ?) `f uh fppiskti jhtj pubbckoi (sihi qujcck omj kh Ktfckf prjhìhi kc hidj `k jhtk pubbckok joihidkok )

ofdbkfdjhtk tk iooirsk iooirsk hjccj pubbckomj pubbckomj 66. Lck irlfh irlfhksd ksdkk `k `krkt `krktti ti pub pubbc bckoi koi.. K ofdbkfdjh fddkhkst fddkh kstrfz rfzkih kihkk `jk skh skhlic lickk _tf _tftk tk djd djdbrk brk,, omj prjsj prjsjhtf htfhi hi str strutt utturj urj irlfh irlfhkzz kzzftk ftkvj vj `kvjrs `kvjrsj, j, j c‛faajrdfrsk `jc `krktti oiduhktfrki mfhhi rjsi sjdprj pkû vkvf c‛jskljhzf `k fsskourfrj uh‛uhkairdj fppckofzkihj `jccj rjlicj. ^jr supjrfrj cj `kstkhzkihk jskstjhtk hjccj skhlicj rjfctî hfzkihfck, kc cjlkscftirj oiduhktfrki mf jcfbirfti cf hizkihj `k –IRLFHK_DI @K @KRKPPI ^ZBBCKOI—. Cf aklurff `jcc‛irlf aklur `jcc‛irlfhksd hksdii `k `krktti pubbck pubbckoi oi í stftf khtri khtriìttf ìttf f pfrtkrj `fccf `krjttkvf `krjttkvf =;/00>/OJ =;/00>/OJJ Jj oidprjh`j tuttk k silljttk hfzkihfck, kh`kpjh`jhtjdjhtj `fccf ciri hfturf lkurk`kof, omj prjsjhtfhi ofrfttjrkstkomj tfck `f ipjrfrj sjoihì cilkomj `kvjrsj `f uh qufcskfsk kdprjh`ktirj prkvfti j omj lkustkakofhi c‛fppckofzkihj `jccf `ksokpckhf succ‛jvk`jhzf pubbckof. C‛irlfhksdi `k `krktti pubbckoi í uh «quf «qufcskfs cskfskk irlf irlfhksdi hksdi,, fhomj fhomj kh airdf siokjtf siokjtfrkf, rkf, kstktukti kstktukti pjr si``ksafrj si``ksafrj bksilhk bksilhk `k khtjrjssj khtjrjssj ljhjrfcj ljhj rfcj fvjhtk ofrfttjr ofrfttjrjj hih khùstrk khùstrkfcj fcj i oiddjrokf oiddjrokfcj, cj, ìtfti ìtfti `k pjrsihfc pjrsihfcktî ktî lkurk`kof j cf ouk fttkvktî í akhfhzkftf kh diì dfllkirktfrki `fcci _tfti, `flck jhtk pubbckok tjrrktirkfck i `f irlfhksdk `k `krktti pubbckoi (ippurj cf ouk ljstkihj skf silljttf fc oihtricci `k qujstk uctkdk, ippurj kc ouk irlfhi `‛fddkhkstrfzkihj, `k `krjzkihj i `k vklkcfhzf skf oistktukti `f djdbrk pkû `jccf djtî `jk qufck í `jsklhftf `fcci _tfti, `flck jhtk ciofck i `f fctrk irlfhksdk `k `krktti pubbckoi)µ. Cf hizkihj í fdpkf j` í oistktuktf `f ? jcjdjhtk, cf ouk prjsjhzf `jvj jssjrj ouducftkvf 7 6) kc prkdi í cf hfturf `jk bksilhk fccf bksilhk fccf ouk si``ksafzkihj `jvj dkrfrj kc silljtti 7 «bksilhk `k khtjrjssj ljhjrfcj fvjhtk ofrfttjrj hih khùstrkfcj i oiddjrokfcjµ5 2) kc sjoihì í cf pjrsihfcktî lkurk`kof lkurk`kof 7 í kh`kaajrjh kh`kaajrjhtj tj omj jssf skf `k `krktti pubbckoi i `k `krktti prkvfti5 ?) kc tjrzi, khakhj, í `fti `fccf prjsjhzf `k uhf sjrkj `k jcjdjhtk omj afhhi prjsudjrj omj cj `jokskihk `jcc‛jhtj skfhi sitti c‛khacujhzf `jtjrdkhfhtj `k uh silljtti pubbckoi j pubbckoi j omj, `k oihsjlujhzf, sjluihi cilkomj `kvjrsj `f qujccj `jcc‛kdprjh`ktirj prkvfti.

