Base RF Engineering and Optimization Kolonel Bourgstraat 122 rue Colonel Bourg 1140 Brussel – Bruxelles
RF Design Guidelines UMTS, DCS and E-GSM
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Final R 21-6-2005 Eric Noordanus
Development RF Design Guidelines UMTS, DCS & E-GSM
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Table of contents
2 of 85 R 1-06-05 Page
1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................7
2
RBS EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................8
2.1 RADIO BASE STATION CABINETS, CABINET TYPES, CAPACITY AND AMOUNTS .....................................................8 2.1.1 Cabinet amounts for macro cells......................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Cabinet capacity for E-GSM & DCS macro cell cabinet types 2x02 & 2x06....................................8 2.1.3 UMTS macro cell cabinets ...............................................................................................................9 2.2 E-GSM & DCS 2X02 AND 2X06 MACRO CABINET STRUCTURE.......................................................................10 2.3 DXU, CDU AND TRU TYPES & EDGE .........................................................................................................11 2.4 2X06 CABINET PSU AMOUNTS .....................................................................................................................12 2.5 CABINET SPACE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................12 2.6 RADIO BASE STATION MICRO CELLS 2302 .....................................................................................................13 2.6.1 Transmission ..................................................................................................................................14 2.6.2 Installation requirement ..................................................................................................................14 2.7 RADIO BASE STATION MACRO CELLS UMTS .................................................................................................14 2.8 BATTERY BACKUP ........................................................................................................................................15 2.8.1 2202 & 2206 power supply cabinets BBS 2202 and BBS 2000.....................................................15 2.8.2 2102, 2106 & 3101 cabinets...........................................................................................................15 2.8.3 2302 cabinets .................................................................................................................................15 2.8.4 3202 cabinets .................................................................................................................................15 2.9 CABINET NOISE ...........................................................................................................................................16 2.10 WHAT ARE PREFERRED CABINET CONFIGURATIONS? .....................................................................................16 2.10.1 Reducing the capacity of 2x02 configurations................................................................................16 2.10.2 Dual band cabinets.........................................................................................................................17 2.11 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DCS MACRO CELLS .........................................................................17 2.11.1 2x06 configurations ........................................................................................................................17 2.11.2 2x02 & Maxite configurations .........................................................................................................18 2.12 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS E-GSM MACRO CELLS.....................................................................19 2.12.1 E-GSM (Capacity) upgrades ..........................................................................................................20 2.12.2 E-GSM configuration type names ..................................................................................................20 2.12.3 2x06 E-GSM configurations ...........................................................................................................21 2.13 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DCS MICRO CELLS ..........................................................................21 2.14 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS UMTS MACRO CELLS ......................................................................21 2.15 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS UMTS MICRO CELLS .......................................................................22 2.16 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS E-GSM 2X02 AND 2X06 MACRO CELLS ...........................23 2.17 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS DCS 2X02 & 2302 MACRO CELLS...................................24 2.18 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS DCS 2X06 MACRO CELLS ...............................................28 2.19 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS DCS 2302 MICRO CELLS ................................................29 2.20 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS UMTS MACRO CELLS .....................................................30 2.21 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS UMTS MICRO CELLS.......................................................31 2.22 E-GSM CONFIGURATIONS EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................31 2.23 DCS CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................32 2.24 DCS MICRO CELL CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................33 2.25 UMTS MACRO CELL CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .................................................................33 2.26 UMTS MICRO CELL CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................33 2.27 TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OUTPUT POWER ....................................................................................................34 3
OTHER SITE RF EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................34
3.1 TMA (TOWER MOUNTED AMPLIFIER)............................................................................................................34 3.1.1 E-GSM & DCS................................................................................................................................34 3.1.2 UMTS..............................................................................................................................................35 3.2 DUPLEX FILTERS .........................................................................................................................................36 3.3 DUAL-BAND COMBINER (ALSO CALLED DIPLEXER):........................................................................................37 3.3.1 Kathrein dual band combiners........................................................................................................38 3.4 DC BLOCK ..................................................................................................................................................39 3.5 FEEDERS AND JUMPERS...............................................................................................................................39 3.5.1 Feeders...........................................................................................................................................39 Prepared by: Approved by:
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3.5.2 Jumpers ..........................................................................................................................................40 3.5.3 Feeder loss tool ..............................................................................................................................40 3.5.4 Specified Losses ............................................................................................................................41 3.6 ANTENNAE ..................................................................................................................................................42 3.6.1 Antenna installation ........................................................................................................................42 3.6.2 Possible number of antennae.........................................................................................................42 3.7 ADDING UMTS ON AN EXISTING E-GSM/DCS SITE.......................................................................................42 3.7.1 Option 1: Adding separate UMTS system, not changing existing system .....................................42 3.7.2 Option 2: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra antennae ......................................42 3.7.3 Option 3: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra cabinet .........................................43 3.7.4 Option 4: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra feeders .........................................43 3.7.5 Option 5: Sharing UMTS antenna with DCS/E-GSM .....................................................................43 3.8 ANTENNAE TO BE USED ................................................................................................................................43 3.8.1 Recommended antenna types .......................................................................................................43 3.8.2 Recommended E-GSM antenna types...........................................................................................44 3.9 STANDARD ANTENNAE AND ACCESSORIES .....................................................................................................45 3.10 ANTENNA DOWN TILT BRACKETS AND CLAMPS ...............................................................................................49 3.11 MICRO CELL ANTENNAE AND FEEDERS..........................................................................................................49 4
CELL PLANNING.....................................................................................................................................51
4.1 SITE TYPES .................................................................................................................................................51 4.2 SITE COORDINATES .....................................................................................................................................52 4.3 MACRO CELL ANTENNA PLACEMENT ..............................................................................................................52 4.3.1 Antenna placement on rooftops .....................................................................................................52 4.3.2 DCS, E-GSM and combined mounting on rooftop poles................................................................54 4.3.3 Dual band sites and difference in azimuths between DCS and E-GSM ........................................54 4.3.4 Antenna obstruction and shadowing ..............................................................................................55 4.3.5 Antenna installation on towers .......................................................................................................55 4.4 MICRO CELL ANTENNA PLACEMENT ...............................................................................................................56 4.5 ISOLATION AND ANTENNAE SEPARATION ........................................................................................................57 4.5.2 Isolation requirements UMTS.........................................................................................................59 4.5.3 Antenna spacing, diversity and horizontal free view ......................................................................59 4.6 ANTENNA SELECTION ...................................................................................................................................63 4.6.1 Antenna properties .........................................................................................................................63 4.6.2 The relationship between gain and beam width:............................................................................63 4.6.3 Which site behavior can be predicted from antenna patterns........................................................64 4.6.4 Vertical plane pattern......................................................................................................................64 4.6.5 Horizontal plane pattern .................................................................................................................65 4.6.6 Beam Tilt.........................................................................................................................................66 4.6.7 Tilt tool ............................................................................................................................................68 5
MICRO CELL PLANNING........................................................................................................................72
6
APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................74
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8
FREQUENCY BANDS .....................................................................................................................................74 DESIGN LEVELS ..........................................................................................................................................74 TRAFFIC, CONGESTION, BLOCKING AND THE USE OF THE ERLANG B TABLE ......................................................75 THE ERLANG B FORMULA ITSELF ..................................................................................................................77 ORIGIN OF THE HORIZONTAL PATHLOSS AND ISOLATION FORMULA ..................................................................78 TMA GAIN ...................................................................................................................................................79 UMTS BSDS INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................80 INFORMATION TO BE RETURNED BY A&B.......................................................................................................81
7
EXPLANATIONS......................................................................................................................................82
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
SEPARATE ANTENNAE FOR UMTS................................................................................................................82 SEPARATE FEEDERS FOR UMTS..................................................................................................................82 UMTS ISOLATION REQUIREMENT .................................................................................................................83 IM3 & IM5 ISSUES WHEN UMTS IS CO-LOCATED WITH E-GSM/DCS.............................................................83 WHY IS THE RACAL 1661 A BAD ANTENNA .....................................................................................................84
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Table index
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Page