62. _ill _illjttk jttk prkvftk prkvftk jsjr jsjrojht ojhtkk pubb pubbckom ckomj j auhzkihk. auhzkihk. Zh `ksoirsi f pfrtj vf oihìt hìtti ti pjr pjr k _ILLJ _ILLJPPK PPK ^RKQ ^RKQFPK FPK J_JR J_JROJHP OJHPKK ^ZBB ^ZBBCKOMJ CKOMJ AZHWKIHK AZHWKIHK , hj hjcc ou oukk hi hivj vjri ri fssudihi uh ruici rkcjvfhtj cj –AIH@FWKIHK—, prjsjhtk kh pfrtkoicfrj hjc –sjttirj `jccf rkojrof— j kh –qujcci bfhofrki— 7 sk trfttf `k silljttk omj sk ofrfttjrkzzfhi pjr cf prjvfcjhzf `jcc‛jcjdjhti `jcc‛jcjdjhti :0

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

pftrkdihkfcj j omj `jvihi ipjrfrj kh vkstf `jc pjrsjlukdjhti `jc akhj stfbkckti `fc aih`ftirj. Kc pftrkdihkfcj j pftrkdihki, qukh`k, í vkhoicfti fcci soipi. Zhi soipi omj può oikhok`jrj kh pfrtj oih lck soipk kstktuzkihfck `jlck jhtk pubbckok aih`ftirk (dkhkstjri, Rjlkihj, ^rivkhokf, Oiduhj) j omj `jvj jssjrj fctrukstkoi,, hih `k cuori fctrukstkoi cuori j `k pubbcko pubb ckoff utkc utkcktî ktî.. Cf aih`fzkihj, `ksokpckhftf `fc oi`koj okvkcj, sk ofrfttjrkzzf pjr cf prjsjhzf `k fddkhkstrftirk vkhoicftk fc pjrsjlukdjhti `jcci soipi omj vkjhj fssjlhfti `fcc‛jhtj aih`ftirj hjcc‛ftti `k oistktuzkihj `jccf aih`fzkihj. _jbbjhj cf rjfctî oihisof aih`fzkihk kh ouktkof ci soipi ci soipi fctrukstkoi fctrukstkoi kdpckof kdpckof c‛jsjrokzki `k fttkvktîoiddjrokfcj kdprjh`ktirkfck, susskstj, pjr qujs qujsti, ti, c‛futidf c‛futidftkof fttrkbuz fttrkbuzkihj kihj `jccf qufcktî `k kdprjh`ktirj oiddjrokfcj fccfhih aih`fzkihj. Cf Ofssfzkihj mf omkfrkti, kh djrkti, omj 7 –cj Aih`fzkihk pissihi pjrsjlukrj k priprk akhk fhomj svicljhì fttkvktî kdprjh`ktirkfck, f oih`kzkihj omj c‛fttkvktî kdprjh`ktirkfcj skf 7 6) strudjhtfcj fccf rjfckzzfzkihj `jlck soipk kstktuzkihfck `jccj aih`fzkihk5 2) jsjroktftf kh vkf foojssirkf rkspjtti fccf ciri fttkvktî prkhokpfcj— (sk pjhsk fcc‛fttkvktî j`ktirkfcj svictf `f uhf aih`fzkihj oucturfcj). Zh sjttirj kh ouk cf prjsjhzf `jccf aih`fzkihj í fssfk dfroftf í qujcci orj`ktkzki, kh ouk kc priojssi `k prkvftkzzfzkihj mf rjsi hjojssfrkf cf orjfzkihj `k fppisktj aih`fzkihk bfhofrkj pjr afokcktfrj cf prkvftkzzfzkihj `jlck jhtk pubbckok orj`ktkzk orj`ktkzk.. F pfrtkrj `fk prkdk fhhk 2>>> sk í pik fsskstkti f uh fdpckfdjhti `jk sjttirk kh ouk kc cjlkscftirj mf prjvksti cf pisskbkcktî `k orjfrj aih`fzkihk (f` js., cf skourjzzf