TABLE 1: CABINET AMOUNTS FOR MACRO CELLS .....................................................................................................8 TABLE 2: CDUS, CAPACITY AND REQUIRED ANTENNAE ............................................................................................8 TABLE 3: CDUS, CABINETS AND TRANSMITTED POWER............................................................................................8 TABLE 4: INDOOR AND OUTDOOR 2G CABINET TYPES ..............................................................................................9 TABLE 5: STANDARD MODULES IN THE RBS OF THE NETWORK OF BASE ...............................................................12 TABLE 6: CABINET CONFIGURATIONS AND BATTERY STRING AMOUNTS ....................................................................15 TABLE 7: ACOUSTIC NOISE OF BASE RBS EQUIPMENT .........................................................................................16 TABLE 8: CONFIGURATION MIGRATIONS ................................................................................................................16 TABLE 9: DUAL BAND UPGRADE CELL CAPACITY ....................................................................................................20 TABLE 10: NAMING CONVENTION E-GSM / DCS SHARING.....................................................................................21 TABLE 11: E-GSM GENERAL CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS. THE DRAWINGS CAN BE FOUND IN SECTION 2.16 .....31 TABLE 12: DCS GENERAL CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS. THE DRAWINGS CAN BE FOUND IN SECTION 2.17 AND 2.18............................................................................................................................................................32 TABLE 13: DCS GENERAL CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS. THE DRAWINGS CAN BE FOUND IN SECTION 2.19..........33 TABLE 14: TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OUTPUT POWER ............................................................................................34 TABLE 15: FEEDER LENGTH, BAND AND CABLE THICKNESS.....................................................................................39 TABLE 16: ALLOWED JUMPER LENGTHS AND LOSS BETWEEN BASE STATION AND ANTENNA. .....................................40 TABLE 17: ALLOWED MAXIMUM JUMPER LENGTHS .................................................................................................40 TABLE 18: JUMPER, FEEDER AND OTHER LOSSES AND BENDING RADII. ...................................................................41 TABLE 19: ONE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES DCS.....................................................................................................45 TABLE 20: ONE SYSTEM E-GSM ANTENNA TYPES (ALL KATHREIN) ........................................................................46 TABLE 21: DUAL SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES (1661-904-01 IS FROM THALES/RACAL, THE OTHER TYPES FROM KATHREIN) ..................................................................................................................................................46 TABLE 22: SINGLE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES UMTS (1 SYSTEM CONNECTABLE)......................................................46 TABLE 23: DUAL SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES E-GSM + DCS/UMTS (2 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) ..............................47 TABLE 24: DUAL SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES DCS/UMTS + DCS/UMTS (2 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) .......................47 TABLE 25: TRIPLE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES E-GSM + DCS/UMTS+ DCS/UMTS (3 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) ......47 TABLE 26: TRIPLE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES E-GSM + DCS + UMTS (3 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) .........................47 TABLE 27: ANTENNA CLAMPS ...............................................................................................................................49 TABLE 28: DOWN TILT BRACKETS .........................................................................................................................49 TABLE 29: MICRO CELL ANTENNA TYPES ...............................................................................................................49 TABLE 30: SITE TYPES.........................................................................................................................................51 TABLE 31: ANTENNA PLACEMENT PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................53 TABLE 32: SYSTEM ISOLATION REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................................58 TABLE 33: DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS UMTS TO OTHER ANTENNAE .......................................................................59 TABLE 34: MICRO-CELL PLANNING CHARACTERISTICS BASE & MOBILE ...................................................................72 TABLE 35: MOBILE FREQUENCY BANDS ................................................................................................................74 TABLE 36: BASE FREQUENCY BANDS ....................................................................................................................74 TABLE 37: NETWORK DESIGN LEVELS BASE ..........................................................................................................74 TABLE 38: TRU AMOUNTS AND CELL CAPACITY (INCREASE)...................................................................................75 TABLE 39: ERLANG B TABLE ................................................................................................................................76 TABLE 40: UMTS BSDS INFORMATION ................................................................................................................80 TABLE 41: C&I CABLE DATA DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................81 TABLE 42: UMTS LICENSES ................................................................................................................................84 TABLE 43: E-GSM / DCS LICENSES BASE ..........................................................................................................84
Figure Index
Page
FIGURE 1: 2202 AND 2206 CABINET STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................10 FIGURE 2: CABINET CAPACITY LAYOUT .................................................................................................................10 FIGURE 3: 2X06 CABINET ARCHITECTURE .............................................................................................................11 FIGURE 4: 2106 CABINET DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................................12 FIGURE 5: 2206 CABINET DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................................13 FIGURE 6: 2302 CABINET SIZES AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................14 Prepared by: Approved by:
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FIGURE 7: 2302 INSTALLED WITH PBC (NOT OBLIGATORY) ....................................................................................14 FIGURE 8: UMTS CABINET DIMENSIONS ...............................................................................................................15 FIGURE 9: 2X02 DUAL BAND CABINET LAYOUT .......................................................................................................17 FIGURE 10: DIFFERENT TMA TYPES ....................................................................................................................35 FIGURE 11: ASC ................................................................................................................................................35 FIGURE 12: RET AND RET MOUNTING .................................................................................................................36 FIGURE 13: DIFFERENT DUPLEXER TYPES.............................................................................................................36 FIGURE 14: DUAL-BAND COMBINER OR DIPLEXER FROM ERICSSON.......................................................................37 FIGURE 15: EXAMPLES OF FEEDER SHARING WITH TMA USAGE .............................................................................38 FIGURE 16: KATHREIN DUAL-BAND COMBINER 792903 AND 793363. NO LONGER TO BE USED!!! ....................38 FIGURE 17: DC-BLOCK 793301 FROM KATHREIN..................................................................................................39 FIGURE 18: KATHREIN INSTALLATION TOOL FOR 6 JUMPER ANTENNAE 850 10005 ..................................................48 FIGURE 19: ANTENNA INSTALLATION TYPES ..........................................................................................................49 FIGURE 20: MICRO CELL ANTENNAE .....................................................................................................................50 FIGURE 21: ANTENNA MOUNTING EXAMPLES ON ROOFTOPS IN SIDE VIEW. ..............................................................52 FIGURE 22: ANTENNA DISTRIBUTION ON ROOFTOPS ..............................................................................................53 FIGURE 23: MOUNTING SINGLE BAND E-GSM AND DCS ON A POLE .......................................................................54 FIGURE 24: E-GSM SHOULD ALWAYS REMAIN WITHIN THE -3DB PATTERN OF DCS ................................................54 FIGURE 25: RELEVANT PARAMETERS FOR SHADOWING CHECK...............................................................................55 FIGURE 26: ANTENNA MOUNTING ON A PYLON .......................................................................................................56 FIGURE 27: ANTENNA SEPARATION ......................................................................................................................57 FIGURE 28: MINIMUM DCS/UMTS ANTENNA ANGLE DIFFERENCE ..........................................................................59 FIGURE 29: ANTENNA DIVERSITY DISTANCES ........................................................................................................60 FIGURE 30: EFFECTIVE SPACE FOR DIVERSITY AND ROTATION IN PLAN VIEW ...........................................................60 FIGURE 31: ANTENNA FREE ANGLE REQUIREMENTS ..............................................................................................62 FIGURE 32: ANTENNA FREE ANGLE REQUIREMENTS WHEN MOUNTED IN THE CORNER OF A CONSTRUCTION ..............62 FIGURE 33: INSIDE A KATHREIN ADJUSTABLE TILT ANTENNA 742234......................................................................63 FIGURE 34: VERTICAL PATTERN WITH THE FOUR FEATURES OF MERIT DESCRIBED ABOVE DISPLAYED. ......................64 FIGURE 35: SHOWS THE REDUCTION OF THE GAIN FROM THE HORIZON AS A FUNCTION OF THE TILT. ........................65 FIGURE 36: VERTICAL PATTERN OF AN ANTENNA WITH A VERTICAL BEAM WIDTH OF 15°AND AN ELECTRICAL DOWN TILT OF 6°. THE GAIN REDUCTION ON THE HORIZON IS 3 DB. THE GREEN PATTERN IS THAT OF AN OMNI. ..................66 FIGURE 37: ELEVATION BEAM TILTING BY MECHANICAL TILT ...................................................................................67 FIGURE 38: ELEVATION BEAM TILTING BY ELECTRICAL TILT ....................................................................................67 FIGURE 39: DIFFERENCES IN CONSEQUENCES ON TILT ON ANTENNAE WITH DIFFERENT VERTICAL OPENING ANGLE ...68 FIGURE 40: CELL SERVICE & INTERFERENCE RINGS ...............................................................................................68 FIGURE 41: 739686, EDT -3º, 30M, SPIKE AT 30º IS ANGLE AT 50M FROM SITE, SPIKE AT 0º IS HORIZON. ................69 FIGURE 42: 739686, EDT -7º, 30M, SPIKE AT 30º IS ANGLE AT 50M FROM SITE, SPIKE AT 0º IS HORIZON..................70 FIGURE 43: 742266, EDT -7º, 100M, SPIKE AT 65º IS ANGLE AT 50M FROM SITE, SPIKE AT 0º IS HORIZON................70 FIGURE 44: CABLE LOSSES FOR UMTS................................................................................................................82 FIGURE 45: THALES 1661 GAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY AND VERTICAL ANGLE IN THE DCS BAND ................................84 FIGURE 46: THALES 1661 GAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY AND VERTICAL ANGLE IN THE E-GSM BAND............................85 FIGURE 47: THALES 1661 GAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY AND HORIZONTAL ANGLE IN THE DCS BAND ...........................85
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Site planning steps
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Page
SITE PLANNING STEP 1: SELECTING THE REQUIRED CDU AND CABINET TYPE ............................................................9 SITE PLANNING STEP 2: SELECTING THE REQUIRED CONFIGURATION ......................................................................22 SITE PLANNING STEP 3: ARE THERE TMAS TO BE INSTALLED? ...............................................................................35 SITE PLANNING STEP 4: ARE THERE ANY DUPLEXERS TO BE INSTALLED? ................................................................36 SITE PLANNING STEP 5: SELECTING FEEDERS AND JUMPERS..................................................................................40 SITE PLANNING STEP 6: DETERMINING THE POSSIBLE NUMBER OF ANTENNAE PER SECTOR ......................................42 SITE PLANNING STEP 7: SELECTING THE NEEDED ANTENNAE..................................................................................44 SITE PLANNING STEP 8: DETERMINATION OF THE SITE GOAL...................................................................................52 SITE PLANNING STEP 9: SELECTING THE RIGHT POSITIONS FOR THE ANTENNAE .......................................................52
Configuration index
Page
CONFIGURATION1C+-E2 & C+-E4 ......................................................................................................................23 CONFIGURATION2GU-E2 & GC-E4 ......................................................................................................................23 CONFIGURATION31 .............................................................................................................................................24 CONFIGURATION42 .............................................................................................................................................24 CONFIGURATION53 .............................................................................................................................................24 CONFIGURATION64 .............................................................................................................................................25 CONFIGURATION75 .............................................................................................................................................25 CONFIGURATION86 .............................................................................................................................................25 CONFIGURATION97 .............................................................................................................................................26 CONFIGURATION108 ...........................................................................................................................................26 CONFIGURATION118DIV ......................................................................................................................................26 CONFIGURATION129 ...........................................................................................................................................27 CONFIGURATION13MAXITE ..................................................................................................................................27 CONFIGURATION14GC-D4 ..................................................................................................................................28 CONFIGURATION15GC-D8 ..................................................................................................................................28 CONFIGURATION162302UC-D1 ...........................................................................................................................29 CONFIGURATION172302UC-D2 ...........................................................................................................................29 CONFIGURATION182302C-D2 .............................................................................................................................29 CONFIGURATION19UMTS...................................................................................................................................30
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INTRODUCTION This document is intended to be a guide to RF Engineering & Optimization for the UMTS, DCS and E-GSM network of BASE in Belgium. Many site equipment and planning related issues related to RF Engineering & Optimization are covered within this document, however undoubtedly situations will occur which have not been dealt with in this document. In such circumstances, the RF partner should contact RF BASE when this occurs. Whenever the RF partner wants to deviate from the configurations or materials written in this document, approval should be sought from the RF BASE.
KPI
Indicates a subject for which the KPI requirements can be found in the NRF of a site. For questions concerning what is technically described in this document call Eric Noordanus: 0485-544 964 or mail to:
[email protected] Update summary 2002 rev Q: • New document structure, many more direct indices • 2x06 documentation included • New micro cell antenna added • A new section on antenna patterns and their influence on site behavior • The Erlang B table section has been extended • Cabinet structure & configuration explanation has been extended • Cabinet new & upgrade preferences Update summary 2004 rev R: Again a totally new document structure Hardware & configurations: • Cabinet noise levels • Cabinet reservations related to area size and type • New 2x06 documentation and configurations • Updated antenna preferences • Clamps & down tilt brackets & heavy antenna down tilt bracket 850 10007. • Micro cell configurations • Feeder loss tool • Maximum feeder lengths UMTS 100m • New dual band combiner of Ericsson without integrated DC-block to enable sharing of feeders between E-GSM 2x06 and DCS 2x02 (mail Fri 7/01/2005 17:40). • NO DUAL BAND CABINETS • 1764 micro cell antenna • UMTS equipment Planning: • Results on penetration loss investigation by TNO and resulting effect on link budget calculations • Micro cell planning • UMTS antenna upgrade solutions • Antenna placement • Tilt tool • Roof-edge shadow calculation made easier • Reserved timeslots, EDGE/GPRS & cell capacity • Preferences for placing UMTS antennae on E-GSM & DCS sites. • KPI remarks
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RBS equipment The configuration describing what is planned or installed on site (e.g. RBS, feeder antennae) is to be registered in INFOBASE in the BSDS in its entirety and according to BSDS documentation.
2.1
Radio Base Station cabinets, cabinet types, capacity and amounts
2.1.1
Cabinet amounts for macro cells The cabinet amounts to take into account for macro cells are related to the service area size and type. Urban area size not so much relates to being in a city as well as the clutter type the site covers. Site urban area size < 0,5 km² >0,5 km² - < 1 km² > 1 km²
Cabinet space reservations 1x 2x06 E-GSM; 1x UMTS 1x 2x06 E-GSM; 1x 2x06 DCS; 1x UMTS 1x 2x06 E-GSM; 2x 2x06 DCS; 1x UMTS
Table 1: Cabinet amounts for macro cells
KPI
The urban area size is calculated using Asset on indoor residential signal level. If the amounts of Table 1 cannot be met, the minimum is one cabinet for each system mentioned in the KPI document plus power cabinet(s) (see requirements on power cabinets section 2.8) and one transmission cabinet (if applicable, to be indicated by BASE Transmission). These amounts apply if not specified otherwise in the KPI document of BASE.
2.1.2
Cabinet capacity for E-GSM & DCS macro cell cabinet types 2x02 & 2x06 The following table links the possible antennae per sector to the required capacity and the possible CDU-type:
Band E-GSM DCS
1+1+1 Ant. CDU 1 C+/Gu 1 A/C+ 2 A
2+2+2 Ant. CDU 1 C+/Gu 1 A/C+ 2 A
Capacity 4+4+4 Ant. CDU 1 Gc 1 C+/Gc 2 A
6+6+6 CDU No No 2 C+
Ant.
8+8+8 Ant. CDU No No 2 Gc
Table 2: CDUs, capacity and required antennae The table below shows the CDU-type, related type of cabinet and output power: CDU-TYPE 2x02 Band E-GSM DCS
A Not possible 43.5 dBm
2x06 C+ 40.5 dBm 40 dBm
Gc 42 dBm 41 dBm
Gu 45.5 dBm Not used
Table 3: CDUs, cabinets and transmitted power The maximum amount of TRUs in a 2x02 cabinet is 6 (6 single TRU modules), for a 2x06 cabinet 12 (6 double TRU modules). Technically an E-GSM CDU-C+ can share a cabinet with a DCS CDU-A (see also section 2.10.2). This has been used in the past, but is not allowed for new installations or upgrades. Full three sector E-GSM configurations should be used whenever three antennae can be installed. Remarks: • RF BASE will indicate the RF partner in the NRF what the required maximum capacity of a site needs to be. In the forecast the chosen configuration should be sufficient for at least a year if a capacity increase would require a cabinet to be swapped or added and 2 years if additional KPI antennas would be required (to get BP & lease arranged in time). This cannot always be Prepared by: Approved by:
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KPI
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foreseen, but an effort in this direction should be aimed at. Otherwise an incompletely installed Gc-D4 or Gc-D8 can be chosen. For 2+2+2 DCS (or less) the use of a 2x02 cabinet is preferred. For larger capacities the GcD4/Gc-D8 is. For E-GSM site upgrades or new sites Gu-E2 or Gc-E4 is to be installed. The number of sectors to be used for planning by the RF partner is set in the NRF document. When a 2+2+2 or a 4+4+4 configuration is used in a 2x02, not all TRUs need to be installed (and not all installed TRUs need to be activated). The same applies for the 2x06, though for this cabinet always is an even number of TRUs per sector as a 2x06 is equipped with dual TRU modules.
The other question is whether the equipment is to be installed indoor or outdoor: Cabinet Indoor Outdoor
RBS 2202, 2206 2302, 2102, 2106
Table 4: Indoor and outdoor 2G cabinet types ¾ ¾
Required power, band, needed capacity and possible antennae result in CDU-and cabinet-type. From this results the needed number of TMAs, duplex filters and the number of required feeders. Indoor or outdoor cabinet?
Site planning step 1: Selecting the required CDU and cabinet type 2.1.3
UMTS macro cell cabinets UMTS requires a separate cabinet plus, for indoor, a separate power supply cabinet. The contents of the cabinet are standard until further notice. There are 2 types: The RBS 3101 (outdoor) and the RBS 3202 (outdoor) accompanied with an ACTURA (power supply). These are always installed as 1+1+1.
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E-GSM & DCS 2x02 and 2x06 macro cabinet structure
2206 cabinet
2202 cabinet
Figure 1: 2202 and 2206 cabinet structure TRU / dTRU = single / double TRU CDU = Combining and distribution unit CXU = Configuration switch unit DXU = Distribution switch unit
PSU = Power supply unit IDM = Internal distribution module OXU = Optional expansion unit DCCU = DC connection unit
Though an uneven numbers of TRUs can be installed in a sector, sectors can only begin on even positions. A CDU can not be shared by two sectors in a 2x02 and normally not in a 2x06. Therefore a 3+1+1 configuration is build using a 4+4+4 arrangement in a 2x06 cabinet or at least as a 4+2+2 arrangement in two 2x02 cabinets.
T T T T T T R R R R R R U U U U U U
CDU G
CDU G
CDU G
CDU A or C+
CDU A or C+
CDU A or C+
d T R U
d T R U
d T R U
2
2
2
2x02 TRU & CDU layout
d T R U
4
d T R U
4
d T R U
4
2x06 TRU & CDU layout
Figure 2: Cabinet capacity layout
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Figure 3: 2x06 cabinet architecture When the capacity needs to be extended beyond the capability of one cabinet, there are basically two ways to do this: 1. Synchronizing the DXUs of two cabinets (used for 2x06 cabinets) 2. Extending the control of the DXU in the first (master) cabinet to the second (extension) cabinet (used for 2x02 cabinets). The DXU from the second cabinet is removed in this case. Option 1 is technically also possible for 2x02 cabinets equipped with the DXU 11, but as also DXU01 and DXU-03 are used in 2x02 cabinets, only option 2 is used for these. How does this master/extension system work? One of the functions of the DXU is to multiplex the timeslots from the TRUs to the PCM link. It can do so for up to 12 TRUs. Bus timing and TRU control for the extension cabinet are directly derived from the master cabinet by means of 3 extra cables. The extension cabinet in this case has no DXU installed. This system requires that each sector in a cabinet has at least 1 TRU installed. When two cabinets share a sector the consequence is that the sector will have 1 TRU in the first and 1 TRU in the second cabinet. Synchronized cabinets: In case of synchronizing both cabinets the DXUs in both cabinets are linked by means of an ESB cable (external synchronization bus). The length of the cable is used as input in the IDB as this determines the timing delay to be compensated. This cable only links the timing between the cabinets. The PCM is linked from the first DXU to the second DXU to give the second cabinet its transmission link to the mobile network. A DXU-11 or DXU-21A needs to be installed to do this. Effectively, it's the BSC who is joining the PCM data from both cabinets together and making it one cell, not the cabinets themselves.