pubbckof j c‛j`kckzkf pipicfrj). Foof Fo ofht htii fccj fccj ai aih` h`fz fzki kihk hk bfho bfhofr frkj kj,, uh ruic ruicii `k pr prkd kdii pk pkfh fhii í rk rkvj vjst stkt ktii `f `fcc ccjj –_IO –_IOKJ KJPÎ PÎ IRLFHK_DK @K FPPJ_PFWKIHJ— (_.I.F.), omj sihi `jlck irlfhksdk fttjstftirk j ojrtkakoftirk, ojrtkakoftirk , silljttk omj `jvihi fttjstfrj cf qufcktî `jccj kdprjsj pitjhzkfck oihtrfjhtk `jccf pubbckof fddkhkstrfzkihj 7 fddkhkstrfzkihj 7 irlfhksdk ojrtkakoftirk omj mfhhi uhf hfturf lkurk`kof prkvftf, kc ouk soipi í kc rkcfsoki `k fttjstfzkihk `k qufcktî victj f lfrfhtkrj kc pissjssi, `f pfrtj `jccj kdprjsj, `jk rjquksktk tjohko tjo hkokk j akhfhz akhfhzkfr kfrkk hjo hjojss jssfrk frk f` fsskou fsskourfr rfrjj uh `jtjr `jtjrdkh dkhfti fti ckvjcc ckvjccii `k qufckt qufcktîî hj hjcc‛ cc‛jsj jsjouz ouzkih kihjj `jcc‛fppfcti. Cj _.I.F. pissihi svicljrj cf priprkf fttkvktî sici dj`kfhtj futirkzzfzkihj rkcfsokftf Futirktî `k vklkcfhzf pjr k oihtrfttk pubbckok `k cfvirk, sjrvkzk j airhkturj. airhkturj. Pfcj futirkzzfzkihj `fcc‛ Futirktî sjrvj f rjh`jrj orj`kbkck cj _.I.F. @fc puhti `k vkstf strutturfcj, k rjquksktk omj lck irlfhksdk `k fttjstfzkihj `jvihi pissj`jrj sihi 7 6) cf airduc airducff siokj siokjtfrk tfrkff (s.p.f (s.p.f.), .), cf ouk `jhidkhfzkihj siokfcj siokfcj `jvj oidprjh`jrj jsprjssfdjhtj cf ciouzkihj «irlfhksdk «irlfhksdk `k fttjstfzkihjµ5 2) cf sj`j hjc tjrrktirki ktfckfhi5 ?) uh ofpktfcj siokfcj pfrk f :>> dkckihk `k juri. F arihtj `jccf hfturf prkvftkstkof `k prkvftkstkof `k qujstj siokjtî, omj rkcfsokfhi fttjstfzkihk `k lfrfhzkf fk priprk ockjhtk kh vkrtû `k rfppirtk oihtrfttufck j `kjtri kc pflfdjhti `k uh oirrkspjttkvi, c‛fttkvktî `f jssj svictf mf uhf hfturf pubbckokstkof (kh pubbckokstkof (kh qufhti sk trfttf `k uh‛fttkvktî `k ojrtkakofzkihj pistf f lfrfhzkf `jccff pubb `jcc pubbckof ckof aj`j). ^riprk ^riprkii pjr qujs qujsti ti í fttrkb fttrkbukti ukti fcc‛Futi fcc‛Futirktî rktî 7 6) uh pitjrj `k vklkcfhzf vklkcfhzf,, `f jspckofrsk tfhti suk silljttk qufhti sulck fttk `f jssk jdfhftk (j omj sk jstjh`j akhi fc ciri fhhuccfdj fhhu ccfdjhti)5 hti)5 2) j uh uh pitjrj pitjrj sistktutkvi hjk oiharihtk `jccf _.I.F ., omj può jssjrj jsjroktfti `f pfrtj `jcc‛Futirktî kh prjsjhzf `k ùj prjsuppistk 7 c‛kh`kofzkihj `jcc‛ftti `f fìttfrj j c‛khjrzkf `jccf _.I.F.