2.3
DXU, CDU and TRU types & EDGE For the 2x02 and 2x06 cabinets there are two 2 TRU types available: not EDGE compatible and EDGE compatible. For the 2x02 the EDGE compatible TRU is called the sTRU, this requires the DXU-01, DXU-03 or DXU 11 to be upgraded to DXU-21A, the not EDGE compatible is the cTRU. For the 2x06 the type can be recognized by the serial number of the TRU module. EDGE has no effect on the combiner. The modules mentioned below are all the types present in the network of BASE.
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Hardware modules DXU-01 DXU-03 DXU-11 DXU-21A cTRU E-GSM (Non-EDGE) EDGE sTRU E-GSM cTRU DCS (Non-EDGE) EDGE sTRU DCS Non-EDGE dTRU E-GSM EDGE dTRU E-GSM Non-EDGE dTRU DCS EDGE dTRU DCS CDU-C+ E-GSM CDU-A DCS CDU-C+ DCS CDU-G E-GSM CDU-G DCS PSU 230 PSU 1200 W AC
Ericsson part number BOE 602 02/01 BOE 602 02/03 BOE 602 11/11 BOE 602 14/1 KRC 131 47/03, /15 KRC 131 137/01 KRC 131 48/01, /15, /16 KRC 131 138/01 KRC 131 1002/1 KRC 131 1002/2 KRC 131 1003/1 KRC 131 1003/2 BFL 119 123/1 BFL 119 106/1 BFL 119 127/1 BFL 119 142/1 BFL 119 143/1 BML 231 201/1 BML 231 202/1
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Cabinet type 2x02 2x02 2x02 2x02, 2x06 2x02 2x02 2x02 2x02 2x06 2x06 2x06 2x06 2x02 2x02 2x02 2x06 2x06 2x02 2x06
Table 5: Standard modules in the RBS of the network of BASE
2.4
2x06 cabinet PSU amounts In an uncombined mode cabinet the maximum installed amount is 3 dTRU. For this 3 PSU are sufficient. If a sector is changed to combined mode, the cabling for that sector should be changed accordingly and a 4th PSU must be installed. 4 PSU are sufficient to supply power for 6 dTRU as well.
2.5
Cabinet space requirements
KPI
The cabinet space requirements should be respected in the site design.
The 2106 cabinet sizes
2106 with open door requires at least 1300 + 710 =2010mm
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The 2206 indoor cabinet has the following dimensional requirements:
The 2206. To open the door 600mm in front of the cabinet is required.
The minimum recommended space in front of a cabinet is 100cm. This space can be shared with a cabinet opposite to it.
Figure 5: 2206 cabinet dimensions Indoor power cabinets need the same space per cabinet as a 2202/2206. The amount of power cabinets required depends on the amount of 2202/2206 cabinets. This is explained in section 2.8.
2.6
Radio Base station micro cells 2302 The standard equipment for micro cells is the 2302. This cabinet is not EDGE compatible. It is not produced by Ericsson anymore but there are still some in stock. For use on a site, special permission of RF BASE is required. The RBS 2302 is a weatherproof wall mounted cabinet with two TRUs. The maximum output power which can be generated of these TRUs is 33 dBm un-combined and 28.5 dBm combined by a multicasting box. This is often enough for a micro cell. A 2302 is much smaller than a 2102 or 2202. Note that for the 2102 and the 2202 the minimum output power after the CDU-C+ is 28.5 dBm (see section 2.27). In order to get more than two channels on one antenna with these cabinets, either on-air (cross-polar antenna) or external (outside the cabinet) combining is required. The 2302 can provide 4 or 6 TRUs by adding two or three RBS 2302 base stations beside each other (multi extension). The amount of Eirp given by a 2302 configuration can be calculated with the Microcell_Eirp tool. Some specifications of the 2302: − Only DCS capable (no E-GSM possible !) − GPRS, HSCSD and half-rate prepared (not EDGE capable). − 230 V connector, 150 VA, 120 W. − Standard 3 min. battery back-up. An external battery pack is possible but not used on micro cells as these fulfill a non-essential network addition. − The RF connectors are of the TNC type. − The 2302 has a weight of +/- 30 kg. − The cabinet produces no noise, as it doesn't use active equipment for cooling.
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Figure 6: 2302 cabinet sizes and space requirements The output power of the RBS 2401 is too low to be useful for our network: 26 dBm. It also has 2 TRUs but no internal combiner. This type is not produced by Ericsson anymore. 2.6.1
Transmission Fixed 2Mbps links are often the only option as there is no place to install a mini-link or to get a line of sight. 2 TRU need 2Mbps with 5x64kbps (LAPD-CONC). Links can be multi-dropped with cable losses up to 30 dB, but connecting micro cells from different locations is likely to be difficult.
2.6.2
Installation requirement A PBC is the backup for a 2302 cabinet. The 2302 has an inbuilt 3min. backup to send alarms to the BSC in case of a power failure (so if the PBC fails).
Figure 7: 2302 installed with PBC (not obligatory)
2.7
Radio Base Station macro cells UMTS Cabinet sizes for UMTS are given in the figures below.
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RBS 3101
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RBS 3202
Figure 8: UMTS cabinet dimensions
2.8
Battery backup
2.8.1
2202 & 2206 power supply cabinets BBS 2202 and BBS 2000 One, two or three power cabinets, depending on the amount and type of indoor RBS are needed for power supply and backup. There are two types of cabinets, the BBS 2202 and the BBS 2000. Both types have the same footprint and space requirements as indoor BTS cabinets. The BBS 2202 is designed for the RBS 2202, but is able to supply power to one (1!) 2206 cabinet by installing a BFU-E power unit (BMY 201 237/5). If 2 or more 2206 cabinets are to be connected, a BBS 2000 is needed. To connect a RBS 2202 to a BBS 2000 a different power unit in the BBS2000 is needed. This is the BFU-02 (BMY 201 237/3) The BBS2202 is not produced anymore and stocks are limited. For indoor 2G cabinets a BBS2000 is to be used therefore. Cabinet combinations 1x2202 1xGu-E2 1xGc-X4 1xGu-E2+1xGc-D4 1xGc-D8
Battery strings 1 2 3 5 5
Table 6: Cabinet configurations and battery string amounts In total 3 battery strings fit in one back-up cabinet. The battery string amount is calculated on the amount & type of RBS cabinets connected to a BBS (BBS2000 / BBS2202). The amount of power cabinets, the type and the amount of strings has to be specified on the BSDS. 2.8.2
2102, 2106 & 3101 cabinets For outdoor cabinets the battery backup is built-in. UMTS outdoor cabinets have the standard internal backup of 30 minutes for a 1+1+1 20 W configuration. UMTS indoor cabinets have no power backup.
2.8.3
2302 cabinets The power supply of the RBS 2302, the PBC, has an internal backup of approximately 2h.
2.8.4
3202 cabinets
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No power supply backup is installed for the RBS 3202, but an ACTURA power supply cabinet without battery backup is.
2.9
Cabinet noise The sound levels produced by the RBS in the network of BASE are: Temperature cabinet 2102 2202 2302 2106 2206 3101 3202 Actura
30ºC (dBa) 55 58 55 55 58 68 68 68
Max. (dBa) 65 63 65 65 63 69 72.5 73
Table 7: Acoustic noise of BASE RBS equipment This noise should be taken into account during site design.
2.10
What are preferred cabinet configurations? Preferred are non-mixed configurations like 2+2+2 or 4+4+4. This does not mean that al these TRU positions must be used, but it is preferred that a 2+3+2 is configured as a non-filled 4+4+4, rather than making it a 2+4+2 (unless the second cabinet is configured as a dual-band cabinet). It is also less expensive to install a Gc-D4 on a new site than a configuration 1, as this requires less material and installation.
2.10.1
Reducing the capacity of 2x02 configurations In oversized configurations much more TRU expansion is possible than will be used in the near future. This can be the case for a 4+4+4 site where only 2+2+2 is sufficient. New sites going on air in the best server area of an existing site can cause this, for example. For a 2x02 site this results in a spare cabinet which can be used to accommodate E-GSM. Configuration Current New 1 4 2 5 3 6
DCS equipment changes Existing D/DTMA used instead of DTMA (see also below) D/DTMA and duplexers installed D/DTMA and duplexers installed
Table 8: Configuration migrations − − − −
Sectors with a total daily traffic of less than 10 Erlang are candidates to be reduced from configuration 1 to 6 and the second antenna to be swapped to E-GSM. Sectors with more than 10 Erlang total a day, less than 6 Erlang in the busy hour and with the possibility to have an extra E-GSM antenna should be changed to configuration 4 and an extra E-GSM antenna. When the traffic in the busy hour is more than 6 Erlang, configuration 1 on DCS should be kept. DO NOT MIX IN ONE CABINET CDU-A AND CDU-C+ IF THEY’RE BOTH FOR DCS!
Surplus of CDUs and D/DTMAs are to be brought back to stock. D/DTMAs from a configuration 1 do not need to be replaced for DTMAs when migrating from configuration 1 to configuration 4. 2 D/DTMA per sectors can be brought back to stock. When a formerly configuration 1 site is to be upgrade with E-GSM and extra antennae are not possible, then the site can be reconfigured to a configuration 6. See also what is mentioned on reconfiguring a configuration 4 in the explanation of the flowchart in chapter 3. Prepared by: Approved by:
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The remaining cabinet can be configured as a Master and reused for E-GSM. 2.10.2
Dual band cabinets Dual band cabinets are to remain exceptional because of the limitations they pose. No new dual band cabinets should be installed therefore (2x02 & 2x06).
2.10.2.1
2x02 dual-band cabinets 2x02 dual band cabinets have been used in the past on sometimes, this is why these configurations are explained here. They are however, not to be used in new situations. There is no need to dismantle dual-band configurations if the current configuration provides sufficient possibility to provide the capacity needed, but no new ones should be created. If a sector in a dualband cabinet is installed with 1 TRU and a 2nd TRU is needed, it can be expanded without having to change the configuration, but if a CDU should be changed to accommodate capacity expansion, other solutions should be looked for (See section 2.1.2). A dual band cabinet needs a DXU to control the sectors in that cabinet. As a result of this the DXU of the first cabinet cannot extend its control to the second cabinet. Therefore a sector cannot 'flow over' from the first cabinet to a second dual-band cabinet. A 4+4+2 TRU configuration plus 1 or 2 E-GSM sectors can only be reduced to 4+2 in the first cabinet and 2 in the second cabinet and 2, 4 or 2+2 E-GSM. Changing the order of sectors to fit the cabinets (in the previous example building 4+4+2 DCS + 2 E-GSM as 4+2+4 DCS +2 E-GSM) is not allowed as this poses many risks for the maintenance. Master
Extension
Master
Master
T R U C D U
T R U C D U
T T R R U U C C D D U U 2+2+2
T R U C D U
T R U C D U
T T T T T T T T T T T T R R R R R R R R R R R R U U U U U U U U U U U U C C C C C C D D D D D D U U U U U U 2+2+2 2E+2E+2E
T R U C D U
T R U C D U
T T T T T R R R R R U U U U U C C C D D D U U U 2+4+2
T R U C D U
T T T T T T T T T T T T R R R R R R R R R R R R U U U U U U U U U U U U C C C C C C D D D D D D U U U U U U 2+(2E+2E or 4E) 2+4
T R U C D U
T R U C D U
T T T T T T T T R R R R R R R R U U U U U U U U C C C C D D D D U U U U 2+4+4
T T T T T T T T T T T T R R R R R R R R R R R R U U U U U U U U U U U U C C C C C C D D D D D D U U U U U U 2+4 4+2E
Indicated TRUs are the maximum per sector. The minimum is 1, except for the sector shared by master + extension cabinet where the minimum is 2. Dual-band cabinets cannot share sectors with another cabinet as they are reconfigured to master cabinets. Figure 9: 2x02 dual band cabinet layout No new dual band cabinets are allowed to be created.
2.11
Radio Base Station configurations DCS macro cells Within a site having different configurations should be avoided if technically possible. For requirements on dual-band cabinets see chapter 2.10.2 page 17.
2.11.1
2x06 configurations
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These is the cabinet type to be used for new sites and site upgrades 2.11.1.1
Configuration Gc-D4, Preferred configuration for 4+4+4 This configuration will be implemented when the cabinet space is limited to 1 cabinet only or a new site with more than 2+2+2 is required. This configuration uses one 2x06 cabinet, 1 antenna/sector, 2 cables/sector, 2 D/DTMAs per sector and no duplex filters. Note that if more than one 2206 (indoor cabinet) is to be installed on a site, for example Gc-D4 next to Gu-E2, a BBS 2000 is required (see also section 2.8). Otherwise, an upgrade of a BBS2202 is sufficient.
2.11.1.2
Configuration Gc-D8, Preferred configuration for 6+6+6 and 8+8+8 This configuration is preferred when capacity of 6+6+6 or 8+8+8 is required. It uses two 2x06 cabinets, 2 antennae/sector, 4 cables/sector, 4 D/DTMAs/sector and no duplex filters. Note that if more than one 2206 (indoor cabinet) is to be installed on a site, a BBS 2000 is required (see also section 2.8).
2.11.2
2x02 & Maxite configurations These can only be used with reuse of RBS equipment already present on site (configuration 1 changed to 3 or 6 for example), or with special permission from RF BASE, as stocks are limited. In all other cases, 2x06 RBS should be used. The preference overview given below, are the gradients in preference WITHIN the choices for 2x02 and Maxite cabinets.
2.11.2.1
Configuration 1, preferred configuration for 4+4+4 This configuration is the default configuration for the macro sites that have a maximum TRU configuration of 4+4+4 when a site needs to be extended from a 2+2+2 configuration. This is the preferred solution as this solution gives a higher EIRP than configuration 2 because of the difference in BTS output power between CDU-A and CDU-C+. The difference in EIRP is +/- 2 dB, which gives us a gain in the coverage area of the sites in rural areas or a better indoor coverage in urban areas. Because of the better downlink, this configuration also allows you to use TMAs. If the antennae can’t be horizontally spaced on all sectors, it is worth it to put the antennae vertically separated (maximum distance 0.5 m) so this preferred configuration can still be installed. Another option is to use a dual-antenna like the 742234.
2.11.2.2
Configuration 2, Exceptional configuration for 4+4+4 This solution will only be implemented if configuration 1 is not possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.). The cross-polar antennae have only one entry that is used. In order to make use of the polar diversity they must use a different slant, so connection of antenna feeders must be done very carefully. Otherwise there is about 2 dB uplink loss instead of diversity gain.
2.11.2.3
Configuration 3, Non-preferred configuration for 4+4+4 This solution will only be implemented if configuration 1 is not possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.) or no possibility to put space diversity and only to extend existing configuration 8 or 8 div. The only difference between this configuration and configuration 2 is the number of antennae. Because of this, the resulting EIRP is the same but you don’t have the extra diversity gain.
2.11.2.4
Configuration 4, preferred configuration for 2+2+2 This configuration is the default configuration for the macro sites that have a maximum TRU configuration of 2+2+2. This is the preferred solution as this solution gives a higher EIRP then the configuration 5. This configuration has no extra duplexer loss or TMA TX insertion loss and uses fewer jumpers. The difference in EIRP is +/- 1.5 dB, which gives us a gain in the coverage area of the sites in rural areas or a better indoor coverage in urban areas. As this configuration requires 4 cables per sector, we will never use 1 5/8” cable. The 1 ¼” cable can be used even for cable runs higher then 60 m as the resulting EIRP is still higher. The TMA is a single duplex TMA where the entry for the TX must be terminated (don’t forget to order the termination plug!). This is called a no duplex TMA as it's only used like that.
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2.11.2.5
Configuration 5, Exceptional configuration for 2+2+2 This solution will only be implemented if configuration 4 is not possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.). The difference in EIRP between configuration 4 and 5 is shown on the graph next to configuration 4. The cross-polar antennae have only one entry that is used. In order to make use of the polar diversity opposite slants are used so connection of antenna feeders must be done very carefully. This configuration needs four jumpers. The length of the jumpers must be minimized as much as possible to reduce the total jumper loss.
2.11.2.6
Configuration 6, Non-preferred configuration for 2+2+2 This solution will only be implemented if configuration 4 is not possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.) or no possibility to put space diversity. The only difference between this configuration and configuration 5 is the number of antennae. Because of this, the resulting EIRP is the same but it hasn't got the advantage of having extra space diversity gain. This configuration needs four jumpers. The length of the jumpers should be minimized as much as possible to reduce the total jumper loss.
2.11.2.7
Configuration 7, Umbrella configuration for 6+6+6 This solution will be implemented on umbrella sites. Umbrella sites are not built any more because of the interference they generate. This configuration has to be escalated to get approval for. An alternative configuration is the Gc-D8 with the 2106 and 2206 cabinets.
2.11.2.8
Configuration 8, Exceptional configuration for 2+2+2 This solution will only be implemented if configuration 4, configuration 5 and configuration 6 are not possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.). This is a configuration, which only needs 1 cable / sector but has neither diversity nor CDU-A. This configuration has to be escalated to get approval for.
2.11.2.9
Configuration 8 div, non-preferred configuration for 2+2+2 This configuration will occur for sites that were formerly built as configuration 3, but were less capacity turned out to be required and a transformation to configuration 6 is not possible. This can occur for example for sites where only one or two sectors are to be reduced in capacity. Note that for sites with 2+2+2 using one antenna, configuration 6 is preferred, but CDU-A and CDU-C+ cannot be mixed in a cabinet if they’re both for DCS.
2.11.2.10
Configuration 9, Exceptional configuration for 1+1+1 This solution will only be implemented if configuration 4, configuration 5 and configuration 6 are not possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.) and the site needs the extra EIRP to cover the area. This is a configuration, which only needs 1 cable / sector but has no diversity CDU-A and no possibility to put more then 1 TRX per sector. This configuration has to be escalated to get approval for.