6?.Lck jhtk tjrrktirkfck j ciofck. Zh ruici `k prkdi pkfhi hjc skstjdf `jccj pubbckomj fddkhkstrfzkihk spjttf fccj FZPIHIDKJ RJLKIHFCK Okttî Oiduhk Oid uhktî tî dih dihtfh tfhj, j, ^rivkh ^ri vkhoj oj j Oid Oiduhk uhk). ). CIOFCK Kc hui huivi vijfrt frt. . 660 Oist. Oist. (Rjlkihk, mf rkoihi rkoihisok sokuti utidjtripicktfhj, pfrk `klhktî oistktuzkihfcj   f Oiduhk, ^rivkhoj, oistktuzkihfcj ^rivkhoj, Okttî djtripicktfh djtripicktfhj, j, Rjlkihk j _tfti oidj jcjdjhtk oistktutkvk ::

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

`jccf Rjpubbckof. Rjpubbckof. C‛k`jf bfsj `jccf cjllj oist. h. ? / 2>>6 í stftf qujccf `k pirtfrj f oidpkdjhti cf rkairdf fvvkftf oih kc `jojhtrfdjhti fddkhkstrftkvi. Kc vjoomki frt. 660 Oist. (fhtjrkirj fccf c. oist. ? / 2>>6), khvjoj, faajrdfvf omj «cf Rjpubbckof sk Rjpubbckof sk rkpfrtj kh Rjlkihk, ^rivkhoj j Oiduhk µ. Hjc huivi tjsti `jcc‛frt. 660 cf prispjttkvf vkjhj oidpcjtfdjhtj khvjrtktf 7 «cf Rjpubbckof í oistktuktf `fk Oiduhk, `fccj ^rivkhoj, `fccj Okttî djtripicktfhj, `fccj Rjlkihk j `fcci _tftiµ j fccj futihidkj ciofck vkjhj rkoihisokuti uh fdpki lrfì `k –futihidkf—. –futihidkf —. Khictrj hjcc‛frt. 6666, fk akhk `k uh oihtjhkdjhti `jccf spjsf pubbckof, mf stftukti, pjr okò omj rklufr`f cj Rjlkihk, cf rkùzkihj `jc hudjri `jk oihsklckjrk rjlkihfck j uhf rkùzkihj `jlck jdicudjhtk prjvkstk kh afvirj `jk oihsklckjrk rjlkihfck. Khictrj, cf stjssf cjllj mf prjvksti fhomj c‛kstktuzkihj `k uh –oiccjlki `k rjvksirk `jk oihtk— pjr cj Rjlkihk, omj í omkfdfti f vklkcfrj succf rjlicfrktî ljstkihfcj j` joihidkoi-oihtfbkcj `jcc‛jhtj. @k dfllkirj kdpftti sihi cj `kspiskzkihk rjcftkvj fk Oiduhk j fccj ^rivkhoj 7 pjr qujstj uctkdj, f pfrtj cf prjvkskihj `jccf rkùzkihj `jc hudjri `jk oihsklckjrk j `jlck fssjssirk, cf rkairdf khok`j pjsfhtjdjhtj pjsfhtjdj htj succf aakskihidkf kskihidkf `jk pkooick oiduhk. _k prjvj`j khafttk omj k Oiduhk oih pipicfzkihj pfrk i khajrkirj fk 6.>>> fbktfhtk `jvihi jsjroktfrj ibbcklftirkfdjhtj cj auhzkihk fddkhkstrftkvj j k sjrvkzk pubbckok `k spjttfhzf oiduhfcj kh airdf fssiokftf oih fctrk oiduhk oih pipicfzkihj pfrk i khajrkirj f 6>>> fbktfhtk, dj`kfhtj uh‛–ZHKIHJ @K OIDZHK—. Cf pipicfzkihj oidpcjsskvf rksuctfhtj `fcc‛uhkihj `jvjOiduhktî jssjrj pfrk f` fcdjhi :.>>>ofsi fbktfhtk, (f djhi omj k Oiduhk khtjrjssftk hih fppfrtjhlfhi f` uhf dihtfhf, hjc qufc kc hudjri `k fbktfhtk `jvj jssjrj pfrk f ?>>>). Lck irlfhk `jcc‛uhkihj `jcc‛uhkihj duhkokpfcj sihi duhkokpfcj sihi kc –Oihsklcki— i fssjdbcjf duhkokpfcj (oidpisti duhkokpfcj (oidpisti `fk skh`fok `jk Oiduhk oistktujhtk c‛uhkihj duhkokpfcj), kc –^rjsk`jhtj—, jcjtti `fcc‛fssjdbcjf duhkokpfcj arf k skh`fok oidpihjhtk kc oihsklcki, j cf –Lkuhtf—, hidkhftf `fc ^rjsk`jhtj j oidpistf `fc ^rjsk`jhtj j `f fssjssirk sojctk trf k skh`fok (4 okií trf k djdbrk `jcc‛fssjdbcjf duhkokpfcj). Kc Oihsklcki mf cj stjssj oidpjtjhzj rksjrvftj fc oihsklcki oiduhfcj (oih rkajrkdjhti, ivvkfdjhtj, flck fdbktk rksjrvftk fcc‛uhkihj) j `jvj fìttfrj, f dfllkirfhzf fssicutf `jk priprk oidpihjhtk, ci stftut stf tuti. i. Cf Lku Lkuhtf htf js jsjro jroktf ktf cj stj stjssj ssj oi oidpj dpjtjh tjhzj zj `jccj `jccj lkuhtj lkuhtj oiduhf oiduhfck. ck. Khv Khvjo joj, j, lck irlfhk `k livjrhi   `j livjrhi `jkk skh skhlic lickk Oid Oiduhk uhk afo afojht jhtkk pfrtj pfrtj `jc `jcc‛u c‛uhki hkihj hj sihi sihi kc –Oihsk –Oihsklck lcki— i— (ouk (ouk oi oidpj dpjtih tihii cj auhzkihk hirdftkvj kh rkajrkdjhti fccj fttrkbuzkihk hih jsjroktftj dj`kfhtj c‛uhkihj) j kc –_kh`foi—, jcjtti f suaarflki uhkvjrsfcj j `krjtti (qukh`k hih o‛í cf lkuhtf).