2.11.2.11
Maxite solution If implementing a full cabinet poses to be a problem because of room space or extremely long cable runs, the Maxite solution can be used. This solution consists of an active antenna unit and a RBS 2302. This solution guarantees always a constant EIRP of 56.5 dBm. The restrictions are a maximum feeder loss of 12 dB and a maximum distance of 110 m between the RBS and the antenna. This is because of the necessary DC cable and the gain and sensitivity of the active antenna. This configuration is not available for new sites or upgrades.
2.12
Radio Base Station configurations E-GSM macro cells It is preferred to build E-GSM separate from DCS on a site. The figure below shows which configuration can be chosen when E-GSM is added to an existing DCS site. One must bear in mind that not in all cases a solution is possible. Only one type of 90° dual band antennae is available. The Thales 1661-904 is an 85° dual-band antenna, but it has a number of disadvantages. Use this antenna therefore with care (see the information in section 7.5). Several
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vendors say they have types under development, but they’re not in production yet. So if a 90° opening angle antenna is currently present on a site, the antenna can only be shared by E-GSM if the Racal 1661-904 is suitable, even if building restrictions require this. If not, E-GSM cannot be built, unless a DCS space diversity antenna is exchanged for an E-GSM antenna. But the Eirp and site sensitivity consequences for DCS should be taken into consideration. 2.12.1
E-GSM (Capacity) upgrades Capacity upgrades on existing DCS sites is generally done according to the following table: Current capacity DCS 1 2 3 4 5 6
Upgrade capacity E-GSM 1 1 2 2 3 3
Table 9: Dual band upgrade cell capacity The figures from the table above apply unless other information is provided by RF BASE. 2.12.1.1
Upgrading C+-E2 The configuration C+-E4 is not to be used for new capacity upgrades. A cabinet swap of C+-E2 to Gc-E4 should be used instead. As the amount of 2x02 cabinets on stock is limited, this configuration can only be build with the reuse of 2x02 DCS RBS cabinets already present on a site, by reducing the DCS capacity (if traffic allows) or with special permission from RF BASE as 2x02 cabinet stocks are limited.
2.12.1.2
Upgrading Gu-E2 Increasing capacity for this configuration to Gc-E4 has output power consequences (see Table 14). These need to be considered. The estimated amount of customers effected by congestion should be more than the amount of customers effected by the reduction of output power caused from this cabinet upgrade. An upgrade using DCS to off-load the traffic of the E-GSM layer might also be considered, but the extra time this takes to realize needs to be taken into account.
2.12.2
E-GSM configuration type names In the past sharing of feeders and/or antennae was indicated with a figure between brackets. As this is also visible in the BSDS from the presence of a dual band combiner, antenna sharing can be recognized from the antenna type. The explanation below should not be used for new configuration indications, it is however shown to explain the meaning when found on existing site documentation. At this moment no longer an additional indication for sharing of feeders and/or antennae is considered to be necessary.
2.12.2.1
Old feeder and/or antenna sharing configuration indication (not to be used for new installations) The X in the flowchart below indicates an arbitrary DCS configuration type, found on the next pages for standard configurations. The number between brackets is the possible E-GSM configuration: X(1): Extra E-GSM antenna possible, no extra feeders possible X(2): No extra E-GSM antenna possible, but extra feeders are possible X(3): No extra E-GSM antenna or feeders possible Translated into a table:
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Sharing
Development RF Design Guidelines UMTS, DCS & E-GSM Antennas No No Yes Yes
Feeders No Yes No Yes
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C+-E2 / E(3) X(1) X(2) X(3)
Table 10: Naming convention E-GSM / DCS sharing For example, if a DCS site with configuration 6 is extended with E-GSM and there are no extra antennae or cables possible and the DCS antennae have 65° opening angle, than configuration 6(3) was used The exception is X(4), which in fact is only the configuration 4(4) with the DCS space diversity antenna exchanged for a single-band E-GSM antenna. This way a 4(4) for E-GSM the DCS sector is actually reconfigured to 6, resulting in a 4/6/4 configuration for that site. To be able to recognize what has happened on that site in databases, the E-GSM configuration is labeled as being 4(4) and DCS to 6. The separately build E-GSM site was called configuration E(3) because this configuration strongly resembles to the DCS configuration 3, although the E-GSM version deploys one cabinet instead of the two required by the DCS version. 2.12.3
2x06 E-GSM configurations 2x06 E-GSM uses D/DTMAs for amplifying the uplink. The disadvantage to this is that sharing of feeders with DCS becomes impossible as both of the D/DTMAs of E-GSM as DCS use the feeders to get their power supply from. Using external Bias-T's for feeding the D/DTMA of either E-GSM or DCS adds extra loss and the need for an extra power supply feeder which by itself will need to be protected against lightning. This is under investigation, but not available yet.
2x06 feeder sharing is only possible together with 2x02 CDU-C+! To increase the coverage, the internal hybrid combiner of the dTRU is bypassed in a Gu-E2 and each of the two individual TRUs of the dTRU is directly connected to the CDU-G (this is called uncombined mode). The advantage of this is that the output power of the cabinet increases to 45.5 dBm, but the disadvantage is that, because a CDU-G has only two TX inputs, only 1 dTRU can be connected to it. The maximum capacity of a 2x06 is therefore reduced to 2 TRUs per sector.
2.13
Radio Base Station configurations DCS micro cells Only DCS micro cells are currently possible as the 2302 is not E-GSM compatible. There are 3 configurations: 2302uc-D1: The 2 TRUs of the 2302 are not combined and each TRU gets its own antenna. This is for 2 sector low traffic configurations. 2302uc-D2 (preferred): The 2 TRUs of the 2302 are on-air combined and each TRU gets a slant on a cross-polar antenna. This is for 1 sector configurations where maximum power and 2 TRU capacity is required. If omni antennae are used instead of a cross polar antenna, these will have to be installed not more than 50cm apart to get effective on air combining. Disadvantage: 2 feeders between 2302 and antenna are needed. 2302c-D2: For this configuration the outputs of the 2 TRUs are externally combined by means of a coupler. The additional loss is about 4.5 dB (3.5 of the coupler and 1 dB of the additional jumpers). The advantage is that only one feeder for the antenna is needed.
2.14
Radio Base Station configurations UMTS macro cells
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For UMTS separate feeders, antennae and cabinet are required. There is therefore only one configuration consisting of 1 RBS, 2 feeders/sector, 1 ASC/sector, 1 RET/sector and 1 antenna/sector. The consequence is that it is not necessary to give it a specific indicator.
2.15
Radio Base Station configurations UMTS micro cells ¾ ¾
Which systems are to be installed, what is the required capacity, how much feeder space is available, antenna space, how many cabinets? Choose the possible configuration(s) that meet the requirements best
Site planning step 2: Selecting the required configuration
On the next pages you can find all the possible configurations of BASE.
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Radio Base Station configurations drawings E-GSM 2x02 and 2x06 Macro cells x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
E-GSM 2x02 with 1 cabinet: 2TRU/sector 2 cabinets: maximum capacity 4 TRU/sector
One Cross polar Antenna per Sector Max jumper length 5m Total 2 jumpers per cable-run
D/D TMA
E-GSM 2x06 with CDU-G in uncombined mode maximum capacity 2 TRU/sector In combined mode maximum capacity 4 TRU/sector One Cross-polar Antennas per Sector
D/D TMA
Max total jumper length 3 TRU >75 Erl/km2 63 ch GSM; 80 ch DCS
Base < 600m > 3 TRU >150 Erl/km2 38 ch EGSM 110 ch DCS
Calculated on Used band Bandwidth, equipment costs 1 TRU micro-cell
Table 34: Micro-cell planning characteristics Base & Mobile When to use micro-cells for coverage If in a city busy, narrow streets with slow traffic are lacking coverage, micro-cells can be a solution. The antennae are installed on 5 to 10m height and provide (roughly) only coverage on what they see plus a few dozen meters more and the buildings in sight. In general, the coverage cell range will be about 150-200m. When to use micro cells for capacity The maximum inter-site distance is the approximate distance from which the indoor coverage is expected to be good and for shorter distances the network quality is expected to degrade because of interference due to problems in controlling the cell coverage As KPN Mobile uses GSM to do this, an inter-site distance of less than 800 m, for DCS this limit is at about 600m. The cell capacity minimum is based on the k-factor of the network and macro-cell equipment costs. The k-factor is the average time a frequency can be re-used before interference starts to decrease the network quality. A network with an uneven structure needs a k factor of 15, a very good network requires less, like 12. As KPN mobile uses GSM on its micro cells and on all cells on the top layer, 63/15 gives 4 TRUs as a micro cell threshold. For Base this is 110/15=7 TRU on DCS. It is not based on E-GSM because only DCS micro cell equipment is available. The other factor equipment cost doesn't count much for KPN Mobile because this factor is for them at the same amount of TRUs as resulting from the k-factor. For Base however, above the 4 TRU 2106/2206 equipment is required, needing 2 antennae per sector. This equipment is very expensive and in Brussels in most cases only 1 antenna per sector is currently present and possible. Therefore the threshold is set to 5 TRU in the macro cell layer. KPN has a market penetration 3 times higher than Base. The minimum traffic average to get breakeven on a micro-cell is about 2 Erlang, The business case below shows that a micro cell will rarely reach this point in our network. The traffic for a micro cell can be estimated as follows. If in an area there of 100x100m (a square with restaurants for example) 1000 people are walking the average pedestrian has approximately 3x3m available (very crowded). If an area is more crowded, people will call less (noisy, no moving space, people bumping into each other). If our market penetration is 15% and 5% make a call in that area while being there of 3 minutes (=0.05 Erl), the traffic being generated is:
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1000x0.15x0.05x0.05=0.375 Erl. The traffic density is in this case: 0.75/(0.1*0.1)≈37.5 Erl/km2 But at least 7.5 Erlang daily traffic is required to give the micro cell a pay back time of 5 year. So 4 times higher traffic density and therefore more customers are required, which is highly unlikely. And if the capacity of the macro cell for that area is increased for 3 TRUs to 4 TRUs the capacity increases from 14.9 Erl to 21.9 Erl, giving an additional 7 Erl capacity, for a fraction of the costs of a micro cell.
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Appendices
6.1
Frequency bands
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The standard frequency bands are: uplink (MHz) downlink (MHz) Band ch_min ch_max freq_min freq_max freq_min freq_max R-GSM 955 974 876 880 921 925 E-GSM 975 1023 880 890 925 935 GSM 1 124 890 915 935 960 GSM 1800 512 885 1710 1785 1805 1880 UMTS 1920 1980 2110 2170
Table 35: Mobile frequency bands BASE has the next frequency bands to its availability: BASE Band E-GSM
uplink (MHz) downlink (MHz) ch_min ch_max freq_min freq_max freq_min freq_max 975 999 880 885 925 930 1009 1024 887 890 932 935 GSM 1800 776 885 1763 1784,8 1858 1879,8 UMTS 1935,3 1950,1 2125,3 2140,1
Table 36: Base frequency bands
6.2
Design Levels The following design levels are to be used on Asset: MS Body Margin Avg Sensitivity loss penetration loss GSM 1800 outdoor
-100
4
GSM 1800 in-car
-100
4
GSM 1800 indoor residential
-100
4
GSM 1800 indoor cities
-100
4
E-GSM outdoor
-102
4
E-GSM in-car
-102
4
E-GSM indoor residential
-102
4
E-GSM indoor cities
-102
4
5
5
5
5
Margin log- Threshold normal fading 0
11
-85
6
10.4
-75
9
16
-71
18
7
-66
0
11
-87
4
10.4
-79
6
16
-76
15
7
-71
Table 37: Network design levels Base
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Traffic, congestion, blocking and the use of the Erlang B table This appendix describes how the allowed amount of traffic handled by a TRU can be calculated. The unit of traffic is the Erlang (E or Erl) and is determined as one connection on a single line for a period of one hour. In the analogue world without multiplexing, this is also the maximum what one line can have for during one hour. If a number of people try to use the same line, without multiplexing, there is a certain chance that the line is already occupied. The chance for a person being able to use the line will decrease when there are more people sharing the connection and also decreases when the average calling time per person increases. The Erlang B table shows this chance for the case where there is no waiting queue implemented (see also information after Table 39), as is the case in GSM. In the above case, with the help of the Erlang B table it can be calculated that when there are 3 persons during one hour each want to make a phone call of 5 minutes on one line the chance they succeed in this is:
3 x5 = 0.25 Erl 60 As can be seen from Table 39 below this can be translated into a chance of 20%, which is the chance for one out of 3 callers of finding their one shared line congested. In a network situation, as is the case for a site, it’s the other way around. The available amount of connection lines is set, the acceptable congestion is known, and the operator wants to know what amount of customers the site can handle. For BASE the acceptable congestion is 2%, for a sector with 2 TRUs the number of connection possibilities is 2x8 timeslots minus 2 for the BCCH, gives 14 traffic channels. Together this means that 8.2 Erl can be handled by this sector. If the average generated traffic per customer in that area is 0.01 Erl and 10% of the people living in the covered area of this sector, this sector can have 8200 customers. The standard 2% traffic values are, as can be seen from the table below: TRU 1 2 3 4 5 6
Erlang 2.276 7.402 13.18 20.15 26.44 33.76
Capacity increase (Erl) 2.276 5.126 5.778 6.97 6.29 7.32
Table 38: TRU amounts and cell capacity (increase) The figures in the table above are based on standard amounts of SDCCH and 1 fixed PDCH. If there is less voice traffic, more timeslots will be used for GPRS if required, but GPRS capacity is reduced if voice traffic increases. Voice has priority over data. As this capacity is adjusted with the traffic requirement, The Erlang B capacity only applies to the fixed timeslot amounts.
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Table 39: Erlang B table
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The Erlang B formula itself Erlang-B formula allows you to calculate the probability that a resource request from the customer will be denied due to lack of resources. The formula is:
Where: • • •
N is the total number of resources in the system E is the total traffic in Erlang Pb is the probability that a customer request will be rejected due to lack of resources
The formula works under the following conditions: • • • • • •
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The number of customers is much larger than the number of resources available to service them. In general, the formula gives acceptable results if the number of customers is at least 10 times the total number of resources (N). Requests from customers are independent of each other. This formula does not work if customer requests have been triggered by some common event like calling a talk show, natural calamity etc. Customer requests are blocked only when no resources are available to service them. When a customer cannot be serviced, the resource request is simply rejected. No attempt is made to queue the customer request. The customer does not retry the request after being denied service. (the customer would in effect, himself be forming a queue.) The resource is allocated exclusively to one customer for the specified period. The resource cannot be shared with other customers. (so the Erlang B table doesn't apply to calculate GPRS congestion chance with)
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Origin of the horizontal pathloss and isolation formula The power transmitted by a point in space in vacuum spreads out like a sphere. The size of the surface of a sphere is
S = 4πr 2 The power density received on a point in space then becomes
Pt 4πr 2 Where Pt is the transmitted power and ρ the Poynting vector for power density. The receiving
ρ=
antenna at a distance r from the transmitting antenna with an aperture A will receive power
Pr = ρA =
Pt A 4πr 2
Pr is the received power at the receive dipole. The relationship between aperture A and the gain G is
G=
4πA
λ2
For a short dipole, G=1. Then
A=
λ2 4π
Substitution of this equation yields the free-space formula
Pr =
Pt ⎛ 4 ×π × r ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ λ ⎠ ⎝
2
The free-space loss now becomes
⎛P 10 log⎜⎜ t ⎝ Pr
2
⎞ ⎛ 4πr ⎞ ⎛ 4πr ⎞ ⎛r⎞ ⎛r⎞ ⎟⎟ = 10 log⎜ ⎟ = 20 log⎜ ⎟ = 20 log⎜ ⎟ + 20 log(4π ) = 20 log⎜ ⎟ + 22 ⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝λ⎠ ⎝λ⎠ ⎠
To compensate for the actual gain of the actually used antennae the formula for horizontal antenna isolation now becomes:
⎛r⎞ Ploss = 20 log⎜ ⎟ + 22 − (G1 + G 2 ) ⎝λ⎠ Where Ploss is in dB and G1 and G2 are the gains of the antenna in their respective directions. The values for these can be found in the antenna pattern data from the vendor. Of course this formula doesn't take near-field antenna behavior into account, which is much harder to calculate. This formula is therefore only an approximation. The formula for vertical isolation is derived similarly, but because of the vertical positioning in near field antenna gain cannot be approximated in the same way, thus resulting in a formula without specific antenna gain taken into account.
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TMA gain A 12 dB TMA gain doesn't result in a BTS sensitivity increase of 12 dB. This is why: The use of TMA is that it amplifies the uplink signal before the feeder cable weakens it. This needs to be done before because of the influence of thermal noise. At room temperature (290K, 17°C) the noise power is:
NP = −174 + 10 xLog (B ) B = Bandwidth in Hz The bandwidth can be explained as the frequency band the system 'listens' to. The larger the range, the more noise power is received. The movement of electrons in atoms causes thermal noise. At 0 Kelvin electrons don't move and therefore cause no noise at that temperature. For E-GSM and DCS the signal bandwidth is 200 kHz, but the actual bandwidth of the filters is 250 kHz. The noise power received by the BTS is therefore -120 dBm. To be able to retrieve the wanted information from the received signal, the quality of the retrievable information correlates to the amount it is stronger than the noise. The higher the signal to noise ratio becomes, the smaller the BER (bit error rate) will be. For 1% raw BER this is 7 dB. Also the coding scheme, fading and accepted sound quality influences this. Apart from this, the equipment adds noise to the signal as well.
NF = Rx sensitivity − NP − C / N ratio So the NF for a 2206 becomes:
NF = −110 − (−120) − 7 = 3 This means that, theoretically, a sensitivity of -113 dBm is possible, if the equipment itself doesn't add noise. This is impossible, in practice about 1.5 is the minimum, but also the jumper cable between antenna and TMA adds noise, so the sensitivity becomes about -111 dBm and not -122 dBm.
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UMTS BSDS information Site Identity: Ready for appr. Appr. by teaml.? First name: Site Name: Address:
State: Zipcode:
Latitude: Created By RF Designer: Frame agr.: Cabinet_number IP-B Cabinettype PSU amount TX-B (CE) HW installed TX-B (CE) SW activated RAX-B (CE) HW installed RAX-B (CE) SW activated 2 Mbps Sector_id MCPA type Carriers installed Carriers active MCPA mode ASC RET Antenna_height Antenna_azimuth Antenna_type Antenna_electrical downtilt Antenna_mechanical tilt Feedertype Feederlength
Longitude: Phone: Class code:
Power_supply
01
1
2
02
3
1
2
3
Table 40: UMTS BSDS information − − − −
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The cabinets will be ordered in bulk with standard configurations. When traffic grids and traffic growth become available, internal cabinet boards will be customized during ordering, but hardware/software capacity adaptations will be done after installation. During phase 1 and 2 quite likely only one UMTS Node-B will be required per site, but the data input systems will be prepared for two. For C&I only the type of cabinet, indoor or outdoor, will be of interest from the cabinet data on the BSDS. The feeder type and feeder length are used for preliminary calculation by RF and are agreed to during TR.