:1

_ofrkofti `f _kdihj @jdurtfs (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid) (skdihj.`jdurtfs;?Nldfkc.oid)

cIDiFR^_@?111<

6?.2. Cf pitjstî cjlkscftkvf `jccj Rjlkihk j cf pitjstî hirdftkvf uhti ``kk vkst vkstff strutturf strutturfcj, cj, cj Rjlki Rjlkihk, hk, cj ^rivkhoj ^rivkhoj j k `jccj futihidkj ciofck. @f uh ppuhti Oiduhk prjsjhtfhi uh –Oihsklcki—, tkticfrj `jccf pitjstî cjlkscftkvf j hirdftkvf, uhf –Lkuhtf— irlfhi jsjoutkvi (oidpistf `fc ^rjsk`jhtj `jccf lkuhtf j `flck fssjssirk) j uh –^rjsk`jhtj— (omj hjc ofsi `jk Oiduhk í kc skh`foi), tkticfrj `jccf rfpprjsjhtfhzf `jcc‛jhtj. Iooirrj irf siaajrdfrok ÎPJRJ HIRDFPKQI kc histri ir`khfdjhti fttrkbuksoj f qujstk jhtk 7 fc rklufrì, bksilhfsuc`kstkhlujrj trf ÎPJ_PF‛ omj CJLK_CFPKQF `jccj Rjlkihk j ÎPJ_PF‛ HIRDFPKQF `jlck jhtk jhtk ciofck. 