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Information to be returned by A&B Site_Identity Cabinet_number Sector_id Feedertype Feederlength Cable loss UL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 1 (at 1943 MHz) Cable loss DL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 1 (at 2133 MHz) Time delay Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 1 Jumper length ASC->Antenna Cable loss UL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 1 (at 1943 MHz) Cable loss DL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 1 (at 2133 MHz) Time delay ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 1 Cable loss UL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 2 (at 1943 MHz) Cable loss DL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 2 (at 2133 MHz) Time delay Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 2 Jumper length ASC->Antenna Cable loss UL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 2 (at 1943 MHz) Cable loss DL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 2 (at 2133 MHz) Time delay ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 2
1
01 2
02 2
Only Quadrant jumpers are allowed ! If standard 1 m and 1,5 m jumpers are used between ASC and Antenna, these values can be used: Jumper length 1 1,5 meter Total Jumper attenuation Rx/UL 0,36 0,44 dB Total Jumper attenuation Tx/DL 0,37 0,45 dB Total elektrical delay 4,07 6,1 ns
Table 41: C&I cable data deliverables Feeders should respect the same VSWR requirements as used for DCS
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dB dB ns dB dB ns dB dB ns dB dB ns
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7
Explanations
7.1
Separate antennae for UMTS
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The requirement for separate antennae for UMTS is for two reasons: The network will be build up in stages. Some sites will be upgraded using UMTS and others later. To make the network covering as much as possible, the azimuths of the UMTS antennae will need to be adjusted to directions in a way the sites initially left out of the plan to save money are taken over as much as possible. Also, the traffic of UMTS will be very different than that for E-GSM and DCS. On a well designed, effective UMTS network, this will reflect on the antenna azimuths for UMTS. Neglecting this will result in substandard network quality (coverage + capacity). In extreme cases it can even be that this cannot be compensated by the installation of extra sites. The only option in such a case is removal of UMTS on the site(s) where separate antennae are not possible.
7.2
Separate feeders for UMTS Increased loss between Node-B and antenna increases noise and reduces possible output which results in reduced capacity, which limits the coverage when the traffic increases. The possibility of using a 2m jumper near the UMTS cabinet in combination with the same feeder size requirements as for DCS makes the reuse of DCS feeders already present on site easier, but in order to limit the total loss to maximum 3.6 dB (excluding 0.4 dB of loss for the ASC), the total jumper length is limited to 5m. This is already 0.1 dB more loss than allowed by KPN Mobile, but is expected to save money on sites, with limited consequences. UMTS feeder loss 5 4,5
Antenna feeder branch loss (dB)
4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 10 12,5 15 17,5 20 22,5 25 27,5 30 32,5 35 37,5 40 42,5 45 47,5 50 52,5 55 57,5 60 62,5 65 67,5 70 72,5 75 77,5 80 Antenna feeder branch length (m)
Figure 44: Cable losses for UMTS When feeders would be shared, the loss would be increased by 1.2 dB (2x 0.4 per diplexer + 2x 0.2 dB per jumper). The limit of 3.6 dB can then only be kept for feeder ranges shorter than 25m, but on these lengths ½” feeder is used and adding extra feeders is only rarely a problem and always cheaper than using diplexers. Therefore sharing of feeders of UMTS with E-GSM or DCS is therefore not allowed. In cases where DCS or E-GSM use TMAs it is even not possible due to the fact that both D/DTMA and ASC receive there supply power by means of the feeder. An alternative can sometimes be when E-GSM or DCS or both, use no TMAs that feeders are shared at the expense of about 1 dB, but this shall always be discussed with RF for consequences. Prepared by: Approved by:
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UMTS Isolation requirement The required isolation between antenna systems for GSM, DCS and UMTS is build up by: GSM/DCS -> UMTS 1. The spurious emission from the GSM/DCS TX system 2. GSM/DCS Combiner loss (if present, a CDU-A has no internal combiner) 3. Duplex filter TX spurious emission dampening (internal of external) 4. Cable loss 5. GSM/DCS Masthead amplifier filtering (if present) 6. Jumper loss 7. Isolation between GSM/DCS antenna (section) and UMTS (section) 8. Jumper loss 9. ASC insertion loss According to ETSI GSM 05.05 is the spurious emission from a GSM/DCS TRU smaller than -30 dBm in a 3 MHz bandwidth. As the effective UMTS noise bandwidth is 4 MHz, this represents -28.8 dBm of in-band noise. The noise figure of UMTS the UMTS receiver is determined by the ASC, which is 2 dB, as the uplink gain of the ASC is 30 dB. As a result of this, the noise floor of the UMTS receiver becomes -106 dBm. When 0.4 dB degradation is accepted, this translates into 10 dB below noise floor, so smaller than -116 dBm. The required isolation between E-GSM/DCS and UMTS now becomes -116-(-28.8) = -87 dB This is to be provided by 2-9 from the list above. Effectively there are 2 cases. The first one is CDU-A, the second one is CDU-C+ As DCS, CDU-C+ is worst case, this is used in calculation. 2. Combiner loss 5dB 3. Duplex filter: 30-35 dB 4. Typically 3 dB 5. No TMA, so 0 dB 6. No jumper from TMA to antenna needed 7. Isolation between 2 antenna sections in a 742241: >38 dB 8. Jumper loss from antenna to ASC: 0.2 dB 9. ASC insertion loss: 0.2 dB So effectively 76.4-81.4 dB per TRU is provided and 87dB is needed when no TMA is used. This is about 5-10 dB loss too few per TRU. Ericsson specifies however, that the spurious emission is sufficiently lower than the GSM ETSI requirement that this is fulfilled, even when the antenna isolation is only 30 dB. This is however, not guaranteed when the UMTS antenna is installed in the vicinity of another operator.
7.4
IM3 & IM5 issues when UMTS is co-located with E-GSM/DCS These cannot occur from BASE to BASE (in the FDD band we will currently deploy, deployment of the TDD band is not foreseen yet). IM3 & IM5 are possible from DCS to UMTS block A from Proximus if antennae would be shared. This should therefore not be done. The IM3 levels will also need to be investigated on indoor equipment (fiber and coax repeaters etc).IM3 and IM5 These are the UMTS band licenses of several operators. Operator Proximus BASE Mobistar
Uplink (MHz) 1920.3 – 1935.3 1935.3 – 1950.1 1964.9 – 1979.7
Downlink (MHz) 2110.3 – 2125.3 2125.3 – 2140.1 2154.9 – 2169.7
E-Plus KPN Mobile UMTS range
1940.1 – 1950.0 1934.9 – 1949.7 1920.0 – 1980.0
2130.1 – 2140.0 2124.9 – 2139.7 2110.0 – 2170.0
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TDD (MHz) 1914.9-1920.3 1899.9-1904.9 1909.9-1914.9
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Table 42: UMTS licenses Unsolved question at this stage: what about cross border frequency and code coordination? KPN Mobile uses the same carrier as BASE, carrier 2, for first roll-out. The other frequency bands of Base are:
Band E-GSM GSM 1800
Channel range uplink (MHz) downlink (MHz) ch_min ch_max freq_min freq_max freq_min freq_max 975 1024 880 890 925 930 776 885 1763 1784,8 1858 1879,8
Table 43: E-GSM / DCS licenses BASE For E-GSM this is not true yet, but more frequencies might be purchased in the near future. This has already been taken into account in this table. A consequence of our frequency range is that, due to our downlink band, IM3 products might be generated in the UMTS band of Proximus when antennae would be installed too close (or shared). 2.5m horizontally (or 1.5m if antennae point in the same direction) and 0.5m vertically can be considered to be safe.
7.5
Why is the Racal 1661 a bad antenna Below you can see the vertical patterns of the 1661 between +10º above (350º in the graph) and 15º below horizon, for DCS and for E-GSM. What you can see is the large differences in gain and angle for the optimum gain. The part below horizon is the most important part as it shows the holes in the coverage below the horizon of the antenna. The part above horizon is important to see how effective downtilting is. DCS of this antenna has a problem, because the overall downlink will be stronger than the uplink up to almost 12dB. The TMA is not able to compensate that as can be read in section 6.6. 16
11
6
1 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1710 1800 1880
-4
-9
-14
-19
Figure 45: Thales 1661 gain versus frequency and vertical angle in the DCS band As you can see below, Racal has concentrated on the GSM behavior, expecting the antenna mainly to be used in a network where DCS is build only for capacity on top of a already coverage filled GSM layer, because this is not too bad. With Kathrein antennae, they show up almost as one line!
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16
11
6
1 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 870 910 960
-4
-9
-14
-19
-24
Figure 46: Thales 1661 gain versus frequency and vertical angle in the E-GSM band The same applies for the horizontal pattern: Acceptable for GSM (not shown), but substandard for DCS (see below). The optimum direction is not even at the same angle. 16
14
12
10 1710 1800 1880 8
6
4
2 1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136 141
Figure 47: Thales 1661 gain versus frequency and horizontal angle in the DCS band So, as you can understand the disadvantages of using these antennae are significant, but it's either this or no E-GSM for configuration 6 and 85º sites in the South. May 2005: Still no alternative for the Racal 1661.
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