Rklufrì fccf ÎPJ Rklufrì ÎPJ_PÎ _PÎ CJLK_CFPK CJLK_CFPKQF QF @JCC @JCCJ J RJLK RJLKIHK, IHK, oih cf huivf huivf airducfzki airducfzkihj hj `jcc‛frt. 66< Oist. í stfti khtriìtti uh skstjdf kh ouk _tfti j Rjlkihk sihi tkticfrk `k uhf –pitj –p itjstî stî cjl cjlksc kscftk ftkvf vf js jsocu ocuskv skvf— f— pjr `jtjr `jtjrdkh dkhftj ftj dftjrk dftjrkj, j, ouk sk fllkuh fllkuhlj lj uhf –pitjs –pitjstî tî cjlk cjlksc scft ftkv kvff oiho oihoir irrj rjht htj— j—.. Kc skst skstjd jdff `k rkp rkpfr frti ti `k oi oidp dpjt jtjh jhzj zj oi oisã sã `j `jck ckhj hjft ftii vj vj`j `j c‛fttrkbuzkihj kh vkf jsocuskvf fcci _tfti `k fcouhj dftjrkj (frt. 66 í stftf prjvkstf cf pisskbkcktî pjr k Oiduhk j cj ^rivkhoj `k fìttfrj uhi –_PFPZPI— oih ouk stfbkckrj, hjk ckdktk akssftk `fccf cjllj, cj hirdj aih`fdjhtfck `jcc‛irlfhkzzfzkihj (j kh pfrtkoicfrj cj fttrkbuzkihk `jlck irlfhk) j c‛ir`khfdjhti `jlck uaakok. _k prjvj`j pik omj lck jhtk ciofck pissfhi fìttfrj spjokakok –RJL –R JLIC ICFD FDJH JHPK PK—, —, omj omj `jvi `jvihi hi js jssj sjrj rj fìt fìttf tftk tk hj hjcc ccjj ai aird rdjj pr prjv jvks kstj tj `f `flc lckk st stft ftut utk. k. Cf cjllj Cf Cillkf (C. 6?6 /`jc 2>>?), pik, mf kh`kvkùfti k ckdktk j kc oihtjhuti `jlck stftutk 7 k prkdk sk rkhvj rkhvjhlih hlihii hjc rkspjtti rkspjtti `jcc `jccff Oistk Oistktuzki tuzkihj, hj, `jk prkhokpk prkhokpk ljhjrfck kh dftjrkf dftjrkf `k irlfhkzzfzkihj irlfhkzzfzki hj pubbckof j `jk prkhokpk akssftk `fccf cjlkscfzkihj stftfcj fttuftkvf `jcc‛frt. 66>.>>> fbktfhtk pjromë qujstk mfhhi pkû rksirsj, djhtrj fk Oiduhk pkû pkooick hi ( j qujccj auhzkihk sfrfhhi ljstktj f ckvjcci pjr jsjdpki privkhokfcj). C‛frt. 66=, 2¾ oiddf Oist. rjoktf 7 –K Oiduhk, cj ^rivkhoj j cj Okttî djtripicktfhj sihi tkticfrk `k auhzki auh zkihk hk fdd fddkhk khkst strft rftkvj kvj pri pripr prkj kj j `k qujccj oihajrkt oihajrktjj oih cjllj stftfcj i rjlkihfcj , sjoihì cj rkspjttkvj oidpjtjhzj— @ibbkfdi, qukh`k, kh`kvkùfrj cj AZHWKIHK cj AZHWKIHK ^RI^RKJ @JK OIDZHK   jj cj AZHWKIHK OIHAJRKPJ OIHAJRKPJ  j j `kstkhlujrcj `fccj AZHWKIHK `fccj AZHWKIHK AIH@FDJHPFCK AIH@FDJHPFCK @JCCJ F FZPIHIDKJ ZPIHIDKJ CIOFCK  (omj (omj sjoihì c‛frt. 66

Riassunto Diritto Amministrativo Scoca 23

Short Description

Description

Comments

We need your help!